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Amorbia helioxantha is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in French Guiana.
References
Moths described in 1917
Sparganothini
Moths of South America |
```c++
CAge* pcage = new CAge(21); // CAge is derived from CObject.
ASSERT(AfxIsMemoryBlock(pcage, sizeof(CAge)));
``` |
Environmental toxicants and fetal development is the impact of different toxic substances from the environment on the development of the fetus. This article deals with potential adverse effects of environmental toxicants on the prenatal development of both the embryo or fetus, as well as pregnancy complications. The human embryo or fetus is relatively susceptible to impact from adverse conditions within the mother's environment. Substandard fetal conditions often cause various degrees of developmental delays, both physical and mental, for the growing baby. Although some variables do occur as a result of genetic conditions pertaining to the father, a great many are directly brought about from environmental toxins that the mother is exposed to.
Various toxins pose a significant hazard to fetuses during development. A 2011 study found that virtually all US pregnant women carry multiple chemicals, including some banned since the 1970s, in their bodies. Researchers detected polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides, perfluorinated compounds, phenols, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, phthalates, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, perchlorate PBDEs, compounds used as flame retardants, and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), a pesticide banned in the United States in 1972, in the bodies of 99 to 100 percent of the pregnant women they tested. Among other environmental estrogens, Bisphenol A (BPA) was identified in 96 percent of the women surveyed. Several of the chemicals were at the same concentrations that have been associated with negative effects in children from other studies and it is thought that exposure to multiple chemicals can have a greater impact than exposure to only one substance.
Effects
Environmental toxicants can be described separately by what effects they have, such as structural abnormalities, altered growth, functional deficiencies, congenital neoplasia, or even death for the fetus.
Preterm birth
One in ten US babies is born preterm and about 5% have low birth weight. Preterm birth, defined as birth at less than 37 weeks of gestation, is a major basis of infant mortality throughout childhood. Exposures to environmental toxins such as lead, tobacco smoke, and DDT have been linked with an increased risk for spontaneous abortion, low birth weight, or preterm birth.
Structural congenital abnormality
Toxic substances that are capable of causing structural congenital abnormalities can be termed teratogens. They are agents extrinsic to embryo or fetus which exert deleterious effects leading to increased risk of malformation, carcinogenesis, mutagenesis, altered function, deficient growth or pregnancy wastage. Teratogens are classified in four main categories:
Drugs in pregnancy – in addition to environmental chemicals, includes recreational drug use and pharmaceutical drugs.
Vertically transmitted infections
Radiation, such as X-rays
Mechanical forces, such as oligohydramnios
Teratogens affect the fetus by various mechanism including:
Interfering with cell proliferation rate, such as viral infection and ionization
Altered biosynthetic pathways, as seen in chromosomal defects
Abnormal cellular or tissue interactions, as seen in diabetes
Extrinsic factors
Threshold interaction of genes with environmental teratogens
Neurodevelopmental disorder
Neuroplastic effects of pollution can give rise to neurodevelopmental disorders.
Many cases of autism are related to particular geographic locations, implying that something in the environment is complementing an at-risk genotype to cause autism in vulnerable individuals. These findings regarding autism are controversial, however, with many researchers believing that increasing rates in certain areas are a consequence of more accurate screening and diagnostic methods, and are not due to any sort of environmental factor.
Toxicants and their effects
Substances which have been found to be particularly harmful are lead (which is stored in the mother's bones), cigarette smoke, alcohol, mercury (a neurological toxicant consumed through fish), carbon dioxide, and ionizing radiation.
Alcohol
Drinking alcohol in pregnancy can result in a range of disorders known as fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. The most severe of these is fetal alcohol syndrome.
Tobacco smoke
Fetal exposure to prenatal tobacco smoke may experience a wide range of behavioral, neurological, and physical difficulties. Adverse effects include stillbirth, placental disruption, prematurity, lower mean birth weight, physical birth defects (cleft palate etc.), decrements in lung function, increased risk of infant mortality.
Mercury
Elemental mercury and methylmercury are two forms of mercury that may pose risks of mercury poisoning in pregnancy. Methylmercury, a worldwide contaminant of seafood and freshwater fish, is known to produce adverse nervous system effects, especially during brain development. Eating fish is the main source of mercury exposure in humans and some fish may contain enough mercury to harm the developing nervous system of an embryo or fetus, sometimes leading to learning disabilities. Mercury is present in many types of fish, but it is mostly found in certain large fish.
One well-documented case of widespread mercury ingestion and subsequent fetal development complication took place in the 1950s in Minamata Bay, Japan. Used by a nearby industrial plant in the manufacture of plastics, methyl mercury was discharged into the waters of Minamata Bay, where it went on to be ingested regularly by many villagers who used the fish living in the bay as a dietary staple. Soon, many of the inhabitants who had been consuming the mercury-laden meat began experiencing negative effects from ingesting the toxin; however, the mercury especially impacted pregnant women and their fetuses, resulting in a high rate of miscarriage. Surviving infants exposed to mercury in-utero had extremely high rates of physical and intellectual disabilities, as well as physical abnormalities from exposure in the womb during key stages in fetal physical development.
The United States Food and Drug Administration and the Environmental Protection Agency advise pregnant women not to eat swordfish, shark, king mackerel and tilefish and limit consumption of albacore tuna to 6 ounces or less a week.
High mercury levels in newborns in Gaza are theorized to originate from war weaponry.
Mercury exposure in pregnancy may also cause limb defects.
Lead
Adverse effects of lead exposure in pregnancy include miscarriage, low birth weight, neurological delays, anemia, encephalopathy, paralysis, blindness,
The developing nervous system of the fetus is particularly vulnerable to lead toxicity. Neurological toxicity is observed in children of exposed women as a result of the ability of lead to cross the placental barrier. A special concern for pregnant women is that some of the bone lead accumulation is released into the blood during pregnancy. Several studies have provided evidence that even low maternal exposures to lead produce intellectual and behavioral deficits in children.
Dioxin
Dioxins and dioxin-like compounds persists in the environment for a long time and are widespread, so all people have some amount of dioxins in the body. Intrauterine exposure to dioxins and dioxin-like compounds have been associated with subtle developmental changes on the fetus. Effects on the child later in life include changes in liver function, thyroid hormone levels, white blood cell levels, and decreased performance in tests of learning and intelligence.
Air pollution
Air pollution can negatively affect a pregnancy resulting in higher rates of preterm births, growth restriction, and heart and lung problems in the infant.
Compounds such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide all have the potential to cause serious damage when inhaled by an expecting mother. Low birth weight, preterm birth, intrauterine growth retardation, and congenital abnormalities have all been found to be associated with fetal exposure to air pollution. Although pollution can be found virtually everywhere, there are specific sources that have been known to release toxic substances and should be avoided if possible by those who wish to remain relatively free of toxins. These substances include, but are not limited to: steel mills, waste/water treatment plants, sewage incinerators, automotive fabrication plants, oil refineries, and chemical manufacturing plants.
Control of air pollution can be difficult. For example, in Los Angeles, regulations have been made to control pollution by putting rules on industrial and vehicle emissions. Improvements have been made to meet these regulations. Despite these improvements, the region still does not meet federal standards for ozone and particulate matter. Approximately 150,000 births occur every year in Los Angeles. Thus, any effects air pollution has on human development in utero are of great concern to those who live in this region.
Particulate matter (PM) consist of a mixture of particle pollutants that remain in the air, and vary be region. These particles are very small, ranging from PM10 to PM 2.5, which can easily enter the lungs. Particulate matter has been shown to be associated with acute cardio-respiratory morbidity and mortality. Intrauterine growth has been shown to be affected by particulate matter, leading to unhealthy outcomes for fetal development such as poor or slow fetal growth, and increasing fetal morbidity and mortality. A study from 2012 found that exposures to PM 2.5 differed by race/ethnicity, age, as well as socioeconomic status, leading to certain populations experiencing greater negative health outcomes due to environmental pollution, especially relating to particulate matter.
Pesticides
Pesticides are created for the specific purpose of
causing harm (to insects, rodents, and other pests), pesticides have
the potential to cause serious damages to a developing fetus, should they be
introduced into the fetal environment. Studies have shown that
pesticides, particularly fungicides, have shown up in analyses of an
infant's cord blood, proving that such toxins are indeed transferred
into the baby's body. Overall, the two
pesticides most frequently detected in cord blood are diethyltoluamide
(DEET) and vinclozolin (a fungicide). Although pesticide toxicity is not as frequently mentioned as some of the other methods of environmental toxicity, such
as air pollution, contamination can occur at any time from merely
engaging in everyday activities such as walking down a pathway near a
contaminated area, or eating foods that have not been washed properly. In 2007 alone, of
pesticides were found present in the environment, causing pesticide
exposure to gain notoriety as a new cause of caution to those wishing
to preserve their health.
A 2013 review of 27 studies on prenatal and early childhood exposures to organophosphate pesticides found all but one showed negative neurodevelopmental outcomes. In the ten studies that assessed prenatal exposure, "cognitive deficits (related to working memory) were found in children at age 7 years, behavioral deficits (related to attention) seen mainly in toddlers, and motor deficits (abnormal reflexes), seen mainly in neonates."
A systematic review of neurodevelopmental effects of prenatal and postnatal organophosphate pesticide exposure was done in 2014. The review found that "Most of the studies evaluating prenatal exposure observed a negative effect on mental development and an increase in attention problems in preschool and school children."
In 2017, a study looked at the possible effects of agricultural pesticides in over 500,000 births in a largely agricultural region of California and compared their findings to birth outcomes in other less agriculturally dominated California areas. Overall, they found
that pesticide exposure increased adverse birth outcomes by 5–9%, but only among those mothers exposed to the highest quantities of pesticides.
Benzenes
Benzene exposure in mothers has been linked to fetal brain defects especially neural tube defects. In one study, BTEX (Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes) exposure during the first trimester of pregnancy has been clearly indicating negative association with biparietal brain diameter between 20 and 32 weeks of pregnancy. Women with high exposure to toluene had three to five times the miscarriage rate of those with low exposure, and women with occupational benzene exposure have been shown to have an increased rate of miscarriages. Paternal occupational exposure to toluene and formaldehyde has also been linked to miscarriage in their partners. Normal development is highly controlled by hormones, and disruption by man made chemicals can permanently change the course of development. Ambient ozone has been negatively associated with sperm concentration in men, chemicals associated with UOG operations (e.g., benzene, toluene, formaldehyde, ethylene glycol and ozone) have been associated with negative impacts on semen quality, particularly reduced sperm counts.
A 2011 study found a relationship between Neural Tube Defects and maternal exposure to benzene, a compound associated with natural gas extraction. The study found that mothers living in Texas census tracts with higher ambient benzene levels were more likely to have offspring with neural tube defects, such as spina bifida, than mothers living in areas with lower benzene levels.
Other
Heat and noise have also been found to have significant effects on development.
Carbon dioxide – decreased oxygen delivery to brain, intellectual deficiencies
Ionizing radiation – miscarriage, low birth weight, physical birth defects, childhood cancers
Environmental exposure to perchlorate in women with hypothyroidism causes a significant risk of low IQ in the child.
Avoiding relevant environmental toxins in pregnancy
The American College of Nurse-Midwives recommends the following precautions to minimize exposure to relevant environmental toxins in pregnancy:
Avoiding paint supplies such as stained glass material, oil paints and ceramic glazes, and instead using watercolor or acrylic paints and glazes.
Checking the quality of the tap water or bottled water and changing water drinking habits if necessary.
If living in a home built before 1978, checking whether lead paint has been used. If such is the case, paint that is crumbling or peeling should not be touched, a professional should remove the paint and the site should be avoided while the paint is removed or sanded.
To decrease exposure to pesticides; washing all produce thoroughly, peeling the skin from fruits and vegetables or buying organic produce if possible.
Avoiding any cleaning supply labeled "toxic" or any product with a warning on the label, and instead trying natural products, baking soda, vinegar and/or water to clean.
Natural gas development
In a rural Colorado study of natural gas development, maternal residence within a 10-mile radius of natural gas wells was found to have a positive association to the prevalence of congenital heart defects (CHDs) and neural tube defects (NTDs). Along with this finding, a small association was found between mean birth weight and the density and proximity to the natural gas wells. Maternal exposure through natural gas wells may come in the form of benzene, solvents, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and other air pollutants such as toluene, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide.
In Pennsylvania, unconventional natural gas producing wells increased from zero in 2005 to 3689 in 2013. A 2016 study of 9384 mothers and 10946 neonates in the Geisinger Health System in Pennsylvania found prenatal residential exposure to unconventional natural gas development activity was associated with preterm birth and physician-recorded high-risk pregnancy. In Southwest Pennsylvania, maternal proximity to unconventional gas drilling has been found to be associated with decreased birth weight. It was unclear which route of exposure: air, soil or water could be attributed to the association. Further research and larger studies on this topic are needed.
Endocrine disruptors are compounds that can disrupt the normal development and normal hormone levels in humans. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can interact with hormone receptors, as well as change hormone concentrations within the body, leading to incorrect hormone responses in the body as well as disrupt normal enzyme functioning. Oil and gas extraction has been known to contribute to EDCs in the environment, largely due to the high risk of ground and surface water contamination that comes with these extractions. In addition to water contamination, oil and gas extraction also lead to higher levels of air pollution, creating another route of exposure for these endocrine disruptors. This problem often goes under-reported, and therefore, the true magnitude of the impact is underestimated. In 2016, a study was conducted to assess the need for an endocrine component to health assessments for drilling and extraction of oil and gas in densely populated areas. With the high potential for release of oil and gas chemicals with extraction, specifically chemicals that have been shown to disrupt normal hormone production and function, the authors highly emphasized the need for a component centering around endocrine function and overall health with health assessments, and how this in turn impacts the environment.
Role of the placenta
The healthy placenta is a semipermeable membrane that does form a barrier for most pathogens and for certain xenobiotic substances. However, it is by design an imperfect barrier since it must transport substances required for growth and development. Placental transport can be by passive diffusion for smaller molecules that are lipid soluble or
by active transport for substances that are larger and/or electrically charged. Some toxic chemicals may be actively transported. The dose of a substance received by the fetus is determined by the amount of the substance transported across the placenta as well as the rate of metabolism
and elimination of the substance. As the fetus has an immature metabolism, it is unable to detoxify substances very efficiently; and as the placenta plays such an important role in substance exchange between the mother and the fetus, it goes without saying that any toxic substances that the mother is exposed to are transported to the
fetus, where they can then affect development. Carbon-dioxide, lead, ethanol (alcohol), and cigarette smoke in particular are all substances that have a high likelihood of placental transferral.
Identifying potential hazards for fetal development requires a basis of scientific information. In 2004, Brent proposed a set of criteria for identifying causes of congenital malformations that also are applicable to developmental toxicity in general. Those criteria are:
Well-conducted epidemiology studies consistently show a relationship between particular effects and exposure to the substance.
Data trends support a relationship between changing levels of exposure and the specific effect.
Animal studies provide evidence of the correlation between substance exposures and particular effects.
See also
Drugs in pregnancy
References
Further reading
Embryology
Teratogens
Fetotoxins
Fetal development
Occupational safety and health |
Ruth Easterling may refer to:
Ruth M. Easterling, member of the North Carolina House of Representatives
Ruth Marguerite Easterling, American pathologist |
```objective-c
/**
* All rights reserved.
*
* This source code is licensed under the BSD-style license found in the
* LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. An additional grant
* of patent rights can be found in the PATENTS file in the same directory.
*/
#import <XCTest/XCTest.h>
#import "FBImageIOScaler.h"
#import "FBIntegrationTestCase.h"
@interface FBImageIOScalerTests : FBIntegrationTestCase
@property (nonatomic) NSData *originalImage;
@property (nonatomic) CGSize originalSize;
@end
@implementation FBImageIOScalerTests
- (void)setUp {
XCUIApplication *app = [[XCUIApplication alloc] init];
[app launch];
XCUIScreenshot *screenshot = app.screenshot;
self.originalImage = UIImageJPEGRepresentation(screenshot.image, 1.0);
self.originalSize = [FBImageIOScalerTests scaledSizeFromImage:screenshot.image];
}
- (void)testScaling {
CGFloat halfScale = 0.5;
CGSize expectedHalfScaleSize = [FBImageIOScalerTests sizeFromSize:self.originalSize scalingFactor:0.5];
[self scaleImageWithFactor:halfScale
expectedSize:expectedHalfScaleSize];
// 1 is the smalles scaling factor we accept
CGFloat minScale = 0.0;
CGSize expectedMinScaleSize = [FBImageIOScalerTests sizeFromSize:self.originalSize scalingFactor:0.01];
[self scaleImageWithFactor:minScale
expectedSize:expectedMinScaleSize];
// For scaling factors above 100 we don't perform any scaling and just return the unmodified image
CGFloat unscaled = 2.0;
[self scaleImageWithFactor:unscaled
expectedSize:self.originalSize];
}
- (void)scaleImageWithFactor:(CGFloat)scalingFactor expectedSize:(CGSize)excpectedSize {
FBImageIOScaler *scaler = [[FBImageIOScaler alloc] init];
id expScaled = [self expectationWithDescription:@"Receive scaled image"];
[scaler submitImage:self.originalImage
scalingFactor:scalingFactor
compressionQuality:1.0
completionHandler:^(NSData *scaled) {
UIImage *scaledImage = [UIImage imageWithData:scaled];
CGSize scaledSize = [FBImageIOScalerTests scaledSizeFromImage:scaledImage];
XCTAssertEqualWithAccuracy(scaledSize.width, excpectedSize.width, 1.0);
XCTAssertEqualWithAccuracy(scaledSize.height, excpectedSize.height, 1.0);
[expScaled fulfill];
}];
[self waitForExpectations:@[expScaled]
timeout:0.5];
}
+ (CGSize)scaledSizeFromImage:(UIImage *)image {
return CGSizeMake(image.size.width * image.scale, image.size.height * image.scale);
}
+ (CGSize)sizeFromSize:(CGSize)size scalingFactor:(CGFloat)scalingFactor {
return CGSizeMake(round(size.width * scalingFactor), round(size.height * scalingFactor));
}
@end
``` |
Farm Windhoek is a commercial farm adjacent to the capital of Namibia, Windhoek, with mixed recreational and agricultural use. It belongs to the City of Windhoek and is leased to different private operators. As a public recreational area its main attraction is a network of hiking and mountain biking trails, spanning over .
The municipality of Windhoek owns five farms that are adjacent to or near the boundaries of the current urban suburbs. Among these farmlands is Farm Windhoek, which is registered under the name Windhoek Townlands Commonage 2. The land measures .
Recreational activities
Recreational sports are a main land use of Farm Windhoek. The Namibian financial company IJG operates a network of trails for hiking and mountain biking that span over in combined trail length and are marketed under the name IJG Trails. For the operation of the recreational trails, the private sector company Farmwindhoek Adventure Tourism was registered in 2014. The trails are open to the public, but an entrance fee applies.
Farm Windhoek is regularly used as venue for sporting events, such as mountain biking races and running competitions.
Other activities
Farm Windhoek is partitioned for different land uses. Around are occupied by military installations and barracks and around by housing of the Namibia Defense Force. On around a police village is established. Farm Windhoek is also leased by the City of Windhoek for agricultural land use, mainly livestock herding.
References
External links
IJG Trails Website
Map of hiking and mountain biking trails on Trailforks
Sports venues in Windhoek
Farms in Namibia
Outdoor recreation in Africa |
Sternfield is a village in Suffolk, England. It is located south of Saxmundham, its post town. The village is very small and irregularly built, and is wholly agricultural.
The village contains a church dedicated to Mary Magdalene. It is Grade II* listed for its surviving medieval work, notably the south porch and tower.
During the 1960s and 1970s Lt. Col. Sir Eric and Lady Penn lived at Sternfield House, a large house next to the church with extensive gardens and as Sir Eric was the comptroller of the Lord Chamberlain's Office and a trusted presence in Buckingham Palace, senior members of the royal family came and stayed at Sternfield House on a number of occasions. Princess Margaret came most often, but the Queen also came at least once and attended St Mary Magdalene's, as did the Queen Mother.
Another notable property is Sternfield Hall, with its classic Georgian soft red brick facade and late 16th-century wing which is probably the site of a medieval manor house where on 27 April 1385, a licence to crenellate at Sternefeld (Sternfield) was granted to Sir Michael de la Pole by Richard II in year eight of his reign.
References
Villages in Suffolk
Civil parishes in Suffolk |
The following is a list of winners of the Golden Calf for best Television Drama at the NFF.
2023 Santos
2022 Rampvlucht
2021 Singleplay Onze Straat: May
2021 Dramaseries: Mocro Maffia
2020 Wouter Bouvijn and Anke Blondé - Red Light
2019 Rob Lücker - Zeven Kleine Criminelen
2018 Tim Oliehoek - Het geheime dagboek van Hendrik Groen
2017 Tim Oliehoek - De Zaak Menten
2016 Giancarlo Sánchez - One Night Stand IX - Horizon
2015 Mees Peijnenburg - One Night Stand X - Geen koningen in ons bloed
2014 Dana Nechushtan - Hollands Hoop
2013 Boris Paval Conen - Exit
2012 Frank Ketelaar, Dana Nechushtan & Arno Dierickx - Overspel
2011 Rolf van Eijk - Vast
2010 Thomas Korthals Altes - Finnemans
2009 Martijn Maria Smits - Anvers
2008 Jorien van Nes - Den Helder
2007 Peter de Baan - De Prins en het Meisje
2006 Frank Ketelaar - Escort
2005 Peter de Baan - De Kroon
2004 Nicole van Kilsdonk - Deining
2003 more than 60 minutes: Theo van Gogh - Najib en Julia
2003 less than 60 minutes: Colette Bothof - Dwaalgast
2002 Boris Paval Conen - De 9 dagen van de gier
2001 Willem van de Sande Bakhuyzen - Familie
2000 Willem van de Sande Bakhuyzen - Bij ons in de Jordaan
1999 Gerrard Verhage - Dichter op de Zeedijk
1998 Arno Dierickx - De zeven deugden: Maria op zolder
1997 Theo van Gogh - In het belang van de staat
1996 Pieter Kramer - 30 Minuten: Geboren in een verkeerd lichaam
1995 Theu Boermans - De partizanen
1994 Paula van der Oest - Coma
1993 Francken & Treurniet & Planting & v. Duren - Pleidooi
Sources
Golden Calf Award at Dutch Wikipedia
Official Golden Calf Website (Dutch)
Best TV Drama |
American Lithographic Co. v. Werkmeister, 221 U.S. 603 (1911), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held a corporation defendant in a suit to enforce copyright infringement penalties is not entitled to a Fourth or Fifth Amendment objection to the admission of its bookkeeping entries into evidence when they are produced under a subpoena duces tecum.
References
External links
1911 in United States case law
United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the White Court
United States copyright case law
United States Fourth Amendment case law
United States Fifth Amendment self-incrimination case law |
Pentachlorobenzenethiol is a chemical compound from the group of thiols and organochlorine compounds. The chemical formula is .
Synthesis
Pentachlorobenzenethiol can be obtained from hexachlorobenzene.
Properties
Pentachlorobenzenethiol is a combustible gray solid with an unpleasant odor, practically insoluble in water. It has a monoclinic crystal structure. The compound is not well-biodegradable and presumably bioaccumulable and toxic for aquatic organisms.
Pentachlorobenzenethiol is itself a metabolite of hexachlorobenzene and is found in the urine and the excretions of animals receiving hexachlorobenzene. Pentachlorobenzenethiol has a high potential for long-range transport via air as it is very slowly degraded in atmosphere.
Applications
Pentachlorobenzenethiol is used in the rubber industry. The compound is added to rubber (both natural and synthetic) to facilitate processing (mastication).
See also
Chlorobenzene
Dichlorobenzene
Trichlorobenzene
Pentachlorobenzene
Hexachlorobenzene
References
External links
Preparation of pentachlorothiophenol US 2922820 A
Benzene derivatives
Thiols
Organochlorides
Foul-smelling chemicals |
The Albanian Basketball League for women is a league competition featuring professional basketball clubs from Albania. It was founded in 1946 from the Albanian Basketball Association, several days after the latter was formed. It is the top level basketball league in Albanian from its foundation. The team with the most championships is BC Tirana with 41 championships.
The Albanian Basketball League consists of 12 professional basketball clubs in Albania and it is one of the oldest basketball competitions in the Balkans having started in 1946. The sport rapidly grew in Albania and by the 1970s almost every city and town had its own basketball club and basketball field. After communism fell many of the basketball clubs folded as many players left the country to play for foreign teams. The basketball attendance decreased and the popularity of this sport declined worryingly. However, after 1993 basketball rose up again with many cities re-establishing their teams. Now in Albania there are twelve professional teams while there are plenty of amateur teams ready to enter the league.
History
The Albanian Basketball League is one of the oldest continuing basketball competitions in the region of the Balkans, having started in 1946. The league was formed less than two years after the Communist Party of Albania gained control of the country, and the sport gradually grew in popularity over the years before experiencing a rapid rise in popularity in the 1970s, leading to most cities and towns in Albania forming their own basketball clubs and building basketball grounds. Following the fall of communism in 1991 many basketball clubs were forced to fold due to lack of any investment, which led to the decline in the popularity of the sport as a whole in the country. However, since 1993 there has been some re-establishment of the folded teams as private investment along with some state funded has allowed teams to continue functioning.
Competition
The members of the Albanian Basketball League are grouped in two divisions: A1 League and B2 League. Each division has six teams and they have to play four times against each other in two different phases during the regular season. In every phase a club plays each of the others twice, once at their home stadium and once at that of their opponents. This makes a total of 20 games played per season in the regular season.
After the regular season ends the top four clubs qualify for the play-offs, where the team placed first faces the one placed fourth while the second and the third placed teams play each other. From these encounters qualifies the team that gets first two victories while games are played once home, once away until the two victories are reached. The teams that win their encounters qualify for the finals which are played in the clubs respective grounds, the game will once be played home and once away, depending on the draw. The team that gets first the three victories is crowned as champion.
Clubs that win get two points that the ones that lose get one point. At the end of the regular season the bottom two clubs miss the play-offs. The bottom club gets relegated while the fifth placed club will play the second placed of the B2 League. The team that wins the play-out has the right to play in A1 League.
Winners
Championship winning teams
References
Also look
Albanian Basketball Cup (Women)
Albanian Basketball Supercup (Women)
Women
Albania
Sports leagues established in 1946
Basketball
1946 establishments in Albania
league |
The Early Years:1990-1995 is a compilation album by The Casualties, released in 2001.
Track listing
Political Sin - 01:48
Destruction and Hate - 02:42
Ugly Bastards - 01:59
Bored and Glued - 01:40
Punk Rock Love - 02:00
40oz Casualties - 01:45
Oi! Song - 01:29
25 Years Too Late - 01:50
For the Punx - 02:43
Drinking is Our Way of Life - 02:29
Kill the Hippies - 01:30
No Life - 02:20
Two Faced - 01:56
Politicians - 02:16
Casualties - 01:44
Two Faced - 01:51
Fuck You All - 02:38
Bonus tracks
On the Streets (live) - 02:42
Ugly Bastards (live) - 02:02
Blind Following (live) - 01:18
Washed Up (live) - 02:01
Don't Tell the Truth (live) - 01:19
Oi! Song (live) - 01:39
40oz Casualty (live) - 02:02
Rock and Roll Kids (live) - 01:28
Destruction and Hate (live) - 02:52
Punk Rock Love (live) - 01:58
References
1995 compilation albums
The Casualties albums |
```jsx
import { h, Fragment } from 'preact';
import PropTypes from 'prop-types';
import { useRef, useState, useEffect } from 'preact/hooks';
import { DefaultSelectionTemplate } from '../../shared/components/defaultSelectionTemplate';
const KEYS = {
ENTER: 'Enter',
COMMA: ',',
SPACE: ' ',
DELETE: 'Backspace',
};
/**
* Component allowing users to add multiple entries for a given input field that get displayed as destructive pills
*
* @param {Object} props
* @param {string} props.labelText The text for the input's label
* @param {boolean} props.showLabel Whether the label text should be visible or hidden (for assistive tech users only)
* @param {string} props.placeholder Input placeholder text
* @param {string} props.inputRegex Optional regular expression used to restrict the input
* @param {string} props.validationRegex Optional regular expression used to validate the value of the input
* @param {Function} props.SelectionTemplate Optional Preact component to render selected items
*/
export const MultiInput = ({
placeholder,
inputRegex,
validationRegex,
showLabel = true,
labelText,
SelectionTemplate = DefaultSelectionTemplate,
}) => {
const inputRef = useRef(null);
const inputSizerRef = useRef(null);
const selectedItemsRef = useRef(null);
const [items, setItems] = useState([]);
const [editValue, setEditValue] = useState(null);
const [inputPosition, setInputPosition] = useState(null);
useEffect(() => {
// editValue defaults to null when component is first rendered.
// This ensures we do not autofocus the input before the user has started interacting with the component.
if (editValue === null) {
return;
}
const { current: input } = inputRef;
if (input && inputPosition !== null) {
// Entering 'edit' mode
resizeInputToContentSize();
input.value = editValue;
const { length: cursorPosition } = editValue;
input.focus();
// This will set the cursor position at the end of the text.
input.setSelectionRange(cursorPosition, cursorPosition);
}
}, [inputPosition, editValue]);
const handleInputBlur = ({ target: { value } }) => {
addItemToList(value);
clearInput();
};
const handleInputChange = async ({ target: { value } }) => {
// When the input appears inline in "edit" mode, we need to dynamically calculate the width to ensure it occupies the right space
// (an input cannot resize based on its text content). We use a hidden <span> to track the size.
inputSizerRef.current.innerText = value;
if (inputPosition !== null) {
resizeInputToContentSize();
}
};
const handleKeyDown = (e) => {
const { value: currentValue } = inputRef.current;
switch (e.key) {
case KEYS.SPACE:
case KEYS.ENTER:
case KEYS.COMMA:
e.preventDefault();
addItemToList(e.target.value);
clearInput();
break;
case KEYS.DELETE:
if (currentValue === '') {
e.preventDefault();
editPreviousSelectionIfExists();
}
break;
default:
if (inputRegex && !inputRegex.test(e.key)) {
e.preventDefault();
}
}
};
const addItemToList = (value) => {
if (value.trim().length > 0) {
// If an item was edited, we want to keep it in the same position in the list
const insertIndex = inputPosition !== null ? inputPosition : items.length;
// if we do not pass in a validationRegex we can assume that anything is valid
const valid = validationRegex ? checkValidity(value) : true;
const newSelections = [
...items.slice(0, insertIndex),
{ value, valid },
...items.slice(insertIndex),
];
// We update the hidden selected items list, so additions are announced to screen reader users
const listItem = document.createElement('li');
listItem.innerText = value;
selectedItemsRef.current.appendChild(listItem);
setItems([...newSelections]);
exitEditState({});
}
};
const checkValidity = (value) => {
return validationRegex.test(value);
};
const clearInput = () => {
inputRef.current.value = '';
};
const resizeInputToContentSize = () => {
const { current: input } = inputRef;
if (input) {
input.style.width = `${inputSizerRef.current.clientWidth}px`;
}
};
const deselectItem = (clickedItem) => {
const newArr = items.filter((item) => item.value !== clickedItem);
setItems(newArr);
// We also update the hidden selected items list, so removals are announced to screen reader users
selectedItemsRef.current.querySelectorAll('li').forEach((selectionNode) => {
if (selectionNode.innerText === clickedItem) {
selectionNode.remove();
}
});
};
// If there is a previous selection, then pop it into edit mode
const editPreviousSelectionIfExists = () => {
if (items.length > 0 && inputPosition !== 0) {
const nextEditIndex =
inputPosition !== null ? inputPosition - 1 : items.length - 1;
const item = items[nextEditIndex];
enterEditState(item.value, nextEditIndex);
}
};
const enterEditState = (editItem, editItemIndex) => {
inputSizerRef.current.innerText = editItem;
deselectItem(editItem);
setEditValue(editItem);
setInputPosition(editItemIndex);
};
const exitEditState = ({ nextInputValue = '' }) => {
// Reset 'edit mode' input resizing
inputRef.current?.style?.removeProperty('width');
inputSizerRef.current.innerText = nextInputValue;
setEditValue(nextInputValue);
setInputPosition(nextInputValue === '' ? null : inputPosition + 1);
// Blurring away while clearing the input
if (nextInputValue === '') {
inputRef.current.value = '';
}
};
const allSelectedItemElements = items.map((item, index) => {
// When we are in "edit mode" we visually display the input between the other selections
// If the item being edited appears before the item being rendered then we set its position to
// the index + 1 which matches the order, however, any items that appear after the item that is
// being edited will need to increment their position by one to make place for the item being edited.
// at this point the position is already set
const defaultPosition = index + 1;
const appearsBeforeInput = inputPosition === null || index < inputPosition;
const position = appearsBeforeInput ? defaultPosition : defaultPosition + 1;
return (
<li
key={index}
className="c-input--multi__selection-list-item w-max"
style={{ order: position }}
>
<SelectionTemplate
name={item.value}
className={`c-input--multi__selected ${
!item.valid ? 'c-input--multi__selected-invalid' : ''
}`}
enableValidation={true}
valid={item.valid}
onEdit={() => enterEditState(item.value, index)}
onDeselect={() => deselectItem(item.value)}
/>
</li>
);
});
return (
<Fragment>
<span
ref={inputSizerRef}
aria-hidden="true"
className="absolute pointer-events-none opacity-0 p-2"
/>
<label
id="multi-select-label"
className={showLabel ? '' : 'screen-reader-only'}
>
{labelText}
</label>
{/* A visually hidden list provides confirmation messages to screen reader users as an item is selected or removed */}
<div className="screen-reader-only">
<p>Selected items:</p>
<ul
ref={selectedItemsRef}
className="screen-reader-only list-none"
aria-live="assertive"
aria-atomic="false"
aria-relevant="additions removals"
/>
</div>
<div class="c-input--multi relative">
<div class="c-input--multi__wrapper-border crayons-textfield flex items-center cursor-text pb-9">
<ul class="list-none flex flex-wrap w-100">
{allSelectedItemElements}
<li
class="self-center"
style={{
order:
inputPosition === null ? items.length + 1 : inputPosition + 1,
}}
>
<input
autocomplete="off"
class="c-input--multi__input"
type="text"
aria-labelledby="multi-select-label"
onBlur={handleInputBlur}
onKeyDown={handleKeyDown}
placeholder={inputPosition === null ? placeholder : null}
onChange={handleInputChange}
ref={inputRef}
/>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</Fragment>
);
};
MultiInput.propTypes = {
labelText: PropTypes.string.isRequired,
showLabel: PropTypes.bool,
placeholder: PropTypes.string,
inputRegex: PropTypes.string,
validationRegex: PropTypes.string,
SelectionTemplate: PropTypes.func,
};
``` |
Pilz Glacier (also known as Pit Glacier) is in Wenatchee National Forest in the U.S. state of Washington and is on the north slopes Luahna Peak. Pilz Glacier descends from . An arête separates Pilz Glacier from Butterfly Glacier to the west. Pilz Glacier is within the Glacier Peak Wilderness and is just over southeast of Glacier Peak.
