text stringlengths 1 22.8M |
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```scala
/*
* contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
* this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
*/
package org.apache.spark.sql.carbondata.datasource
import java.io.File
import org.apache.commons.codec.binary.{Base64, Hex}
import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils
import org.apache.spark.sql.{AnalysisException, Row}
import org.apache.spark.sql.test.util.QueryTest
import org.apache.spark.util.SparkUtil
import org.scalatest.BeforeAndAfterAll
import org.apache.carbondata.core.constants.CarbonCommonConstants
import org.apache.carbondata.core.util.CarbonProperties
import org.apache.carbondata.sdk.util.BinaryUtil
class SparkCarbonDataSourceBinaryTest extends QueryTest with BeforeAndAfterAll {
var writerPath = s"$target/SparkCarbonFileFormat/WriterOutput/"
var outputPath = writerPath + 2
// getCanonicalPath gives path with \, but the code expects /.
writerPath = writerPath.replace("\\", "/")
var sdkPath = new File(this.getClass.getResource("/").getPath + "../../../../sdk/sdk/")
.getCanonicalPath
def buildTestBinaryData(): Any = {
FileUtils.deleteDirectory(new File(writerPath))
FileUtils.deleteDirectory(new File(outputPath))
val sourceImageFolder = sdkPath + "/src/test/resources/image/flowers"
val sufAnnotation = ".txt"
BinaryUtil.binaryToCarbon(sourceImageFolder, writerPath, sufAnnotation, ".jpg")
}
private def cleanTestData() = {
FileUtils.deleteDirectory(new File(writerPath))
FileUtils.deleteDirectory(new File(outputPath))
}
override def beforeAll(): Unit = {
defaultConfig()
CarbonProperties.getInstance()
.addProperty(CarbonCommonConstants.CARBON_TIMESTAMP_FORMAT,
CarbonCommonConstants.CARBON_TIMESTAMP_DEFAULT_FORMAT)
buildTestBinaryData()
FileUtils.deleteDirectory(new File(outputPath))
sql("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS sdkOutputTable")
}
override def afterAll(): Unit = {
cleanTestData()
sql("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS sdkOutputTable")
}
test("Test direct sql read carbon") {
assert(new File(writerPath).exists())
checkAnswer(
sql(s"SELECT COUNT(*) FROM carbon.`$writerPath`"),
Seq(Row(3)))
}
test("Test read image carbon with spark carbon file format, generate by sdk, CTAS") {
sql("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS binaryCarbon")
sql("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS binaryCarbon3")
FileUtils.deleteDirectory(new File(outputPath))
if (SparkUtil.isSparkVersionEqualTo("2.1")) {
sql(s"CREATE TABLE binaryCarbon USING CARBON OPTIONS(PATH '$writerPath')")
sql(s"CREATE TABLE binaryCarbon3 USING CARBON OPTIONS(PATH '$outputPath')" +
" AS SELECT * FROM binaryCarbon")
} else {
sql(s"CREATE TABLE binaryCarbon USING CARBON LOCATION '$writerPath'")
sql(s"CREATE TABLE binaryCarbon3 USING CARBON LOCATION '$outputPath'" +
" AS SELECT * FROM binaryCarbon")
}
checkAnswer(sql("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM binaryCarbon"),
Seq(Row(3)))
checkAnswer(sql("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM binaryCarbon3"),
Seq(Row(3)))
sql("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS binaryCarbon")
sql("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS binaryCarbon3")
FileUtils.deleteDirectory(new File(outputPath))
}
test("Don't support sort_columns") {
sql("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS binaryTable")
var exception = intercept[Exception] {
sql(
s"""
| CREATE TABLE binaryTable (
| id DOUBLE,
| label BOOLEAN,
| name STRING,
| image BINARY,
| autoLabel BOOLEAN)
| using carbon
| options('SORT_COLUMNS'='image')
""".stripMargin)
// TODO: it should throw exception when create table
sql("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM binaryTable").collect()
}
assert(exception.getCause.getMessage
.contains(
"sort columns not supported for array, struct, map, double, float, decimal, varchar, " +
"binary"))
sql("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS binaryTable")
if (SparkUtil.isSparkVersionEqualTo("2.1")) {
exception = intercept[Exception] {
sql(
s"""
| CREATE TABLE binaryTable
| using carbon
| options(PATH '$writerPath',
| 'SORT_COLUMNS'='image')
""".stripMargin)
sql("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM binaryTable").collect()
}
} else {
exception = intercept[Exception] {
sql(
s"""
| CREATE TABLE binaryTable
| using carbon
| options('SORT_COLUMNS'='image')
| LOCATION '$writerPath'
""".stripMargin)
sql("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM binaryTable").collect()
}
}
assert(exception.getMessage.contains("Cannot use sort columns during infer schema"))
sql("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS binaryTable")
if (SparkUtil.isSparkVersionEqualTo("2.1")) {
exception = intercept[Exception] {
sql(
s"""
| CREATE TABLE binaryTable (
| id DOUBLE,
| label BOOLEAN,
| name STRING,
| image BINARY,
| autoLabel BOOLEAN)
| using carbon
| options(PATH '$writerPath',
| 'SORT_COLUMNS'='image')
""".stripMargin)
sql("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM binaryTable").collect()
}
} else {
exception = intercept[Exception] {
sql(
s"""
| CREATE TABLE binaryTable (
| id DOUBLE,
| label BOOLEAN,
| name STRING,
| image BINARY,
| autoLabel BOOLEAN)
| using carbon
| options('SORT_COLUMNS'='image')
| LOCATION '$writerPath'
""".stripMargin)
sql("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM binaryTable").collect()
}
}
assert(exception.getCause.getMessage
.contains(
"sort columns not supported for array, struct, map, double, float, decimal, varchar, " +
"binary"))
}
test("Don't support long_string_columns for binary") {
sql("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS binaryTable")
val exception = intercept[Exception] {
sql(
s"""
| CREATE TABLE binaryTable (
| id DOUBLE,
| label BOOLEAN,
| name STRING,
| image BINARY,
| autoLabel BOOLEAN)
| using carbon
| options('long_string_columns'='image')
""".stripMargin)
sql("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM binaryTable").collect()
}
assert(exception.getCause.getMessage
.contains("long string column : image is not supported for data type: BINARY"))
}
test("Don't support insert into partition table") {
if (SparkUtil.isSparkVersionXAndAbove("2.2")) {
sql("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS binaryCarbon")
sql("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS binaryCarbon2")
sql("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS binaryCarbon3")
sql("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS binaryCarbon4")
sql(s"CREATE TABLE binaryCarbon USING CARBON LOCATION '$writerPath'")
sql(
s"""
| CREATE TABLE binaryCarbon2(
| binaryId INT,
| binaryName STRING,
| binary BINARY,
| labelName STRING,
| labelContent STRING
|) USING CARBON""".stripMargin)
sql(
s"""
| CREATE TABLE binaryCarbon3(
| binaryId INT,
| binaryName STRING,
| binary BINARY,