See also
List of glaciers in the United States
References
Glaciers of the North Cascades
Glaciers of Chelan County, Washington
Glaciers of Washington (state) |
```objective-c
/*
* TestbedUtils.cpp
*
*/
#ifndef LLGL_TESTBED_UTILS_H
#define LLGL_TESTBED_UTILS_H
#include <string>
// Returns true if the specified string ends with the specified ending.
bool StringEndsWith(const char* str, const char* end);
bool StringEndsWith(const std::string& str, const std::string& end);
#endif
// ================================================================================
``` |
Aurora Fútbol Club is a Guatemalan professional football club. They are based in Guatemala City and play their home matches in the Estadio Cementos Progreso. Once one of the most powerful teams in the country and a traditional rival of fellow local teams Municipal and Comunicaciones, the team has now been relegated to a lower division, although they remain the third-most successful team in Guatemalan football. Their uniform is black and yellow vertical striped shirt and black shorts.
History
The club is owned by the Guatemalan Army and was founded on April 14, 1945, as Aurora de la Guardia de Honor, a name that was shortened to Aurora F.C. in 1946. Having joined the Liga Mayor in 1947, they have won eight league titles, 10 second place finishes and two international titles.
During the 1960s decade, they won their first three national league titles, which came in a span of four years, in the 1964, 1966, and 1967–68 seasons. The three championships came under Uruguayan coach Rubén Amorín. In 1975, they won their fourth league title, repeating the feat in 1978. The 1970s also brought international success, as they won the Copa Fraternidad in 1976 by beating some of the best teams in Central America, including defending champions Platense, thanks in good part to the attacking duo Pennant and René Morales each contributing with a tournament-high seven goals to the successful run. Aurora would go on to win another Copa Fraternidad title in 1979. Two more league titles came in the 1980s, one in 1984 and the other in 1986, the former while being managed by coach Rubén Amorín and the latter under Jorge Roldán, who also led them to another title in the 1992–93 season, the eighth and last championship won by Aurora to date.
In 2005, they shocked local fans and media when they were relegated to Primera División after 60 years of playing in the top flight.
List of coaches
Rubén Amorín (1958–71), (1984)
Néstor Valdez Moraga (1973)
Jorge Roldán (1974–75), (1979), (1986–87), (1992–93), (1996–97)
Omar Muraco (1975–76)
Marvin Rodríguez (1978)
Juan Quarterone (1980)
Carlos Alberto Mijangos (1988)
José Luis Estrada (1994–95)
Felipe Antonio Carías (2000)
Alfredo López (2001)
Mariano Aguirre (2007)
Gustavo Faral (2009)
Tomas Castillo
Diego Cerutti (2021)
Gustavo Machaín (2021–2022)
Gabriel Castillo (2022–)
Honours
Liga Nacional de Guatemala titles: 8
1964, 1966, 1967–68, 1975, 1978, 1984, 1986, 1992–93
Primera División de Ascenso titles: 1
Apertura 2020Copa de Guatemala: 41958–59, 1967–68, 1968–69, 1984Copa Fraternidad: 21976, 1979
Runner-up (3): 1972, 1975, 1983
Performance in CONCACAF competitionsCONCACAF Cup Winners Cup: 1 appearance1994 – FinalistCampeón Copa Interclubes UNCAF: 2'1976, 1979
References
External links
Unofficial Website
Aurora FC profile – Guatemala, 100 años de fútbol – special report by Prensa Libre'' – www.prensalibre.com
Football clubs in Guatemala
Association football clubs established in 1945
Football clubs in Guatemala City
1945 establishments in Guatemala
UNCAF Interclub Cup winning clubs |
Dolomedes holti is a species of large fishing spider in the genus Dolomedes that inhabits the Nearctic realm and was formally identified in 1973 in Mexico. Dolomedes holti is a large, brown spider that sometimes has white stripes down the side of its cephalothorax and abdomen.
References
holti
Spiders described in 1973
Arachnids of North America |
The 1961 season of the Paraguayan Primera División, the top category of Paraguayan football, was played by 11 teams. The national champions were Cerro Porteño.
Results
Championship Playoffs
10th/11th-place play-offs
Promotion/relegation play-offs
External links
Paraguay 1961 season at RSSSF
Para
Paraguayan Primera División seasons
Primera |
The great egret (Ardea alba), also known as the common egret, large egret, or (in the Old World) great white egret or great white heron is a large, widely distributed egret. The four subspecies are found in Asia, Africa, the Americas, and southern Europe. Recently it is also spreading to more northern areas of Europe. Distributed across most of the tropical and warmer temperate regions of the world, it builds tree nests in colonies close to water.
Taxonomy and systematics
Like all egrets, it is a member of the heron family, Ardeidae. Traditionally classified with the storks in the Ciconiiformes, the Ardeidae are closer relatives of pelicans and belong in the Pelecaniformes, instead. The great egret—unlike the typical egrets—does not belong to the genus Egretta, but together with the great herons is today placed in Ardea. In the past, however, it was sometimes placed in Egretta or separated in a monotypic genus Casmerodius.
The Old World population is often referred to as the "great white egret". This species is sometimes confused with the great white heron of the Caribbean, which is a white morph of the closely related great blue heron.
The scientific name comes from Latin ardea, "heron", and alba, "white".
Subspecies
Four subspecies are found in various parts of the world, which differ but little. Differences among them include bare-part coloration in the breeding season and size. The smallest subspecies, A. a. modesta, is from Asia and Australasia and some taxonomists consider it to be a full species, the eastern great egret (Ardea modesta), but most scientists treat it as a subspecies.
A. a. alba Linnaeus, 1758 – nominate, found in Europe and across the Palearctic.
A. a. egretta Gmelin, JF, 1789 – found in the Americas
A. a. melanorhynchos Wagler, 1827 – found in Africa
A. a. modesta Gray, JE, 1831 – eastern great egret, found in India, Southeast Asia, East Asia and Oceania
Description
The great egret is a large heron with all-white plumage. Standing up to tall, this species can measure in length with a wingspan of . Body mass can range from , with an average around . It is thus only slightly smaller than the great blue or grey heron (A. cinerea). Apart from size, the great egret can be distinguished from other white egrets by its yellow bill and black legs and feet, though the bill may become darker and the lower legs lighter in the breeding season. In breeding plumage, delicate ornamental feathers are borne on the back. Males and females are identical in appearance; juveniles look like nonbreeding adults. Differentiated from the intermediate egret (Ardea intermedia) by the gape, which extends well beyond the back of the eye in case of the great egret, but ends just behind the eye in case of the intermediate egret.
Its flight is slow with its neck retracted. This is characteristic of herons and bitterns, and distinguishes them from storks, cranes, ibises, and spoonbills, which extend their necks in flight. The great egret walks with its neck extended and wings held close. The great egret is not normally a vocal bird; it gives a low, hoarse croak when disturbed, and at breeding colonies, it often gives a loud croaking cuk cuk cuk and higher-pitched squawks.
Owing to its wide distribution across so much of the Americas, as well as Africa, Europe and Asia, the great egret shares its habitat with many other similar species. For example, the little egret (Egretta garzetta), intermediate egret (Ardea intermedia), Chinese egret (Egretta eulophotes), and the western reef heron (Egretta gularis). In the Americas, the snowy egret (Egretta thula)—a medium-sized heron that shares the same habitat as the great egret—is one such species. The snowy egret is readily distinguished from the great egret because it is noticeably smaller, and it has a more slender bill which is black in color and yellow feet, whereas the great egret has a yellow bill and black feet. Another species that—in North America—is easily confused with the great egret is the white morph of the great blue heron (Ardea herodias). The great blue heron is a bit larger, and has a thicker bill than that of the great egret.
Distribution and habitat
The great egret is generally a very successful species with a large and expanding range, occurring worldwide in temperate and tropical habitats. It is ubiquitous across the Sun Belt of the United States and in the Neotropics.
Conservation
In North America, large numbers of great egrets were killed around the end of the 19th century so that their plumes, known as "aigrettes", could be used to decorate hats. Numbers have since recovered as a result of conservation measures. Its range has expanded as far north as southern Canada. However, in some parts of the southern United States, its numbers have declined due to habitat loss, particularly wetland degradation through drainage, grazing, clearing, burning, increased salinity, groundwater extraction and invasion by exotic plants. Nevertheless, the species adapts well to human habitation and can be readily seen near wetlands and bodies of water in urban and suburban areas.
The great egret is partially migratory, with northern hemisphere birds moving south from areas with colder winters. It is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) applies.
In 1953, the great egret in flight was chosen as the symbol of the National Audubon Society, which was formed in part to prevent the killing of birds for their feathers.
On 22 May 2012, a pair of great egrets was observed nesting in the UK for the first time at the Shapwick Heath nature reserve in Somerset. The species was a rare visitor to the UK and Ben Aviss of the BBC stated that the news could mean the UK's first great egret colony had become established. The following week, Kevin Anderson of Natural England confirmed a great egret chick had hatched, making it a new breeding bird record for the UK. In 2017, seven nests in Somerset fledged 17 young, and a second breeding site was announced at Holkham National Nature Reserve in Norfolk where a pair fledged three young. In January 2021, Bird Guides, a UK website and magazine which reports sightings of rare birds, dropped the species from its list of nationally rare birds because sightings had become so numerous.
A similar move northwards has been observed in the Nordic countries where historically it was only a rare visitor. The first confirmed breeding in Sweden was 2012 and in Denmark was 2014. Both countries now have small colonies. In 2018, a pair of great egrets nested in Finland for the first time, raising four young in a grey heron colony in Porvoo.
Ecology
The species breeds in colonies in trees close to large lakes with reed beds or other extensive wetlands, preferably at height of . It begins to breed at 2–3 years of age by forming monogamous pairs each season. Whether the pairing carries over to the next season is not known. The male selects the nest area, starts a nest, and then attracts a female. The nest, made of sticks and lined with plant material, could be up to 3 feet across. Up to six bluish green eggs are laid at one time. Both sexes incubate the eggs, and the incubation period is 23–26 days. The young are fed by regurgitation by both parents and are able to fly within 6–7 weeks.
Diet
The great egret forages in shallow water or in drier habitats, feeding mainly on fish, frogs, other amphibians, small mammals (such as mice), and occasionally small reptiles (such as snakes), crustaceans (such as crayfish) and insects (such as crickets and grasshoppers). This species normally impales its prey with its long, sharp bill by standing still and allowing the prey to come within the striking distance of its bill, which it uses as a spear. It often waits motionless for prey or slowly stalks its victim.
Parasites
A long-running field study (1962–2013) suggested that the great egrets of central Europe host 17 different helminth species. Juvenile great egrets were shown to host fewer species, but the intensity of infection was higher in the juveniles than in the adults. Of the digeneans found in central European great egrets, numerous species likely infected their definitive hosts outside of central Europe itself.
In culture
The great egret is depicted on the reverse side of a 5-Brazilian reais banknote.
The great egret is the symbol of the National Audubon Society.
An airbrushed photograph of a great egret in breeding plumage by Werner Krutein is featured in the cover art of the 1992 Faith No More album Angel Dust.
In Belarus, a commemorative coin has the image of a great egret. The great egret also features on the New Zealand $2 coin and on the Hungarian 5-forint coin.
Gallery
See also
Little egret
Intermediate egret
References
External links
Ageing and sexing (PDF) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze
Great White Heron – The Atlas of Southern African Birds
Great White Egret – National Park Neusiedlersee Seewinkel in Austria
Great Egret – Cornell Lab of Ornithology
Great egret Ardea alba – USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
great egret
great egret
Birds of Africa
Birds of the Americas
Birds of the Dominican Republic
Birds of Eurasia
Birds of Japan
Fauna of the San Francisco Bay Area
great egret
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Cosmopolitan birds |
Chongxi may refer to:
Chongxi (1032–1055), reign period of Emperor Xingzong of Liao
Chongxi, Yunnan, a town in Qiaojia County, Yunnan, China
Chongxi Pagoda, in Zhaoqing, Guangdong, China |
In computer science, type safety and type soundness are the extent to which a programming language discourages or prevents type errors. Type safety is sometimes alternatively considered to be a property of facilities of a computer language; that is, some facilities are type-safe and their usage will not result in type errors, while other facilities in the same language may be type-unsafe and a program using them may encounter type errors. The behaviors classified as type errors by a given programming language are usually those that result from attempts to perform operations on values that are not of the appropriate data type, e.g., adding a string to an integer when there's no definition on how to handle this case. This classification is partly based on opinion.
Type enforcement can be static, catching potential errors at compile time, or dynamic, associating type information with values at run-time and consulting them as needed to detect imminent errors, or a combination of both. Dynamic type enforcement often allows programs to run that would be invalid under static enforcement.
In the context of static (compile-time) type systems, type safety usually involves (among other things) a guarantee that the eventual value of any expression will be a legitimate member of that expression's static type. The precise requirement is more subtle than this — see, for example, subtyping and polymorphism for complications.
Definitions
Intuitively, type soundness is captured by Robin Milner's pithy statement that
Well-typed programs cannot "go wrong".
In other words, if a type system is sound, then expressions accepted by that type system must evaluate to a value of the appropriate type (rather than produce a value of some other, unrelated type or crash with a type error). Vijay Saraswat provides the following, related definition:
A language is type-safe if the only operations that can be performed on data in the language are those sanctioned by the type of the data.
However, what precisely it means for a program to be "well typed" or to "go wrong" are properties of its static and dynamic semantics, which are specific to each programming language. Consequently, a precise, formal definition of type soundness depends upon the style of formal semantics used to specify a language. In 1994, Andrew Wright and Matthias Felleisen formulated what has become the standard definition and proof technique for type safety in languages defined by operational semantics, which is closest to the notion of type safety as understood by most programmers. Under this approach, the semantics of a language must have the following two properties to be considered type-sound:
Progress A well-typed program never gets "stuck": every expression is either already a value or can be reduced towards a value in some well-defined way. In other words, the program never gets into an undefined state where no further transitions are possible.
Preservation (or subject reduction) After each evaluation step, the type of each expression remains the same (that is, its type is preserved).
A number of other formal treatments of type soundness have also been published in terms of denotational semantics and structural operational semantics.
Relation to other forms of safety
In isolation, type soundness is a relatively weak property, as it essentially just states that the rules of a type system are internally consistent and cannot be subverted. However, in practice, programming languages are designed so that well-typedness also entails other, stronger properties, some of which include:
Prevention of illegal operations. For example, a type system can reject the expression 3 / "Hello, World" as invalid, because the division operator is not defined for a string divisor.
Memory safety
Type systems can prevent wild pointers that could otherwise arise from a pointer to one type of object being treated as a pointer to another type.
More sophisticated type systems, such as those supporting dependent types, can detect and reject out-of-bound accesses, preventing potential buffer overflows.
Logic errors originating in the semantics of different types. For instance, inches and millimeters may both be stored as integers, but should not be substituted for each other or added. A type system can enforce two different types of integer for them.
Type-safe and type-unsafe languages
Type safety is usually a requirement for any toy language (i.e. esoteric language) proposed in academic programming language research. Many languages, on the other hand, are too big for human-generated type safety proofs, as they often require checking thousands of cases. Nevertheless, some languages such as Standard ML, which has rigorously defined semantics, have been proved to meet one definition of type safety. Some other languages such as Haskell are believed to meet some definition of type safety, provided certain "escape" features are not used (for example Haskell's , used to "escape" from the usual restricted environment in which I/O is possible, circumvents the type system and so can be used to break type safety.) Type punning is another example of such an "escape" feature. Regardless of the properties of the language definition, certain errors may occur at run-time due to bugs in the implementation, or in linked libraries written in other languages; such errors could render a given implementation type unsafe in certain circumstances. An early version of Sun's Java virtual machine was vulnerable to this sort of problem.
Strong and weak typing
Programming languages are often colloquially classified as strongly typed or weakly typed (also loosely typed) to refer to certain aspects of type safety. In 1974, Liskov and Zilles defined a strongly-typed language as one in which "whenever an object is passed from a calling function to a called function, its type must be compatible with the type declared in the called function."
In 1977, Jackson wrote, "In a strongly typed language each data area will have a distinct type and each process will state its communication requirements in terms of these types."
In contrast, a weakly typed language may produce unpredictable results or may perform implicit type conversion.
Memory management and type safety
Type safety is closely linked to memory safety. For instance, in an implementation of a language that has some type which allows some bit patterns but not others, a dangling pointer memory error allows writing a bit pattern that does not represent a legitimate member of into a dead variable of type , causing a type error when the variable is read. Conversely, if the language is memory-safe, it cannot allow an arbitrary integer to be used as a pointer, hence there must be a separate pointer or reference type.
As a minimal condition, a type-safe language must not allow dangling pointers across allocations of different types. But most languages enforce the proper use of abstract data types defined by programmers even when this is not strictly necessary for memory safety or for the prevention of any kind of catastrophic failure. Allocations are given a type describing its contents, and this type is fixed for the duration of the allocation. This allows type-based alias analysis to infer that allocations of different types are distinct.
Most type-safe languages use garbage collection. Pierce says, "it is extremely difficult to achieve type safety in the presence of an explicit deallocation operation", due to the dangling pointer problem. However Rust is generally considered type-safe and uses a borrow checker to achieve memory safety, instead of garbage collection.
Type safety in object oriented languages
In object oriented languages type safety is usually intrinsic in the fact that a type system is in place. This is expressed in terms of class definitions.
A class essentially defines the structure of the objects derived from it and an API as a contract for handling these objects.
Each time a new object is created it will comply with that contract.
Each function that exchanges objects derived from a specific class, or implementing a specific interface, will adhere to that contract: hence in that function the operations permitted on that object will be only those defined by the methods of the class the object implements.
This will guarantee that the object integrity will be preserved.
Exceptions to this are object oriented languages that allow dynamic modification of the object structure, or the use of reflection to modify the content of an object to overcome the constraints imposed by the class methods definitions.
Type safety issues in specific languages
Ada
Ada was designed to be suitable for embedded systems, device drivers and other forms of system programming, but also to encourage type-safe programming. To resolve these conflicting goals, Ada confines type-unsafety to a certain set of special constructs whose names usually begin with the string . Unchecked_Deallocation can be effectively banned from a unit of Ada text by applying to this unit. It is expected that programmers will use constructs very carefully and only when necessary; programs that do not use them are type-safe.
The SPARK programming language is a subset of Ada eliminating all its potential ambiguities and insecurities while at the same time adding statically checked contracts to the language features available. SPARK avoids the issues with dangling pointers by disallowing allocation at run time entirely.
Ada2012 adds statically checked contracts to the language itself (in form of pre-, and post-conditions, as well as type invariants).
C
The C programming language is type-safe in limited contexts; for example, a compile-time error is generated when an attempt is made to convert a pointer to one type of structure to a pointer to another type of structure, unless an explicit cast is used. However, a number of very common operations are non-type-safe; for example, the usual way to print an integer is something like printf("%d", 12), where the %d tells printf at run-time to expect an integer argument. (Something like printf("%s", 12), which tells the function to expect a pointer to a character-string and yet supplies an integer argument, may be accepted by compilers, but will produce undefined results.) This is partially mitigated by some compilers (such as gcc) checking type correspondences between printf arguments and format strings.
In addition, C, like Ada, provides unspecified or undefined explicit conversions; and unlike in Ada, idioms that use these conversions are very common, and have helped to give C a type-unsafe reputation. For example, the standard way to allocate memory on the heap is to invoke a memory allocation function, such as malloc, with an argument indicating how many bytes are required. The function returns an untyped pointer (type void *), which the calling code must explicitly or implicitly cast to the appropriate pointer type. Pre-standardized implementations of C required an explicit cast to do so, therefore the code (struct foo *) malloc(sizeof(struct foo)) became the accepted practice.
C++
Some features of C++ that promote more type-safe code:
The new operator returns a pointer of type based on operand, whereas malloc returns a void pointer.
C++ code can use virtual functions and templates to achieve polymorphism without void pointers.
Safer casting operators, such as dynamic cast that performs run-time type checking.
C++11 strongly-typed enumerations cannot be implicitly converted to or from integers or other enumeration types.
C++ explicit constructors and C++11 explicit conversion operators prevent implicit type conversions.
C#
C# is type-safe (but not statically type-safe). It has support for untyped pointers, but this must be accessed using the "unsafe" keyword which can be prohibited at the compiler level. It has inherent support for run-time cast validation. Casts can be validated by using the "as" keyword that will return a null reference if the cast is invalid, or by using a C-style cast that will throw an exception if the cast is invalid. See C Sharp conversion operators.
Undue reliance on the object type (from which all other types are derived) runs the risk of defeating the purpose of the C# type system. It is usually better practice to abandon object references in favour of generics, similar to templates in C++ and generics in Java.
Java
The Java language is designed to enforce type safety.
Anything in Java happens inside an object
and each object is an instance of a class.
To implement the type safety enforcement, each object, before usage, needs to be allocated.
Java allows usage of primitive types but only inside properly allocated objects.
Sometimes a part of the type safety is implemented indirectly: e.g. the class BigDecimal represents a floating point number of arbitrary precision, but handles only numbers that can be expressed with a finite representation.
The operation BigDecimal.divide() calculates a new object as the division of two numbers expressed as BigDecimal.
In this case if the division has no finite representation, as when one computes e.g. 1/3=0.33333..., the divide() method can raise an exception if no rounding mode is defined for the operation.
Hence the library, rather than the language, guarantees that the object respects the contract implicit in the class definition.
Standard ML
Standard ML has rigorously defined semantics and is known to be type-safe. However, some implementations, including Standard ML of New Jersey (SML/NJ), its syntactic variant Mythryl and MLton, provide libraries that offer unsafe operations. These facilities are often used in conjunction with those implementations' foreign function interfaces to interact with non-ML code (such as C libraries) that may require data laid out in specific ways. Another example is the SML/NJ interactive toplevel itself, which must use unsafe operations to execute ML code entered by the user.
Modula-2
Modula-2 is a strongly-typed language with a design philosophy to require any unsafe facilities to be explicitly marked as unsafe. This is achieved by "moving" such facilities into a built-in pseudo-library called SYSTEM from where they must be imported before they can be used. The import thus makes it visible when such facilities are used. Unfortunately, this was not consequently implemented in the original language report and its implementation. There still remained unsafe facilities such as the type cast syntax and variant records (inherited from Pascal) that could be used without prior import. The difficulty in moving these facilities into the SYSTEM pseudo-module was the lack of any identifier for the facility that could then be imported since only identifiers can be imported, but not syntax.
IMPORT SYSTEM; (* allows the use of certain unsafe facilities: *)
VAR word : SYSTEM.WORD; addr : SYSTEM.ADDRESS;
addr := SYSTEM.ADR(word);
(* but type cast syntax can be used without such import *)
VAR i : INTEGER; n : CARDINAL;
n := CARDINAL(i); (* or *) i := INTEGER(n);
The ISO Modula-2 standard corrected this for the type cast facility by changing the type cast syntax into a function called CAST which has to be imported from pseudo-module SYSTEM. However, other unsafe facilities such as variant records remained available without any import from pseudo-module SYSTEM.
IMPORT SYSTEM;
VAR i : INTEGER; n : CARDINAL;
i := SYSTEM.CAST(INTEGER, n); (* Type cast in ISO Modula-2 *)
A recent revision of the language applied the original design philosophy rigorously. First, pseudo-module SYSTEM was renamed to UNSAFE to make the unsafe nature of facilities imported from there more explicit. Then all remaining unsafe facilities where either removed altogether (for example variant records) or moved to pseudo-module UNSAFE. For facilities where there is no identifier that could be imported, enabling identifiers were introduced. In order to enable such a facility, its corresponding enabling identifier must be imported from pseudo-module UNSAFE. No unsafe facilities remain in the language that do not require import from UNSAFE.
IMPORT UNSAFE;
VAR i : INTEGER; n : CARDINAL;
i := UNSAFE.CAST(INTEGER, n); (* Type cast in Modula-2 Revision 2010 *)
FROM UNSAFE IMPORT FFI; (* enabling identifier for foreign function interface facility *)
<*FFI="C"*> (* pragma for foreign function interface to C *)
Pascal
Pascal has had a number of type safety requirements, some of which are kept in some compilers. Where a Pascal compiler dictates "strict typing", two variables cannot be assigned to each other unless they are either compatible (such as conversion of integer to real) or assigned to the identical subtype. For example, if you have the following code fragment:
type
TwoTypes = record
I: Integer;
Q: Real;
end;
DualTypes = record
I: Integer;
Q: Real;
end;
var
T1, T2: TwoTypes;
D1, D2: DualTypes;
Under strict typing, a variable defined as is not compatible with (because they are not identical, even though the components of that user defined type are identical) and an assignment of T1 := D2; is illegal. An assignment of T1 := T2; would be legal because the subtypes they are defined to are identical. However, an assignment such as T1.Q := D1.Q; would be legal.
Common Lisp
In general, Common Lisp is a type-safe language. A Common Lisp compiler is responsible for inserting dynamic checks for operations whose type safety cannot be proven statically. However, a programmer may indicate that a program should be compiled with a lower level of dynamic type-checking. A program compiled in such a mode cannot be considered type-safe.
C++ examples
The following examples illustrates how C++ cast operators can break type safety when used incorrectly. The first example shows how basic data types can be incorrectly cast:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main () {
int ival = 5; // integer value
float fval = reinterpret_cast<float&>(ival); // reinterpret bit pattern
cout << fval << endl; // output integer as float
return 0;
}
In this example, reinterpret_cast explicitly prevents the compiler from performing a safe conversion from integer to floating-point value. When the program runs it will output a garbage floating-point value. The problem could have been avoided by instead writing float fval = ival;
The next example shows how object references can be incorrectly downcast:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Parent {
public:
virtual ~Parent() {} // virtual destructor for RTTI
};
class Child1 : public Parent {
public:
int a;
};
class Child2 : public Parent {
public:
float b;
};
int main () {
Child1 c1;
c1.a = 5;
Parent & p = c1; // upcast always safe
Child2 & c2 = static_cast<Child2&>(p); // invalid downcast
cout << c2.b << endl; // will output garbage data
return 0;
}
The two child classes have members of different types. When downcasting a parent class pointer to a child class pointer, then the resulting pointer may not point to a valid object of correct type. In the example, this leads to garbage value being printed. The problem could have been avoided by replacing static_cast with dynamic_cast that throws an exception on invalid casts.
See also
Type theory
Notes
References
Programming language topics
Type theory
Articles with example Pascal code |
```shell
#!/bin/bash
set -e
myDir="$(dirname "$0")"
source "$myDir/buildUtils.sh"
build_packages "${allPackages[@]}"
``` |
Wolf Warrior () is a 2015 Chinese war film written and directed by Wu Jing. It stars Wu Jing along with Scott Adkins, Yu Nan and Kevin Lee. It was released on 2 April 2015. A sequel, titled Wolf Warrior 2, was released in China in 2017 and became the all-time highest-grossing film in China.
Plot
In 2008, a combined task group of People's Liberation Army Special Operations Forces and Chinese police raid a drug smuggling operation in an abandoned chemical facility in southern China. The leader of the smuggling operation, Wu Ji, holds one of his own men hostage while taking cover behind a section of the facility's reinforced wall.
Leng Feng, a skilled PLA sniper, ignores orders to stand down and fires three shots at a weak section of the wall, penetrating through on the third shot and killing Wu Ji. Leng Feng is sent to solitary confinement as punishment, but is approached by Long Xiaoyun, the female commander of the legendary 'Wolf Warriors', an elite unit within the PLA tasked with simulating foreign tactics for the PLA to train against. Long Xiaoyun offers Leng Feng a place in the Wolf Warriors. Meanwhile, in the Philippines, crime lord Min Deng, the older brother of Wu Ji, hires ex-US Navy SEAL “Tom Cat” (Scott Adkins) and his group to assassinate Leng Feng and avenge his brother.
The Wolf Warriors participate in a training exercise in a remote and uninhabited forested region on China's southern border. During the exercise, Tom Cat and his mercenaries ambush a Wolf Warrior squad, killing one of Leng Feng's comrades. Subsequently, the PLA and the Wolf Warriors are tasked with hunting down Tom Cat‘s squad to restore their honor. The combined infantry force move into the forest but are delayed by multiple traps set by Tom Cat and pinned down by sniper fire until Leng Feng manages to kill the shooter. Afterwards, the rest of the PLA force engages Tom Cat's other mercenaries, who stage a fighting retreat but are eventually overwhelmed and killed one by one. Meanwhile, Long Xiaoyun and the other PLA commanders deduce that Ming Deng himself is also in the training area to take possession of a smuggled cache of biotechnology, which could allow the creation of a genetic weapon that could target Chinese people exclusively.
Leng Feng eventually catches Tom Cat just before China's southern border. Leng Feng is nearly defeated, but manages to kill Tom Cat with his own knife. Medical personnel from a PLA relief force arrive, but Leng Feng recognises the wrist tattoo of the medic that approaches him and realizes that they are Min Deng's men in PLA uniforms. He attacks them, eventually holding Min Deng himself at bayonet point on the very edge of the Chinese border. Min Deng's paramilitary force approaches from the other side of the border, but so do the rest of the Wolf Warriors and PLA soldiers. Min Deng's force retreats, leaving him to be arrested.
Cast
Wu Jing as Leng Feng (), a marksman in the People's Liberation Army who was initially court martialled and reprimanded for failing to obey a direct order during an operation. He is later recruited into a Chinese Special Forces Unit called "War Wolf" after Long Xiaoyun takes an interest in him.
Yu Nan as Lieutenant Colonel Long Xiaoyun (), Commander of the Chinese Special Forces Unit "War Wolf"
Ni Dahong as Ming Deng, a drug lord who hires a group of foreign mercenaries to avenge his brother's death at the hands of Leng Feng.
Scott Adkins as "Tom Cat," a former US Navy SEAL turned mercenary, who is hired by Meng Deng to kill Leng Feng
Kevin Lee as "Mad Cow"
Shi Zhaoqi
Zhou Xiaoou
Fang Zibin
Guo Guangping
Ru Ping
Hong Wei
Wang Sen
Zhuang Xiaolong
Chris Collins
Production
The script went through 14 drafts over seven years. In order to portray more realistic combat scenes, the movie used five missiles (each at a value of one million yuan), more than 30,000 rounds of ammunition, and a variety of Chinese active military aircraft, including the Chengdu J-10, Harbin Z-9, and CAIC Z-10. In one large battle scene, 32 active tanks appeared in the same shot, including a Type 96 tank.
In order to prepare for the film, with the support of Chinese PLA Nanjing Military Region, Wu Jing trained for 18 months at a camp in Nanjing Military Region.
On the first day of shooting, it was the hottest summer in Nanjing's history. The temperature was up to 49.8 °C, making 5 extra actors suffer from shock.
Most of the film was made on location in Jiangsu province, at sites including Nanjing and Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum.
Box office
As of 25 May 2015, it has earned US$89.11 million in China.
In China, it opened on 2 April 2015, earning US$33.32 million in its 4-day opening weekend topping the Chinese box office. In its second weekend, it fell to number two, earning US$36.19 million (behind Furious 7).
Critical response
The film had an overall rating of 6.8 on the Chinese review site Douban as of August 2017. Variety magazine wrote: "To a layperson's eyes, the military exercise does look authentic, and the cross-country skirmishes are ruggedly watchable on an acrobatic level. Yet it's impossible to overlook the inanity of the plotting".
Awards
International influence
Wolf Warrior and its sequel, Wolf Warrior 2, are the namesake of China's aggressive 'wolf warrior diplomacy' under Xi Jinping's administration.
References
External links
Wolf Warrior at Douban (in Chinese)
2015 3D films
2015 action thriller films
2010s war films
Chinese 3D films
Chinese action thriller films
Chinese war films
Films about military personnel
Films about the People's Liberation Army
2010s Mandarin-language films
2010s English-language films
Films shot in Nanjing
Films directed by Wu Jing (actor)
Works about Chinese military personnel |
is a Japanese football player.
National team career
In August 2007, Kanai was elected Japan U-17 national team for 2007 U-17 World Cup. He played full time in all 3 matches as center back.
Club statistics
Updated to 21 February 2019.
1Includes Emperor's Cup.
2Includes J. League Cup.
Awards and honours
Japan
AFC U-17 Championship (1) : 2006
References
External links
Profile at Yokohama F. Marinos
1990 births
Living people
Association football people from Kanagawa Prefecture
Japanese men's footballers
Japan men's youth international footballers
J1 League players
J2 League players
Yokohama F. Marinos players
Sagan Tosu players
JEF United Chiba players
Nagoya Grampus players
Shimizu S-Pulse players
Ventforet Kofu players
FC Ryukyu players
Men's association football defenders |
Personnel Specialist (abbreviated as PS) is a United States Navy occupational rating.
Roles
Personnel Specialists:
Were established as a merger of Personnelman (PN) and Disbursing Clerk (DK) ratings on October 1, 2005
Perform clerical and administration duties involved in maintaining personnel records, preparing reports and accomplishing accounting procedures
Counsel enlisted personnel concerning Navy ratings, training, advancement, awards, educational opportunities, and the rights, benefits and advantages of a Navy career
Utilize and maintain current publications and directives pertaining to personnel administration and operate associated ADP equipment
References
See also
List of United States Navy ratings
United States Navy ratings |
David Thomas Meiring (born 23 April 1986) is a former New Zealand cricketer who played first-class and List A cricket for Central Districts in 2014 and 2015. He is now a cricket coach.
Meiring was a batsman. As well as playing for Central Districts, he played Hawke Cup cricket for Manawatu from 2009-10 to 2016-17, which included two periods when Manawatu held the trophy. He also coached the team. He retired after the 2018-19 season, having scored 3919 runs in 88 matches for Manawatu. In September 2019 he was appointed a pathways coach for Central Districts and regularly acted as head coach for Central Districts A. He is the grandson of the New Zealand cricketer Tom Pritchard, who played for Manawatu in the 1930s.
References
External links
David Meiring at CricketArchive
1986 births
Living people
New Zealand cricketers
Central Districts cricketers
Cricketers from Worcester, England
New Zealand cricket coaches |
La Voix de l'Est may refer to:
La Voix de l'Est (Bagnolet), a French Communist Party local weekly newspaper published from Bagnolet, France
La Voix de l'Est (Granby), a French language daily in Granby, Quebec |
"Suffer Never" is a song by Tim Finn and Neil Finn during their partnership as Finn. It was first released in 1995 on their debut album Finn. It reached #29 on the UK Singles Chart, and #70 in Australia. Lead vocals for the song were performed by Neil.
Charts
References
1995 singles
Song recordings produced by Tchad Blake
1995 songs
Songs written by Neil Finn
Songs written by Tim Finn |
The Pan American Badminton Championships is a tournament organized since 1977 by the Badminton Pan America (BPA) to crown the best badminton players in the Americas.
The tournament was held every year from 1977 until 1980, then every two years from 1987 until 2007. It is now organized annually, except once every four years when the Pan American Games multi-sports event is held. Badminton is part of the Pan American Games since 1995. Since then, 2007 was the only year both events (the Pan American Badminton Championships and the Pan American Games) were held simultaneously in the same year. The Pan American Badminton Championships once had a Grand Prix status.
Championships
Individual championships
Winners:
Team championships
Mixed team
Male and Female team
Pan Am Male & Female Team Cup (until 2012 the Thomas & Uber Cup Pan Am qualification)
Medal count (2007 - 2023)
Note
References
"The first Pan-American Championships", World Badminton, July–August 1977, 11.
External links
Pan American Champions
Badminton
Recurring sporting events established in 1977
International badminton competitions
1977 establishments in North America
1977 establishments in South America |
Biyavra Rajgarh railway station is a railway station in Rajgarh district, Madhya Pradesh. Its code is BRRG. It serves Biyavra city. The station consists of two platforms. It lacks many facilities including water and sanitation. Passenger, Express, and Superfast trains halt here.
Trains
The following trains halt at Biyavra Rajgarh railway station in both directions:
Ratlam–Gwalior Express
Ratlam–Bhind Express
Gorakhpur–Okha Express
Ujjaini Express
Indore–Kota Intercity Express
Indore–Chandigarh Express
Ahmedabad–Darbhanga Sabarmati Express
Sabarmati Express
Indore–Amritsar Express
Pune–Gwalior Weekly Express
Indore–Dehradun Express
Jhansi–Bandra Terminus Express
Surat–Muzaffarpur Express
References
Railway stations in Rajgarh district
Bhopal railway division |
Balamku is a small Maya archaeological site located in the Mexican state of Campeche. It features elaborate plaster facades dating to the Early Classic period. It has one of the largest surviving stucco friezes in the Maya world. Balamku was first occupied from around 300 BC. Its most important buildings date from AD 300–600.
Location
Balamku is located north of the ruins of the great Maya city of Calakmul, approximately the same distance west of Becan, west of Xpujil and southeast of the ruins of Nadzca'an. The ruins lie upon a poorly drained karstic plateau.
The architectural style of Balamku has more in common with the Petén tradition to the south, although Río Bec influences are also evident.
History
Balamku was occupied from about 300 BC, in the Late Preclassic, through to the Terminal Classic period, between 800 and 1000 AD. The earliest architecture in the site is found in the Central and South Groups, dating to the Late Preclassic to Early Classic transition.
The ruins were discovered in 1990 by Mexican archaeologist Florentino García Cruz in the company of INAH custodians, when they investigated a report of archaeological looting; they found a looters' trench that had partly uncovered a painted stucco frieze that had originally formed part of the upper facade of an Early Classic building. After initial rescue work, the site was formally excavated in 1994 to 1995 by a team headed by Mexican archaeologist Ramón Carrasco and including two French archaeologists, Claude Baudez and Jean Pierre Courau. Carrasco and his Mexican team concentrated on the Central Group while the French archaeologists investigated the South Group.
Site description
The ruins of Balamku cover an area of approximately . The site features a very low density of peripheral architecture around the principal groups; by away there are practically no further buildings.
Architectural Groups
The ruins are distributed in four major architectural groups. The Central and North Groups are situated close to water sources.
Central Group
The Central Group comprises three plazas, labelled as Plaza A, B and C.
Plaza A is situated at the southern extreme of the Central Group. It supports a Mesoamerican ballcourt and a number of mounds that have not yet been investigated archaeologically.
Plaza B is located in the northwestern sector of the Central Group. It is enclosed by Structure I on the north side, Structure IV on the south side, and structures V and VI on the east and west sides respectively. Test pits have uncovered architectural remains dating back to the Late Preclassic, the earliest phase of operation at the site.
Plaza C is separated from Plaza B by Structure V. It is bordered by Structure II on its north side and Structure III on its west side. It is enclosed on its south side by a number of unexcavated structures.
South Group
The South Group comprises four plazas, labelled A through to D.
Plaza A is enclosed by Structure D5-5 on its north side. Structure D5-10 limits its western side and Structure D5-11 encloses it on the south side.
Plaza B has Structure D5-5 on its eastern side. Structure D5-10 is on the south side of the plaza and Structure D5-7 encloses the northern side of the plaza.
Plaza C is bordered by Structure D5-4 and Structure D5-6 on its east and south sides respectively.
Plaza D is enclosed by Structure D5-1 on its eastern side. Structure D5-2 limits the south side of the plaza and Structure D5-3 closes the plaza on the west side.
Southwest Group
The Southwest Group consists of two structures that together form an E-Group astronomical complex.
North Group
The North Group has not been excavated by archaeologists although it has been mapped. It consists of six plazas bordered by structures, some of which over tall.
Structures
Structure I is located in the Central Group. Excavations of an earlier substructure (Sub I-A) have uncovered a stucco frieze stylistically dated to between the 4th century BC and the middle of the 6th century AD, although radiocarbon dating of the lintel of the structure returned a date of 631 AD ± 30 years. The frieze was first uncovered by looters and was fully excavated under the direction of INAH. The complete frieze measured long when excavated and stood high. The frieze combines imagery of rulers with that of a sacred mountain. The frieze preserved almost intact; it is protected by roofing and is accessible to visitors.
Structure D5-5 is located in the South Group between plazas B and C. Two burials were excavated in the structure, one of them was an elite status individual.
Structure D5-10, in the South Group, is built over two earlier structures dating to the Late Preclassic.
Structure D5-11 is located in the South Group, on the south side of Plaza A. It dates as far back as the Late Preclassic and is one of the earliest known buildings at Balamku.
Notes
References
Further reading
1990 archaeological discoveries
3rd-century BC establishments in the Maya civilization
Maya sites in Campeche |
Ratenelle () is a commune in the Saône-et-Loire department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.
See also
Communes of the Saône-et-Loire department
References
Communes of Saône-et-Loire |
Leone Sforza (May 1406 – July 1440) was an Italian condottiero, a member of the House of Sforza.
Born at Castelfiorentino, he was the son of Muzio Attendolo, and brother to Alessandro and Francesco Sforza, both successful military leaders and seigniors.
In 1415 he was jailed in the Castel Nuovo of Naples together with his father and his brothers. Leone fought mainly alongside Francesco, and in 1432 he escorted to Piacenza the emperor Sigismund. In 1434–1435 he fought against Niccolò Fortebraccio in Lazio and Umbria: taken prisoner, he was freed after the death of that condottiero.
Leone Sforza was killed during the siege of Caravaggio of 1440, while commanding the Venetian troops.
References
Page at condottieridiventura.it
1406 births
1440 deaths
People from Castelfiorentino
Leone
15th-century condottieri
Italian military personnel killed in action |
C. O. Bigelow Apothecaries is an American pharmacy and beauty brand currently owned and operated by Ian Ginsberg. C. O. Bigelow was founded, as The Village Apothecary Shop, by Dr. Galen Hunter in 1838 in New York's Greenwich Village and is the oldest surviving apothecary–pharmacy in the United States.
In the late 1800's, the pharmacy was purchased by Clarence Otis Bigelow, who renamed the store after himself. He subsequently built the Bigelow Building at 414 Sixth Avenue, and in 1902 the pharmacy moved into the new location where it has remained ever since. During the Great Depression, the store had become run-down, and it was sold to William B. Ginsberg, an Eastern-European immigrant who came to New York and earned his Doctorate of Pharmacy from Columbia University. The Ginsberg family has owned and operated the apothecary since 1939, passing from William, to his son Jerry Ginsberg, and eventually to his son Ian Ginsberg. Alec Ginsberg, Ian's son and fourth generation pharmacist, currently serves as the company's Chief Operating Officer after joining full-time in 2016.
Limited Brands had an agreement to open and operate other stores bearing the Bigelow name, which were operated as upscale beauty and skin care stores to compete with other stores such as Sephora and Neiman Marcus. However, all of these stores were closed, leaving only the original shop. Certain products from the line are sold in Bath and Body Works stores throughout the United States, as well as many other retail stores worldwide.
Due to its longevity and popularity, C. O. Bigelow was honored with a Village Award from the Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation in 2002.
History
Dr. Galen Hunter, a Vermont native, established The Village Apothecary Shop in 1838, although he did not operate the store himself. His employee, Clarence Otis Bigelow, purchased the business in 1880, eight years after Hunter's death, and renamed it C. O. Bigelow Apothecaries. He also moved the business two doors north, to a new home at 106–108 Sixth Avenue (today number 414, after the street's renumbering in 1929).
In 1939, William Ginsberg became the owner. Since then, it has been passed down through the Ginsberg family, and as of 2023 it is in the hands of Ian, grandson of William.
Stores
There was formerly a chain of stores; however, the only store still operating is the original Sixth Avenue store in Greenwich Village. Its chandeliers, though now electrified, still have their gas fittings. During the extensive blackouts on the East Coast in 1965 and 1977, Bigelow's was the only pharmacy between Maine and the Carolinas with enough light to remain open for business.
All of the other stores have closed. The Easton Town Center store in Columbus, Ohio, closed its doors in February 2012. Several stores closed in 2009: Northshore Mall in Peabody, Massachusetts, closed June 28, 2009; Westfield Garden State Plaza in Paramus, New Jersey, closed September 4, 2009; and Plaza at King of Prussia in King of Prussia, Pennsylvania/Upper Merion Township, Pennsylvania, closed July 1, 2009. Other closed stores were located in Copley Place in Boston, Westfield Hawthorn Center in Vernon Hills, Illinois, and Water Tower Place in Chicago, which closed in 2010. The location at Woodfield Mall in Schaumburg, Illinois, closed on August 18, 2012.
A C. O. Bigelow store was to be built in Tysons Corner Center in Tysons Corner, Virginia, but the scheduled construction was canceled.
Advertising
Famous patrons of C. O. Bigelow (as featured in advertisements) include Thomas Edison, Eleanor Roosevelt, and Mark Twain. Twain lived around the corner, at 21 Fifth Avenue.
References
External links
BigelowChemists.com
Companies based in New York City |
Biker or bikie may refer to:
A cyclist, a bicycle rider or participant in cycling sports
A motorcyclist, any motorcycle rider or passenger, or participant in motorcycle sports
A motorcycle club member, defined more narrowly than all motorcyclists
An outlaw motorcycle club member, more narrowly than all motorcycle club members
See also
Biker subculture (disambiguation)
Byker, a district of Newcastle, England |
```c++
CMapStringToOb map;
map.SetAt(_T("Bart"), new CAge(13));
map.SetAt(_T("Homer"), new CAge(36));
ASSERT(map.GetCount() == 2);
``` |
Zieleniec Mały () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wielbark, within Szczytno County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately north-east of Wielbark, south-east of Szczytno, and south-east of the regional capital Olsztyn.
The village has a population of 30.
References
Villages in Szczytno County |
The Lipari Landill is an inactive landfill on a former gravel pit in Mantua Township, New Jersey. It was used from 1958 to 1971 as a dump site for household and industrial wastes. Toxic organic compounds and heavy metals dumped at the site have percolated into the ground water and leached into lakes and streams in the surrounding area. The site has been identified as the worst toxic dump in the United States and was ranked at the top of the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Superfund eligibility list.
History
Nicholas Lipari had operated a sand and gravel pit at the site. During the period from 1958 until 1971, the landfill accepted 46,000 barrels of chemicals, containing approximately of industrial waste, that were placed in trenches that had been excavated in the gravel pit. 12 thousand tons of solid industrial waste were also dumped at the site. The New Jersey Solid Waste Authority had the site shut down in 1971.
The toxic materials came from several different companies, with Philadelphia-based Rohm and Haas accounting for most of the material. Toxic material dumped at the site also came from an Owens-Illinois plant in Glassboro and a CBS Records plant in Pitman. More than 150 different chemicals, including BCEE (Bis-2-Chloroethyl ether), benzene, 1,2 Dichloroethylene, arsenic, lead and mercury have been identified at the site. In September 1985, the EPA filed lawsuits against seven companies, including Rohm & Haas, to recover the costs of the remediation at the site.
Approximately of contaminated water had been leaking from the site on a daily basis, leaching into groundwater or washed away in the rain. In 1983, following the construction of a wall constructed around the center of the dump site, seepage was reduced to per day. The contaminated areas at the dump site were also covered with a high-density polyethylene (HDPE) cap. In 1992 a treatment plant was constructed to flush the landfill. By 1996 off-site work including excavation of the marsh, portions of the stream bed, and the lake sediment excavation was completed. Drains to capture contaminated water from outside and below the landfill were completed which must be operated indefinitely. These drains have successfully protected the surrounding environment from landfill contaminants and are constantly monitored to insure their effectiveness. Today, remediation continues at the Landfill through the removal of vast quantities of volatile organic compounds, such as benzene and toluene. These compounds are removed in the vapor phase and destroyed. To date (2010) over of contaminants have been removed from Lipari.
Effects
In the mid-1980s, the Borough of Pitman closed a playground at Betty Park, an area adjoining Alcyon Lake, as the levels of hazardous chemicals present in the soil were higher than safety levels established at the Federal level.
A study performed by the New Jersey Department of Health in 1989 showed that those living within one kilometer of the dump site were at greater risk of adult leukemia and of giving birth to low birth weight babies than those living further away.
A follow-up study by medical investigators released in 1997 reviewing details of 9,000 children born to parents living near the dump site found clear evidence of a link to the toxic chemicals and a significant drop in birth weight and a risk of pre-term delivery that was twice as high as normal. The increased effects peaked for those children born between 1971 and 1975, a period when the contaminants leaking from the site were at their peak. The study also found that after the dump was closed and cleanup began, birth weights increased until they were higher than those from surrounding areas in the most recent data. The peer-reviewed studies were included in Environmental Health Perspectives, a monthly journal published by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.
Remediation
In March 1994, Rohm and Haas reached a settlement with the United States Department of Justice under which the firm would address its liability for the materials it dumped there by spending an estimated $50 million to clean up the landfill site.
The cleanup project was estimated to have run in excess of $100 million by 1995, with the majority of costs paid by the companies that had material dumped at the site. Barrels for which manufacturers paid about 75 cents each as a fee to the landfill owner ended up costing around $2,000 per barrel to remove the contaminants from the soil.
About 90,000 tons of contaminated soil was removed from the off-site areas temporarily stored at the site of a former stock car race track in Pitman and later sent to a properly lined landfill. In 1995, Pitman's Alcyon Lake was drained and the sediment at the lake's bottom was removed for storage at the race track and later shipped offsite. Over a fifteen-year period, millions of gallons of water were pumped into the landfill to carry the toxic material through a system of pipes and into a pre-treatment facility that would treat the chemicals carried off in the leachate. Effluent from the plant was then sent to the local utility authority.
References
Superfund sites in New Jersey
Landforms of Gloucester County, New Jersey |
```yaml
# This YAML configuration file holds the default values used for configuring 3D sensors.
# The name of this file shouldn't be changed, or else the Setup Assistant won't detect it.
# Values may not be ideal defaults, original source unclear.
sensors:
- sensor_plugin: occupancy_map_monitor/PointCloudOctomapUpdater
point_cloud_topic: /head_mount_kinect/depth_registered/points
max_range: 5.0
point_subsample: 1
padding_offset: 0.1
padding_scale: 1.0
max_update_rate: 1.0
filtered_cloud_topic: filtered_cloud
- sensor_plugin: occupancy_map_monitor/DepthImageOctomapUpdater
image_topic: /head_mount_kinect/depth_registered/image_raw
queue_size: 5
near_clipping_plane_distance: 0.3
far_clipping_plane_distance: 5.0
shadow_threshold: 0.2
padding_scale: 4.0
padding_offset: 0.03
max_update_rate: 1.0
filtered_cloud_topic: filtered_cloud
``` |
The British Windward Islands was an administrative grouping of British colonies in the Windward Islands of the West Indies, existing from 1833 until 31 December 1959 and consisting of the islands of Grenada, St Lucia, Saint Vincent, the Grenadines, Barbados (the seat of the governor until 1885, when it returned to its former status of a completely separate colony), Tobago (until 1889, when it was joined to Trinidad), and (from 1940) Dominica, previously included in the British Leeward Islands.
Administrative history
The seat of government was Bridgetown on Barbados, from 1871 to 1885, and thereafter St. George's on Grenada. The islands were not a single colony, but a confederation of separate colonies with a common governor-in-chief, while each island retained its own institutions. The Windward Islands had neither legislature, laws, revenue nor tariff in common. However, there was a common audit system, while the islands united in maintaining certain institutions of general utility.
Judicial history
In 1859 a common court of appeal for the group was established, composed of the chief justices of the respective island colonies. Under the West Indian Court of Appeal Act 1919 this court was replaced by the West Indian Court of Appeal, responsible for appeals from not only the Windward Islands but also the Federal Colony of the Leeward Islands, Barbados, Trinidad and Tobago, and British Guiana.
In 1939 the Windward and Leeward Islands Supreme Court and the Windward and Leeward Islands Court of Appeal were established, which was replaced in 1967 by the Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court which provides both functions.
Chief justices of the Windward and Leeward Islands
1940–1942 James Henry Jarrett
1943–1950 Sir Clement Malone
1950–1957 Sir Donald Jackson
1958–1963 Sir Cyril George Xavier Henriques
1963–?1967 Frank E. Field
See also
List of governors of the Windward Islands
History of the British West Indies
Windward Islands
British Leeward Islands
Windward Islands cricket team
References
Sources
External links
Queen and Commonwealth: Other Caribbean realms for the official website of the British monarchy
U.S Library of Congress – Barbados and the Windward Islands colony
WorldStatesmen.org
.Windward Islands
Windward Islands
Windward Islands
Former countries in the Caribbean
Former colonies in North America
Former federations
History of British Grenada
History of the Colony of Barbados
History of British Dominica
History of British Saint Lucia
History of British Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
History of Trinidad and Tobago
States and territories established in 1833
States and territories disestablished in 1958
1830s establishments in the Caribbean
1833 establishments in the British Empire
1960 disestablishments in the British Empire
1833 establishments in North America
1960 disestablishments in North America |
Listed below are the dates and results for the 1986 FIFA World Cup qualification rounds for the European zone (UEFA). For an overview of the qualification rounds, see the article 1986 FIFA World Cup qualification.
UEFA was allocated thirteen qualifying berths for the 1986 FIFA World Cup, and one place in a play-off, however Italy were the defending champions and qualified automatically, leaving 12.5 spots open for competition between 32 teams.
Europe's automatic qualifying berths were taken by Poland, West Germany, Portugal, England, Northern Ireland, France, Bulgaria, Hungary, Denmark, Soviet Union and Spain. Belgium and Scotland qualified through the UEFA play-off and UEFA–OFC intercontinental play-off respectively.
Format
The 32 teams were divided into 7 groups. The teams would play against each other on a home-and-away basis. The number of teams and spots for each group were as follows:
Groups 2, 3, 4 and 6 had 5 teams each. The group winners and runners-up would qualify.
Groups 1, 5 and 7 had 4 teams each. The group winners would qualify. The runners-up of Groups 1 and 5 would advance to the UEFA Play-offs, while the runner-up of Group 7 would advance to the UEFA / OFC Intercontinental Play-off. In the play-offs, the 2 teams would play against each other on a home-and-away basis, with the winner qualifying.
Group play
The draw for the qualifying groups took place in Zürich, Switzerland on 7 December 1983. During the draw teams were drawn from the 5 pots into the 7 groups. The seedings below were announced ten days before the draw.
Summary
Group 1
Group 2
Group 3
Group 4
Group 5
Group 6
Group 7
UEFA play-off
2–2 on aggregate; Belgium won on away goals.
Inter-confederation play-offs
Goalscorers
8 goals
Preben Elkjær
6 goals
Rainer Ernst
5 goals
Bryan Robson
Fernando Gomes
Oleh Protasov
4 goals
Michael Laudrup
Ralf Minge
Mark Hateley
Michel Platini
Wim Kieft
Gheorghe Hagi
Robert Prytz
Karl-Heinz Rummenigge
3 goals
Bedri Omuri
Walter Schachner
Franky Vercauteren
Georgi Dimitrov
Petr Janečka
Gary Lineker
Tony Woodcock
Mika Lipponen
Dominique Rocheteau
Yannick Stopyra
Norman Whiteside
Dariusz Dziekanowski
Włodzimierz Smolarek
Carlos Manuel
Rodion Cǎmǎtaru
Georgi Kondratiev
Dan Corneliusson
Mark Hughes
Ian Rush
Klaus Allofs
Pierre Littbarski
Uwe Rahn
2 goals
Enzo Scifo
Plamen Getov
Stoycho Mladenov
Nasko Sirakov
Klaus Berggreen
Søren Lerby
Andreas Thom
John Barnes
Jari Rantanen
Lajos Détári
Márton Esterházy
József Kiprich
Tibor Nyilasi
Frank Stapleton
Robby Langers
Leonard Farrugia
Peter Houtman
Dick Schoenaker
Rob de Wit
Tom Sundby
Zbigniew Boniek
Diamantino Miranda
Davie Cooper
Mo Johnston
Paul McStay
Hipólito Rincón
Thomas Sunesson
André Egli
Matthias Herget
Rudi Völler
Fadil Vokrri
1 goal
Mirel Josa
Agustin Kola
Arben Minga
Martin Gisinger
Peter Hrstic
Toni Polster
Herbert Prohaska
Gerald Willfurth
Nico Claesen
Georges Grün
Erwin Vandenbergh
Eddy Voordeckers
Rusi Gochev
Kostadin Kostadinov
Boycho Velitchkov
Paschalis Christophorou
Kostas Foti
Panayiotis Marangos
Jan Berger
Stanislav Griga
Vladimír Hruška
Karel Jarolím
Vladislav Lauda
Josef Novák
Ladislav Vízek
John Sivebæk
Michael Glowatzky
Ronald Kreer
Matthias Liebers
Uwe Zötzsche
Viv Anderson
Glenn Hoddle
Kenny Sansom
Chris Waddle
Ari Hjelm
Ari Valvee
Philippe Anziani
Patrick Battiston
Luis Fernández
Alain Giresse
José Touré
Nikos Anastopoulos
Kostas Antoniou
Tasos Mitropoulos
Dimitris Saravakos
Giorgos Skartados
József Kardos
Antal Nagy
Antal Róth
László Szokolai
Magnús Bergs
Pétur Pétursson
Guðmundur Þorbjörnsson
Teitur Þórðarson
Tony Grealish
Kevin Sheedy
Mickey Walsh
Carmel Busuttil
Michael Degiorgio
Raymond Xuereb
Erwin Koeman
Marco van Basten
Gerry Armstrong
John O'Neill
Martin O'Neill
Jimmy Quinn
Pål Jacobsen
Hallvar Thoresen
Marek Ostrowski
Andrzej Pałasz
Rui Jordão
José Rafael
Marcel Coraş
Ion Geolgǎu
Gino Iorgulescu
Ștefan Iovan
Dorin Mateuţ
Jim Bett
Kenny Dalglish
Frank McAvennie
Charlie Nicholas
Fyodor Cherenkov
Anatoliy Demyanenko
Yuri Gavrilov
Sergey Gotsmanov
Hennadiy Lytovchenko
Emilio Butragueño
Francisco José Carrasco
Paco Clos
Andoni Goicoechea
Rafael Gordillo
Marcos Alonso Peña
Manuel Sarabia
Ingemar Erlandsson
Lars Larsson
Mats Magnusson
Torbjörn Nilsson
Glenn Strömberg
Umberto Barberis
Jean-Paul Brigger
Christian Matthey
Metin Tekin
İlyas Tüfekçi
Mickey Thomas
Thomas Berthold
Andreas Brehme
Karlheinz Förster
Felix Magath
Lothar Matthäus
Mehmed Baždarević
Milko Djurovski
Ivan Gudelj
Miloš Šestić
Haris Škoro
1 own goal
Nikos Pantziaras (playing against the Netherlands)
Guy Hellers (playing against Bulgaria)
Michel Valke (playing against Austria)
Frederico Rosa (playing against Malta)
Gino Iorgulescu (playing against Northern Ireland)
Andreas Ravelli (playing against Czechoslovakia)
References
External links
FIFA.com Reports
RSSSF Page
Results and scorers
UEFA Qualifier results with full game box scores at Scoreshelf.com
1986 FIFA World Cup qualification
FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA)
1984–85 in European football
1985–86 in European football |
HNLMS Jacob van Heemskerck () was a unique coastal defence ship of the Royal Netherlands Navy built by the Rijkswerf in Amsterdam. She was among the ships send to patrol the Venezuelan coast during the Second Castro Crisis. After her active career she was rebuilt into a stationary battery ship and recommissioned. During World War II she was captured by the invading German forces and converted in an anti-aircraft battery. After the war the ship was recovered and given back to the Netherlands, to be converted to an accommodation ship.
Design
The ship was long, had a beam of , a draught of , and had a displacement of 4,920 ton. The ship was equipped with 2 shaft reciprocating engines, which were rated at and produced a top speed of . The ship had a belt armour of , barbette armour and turret armour. Two single turret guns provided the ship's main armament, and these were augmented by six single guns and six single guns. The ship had a complement of 340 men.
Service history
The ship was built at the Rijkswerf in Amsterdam. Prince Henry of the Netherlands attended the launch ceremony and christened the ship on 22 September 1906. The ship was commissioned on 22 April 1908. The same year she, together with the s Friesland and Gelderland were sent to patrol the Venezuelan coast during the Second Castro Crisis.
On 16 May 1910 the ship left the port of IJmuiden to steam for Sheerness to bring Prince Henry of the Netherlands to the funeral of Edward VII of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland that was held on 20 May. During the last part of the journey the ship was escorted by five British torpedo boats.
Later that year the Belgian king Albert I and his wife made a state visit to the Netherlands. During this visit, they visited the IJ in Amsterdam where Jacob van Heemskerck, Friesland, , , and other Dutch warships were present and fired shots in salute. The pair were given a tour on the van Heemskerck.
On 24 July the ship left the port Den Helder for the coronation fleet review of King George V at Spithead on 27 June.
On 17 May 1917 the ship, together with the lugger Zorg en Vlijt picked up the crew of the luggers Mercurius and Jacoba that were boarded and later scuttled by a German submarine 50 nautical miles off the coast of IJmuiden.
World War II
After her active career she was rebuilt into a stationary battery ship and renamed Batterijschip IJmuiden and recommissioned on 19 April 1939. She was stationed in IJmuiden. During the German invasion in World War II on 14 May 1940 she was scuttled by her crew to prevent her being captured by the German forces.
The Germans however raised the ship on 16 July 1940 and towed her to Amsterdam on 24 July. From there she was towed to Kiel in March 1941. There she was rebuilt into a floating anti-aircraft battery at the Howaldtswerke and renamed Undine.
After the war she was found back in Wilhelmshafen and returned to the Netherlands.
At the Rijkswerf in Amsterdam she was rebuilt into an accommodation ship. She was recommissioned on 23 February 1948 and renamed Neptunus. This role she fulfilled until her decommissioning on 13 September 1974. On 4 October that same year she was stricken.
Notes
References
External links
Description of ship
Netherlamnds Navy: Description of ship
Coastal defence ships of the Royal Netherlands Navy
1906 ships
Naval ships of the Netherlands captured by Germany during World War II
Ships built in Amsterdam
Maritime incidents in May 1940
World War II cruisers of the Netherlands |
The region known as Cabeça do Cachorro (Dog‘s head) is the area comprising the northwesternmost end of the state of Amazonas, Brazil, bordering on Colombia and Venezuela.
This region roughly coincides with the Brazilian municipality of São Gabriel da Cachoeira and parts of Japurá, and shares international borders with the Venezuelan state of Amazonas (to the northeast), and the Colombian departments of Guainía (to north), Vaupés (to west) and Amazonas (to southwest). The Brazilian Army maintains a border platoon next to the border tripoint, at the village of Cucuí, where there is also a Brazilian Air Force base.
Cabeça do Cachorro means, literally, "Dog's Head" in Portuguese. The name was given after the shape of this region's map, that resembles the head of a dog with its mouth wide open. This picturesque geographical shape was defined by the Treaty of Bogotá, which was signed by Colombia and Brazil in 1907 and defined the borders between the two countries according to the uti possidetis criterion. These borders were later confirmed by a supplementary Colombian-Brazilian treaty in 1928.
The area has several Amerindian reservations. The municipality of São Gabriel da Cachoeira, in Cabeça do Cachorro, is the first in Brazil to adopt an Amerindian language, Nheengatu, as co-official with Portuguese.
The region also has one of the largest niobium reserves in the world.
See also
Brazilian state of Amazonas
Municipality of São Gabriel da Cachoeira
Municipality of Japurá
Colombia-Brazil borders
Roman Catholic Diocese of São Gabriel da Cachoeira
External links
Geodesic points of the border between Brazil and Colombia
Health and Displacement at the border between Brazil and Colombia
Fronteira Brasil-Colômbia: Breve Histórico (in Portuguese)
Tratado de Bogotá, 21 de abril de 1907 (in Portuguese)
Ecoregions of Brazil
North Region, Brazil
Regions of South America |
Verruciform xanthoma is an uncommon benign lesion that has a verruciform (wart-like) appearance, but it may appear polypoid, papillomatous, or sessile. The verruciform was first described by Shafer in 1971 on the oral mucosa. Usually found on the oral mucosa of middle-aged persons, verruciform xanthomas have also been reported on the scrotum and penis of middle-aged to elderly Japanese males. While the most common site is the oral mucosa, lesions that occur elsewhere usually arise on the perineum or on the skin with some predisposing factor, such as lymphedema or an epidermal nevus.
Signs and symptoms
The most common location by far is the gingival margin and other areas of the masticatory oral mucosa, these occur more frequently in the fifth decade of life, and have good prognosis, the treatment of choice for oral VXs is surgical excision, and recurrence is rare.
The condition can affect other organs of body, such as the penis, vulva, and can occur in anal region, nose, the ear, lower extremity, scrotum.
Cause
Verruciform xanthoma is most likely not a human papillomavirus associated lesion and the foam cells in the lesions are most likely derived from the monocyte—macrophage lineage. More research is needed to determine the cause.
Diagnosis
Histology
A distinguishing feature of verruciform xanthoma is the presence of large numbers of lipid-laden foamy histiocytes in the lesion, and essentially limited to, the connective tissue papillae in the lesion. The lesions are solitary, raised, or polypoid with cup-shaped craters filled with parakeratotic cells that blend into keratinocytes of an acanthotic and papillomatous epidermis. There is a neutrophilic infiltrate of varying intensity between plump parakeratotic cells and keratinocytes, near the surface of the epidermis. The xanthoma cells contain periodic acid Schiff positive, diastase resistant granules. The foam cells are monocyte-macrophage lineage with positive immunohistochemical markers for CD68 (KP1) and cathepsin B.
Differential diagnosis
Differential diagnosis includes seborrheic keratosis, verruca simplex, condyloma acuminatum, granular cell myoblastoma, vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia, bowenoid papulosis, erythroplasia of Queyrat, and verrucous carcinoma
Treatment
Surgical excision is the treatment of choice.
Epidemiology
Verruciform xanthoma is uncommon, with a female:male ratio of 1:1.1
See also
Normolipoproteinemic xanthomatosis
List of cutaneous conditions
References
Skin conditions resulting from errors in metabolism
Oral mucosal pathology |
The reduced eye is an idealized model of the optics of the human eye. Introduced by Franciscus Donders, the reduced eye model replaces the several refracting bodies of the eye (the cornea, lens, aqueous humor, and vitreous humor) by an ideal air/water interface surface that is located 20 mm from a model retina. This, converts a system with six cardinal points (two focal points, two principal points and two nodal points) into one with three cardinal points (two focal points and one nodal point).
The reduced eye model is used by medical students when studying refractive errors such as myopia and hyperopia (near- and far-sightedness) and by ophthalmologists to simplify corrective lens computations..
External links
Diagram of the reduced eye model
"reduced eye." Millodot: Dictionary of Optometry and Visual Science, 7th edition. 2009. Butterworth-Heinemann 20 May. 2021 https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/reduced+eye
Human eye
Visual system |
is the ninth official game in the Touhou Project scrolling shoot 'em up series. It is often abbreviated as PoFV in English speaking circles. Phantasmagoria of Flower View, like the third Touhou game, Phantasmagoria of Dim. Dream, differs from other games in the series in that two characters fight each other simultaneously, creating danmaku to try and defeat the other player. In this regard, the gameplay most resembles Twinkle Star Sprites by ADK.
Gameplay
Phantasmagoria of Flower View is a split-screen vertically scrolling shoot 'em up game in which two players use attacks to defend themselves from enemies that will release bullets in their direction, and can, under certain conditions, release spell cards onto the opponent's screen. Unlike most Touhou games, in Phantsamagoria of Flower View, the player has a health bar, allowing them to survive multiple hits, and each stage ends when one player depletes their opponent's health.
The game features a Story Mode, wherein the player will fight a total of nine increasingly difficult opponents. After a one credit clear, the Extra Mode is unlocked, containing a single stage, which is considerably more difficult, and only gives the player a single life. In the game's Match Mode, the player can fight an opponent in a single stage, controlled either by the AI, or human opponents, locally or through the Internet.
Plot
Spring has arrived in the oriental enclave of Gensokyo, but this year's spring is just too strong to believe. Every plant is in full bloom, even out-of-season flowers and bamboo trees, and consequently the fairies and creatures are becoming hyperactive. This completely unnatural spring prompted the heroines to set out, either to try to find out the reason behind the hyperactive spring, or just to wander around for lack of better things to do.
The incident, as it turns out, is a natural occurrence that happens once every sixty years, or one sexagenary cycle. Once every sixty years, something major happens in the outside world and fills Gensokyo with ghosts, who then infest flowers and make them bloom all over. Right from the beginning, it is not a cause of concern at all.
Characters
A total of 16 characters are available to play, among them: all are playable in the Match Mode, 14 are playable in the Story Mode, and 14 are playable in the Extra Mode.