| labelName STRING,
| labelContent STRING
|) USING CARBON partitioned by (binary) """.stripMargin)
sql(
"select binaryId,binaryName,binary,labelName,labelContent from binaryCarbon where " +
"binaryId=0")
.collect()
sql(
"insert into binaryCarbon2 select binaryId,binaryName,binary,labelName,labelContent from " +
"binaryCarbon where binaryId=0 ")
val carbonResult2 = sql("SELECT * FROM binaryCarbon2")
sql(
"create table binaryCarbon4 using carbon select binaryId,binaryName,binary,labelName," +
"labelContent from binaryCarbon where binaryId=0 ")
val carbonResult4 = sql("SELECT * FROM binaryCarbon4")
val carbonResult = sql("SELECT * FROM binaryCarbon")
assert(3 == carbonResult.collect().length)
assert(1 == carbonResult4.collect().length)
assert(1 == carbonResult2.collect().length)
checkAnswer(carbonResult4, carbonResult2)
try {
sql(
"insert into binaryCarbon3 select binaryId,binaryName,binary,labelName,labelContent " +
"from binaryCarbon where binaryId=0 ")
assert(false)
} catch {
case e: Exception =>
e.printStackTrace()
assert(true)
}
sql("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS binaryCarbon")
sql("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS binaryCarbon2")
sql("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS binaryCarbon3")
sql("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS binaryCarbon4")
}
}
test("Test unsafe as false") {
CarbonProperties.getInstance()
.addProperty(CarbonCommonConstants.ENABLE_UNSAFE_COLUMN_PAGE, "false")
FileUtils.deleteDirectory(new File(outputPath))
sql("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS binaryCarbon")
sql("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS binaryCarbon3")
if (SparkUtil.isSparkVersionEqualTo("2.1")) {
sql(s"CREATE TABLE binaryCarbon USING CARBON OPTIONS(PATH '$writerPath')")
sql(s"CREATE TABLE binaryCarbon3 USING CARBON OPTIONS(PATH '$outputPath')" +
" AS SELECT * FROM binaryCarbon")
} else {
sql(s"CREATE TABLE binaryCarbon USING CARBON LOCATION '$writerPath'")
sql(s"CREATE TABLE binaryCarbon3 USING CARBON LOCATION '$outputPath'" +
" AS SELECT * FROM binaryCarbon")
}
checkAnswer(sql("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM binaryCarbon"),
Seq(Row(3)))
checkAnswer(sql("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM binaryCarbon3"),
Seq(Row(3)))
sql("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS binaryCarbon")
sql("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS binaryCarbon3")
FileUtils.deleteDirectory(new File(outputPath))
CarbonProperties.getInstance()
.addProperty(CarbonCommonConstants.ENABLE_UNSAFE_COLUMN_PAGE,
CarbonCommonConstants.ENABLE_UNSAFE_COLUMN_PAGE_DEFAULT)
}
test("insert into for hive and carbon, CTAS") {
sql("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS hiveTable")
sql("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS carbon_table")
sql("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS hiveTable2")
sql("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS carbon_table2")
sql(
s"""
| CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS hivetable (
| id int,
| label boolean,
| name string,
| image binary,
| autoLabel boolean)
| row format delimited fields terminated by ','
""".stripMargin)
sql("insert into hivetable values(1,true,'Bob','binary',false)")
sql("insert into hivetable values(2,false,'Xu','test',true)")
sql(
s"""
| CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS carbon_table (
| id int,
| label boolean,
| name string,
| image binary,
| autoLabel boolean)
| using carbon
""".stripMargin)
sql("insert into carbon_table values(1,true,'Bob','binary',false)")
sql("insert into carbon_table values(2,false,'Xu','test',true)")
val hexHiveResult = sql("SELECT hex(image) FROM hivetable")
val hexCarbonResult = sql("SELECT hex(image) FROM carbon_table")
checkAnswer(hexHiveResult, hexCarbonResult)
hexCarbonResult.collect().foreach { each =>
val result = new String(Hex.decodeHex((each.getAs[Array[Char]](0)).toString.toCharArray))
assert("binary".equals(result)
|| "test".equals(result))
}
val base64HiveResult = sql("SELECT base64(image) FROM hivetable")
val base64CarbonResult = sql("SELECT base64(image) FROM carbon_table")
checkAnswer(base64HiveResult, base64CarbonResult)
base64CarbonResult.collect().foreach { each =>
val result = new String(Base64.decodeBase64((each.getAs[Array[Char]](0)).toString))
assert("binary".equals(result)
|| "test".equals(result))
}
val carbonResult = sql("SELECT * FROM carbon_table")
val hiveResult = sql("SELECT * FROM hivetable")
assert(2 == carbonResult.collect().length)
assert(2 == hiveResult.collect().length)
checkAnswer(hiveResult, carbonResult)
carbonResult.collect().foreach { each =>
if (1 == each.get(0)) {
assert("binary".equals(new String(each.getAs[Array[Byte]](3))))
} else if (2 == each.get(0)) {
assert("test".equals(new String(each.getAs[Array[Byte]](3))))
} else {
assert(false)
}
}
sql("CREATE TABLE hivetable2 AS SELECT * FROM carbon_table")
sql("CREATE TABLE carbon_table2 USING CARBON AS SELECT * FROM hivetable")
val carbonResult2 = sql("SELECT * FROM carbon_table2")
val hiveResult2 = sql("SELECT * FROM hivetable2")
checkAnswer(hiveResult2, carbonResult2)
checkAnswer(carbonResult, carbonResult2)
checkAnswer(hiveResult, hiveResult2)
assert(2 == carbonResult2.collect().length)
assert(2 == hiveResult2.collect().length)
sql("INSERT INTO hivetable2 SELECT * FROM carbon_table")
sql("INSERT INTO carbon_table2 SELECT * FROM hivetable")
val carbonResult3 = sql("SELECT * FROM carbon_table2")
val hiveResult3 = sql("SELECT * FROM hivetable2")
checkAnswer(carbonResult3, hiveResult3)
assert(4 == carbonResult3.collect().length)
assert(4 == hiveResult3.collect().length)
}
test("insert into for parquet and carbon, CTAS") {
sql("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS parquetTable")
sql("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS carbon_table")
sql("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS parquetTable2")
sql("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS carbon_table2")
sql(
s"""
| CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS parquettable (
| id int,
| label boolean,
| name string,
| image binary,
| autoLabel boolean)
| using parquet
""".stripMargin)
sql("insert into parquettable values(1,true,'Bob','binary',false)")
sql("insert into parquettable values(2,false,'Xu','test',true)")
sql(
s"""
| CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS carbon_table (
| id int,
| label boolean,
| name string,
| image binary,
| autoLabel boolean)
| using carbon
""".stripMargin)
sql("insert into carbon_table values(1,true,'Bob','binary',false)")
sql("insert into carbon_table values(2,false,'Xu','test',true)")
val carbonResult = sql("SELECT * FROM carbon_table")
val parquetResult = sql("SELECT * FROM parquettable")
assert(2 == carbonResult.collect().length)
assert(2 == parquetResult.collect().length)
checkAnswer(parquetResult, carbonResult)