: The miko of the Hakurei Shrine. She goes out to investigate the massive blooming of flowers, thinking that if she doesn't do something about it, others will think she's slacking, since it's her duty to solve these problems.
: An ordinary magician. She sets out to find out about the flowers simply because she is bored.
: The maid of the Scarlet Devil Mansion. She didn't sense any danger with the flowers, so she collects tea along with her investigation.
: A half-ghost from the Netherworld. The ghost princess of the Netherworld, Yuyuko, wasn't interested in investigating the flower outbreak, so Youmu goes off on her own.
: A rabbit from the moon who now resides in Eientei. The rabbits of Eientei became restless because of the blooming flowers, so Reisen decides to investigate, and on the way tries to look for Tei, who went missing.
: An ice fairy of the lake by the Scarlet Devil Mansion. Since the flowers are making the fairies excited, she sets out to enjoy herself amid the excitement. In the manual of the game, ZUN labelled her as "⑨ Idiot" (⑨バカ, baka) in a screenshot. Since then, the symbol ⑨ (pronounced "marukyū" in Japanese or "nineball" in English) gained notoriety as a shorthand for Cirno and "idiot" in the Touhou fandom.
: The keyboardist of the Prismriver Sisters. She splits off from her sisters to go solo, and sets off to gather musical inspiration during the flower outbreak.
: The trumpeter of the Prismriver Sisters, who has no interest in the flower outbreak. Playable only in the Match Play Mode.
: The violinist of the Prismriver Sisters, who has no interest in the flower outbreak. Playable only in the Match Play Mode.
: A night sparrow who loves to sing. This time she just wants to find a place to make music.
: The leader of the rabbits in Eientei. The rabbits grew excited with the flowers, Tei included, and she went out to play without telling anyone. In later games, her name is spelled Tewi.
: A reporter in the tengu society, she writes for her own newspaper, the Bunbunmaru Shinbun (文々。新聞) (sentence sentence period newspaper). Thinking that the flowering incident would bring a scoop, she goes to stalk potential news makers. Although this is her first game appearance, she was first introduced as the main character of the official Touhou fanbook Bohemian Archive in Japanese Red, which was published shortly before this game was released. In later games, her name is spelled Shameimaru.
: An abandoned doll who gained free will over the years due to exposure from the lily-of-the-valleys. The massive blooming strengthened the poison in the lily-of-the-valleys, prompting Medicine to test the poisonous power she wields on whomever she comes across.
: A yōkai with the power to manipulate flowers, returning with a new design and a new surname since her appearance in Lotus Land Story, released for the PC-98. Although the flowering incident isn't her doing, she became the prime suspect.
: A shinigami who was supposed to ferry dead spirits across the Sanzu River, but her slacking off made the already abundant spirits reside in the flowers of Gensokyo, causing the massive blooming incident. Playable in the Extra Mode and the Match Play Mode.
: The Yama responsible for judging the dead of Gensokyo, reflected in her title Yamaxanadu, or "Yama of Xanadu". Dead spirits aren't coming across the Sanzu River, so she goes to check on her subordinate Komachi. She also takes this opportunity to lecture whoever that heads her way on their various faults. Playable in the Extra Mode and the Match Play Mode.
Development
ZUN, the sole member of the developer Team Shanghai Alice, originally did not plan to make a game for Summer 2005; however, he changed his mind when he realized 2005 marked the tenth anniversary of the Touhou Project, and decided to make a fanservice-type game to mark the occasion. He believed that, in a game, the best kind of fanservice is to pit players against each other so they can have a chance to meet, and so tournaments can happen and so on. In this spirit, ZUN adapted the system used by Twinkle Star Sprites to create a versus shooter, with the focus on dodging bullets (like other Touhou games) instead of shooting each other down. Though ZUN usually develops his games alone, alphes from the circle Twilight Frontier is listed as a "Graphics Helper" in this game.
After releasing the game in the 68th Comiket, ZUN worked on a netplay patch to support online multiplayer, and released the patch in October 2005. The patch was not without its problems, as online games were often unsynchronized and unstable. However, a year later ZUN announced that he will not continue making patches to enhance PoFV's netplay because he wanted to move forward.
ZUN had also written a short spin-off story to PoFV named , included in the fanbook Seasonal Dream Vision, featuring Yukari Yakumo as its main character.
Phantasmagoria of Flower View was released on Steam on April 25, 2022. The release supports Steam's "Remote Play Together" feature for online multiplayer. This makes it the only game from Touhou's "Windows Generation No. 1" currently available for purchase, as the source code of other games, previously Phantasmagoria itself, are believed to be lost.
Notes
References
External links
Phantasmagoria of Flower View: Official Site
Phantasmagoria of Flower View on Touhou Wiki
2005 video games
Touhou Project games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Bullet hell video games
Shoot 'em ups
Scrolling shooters
Video games developed in Japan
Windows games
Windows-only games |
Laves phases are intermetallic phases that have composition AB2 and are named for Fritz Laves who first described them. The phases are classified on the basis of geometry alone. While the problem of packing spheres of equal size has been well-studied since Gauss, Laves phases are the result of his investigations into packing spheres of two sizes. Laves phases fall into three Strukturbericht types: cubic MgCu2 (C15), hexagonal MgZn2 (C14), and hexagonal MgNi2 (C36). The latter two classes are unique forms of the hexagonal arrangement, but share the same basic structure. In general, the A atoms are ordered as in diamond, hexagonal diamond, or a related structure, and the B atoms form tetrahedra around the A atoms for the AB2 structure.
Laves phases are of particular interest in modern metallurgy research because of their abnormal physical and chemical properties. Many hypothetical or primitive applications have been developed. However, little practical knowledge has been elucidated from Laves phase study so far.
A characteristic feature is the almost perfect electrical conductivity, but they are not plastically deformable at room temperature.
In each of the three classes of Laves phase, if the two types of atoms were perfect spheres with a size ratio of , the structure would be topologically tetrahedrally close-packed. At this size ratio, the structure has an overall packing volume density of 0.710. Compounds found in Laves phases typically have an atomic size ratio between 1.05 and 1.67. Analogues of Laves phases can be formed by the self-assembly of a colloidal dispersion of two sizes of sphere.
References
Intermetallics
Crystal structure types |
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George Thorp (9 September 1777 – 25 July 1797) was an officer of the Royal Navy who saw service during the French Revolutionary Wars. His short, but distinguished, career culminated in service as first lieutenant of the frigate and his death, aged 19, at the side of his commanding officer, Captain Richard Bowen, in the assault on Santa Cruz, Tenerife.
Family and early life
George Thorp was born on 9 September 1777, the fourth son of Dr Robert Thorp MA, DD, Rector of Ryton from 1781 to 1795, Archdeacon of Northumberland from 1792 to 1806, a distinguished mathematician (senior wrangler at Cambridge in 1758) and Latin scholar. His younger brother Charles Thorp also became rector of Ryton and later Archdeacon of Durham and a founder of Durham University.
In 1788, Pooley Onslow, a first cousin of George's and daughter of his father's sister Jane, married Rear Admiral Sir Francis Samuel Drake, 1st Baronet, brother of Sir Francis Henry Drake, 5th Baronet and last in the line of baronets descended from Sir Francis Drake, 1st Baronet, nephew of the Elizabethan naval hero Sir Francis Drake. In the year following his marriage, Sir Samuel (as he was known) was appointed a junior lord of the admiralty, though dying shortly afterwards. The marriage likely gave Lady Drake the ear of many senior naval officers in addition to those of other distinguished persons known to her father, George Onslow, Member of Parliament and an ex-army officer and her grandfather, Lieutenant-General Richard Onslow. Surviving correspondence between George and his family makes clear the patronage he received from Lady Drake throughout his short career.
Enlistment at Portsmouth
Thorp joined the Royal Navy in Portsmouth in February 1790, aged 12, and served in the following ships:
For his arrival at Portsmouth, Lady Drake provided George with several letters of introduction. Dr Thorp, who accompanied his young son, wrote to his wife in Gateshead "George has got a letter from Lord Hood to his Captain which cannot fail to procure him a good reception... Lady Drake has also got him letters to Capt. Onslow & Adm. Roddam..." (Vice-Admiral Robert Roddam, Commander-in-Chief at Portsmouth). "Roddam will have to introduce him to the several officers of the ship."
HMS Thisbe
Most of Thorp's period on his first ship, the 28-gun Enterprise-class sixth-rate frigate was spent in Nova Scotia, for which the frigate sailed in March 1790, returning to England in July of the following year. Correspondence from Thorp to his family during this time seems to have been lost or perhaps there was none, so little is known of his activities, but the ship was at Nova Scotia during the Nootka Crisis. It was feared that war might be declared with Spain and Thorp's captain, Rupert George, was foremost among captains of other ships in an unsuccessful attempt to obtain authority to press local men into service to make up the difference between ships' peacetime and wartime complements, suggesting that Thisbe may have been maintained in a state of preparedness for action that provided good training for Thorp.
On Thisbes return to England in July 1791, Thorp transferred to the ship-of-the-line Magnificent.
HMS Juno
On 16 November 1791, Thorp reported on board the frigate (32 guns), under the command of Captain Samuel Hood, a cousin once removed of Lord Hood and later to become Vice-Admiral Sir Samuel Hood, 1st Baronet. Throughout 1792, Juno was based at Weymouth in attendance on the King and frequently embarked members of the Royal Family. Early in 1793 she joined the Mediterranean Fleet under Lord Hood. The Juno later took part in some notable events during the time Thorp served in her.
Escape from Toulon
In a letter to his family, Thorp gives a vivid account of the Juno'''s night-time arrival in Toulon on 11 January 1794 with a contingent of army onboard numbering half as many again as the ship's company, to provide urgently needed assistance for the occupying force under the command of Lord Hood, only to discover after anchoring that the English fleet had vacated Toulon, which was now under French occupation, escaping under point-blank fire from ships and shore batteries.
Attack on the tower and redoubt at Mortella Bay, Corsica
On 7 February 1794, Juno, in company with the ship-of-the-line Fortitude (74 guns), carried out an attack on the tower at Mortella Point, Corsica. The tower held out at first because of its robust design, inflicting heavy damage on the Fortitude with red-hot shot and causing the ships to withdraw temporarily. As the tower's two 18-pounder guns could only fire in a seaward direction a scheme was hatched to attack it from the landward side, involving almost inhuman effort in landing and hauling ship's guns and ammunition up the steep terrain to a point behind and overlooking the tower, from which a successful bombardment was mounted. Thorp was ashore and one of the party involved throughout the successful attack and wrote a detailed account of the action to his parents.
A dramatic account of what Thorp described as "the worst was to come" is given in William James' The Naval History of Great Britain, Vol. 1HMS Aigle
When Captain Hood transferred from the Juno to the bigger frigate (38 guns) in March 1794 he took with him a contingent of officers and men that included Midshipman Thorp.
Corsica
Between April and August 1795, Aigle took part in the blockade of Corsica and the capture of Calvi.
SmyrnaAigle spent six months from May to October 1795 blockading French warships in the Turkish port of Smyrna (now Izmir) – a very unpopular operation because of its lack of opportunity for prizes and its unhealthy climate, with frequent outbreaks of the plague.
HMS Victory
Thorp was transferred to Sir John Jervis' flagship in April 1796, where he was to sit the lieutenants' examination.
Promotion to lieutenant
Thorp's seniority as lieutenant was 1 May 1796, at which time he would have been 18 years and 7 months old, having enlisted the aid of his sister Jane to obtain documents asserting that he was over 20 years old, the minimum age for candidates sitting the lieutenants' examination.
HMS Terpsichore
On 8 May 1796, almost immediately after his promotion, Thorp joined the frigate (32 guns) under the command of Captain Richard Bowen, as third lieutenant. He served in her during the capture of the Spanish frigate Mahonesa (34 guns) and the capture, then loss in heavy weather, of the French frigate Vestale (36 guns), though he was in command of a prize being sailed to Gibraltar at the time of the latter action. On rejoining Terpsichore, Thorp was appointed as the first lieutenant, though (presumably unbeknownst to his shipmates) little more than 19 years old and still under the minimum age for lieutenant. It was in that capacity that he served during the Terpsichore's solo encounter on 1 March 1797 with the partially disabled Spanish ship-of-the-line Santisima Trinidad (136 guns), largest warship afloat at that time, which was retreating from the Battle of Cape St Vincent. Terpsichore's subsequent 10-hour engagement from early afternoon until dark resulted in 9 killed and several seriously injured on the Santisima Trinidad but no serious injuries on the Terpsichore.
Cutting Out of the Principe Fernando
In April 1797 Sir John Jervis sent the Terpsichore together with the Dido (28 guns) to reconnoitre off Tenerife, where they found the Cadiz-bound Philippine frigates Principe Fernando and El Principe d'Asturia in the Bay of Santa Cruz. On the night of 17/18 April a joint cutting out expedition was mounted by the two British frigates, each sending three boats of which those from the Terpsichore were under the command of Thorp. In correspondence to his family, Thorp says that Captain Bowen (who was in command of the expedition) told him that he had drawn lots with the captain of Dido as to whose boats should attempt to take the closer of the two frigates to the shore and batteries and that Terpsichore had drawn the short straw. Despite adverse weather, which caused the boats to be rowed for more than three hours longer than anticipated before reaching their quarries, Terpsichore's boats' crews successfully boarded and captured their frigate, the Principe Fernando, sailing and towing her to sea while under fire from shore batteries for two hours, without loss of life but with the loss of 10 lives of the Philippine frigate's crew. Dido's crews were unsuccessful.
Battle of Santa Cruz, Tenerife
In July 1797, Terpsichore became part of the squadron under Rear-Admiral Nelson that sought to invade Tenerife and capture Santa Cruz, which was being used as a port of refuge by richly laden ships from the West Indies and beyond bound for Spain. On the night of 24 July, following unsuccessful attempts to land troops some distance from the town, Nelson led a full-frontal assault on Santa Cruz under cover of darkness in which Terpsichore's role was to land a party on the town's mole and neutralise the battery overlooking the waters to the mole's north-east in which direction the main force would head.
Thorp must have known the danger likely to be faced through his prior acquaintance of the mole when cutting out the Philippine frigate Principe Fernando three months earlier and wrote a letter addressed to "My ever dear Parents, Brothers & Sister" saying:
In the subsequent action Terpsichores boat sustained a direct hit from the battery and capsized in the heavy swell, several crew members drowning, but some of the party got ashore, took the mole battery, spiked its six 24-pounder guns and were progressing towards the town when they were mown down by grapeshot fired from a cannon that had been relocated from one of the town's forts for that purpose earlier in the day. Thorp was one of those killed at the side of his captain, Richard Bowen. After the cessation of the action, their bodies were recovered and buried at sea off Tenerife on 27 July.
Retrospect
Thorp seems never to have returned home to Northumberland nor to have seen his parents again after bidding his father farewell in Portsmouth in February 1790, aged 12, spending all his time abroad save for his time in the Magnificent and the first year of his time in the Juno, waiting on the Royal Family, followed by a short period in the English Channel. He is mentioned with affection and respect in correspondence from several senior officers:
In a letter dated 16 August 1797 to his sister, Captain Cuthbert Collingwood (later Vice-Admiral Cuthbert Collingwood, 1st Baron Collingwood), close friend of Nelson and at that time captain of the ship-of-the-line Excellent as part of Sir John Jervis' squadron blockading Cadiz, wrote: "Capt. Bowen of Terpsichore and his first Lieut poor Thorp were both killed while they were spiking the guns in a battery which they had got possession of."
In a letter dated 31 August 1797 to J E Blackett Esq, his father-in-law and a former Mayor of Newcastle upon Tyne, also written aboard the Excellent, Captain Collingwood wrote: "Captain Bowen was killed, and his First Lieutenant, Thorpe, for whom I was very sorry: he was a fine young man, and promised to be an excellent officer."
The early career of Admiral of the Fleet Sir William Hall Gage mirrored that of Thorp almost identically. Gage was born three weeks after Thorp in 1777 and joined the Royal Navy in 1789, three months before Thorp. Thereafter their careers followed similar courses until April 1796 when they were together as midshipmen on board Admiral Sir John Jervisʼ flagship HMS Victory, Thorp waiting to take the Lieutenantʼs examination and Gage having just passed it and awaiting promotion. Both were only 18 years old and would not have been eligible to sit the Lieutenantʼs examination in the ordinary course until having turned 20 years of age, but in one case at least (Thorp) the date of birth is known to have been falsified to establish premature eligibility. Gage was known to Thorpʼs family, as in a letter to his sister Jane dated 18 April 1796 Thorp wrote: “Hall is likewise in Victory & has passed & I hope will soon be promoted. He is very well & desires me to remember him to you and all at Goswick.” Both men then served as lieutenants in ships of the Mediterranean Squadron under Sir John Jervis, sharing another coincidence in two unrelated events off Santa Cruz in Teneriffe with Thorp successfully cutting-out the Philippine frigate Principe Fernando overnight 17/18 April from Terpsichore and Gage leading the boats from HMS Minerve in company with those of HMS Lively in successfully cutting-out the French corvette Mutine on May 28. Thorp as First Lieutenant of Terpsichore was killed together with his captain, Richard Bowen, on 25 July 1797. The next day, in a remarkable twist of fate, Gage, who had been promoted to commander in June, was appointed captain of Terpsichore.
Letters to his family
Thorp wrote numerous letters to his parents and siblings throughout his career, except for his time on Thisbe in Nova Scotia during his first year of service and his subsequent time on Magnificent. These were deposited in the National Maritime Museum in 1968 in the form of two letterbooks. Regrettably, no record of persons inspecting these letterbooks seems to have been kept by the National Maritime Museum but anyone studying them in detail who is familiar with the Aubrey–Maturin series of novels of Patrick O'Brian may find a remarkable coincidence between some of the descriptions in Thorp's letters and events or characters in O'Brian's novels, inviting speculation whether O'Brian may have read the letters and been inspired by their content. Thorp's letters describing the escape from Toulon, the attack on the Mortella Tower and the siege of Saint-Florent, the blockade of Corsica, the capture of Calvi and the cutting out of the Principe Fernando'' are particularly noteworthy. Dean King’s biography “Patrick O’Brian: A Life Revealed” provides support for this hypothesis through many mentions of assistance from Richard Ollard, O'Brian's publishing agent and a recipient of the Caird Medal from the National Maritime Museum, and by the Museum forwarding copies of documents and plans at O’Brian’s request.
Citations
References
Military personnel from Northumberland
Royal Navy officers
Royal Navy personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars
British military personnel killed in the French Revolutionary Wars
1777 births
1797 deaths |
Tecumseh Sherman Fitch (21 March 1908 – 7 October 1969) was the founder and CEO of Washington Steel Corporation. He was the great-grandson of Civil War general William Tecumseh Sherman. He graduated from Yale University in 1931, when he joined Jessop Steel, initially working as a laborer and then rising in the ranks of management to head the Composite Steel Division from 1936 to 1942. He founded Washington Steel in 1945.
Fitch served as mayor of Washington, Pennsylvania from 1956 to 1960. He was a strong supporter of the African-American community in that city, and was instrumental in the creation of the LeMoyne Center athletic facility in 1956, in the heart of the black community, where the T.S. Fitch Gymnasium was named for him. The dedication was attended by baseball greats Jackie Robinson and Branch Rickey Fitch was also a founding Board Member and strong supporter of PONY League Baseball, which was founded in Washington, PA in 1951.
Fitch married Janet M Reed in 1935, and they had seven children. He died of emphysema at the age of 61, in 1969.
References
1908 births
1969 deaths
American chief executives of manufacturing companies
Deaths from emphysema
American steel industry businesspeople
Yale University alumni
20th-century American businesspeople
Mayors of places in Pennsylvania |
California Carnivores is a plant nursery in Sebastopol, California in the United States. Specializing in the cultivation of carnivorous plants, CC is home to one of the largest collections of imported carnivorous plants in North America, and possibly the world, with more than 1,000 types of imported plant and dozen of varieties for sale in the retail section of the nursery.
Owner
CC is owned by horticulturist Peter D'Amato, carnivorous plant expert and author of The Savage Garden: Cultivating Carnivorous Plants. He operates the nursery alongside co-owner and chief plant propagator, Damon Collingsworth. Collingsworth also curated all of the photos in the revised edition of The Savage Garden.
Public displays
CC also provides consultation and plants for both temporary and permanent public exhibitions of carnivorous plants at museums, botanical gardens, and plant shows. Carnivorous plant exhibits at the San Antonio Botanical Garden and the San Francisco Conservatory of Flowers have featured plants grown and provided by California Carnivores in their exhibits.
See also
International Carnivorous Plant Society
North American Sarracenia Conservancy
References
External links
California Carnivores
Native Plant Nursery
Plant nurseries
Garden centres
Sebastopol, California |
Martin J. "Marty" Moylan (born 1951) is the Illinois state representative for the 55th district. The 55th district includes all or parts of Arlington Heights, Des Plaines, Elk Grove Village, Park Ridge and the Edison Park Neighborhood.
As of July 3, 2022, Representative Moylan is a member of the following Illinois House committees:
Business & Innovation Subcommittee (HLBR-BUIN)
Cities & Villages Committee (HCIV)
Labor & Commerce Committee (HLBR)
Natural Gas Subcommittee (HPUB-NGAS)
Police & Fire Committee (SHPF)
Public Utilities Committee (HPUB)
(Chairman of) Roadways, Rail & Aviation Subcommittee (HTRR-ROAD)
(Chairman of) Transportation: Regulation, Roads & Bridges Committee (HTRR)
Personal life
Marty Moylan was named after his father and grandfather and great grandfather, all named Martin. He is the father of Martin "Colt" Moylan V and grandfather of Martin "Jaxx" Moylan VI. Colt Moylan was elected to the Des Plaines city council in 2019, assuming the position once held by Marty Moylan before being elected Mayor and State Representative.
Electoral history
References
External links
Marty Moylan Legislative Website
Representative Martin J. Moylan (D) 55th District at the Illinois General Assembly
By session: 98th
Marty Moylan for State Representative
Rep. Marty Moylan at Illinois House Democrats
2012 Candidate profile at the Daily Herald
1952 births
Living people
Democratic Party members of the Illinois House of Representatives
Mayors of places in Illinois
People from Des Plaines, Illinois
21st-century American politicians |
Sam Welsford (born 19 January 1996) is an Australian professional racing cyclist. Welsford qualified for the Tokyo 2020 Olympics and was part of the Men's team pursuit together with Kelland O'Brien, Leigh Howard and Alexander Porter. They secured a bronze medal after overlapping New Zealand who had crashed. Welsford also competed in the Men's Madison where the team finished fifth with a time of 3:48.448 and therefore did not qualify for the final.
Biography
Welsford's father was a keen cyclist, and Sam began joining him on rides when he was seven. Welsford worked hard at his cycling and won team pursuit junior world titles in 2013 and 2014.
After spending much of his career as a track specialist with occasional forays onto the road, Welsford signed with UCI WorldTeam in November 2021, for two years. He rode in the men's team pursuit at the 2016 UCI Track Cycling World Championships winning a gold medal. Welsford won the 2019 UCI Men's elite Scratch race world championships less than an hour after breaking the Men's team pursuit World Record in a time of 3 minutes 48.012 seconds.
Major results
Road
2011
2nd Time trial, National Novice Championships
2014
1st Stage 1 Goldfields Classic
2016
2nd National Under-23 Criterium Championships
2017
1st Overall Tour of Gippsland
1st Stages 1, 2 & 3
2nd Melbourne to Warrnambool Classic
2018
1st Noosa International Criterium
2nd Oita Ikoinomichi Criterium
3rd National Under-23 Criterium Championships
3rd Overall Tour of the King Valley
1st Stage 2
4th Overall Tour of the Great South Coast
1st Stage 3
2019
1st Wal Smith Memorial - Casterton 50
1st Stage 1 Tour of the Riverland
3rd Overall Tour of the Great South Coast
1st Stages 1 & 3
2020
1st National Criterium Championships
1st Overall Bay Classic Series
1st Stage 1
2022 (1 pro win)
1st Stage 5 Tour of Turkey
3rd Scheldeprijs
4th Bredene Koksijde Classic
2023 (4)
1st Grand Prix Criquielion
Vuelta a San Juan
1st Stages 6 & 7
1st Stage 4 Renewi Tour
2nd Overall ZLM Tour
2nd Scheldeprijs
3rd Bredene Koksijde Classic
3rd Veenendaal–Veenendaal Classic
Grand Tour general classification results timeline
Track
2013
UCI World Junior Championships
1st Team pursuit
1st Omnium
3rd Madison (with Joshua Harrison)
2014
UCI World Junior Championships
1st Team pursuit
2nd Omnium
Oceania Championships
1st Team pursuit
1st Madison (with Scott Law)
National Championships
2nd Team pursuit
2nd Madison (with Matthew Jackson)
3rd Individual pursuit
3rd Scratch
2015
2nd Scratch, Oceania Championships
National Championships
2nd Points race
2nd Scratch
2nd Omnium
2016
1st Team pursuit, UCI World Championships
1st Individual pursuit, National Championships
2nd Team pursuit, Olympic Games
2017
1st Team pursuit, UCI World Championships
Oceania Championships
1st Team pursuit
1st Points race
3rd Omnium
National Championships
1st Madison (with Cameron Meyer)
1st Team pursuit
1st Scratch
2018
Commonwealth Games
1st Scratch
1st Team pursuit
National Championships
1st Individual pursuit
2nd Team sprint
UCI World Cup
1st Omnium, Berlin
1st Team pursuit, Berlin
2019
UCI World Championships
1st Scratch
1st Team pursuit
Oceania Championships
1st Omnium
1st Scratch
National Championships
2nd Madison (with Cameron Scott)
3rd Team pursuit
UCI World Cup
2nd Madison, Hong Kong (with Kelland O'Brien)
3rd Madison, Glasgow (with Leigh Howard)
2nd Six Days of Melbourne (with Cameron Scott)
3rd Six Days of Brisbane (with Cameron Scott)
2020
Oceania Championships
1st Omnium
1st Madison (with Kelland O'Brien)
2021
3rd Team pursuit, Olympic Games
References
External links
1996 births
Living people
Australian male cyclists
Cyclists from Perth, Western Australia
Cyclists at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Cyclists at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Olympic cyclists for Australia
Medalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for Australia
Olympic bronze medalists for Australia
Olympic medalists in cycling
UCI Track Cycling World Champions (men)
Cyclists at the 2018 Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games medallists in cycling
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Australia
Australian track cyclists
Medallists at the 2018 Commonwealth Games
Sportsmen from Western Australia |
Tshokatshaa is a village in Central District of Botswana. It is located 90 km west of Nata, to the north of the road connecting Nata to Maun. The village had a population of 458 in the 2001 census, and has a primary school.
References
Populated places in Central District (Botswana)
Villages in Botswana |
The World Around Us was an Australian documentary television series that aired on the Seven Network between 1979 until 2006. It regularly showed documentaries which featured the likes of Malcolm Douglas and Sir David Attenborough.
Presenters
The regular hosts included John Riddell, Ernie Dingo, Ann Sanders, Scott Lambert, Lisa McCune, Frank Warrick, Kay McGrath.
Seven Network original programming
1970s Australian documentary television series
1980s Australian documentary television series
1990s Australian documentary television series
2000s Australian documentary television series
1979 Australian television series debuts
2006 Australian television series endings |
Kaliyuga Pandavulu () is a 1986 Indian Telugu-language masala film produced by D. Ramanaidu under Suresh Productions, and directed by K. Raghavendra Rao. It stars Ramanaidu's son Venkatesh and Khushbu (making their cinematic debut), with music composed by Chakravarthy. The film was a box office hit, and was remade in Kannada in 1989 as Poli Huduga. Venkatesh won the Nandi Special Jury Award for his Debut acting.
Plot
Vijay, son of Chakrapani, a multimillionaire, has a lot of arrogance and pride, he plays a lot of mischief in college with his three friends. Bharathi, a middle-class girl studies in the same college. Even though Vijay teases Bharathi many times, even then she protects his life once, which changes his entire lifestyle and he falls in love with her. He wants to marry Bharathi, but his father doesn't agree, he traps Bharathi and proves her as a prostitute in the court with the help of a gang: MLA Eekambaram, Dr. Vaayunandan Rao, S. I. Aagreya Murthy, Lawyer Jalandhar, Bhudevi along with Bharathi's brother-in-law Bhairava Murthy who wants to marry her, on that reason Bharathi's father Jaganatham commits suicide and Bharathi goes away. Vijay quarrels with his father, leaves the house, and searches for Bharathi, he learns that Bharathi is with her elder sister Krishnaveni and they are under the protection of Retired Army Officer Bhishmanarayan and he also discovers that Krishnaveni is also cheated by Dr. Vaayunandan Rao and sent to jail by MLA Eekambaram and gang only.
Bhishmanarayan inspires Vijay, with his inspiration Vijay and his three friends, along with Bharathi form a revolutionary team in the name of Kaliyuga Pandavulu and fight against all anti-social elements and illegal activities in the society. Finally, Vijay catches all the real criminals and presents them in an open court, Chakrapani also realizes and admits his mistake. Vijay proves that Bharathi is innocent and they all continue their mission Kaliyuga Pandavulu.
Cast
Venkatesh as Vijay
Khushbu as Bharathi
Surya as Bhatha
Chitti Babu as Bhaskar
Saritha as Krishnaveni
Aswini as Meku
Rao Gopal Rao as Chakrapani
Nutan Prasad as MLA Eekambaram
Ranganath as Bhishmanarayan
Rallapalli as Chakrapani's brother-in-law
Shakti Kapoor as Karamchand
Radha Ravi as Bhairava Murthy
Rajeev as Dr.Vaayunandan Rao
Narra Venkateswara Rao as Lawyer Jalandhar
Chalapathi Rao as S. I. Aagreya Murthy
J. V. Somayajulu as Judge
P. J. Sarma as I.G.
P. L. Narayana as Jaganatham
Mikkilineni as D.I.G.
K.K.Sarma as Compounder Narayana
Chidatala Appa Rao as Hotel Manager
Mada Venkateswara Rao
Jayanthi as Rajeswari
Rama Prabha as Chakrapani's sister
Kalpana Rai
Y. Vijaya as Bhudevi
Soundtrack
Music composed by Chakravarthy. Lyrics written by Veturi.
References
External links
1980s masala films
1980s Telugu-language films
1986 films
Films directed by K. Raghavendra Rao
Films scored by K. Chakravarthy
Films with screenplays by the Paruchuri brothers
Suresh Productions films
Telugu films remade in other languages |
USS Hyman (DD-732), was an of the United States Navy.
Namesake
Willford Milton Hyman was born on 16 August 1901 in Pueblo, Colorado. he graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1924. He first served on the battleship and in the years before World War II, was assigned to many ships and a variety of shore stations, including the Office of Naval Operations. He assumed command of destroyer on 6 October 1941. After convoy escort duty in the Atlantic, Sims moved to the Pacific in early 1942.
In May, as the Japanese attempted to extend their conquest to Port Moresby, the ship was operating with oiler in a fueling group for Admiral Frank Jack Fletcher's aircraft carriers. While the carrier fleets maneuvered for position, Japanese planes found Neosho and Sims in the Coral Sea; and, thinking they were carrier and escort, attacked in strength. After Lieutenant Commander Hyman fought his ship through 2 air raids, 36 Japanese planes attacked the 2 ships. Sims took three 500-lb. bomb hits in this third attack. From the time the first bomb that hit Sims had exploded to the time she was sunk was a total of 48 seconds, leaving only 13 survivors. Realizing that the destroyer was damaged beyond repair, Hyman ordered "abandon ship" but remained on the bridge, directing the evacuation until going down with his ship. The sacrifice of his ship and Neosho had much to do with saving the Navy's carriers in the widely separated engagements known as the Battle of the Coral Sea. He was posthumously awarded the Navy Cross.
Construction and commissioning
Hyman was laid down by Bath Iron Works, Bath, Maine on 22 November 1943, was launched on 8 April 1944 and commissioned on 16 June 1944.
Service history
World War II
Hyman conducted exhaustive shakedown training off Bermuda and in Casco Bay, Maine, before sailing from Boston 18 September to join the Pacific war. She steamed via the Panama Canal Zone and San Diego to Pearl Harbor 12 October 1944. During the next few months she was occupied with training exercises, including practice amphibious assaults, and escort voyages to the advance base at Eniwetok.
As the amphibious pincers, one reaching across Micronesia and the other pushing through the Philippines, closed on Japan in early 1945, the island of Iwo Jima became a prime objective. Hyman sailed 27 January 1945, with the transports of Kelly Turner's expeditionary force, touching at Eniwetok before carrying out on Saipan a final rehearsal of the Iwo Jima landing. On the morning of 19 February, the destroyer formed part of the screen for the transports; and, as the first wave landed, she turned her 5-inch guns shoreward and opened fire to provide support for the assaulting troops. She bombarded Japanese troops and bunkers until 23 February, when she made an antisubmarine sweep south of Iwo Jima. The next day, after returning to gunfire support station, Hyman fought off an air attack. Fire support, duties continued until the destroyer sailed for Leyte Gulf on 2 March 1945. There she took part in practice bombardments for the upcoming invasion of Okinawa.
Hyman sailed with Admiral Hall's Southern Attack Force 27 March 1945 and arrived Okinawa 1 April. As troops landed she took station off the transport area, protecting the American ships from enemy submarines and planes. In the following days she fought off several air attacks and on 5 April, led a search group hunting a reported midget submarine. Next day the ship was attacked in company with other picket and patrol ships west of Ie Shima as the Japanese made kamikaze attacks in hopes of stopping the landing. Shooting at attacking planes on all sides, Hyman downed several before a damaged aircraft crashed near her torpedo tubes, its engine exploding on the main deck. While fighting fire and flooding, Hyman helped down two more aircraft before the engagement ended, leaving twelve of her men killed and over forty wounded.
After emergency repairs at Kerama Retto on 7 April, the ship arrived at Saipan eleven days later. From there she steamed on one engine to San Francisco, arriving on 16 May 1945. The destroyer was ready for sea again in late July 1945; and, after training exercises, sailed to Pearl Harbor, where she arrived the day of the Japanese surrender, 15 August. Hyman performed plane-guard duties in Hawaiian waters until arriving at Kwajalein on 5 September to assist in receiving the surrender of outlying Pacific islands. She received the surrender of Japanese forces on Kusaie on 8 September and Ponape 11 September. Captain Momm, division commander on Hyman, assumed duties as military governor of Ponape next day. The ship remained as station ship, assisting in the occupation and repatriation until arriving Eniwetok 26 December 1945. After exercises out of Yokosuka early in 1946, the ship sailed via California and the Canal Zone to Casco Bay, Maine, where she arrived 16 April 1946. Hyman took part in antisubmarine training operations in the Caribbean through the end of 1946.