carbonResult.collect().foreach { each =>
if (1 == each.get(0)) {
assert("binary".equals(new String(each.getAs[Array[Byte]](3))))
} else if (2 == each.get(0)) {
assert("test".equals(new String(each.getAs[Array[Byte]](3))))
} else {
assert(false)
}
}
sql("CREATE TABLE parquettable2 AS SELECT * FROM carbon_table")
sql("CREATE TABLE carbon_table2 USING CARBON AS SELECT * FROM parquettable")
val carbonResult2 = sql("SELECT * FROM carbon_table2")
val parquetResult2 = sql("SELECT * FROM parquettable2")
checkAnswer(parquetResult2, carbonResult2)
checkAnswer(carbonResult, carbonResult2)
checkAnswer(parquetResult, parquetResult2)
assert(2 == carbonResult2.collect().length)
assert(2 == parquetResult2.collect().length)
sql("INSERT INTO parquettable2 SELECT * FROM carbon_table")
sql("INSERT INTO carbon_table2 SELECT * FROM parquettable")
val carbonResult3 = sql("SELECT * FROM carbon_table2")
val parquetResult3 = sql("SELECT * FROM parquettable2")
checkAnswer(carbonResult3, parquetResult3)
assert(4 == carbonResult3.collect().length)
assert(4 == parquetResult3.collect().length)
}
test("insert into carbon as select from hive after hive load data") {
sql("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS hiveTable")
sql("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS carbon_table")
sql("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS hiveTable2")
sql("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS carbon_table2")
sql(
s"""
| CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS hivetable (
| id int,
| label boolean,
| name string,
| image binary,
| autoLabel boolean)
| row format delimited fields terminated by '|'
""".stripMargin)
sql(
s"""
| LOAD DATA LOCAL INPATH '$resourcesPath/binarystringdata.csv'
| INTO TABLE hivetable
""".stripMargin)
sql(
s"""
| CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS carbon_table (
| id int,
| label boolean,
| name string,
| image binary,
| autoLabel boolean)
| using carbon
""".stripMargin)
sql("insert into carbon_table select * from hivetable")
sqlContext.udf.register("decodeHex", (str: String) =>
Hex.decodeHex(str.toList.map(_.toInt.toBinaryString).mkString.toCharArray))
sqlContext.udf.register("unHexValue", (str: String) =>
org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.expressions.Hex
.unhex(str.toList.map(_.toInt.toBinaryString).mkString.getBytes))
sqlContext.udf.register("decodeBase64", (str: String) => Base64.decodeBase64(str.getBytes()))
val udfHexResult = sql("SELECT decodeHex(image) FROM carbon_table")
val unHexResult = sql("SELECT unHexValue(image) FROM carbon_table")
checkAnswer(udfHexResult, unHexResult)
val udfBase64Result = sql("SELECT decodeBase64(image) FROM carbon_table")
val unbase64Result = sql("SELECT unbase64(image) FROM carbon_table")
checkAnswer(udfBase64Result, unbase64Result)
val carbonResult = sql("SELECT * FROM carbon_table")
val hiveResult = sql("SELECT * FROM hivetable")
assert(3 == carbonResult.collect().length)
assert(3 == hiveResult.collect().length)
checkAnswer(hiveResult, carbonResult)
carbonResult.collect().foreach { each =>
if (2 == each.get(0)) {
assert("\u0001history\u0002".equals(new String(each.getAs[Array[Byte]](3))))
} else if (1 == each.get(0)) {
assert("\u0001education\u0002".equals(new String(each.getAs[Array[Byte]](3))))
} else if (3 == each.get(0)) {
assert("".equals(new String(each.getAs[Array[Byte]](3)))
|| "\u0001biology\u0002".equals(new String(each.getAs[Array[Byte]](3))))
} else {
assert(false)
}
}
sql("CREATE TABLE hivetable2 AS SELECT * FROM carbon_table")
sql("CREATE TABLE carbon_table2 USING CARBON AS SELECT * FROM hivetable")
val carbonResult2 = sql("SELECT * FROM carbon_table2")
val hiveResult2 = sql("SELECT * FROM hivetable2")
checkAnswer(hiveResult2, carbonResult2)
checkAnswer(carbonResult, carbonResult2)
checkAnswer(hiveResult, hiveResult2)
assert(3 == carbonResult2.collect().length)
assert(3 == hiveResult2.collect().length)
sql("INSERT INTO hivetable2 SELECT * FROM carbon_table")
sql("INSERT INTO carbon_table2 SELECT * FROM hivetable")
val carbonResult3 = sql("SELECT * FROM carbon_table2")
val hiveResult3 = sql("SELECT * FROM hivetable2")
checkAnswer(carbonResult3, hiveResult3)
assert(6 == carbonResult3.collect().length)
assert(6 == hiveResult3.collect().length)
}
test("filter for hive and carbon") {
sql("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS hiveTable")
sql("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS carbon_table")
sql(
s"""
| CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS hivetable (
| id int,
| label boolean,
| name string,
| image binary,
| autoLabel boolean)
| row format delimited fields terminated by ','
""".stripMargin)
sql("insert into hivetable values(1,true,'Bob','binary',false)")
sql("insert into hivetable values(2,false,'Xu','test',true)")
sql(
s"""
| CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS carbon_table (
| id int,
| label boolean,
| name string,
| image binary,
| autoLabel boolean)
| using carbon
""".stripMargin)
sql("insert into carbon_table values(1,true,'Bob','binary',false)")
sql("insert into carbon_table values(2,false,'Xu','test',true)")
// filter with equal
val hiveResult = sql("SELECT * FROM hivetable where image=cast('binary' as binary)")
val carbonResult = sql("SELECT * FROM carbon_table where image=cast('binary' as binary)")
checkAnswer(hiveResult, carbonResult)
assert(1 == carbonResult.collect().length)
carbonResult.collect().foreach { each =>
assert(1 == each.get(0))
assert("binary".equals(new String(each.getAs[Array[Byte]](3))))
}
// filter with non string
val exception = intercept[Exception] {
sql("SELECT * FROM carbon_table where image=binary").collect()
}
assert(exception.getMessage.contains("cannot resolve '`binary`' given input columns"))
// filter with not equal
val hiveResult3 = sql("SELECT * FROM hivetable where image!=cast('binary' as binary)")
val carbonResult3 = sql("SELECT * FROM carbon_table where image!=cast('binary' as binary)")
checkAnswer(hiveResult3, carbonResult3)
assert(1 == carbonResult3.collect().length)
carbonResult3.collect().foreach { each =>
assert(2 == each.get(0))
assert("test".equals(new String(each.getAs[Array[Byte]](3))))
}
// filter with in
val hiveResult4 = sql("SELECT * FROM hivetable where image in (cast('binary' as binary))")
val carbonResult4 = sql("SELECT * FROM carbon_table where image in (cast('binary' as binary))")
checkAnswer(hiveResult4, carbonResult4)
assert(1 == carbonResult4.collect().length)
carbonResult4.collect().foreach { each =>
assert(1 == each.get(0))
assert("binary".equals(new String(each.getAs[Array[Byte]](3))))
}
// filter with not in
val hiveResult5 = sql("SELECT * FROM hivetable where image not in (cast('binary' as binary))")
val carbonResult5 = sql(
"SELECT * FROM carbon_table where image not in (cast('binary' as binary))")
checkAnswer(hiveResult5, carbonResult5)
assert(1 == carbonResult5.collect().length)