Hyman sailed for her first deployment to the Mediterranean 2 February 1947. For the next year she operated in coastal waters, but sailed 13 September 1948 with a carrier and cruiser group for the Mediterranean. The ships supported the United Nations peace force in Palestine. After this cruise Hyman returned to Newport, Rhode Island on 23 January 1949.
Korea
Through 1949 and 1950 the destroyer was assigned to reserve training duty out of Algiers, Louisiana, and on this duty she steamed for 2-week periods. With the outbreak of the Korean War in June 1950, Hyman engaged in maneuvers and training in the Caribbean, ending her reserve duty in September. After another cruise to the Mediterranean from 6 March to 7 June 1951, she prepared for Korean duty, getting underway from Newport on 2 October 1951. Hyman steamed with her division via the Panama Canal, San Diego, and Hawaii, arriving at Yokosuka on 31 October.
With the ground war in Korea then in stalemate, fleet air power, and surface bombardment carried much of the fight to the enemy. Hyman arrived at Wonsan for shore bombardment on 6 November, remaining in the area until 19 November, when she moved farther out to sea as plane guard for Australian aircraft carrier . Returning to Wonsan Harbor the destroyer engaged in a gunnery duel with batteries on Kalmo Pando peninsula 24 November, sustaining minor shrapnel damage during the close-in exchange. She carried out search and rescue duties into December when she joined Task Force 77 in the Sea of Japan during interdiction strikes on North Korea. Hyman returned to Yokosuka on 22 February 1952 and soon afterward embarked on the long cruise home, completing her round the world voyage at Newport on 21 April after visiting Ceylon, Saudi Arabia, Italy, and France.
Cold War
The veteran ship sailed again for Mediterranean waters 7 January 1953. On this cruise she took part in joint operations with British and French ships, returning to her home port 24 May 1953. During 1954 and 1955 Hyman took part in antisubmarine operations in the Caribbean and Atlantic. In 1956 she cruised to the Caribbean with midshipmen on training operations, and participated in North Atlantic Treaty Organization maneuvers off the Virginia Capes in May. In June 1957 the ship was part of the International Naval Review at the Jamestown Festival, commemorating the 350th anniversary of the first permanent English settlement in the New World.
After another Midshipman cruise, Hyman sailed on 29 November 1957 for the Mediterranean, visiting various eastern Mediterranean ports with the 6th Fleet. She returned to the United States on 12 April 1958 and for the remainder of the year was occupied with NATO exercises in the North Atlantic and antisubmarine training. Operations in home waters continued until 4 August 1960, when Hyman again sailed for duty with the 6th Fleet. In April 1961 the ship steamed west of the Azores as a station ship in the United States' Project Mercury.
During 1962 the destroyer made another cruise to Mediterranean and Middle Eastern ports, operating with naval units from many navies. While Hyman was undergoing repairs in October, the introduction of offensive missiles into Cuba precipitated another Cold War crisis; and the ship steamed to join the quarantine just as it was lifted in late November.
Hyman sailed to Costa Rica in March 1963 in connection with President John F. Kennedy's visit to that Central American country; and, after antisubmarine exercises, proceeded to waters east of Cape Canaveral for another Project Mercury assignment. She acted as part of the recovery group on Major L. Gordon Cooper's successful orbital flight. During the remainder of the year the ship conducted training exercises in the Caribbean.
During 1964 Hyman participated in ASW exercises and served as surveillance ship in Cuban waters. She entered Boston Naval Shipyard in April and departed for her eleventh deployment with the 6th Fleet on 27 November. Hyman returned to Newport on 13 March 1965 and received a new training assignment for Naval Reservists.
While conducting training exercises in mid-September 1965, Hyman was ordered to search for a chlorine barge lost in the Mississippi river during Hurricane Betsy. Although damaged by the same hurricane that sunk the barge, Hyman searched the Mississippi River for a week. Sonar sweeps and fathometer traces located the barge with its deadly gas near Baton Rouge, Louisiana on 17 September. Following this, Hyman went to Orange, Texas, for hull repairs. Training of Naval Reservists kept Hyman busy into 1967.
References
External links
navsource.org: USS Hyman
hazegray.org: USS Hyman
World War II destroyers of the United States
Cold War destroyers of the United States
Korean War destroyers of the United States
Ships built in Bath, Maine
1944 ships
Allen M. Sumner-class destroyers of the United States Navy |
Rubizhne urban hromada () is a hromada of Ukraine, located in Sievierodonetsk Raion, Luhansk Oblast. Its administrative center is the city Rubizhne.
It has an area of and a population of 59,725, as of 2020.
The hromada contains 14 settlements: 1 city (Rubizhne) and 13 villages:
See also
List of hromadas of Ukraine
References
Hromadas of Luhansk Oblast
2020 establishments in Ukraine
States and territories established in 2020 |
```xml
<project xmlns="path_to_url" xmlns:xsi="path_to_url"
xsi:schemaLocation="path_to_url path_to_url">
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<parent>
<groupId>com.zheng</groupId>
<artifactId>zheng-ucenter</artifactId>
<version>1.0.0</version>
</parent>
<artifactId>zheng-ucenter-rpc-service</artifactId>
<packaging>jar</packaging>
<name>zheng-ucenter-rpc-service</name>
<url>path_to_url
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>com.zheng</groupId>
<artifactId>zheng-ucenter-rpc-api</artifactId>
<version>1.0.0</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>junit</groupId>
<artifactId>junit</artifactId>
<version>4.12</version>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
<profiles>
<profile>
<id>dev</id>
<properties>
<env>dev</env>
</properties>
<activation>
<activeByDefault>true</activeByDefault>
</activation>
</profile>
<profile>
<id>test</id>
<properties>
<env>test</env>
</properties>
</profile>
<profile>
<id>prod</id>
<properties>
<env>prod</env>
</properties>
</profile>
</profiles>
<build>
<finalName>zheng-ucenter-rpc-service</finalName>
<filters>
<filter>src/main/resources/profiles/${env}.properties</filter>
</filters>
<resources>
<resource>
<directory>src/main/resources</directory>
<filtering>true</filtering>
</resource>
<resource>
<directory>src/main/java</directory>
<includes>
<include>**/*.xml</include>
<include>**/*.properties</include>
</includes>
<filtering>true</filtering>
</resource>
</resources>
<plugins>
<plugin>
<groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
<artifactId>maven-deploy-plugin</artifactId>
<version>2.4</version>
<configuration>
<skip>true</skip>
</configuration>
</plugin>
<plugin>
<groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
<artifactId>maven-jar-plugin</artifactId>
<version>2.4</version>
</plugin>
<plugin>
<artifactId>maven-assembly-plugin</artifactId>
<configuration>
<descriptor>src/main/assembly/assembly.xml</descriptor>
</configuration>
<executions>
<execution>
<id>make-assembly</id>
<phase>package</phase>
<goals>
<goal>single</goal>
</goals>
</execution>
</executions>
</plugin>
<plugin>
<artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>
<version>2.3.2</version>
<configuration>
<source>1.7</source>
<target>1.7</target>
<encoding>UTF-8</encoding>
</configuration>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.codehaus.plexus</groupId>
<artifactId>plexus-compiler-javac</artifactId>
<version>1.8.1</version>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
</plugin>
<plugin>
<artifactId>maven-resources-plugin</artifactId>
<version>2.6</version>
<configuration>
<encoding>UTF-8</encoding>
</configuration>
</plugin>
<plugin>
<groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
<artifactId>maven-surefire-plugin</artifactId>
<version>2.10</version>
<configuration>
<skip>true</skip>
<testFailureIgnore>true</testFailureIgnore>
</configuration>
</plugin>
</plugins>
</build>
</project>
``` |
The sulfate transporter is a solute carrier family protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC26A2 gene. SLC26A2 is also called the diastrophic dysplasia sulfate transporter (DTDST), and was first described by Hästbacka et al. in 1994. A defect in sulfate activation described by Superti-Furga in achondrogenesis type 1B was subsequently also found to be caused by genetic variants in the sulfate transporter gene. This sulfate (SO42−) transporter also accepts chloride, hydroxyl ions (OH−), and oxalate as substrates. SLC26A2 is expressed at high levels in developing and mature cartilage, as well as being expressed in lung, placenta, colon, kidney, pancreas and testis.
Function
The diastrophic dysplasia sulfate transporter is a transmembrane glycoprotein implicated in the pathogenesis of several human chondrodysplasias. In chondrocytes, SLC26A2 functions to transport most of the cellular sulfate, which is critical for the sulfation of proteoglycans and normal cartilage formation. In addition, studies have demonstrated that SLC26A2 influences chondrocyte proliferation, differentiation, and growth, suggesting that in the chondrocyte, SLC26A2 provides sulfate for both structural and regulatory proteins.
Clinical significance
Deficiencies are associated with many forms of osteochondrodysplasia. These include:
achondrogenesis type 1B
diastrophic dysplasia
atelosteogenesis, type II
recessive multiple epiphyseal dysplasia
Correlation between genotype and phenotype
Since its first description, over 30 mutations in the SLC26A2 gene have been described in the four recessively inherited chondrodysplasias listed above. Achondrogenesis 1B (ACG-1B) is the most severe form of these chondrodysplasias, resulting in skeletal underdevelopment and death preceding or shortly after birth. Atelosteogenesis type II (AO-II) can be lethal in the neonatal period, whereas diastrophic dysplasia (DTD) and autosomal recessive multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (EDM4/rMED) are considered to be the least severe forms.
When ten previously described SLC26A2 mutation were expressed in mammalian cells, a strong correlation was found between the amount of sulfate transport activity of the mutated protein and the severity of the phenotype in patients where these mutations have been identified. For example, a mutation that results in a non-functional protein on both alleles was always found with the severe ACG-IB phenotype, but non-functional mutations on both alleles were never found with the less severe phenotypes, DTD and rMED. Mutations found in the moderately severe AO-II phenotype were always the result of a non-functioning mutation on one allele and a partial-functioning mutation on the opposite allele. In contrast, mutations described in the mildest form of the chondrodysplasia, rMED, result in proteins that retain at least some partial sulfate transport function on both alleles. This suggests that even a small amount of SLC26A2-mediated sulfate transport in chondrocytes can mitigate the clinical severity of the chondrodysplasia. However, a less predictable genotype/phenotype correlation has been found with a mutation described predominately in the Finnish population. This Finnish mutation is located in the splice site of the gene and results in low SLC26A2 mRNA levels. Different levels of expression of the SLC26A2 protein is probably the cause of the variable phenotypes described with this mutation.
Functional significance of SLC26A2 in the colon and the kidney
Immunohistochemical analysis has localized SLC26A2 to the apical membrane of colon epithelial cells and kidney proximal tubule cells.
Colon
Abundant SLC26A2 mRNA levels have been identified in the small and large intestine of mice, rats and humans. In the human colon, SLC26A2 is present in the upper third of the crypts, where it is directed toward the apical membrane. The physiological role of SLC26A2 in the human colon remains to be determined, but it likely represent the sulfate/oxalate exchanger that has been characterized in colonic apical membrane vesicle preparations and possibly plays an important role in sulfate transport in this tissue. In fact, impaired sulfation has been suggested to occur during the course of malignant transformation of colonic epithelial cells, and studies have shown that the growth rate of cancer cells was markedly enhanced when the transcription of SLC26A2 was suppressed.
Kidney
The SLC26A2 protein has been localized to the brush border membrane of the rat kidney proximal tubule. In that location, oxalate/SO42− exchange, or chloride/SO42− exchange by SLC26A2 might contribute to the critical process of sodium chloride reabsorption across the proximal tubular epithelium. Under one proposed model, an anion transporter exchanges intracellular oxalate for luminal chloride in parallel with the Na–SO4 cotransporter, resulting in net sodium chloride readsorption. Under this model, a third transport process is required that functions as a method of recycling oxalate back into the cell, and recycling sulfate from the cell to the lumen. Previously, SLC26A6, another member of the same family of anion transporters as DTDST, was thought to provide the mechanism of oxalate- or formate-mediated chloride transport in this nephron segment; however, recent studies in Slc26a6-knockout mice have raised questions regarding its role in this transport process. In contrast, the apical membrane location, and electrochemical properties of SLC26A2 would fit the requirement of an anion exchanger located on the apical membrane of the proximal tubule that would serve as a mechanism of transporting chloride in exchange for oxalate, and/or recycling oxalate in exchange for sulfate.
References
Further reading
In
In
In
External links
Solute carrier family |
Colonel Thomas Tupper Carter-Campbell of Possil (15 September 1838 – 14 January 1900) was a British soldier.
Biography
Thomas Tupper Carter was born on 15 September 1838, the third son of Admiral John Carter RN of Castlemartin and his wife, Julia Adery Georges. He was a grandson of Thomas Carter MP of Castlemartin.
Education
He first attended Cheltenham College. In 1853, he entered the Royal School of Military Engineering as an Ensign and was given the provisionary rank of lieutenant on 13 August 1853. He subsequently attended Addiscombe Military Seminary, where officers were trained for service with the army of the East India Company. He was examined and qualified as an engineer office on 11 December 1857, with the rank of second lieutenant.
In late 1857 Carter joined the company's Royal Bengal Engineers and was promoted to first lieutenant on 27 August 1858.
After the Indian Mutiny of 1857–1858, the army of the East India Company was abolished, most of it becoming the Indian Army. However, the Royal Bengal Engineers were amalgamated with the Royal Engineers of the British Army.
Military career
In 1861, Carter served in the Sikkim Expedition. In 1863, he commanded the engineer forces in the Umbeyla Campaign. On 21 April 1864, Carter was appointed a 3rd Grade surveyor in Great Trigonometric Survey of India. Later that year, on 15 September, he was married to Emily Georgina Campbell of Possil, the daughter of General George Campbell of Inverniell and he adopted the new name of Carter-Campbell of Possil.
Carter served in the 1868 Expedition to Abyssinia where, upon the death of H. W. Garnault, he was promoted to captain on 13 September 1870.
On 1 October 1877 Carter was promoted to major in the Royal Engineers, and made lieutenant colonel on 11 December 1886. He retired in 1887 upon receiving the honorary rank of colonel.
In retirement
Carter lived for a time at Siam House, Weymouth, Dorset. In 1893 he was granted renewed arms by the Lord Lyon King of Arms, and formally changed his name to Carter-Campbell of Possil.
He subsequently lived with his wife and children at the family residence of Fascadale, in the parish of South Knapdale in Strathclyde (now Ardrishaig, Lochgilphead, Argyllshire). He held office for the Lord Lieutenant of Argyllshire and was made Justice of the Peace.
On 14 January 1900 Carter died at Fascadale, aged 61. He had six children. His son George Carter-Campbell served in World War I and became a major general.
See also
Carter-Campbell of Possil
General George Carter-Campbell
The Possil Estate, Lanarkshire
East India Company
References
1838 births
1900 deaths
Scottish soldiers
Scottish landowners
Thomas
British military personnel of the Umbeyla Campaign
British East India Company Army officers
Royal Engineers officers
Bengal Engineers officers
Graduates of Addiscombe Military Seminary
British military personnel of the Abyssinian War
People educated at Cheltenham College
19th-century Scottish businesspeople
British military personnel of the Sikkim expedition |
Castielfabib is a municipality in the comarca of Rincón de Ademuz in the Valencian Community, Spain.
Geography
Known as "the small Albarracín", Castielfabib is located on a hill near the right bank of the river Ebrón. Located in the northwest corner of Rincon de Ademuz, it is mountainous with elevation ranging between . The most important points of elevation are: Mill Creek (1,338 m), Peña de Águila (1,112 m), Peral (1481 m), Cabezo (1,442 m), Macarron (1,222 m), Umbria La Muela (1,068 m) and Cross of the Three Kingdoms (1,552 m), so named because its summit joined the old kingdoms of Aragon, Castile and Valencia. The river Turia flows from the north, serving as the border with Teruel. It flows on the east of Riodeva, bordering Torre Baja. Ebrón River crosses the territory from northwest to southeast, flowing into Turia, the boulevard of Palomarejos runs north and comes to the precipice of the Canaleja. The climate is continental, with prevailing winds from the north and east, the latter bringing rains in April.
Civil parishes
In the municipality of Castielfabib, there are the following civil parishes (pedanías):
Arroyo Cerezo
Cuesta del Rato
Mas de Jacinto
Mas de los Mudos
Los Santos
Bordering towns
The municipality of Castielfabib shares borders with the towns of Ademuz, Torrebaja and Vallanca, all of them situated in the province of Valencia.
Farther afield to the west, the municipality borders Salvacañete in the province of Cuenca, Castilla-La Mancha; Tormón, Veguillas de la Sierra, El Cuervo, Tramacastiel and Libros of the province of Teruel, Aragon to the north and the north-east.
History
In Soreico Solana, there are remnants of Bronze Age, Iron Age, and Iberian cultures. West of the town, Faber Castle had been built on a Roman ruin. In 1971, a Roman tombstone fragment was found in Castillejo and has been preserved in the Museum of Prehistoric Valencia.
The area was captured in 1210 by Peter II of Aragon, recovered by Muslims shortly afterwards, and captured in the Reconquista by James I. Castielfabib, along with Ademuz, became part of the Kingdom of Valencia, and held in the royal domain under direct control of the crown. In 1304, the village was used as collateral for a loan from the Knights Templar. When they were disbanded, their rights fell to the Order of Montesa which collected tithes from Castielfabib and Ademuz. In 1390, the pope intervened in a dispute between the Montesa and the bishop over religious practises in the village. As a royal town, Castielfabib periodically sent a representative to the Generalitat Valenciana, the Valencian Parliament.
During the Peninsular War, Castielfabib was occupied by the French. In the civil wars of the 19th century it was occupied by Carlist forces, who rebuilt the castle; it was later demolished and won back by nationalist forces.
The township has remained virtually unchanged since medieval times and has only been a municipality at the expense of the territory of Torrebaja.
Demographics
Economy
The economy is traditionally based on agriculture and livestock. Rivers provide irrigation for apples, pears, vegetables and cereals. In the rain-fed area, cereal and vine are grown. The sheep are the most important, followed by pork and goat. Beekeeping is also practised.
The town entrance is from the road N-420, and the Tourism Office of the Rincón de Ademuz is located at "Los Centenares" of Castielfabib, along with a rural tourism complex. There is currently a youth hostel, with room service and swimming pool.
Festivals and traditions
A festival to Our Lady of Grace is held 7–11 September.
A festival celebrates San Guillermo, the patron of Castielfabib, on 10 February.
Easter celebrations have many traditions. Two poplar trees are brought from the banks of the river on Friday, to be planted in the square on Saturday, with a popular dance that night, the singing of the "Aurora" in the early hours of Sunday and bellringing and Sunday services.
Cuisine
Castielfabib shares with the other towns of Rincon de Ademuz several recipes such as gachas (porridge), puchero and others, in which pork and its derivatives are central.
Almond, apple and other fruits are grown in the fertile plain of the River Ebrón and they are a key ingredient in the local bakery.
In recent times other local products such as mushrooms and tomatoes have been promoted.
Notable people
Francisco Novella (1581–1645), was an author and professor of rhetoric at the University of Valencia
Antonio Diaz Tortajada ( 1947), journalist and writer
References
Municipalities in the Province of Valencia
Rincón de Ademuz |
Adego Erhiawarie Eferakeya (9 July 1940 – 16 April 2019) was a Nigerian politician who was elected senator for the Delta Central Senatorial District of Delta State, Nigeria in April 2007. He ran on the People's Democratic Party (PDP) platform.
Background
Adego Erhiawarie Eferakeya was born at Adagbrasa of Aghalokpe, Okpe Local Government Area, Delta State, Nigeria, on 9 July 1940.
He gained a B Pharm from the University of Ife in 1969, a PhD from the University of Kansas Medical Centre (United States) in 1975, and an MD (Pharmacologist and Toxicologist, Physician) from the University of Kansas in 1977. He became a Professor of Pharmacology and toxicology at the University of Benin in 2005.
Before running for the Senate, he was Chairman of the Hospital Management Board; Head of the Department of Pharmacology; Dean of the Faculty of Pharmacy; Secretary of the Urhobo Political Forum Elders Council and Grand Knight of the Sepele Sub-Council.
He has authored or coauthored a number of papers, particularly dealing with pharmacy and blood pressure.
Senate career
Eferakeya was elected to the Nigerian Senate for the Delta Central constituency in 2007 on the platform of the People's Democratic Party (PDP). He was appointed to committees on Privatization, Health, Ethics & Petition, Establishment & Public Service and the Environment.
In March 2008, there was controversy about the N300 million unspent 2007 budget of the Federal Ministry of Health. Some members of the Senate Health Committee visited Ghana on a trip funded by the ministry. Eferakeya went on the trip, but denied receiving any of the N10 million allegedly handed to members of the committee. He called on the chairman of the committee, Senator Iyabo Obasanjo-Bello to explain what happened to the money.
The Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) arraigned former Health Minister, Adenike Grange and nine others over corruption, including Iyabo Obasanjo-Bello.
In May 2009, Eferakeya gave 100 motorcycles to youths in his constituency at a ceremony in his senatorial office in Eferakeya Hospital, Amukpe near Sapele, Delta State.
In July 2009, he was among senators who called for the creation of new states as part of the process to amend the 1999 constitution.
In October 2009, he led the Senate debate on a bill seeking to establish a national DNA data bank to help in the investigation of crime and identification of unknown corpses. The bill passed its second reading.
He objected to the 4 October deadline by the Federal government for ending the amnesty it had granted to militants in the Niger Delta, saying termination of the amnesty was premature.
References
2019 deaths
1940 births
Peoples Democratic Party members of the Senate (Nigeria)
21st-century Nigerian politicians
People from Delta State |
```html
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<a name="boost_asio.reference.io_context__strand.dispatch.overload2"></a><a class="link" href="overload2.html" title="io_context::strand::dispatch (2 of 2 overloads)">io_context::strand::dispatch
(2 of 2 overloads)</a>
</h5></div></div></div>
<p>
(Deprecated: Use <a class="link" href="../../dispatch.html" title="dispatch"><code class="computeroutput">dispatch</code></a>.)
Request the strand to invoke the given handler.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">template<
typename <a class="link" href="../../CompletionHandler.html" title="Completion handler requirements">CompletionHandler</a>>
<a class="link" href="../../asynchronous_operations/automatic_deduction_of_initiating_function_return_type.html" title="Automatic deduction of initiating function return type"><span class="emphasis"><em>DEDUCED</em></span></a> dispatch(
CompletionHandler && handler);
</pre>
<p>
This function is used to ask the strand to execute the given handler.
</p>
<p>
The strand object guarantees that handlers posted or dispatched through
the strand will not be executed concurrently. The handler may be executed
inside this function if the guarantee can be met. If this function is
called from within a handler that was posted or dispatched through the
same strand, then the new handler will be executed immediately.
</p>
<p>
The strand's guarantee is in addition to the guarantee provided by the
underlying <a class="link" href="../../io_context.html" title="io_context"><code class="computeroutput">io_context</code></a>.
The <a class="link" href="../../io_context.html" title="io_context"><code class="computeroutput">io_context</code></a>
guarantees that the handler will only be called in a thread in which
the io_context's run member function is currently being invoked.
</p>
<h6>
<a name="boost_asio.reference.io_context__strand.dispatch.overload2.h0"></a>
<span class="phrase"><a name="boost_asio.reference.io_context__strand.dispatch.overload2.parameters"></a></span><a class="link" href="overload2.html#boost_asio.reference.io_context__strand.dispatch.overload2.parameters">Parameters</a>
</h6>
<div class="variablelist">
<p class="title"><b></b></p>
<dl class="variablelist">
<dt><span class="term">handler</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
The handler to be called. The strand will make a copy of the handler
object as required. The function signature of the handler must
be:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">void handler();
</pre>
<p>
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="path_to_url~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="path_to_url" target="_top">path_to_url
</p>
</div></td>
</tr></table>
<hr>
<div class="spirit-nav">
<a accesskey="p" href="overload1.html"><img src="../../../../../../doc/src/images/prev.png" alt="Prev"></a><a accesskey="u" href="../dispatch.html"><img src="../../../../../../doc/src/images/up.png" alt="Up"></a><a accesskey="h" href="../../../../boost_asio.html"><img src="../../../../../../doc/src/images/home.png" alt="Home"></a><a accesskey="n" href="../get_io_context.html"><img src="../../../../../../doc/src/images/next.png" alt="Next"></a>
</div>
</body>
</html>
``` |
Tales From Firozsha Baag is a collection of 11 short stories by Rohinton Mistry about the residents of Firozsha Baag, a Parsi-dominated apartment complex in Mumbai. Mistry's first book, it was published by Penguin Canada in 1987.
Stories
"Auspicious Occasion"
"One Sunday"
"The Ghost of Firozsha Baag"
"Condolence Visit"
"The Collectors"
"Of White Hairs and Cricket"
"The Paying Guests"
"Squatter"
"Lend Me Your Light"
"Exercisers"
"Swimming Lessons"
Awards
1983 First Prize, Hart House Literary Contest for "One Sunday" (short story)
1984 First Prize, Hart House Literary Contest for "Auspicious Occasion" (short story)
1985 Annual Contributors' Prize, Canadian Fiction Magazine
References
Mumbai in fiction
Canadian short story collections
Books by Rohinton Mistry
1987 short story collections
New Canadian Library |
State Route 203 (SR-203) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Utah. Spanning , it serves as a north–south principal arterial road through eastern Ogden, connecting US-89 (Washington Boulevard), Weber State University, and SR-39 (12th Street).
Route description
State Route 203 begins in South Ogden at the intersection of Harrison Boulevard and Washington Boulevard (US-89. From there, it travels north via Harrison Boulevard through eastern Ogden, in the shadow of the Wasatch Range, passing Weber State University, Ogden High School, and the Ogden River before ending at 12th Street (SR-39) just below the mouth of Ogden Canyon.
The entire route is included in the National Highway System.
History
Part of Harrison Boulevard was first added to the state highway system in 1911 as what would become Utah State Route 39. State Route 39 originally ran east up 24th Street to Harrison Boulevard, then north along Harrison, then turning east on Valley Drive up Ogden Canyon. Later, in 1935, Harrison Boulevard south of SR-39 was added to the state highway system as Utah State Route 103, running from Route 39 (24th Street at the time) south to Route 5 (modern US-89). Harrison Boulevard north from SR-39 at Valley Drive to 2nd street was added in 1941 as Route 203, designated as continuing north on Harrison, past the Utah State Tuberculosis Sanatorium to 2nd Street, then west to the Army Supply Depot. At this time, some of Harrison Boulevard, from 2nd Street in the north to Route 5 in the south, was in the state highway system, covered by three routes.
In 1953, the northern section of Harrison Boulevard was removed from SR-203, leaving that route entirely on 2nd Street. In 1964, SR-39 was realigned from Harrison and 24th to the new roadway constructed on 12th Street at the mouth of Ogden Canyon west to Washington Boulevard. At the same time, SR-203 was extended south along Harrison, re-adding the stretch between 2nd Street and Valley Drive, acquiring what had formerly been part of SR-39 between Valley Drive and 24th Street, and absorbing SR-103 in its entirety. As a result, SR-203 now ran from the Army Depot east along 2nd Street to Harrison, then south to the end of Harrison at present-day US-89, while SR-39 ran straight up 12th Street, and SR-103 was deleted from the state highway system until the route number was reused the following year.
In 1969, a number of minor state highways were deleted, and State Route 203 was not immune. The northmost of the route were removed, comprising the roadway from SR-39 north to 2nd Street and west to the Army Depot, leaving the north end of SR-203 at SR-39 (12th Street), where it still remains.
Major intersections
References
203
203
Ogden, Utah
Streets in Utah |
Candan is a Turkish name. Notable people with the name include:
Berkay Candan (born 1993), Turkish basketball player
Candan Erçetin (born 1963), Turkish female singer, songwriter
Fatih Candan (born 1989), Turkish-German footballer
Turkish unisex given names
Turkish-language surnames |
The Satyrinae, the satyrines or satyrids, commonly known as the browns, are a subfamily of the Nymphalidae (brush-footed butterflies). They were formerly considered a distinct family, Satyridae. This group contains nearly half of the known diversity of brush-footed butterflies. The true number of the Satyrinae species is estimated to exceed 2,400.
Overview
They are generally weak fliers and often shun bright sunlight, preferring moist and semishaded habitats. The caterpillars feed chiefly on monocotyledonous plants such as palms, grasses, and bamboos. The Morphinae are sometimes united with this group.
The taxonomy and systematics of the subfamily are under heavy revision. Much of the early pioneering work of L. D. Miller has helped significantly by creating some sort of order. Dyndirus (Capronnier, 1874) is a satyrid incertae sedis. Other than this genus, according to the latest studies on the classification of Nymphalidae, all satyrines have been assigned to one of the tribes, at least preliminarily. For detailed lists, see the tribe pages.
References
Further reading
Glassberg, Jeffrey Butterflies through Binoculars, The West (2001)
Guppy, Crispin S. and Shepard, Jon H. Butterflies of British Columbia (2001)
James, David G. and Nunnallee, David Life Histories of Cascadia Butterflies (2011)
Pelham, Jonathan Catalogue of the Butterflies of the United States and Canada (2008)
Pyle, Robert Michael The Butterflies of Cascadia (2002)
External links
Satyrinae of the Western Palearctic
Tree of Life: Satyrinae
Insect Life Forms - Satyridae
Butterflies and Moths of North America
Butterflies of America
-
Taxa named by Jean Baptiste Boisduval
Butterfly subfamilies |
Mary Wilson Thompson (October 30, 1866 – April 2, 1947) was a Delaware civic leader. As leader of the Delaware Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage, she is credited with the Delaware General Assembly's failure to ratify the 19th Amendment, which granted women the right to vote in the United States.
Life
Mary Wilson Thompson was born at Stockford Estate near Wilmington, Delaware, on October 30, 1866. She was the daughter of Civil War General James Harrison Wilson. She attended the fashionable Misses Hebb's School in Wilmington and travelled extensively before she married wealthy textile businessman Henry Burling Thompson. The couple were leaders in Wilmington civic society.
In a memoir written in the 1930s, Thompson explained her position against women's suffrage: I have always opposed votes for women. It is constitutional with me. It is not that I feel women cannot vote or are not the mental equal of our men folks, but I feel that it is duplicating our work. It is putting an extra burden on the women and it has weakened materially our power with the legislatures. Thompson drew upon her connections to influence politicians against voting for suffrage. She wrote to President Woodrow Wilson, a friend of her husband's, in 1916: A woman can be one of the most useful & ornamental creatures in her own sphere, but in Politics she is dangerous, treacherous & revengeful - therefore sooner her political activity is curbed the better... The same year she wrote to Willard Saulsbury, US Senator from Delaware, asking that he use his franking privileges to send 260 thousand pieces of anti-suffrage literature to West Virginia. He declined.
In March 1920, only one more state was needed to ratify the Nineteenth Amendment, making the Delaware State Legislature a pitched battleground where Thompson was at the forefront. She spoke before the legislature opposite such suffragists as Florence Bayard Hilles, Mabel Ridgely, and Carrie Chapman Catt. At one point she chased down a legislator and demanded he sign a proxy statement allowing her to act on his behalf. Twice after winning key legislative votes, Thompson was hoisted aloft in her chair by anti-suffragists. Despite these efforts, the Nineteenth Amendment was still ratified nationwide, with Tennessee being the deciding vote.
Decades later Thompson continued to assert that "the country has certainly not benefited by the women’s vote."
Thompson bought a lot on Park Avenue in Rehoboth Beach, Delaware, from Irénée du Pont and constructed a large two-story summer home there in 1927 she dubbed Mon Plaisir (French, "my pleasure"). She designed the home herself with the assistance of her son, who was studying architecture at Princeton University. It had large screened-in porches (or "mosquito parlors") necessitated by the presence of mosquitos. Mosquitos were so incessant that Thompson was forced to wrap newspaper around her ankles while gardening. Thompson enlisted Governor C. Douglass Buck to create two Civilian Conservation Corps camps at Lewes and Slaughter Beach to eradicate the mosquitos and their habitat.
Thompson was active in numerous civic causes and organization, including historic preservation and fighting infantile paralysis.
Historian Richard B. Carter wrote “Had she lived in a slightly later age, she could easily have won election to high political office (had she wished to pursue it). Yet she refused to consider that women should be made the political equals of men. She was a paradox of the passing of the Victorian era from Delaware.”
Death and legacy
Mary Wilson Thompson died on April 2, 1947, at her home Brookwood Farm in Greenville, Delaware.
Thompson had five children. Her son James Harrison Wilson Thompson became a Thai silk magnate and disappeared under mysterious circumstances in Malaysia in 1967 and was declared dead in 1974. Her daughter Katherine Thompson Wood was bludgeoned to death in 1967 in a murder that remains unsolved.
References
Created via preloaddraft
1860s births
1947 deaths
Anti-suffragists
People from Wilmington, Delaware |
Gisela Dulko and Flavia Pennetta were the defending champions, but lost in the quarterfinals to María José Martínez Sánchez and Anabel Medina Garrigues.
Daniela Hantuchová and Agnieszka Radwańska won the tournament, defeating Liezel Huber and Nadia Petrova 7–6(5), 2–6, [10–8] in the final.
Seeds
Draw
Finals
Top half
Bottom half
References
Main Draw
2011 WTA Tour
2011 Sony Ericsson Open
Women in Florida |
The following is a list of Kyiv Metro stations in Kyiv, the capital of Ukraine. The system is in service from 1960 and now has 52 stations.
List
Kiev Metro stations
Metro stations
Kiev |
```c++
/*
*
* Silicon Graphics Computer Systems, Inc.
*
* Moscow Center for SPARC Technology
*
* Boris Fomitchev
*
* This material is provided "as is", with absolutely no warranty expressed
* or implied. Any use is at your own risk.
*
* Permission to use or copy this software for any purpose is hereby granted
* without fee, provided the above notices are retained on all copies.
* Permission to modify the code and to distribute modified code is granted,
* provided the above notices are retained, and a notice that the code was
* modified is included with the above copyright notice.
*
*/
#include "stlport_prefix.h"
#include <memory>
#if defined (__GNUC__) && (defined (__CYGWIN__) || defined (__MINGW32__))
# include <malloc.h>
#endif
#if defined (_STLP_PTHREADS) && !defined (_STLP_NO_THREADS)
# include <pthread_alloc>
# include <cerrno>
#endif
#include <stl/_threads.h>
#include "lock_free_slist.h"
#if defined (__WATCOMC__)
# pragma warning 13 9
# pragma warning 367 9
# pragma warning 368 9
#endif
#if defined (_STLP_SGI_THREADS)
// We test whether threads are in use before locking.