carbonResult5.collect().foreach { each =>
assert(2 == each.get(0))
assert("test".equals(new String(each.getAs[Array[Byte]](3))))
}
}
test("Spark DataSource don't support update, delete") {
sql("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS carbon_table")
sql("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS carbon_table2")
sql(
s"""
| CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS carbon_table (
| id int,
| label boolean,
| name string,
| binaryField binary,
| autoLabel boolean)
| using carbon
""".stripMargin)
sql("insert into carbon_table values(1,true,'Bob','binary',false)")
sql("insert into carbon_table values(2,false,'Xu','test',true)")
val carbonResult = sql("SELECT * FROM carbon_table")
carbonResult.collect().foreach { each =>
if (1 == each.get(0)) {
assert("binary".equals(new String(each.getAs[Array[Byte]](3))))
} else if (2 == each.get(0)) {
assert("test".equals(new String(each.getAs[Array[Byte]](3))))
} else {
assert(false)
}
}
var exception = intercept[Exception] {
sql("UPDATE carbon_table SET binaryField = 'binary2' WHERE id = 1").collect()
}
assert(exception.getMessage.contains("mismatched input 'UPDATE' expecting")
|| exception.getMessage.contains("UPDATE TABLE is not supported temporarily."))
exception = intercept[Exception] {
sql("DELETE FROM carbon_table WHERE id = 1").collect()
}
assert(exception.getMessage.contains("only CarbonData table support delete operation")
|| exception.getMessage.contains("DELETE TABLE is not supported temporarily."))
}
test("test load on parquet table") {
sql("drop table if exists parquet_table")
sql("create table parquet_table(empno int, empname string, projdate Date) using parquet")
var ex = intercept[AnalysisException] {
sql(s"""LOAD DATA local inpath '$resourcesPath/data_big.csv' INTO TABLE parquet_table
""".stripMargin)
}
assert(ex.getMessage
.contains("LOAD DATA is not supported for datasource tables: `default`.`parquet_table`"))
ex = intercept[AnalysisException] {
sql(s"""LOAD DATA local inpath '$resourcesPath/data_big.csv' INTO TABLE parquet_table
|OPTIONS('DELIMITER'= ',', 'QUOTECHAR'= '"')""".stripMargin)
}
assert(ex.getMessage.contains("mismatched input"))
sql("drop table if exists parquet_table")
}
test("test array of binary data type with sparkfileformat ") {
sql("drop table if exists carbon_table")
sql("drop table if exists parquet_table")
sql("create table if not exists carbon_table(id int, label boolean, name string," +
"binaryField array<binary>, autoLabel boolean) using carbon")
sql("insert into carbon_table values(1,true,'abc',array('binary'),false)")
sql("create table if not exists parquet_table(id int, label boolean, name string," +
"binaryField array<binary>, autoLabel boolean) using parquet")
sql("insert into parquet_table values(1,true,'abc',array('binary'),false)")
checkAnswer(sql("SELECT binaryField[0] FROM carbon_table"),
sql("SELECT binaryField[0] FROM parquet_table"))
sql("drop table if exists carbon_table")
sql("drop table if exists parquet_table")
}
test("test struct of binary data type with sparkfileformat ") {
sql("drop table if exists carbon_table")
sql("drop table if exists parquet_table")
sql("create table if not exists carbon_table(id int, label boolean, name string," +
"binaryField struct<b:binary>, autoLabel boolean) using carbon")
sql("insert into carbon_table values(1,true,'abc',named_struct('b','binary'),false)")
sql("create table if not exists parquet_table(id int, label boolean, name string," +
"binaryField struct<b:binary>, autoLabel boolean) using parquet")
sql("insert into parquet_table values(1,true,'abc',named_struct('b','binary'),false)")
checkAnswer(sql("SELECT binaryField.b FROM carbon_table"),
sql("SELECT binaryField.b FROM parquet_table"))
sql("drop table if exists carbon_table")
sql("drop table if exists parquet_table")
}
test("test map of binary data type with sparkfileformat") {
sql("drop table if exists carbon_table")
sql("drop table if exists parquet_table")
sql("create table if not exists parquet_table(id int, label boolean, name string," +
"binaryField map<int, binary>, autoLabel boolean) using parquet")
sql("insert into parquet_table values(1,true,'abc',map(1,'binary'),false)")
sql("create table if not exists carbon_table(id int, label boolean, name string," +
"binaryField map<int, binary>, autoLabel boolean) using carbon")
sql("insert into carbon_table values(1,true,'abc',map(1,'binary'),false)")
checkAnswer(sql("SELECT binaryField[1] FROM carbon_table"),
sql("SELECT binaryField[1] FROM parquet_table"))
sql("drop table if exists carbon_table")
sql("drop table if exists parquet_table")
}
test("test map of array and struct binary data type with sparkfileformat") {
sql("drop table if exists carbon_table")
sql("drop table if exists parquet_table")
sql("create table if not exists parquet_table(id int, label boolean, name string," +
"binaryField1 map<int, array<binary>>, binaryField2 map<int, struct<b:binary>> ) " +
"using parquet")
sql("insert into parquet_table values(1,true,'abc',map(1,array('binary')),map(1," +
"named_struct('b','binary')))")
sql("create table if not exists carbon_table(id int, label boolean, name string," +
"binaryField1 map<int, array<binary>>, binaryField2 map<int, struct<b:binary>> ) " +
"using carbon")
sql("insert into carbon_table values(1,true,'abc',map(1,array('binary')),map(1," +
"named_struct('b','binary')))")
checkAnswer(sql("SELECT binaryField1[1][1] FROM carbon_table"),
sql("SELECT binaryField1[1][1] FROM parquet_table"))
checkAnswer(sql("SELECT binaryField2[1].b FROM carbon_table"),
sql("SELECT binaryField2[1].b FROM parquet_table"))
sql("drop table if exists carbon_table")
}
test("test of array of struct and struct of array of binary data type with sparkfileformat") {
sql("drop table if exists carbon_table")
sql("drop table if exists parquet_table")
sql("create table if not exists parquet_table(id int, label boolean, name string," +
"binaryField1 array<struct<b1:binary>>, binaryField2 struct<b2:array<binary>> ) " +
"using parquet")
sql("insert into parquet_table values(1,true,'abc',array(named_struct('b1','binary'))," +
"named_struct('b2',array('binary')))")
sql("create table if not exists carbon_table(id int, label boolean, name string," +
"binaryField1 array<struct<b1:binary>>, binaryField2 struct<b2:array<binary>> ) " +
"using carbon")
sql("insert into carbon_table values(1,true,'abc',array(named_struct('b1','binary'))," +
"named_struct('b2',array('binary')))")
checkAnswer(sql("SELECT binaryField1[1].b1 FROM carbon_table"),
sql("SELECT binaryField1[1].b1 FROM parquet_table"))
checkAnswer(sql("SELECT binaryField2.b2[0] FROM carbon_table"),
sql("SELECT binaryField2.b2[0] FROM parquet_table"))
sql("drop table if exists carbon_table")
sql("drop table if exists parquet_table")
}
}
``` |
Archiphytalmia is a genus of tephritid or fruit flies in the family Tephritidae. It is considered a synonym of Phytalmia.
References
Phytalmiinae |
Zavarov () is a Russian masculine surname, its feminine counterpart is Zavarova. It may refer to
Oleksandr Zavarov (born 1961), Ukrainian football midfielder
Valeriy Zavarov (born 1988), Ukrainian football midfielder, son of Oleksandr
Russian-language surnames |
The Clachan is a public house at 33 Kingly Street, London W1.
It is a Grade II listed building, built in 1898, but the architect is not known.
References
External links
Grade II listed pubs in the City of Westminster |
Teofilówka is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Jabłonna Lacka, within Sokołów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately north-east of Jabłonna Lacka, north-east of Sokołów Podlaski, and east of Warsaw.
References
Villages in Sokołów County |
Brunellia acostae is a species of plant in the Brunelliaceae family. It is native to Ecuador, Panama, and Colombia.
References
Flora of Southern America
acostae
Vulnerable plants
Plants described in 1954
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot |
Eastern Suburbs (now known as the Sydney Roosters) competed in their 42nd New South Wales Rugby League season in 1949.
Season summary
Eastern Suburbs won the wooden spoon.
Representatives – Col Donohoe (Aus), Vic Bulgin (Aus)
Players
Ray Stehr (Coach); Kevin Abrahamsen, Jack Arnold, Milton Atkinson, Reg Beath, Frank Burke, Vic Bulgin, Jack Coll, Col Donohoe, Ernie Hawkins, Gordon Hassett, Dick Healy, Sid Hobson, Brian Holmes, Jim Hunt, Ken Hunter, Ken McCaffery, Billy Morris, John Murphy, J 'Mick' Phelan, Stan Robinson, John Sellgren, Len Solomon, Ralph Stewart, Ian Verrender
NSWRFL ladder
Sydney Roosters seasons
Eastern Suburbs season |
```java
/*
* contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
* this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
*/
package org.apache.rocketmq.tieredstore.stream;
import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
import java.util.List;
import org.apache.rocketmq.tieredstore.common.FileSegmentType;
public class FileSegmentInputStreamFactory {
public static FileSegmentInputStream build(
FileSegmentType fileType, long offset, List<ByteBuffer> bufferList, ByteBuffer byteBuffer, int length) {
if (bufferList == null) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("bufferList is null");
}
switch (fileType) {
case COMMIT_LOG:
return new CommitLogInputStream(fileType, offset, bufferList, byteBuffer, length);
case CONSUME_QUEUE:
return new FileSegmentInputStream(fileType, bufferList, length);
case INDEX:
if (bufferList.size() != 1) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("buffer block size must be 1 when file type is IndexFile");
}
return new FileSegmentInputStream(fileType, bufferList, length);
default:
throw new IllegalArgumentException("file type not supported");
}
}
}
``` |
```javascript
(function (factory) {
/* global define */
if (typeof define === 'function' && define.amd) {
// AMD. Register as an anonymous module.
define(['jquery'], factory);
} else if (typeof module === 'object' && module.exports) {
// Node/CommonJS
module.exports = factory(require('jquery'));
} else {
// Browser globals
factory(window.jQuery);
}
}(function ($) {
// Extends plugins for adding hello.
// - plugin is external module for customizing.
$.extend($.summernote.plugins, {
/**
* @param {Object} context - context object has status of editor.
*/
'hello': function (context) {
var self = this;
// ui has renders to build ui elements.
// - you can create a button with `ui.button`
var ui = $.summernote.ui;
// add hello button
context.memo('button.hello', function () {
// create button
var button = ui.button({
contents: '<i class="fa fa-child"/> Hello',
tooltip: 'hello',
click: function () {
self.$panel.show();
self.$panel.hide(500);
// invoke insertText method with 'hello' on editor module.
context.invoke('editor.insertText', 'hello');
}
});
// create jQuery object from button instance.
var $hello = button.render();
return $hello;
});
// This events will be attached when editor is initialized.
this.events = {
// This will be called after modules are initialized.
'summernote.init': function (we, e) {
console.log('summernote initialized', we, e);
},
// This will be called when user releases a key on editable.
'summernote.keyup': function (we, e) {
console.log('summernote keyup', we, e);
}
};
// This method will be called when editor is initialized by $('..').summernote();
// You can create elements for plugin
this.initialize = function () {
this.$panel = $('<div class="hello-panel"/>').css({
position: 'absolute',
width: 100,
height: 100,
left: '50%',
top: '50%',
background: 'red'
}).hide();
this.$panel.appendTo('body');
};
// This methods will be called when editor is destroyed by $('..').summernote('destroy');
// You should remove elements on `initialize`.