// Perhaps this should be moved into stl_threads.h, but that
// probably makes it harder to avoid the procedure call when
// it isn't needed.
extern "C" {
extern int __us_rsthread_malloc;
}
#endif
// Specialised debug form of new operator which does not provide "false"
// memory leaks when run with debug CRT libraries.
#if defined (_STLP_MSVC) && (_STLP_MSVC >= 1020 && defined (_STLP_DEBUG_ALLOC)) && !defined (_STLP_WCE)
# include <crtdbg.h>
inline char* __stlp_new_chunk(size_t __bytes) {
void *__chunk = _STLP_CHECK_NULL_ALLOC(::operator new(__bytes, __FILE__, __LINE__));
return __STATIC_CAST(char*, __chunk);
}
inline void __stlp_delete_chunck(void* __p) { ::operator delete(__p, __FILE__, __LINE__); }
#else
# ifdef _STLP_NODE_ALLOC_USE_MALLOC
# include <cstdlib>
inline char* __stlp_new_chunk(size_t __bytes) {
// do not use _STLP_CHECK_NULL_ALLOC, this macro is dedicated to new operator.
void *__chunk = _STLP_VENDOR_CSTD::malloc(__bytes);
if (__chunk == 0) {
_STLP_THROW_BAD_ALLOC;
}
return __STATIC_CAST(char*, __chunk);
}
inline void __stlp_delete_chunck(void* __p) { _STLP_VENDOR_CSTD::free(__p); }
# else
inline char* __stlp_new_chunk(size_t __bytes)
{ return __STATIC_CAST(char*, _STLP_STD::__stl_new(__bytes)); }
inline void __stlp_delete_chunck(void* __p) { _STLP_STD::__stl_delete(__p); }
# endif
#endif
/* This is an additional atomic operations to the ones already defined in
* stl/_threads.h, platform should try to support it to improve performance.
* __add_atomic_t _STLP_ATOMIC_ADD(volatile __add_atomic_t* __target, __add_atomic_t __val) :
* does *__target = *__target + __val and returns the old *__target value */
typedef long __add_atomic_t;
typedef unsigned long __uadd_atomic_t;
#if defined (__GNUC__) && defined (__i386__)
inline long _STLP_atomic_add_gcc_x86(long volatile* p, long addend) {
long result;
__asm__ __volatile__
("lock; xaddl %1, %0;"
:"=m" (*p), "=r" (result)
:"m" (*p), "1" (addend)
:"cc");
return result + addend;
}
# define _STLP_ATOMIC_ADD(__dst, __val) _STLP_atomic_add_gcc_x86(__dst, __val)
#elif defined (_STLP_WIN32THREADS)
// The Win32 API function InterlockedExchangeAdd is not available on Windows 95.
# if !defined (_STLP_WIN95_LIKE)
# if defined (_STLP_NEW_PLATFORM_SDK)
# define _STLP_ATOMIC_ADD(__dst, __val) InterlockedExchangeAdd(__dst, __val)
# else
# define _STLP_ATOMIC_ADD(__dst, __val) InterlockedExchangeAdd(__CONST_CAST(__add_atomic_t*, __dst), __val)
# endif
# endif
#endif
#if defined (__OS400__)
// dums 02/05/2007: is it really necessary ?
enum { _ALIGN = 16, _ALIGN_SHIFT = 4 };
#else
enum { _ALIGN = 2 * sizeof(void*), _ALIGN_SHIFT = 2 + sizeof(void*) / 4 };
#endif
#define _S_FREELIST_INDEX(__bytes) ((__bytes - size_t(1)) >> (int)_ALIGN_SHIFT)
_STLP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
// malloc_alloc out-of-memory handling
static __oom_handler_type __oom_handler = __STATIC_CAST(__oom_handler_type, 0);
#ifdef _STLP_THREADS
_STLP_mutex __oom_handler_lock;
#endif
void* _STLP_CALL __malloc_alloc::allocate(size_t __n)
{
void *__result = malloc(__n);
if ( 0 == __result ) {
__oom_handler_type __my_malloc_handler;
for (;;) {
{
#ifdef _STLP_THREADS
_STLP_auto_lock _l( __oom_handler_lock );
#endif
__my_malloc_handler = __oom_handler;
}
if ( 0 == __my_malloc_handler) {
_STLP_THROW_BAD_ALLOC;
}
(*__my_malloc_handler)();
__result = malloc(__n);
if ( __result )
return __result;
}
}
return __result;
}
__oom_handler_type _STLP_CALL __malloc_alloc::set_malloc_handler(__oom_handler_type __f)
{
#ifdef _STLP_THREADS
_STLP_auto_lock _l( __oom_handler_lock );
#endif
__oom_handler_type __old = __oom_handler;
__oom_handler = __f;
return __old;
}
// *******************************************************
// Default node allocator.
// With a reasonable compiler, this should be roughly as fast as the
// original STL class-specific allocators, but with less fragmentation.
//
// Important implementation properties:
// 1. If the client request an object of size > _MAX_BYTES, the resulting
// object will be obtained directly from malloc.
// 2. In all other cases, we allocate an object of size exactly
// _S_round_up(requested_size). Thus the client has enough size
// information that we can return the object to the proper free list
// without permanently losing part of the object.
//
#define _STLP_NFREELISTS 16
#if defined (_STLP_LEAKS_PEDANTIC) && defined (_STLP_USE_DYNAMIC_LIB)
/*
* We can only do cleanup of the node allocator memory pool if we are
* sure that the STLport library is used as a shared one as it guaranties
* the unicity of the node allocator instance. Without that guaranty node
* allocator instances might exchange memory blocks making the implementation
* of a cleaning process much more complicated.
*/
# define _STLP_DO_CLEAN_NODE_ALLOC
#endif
/* When STLport is used without multi threaded safety we use the node allocator
* implementation with locks as locks becomes no-op. The lock free implementation
* always use system specific atomic operations which are slower than 'normal'
* ones.
*/
#if defined (_STLP_THREADS) && \
defined (_STLP_HAS_ATOMIC_FREELIST) && defined (_STLP_ATOMIC_ADD)
/*
* We have an implementation of the atomic freelist (_STLP_atomic_freelist)
* for this architecture and compiler. That means we can use the non-blocking
* implementation of the node-allocation engine.*/
# define _STLP_USE_LOCK_FREE_IMPLEMENTATION
#endif
#if !defined (_STLP_USE_LOCK_FREE_IMPLEMENTATION)
# if defined (_STLP_THREADS)
class _Node_Alloc_Lock {
static _STLP_STATIC_MUTEX& _S_Mutex() {
static _STLP_STATIC_MUTEX mutex _STLP_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
return mutex;
}
public:
_Node_Alloc_Lock() {
# if defined (_STLP_SGI_THREADS)
if (__us_rsthread_malloc)
# endif
_S_Mutex()._M_acquire_lock();
}
~_Node_Alloc_Lock() {
# if defined (_STLP_SGI_THREADS)
if (__us_rsthread_malloc)
# endif
_S_Mutex()._M_release_lock();
}
};
# else
class _Node_Alloc_Lock {
public:
_Node_Alloc_Lock() { }
~_Node_Alloc_Lock() { }
};
# endif
struct _Node_alloc_obj {
_Node_alloc_obj * _M_next;
};
#endif
class __node_alloc_impl {
static inline size_t _STLP_CALL _S_round_up(size_t __bytes)
{ return (((__bytes) + (size_t)_ALIGN-1) & ~((size_t)_ALIGN - 1)); }
#if defined (_STLP_USE_LOCK_FREE_IMPLEMENTATION)
typedef _STLP_atomic_freelist::item _Obj;
typedef _STLP_atomic_freelist _Freelist;
typedef _STLP_atomic_freelist _ChunkList;
// Header of blocks of memory that have been allocated as part of
// a larger chunk but have not yet been chopped up into nodes.
struct _FreeBlockHeader : public _STLP_atomic_freelist::item {
char* _M_end; // pointer to end of free memory
};
#else
typedef _Node_alloc_obj _Obj;
typedef _Obj* _STLP_VOLATILE _Freelist;
typedef _Obj* _ChunkList;
#endif
private:
// Returns an object of size __n, and optionally adds to size __n free list.
static _Obj* _S_refill(size_t __n);
// Allocates a chunk for nobjs of size __p_size. nobjs may be reduced
// if it is inconvenient to allocate the requested number.
static char* _S_chunk_alloc(size_t __p_size, int& __nobjs);
// Chunk allocation state.
static _Freelist _S_free_list[_STLP_NFREELISTS];
// Amount of total allocated memory
#if defined (_STLP_USE_LOCK_FREE_IMPLEMENTATION)
static _STLP_VOLATILE __add_atomic_t _S_heap_size;
#else
static size_t _S_heap_size;
#endif
#if defined (_STLP_USE_LOCK_FREE_IMPLEMENTATION)
// List of blocks of free memory
static _STLP_atomic_freelist _S_free_mem_blocks;
#else
// Start of the current free memory buffer
static char* _S_start_free;
// End of the current free memory buffer
static char* _S_end_free;
#endif
#if defined (_STLP_DO_CLEAN_NODE_ALLOC)
public:
// Methods to report alloc/dealloc calls to the counter system.
# if defined (_STLP_USE_LOCK_FREE_IMPLEMENTATION)
typedef _STLP_VOLATILE __stl_atomic_t _AllocCounter;
# else
typedef __stl_atomic_t _AllocCounter;
# endif
static _AllocCounter& _STLP_CALL _S_alloc_counter();
static void _S_alloc_call();
static void _S_dealloc_call();
private:
// Free all the allocated chuncks of memory
static void _S_chunk_dealloc();
// Beginning of the linked list of allocated chunks of memory
static _ChunkList _S_chunks;
#endif /* _STLP_DO_CLEAN_NODE_ALLOC */
public:
/* __n must be > 0 */
static void* _M_allocate(size_t& __n);
/* __p may not be 0 */
static void _M_deallocate(void *__p, size_t __n);
};
#if !defined (_STLP_USE_LOCK_FREE_IMPLEMENTATION)
void* __node_alloc_impl::_M_allocate(size_t& __n) {
__n = _S_round_up(__n);
_Obj * _STLP_VOLATILE * __my_free_list = _S_free_list + _S_FREELIST_INDEX(__n);
_Obj *__r;
// Acquire the lock here with a constructor call.
// This ensures that it is released in exit or during stack
// unwinding.
_Node_Alloc_Lock __lock_instance;
if ( (__r = *__my_free_list) != 0 ) {
*__my_free_list = __r->_M_next;
} else {
__r = _S_refill(__n);
}
# if defined (_STLP_DO_CLEAN_NODE_ALLOC)
_S_alloc_call();
# endif
// lock is released here
return __r;
}
void __node_alloc_impl::_M_deallocate(void *__p, size_t __n) {
_Obj * _STLP_VOLATILE * __my_free_list = _S_free_list + _S_FREELIST_INDEX(__n);
_Obj * __pobj = __STATIC_CAST(_Obj*, __p);
// acquire lock
_Node_Alloc_Lock __lock_instance;
__pobj->_M_next = *__my_free_list;
*__my_free_list = __pobj;
# if defined (_STLP_DO_CLEAN_NODE_ALLOC)
_S_dealloc_call();
# endif
// lock is released here
}
# if defined (_STLP_DO_CLEAN_NODE_ALLOC)
# define _STLP_OFFSET sizeof(_Obj)
# else
# define _STLP_OFFSET 0
# endif
/* We allocate memory in large chunks in order to avoid fragmenting */
/* the malloc heap too much. */
/* We assume that size is properly aligned. */
/* We hold the allocation lock. */
char* __node_alloc_impl::_S_chunk_alloc(size_t _p_size, int& __nobjs) {
char* __result;
size_t __total_bytes = _p_size * __nobjs;
size_t __bytes_left = _S_end_free - _S_start_free;
if (__bytes_left > 0) {
if (__bytes_left >= __total_bytes) {
__result = _S_start_free;
_S_start_free += __total_bytes;
return __result;
}
if (__bytes_left >= _p_size) {
__nobjs = (int)(__bytes_left / _p_size);
__total_bytes = _p_size * __nobjs;
__result = _S_start_free;
_S_start_free += __total_bytes;
return __result;
}
// Try to make use of the left-over piece.
_Obj* _STLP_VOLATILE* __my_free_list = _S_free_list + _S_FREELIST_INDEX(__bytes_left);
__REINTERPRET_CAST(_Obj*, _S_start_free)->_M_next = *__my_free_list;
*__my_free_list = __REINTERPRET_CAST(_Obj*, _S_start_free);
_S_start_free = _S_end_free = 0;
}
size_t __bytes_to_get = 2 * __total_bytes + _S_round_up(_S_heap_size) + _STLP_OFFSET;
_STLP_TRY {
_S_start_free = __stlp_new_chunk(__bytes_to_get);
}
#if defined (_STLP_USE_EXCEPTIONS)
catch (const _STLP_STD::bad_alloc&) {
_Obj* _STLP_VOLATILE* __my_free_list;
_Obj* __p;
// Try to do with what we have. That can't hurt.
// We do not try smaller requests, since that tends
// to result in disaster on multi-process machines.
for (size_t __i = _p_size; __i <= (size_t)_MAX_BYTES; __i += (size_t)_ALIGN) {
__my_free_list = _S_free_list + _S_FREELIST_INDEX(__i);
__p = *__my_free_list;
if (0 != __p) {
*__my_free_list = __p -> _M_next;
_S_start_free = __REINTERPRET_CAST(char*, __p);
_S_end_free = _S_start_free + __i;
return _S_chunk_alloc(_p_size, __nobjs);
// Any leftover piece will eventually make it to the
// right free list.
}
}
__bytes_to_get = __total_bytes + _STLP_OFFSET;
_S_start_free = __stlp_new_chunk(__bytes_to_get);
}
#endif
_S_heap_size += __bytes_to_get >> 4;
# if defined (_STLP_DO_CLEAN_NODE_ALLOC)
__REINTERPRET_CAST(_Obj*, _S_start_free)->_M_next = _S_chunks;
_S_chunks = __REINTERPRET_CAST(_Obj*, _S_start_free);
# endif
_S_end_free = _S_start_free + __bytes_to_get;
_S_start_free += _STLP_OFFSET;
return _S_chunk_alloc(_p_size, __nobjs);
}
/* Returns an object of size __n, and optionally adds to size __n free list.*/
/* We assume that __n is properly aligned. */
/* We hold the allocation lock. */
_Node_alloc_obj* __node_alloc_impl::_S_refill(size_t __n) {
int __nobjs = 20;
char* __chunk = _S_chunk_alloc(__n, __nobjs);
if (1 == __nobjs) return __REINTERPRET_CAST(_Obj*, __chunk);
_Obj* _STLP_VOLATILE* __my_free_list = _S_free_list + _S_FREELIST_INDEX(__n);
_Obj* __result;
_Obj* __current_obj;
_Obj* __next_obj;
/* Build free list in chunk */
__result = __REINTERPRET_CAST(_Obj*, __chunk);
*__my_free_list = __next_obj = __REINTERPRET_CAST(_Obj*, __chunk + __n);
for (--__nobjs; --__nobjs; ) {
__current_obj = __next_obj;
__next_obj = __REINTERPRET_CAST(_Obj*, __REINTERPRET_CAST(char*, __next_obj) + __n);
__current_obj->_M_next = __next_obj;
}
__next_obj->_M_next = 0;
return __result;
}
# if defined (_STLP_DO_CLEAN_NODE_ALLOC)
void __node_alloc_impl::_S_alloc_call()
{ ++_S_alloc_counter(); }
void __node_alloc_impl::_S_dealloc_call() {
__stl_atomic_t &counter = _S_alloc_counter();
if (--counter == 0)
{ _S_chunk_dealloc(); }
}
/* We deallocate all the memory chunks */
void __node_alloc_impl::_S_chunk_dealloc() {
_Obj *__pcur = _S_chunks, *__pnext;
while (__pcur != 0) {
__pnext = __pcur->_M_next;
__stlp_delete_chunck(__pcur);
__pcur = __pnext;
}
_S_chunks = 0;
_S_start_free = _S_end_free = 0;
_S_heap_size = 0;
memset(__REINTERPRET_CAST(char*, __CONST_CAST(_Obj**, &_S_free_list[0])), 0, _STLP_NFREELISTS * sizeof(_Obj*));
}
# endif
#else
void* __node_alloc_impl::_M_allocate(size_t& __n) {
__n = _S_round_up(__n);
_Obj* __r = _S_free_list[_S_FREELIST_INDEX(__n)].pop();
if (__r == 0)
{ __r = _S_refill(__n); }
# if defined (_STLP_DO_CLEAN_NODE_ALLOC)
_S_alloc_call();
# endif
return __r;
}
void __node_alloc_impl::_M_deallocate(void *__p, size_t __n) {
_S_free_list[_S_FREELIST_INDEX(__n)].push(__STATIC_CAST(_Obj*, __p));
# if defined (_STLP_DO_CLEAN_NODE_ALLOC)
_S_dealloc_call();
# endif
}
/* Returns an object of size __n, and optionally adds additional ones to */
/* freelist of objects of size __n. */
/* We assume that __n is properly aligned. */
__node_alloc_impl::_Obj* __node_alloc_impl::_S_refill(size_t __n) {
int __nobjs = 20;
char* __chunk = _S_chunk_alloc(__n, __nobjs);
if (__nobjs <= 1)
return __REINTERPRET_CAST(_Obj*, __chunk);
// Push all new nodes (minus first one) onto freelist
_Obj* __result = __REINTERPRET_CAST(_Obj*, __chunk);
_Obj* __cur_item = __result;
_Freelist* __my_freelist = _S_free_list + _S_FREELIST_INDEX(__n);
for (--__nobjs; __nobjs != 0; --__nobjs) {
__cur_item = __REINTERPRET_CAST(_Obj*, __REINTERPRET_CAST(char*, __cur_item) + __n);
__my_freelist->push(__cur_item);
}
return __result;
}
# if defined (_STLP_DO_CLEAN_NODE_ALLOC)
# define _STLP_OFFSET _ALIGN
# else
# define _STLP_OFFSET 0
# endif
/* We allocate memory in large chunks in order to avoid fragmenting */
/* the malloc heap too much. */
/* We assume that size is properly aligned. */
char* __node_alloc_impl::_S_chunk_alloc(size_t _p_size, int& __nobjs) {
# if defined (_STLP_DO_CLEAN_NODE_ALLOC)
//We are going to add a small memory block to keep all the allocated blocks
//address, we need to do so respecting the memory alignment. The following
//static assert checks that the reserved block is big enough to store a pointer.
_STLP_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(_Obj) <= _ALIGN)
# endif
char* __result = 0;
__add_atomic_t __total_bytes = __STATIC_CAST(__add_atomic_t, _p_size) * __nobjs;
_FreeBlockHeader* __block = __STATIC_CAST(_FreeBlockHeader*, _S_free_mem_blocks.pop());
if (__block != 0) {
// We checked a block out and can now mess with it with impugnity.
// We'll put the remainder back into the list if we're done with it below.
char* __buf_start = __REINTERPRET_CAST(char*, __block);
__add_atomic_t __bytes_left = __block->_M_end - __buf_start;
if ((__bytes_left < __total_bytes) && (__bytes_left >= __STATIC_CAST(__add_atomic_t, _p_size))) {
// There's enough left for at least one object, but not as much as we wanted
__result = __buf_start;
__nobjs = (int)(__bytes_left/_p_size);
__total_bytes = __STATIC_CAST(__add_atomic_t, _p_size) * __nobjs;
__bytes_left -= __total_bytes;
__buf_start += __total_bytes;
}
else if (__bytes_left >= __total_bytes) {
// The block has enough left to satisfy all that was asked for
__result = __buf_start;
__bytes_left -= __total_bytes;
__buf_start += __total_bytes;
}
if (__bytes_left != 0) {
// There is still some memory left over in block after we satisfied our request.
if ((__result != 0) && (__bytes_left >= (__add_atomic_t)sizeof(_FreeBlockHeader))) {
// We were able to allocate at least one object and there is still enough
// left to put remainder back into list.
_FreeBlockHeader* __newblock = __REINTERPRET_CAST(_FreeBlockHeader*, __buf_start);
__newblock->_M_end = __block->_M_end;
_S_free_mem_blocks.push(__newblock);
}
else {
// We were not able to allocate enough for at least one object.
// Shove into freelist of nearest (rounded-down!) size.
size_t __rounded_down = _S_round_up(__bytes_left + 1) - (size_t)_ALIGN;
if (__rounded_down > 0)
_S_free_list[_S_FREELIST_INDEX(__rounded_down)].push((_Obj*)__buf_start);
}
}
if (__result != 0)
return __result;
}
// We couldn't satisfy it from the list of free blocks, get new memory.
__add_atomic_t __bytes_to_get = 2 * __total_bytes +
__STATIC_CAST(__add_atomic_t,
_S_round_up(__STATIC_CAST(__uadd_atomic_t, _STLP_ATOMIC_ADD(&_S_heap_size, 0)))) +
_STLP_OFFSET;
_STLP_TRY {
__result = __stlp_new_chunk(__bytes_to_get);
}
#if defined (_STLP_USE_EXCEPTIONS)
catch (const bad_alloc&) {
// Allocation failed; try to canibalize from freelist of a larger object size.
for (size_t __i = _p_size; __i <= (size_t)_MAX_BYTES; __i += (size_t)_ALIGN) {
_Obj* __p = _S_free_list[_S_FREELIST_INDEX(__i)].pop();
if (0 != __p) {
if (__i < sizeof(_FreeBlockHeader)) {
// Not enough to put into list of free blocks, divvy it up here.
// Use as much as possible for this request and shove remainder into freelist.
__nobjs = (int)(__i/_p_size);
__total_bytes = __nobjs * __STATIC_CAST(__add_atomic_t, _p_size);
size_t __bytes_left = __i - __total_bytes;
size_t __rounded_down = _S_round_up(__bytes_left+1) - (size_t)_ALIGN;
if (__rounded_down > 0) {
_S_free_list[_S_FREELIST_INDEX(__rounded_down)].push(__REINTERPRET_CAST(_Obj*, __REINTERPRET_CAST(char*, __p) + __total_bytes));
}
return __REINTERPRET_CAST(char*, __p);
}
else {
// Add node to list of available blocks and recursively allocate from it.
_FreeBlockHeader* __newblock = (_FreeBlockHeader*)__p;
__newblock->_M_end = __REINTERPRET_CAST(char*, __p) + __i;
_S_free_mem_blocks.push(__newblock);
return _S_chunk_alloc(_p_size, __nobjs);
}
}
}
// We were not able to find something in a freelist, try to allocate a smaller amount.
__bytes_to_get = __total_bytes + _STLP_OFFSET;
__result = __stlp_new_chunk(__bytes_to_get);
// This should either throw an exception or remedy the situation.
// Thus we assume it succeeded.
}
#endif
// Alignment check
_STLP_VERBOSE_ASSERT(((__REINTERPRET_CAST(size_t, __result) & __STATIC_CAST(size_t, _ALIGN - 1)) == 0),
_StlMsg_DBA_DELETED_TWICE)
_STLP_ATOMIC_ADD(&_S_heap_size, __bytes_to_get >> 4);
# if defined (_STLP_DO_CLEAN_NODE_ALLOC)
// We have to track the allocated memory chunks for release on exit.
_S_chunks.push(__REINTERPRET_CAST(_Obj*, __result));
__result += _ALIGN;
__bytes_to_get -= _ALIGN;
# endif
if (__bytes_to_get > __total_bytes) {
// Push excess memory allocated in this chunk into list of free memory blocks
_FreeBlockHeader* __freeblock = __REINTERPRET_CAST(_FreeBlockHeader*, __result + __total_bytes);
__freeblock->_M_end = __result + __bytes_to_get;
_S_free_mem_blocks.push(__freeblock);
}
return __result;
}
# if defined (_STLP_DO_CLEAN_NODE_ALLOC)
void __node_alloc_impl::_S_alloc_call()
{ _STLP_ATOMIC_INCREMENT(&_S_alloc_counter()); }
void __node_alloc_impl::_S_dealloc_call() {
_STLP_VOLATILE __stl_atomic_t *pcounter = &_S_alloc_counter();
if (_STLP_ATOMIC_DECREMENT(pcounter) == 0)
_S_chunk_dealloc();
}
/* We deallocate all the memory chunks */
void __node_alloc_impl::_S_chunk_dealloc() {
// Note: The _Node_alloc_helper class ensures that this function
// will only be called when the (shared) library is unloaded or the
// process is shutdown. It's thus not possible that another thread
// is currently trying to allocate a node (we're not thread-safe here).
//
// Clear the free blocks and all freelistst. This makes sure that if
// for some reason more memory is allocated again during shutdown
// (it'd also be really nasty to leave references to deallocated memory).
_S_free_mem_blocks.clear();
_S_heap_size = 0;
for (size_t __i = 0; __i < _STLP_NFREELISTS; ++__i) {
_S_free_list[__i].clear();
}
// Detach list of chunks and free them all
_Obj* __chunk = _S_chunks.clear();
while (__chunk != 0) {
_Obj* __next = __chunk->_M_next;
__stlp_delete_chunck(__chunk);
__chunk = __next;
}
}
# endif
#endif
#if defined (_STLP_DO_CLEAN_NODE_ALLOC)
struct __node_alloc_cleaner {
~__node_alloc_cleaner()
{ __node_alloc_impl::_S_dealloc_call(); }
};
# if defined (_STLP_USE_LOCK_FREE_IMPLEMENTATION)
_STLP_VOLATILE __stl_atomic_t& _STLP_CALL
# else
__stl_atomic_t& _STLP_CALL
# endif
__node_alloc_impl::_S_alloc_counter() {
static _AllocCounter _S_counter = 1;
static __node_alloc_cleaner _S_node_alloc_cleaner;
return _S_counter;
}
#endif
#if !defined (_STLP_USE_LOCK_FREE_IMPLEMENTATION)
_Node_alloc_obj * _STLP_VOLATILE
__node_alloc_impl::_S_free_list[_STLP_NFREELISTS]
= {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0};
// The 16 zeros are necessary to make version 4.1 of the SunPro
// compiler happy. Otherwise it appears to allocate too little
// space for the array.
#else
_STLP_atomic_freelist __node_alloc_impl::_S_free_list[_STLP_NFREELISTS];
_STLP_atomic_freelist __node_alloc_impl::_S_free_mem_blocks;
#endif
#if !defined (_STLP_USE_LOCK_FREE_IMPLEMENTATION)
char *__node_alloc_impl::_S_start_free = 0;
char *__node_alloc_impl::_S_end_free = 0;
#endif
#if defined (_STLP_USE_LOCK_FREE_IMPLEMENTATION)
_STLP_VOLATILE __add_atomic_t
#else
size_t
#endif
__node_alloc_impl::_S_heap_size = 0;
#if defined (_STLP_DO_CLEAN_NODE_ALLOC)
# if defined (_STLP_USE_LOCK_FREE_IMPLEMENTATION)
_STLP_atomic_freelist __node_alloc_impl::_S_chunks;
# else
_Node_alloc_obj* __node_alloc_impl::_S_chunks = 0;
# endif
#endif
void * _STLP_CALL __node_alloc::_M_allocate(size_t& __n)
{ return __node_alloc_impl::_M_allocate(__n); }
void _STLP_CALL __node_alloc::_M_deallocate(void *__p, size_t __n)
{ __node_alloc_impl::_M_deallocate(__p, __n); }
#if defined (_STLP_PTHREADS) && !defined (_STLP_NO_THREADS)
# define _STLP_DATA_ALIGNMENT 8
_STLP_MOVE_TO_PRIV_NAMESPACE
// *******************************************************
// __perthread_alloc implementation
union _Pthread_alloc_obj {
union _Pthread_alloc_obj * __free_list_link;
char __client_data[_STLP_DATA_ALIGNMENT]; /* The client sees this. */
};
// Pthread allocators don't appear to the client to have meaningful
// instances. We do in fact need to associate some state with each
// thread. That state is represented by _Pthread_alloc_per_thread_state.
struct _Pthread_alloc_per_thread_state {
typedef _Pthread_alloc_obj __obj;
enum { _S_NFREELISTS = _MAX_BYTES / _STLP_DATA_ALIGNMENT };
// Free list link for list of available per thread structures.
// When one of these becomes available for reuse due to thread
// termination, any objects in its free list remain associated
// with it. The whole structure may then be used by a newly
// created thread.
_Pthread_alloc_per_thread_state() : __next(0)
{ memset((void *)__CONST_CAST(_Pthread_alloc_obj**, __free_list), 0, (size_t)_S_NFREELISTS * sizeof(__obj *)); }
// Returns an object of size __n, and possibly adds to size n free list.
void *_M_refill(size_t __n);
_Pthread_alloc_obj* volatile __free_list[_S_NFREELISTS];
_Pthread_alloc_per_thread_state *__next;
// this data member is only to be used by per_thread_allocator, which returns memory to the originating thread.
_STLP_mutex _M_lock;
};
// Pthread-specific allocator.
class _Pthread_alloc_impl {
public: // but only for internal use:
typedef _Pthread_alloc_per_thread_state __state_type;
typedef char value_type;
// Allocates a chunk for nobjs of size size. nobjs may be reduced
// if it is inconvenient to allocate the requested number.
static char *_S_chunk_alloc(size_t __size, size_t &__nobjs, __state_type*);
enum {_S_ALIGN = _STLP_DATA_ALIGNMENT};
static size_t _S_round_up(size_t __bytes)
{ return (((__bytes) + (int)_S_ALIGN - 1) & ~((int)_S_ALIGN - 1)); }
static size_t _S_freelist_index(size_t __bytes)
{ return (((__bytes) + (int)_S_ALIGN - 1) / (int)_S_ALIGN - 1); }
private:
// Chunk allocation state. And other shared state.
// Protected by _S_chunk_allocator_lock.
static _STLP_STATIC_MUTEX _S_chunk_allocator_lock;
static char *_S_start_free;
static char *_S_end_free;
static size_t _S_heap_size;
static __state_type *_S_free_per_thread_states;
static pthread_key_t _S_key;
static bool _S_key_initialized;
// Pthread key under which per thread state is stored.
// Allocator instances that are currently unclaimed by any thread.
static void _S_destructor(void *instance);
// Function to be called on thread exit to reclaim per thread
// state.
static __state_type *_S_new_per_thread_state();
public:
// Return a recycled or new per thread state.
static __state_type *_S_get_per_thread_state();
private:
// ensure that the current thread has an associated
// per thread state.
class _M_lock;
friend class _M_lock;
class _M_lock {
public:
_M_lock () { _S_chunk_allocator_lock._M_acquire_lock(); }
~_M_lock () { _S_chunk_allocator_lock._M_release_lock(); }
};
public:
/* n must be > 0 */
static void * allocate(size_t& __n);
/* p may not be 0 */
static void deallocate(void *__p, size_t __n);
// boris : versions for per_thread_allocator
/* n must be > 0 */
static void * allocate(size_t& __n, __state_type* __a);
/* p may not be 0 */
static void deallocate(void *__p, size_t __n, __state_type* __a);
static void * reallocate(void *__p, size_t __old_sz, size_t& __new_sz);
};
/* Returns an object of size n, and optionally adds to size n free list.*/
/* We assume that n is properly aligned. */
/* We hold the allocation lock. */
void *_Pthread_alloc_per_thread_state::_M_refill(size_t __n) {
typedef _Pthread_alloc_obj __obj;
size_t __nobjs = 128;
char * __chunk = _Pthread_alloc_impl::_S_chunk_alloc(__n, __nobjs, this);
__obj * volatile * __my_free_list;
__obj * __result;
__obj * __current_obj, * __next_obj;
size_t __i;
if (1 == __nobjs) {
return __chunk;
}
__my_free_list = __free_list + _Pthread_alloc_impl::_S_freelist_index(__n);
/* Build free list in chunk */
__result = (__obj *)__chunk;
*__my_free_list = __next_obj = (__obj *)(__chunk + __n);
for (__i = 1; ; ++__i) {
__current_obj = __next_obj;
__next_obj = (__obj *)((char *)__next_obj + __n);
if (__nobjs - 1 == __i) {
__current_obj -> __free_list_link = 0;
break;
} else {
__current_obj -> __free_list_link = __next_obj;
}
}
return __result;
}
void _Pthread_alloc_impl::_S_destructor(void *__instance) {
_M_lock __lock_instance; // Need to acquire lock here.
_Pthread_alloc_per_thread_state* __s = (_Pthread_alloc_per_thread_state*)__instance;
__s -> __next = _S_free_per_thread_states;
_S_free_per_thread_states = __s;
}
_Pthread_alloc_per_thread_state* _Pthread_alloc_impl::_S_new_per_thread_state() {
/* lock already held here. */
if (0 != _S_free_per_thread_states) {
_Pthread_alloc_per_thread_state *__result = _S_free_per_thread_states;
_S_free_per_thread_states = _S_free_per_thread_states -> __next;
return __result;
}
else {
return new _Pthread_alloc_per_thread_state;
}
}
_Pthread_alloc_per_thread_state* _Pthread_alloc_impl::_S_get_per_thread_state() {
int __ret_code;
__state_type* __result;
if (_S_key_initialized && (__result = (__state_type*) pthread_getspecific(_S_key)))
return __result;
/*REFERENCED*/
_M_lock __lock_instance; // Need to acquire lock here.
if (!_S_key_initialized) {
if (pthread_key_create(&_S_key, _S_destructor)) {
_STLP_THROW_BAD_ALLOC; // failed
}
_S_key_initialized = true;
}
__result = _S_new_per_thread_state();
__ret_code = pthread_setspecific(_S_key, __result);
if (__ret_code) {
if (__ret_code == ENOMEM) {
_STLP_THROW_BAD_ALLOC;
} else {
// EINVAL
_STLP_ABORT();
}
}
return __result;
}
/* We allocate memory in large chunks in order to avoid fragmenting */
/* the malloc heap too much. */
/* We assume that size is properly aligned. */
char *_Pthread_alloc_impl::_S_chunk_alloc(size_t __p_size, size_t &__nobjs, _Pthread_alloc_per_thread_state *__a) {
typedef _Pthread_alloc_obj __obj;
{
char * __result;
size_t __total_bytes;
size_t __bytes_left;
/*REFERENCED*/
_M_lock __lock_instance; // Acquire lock for this routine
__total_bytes = __p_size * __nobjs;
__bytes_left = _S_end_free - _S_start_free;
if (__bytes_left >= __total_bytes) {
__result = _S_start_free;
_S_start_free += __total_bytes;
return __result;
} else if (__bytes_left >= __p_size) {
__nobjs = __bytes_left/__p_size;
__total_bytes = __p_size * __nobjs;
__result = _S_start_free;
_S_start_free += __total_bytes;
return __result;
} else {
size_t __bytes_to_get = 2 * __total_bytes + _S_round_up(_S_heap_size);
// Try to make use of the left-over piece.
if (__bytes_left > 0) {
__obj * volatile * __my_free_list = __a->__free_list + _S_freelist_index(__bytes_left);
((__obj *)_S_start_free) -> __free_list_link = *__my_free_list;
*__my_free_list = (__obj *)_S_start_free;
}
# ifdef _SGI_SOURCE
// Try to get memory that's aligned on something like a
// cache line boundary, so as to avoid parceling out
// parts of the same line to different threads and thus
// possibly different processors.