this.destroy = function () {
this.$panel.remove();
this.$panel = null;
};
}
});
}));
``` |
```c++
/// Source : path_to_url
/// Author : liuyubobobo
/// Time : 2019-02-19
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <cmath>
#include <unordered_map>
using namespace std;
/// Memory Search
/// Divide corresponding factorial number to avoid repeating counting :-)
/// Time Complexity: O(n*2^n)
/// Space Complexity: O(n*2^n)
class Solution {
private:
int n;
public:
int numSquarefulPerms(vector<int>& A) {
n = A.size();
vector<vector<int>> g(n);
for(int i = 0; i < n; i ++)
for(int j = i + 1; j < n; j ++)
if(perfectSquare(A[i] + A[j])){
g[i].push_back(j);
g[j].push_back(i);
}
int res = 0;
vector<vector<int>> dp(n, vector<int>(1 << n, -1));
for(int i = 0; i < n; i ++)
res += dfs(g, i, 1 << i, dp);
unordered_map<int, int> freq;
for(int e: A) freq[e] ++;
for(const pair<int, int>& p: freq) res /= fac(p.second);
return res;
}
private:
int dfs(const vector<vector<int>>& g,
int index, int visited, vector<vector<int>>& dp){
if(visited == (1 << n) - 1)
return 1;
if(dp[index][visited] != -1) return dp[index][visited];
int res = 0;
for(int next: g[index])
if(!(visited & (1 << next))){
visited += (1 << next);
res += dfs(g, next, visited, dp);
visited -= (1 << next);
}
return dp[index][visited] = res;
}
int fac(int x){
if(x == 0 || x == 1) return 1;
return x * fac(x - 1);
}
bool perfectSquare(int x){
int t = sqrt(x);
return t * t == x;
}
};
int main() {
vector<int> A1 = {1, 17, 8};
cout << Solution().numSquarefulPerms(A1) << endl;
// 2
vector<int> A2 = {2, 2, 2};
cout << Solution().numSquarefulPerms(A2) << endl;
// 1
vector<int> A3(12, 0);
cout << Solution().numSquarefulPerms(A3) << endl;
// 1
return 0;
}
``` |
Saud Qasmi is a Pakistani film and TV actor, TV producer, and co-manager of a family-owned entertainment business JJS Productions which he operates with his wife, Javeria Saud.
Personal life
Saud was born in Karachi, Pakistan. He's the nephew of the famous qari and naat khawan Waheed Zafar Qasmi, and he's himself a hafiz-e-Quran. He is related to the Siddiqi family of Nanauta; Islamic scholar Hafiz Muhammad Ahmad being his great-grandfather.
On 25 December 2006, Saud married TV Actress Javeria Jalil, now known as Javeria Saud. They have a daughter named Jannat born in 2007, and a son named Ibrahim born in 2011.
Filmography
Awards
Saud won the Best Actor Award in 1996 for the film Hawain (1996).
Saud's Television Shows
Ishq Ki Inteha (2009–10) Geo TV
Yeh Zindagi Hai
Yeh kaise mohabbat hai
Yehi hai zindgai
Jeena sikha do humein
Mohabbat zindagi hai (2017–present)
Baby Baji (2023)
See also
List of Lollywood actors
References
External links
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Pakistani male film actors
Nigar Award winners
Male actors from Karachi
Muhajir people
Qasmi family
People from Karachi
Actors from Karachi |
Miles Clark (3 November 1960 – 17 April 1993) was a sailor, journalist and writer from Northern Ireland. A few months before he died, Clark circumnavigated Europe through several of Russia's waterways which led him to winning the Cruising World Medal for Outstanding Seamanship.
Early life
Born Magherafelt, County Londonderry, Northern Ireland on 3 November 1960, he was the son of Wallace Clark and the godson of Miles Smeeton, themselves both yachtsmen and authors. His brother Bruce became a foreign correspondent at The Times.
Clark was educated at Shrewsbury and Downing College, Cambridge, later going up to Sandhurst. At Cambridge, he studied Geography and organised an expedition to climb volcanoes and undertake scientific research in Atka, a remote island in the Aleutian archipelago. As a soldier in 1984, he was one of the oarsmen who rowed Tim Severin's replica Greek galley through the Black Sea to Georgia in the U.S.S.R.
Writing
He left the army to become a full-time freelance travel writer and photographer in his mid-20s. As well, he was Features Editor of Yachting Monthly and wrote articles for other magazines. His biography of Miles and Beryl Smeeton, High Endeavours was published in 1991. He also wrote a short book entitled "Skydiving in Eight Days" and was illustrator of his father Wallace Clark's book "Lord of the Isles Voyage: Western Ireland to the Scottish Hebrides in a 16th Century Galley" in 1993.
Circumnavigation of Europe
After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Clark saw the opportunity for travelling through Russian internal waters.
With grudging permission from the KGB and sponsorship from National Geographic he departed from Northern Ireland in the summer of 1992 sailing the family's 60-year-old wooden yacht Wild Goose into the Arctic Circle.
Setting out on the 3,200-kilometre route, first circling Norway and entering the White Sea, he then travelled to the Black Sea crossing the White Sea – Baltic Canal until the Onega Lake, then proceeding through the Volga-Baltic waterway to the Rybinsk Reservoir and the Volga River. He then successively followed the Volga–Don Canal and the Don River to the Sea of Azov and the Black Sea, returning to Northern Ireland.
Wild Goose, a 36 ft yawl built in 1935, was the first non-Russian boat to make that journey.
Personal life
He married Sarah Hill in 1987; the couple had a son, Finn, born in 1990.
Sudden death
Miles Clark died unexpectedly a few months after his return home from his Russia expedition, in Salisbury on 17 April 1993 aged 32, from the possible effects of toxins absorbed during the trip. He was writing a book about the trip when he died. The book, Sailing Round Russia was completed by his father, based on the ship's logs.
Notes
1960 births
1993 deaths
British travel writers
British sailors |
```shell
Tracking shorthands
Pulling a remote branch
The golden rule of rebasing
Checkout the previous branch
Cherry-pick a commit
``` |
Great Shoals Light was a screw-pile lighthouse in the Chesapeake Bay at the mouth of the Wicomico River.
History
This light was constructed to mark a narrow channel at the entrance to the Wicomico River, as requested by the Maryland General Assembly in 1882. An appropriation was not made until the following year, and further delays pushed the commissioning date to August 1884.
In 1966 the light was dismantled and a modern automated light was erected on the old foundation.
References
Great Shoals Lighthouse, from the Chesapeake Chapter of the United States Lighthouse Society
External links
Lighthouses completed in 1884
Houses completed in 1884
Lighthouses in the Chesapeake Bay
Lighthouses in Somerset County, Maryland |
The National Football League season resulted in a tie for the Western Conference championship between the Detroit Lions and San Francisco 49ers. Both finished at 8–4 and had split their two games during the regular season in November, with the home team winning each.
The tie thus required a one-game playoff to be held between the two teams. This conference championship game was played on December 22 at Kezar Stadium in San Francisco, and Detroit won, 31–27.
The Lions moved on to host the Cleveland Browns on December 29 in the championship game, and won in a 59–14 rout at Briggs Stadium for their third title in six years. Through , it is Detroit's most recent league title, and second-most recent victory in a postseason game.
Tournament bracket
Western Conference championship
The Lions trailed the 49ers 24–7 at halftime, and were down twenty points in the third quarter. Quarterback Bobby Layne had been lost for the season two weeks earlier, and backup Tobin Rote led the Lions' rally, scoring 24 unanswered points in the second half to win, 31–27. The game was featured on NFL Top 10 as #2 on Top Ten Comebacks. As of 2021, this is the last time the Lions have won a playoff game on the road.