{
const int __cache_line_size = 128; // probable upper bound
__bytes_to_get &= ~(__cache_line_size-1);
_S_start_free = (char *)memalign(__cache_line_size, __bytes_to_get);
if (0 == _S_start_free) {
_S_start_free = (char *)__malloc_alloc::allocate(__bytes_to_get);
}
}
# else /* !SGI_SOURCE */
_S_start_free = (char *)__malloc_alloc::allocate(__bytes_to_get);
# endif
_S_heap_size += __bytes_to_get >> 4;
_S_end_free = _S_start_free + __bytes_to_get;
}
}
// lock is released here
return _S_chunk_alloc(__p_size, __nobjs, __a);
}
/* n must be > 0 */
void *_Pthread_alloc_impl::allocate(size_t& __n) {
typedef _Pthread_alloc_obj __obj;
__obj * volatile * __my_free_list;
__obj * __result;
__state_type* __a;
if (__n > _MAX_BYTES) {
return __malloc_alloc::allocate(__n);
}
__n = _S_round_up(__n);
__a = _S_get_per_thread_state();
__my_free_list = __a->__free_list + _S_freelist_index(__n);
__result = *__my_free_list;
if (__result == 0) {
void *__r = __a->_M_refill(__n);
return __r;
}
*__my_free_list = __result->__free_list_link;
return __result;
};
/* p may not be 0 */
void _Pthread_alloc_impl::deallocate(void *__p, size_t __n) {
typedef _Pthread_alloc_obj __obj;
__obj *__q = (__obj *)__p;
__obj * volatile * __my_free_list;
__state_type* __a;
if (__n > _MAX_BYTES) {
__malloc_alloc::deallocate(__p, __n);
return;
}
__a = _S_get_per_thread_state();
__my_free_list = __a->__free_list + _S_freelist_index(__n);
__q -> __free_list_link = *__my_free_list;
*__my_free_list = __q;
}
// boris : versions for per_thread_allocator
/* n must be > 0 */
void *_Pthread_alloc_impl::allocate(size_t& __n, __state_type* __a) {
typedef _Pthread_alloc_obj __obj;
__obj * volatile * __my_free_list;
__obj * __result;
if (__n > _MAX_BYTES) {
return __malloc_alloc::allocate(__n);
}
__n = _S_round_up(__n);
// boris : here, we have to lock per thread state, as we may be getting memory from
// different thread pool.
_STLP_auto_lock __lock(__a->_M_lock);
__my_free_list = __a->__free_list + _S_freelist_index(__n);
__result = *__my_free_list;
if (__result == 0) {
void *__r = __a->_M_refill(__n);
return __r;
}
*__my_free_list = __result->__free_list_link;
return __result;
};
/* p may not be 0 */
void _Pthread_alloc_impl::deallocate(void *__p, size_t __n, __state_type* __a) {
typedef _Pthread_alloc_obj __obj;
__obj *__q = (__obj *)__p;
__obj * volatile * __my_free_list;
if (__n > _MAX_BYTES) {
__malloc_alloc::deallocate(__p, __n);
return;
}
// boris : here, we have to lock per thread state, as we may be returning memory from
// different thread.
_STLP_auto_lock __lock(__a->_M_lock);
__my_free_list = __a->__free_list + _S_freelist_index(__n);
__q -> __free_list_link = *__my_free_list;
*__my_free_list = __q;
}
void *_Pthread_alloc_impl::reallocate(void *__p, size_t __old_sz, size_t& __new_sz) {
void * __result;
size_t __copy_sz;
if (__old_sz > _MAX_BYTES && __new_sz > _MAX_BYTES) {
return realloc(__p, __new_sz);
}
if (_S_round_up(__old_sz) == _S_round_up(__new_sz)) return __p;
__result = allocate(__new_sz);
__copy_sz = __new_sz > __old_sz? __old_sz : __new_sz;
memcpy(__result, __p, __copy_sz);
deallocate(__p, __old_sz);
return __result;
}
_Pthread_alloc_per_thread_state* _Pthread_alloc_impl::_S_free_per_thread_states = 0;
pthread_key_t _Pthread_alloc_impl::_S_key = 0;
_STLP_STATIC_MUTEX _Pthread_alloc_impl::_S_chunk_allocator_lock _STLP_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
bool _Pthread_alloc_impl::_S_key_initialized = false;
char *_Pthread_alloc_impl::_S_start_free = 0;
char *_Pthread_alloc_impl::_S_end_free = 0;
size_t _Pthread_alloc_impl::_S_heap_size = 0;
void * _STLP_CALL _Pthread_alloc::allocate(size_t& __n)
{ return _Pthread_alloc_impl::allocate(__n); }
void _STLP_CALL _Pthread_alloc::deallocate(void *__p, size_t __n)
{ _Pthread_alloc_impl::deallocate(__p, __n); }
void * _STLP_CALL _Pthread_alloc::allocate(size_t& __n, __state_type* __a)
{ return _Pthread_alloc_impl::allocate(__n, __a); }
void _STLP_CALL _Pthread_alloc::deallocate(void *__p, size_t __n, __state_type* __a)
{ _Pthread_alloc_impl::deallocate(__p, __n, __a); }
void * _STLP_CALL _Pthread_alloc::reallocate(void *__p, size_t __old_sz, size_t& __new_sz)
{ return _Pthread_alloc_impl::reallocate(__p, __old_sz, __new_sz); }
_Pthread_alloc_per_thread_state* _STLP_CALL _Pthread_alloc::_S_get_per_thread_state()
{ return _Pthread_alloc_impl::_S_get_per_thread_state(); }
_STLP_MOVE_TO_STD_NAMESPACE
#endif
_STLP_END_NAMESPACE
#undef _S_FREELIST_INDEX
``` |
```c
/*your_sha256_hash---------
*
* split_shards.c
*
* This file contains functions to split a shard according to a given
* distribution column value.
*
*
*your_sha256_hash---------
*/
#include "postgres.h"
#include "c.h"
#include "fmgr.h"
#include "libpq-fe.h"
#include "catalog/pg_class.h"
#include "nodes/pg_list.h"
#include "storage/lock.h"
#include "utils/builtins.h"
#include "utils/elog.h"
#include "utils/errcodes.h"
#include "utils/lsyscache.h"
#include "utils/typcache.h"
#include "distributed/colocation_utils.h"
#include "distributed/coordinator_protocol.h"
#include "distributed/metadata_cache.h"
#include "distributed/metadata_sync.h"
#include "distributed/multi_join_order.h"
#include "distributed/multi_partitioning_utils.h"
#include "distributed/multi_router_planner.h"
#include "distributed/pg_dist_partition.h"
#include "distributed/pg_dist_shard.h"
#include "distributed/reference_table_utils.h"
#include "distributed/remote_commands.h"
#include "distributed/resource_lock.h"
#include "distributed/shard_split.h"
#include "distributed/utils/distribution_column_map.h"
#include "distributed/version_compat.h"
#include "distributed/worker_manager.h"
#include "distributed/worker_protocol.h"
#include "distributed/worker_transaction.h"
/* declarations for dynamic loading */
PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(isolate_tenant_to_new_shard);
PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(worker_hash);
/*
* isolate_tenant_to_new_shard isolates a tenant to its own shard by spliting
* the current matching shard.
*/
Datum
isolate_tenant_to_new_shard(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
CheckCitusVersion(ERROR);
EnsureCoordinator();
Oid relationId = PG_GETARG_OID(0);
Datum inputDatum = PG_GETARG_DATUM(1);
text *cascadeOptionText = PG_GETARG_TEXT_P(2);
Oid shardTransferModeOid = PG_GETARG_OID(3);
EnsureTableOwner(relationId);
CitusTableCacheEntry *cacheEntry = GetCitusTableCacheEntry(relationId);
char partitionMethod = cacheEntry->partitionMethod;
if (partitionMethod != DISTRIBUTE_BY_HASH)
{
ereport(ERROR, (errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
errmsg("cannot isolate tenant because tenant isolation "
"is only support for hash distributed tables")));
}
List *colocatedTableList = ColocatedTableList(relationId);
int colocatedTableCount = list_length(colocatedTableList);
Oid inputDataType = get_fn_expr_argtype(fcinfo->flinfo, 1);
char *tenantIdString = DatumToString(inputDatum, inputDataType);
char *cascadeOptionString = text_to_cstring(cascadeOptionText);
if (pg_strncasecmp(cascadeOptionString, "CASCADE", NAMEDATALEN) != 0 &&
colocatedTableCount > 1)
{
char *relationName = get_rel_name(relationId);
ereport(ERROR, (errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
errmsg("cannot isolate tenant because \"%s\" has colocated "
"tables", relationName),
errhint("Use CASCADE option to isolate tenants for the "
"colocated tables too. Example usage: "
"isolate_tenant_to_new_shard('%s', '%s', 'CASCADE')",
relationName, tenantIdString)));
}
EnsureReferenceTablesExistOnAllNodes();
Var *distributionColumn = DistPartitionKey(relationId);
/* earlier we checked that the table was hash partitioned, so there should be a distribution column */
Assert(distributionColumn != NULL);
Oid distributionColumnType = distributionColumn->vartype;
Datum tenantIdDatum = StringToDatum(tenantIdString, distributionColumnType);
ShardInterval *sourceShard = FindShardInterval(tenantIdDatum, cacheEntry);
if (sourceShard == NULL)
{
ereport(ERROR, (errmsg("tenant does not have a shard")));
}
int shardMinValue = DatumGetInt32(sourceShard->minValue);
int shardMaxValue = DatumGetInt32(sourceShard->maxValue);
if (shardMinValue == shardMaxValue)
{
char *tableName = get_rel_name(relationId);
ereport(ERROR, (errcode(ERRCODE_OBJECT_NOT_IN_PREREQUISITE_STATE),
(errmsg("table %s has already been isolated for the given value",
quote_identifier(tableName)))));
}
List *sourcePlacementList = ActiveShardPlacementList(sourceShard->shardId);
if (list_length(sourcePlacementList) > 1)
{
ereport(ERROR, (errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
errmsg("cannot isolate tenants when using shard replication")));
}
ShardPlacement *sourceShardPlacement = linitial(sourcePlacementList);
/* get hash function name */
FmgrInfo *hashFunction = cacheEntry->hashFunction;
/* get hashed value of the distribution value */
Datum hashedValueDatum = FunctionCall1Coll(hashFunction,
cacheEntry->partitionColumn->varcollid,
tenantIdDatum);
int hashedValue = DatumGetInt32(hashedValueDatum);
List *shardSplitPointsList = NIL;
/*
* If the hash value lies at one of the boundaries, we only have a single
* split point.
*/
if (hashedValue == shardMinValue)
{
shardSplitPointsList = list_make1_int(hashedValue);
}
else if (hashedValue == shardMaxValue)
{
shardSplitPointsList = list_make1_int(hashedValue - 1);
}
else
{
shardSplitPointsList = list_make2_int(hashedValue - 1, hashedValue);
}
/* we currently place the isolated hash value into the same node */
int sourceNodeId = sourceShardPlacement->nodeId;
List *nodeIdsForPlacementList = list_make2_int(sourceNodeId, sourceNodeId);
if (list_length(shardSplitPointsList) > 1)
{
nodeIdsForPlacementList = lappend_int(nodeIdsForPlacementList, sourceNodeId);
}
DistributionColumnMap *distributionColumnOverrides = NULL;
List *sourceColocatedShardIntervalList = NIL;
SplitMode splitMode = LookupSplitMode(shardTransferModeOid);
SplitShard(splitMode,
ISOLATE_TENANT_TO_NEW_SHARD,
sourceShard->shardId,
shardSplitPointsList,
nodeIdsForPlacementList,
distributionColumnOverrides,
sourceColocatedShardIntervalList,
INVALID_COLOCATION_ID);
cacheEntry = GetCitusTableCacheEntry(relationId);
ShardInterval *newShard = FindShardInterval(tenantIdDatum, cacheEntry);
PG_RETURN_INT64(newShard->shardId);
}
/*
* worker_hash returns the hashed value of the given value.
*/
Datum
worker_hash(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
CheckCitusVersion(ERROR);
Datum valueDatum = PG_GETARG_DATUM(0);
/* figure out hash function from the data type */
Oid valueDataType = get_fn_expr_argtype(fcinfo->flinfo, 0);
TypeCacheEntry *typeEntry = lookup_type_cache(valueDataType,
TYPECACHE_HASH_PROC_FINFO);
if (typeEntry->hash_proc_finfo.fn_oid == InvalidOid)
{
ereport(ERROR, (errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
errmsg("cannot find a hash function for the input type"),
errhint("Cast input to a data type with a hash function.")));
}
FmgrInfo *hashFunction = palloc0(sizeof(FmgrInfo));
fmgr_info_copy(hashFunction, &(typeEntry->hash_proc_finfo), CurrentMemoryContext);
/* calculate hash value */
Datum hashedValueDatum =
FunctionCall1Coll(hashFunction, PG_GET_COLLATION(), valueDatum);
PG_RETURN_INT32(hashedValueDatum);
}
``` |
A country dance is any of a very large number of social dances of a type that originated in the British Isles; it is the repeated execution of a predefined sequence of figures, carefully designed to fit a fixed length of music, performed by a group of people, usually in couples, in one or more sets. The figures involve interaction with your partner and/or with other dancers, usually with a progression so that you dance with everyone in your set. It is common in modern times to have a "caller" who teaches the dance and then calls the figures as you dance. Country dances are done in many different styles.
As a musical form written in or time, the contredanse was used by Beethoven and Mozart.
Beethoven's 6 Ecosaises WoO83 are dated to 1806. Mozart's 6 Ländlerische Tänze, K.606 are dated to 1791.
Introduced to South America by French immigrants, Country Dance had great influence upon Latin American music as contradanza.
The Anglais (from the French word meaning "English") or Angloise is another term for the English country dance. A Scottish country dance may be termed an . Irish set dance is also related.
Characteristics
A set is a formation of dancers. The most common formations are longways for as many as will, i.e. couples in long lines, and squares, consisting of four couples. The longways formation occurs in over 12,000 modern contra dances; it was also the most popular formation in all the dance publications of the 18th and early 19th centuries. In 2003, Burleson's Square Dancer's Encyclopedia listed 5125 calls or figures. Circles and fixed-length longways sets are also very common, but the possible formations are limited only by the imagination of the choreographer.
Thomas Wilson, in 1808, wrote, "A Country Dance is composed of an indefinite number of persons, not less than six, but as many more as chuse, but six are sufficient to perform any figure in the treatise." Wilson was writing about his own period. In fact, there are numerous dances for two couples, and quite a few for three or five dancers.
A figure is a pattern that the dancers trace along the floor, simple ones such as Circle Left are intuitive and can be danced with no prior knowledge, while complex moves such as Strip the willow need to be taught. The stepping and style of dancing varies by region and by period.
Wilson, in 1820, wrote, "Country Dance Figures are certain Movements or Directions formed in Circular, Half Circular, Serpentine, Angular, Straight Lines, etc. etc. drawn out into different Lengths, adapted to the various Strains of Country Dance Music." . Again, the possible figures are limited only by the imagination of the choreographer. Examples of some of the figures are provided in the Glossary of country dance terms.
The music most commonly associated with country dancing is folk/country/traditional/historical music, however modern bands are experimenting with countless other genres.
While some dances may have originated on village greens, the vast majority were, and still are, written by dancing masters and choreographers.
Each dance consists of a series of figures, hopefully smoothly linked together, designed to fit to the chosen music. The most common form of music is 32 bar jigs or reels, but any music suitable for dancing can be used. In most dances the dancers will progress to a new position so that the next time through the music they are dancing with different people.
While English folk dance clubs generally embrace all types of country dance, American English country dance groups tend to exclude modern contra dances and square dances.
Country dancing is intended for general participation, unlike folk dances such as clogging, which are primarily concert dances, and ballroom dances in which dancers dance with their partners independently of others. Bright, rhythmic and simple, country dances had appeal as a refreshing finale to an evening of stately dances such as the minuet.
Historically, the term contra dance is just another name for a country dance. Howe, in 1858, wrote, "The term "Country Dance" is the one invariably used in all books on dancing that have been published in England during the last three centuries, while all works issued in France within the same period employ the term Contra Dance, or in French "Contre Danse". As the authority is equally good in both cases, either term is therefore correct. The Country or Contra Dance has been one of the most popular amusements in the British Isles, France, and other continental countries from time immemorial". However, "contra dance" is most commonly used today to refer to a specific American genre called contra dance.
History
Country dances began to influence courtly dance in the 15th century and became particularly popular at the court of Elizabeth I of England. Many references to country dancing and titles shared with known 17th-century dances appear from this time, though few of these can be shown to refer to English country dance. While some early features resemble the morris dance and other early styles, the influence of the courtly dances of Continental Europe, especially those of Renaissance Italy, may also be seen, and it is probable that English country dance was affected by these at an early date. Little is known of these dances before the mid-17th century.
John Playford's The English Dancing Master (1651) listed over a hundred tunes, each with its own figures. This was enormously popular, reprinted constantly for 80 years and much enlarged. Playford and his successors had a practical monopoly on the publication of dance manuals until 1711, and ceased publishing around 1728. During this period English country dances took a variety of forms including finite sets for two, three and four couples as well as circles and squares.
The country dance was introduced to the court of Louis XIV of France, where it became known as contredanse, and later to Germany and Italy. André Lorin, who visited the English court in the late 17th century, presented a manuscript of dances in the English manner to Louis XIV on his return to France. In 1706 Raoul Auger Feuillet published his Recüeil de Contredances, a collection of "contredanses anglaises" presented in a simplified form of Beauchamp-Feuillet notation and including some dances invented by the author as well as authentic English dances. This was subsequently translated into English by John Essex and published in England as For the Further Improvement of Dancing.
By the 1720s the term contradanse had come to refer to longways sets divided into groups of three or two couples, which would remain normative until English country dance's eclipse. The earliest French works refer only to the longways form as contradanse, which allowed the false etymology of "a dance in which lines dance opposite one another". The square-set type also had its vogue in France and spread to much of Europe, Russia and North America during the later 18th century as the quadrille and the cotillion. These usually require a group of eight people, a couple along each side. "Les Lanciers", a descendant of the quadrille, and the "Eightsome Reel" are examples of this kind of dance. Dancing in square sets still survives in Ireland, under the name "set dancing" or "figure dancing".
For some time English publishers issued annual collections of these dances in popular pocket-books. Jane Austen, Charles Dickens and Thomas Hardy all loved country dancing and put detailed descriptions into their novels. But the vogue for the waltz and the quadrille ousted the country dance from English ballrooms in the early 19th century, though Scottish country dance remained popular.
Influence
The English country dance and the French contredanse, arriving independently in the American colonies, became the New England contra dance, which experienced a resurgence in the mid-20th century. The quadrille evolved into square dance in the United States while in Ireland it contributed to the development of modern Irish set dance. English country dance in Scotland developed its own flavour and became the separate Scottish country dance. English céilidh is a special case, being a convergence of English, Irish and Scottish forms. In addition certain English country dances survived independently in the popular repertoire. One such is the Virginia Reel, which is almost exactly the same as the "Sir Roger de Coverley".
The contradanza, the Spanish and Spanish-American version of the French contradanse, became an internationally popular style of music and dance in the 18th century. The contradanza was popular in Spain and spread throughout Spanish America during the 18th century, where it took on folkloric forms that still exist in Mexico, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Panama and Ecuador. In Cuba during the 19th century the contradanza became an important genre, the ancestor of danzon, mambo and cha cha cha. Haitians fleeing the Haitian Revolution of 1791 brought to the Cuban version a Creole influence and a new syncopation.
The Engelska (Swedish for "English") or Danish Engelsk is a 16-bar Scandinavian folk dance in . Its name comes from the adoption in Scandinavia of English country dances and contra dances in the early 19th century. In Denmark the description "Engelsk" was used for both line and square dances of English origin.
Revival
Only due to the efforts of Cecil Sharp, Mary Neal and the English Folk Dance and Song Society in the late 19th and early 20th century did a revival take place, so that for some time schoolchildren were taught country dances. In the early 20th century, traditional and historical dances began to be revived in England. Neal, one of the first to do so, was principally known for her work in ritual dances, but Cecil Sharp, in the six volumes of his Country Dance Book, published between 1909 and 1922, attempted to reconstruct English country dance as it was performed at the time of Playford, using the surviving traditional English village dances as a guide, as the manuals defined almost none of the figures described. Sharp and his students were, however, almost wholly concerned with English country dances as found in the early dance manuals: Sharp published 160 dances from the Playford manuals and 16 traditional village country dances. Sharp believed that the Playford dances, especially those with irregular forms, represented the original "folk" form of English country dance and that all later changes in the dance's long history were corruptions. This view is no longer held.
The first collection of modern English country dances since the 1820s, Maggot Pie, was published in 1932, though only in the late 20th century did modern compositions become fully accepted. Reconstructions of historical dances and new compositions continue. Interpreters and composers of the 20th century include Douglas and Helen Kennedy, Pat Shaw, Tom Cook, Ken Sheffield, Charles Bolton, Michael Barraclough, Colin Hume, Gary Roodman, and Andrew Shaw.
The modern English country dance community in the United States consists primarily of liberal white professionals.
See also
Country–western dance
Baroque dance
International folk dance
Maypole
Stave dancing
Troyl, a Cornish gathering similar to a céilidh
Twmpath, a Welsh gathering similar to a céilidh
Schottische
References
External links
History
A multi-edition transcription of Playford's The Dancing Master, compiled by Robert M. Keller, hosted by the Country Dance and Song Society. Or go straight to the alphabetical index.
Evolution of the Playford dances (archived) by Nicole Salomone
A transcription of the first edition of Playford's The Dancing Master .
The Colonial Dancing Master Books and recordings.
Alan Winston's history survey English Country Dance and its American Cousin
Gene Murrow's comments on the history of ECD
John Gardiner-Garden's 10 volume 7,000 page magnum opus on social dance from 1450 to 1900 Historic Dance
Interpretation
Michael Barraclough
Colin Hume
Patri J. Pugliese
John Gardiner-Garden
Dance associations
Bay Area Country Dance Society promotes, preserves, and teaches traditional English and American music and dance in the San Francisco Bay area.
CD NY Country Dance New York holds weekly dances in New York City.
Country Dance and Song Society is a United States umbrella organization whose members enjoy English dance.
Country Dance*New York runs English and contra dance events in New York City.
Country Dance Society, Boston Centre runs English and contra dances in Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Ann Arbor Community for Traditional Music and Dance is an umbrella organization whose sponsored events include English and American music and dance in Michigan.
Dover English Country Dancers runs English dances in Dover, DE, USA & presents demonstrations at festivals & historic sites in MD & DE.
Earthly Delights Historic Dance Academy run dance classes and balls in Australia, as well as a Shakespeare Dance & Music Festival, Baroque Dance Weekend, Jane Austen Festival Australia and Yarrangobilly 19th Century Dance Retreat.
ECD around the United States A list of English dance series.
English Folk Dance and Song Society has an online shop selling books and compact disks.
Felpham & Middleton Country Dance Club has written a history from 1933–1994, just about one of the oldest extant English Country Dance clubs in England.
Society for Creative Anachronism practices many English country dances in a historical context.
The Leesburg Assembly is an English Country Dance community centered in Northern Virginia, USA.
The Victoria English Country Dance Society is a group of friendly people who gather once a week to dance in Victoria, BC, Canada. Live music is provided by The Dancehall Players.
General
Folk dances from County of Nice, France
Scottish Country Dancing database
Country Dance Clubs, Studio's & Festivals. Dance Clubs & Studios
Articles containing video clips
English country dance
Contra dance
European folk dances
Social dance
Dance forms in classical music
Nordic folk music
Nordic dances |
```html
<div class="row">
<div class="col-lg-6">
<nb-card>
<nb-card-header>Pie</nb-card-header>
<nb-card-body>
<ngx-d3-pie></ngx-d3-pie>
</nb-card-body>
</nb-card>
</div>
<div class="col-lg-6">
<nb-card>
<nb-card-header>Bar</nb-card-header>
<nb-card-body>
<ngx-d3-bar></ngx-d3-bar>
</nb-card-body>
</nb-card>
</div>
<div class="col-lg-6">
<nb-card>
<nb-card-header>Line</nb-card-header>
<nb-card-body>
<ngx-d3-line></ngx-d3-line>
</nb-card-body>
</nb-card>
</div>
<div class="col-lg-6">
<nb-card>
<nb-card-header>Advanced Pie</nb-card-header>
<nb-card-body>
<ngx-d3-advanced-pie></ngx-d3-advanced-pie>
</nb-card-body>
</nb-card>
</div>
<div class="col-lg-6">
<nb-card>
<nb-card-header>Area Chart</nb-card-header>
<nb-card-body>
<ngx-d3-area-stack></ngx-d3-area-stack>
</nb-card-body>
</nb-card>
</div>
</div>
``` |
```c
/***************************************************************************
* *
* ########### ########### ########## ########## *
* ############ ############ ############ ############ *
* ## ## ## ## ## ## ## *
* ## ## ## ## ## ## ## *
* ########### #### ###### ## ## ## ## ###### *
* ########### #### # ## ## ## ## # # *
* ## ## ###### ## ## ## ## # # *
* ## ## # ## ## ## ## # # *
* ############ ##### ###### ## ## ## ##### ###### *
* ########### ########### ## ## ## ########## *
* *
* S E C U R E M O B I L E N E T W O R K I N G *
* *
* This file is part of NexMon. *
* *
* *
* NexMon is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify *
* (at your option) any later version. *
* *
* NexMon is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, *
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of *
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the *
* *
* along with NexMon. If not, see <path_to_url *
* *
**************************************************************************/
#pragma NEXMON targetregion "patch"
#include <firmware_version.h>
#include <patcher.h>
#include <capabilities.h> // capabilities included in a nexmon patch
int capabilities = 0;
// Hook the call to wlc_ucode_write in wlc_ucode_download
__attribute__((at(WLC_UCODE_WRITE_BL_HOOK_ADDR, "", CHIP_VER_BCM43439a0, FW_VER_7_95_49_2271bb6)))
BLPatch(wlc_ucode_write_compressed, wlc_ucode_write_compressed);
__attribute__((at(HNDRTE_RECLAIM_0_END_PTR, "", CHIP_VER_BCM43439a0, FW_VER_7_95_49_2271bb6)))
GenericPatch4(hndrte_reclaim_0_end, PATCHSTART);
extern unsigned char templateram_bin[];
// Moving template ram to another place in the ucode region
__attribute__((at(TEMPLATERAMSTART_PTR, "", CHIP_VER_BCM43439a0, FW_VER_7_95_49_2271bb6)))
GenericPatch4(templateram_bin, templateram_bin);
``` |
Uraiyūr Maruthuvan Thāmōtharanār (Tamil: உறையூர் மருத்துவன் தாமோதரனார்) was a poet of the Sangam period, to whom 6 verses of the Sangam literature have been attributed, including verse 11 of the Tiruvalluva Maalai.
Biography
Dhamodharanar, known in full as Uraiyur Marutthuvan Dhamodharanar, lived in Uraiyur and was a physician by profession, hence came to be called thus. He was known as a worshiper of Lord Vishnu. He has sung in praise of the Chola King Kurappalli Thunjiya Perunthirumavalavan and Pittan Kottran in verses 60, 170, and 321 of the Purananuru. He is believed to be the contemporary of Sangam poets Kovoor Kilar, Madalan Madurai Kumaranar, and Kaveri Poompattanatthu Kaari Kannanar, since these poets, too, have sung on the Chola ruler.
Contribution to the Sangam literature
Marutthuvan Dhamodharanar has written 6 Sangam verses, including 3 in Purananuru (verses 60, 170, and 321), 2 in Agananuru (verses 133 and 257), and 1 in Tiruvalluva Maalai (verse 11).
Views on Valluvar and the Kural
Marutthuvan Dhamodharanar opines about Valluvar and the Kural text thus:
See also
Sangam literature
List of Sangam poets
Tiruvalluva Maalai
Notes
References
Tamil philosophy
Tamil poets
Sangam poets
Tiruvalluva Maalai contributors |
Van der Wal (or van de Wal, Vander Wal, Vanderwal, van de Wall, VanderWaal) is a toponymic surname of Dutch origin. The original bearer of the name may have lived or worked at or near a "wal": a river embankment, quay, or rampart. In 2007, Van de(r) Wal was the 47th most common surname in the Netherlands (15,646 people). In Belgium, the form Van de Walle is more abundant.
List
People with the name Van de(r) Wal include:
Dolf van der Wal (born 1985), Dutch snowboarder
(born 1981), Dutch road cyclist
Frederique van der Wal (born 1967), Dutch fashion model
Gerrit van der Wal, Dutch president of KLM from 1965 to 1973
Grace VanderWaal (born 2004), American singer-songwriter
Henk van der Wal (1886–1982), Dutch Olympic runner
Ian Vander-Wal (born 1971), Australian Olympic swimmer
Jan Jaap van der Wal (born 1979), Dutch stand-up comedian
Jannes van der Wal (1956–1996), Dutch/Frisian draughts (checkers) world champion
(1852–1908), Dutch-Indonesian pianist
John Vander Wal (born 1966), American baseball player
Kody Vanderwal (born 2001), American stock car driver
Laurel van der Wal (1924–2009), American aeronautical engineer
Marian van de Wal (born 1970), Dutch singer residing in Andorra
Marieke van der Wal (born 1979), Dutch handball goalkeeper
Nick van de Wall (born 1987), Dutch DJ better known as Afrojack
Rachael Vanderwal (born 1983), British basketball player
Rence van der Wal (born 1989), Dutch footballer
Ron Vanderwal (born 1938), American-Australian anthropologist and archeologist
Thomas Vander Wal (born 1966), American information architect
See also
Van der Waals (disambiguation)
Van de Walle
Wal (disambiguation)
References
Dutch-language surnames
Surnames of Dutch origin |
The Ministry of Housing, City and Territory () is the national executive ministry of Colombia in charge of formulating, implementing, and orienting housing policy, urban planning, and water supply and sanitation services in the country.
References
Government agencies established in 2011
Water supply and sanitation in Colombia |
```c++
#include "iconfetcher.h"
#include "shared/util.h"
#include "thread_utils.h"
void IconFetcher::Waiter::wait()
{
std::unique_lock lock(m_wakeUpMutex);
m_wakeUp.wait(lock, [&] {
return m_queueAvailable;
});
m_queueAvailable = false;
}
void IconFetcher::Waiter::wakeUp()
{
{
std::scoped_lock lock(m_wakeUpMutex);
m_queueAvailable = true;
}
m_wakeUp.notify_one();
}
IconFetcher::IconFetcher() : m_iconSize(GetSystemMetrics(SM_CXSMICON)), m_stop(false)
{
m_quickCache.file = getPixmapIcon(QFileIconProvider::File);
m_quickCache.directory = getPixmapIcon(QFileIconProvider::Folder);
m_thread = MOShared::startSafeThread([&] {
threadFun();
});
}
IconFetcher::~IconFetcher()
{
stop();
m_thread.join();
}
void IconFetcher::stop()
{
m_stop = true;
m_waiter.wakeUp();
}
QVariant IconFetcher::icon(const QString& path) const
{
if (hasOwnIcon(path)) {
return fileIcon(path);
} else {
const auto dot = path.lastIndexOf(".");
if (dot == -1) {
// no extension
return m_quickCache.file;
}
return extensionIcon(QStringView{path}.mid(dot));
}
}
QPixmap IconFetcher::genericFileIcon() const
{
return m_quickCache.file;
}
QPixmap IconFetcher::genericDirectoryIcon() const
{
return m_quickCache.directory;
}
bool IconFetcher::hasOwnIcon(const QString& path) const
{
static const QString exe = ".exe";
static const QString lnk = ".lnk";
static const QString ico = ".ico";
return path.endsWith(exe, Qt::CaseInsensitive) ||
path.endsWith(lnk, Qt::CaseInsensitive) ||
path.endsWith(ico, Qt::CaseInsensitive);
}
void IconFetcher::threadFun()
{
MOShared::SetThisThreadName("IconFetcher");
while (!m_stop) {
m_waiter.wait();
if (m_stop) {
break;
}
checkCache(m_extensionCache);
checkCache(m_fileCache);
}
}
void IconFetcher::checkCache(Cache& cache)
{
std::set<QString> queue;
{
std::scoped_lock lock(cache.queueMutex);
queue = std::move(cache.queue);
cache.queue.clear();
}
if (queue.empty()) {
return;
}
std::map<QString, QPixmap> map;
for (auto&& ext : queue) {
map.emplace(std::move(ext), getPixmapIcon(QFileInfo(ext)));
}
{
std::scoped_lock lock(cache.mapMutex);
for (auto&& p : map) {
cache.map.insert(std::move(p));
}
}
}
void IconFetcher::queue(Cache& cache, QString path) const
{
{
std::scoped_lock lock(cache.queueMutex);
cache.queue.insert(std::move(path));
}
m_waiter.wakeUp();
}
QVariant IconFetcher::fileIcon(const QString& path) const
{
{
std::scoped_lock lock(m_fileCache.mapMutex);
auto itor = m_fileCache.map.find(path);
if (itor != m_fileCache.map.end()) {
return itor->second;
}
}
queue(m_fileCache, path);
return {};
}
QVariant IconFetcher::extensionIcon(const QStringView& ext) const
{
{
std::scoped_lock lock(m_extensionCache.mapMutex);
auto itor = m_extensionCache.map.find(ext);
if (itor != m_extensionCache.map.end()) {
return itor->second;
}
}
queue(m_extensionCache, ext.toString());
return {};
}
``` |
The Dreamer is the second studio album by American country music artist Blake Shelton. Released in 2003 on Warner Bros. Records Nashville, it features the Number One single "The Baby," as well as the singles "Heavy Liftin'" and "Playboys of the Southwestern World". The Dreamer is certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America and features staff writers on all but one track.
Content
"The Baby" was the first single from the album. This song spent three weeks at Number One on the Billboard country charts in early 2003, becoming Shelton's second Number One hit. Unlike with his debut album, the second and third singles from The Dreamer did not peak as highly: "Heavy Liftin'" peaked at number 32, and "Playboys of the Southwestern World" at number 24.
"Georgia in a Jug" was previously recorded by Johnny Paycheck on his 1978 album Take This Job and Shove It, and his version was a number 20 country hit that year. "In My Heaven" was previously recorded by Mark Wills on his 2001 album Loving Every Minute.
Shelton's one solo writing credit on the album is for the title track, which is about Shelton's relationship with his then-fiance Kaynette Gern. "My Neck of the Woods" was co-written by Shelton and was inspired by the music of Hank Williams Jr. The lyrics to the song are about the area in Tennessee where Shelton was living at the time. Shelton said about "My Neck of the Woods", "This is a song I begged and begged to have on my first album, but I just couldn't convince the record company. Now I'm glad it didn't make the first album, because I think it fits better on this one."
Critical reception
Robert L. Doerschuk of Allmusic rated the album three stars out of five, saying, "Rough, rawboned energy drives Blake Shelton's sophomore release[…]the problem lies more with the material, which represents the doldrum state of songwriting in music city." Ray Waddell of Billboard thought that the album's variety of material made it "broader than its predecessor", contrasting the "muscular" "Heavy Liftin'" to the "impressive passion" on "The Baby", although he criticized the production of "Asphalt Cowboy".
Track listing
Personnel
As listed in liner notes.
Blake Shelton – lead vocals, backing vocals, acoustic guitar
Bobby Braddock – keyboards, string arrangements
Tim Lauer – keyboards, string arrangements and conductor
Mike Rojas – keyboards
Brent Rowan – Wurlitzer electric piano, electric guitars, baritone guitar
John Willis – acoustic guitar
Russ Pahl – banjo
Jonathan Yudkin – mandolin, fiddle
Dan Dugmore – steel guitar
Paul Franklin – steel guitar
Alison Prestwood – bass
Michael Rhodes – bass
Shannon Forrest – drums, percussion
Greg Morrow – drums, percussion
Charlie McCoy – harmonica, trumpet, vibraphone
Rob Hajacos – fiddle
John Catchings – cello
Anthony LaMarchina – cello
Carole Neuen-Rabinowitz – cello
Jim Grosjean – viola
Kristin Wilkinson – viola
David Angell – violin
David Davidson – violin
Carl Gorodetzky – violin
Pamela Sixfin – violin
Donald Teal – violin
Mary Kathryn Vanosdale – violin
Larry Cordle – backing vocals
Neal Coty – backing vocals
Melodie Crittenden – backing vocals
Wes Hightower – backing vocals
Blue Miller – backing vocals
Danny Myrick – backing vocals
John Rich – backing vocals
John Wesley Ryles – backing vocals
Leslie Satcher – backing vocals
Sharon Vaughn Bellamy – backing vocals
Dennis Wilson – backing vocals
Production
Bobby Braddock – producer
Paige Levy – A&R
Ed Seay – engineer, mixing
Paul Hart – additional engineer, assistant engineer
John Saylor – assistant engineer
Hank Williams – mastering at MasterMix (Nashville, Tennessee)
Milly Catignani – production coordinator
Janice Arzak – art direction
Garrett Rittenberry – design
Kristin Barlowe – photography
Debbie Dover – grooming
Katherine LePore – stylist
Chart performance
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Singles
Certifications
References
External links
"The Dreamer - Blake Shelton - Cut By Cut" on About.com
2003 albums
Blake Shelton albums
Warner Records albums |
Arrowsmith Bank is a submerged bank in Mexico. It is located in the Caribbean Sea off the northeastern end of the Yucatán Peninsula.
Geography
The bank is an underwater area that is wholly submerged. Its depths range between 25 and 400 m.
References
External links
Fishing at Arrowsmith Bank Mexico
Undersea banks of the Caribbean Sea
Reefs of Mexico |
Monoao refers to the following plants of New Zealand:
Dracophyllum subulatum
Halocarpus kirkii, a native tree of New Zealand resembling a kauri
Manoao colensoi, a native conifer of New Zealand, also called silver pine
Trees of New Zealand |
Götterdämmerung (German for "Twilight of the Gods") is the seventh album by German rock band Megaherz, released on 20 January 2012. It is the first album by the band to feature Christoph Klinke on guitars.
Track listing
Charts
References
2012 albums
Megaherz albums |
A Lagerstätte (, from Lager 'storage, lair' Stätte 'place'; plural Lagerstätten) is a sedimentary deposit that exhibits extraordinary fossils with exceptional preservation—sometimes including preserved soft tissues. These formations may have resulted from carcass burial in an anoxic environment with minimal bacteria, thus delaying the decomposition of both gross and fine biological features until long after a durable impression was created in the surrounding matrix. Lagerstätten span geological time from the Neoproterozoic era to the present. Worldwide, some of the best examples of near-perfect fossilization are the Cambrian Maotianshan shales and Burgess Shale, the Ordovician Soom Shale, the Silurian Waukesha Biota, the Devonian Hunsrück Slates and Gogo Formation, the Carboniferous Mazon Creek, the Triassic Madygen Formation, the Jurassic Posidonia Shale and Solnhofen Limestone, the Cretaceous Yixian, Santana, and Agua Nueva formations, the Eocene Green River Formation, the Miocene Foulden Maar and Ashfall Fossil Beds, the Pliocene Gray Fossil Site, the Pleistocene Naracoorte Caves, the La Brea Tar Pits, and the Tanis Fossil Site.
Types
Palaeontologists distinguish two kinds:
Konzentrat-Lagerstätten (concentration Lagerstätten) are deposits with a particular "concentration" of disarticulated organic hard parts, such as a bone bed. These Lagerstätten are less spectacular than the more famous Konservat-Lagerstätten. Their contents invariably display a large degree of time averaging, as the accumulation of bones in the absence of other sediment takes some time. Deposits with a high concentration of fossils that represent an in situ community, such as reefs or oyster beds, are not considered Lagerstätten.
Konservat-Lagerstätten (conservation Lagerstätten) are deposits known for the exceptional preservation of fossilized organisms or traces. The individual taphonomy of the fossils varies with the sites. Conservation Lagerstätten are crucial in elucidating important moments in the history and evolution of life. For example, the Burgess Shale of British Columbia is associated with the Cambrian explosion, and the Solnhofen limestone with the earliest known bird, Archaeopteryx.
Preservation
Konservat-Lagerstätten preserve lightly sclerotized and soft-bodied organisms or traces of organisms that are not otherwise preserved in the usual shelly and bony fossil record; thus, they offer more complete records of ancient biodiversity and behavior and enable some reconstruction of the palaeoecology of ancient aquatic communities. In 1986, Simon Conway Morris calculated only about 14% of genera in the Burgess Shale had possessed biomineralized tissues in life. The affinities of the shelly elements of conodonts were mysterious until the associated soft tissues were discovered near Edinburgh, Scotland, in the Granton Lower Oil Shale of the Carboniferous. Information from the broader range of organisms found in Lagerstätten have contributed to recent phylogenetic reconstructions of some major metazoan groups. Lagerstätten seem to be temporally autocorrelated, perhaps because global environmental factors such as climate might affect their deposition.
A number of taphonomic pathways may produce Lagerstätten. The following is an incomplete list:
Orsten-type and Doushantuo-type preservations preserve organisms in phosphate.
Bitter Springs-type preservation preserves them in silica.
Carbonaceous films are the result of Burgess Shale-type preservation
Pyrite preserves exquisite detail in Beecher's trilobite-type preservation.
Ediacaran-type preservation preserves casts and moulds with the aid of microbial mats.
Important Lagerstätten
The world's major Lagerstätten include:
Precambrian
Cambrian
Ordovician
Silurian
Devonian
Carboniferous
Permian
Triassic
Jurassic
Cretaceous
Palaeogene
Neogene
Quaternary
See also
List of fossil sites (with link directory)
Hoard, a concentration of human artifacts useful for similar reasons in archaeology
References
Further reading
Penney, D. (ed.) 2010. Biodiversity of Fossils in Amber from the Major World Deposits. Siri Scienfic Press, Manchester, 304 pp.
– A catalogue of sites of exceptional fossil preservation produced by MSc palaeobiology students at University of Bristol's Department of Earth Sciences.
German words and phrases |
```python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
.. module:: test_arithmetic
:platform: Unix
:synopsis: tests for the arithmetic submodule.
.. moduleauthor:: Mehmet Mert Yldran <mert.yildiran@bil.omu.edu.tr>
"""
from dragonfire.arithmetic import arithmetic_parse, text2int
import pytest
def test_text2int():
assert text2int("seven billion one hundred million thirty one thousand three hundred thirty seven") == 7100031337
@pytest.mark.parametrize("command, response", [
("How much is 12 + 14?", "12 + 14 = 26"),
("How much is twelve thousand three hundred four plus two hundred fifty six?", "12304 + 256 = 12560"),
("What is five hundred eighty nine times six?", "589 * 6 = 3534"),
("What is five hundred eighty nine divided by 89?", "589 / 89 = 6.617977528089888"),
("What is seven billion five million and four thousand three hundred and four plus five million and four thousand three hundred and four?", "7005004304 + 5004304 = 7010008608"),
("How much is 16 - 23?", "16 - 23 = -7"),
("How much is 144 * 12?", "144 * 12 = 1728"),
("How much is 23 / 0?", "Sorry, but that does not make sense as the divisor cannot be zero."),
("How much is 12 + ( 14 * 3 )?", "12 + ( 14 * 3 ) = 54"),
("How much is 12 + ( 14 * )?", False)
])
def test_arithmetic_parse(command, response):
assert arithmetic_parse(command) == response
``` |
Paul J. Ferri (born December 21, 1937 in Rome, Italy) is the founder and general partner of Matrix Partners, a venture capital firm.
Early life
In 1944, Ferri and his family immigrated to the United States where they settled in Virginia. His father worked for the government as an aeronautics engineer. Ferri's family eventually moved to New York City. Ferri obtained a B.Sc. in electrical engineering from Cornell University, a M.Sc in electrical engineering from the Polytechnic Institute of New York and an M.B.A. from Columbia University.
Career
In 1977, Ferri and Warren Hellman co-founded Hellman Ferri Investment Associates. After five years, the partners split. Hellman started Hellman & Friedman in 1984 and Ferri started Matrix Partners in 1982. In 1999, Ferri co-founded hedge fund Matrix Capital Management with David Goel.
References
Alumni of the London School of Economics
Columbia Business School alumni
Cornell University College of Engineering alumni
Living people
Polytechnic Institute of New York University alumni
American company founders
1937 births |
The Way It Was, The Way It Is is the sixteenth studio album by American R&B singer Lou Rawls. It peaked at number 103 on the Billboard Top LPs & Tape chart in 1969.
Track listing
Side one
"Fa Fa Fa Fa Fa (Sad Song)" – 2:38
"Trying Just as Hard as I Can" – 2:36
"Your Good Thing (Is About to End)" – 4:30
"I Love You Yes I Do" – 4:03
"When a Man Loves a Woman" – 2:55
Side two
"Season of the Witch" – 5:50
"Gentle on My Mind" – 2:49
"I Wonder" – 2:45
"I Want to Be Loved (But Only by You)" – 2:51
"It's You" – 2:39
Charts
References
1969 albums
Lou Rawls albums |
```javascript
/**
* @license Apache-2.0
*
*
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
*/
'use strict';
// MODULES //
var addon = require( './../src/addon.node' );
// MAIN //
/**
* Computes the multiplicative inverse for each element in a single-precision floating-point strided array `x` according to a strided mask array and assigns the results to elements in a single-precision floating-point strided array `y`.
*
* @param {NonNegativeInteger} N - number of indexed elements
* @param {Float32Array} x - input array
* @param {integer} sx - `x` stride length
* @param {Uint8Array} m - mask array
* @param {integer} sm - `m` stride length
* @param {Float32Array} y - destination array
* @param {integer} sy - `y` stride length
* @returns {Float32Array} `y`
*
* @example
* var Float32Array = require( '@stdlib/array/float32' );
* var Uint8Array = require( '@stdlib/array/uint8' );
*
* var x = new Float32Array( [ -20.0, -1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 10.0 ] );
* var m = new Uint8Array( [ 0, 0, 1, 0, 1 ] );
* var y = new Float32Array( [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 ] );
*
* smskinv( x.length, x, 1, m, 1, y, 1 );
* // y => <Float32Array>[ ~-0.05, -1.0, 0.0, 0.25, 0.0 ]
*/
function smskinv( N, x, sx, m, sm, y, sy ) {
addon( N, x, sx, m, sm, y, sy );
return y;
}
// EXPORTS //
module.exports = smskinv;
``` |
```javascript
import { fileURLToPath } from "url";
import { IAMClient } from "@aws-sdk/client-iam";
import { LambdaClient } from "@aws-sdk/client-lambda";
import { SageMakerClient } from "@aws-sdk/client-sagemaker";
import { SQSClient } from "@aws-sdk/client-sqs";
import { S3Client } from "@aws-sdk/client-s3";
import { Prompter } from "@aws-doc-sdk-examples/lib/prompter.js";
import { SlowLogger } from "@aws-doc-sdk-examples/lib/slow-logger.js";
import { SageMakerPipelinesWkflw } from "./SageMakerPipelinesWkflw.js";
const prompter = new Prompter();
const logger = new SlowLogger(25);
export async function main() {
const pipelineWkfw = new SageMakerPipelinesWkflw(prompter, logger, {
IAM: new IAMClient({ region: "us-west-2" }),
Lambda: new LambdaClient({ region: "us-west-2" }),
SageMaker: new SageMakerClient({ region: "us-west-2" }),
S3: new S3Client({ region: "us-west-2" }),
SQS: new SQSClient({ region: "us-west-2" }),
});
await pipelineWkfw.run();
}
// Invoke main function if this file was run directly.
if (process.argv[1] === fileURLToPath(import.meta.url)) {
main();
}
``` |
The Antrim Junior Hurling Championship (known for sponsorship reasons as the Casement Social Club Junior Hurling Championship and abbreviated to the Antrim JHC) is an annual hurling competition organised by the Antrim County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association and contested by the junior-graded clubs in the county of Antrim in Northern Ireland. It is the third tier overall in the entire Antrim hurling championship system.
In its current format, the Antrim Junior Championship begins in August. The 8 participating club teams are draw into two groups of four teams and play each other in a round-robin system. The first and second-placed teams in both groups proceed to the knockout phase that culminates with the final. The winner of the Antrim Junior Championship qualifies for the subsequent Ulster Club Championship.
Shane O'Neill's are the title holders after defeating St. Mary's, Rasharkin by 1–21 to 0–16 in the 2022 final.
Format
Group stage
The 8 teams are divided into two groups of four. Over the course of the group stage, each team plays once against the others in the group, resulting in each team being guaranteed at least three games. Two points are awarded for a win, one for a draw and zero for a loss. The teams are ranked in the group stage table by points gained, then scoring difference and then their head-to-head record. The top two teams in each group qualify for the knockout stage.
Knockout stage
Semi-finals: The first and second-placed teams from both groups contest this round. The two winners from these games advance to the final.
Final: The two semi-final winners contest the final. The winning team are declared champions.
Promotion
At the end of the championship, the winning team is automatically promoted to the Antrim Intermediate Championship for the following season.
2023 teams
Sponsorship
Casement Social Club have been the title sponsor of the Antrim Junior Hurling Championship since 2019.
Qualification for subsequent competitions
The Antrim Junior Championship winners qualify for the subsequent Ulster Junior Club Hurling Championship.
Trophy and medals
The Kevin Grieve Cup is the current prize for winning the championship. In accordance with GAA rules, the County Board awards a set of gold medals to the championship winners.
List of finals
References
Hurling competitions in County Antrim
Junior hurling county championships |
Willoughby Wittenham Rees Goddard (4 July 1926 – 11 April 2008) was an English actor whose trademark rotund figure was well known on television and in films for more than 40 years.
Biography
Goddard was born in Bicester, Oxfordshire. He played Mr. Bumble in two versions of Charles Dickens's Oliver Twist – a 1962 television adaptation, and the original Broadway production of the musical Oliver!. He originated the role of Cardinal Wolsey in the West End production of Robert Bolt's A Man for All Seasons. He appeared in the television series The Adventures of William Tell (which lasted 39 episodes) in 1958 and 1959 as the villain Landburgher Gessler and as Sir Geoffrey in The Man in Room 17, which ran two series of 13 hour-long black-and-white episodes in 1965 and 1966. He was cast as Reeder's boss, Sir Jason Toovey, (head of the Department of Public Prosecutions) in The Mind of Mr. J.G. Reeder, a TV series of 16 hour-long episodes with first season 1969 and second season 1971 based on short stories by Edgar Wallace.
Goddard retired from the industry in 1987 and died in 2008, aged 81.
Goddard is buried in Teddington Cemetery.
Filmography
Film appearances
Bait (1950) – John Hartley
The Million Pound Note (1950) – Stockbroker (uncredited)
The Green Man (1956) – Statesman
A Touch of the Sun (1956) – Golightly
Stranger in Town (1957) – Publican
Heart of a Child (1958) – Scott
In the Wake of a Stranger (1959) – Shafto
Inn for Trouble (1960) – Sgt Saunders
The Millionairess (1961) – President
The Secret Partner (1961) – Hotel Kepper
Double Bunk (1961) – Prospective Purchaser
The Long Shadow (1961) – Schober
Fate Takes a Hand (1961) – Rollenshaw
The Golden Rabbit (1962) – Clitheroe
Carry On Cruising (1962) – Large Man
The Wrong Box (1966) – James White Wragg
The Charge of the Light Brigade (1968) – Squire
Laughter in the Dark (1969) – Colonel
The Juggler of Notre Dame (1970) – Judge Broadbottom
The Canterbury Tales (1971) – Placebo
Gawain and the Green Knight (1973) – Knight
Joseph Andrews (1977) – Fourposter Innkeeper
Jabberwocky (1977) – Eggman (uncredited)
Quincy's Quest (1979) – General
Young Sherlock Holmes (1985) – School Reverend
God's Outlaw (1986) – Cardinal Wolsey
TV appearances
David Copperfield (1956) – Mr. Creakle
The Buccaneers (1956) – Phineas Bunch – "Marooned"
The Buccaneers (1956) – Lawyer Pym – "Blood Will Tell"
Gay Cavalier (1957) – Bulstrode – "Dragon's Heart"
The Adventures of William Tell (1958–1959) – Landburger Gessler – regular cast
The Invisible Man (1961) – Crowther – "Bank Raid"
Charlesworth (1959) – Calvarez1
Danger Man (1961) – McFadden – "The Journey Ends Halfway"
The Avengers (1961) – The Deacon – "The Frighteners"
Oliver Twist (1962) – Mr. Bumble
Ghost Squad (1963) – Slim Salmon – "The Missing People"
Richard the Lionheart (1963) – Arnold – "The Lord of Kenak"
Public Eye (1965) – Chambers – "A Harsh World for Zealots"
The Man in Room 17 (1965–1966) – Sir Geoffrey – regular cast
The Baron (1967) – Colbert – "The Edge of Fear"
The Saint (1969) – (ex) King Boris – "The Ex-King of Diamonds"
The Mind of Mr. J.G. Reeder (1969) – Sir Jason Toovey – regular cast
The Main Chance (1969) – What About Justice?
Orson Welles Great Mysteries (1973) – Sir Thomas "Captain Rogers"
The Sweeney (1976) – Kitter – "Sweet Smell of Succession"
Space: 1999 (1977) – The Taybor – "The Taybor"
The Famous Five (1978) – The Man – "Five go to Mystery Moor"
My Son, My Son (1979) – Mr. Moscrop
The Incredible Mr Tanner (1981) – Tom
The Black Adder (1983) – The Archbishop – "The Queen of Spain's Beard"
John Silver's Return to Treasure Island (1986) – Sir Solomon Pridham – "The Map"
Porterhouse Blue (1987) – Professor Siblington
References
External links
Obituary: Guardian
Obituary: Independent
1926 births
2008 deaths
People from Bicester
English male film actors
English male television actors
English male stage actors |
```kotlin
/*
* that can be found in the LICENSE file.
*/
package zzz
open class B {
val z by lazy { "qzz" }
val x = 117
val zzz = "zzz"
}
``` |
Bright Osayi-Samuel (born 31 December 1997) is a Nigerian professional footballer who plays as a right-back for Süper Lig club Fenerbahçe and the Nigeria national team.
Early life
Osayi-Samuel was born in Okija, Nigeria, then moved with his family to Spain before emigrating to England when he was ten years old, settling in Woolwich, London.
Career
Blackpool
Osayi-Samuel was a youth academy graduate of Blackpool. He made his professional debut on 7 March 2015 in a 1–0 home defeat to Sheffield Wednesday.
On 10 December 2016, he scored his first professional goal against Stevenage in a 2-0 away win.
At the end of his career with the team, he scored 4 goals in 64 games. Also in all competitions, he scored 5 goals in 79 games.
Queens Park Rangers
On 1 September 2017, Osayi-Samuel joined Championship side Queens Park Rangers on a three-year deal.
He made his debut with the team on 23 September 2017 in a 0–0 home draw as a substitute against Burton Albion. On 28 April 2018, he scored his first goal with the team against Birmingham City in a 3-1 home win.
At the end of his career with the team, he scored 11 goals in 103 games. Also in all competitions, he scored 13 goals in 115 games.
Fenerbahçe
On 15 January 2021, Osayi-Samuel signed a pre-contract agreement to join Turkish side Fenerbahçe on a four-year deal beginning in July 2021. In a turn of events, he joined the club on 23 January in an immediate transfer.
He made his debut in a 1-0 win over Çaykur Rizespor on 30 January 2021. On 8 March 2021, he scored his first goal against Konyaspor in Süper Lig away match, Fenerbahçe won 3-0.
On 19 August 2021, he made his continental debut in his career in a 2021–22 UEFA Europa League qualifying round match against HJK Helsinki, which Fenerbahçe won 1-0 in home game.
International career
After successful seasons with Fenerbahçe, on 11 November 2022, Osayi-Samuel received his first International call-up from Nigeria to play in a friendly game against Portugal. He was in the starting eleven and played 90 minutes for his international debut.
Career statistics
Club
International
Honours
Blackpool
EFL League Two play-offs: 2017
Fenerbahçe
Turkish Cup: 2022–23
References
External links
1997 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Anambra State
Nigerian men's footballers
Nigeria men's international footballers
English men's footballers
Nigerian emigrants to the United Kingdom
Men's association football midfielders
Black British sportsmen
Footballers from Woolwich
English Football League players
Süper Lig players
Blackpool F.C. players
Queens Park Rangers F.C. players
Fenerbahçe S.K. footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Turkey
English expatriate men's footballers
Nigerian expatriate men's footballers
English expatriate sportspeople in Turkey
Nigerian expatriate sportspeople in Turkey |
"I Love Hip Hop" is the fifth maxi single by Dragon Ash, released in 1999. It was released on the same day as "Grateful Days" and both singles quickly gained popularity in Japan.
"I Love Hip Hop" is performed to the tune of the famous 1975 song "I Love Rock 'n' Roll" by Arrows. Because of its remarkable karaoke-style singability, the song has been performed live by Dragon Ash on several occasions and remains a fan favorite. and this tune also samples the intro from "Clean Up Woman" by Betty Wright.
"Motor Headphone" is produced by members Ikuzo Baba and Makoto Sakurai and is named after their side project Motör Headphone.
Track listing
"I Love Hip Hop" – 4:22
"Freedom of Expression" – 4:09
"Motor Headphone" – 2:01
External links
Allmusic [ review] ()
1999 singles
Dragon Ash songs
1999 songs
Victor Entertainment singles |
The Secret of Crickley Hall is a 2006 supernatural thriller novel by the British writer James Herbert.
Synopsis
2006
Gabe Caleigh, his wife Eve, and their children, Loren, Cameron and Cally, live in London. One day Cameron goes missing when Eve falls asleep for a few seconds at a playground and he simply disappears. Eleven months later, Gabe is offered a short-term contract of employment on the coast. Anxious for his wife, he suggests that a relocation over the period of the anniversary could help the whole family.
On arriving at Crickley Hall, they meet Percy Judd who worked there during the war; he seems concerned for their children. They start to settle in but before long, strange things start to happen at the house. They hear people, Cally claims to have been hit by a man with a cane and their dog runs away in terror.
In the house Eve hears her missing son’s voice for the first time in a year. He says he is alive and the children can tell her where he is. After Loren suffers a terrifyingly real nightmare where she gets whipped by the man with the cane, Gabe wants them all to leave, but Eve can’t bear to abandon her son.
1943
Seventy years earlier, Crickley Hall is an orphanage for children evacuated from the Blitz. Nancy is interviewed for the position of ‘tutor’ by Magda, sister of Augustus Cribben who runs the orphanage.
Nancy meets the children, including six-year-old Stefan, a Polish refugee, and twelve-year-old Maurice, the class sneak. Cribben keeps in the shadows – he hasn’t been the same since he was injured in the Blitz.
Nancy suspects the orphans are being mistreated, especially Stefan. When Nancy finally meets Cribben, she is appalled by a man who seems out of control. She tries to rescue the orphans but is fired, and no-one believes her apart from young Percy, who is about to be called up to war.
Setting
The village of Hollow Bay in The Secret Of Crickley Hall is based on Lynmouth in Exmoor National Park, Devon; Devil's Cleave is the East Lyn Valley and Watersmeet.
The book brings together two stories, child evacuees during the Second World War and the 1952 flood disaster that devastated Lynmouth.
Television adaptation
A three-part serial was broadcast weekly on BBC One from 18 November 2012.
References
2006 British novels
British thriller novels
British novels adapted into television shows
Novels by James Herbert
Pan Books books |
```javascript
module.exports = {
root: true,
extends: ['../../common.eslintrc.js'],
parserOptions: {
project: './tsconfig.json',
tsconfigRootDir: __dirname,
},
ignorePatterns: ['**/*.spec.ts', '__mocks__'],
plugins: ['@typescript-eslint', 'prettier'],
env: {
browser: true,
},
globals: {
__WEB_VERSION__: true,
},
}
``` |
Tony Ray (; born in Kingston, Jamaica) is a Jamaican-Israeli musician. He is most noted as being the pioneer of Reggae in Israel as he released I Feel Like Reggae in 1981 which was the first full-length reggae album in the country.
Career
In 1963 Tony Ray moved with his family to Bristol and there he started to be involved with music. His first band was The Lurks, he played the bass and was the vocalist of the band. Later on he played with The Cocktails and toured in Europe and the Middle East.
In 1970 he relocated to Tel Aviv after a tour in Israel with The Cocktails. In 1981 he released his debut album which had songs both in English and Hebrew, the album received medium success. Since then he has released seven more albums and in 1998 he opened the Rasta Club in Tel Aviv, which is one of the only clubs in Israel dedicated for Reggae music.
In 1986 Ray and his band had a brief appearance in the film Alex Holeh Ahavah. He also was a musical guest on the sketch comedy TV series Zehu Ze!. Tony had a small role in the second season finale of Shemesh.
Discography
1981 I Feel Like Reggae
1985 Burn de Wicked Man
1987 Reggae Man
1990 Do De Reggae
1995 Drive Me Crazy
2007 The Voice of Jamaica
2013 Children of the World
2015 No More Wars
References
External links
Tony Ray on Myspace
1950 births
Living people
Musicians from Kingston, Jamaica
21st-century Israeli male singers
Jamaican male songwriters
Jamaican reggae singers
20th-century Jamaican male singers
Israeli songwriters
20th-century Israeli male singers
Immigrants to Israel
Jamaican emigrants
Musicians from Tel Aviv |
```xml
namespace pxt.packetio {
export interface TalkArgs {
cmd: number;
data?: Uint8Array;
}
export interface PacketIOWrapper {
readonly io: PacketIO;
icon: string;
familyID: number;
onSerial: (buf: Uint8Array, isStderr: boolean) => void;
reconnectAsync(): Promise<void>;
disconnectAsync(): Promise<void>;
isConnected(): boolean
isConnecting(): boolean
// flash the device, does **not** reconnect
reflashAsync(resp: pxtc.CompileResult, progressCallback?: (percentageComplete: number) => void): Promise<void>;
onCustomEvent: (type: string, payload: Uint8Array) => void;
sendCustomEventAsync(type: string, payload: Uint8Array): Promise<void>;
// returns a list of part ids that are not supported by the connected hardware. currently
// only used by pxt-microbit to warn users about v2 blocks on v1 hardware
unsupportedParts?(): string[];
// the variant id for the currently connected device
devVariant?: string;
}
export interface PacketIO {
sendPacketAsync(pkt: Uint8Array): Promise<void>;
recvPacketAsync?: () => Promise<Uint8Array>;
onDeviceConnectionChanged: (connect: boolean) => void;
onConnectionChanged: () => void;
onData: (v: Uint8Array) => void;
onError: (e: Error) => void;
onEvent: (v: Uint8Array) => void;
error(msg: string): any;
reconnectAsync(): Promise<void>;
disconnectAsync(): Promise<void>;
isConnecting(): boolean;
isConnected(): boolean;
isSwitchingToBootloader?: () => void;
// release any native resource before being released
disposeAsync(): Promise<void>;
// these are implemneted by HID-bridge
talksAsync?(cmds: TalkArgs[]): Promise<Uint8Array[]>;
sendSerialAsync?(buf: Uint8Array, useStdErr: boolean): Promise<void>;
onSerial?: (v: Uint8Array, isErr: boolean) => void;
}
export let mkPacketIOAsync: () => Promise<PacketIO>;
export let mkPacketIOWrapper: (io: PacketIO) => PacketIOWrapper;
let wrapper: PacketIOWrapper;
let initPromise: Promise<PacketIOWrapper>;
let onConnectionChangedHandler: () => void = () => { };
let onSerialHandler: (buf: Uint8Array, isStderr: boolean) => void;
let onCustomEventHandler: (type: string, buf: Uint8Array) => void;
/**
* A DAP wrapper is active
*/
export function isActive() {
return !!wrapper;
}
/**
* The DAP wrapper is active and the device is connected
*/
export function isConnected() {
return !!wrapper?.isConnected();
}
export function isConnecting() {
return !!wrapper?.isConnecting();
}
export function icon() {
return !!wrapper && (wrapper.icon || pxt.appTarget.appTheme.downloadDialogTheme?.deviceIcon || "usb");
}
export function unsupportedParts() {
return wrapper?.unsupportedParts ? wrapper.unsupportedParts() : [];
}
export function deviceVariant() {
return wrapper?.devVariant;
}
let disconnectPromise: Promise<void>
export function disconnectAsync(): Promise<void> {
if (disconnectPromise)
return disconnectPromise;
let p = Promise.resolve();
if (wrapper) {
debug('packetio: disconnect')
const w = wrapper;
p = p.then(() => w.disconnectAsync())
.then(() => w.io.disposeAsync())
.catch(e => {
// swallow execeptions
pxt.reportException(e);
})
.finally(() => {
initPromise = undefined; // dubious
wrapper = undefined;
disconnectPromise = undefined;
});
if (onConnectionChangedHandler)
p = p.then(() => onConnectionChangedHandler());
disconnectPromise = p;
}
return p;
}
export function configureEvents(
onConnectionChanged: () => void,
onSerial: (buf: Uint8Array, isStderr: boolean) => void,
onCustomEvent: (type: string, buf: Uint8Array) => void
): void {
onConnectionChangedHandler = onConnectionChanged;
onSerialHandler = onSerial;
onCustomEventHandler = onCustomEvent;
if (wrapper) {
wrapper.io.onConnectionChanged = onConnectionChangedHandler;
wrapper.onSerial = onSerialHandler;
wrapper.onCustomEvent = onCustomEvent;
}
}
export function sendCustomEventAsync(type: string, payload: Uint8Array) {
if (wrapper)
return wrapper.sendCustomEventAsync(type, payload)
else
return Promise.resolve()
}
function wrapperAsync(): Promise<PacketIOWrapper> {
if (wrapper)
return Promise.resolve(wrapper);
if (!mkPacketIOAsync) {
pxt.debug(`packetio: not defined, skipping`)
return Promise.resolve(undefined);
}
pxt.debug(`packetio: new wrapper`)
return mkPacketIOAsync()
.then(io => {
io.onConnectionChanged = onConnectionChangedHandler;
wrapper = mkPacketIOWrapper(io);
if (onSerialHandler)
wrapper.onSerial = onSerialHandler;
if (onCustomEventHandler)
wrapper.onCustomEvent = onCustomEventHandler;
// trigger ui update
if (onConnectionChangedHandler)
onConnectionChangedHandler();
return wrapper;
})
}
export function initAsync(force = false): Promise<PacketIOWrapper> {
pxt.debug(`packetio: init ${force ? "(force)" : ""}`)
if (!initPromise) {
let p = Promise.resolve();
if (force)
p = p.then(() => disconnectAsync());
initPromise = p.then(() => wrapperAsync())
.finally(() => { initPromise = undefined })
}
return initPromise;
}
}
``` |
```html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="big5"> <!-- test breaks if the server overrides this -->
<title>Big5 encoding (form)</title>
<meta name="timeout" content="long">
<meta name="variant" content="?1-1000">
<meta name="variant" content="?1001-2000">
<meta name="variant" content="?2001-3000">
<meta name="variant" content="?3001-4000">
<meta name="variant" content="?4001-5000">
<meta name="variant" content="?5001-6000">
<meta name="variant" content="?6001-7000">
<meta name="variant" content="?7001-8000">
<meta name="variant" content="?8001-9000">
<meta name="variant" content="?9001-10000">
<meta name="variant" content="?10001-11000">
<meta name="variant" content="?11001-12000">
<meta name="variant" content="?12001-13000">
<meta name="variant" content="?13001-14000">
<meta name="variant" content="?14001-last">
<script src="/resources/testharness.js"></script>
<script src="/resources/testharnessreport.js"></script>
<script src="/common/subset-tests.js"></script>
<script src="big5_index.js"></script>
<script src="big5-encoder.js"></script>
<link rel="author" title="Richard Ishida" href="mailto:ishida@w3.org">
<link rel="help" href="path_to_url#big5">
<meta name="assert" content="The browser produces the expected byte sequences for all characters in the big5 encoding after 0x9F when encoding bytes for a URL produced by a form, using the encoder steps in the specification.">
<style>
iframe { display:none }
form { display:none }
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div id="log"></div>
<script src="../../resources/ranges.js"></script>
<script>
var errors = false;
var encoder = big5Encoder;
var ranges = rangesAll;
var separator = ",";
function expect(result, codepoint) {
return "%" + result.replace(/ /g, "%");
}
</script>
<script src="../../resources/encode-form-common.js"></script>
</body>
</html>
``` |
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