NFL Championship game
References
National Football League playoffs
Playoffs |
Tahar (, also Romanized as Ţahar; also known as Talkh) is a village in Deh Tall Rural District, in the Central District of Bastak County, Hormozgan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 176, in 32 families.
References
Populated places in Bastak County |
Mandel is a surname (and occasional given name) that occurs in multiple cultures and languages. It is a Dutch, German and Jewish surname, meaning "almond", from the Middle High German and Middle Dutch mandel. Mandel can be a locational surname, from places called Mandel, such as Mandel, Germany. Mandel may also be a Dutch surname, from the Middle Dutch mandele, meaning a number of sheaves of harvested wheat.
Notable people
Alon Mandel (born 1988), Israeli swimmer
Babaloo Mandel (born 1949), American screenwriter
David Mandel (born 1970), American television producer and writer
Edgar Mandel (born 1928), German actor
Eli Mandel (1922–1992), Canadian writer
Emily St. John Mandel (born 1979), Canadian novelist
Emmanuil Mandel (1925–2018), Russian poet
Ernest Mandel (1923–1995), Belgian politician, professor and writer
Frank Mandel, American playwright and producer
Georges Mandel (1885–1944), French politician
Harvey Mandel (born 1945), American guitarist
Howie Mandel (born 1955), Canadian actor and comedian
Jan Mandel (born 1956), American mathematician
Jean Mandel (1911–1974), German footballer and politician
Jeanne Dorsey Mandel (1937–2001), American public official from Maryland
Jennifer R. Mandel, American biologist
Johnny Mandel (1925-2020), American musician
Josh Mandel (born 1977), American politician
Julius Mandel (also known as Gyula Mándi (1899–1969), Hungarian football player and manager
Leonard Mandel (1927–2001), American physicist
Loring Mandel (1928–2020), American playwright
Maria Mandel (1912–1948), Austrian Nazi official
Marvin Mandel (1920–2015) American politician
Morton Mandel (1921–2019), American businessman
Robert Mandel (born 1945), American film producer
Robert Mandel (born 1957), Hungarian musician and organologist
Rolfe D. Mandel (born 1952), American archaeologist
Sammy Mandel (1904–1967), American boxer
Semyon Mandel (1907–1974), Russian theatre and film designer
Seth Mandel (born 1982), American conservative writer and editor
Stephen Mandel (born 1945), Canadian politician
Stephen Mandel (hedge fund manager) (born 1956), American businessman
Steven L. Mandel, American anesthesiologist
Stewart Mandel (born 1976), American sportswriter
Suzy Mandel (born 1953), British actress
Tom Mandel (futurist) (1946–1995), American futurist
Tom Mandel (poet) (born 1942), American poet
William Mandel (1917–2016), American journalist
See also
Mandell, surname
Mandl, surname
Mandle, surname
Mandal (surname)
Mendel (disambiguation)
Mendelsohn
Mendelssohn
Menachem Mendel
References
Dutch-language surnames
German-language surnames
Surnames of Jewish origin |
Jaime Yzaga was the defending champion, but did not participate this year.
Tim Mayotte won the tournament, beating Johan Kriek in the final, 5–7, 6–3, 6–2.
Seeds
Draw
Finals
Top half
Bottom half
External links
Main draw
Men's singles |
Tabriz County () is in East Azerbaijan province, Iran. Its capital is the city of Tabriz.
At the 2006 census, the county's population was 1,557,241 in 423,775 households. The following census in 2011 counted 1,695,094 people in 513,142 households. At the 2016 census, the county's population was 1,773,033 in 563,660 households.
Administrative divisions
The population history of Tabriz County's administrative divisions over three consecutive censuses is shown in the following table. The latest census shows two districts, six rural districts, and four cities.
References
Counties of East Azerbaijan Province |
Future Tense was a short American radio program focusing on technology news. It was presented by John Moe and produced by Larissa Anderson for Minnesota Public Radio (MPR). The show was distributed by American Public Media and was hosted from 1996 to 2010 by Jon Gordon.
Today it is part of the Marketplace group within APM.
History
In February 2010, MPR announced that Jon Gordon would take the role of social media/mobile editor at the network, and that John Moe would take over the show. Moe's first broadcast was 3 May 2010. In September 2010, it was announced that Future Tense would become Marketplace Tech Report.
Broadcast
Future Tense airs weekdays and runs for approximately five minutes. The program first aired in March 1996. It has been podcast since 2004 and archives of the show are available online. It can be heard on Minnesota Public Radio stations at 8:20 AM, as well as part of U.S. broadcasts of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation show As It Happens.
References
1979 radio programme debuts
American Public Media programs |
Gjettum is a station on the Kolsås Line of the Oslo Metro. It is located between Hauger and Avløs at the foot of Kolsås, from Stortinget.
The station was opened 1 January 1930 as part of the tramway Lilleaker Line.
Along with most of the line, Gjettum was closed for upgrades between 1 July 2006 and 12 October 2014 with its service temporarily provided by bus route 42. Gjettum, among other things, received longer platforms which can accommodate trains with up to six cars like most of the subway system and was moved to compensate for the closure of Valler.
References
Oslo Metro stations in Bærum
Railway stations opened in 1930
1930 establishments in Norway
Railway stations in Norway opened in the 1930s |
```objective-c
#ifndef PDFVIEWERCONFIG_H
#define PDFVIEWERCONFIG_H
#include "iconfig.h"
#include "webresource.h"
namespace vnotex
{
class PdfViewerConfig : public IConfig
{
public:
PdfViewerConfig(ConfigMgr *p_mgr, IConfig *p_topConfig);
void init(const QJsonObject &p_app, const QJsonObject &p_user) Q_DECL_OVERRIDE;
QJsonObject toJson() const Q_DECL_OVERRIDE;
const WebResource &getViewerResource() const;
private:
friend class MainConfig;
void loadViewerResource(const QJsonObject &p_app, const QJsonObject &p_user);
QJsonObject saveViewerResource() const;
WebResource m_viewerResource;
};
}
#endif // PDFVIEWERCONFIG_H
``` |
Saint-Pardoux-l'Ortigier is a commune in the Corrèze department in central France.
Population
See also
Communes of the Corrèze department
References
Communes of Corrèze |
Oliver Paul "Ollie" Ryan (born 26 September 1985) is an English footballer. He played professionally with Lincoln City as a forward and currently is playing for Staveley Miners Welfare.
Early career
Ryan attended Kirton Primary School before moving on to Boston Grammar School. He played junior football with Nortoft Boys and Boston Town in the Mid Lincolnshire Youth League before joining Lincoln City's Centre of Excellence on 26 October 2000 despite an offer from Leicester City. Having earned representative honours with the Lincolnshire Schools Under-16s and the Lincolnshire FA Under-16s, Ryan was awarded a three-year scholarship with the Imps commencing at the start of the 2002–03 season.
Ryan made impressive strides during his scholarship and at the end of his second year he was named Lincoln's Young Player of the Season. His third year saw him spend an impressive work experience spell with Spalding United, scoring in each of his first two appearances. On his return to Lincoln, he entered the first team squad, making his debut, as a substitute, in the 3–0 FA Cup defeat at Hartlepool United on 13 November 2004 with his Football league debut coming a week later in the 3–0 away victory over Darlington. He returned to Spalding for a second spell of work experience, once again marking his first appearance with a goal in the 3–1 away victory over Gresley Rovers on 6 January 2005. By the end of his scholarship, Ryan had made six league appearances for Lincoln, all from the substitutes bench, and along with fellow scholars Lee Frecklington and Chris Gordon, agreed a one-year professional contract.
Professional career
His first season as a professional saw him make intermittent appearances without finding the net and in November 2005 he linked up with Ilkeston Town on a month's loan debuting in the 3–1 home victory over Gateshead on 5 November 2005. Recalled to Lincoln in December, he agreed a one-year extension to his Lincoln contract in March 2006.
His second professional season saw Ryan restricted to only seven league appearances, all from the substitutes bench, and despite regular goals for the reserve team he could not find a goal for the first-team. He was, however, given a final opportunity to impress when he agreed a new six-month contract in May 2007.
He continued to struggle to find not only a starting position but also an elusive goal in his third professional season despite scoring 119 goals in 125 appearances for the reserves. On 2 October 2007 he made his first league start for 598 days in the 1–1 away draw with Bury. He kept his starting role for the next three league and cup games culminating in the 4–0 away defeat to MK Dons which saw Lincoln's manager John Schofield sacked and Ryan dropped from the team. He was offered a chance to impress the new manager Peter Jackson when handed a starting role in the game at Wycombe Wanderers on 17 November 2008 but disaster struck when he was sent-off after just 27 minutes for a foul tackle on Will Antwi. Despite this he did agree a six-month contract extension at the beginning of January 2008 but he would start no further games and, with his substitute appearances becoming even more sporadic, it was no surprise when, in March 2008, he agreed to cancel his contract with Lincoln and join up with Hucknall Town. Perhaps inevitably, he marked his Hucknall debut by scoring in the 2–1 defeat to Hinckley United on 22 March 2008 but after one further start he dropped down to the substitutes bench. He enjoyed a brief sojourn to Bourne Town, scoring in the 2–1 away victory over St Ives Town on 15 April 2008, before returning to Hucknall and his place on the bench. At the end of the season, Hucknall announced that Ryan would not be offered a new contract. Having first expressed an interest in signing Ryan a year previously, it was no surprise when Tommy Taylor signed Ryan for Boston United ahead of the 2008–2009 season. Ryan was offered fresh terms for the 2009–10 season, but rejected a new contract and left the club, joining Harrogate Town. In January 2010 he joined Belper Town on loan. Released by Harrogate at the end of the season, Ryan trialled with both Northwich Victoria and Chester before agreeing a deal to join the former club on 13 August 2010.
On 18 June 2011 he joined Frickley Athletic. before moving on to join Scarborough Athletic. He made a goalscoring debut for the club in their Northern Counties East Football League Premier Division 2–1 victory at Hall Road Rangers on 4 August 2012.
In December 2013 he joined Staveley Miners Welfare, debuting in the club's Northern Counties East League Premier Division 4–0 home defeat to Athersley Recreation on 14 December 2013.
References
External links
Lincoln City F.C. Official Archive Profile
1985 births
Living people
English men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Lincoln City F.C. players
Spalding United F.C. players
Ilkeston Town F.C. (1945) players
Hucknall Town F.C. players
Bourne Town F.C. players
Boston United F.C. players
Harrogate Town A.F.C. players
Belper Town F.C. players
Northwich Victoria F.C. players
Frickley Athletic F.C. players
Scarborough Athletic F.C. players
Staveley Miners Welfare F.C. players
English Football League players
People educated at Boston Grammar School
Sportspeople from Boston, Lincolnshire
Footballers from Lincolnshire |
Viridian is a 2007 studio album by the Austin, Texas bluegrass band The Greencards. Their third Dualtone Records studio album, it was released on March 6, 2007. It was nominated at the 2007 ARIA Music Awards for Best Country Album, but lost to Keith Urban for Love, Pain & The Whole Crazy Thing.
Recording
In 2007, The Greencards were joined by Matt Wingate, a guitarist from Alabama, for their work on Viridian. On their previous albums, The Greencards had individually recorded their separate musical tracks in isolation booths of recording studios, but for Viridian, recorded their album together in real time in an open room, which was said to be a factor in a spontaneous feel for some of the album.
Most of the songs on Viridian are sung by Young, and all of the tracks on Viridian were written by The Greencards, with the exception of "Travel On", which was penned by Kim Richey of Nashville. Their sound, through Viridian, was likened to the Canadian alternative country band The Duhks.
Influences
The recordings on Viridian, in particular the songs "River of Sand", "Waiting on the Night" and "When I Was in Love With You", were said to evoke the sounds of progressive folk rock that emerged in the 1960s. The progressive nature of The Greencards' bluegrass sound has been compared to Nickel Creek and Alison Krauss & Union Station's own musical work to expand bluegrass.
The lyrics on "When I Was in Love With You" were cited as among the most striking on Viridian, and were based in part by McLoughlin on a poem from the 1896 collection, A Shropshire Lad, by Alfred Edward Housman, the English poet. The song was described as a "Pogues-like romp." In a review of Viridian, Embo Blake of Hybrid Magazine noted Carol Young's vocal skill, as she "effortlessly diphthongs cadence" on the track "Waiting On The Night".
According to ABC News in Dallas/Fort Worth, the album has a traditional bluegrass core, with a worldly flavor. Doug Lancio, a producer who had previously worked with Patty Griffin, was said to have been a positive factor in the success of Viridian. Prior to the 2007 album, Lancio had not previously worked with The Greencards.
Acclaim
After its release, Viridian claimed the #1 position on Billboard Magazine's Bluegrass Music Chart. The Greencards are the first international musical act to ever reach #1 on the Bluegrass Music Chart.
In December 2007, it was announced that their song "Mucky the Duck" from Viridian was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Country Instrumental Performance at the 50th Grammy Awards, but ultimately lost to Brad Paisley's "Throttleneck." Written by Warner, the song was inspired by one of the band's favorite Austin musical venues, The Mucky Duck. Eamon McLoughlin is a regular blogger for Country Music Television. After the Grammy Awards, he wrote about the band's experience at the event.
In the wake of Viridian, The Greencards have been internationally referred to as one of the most popular Americana musical acts in the United States. Bruce Elder of the Sydney Morning Herald called Viridian a tour de force, and has said that the band may, after this album, be the best country music performers to ever come out of Australia.
Track listing
A Fleetwood Mac cover, "Second Hand News", is included as hidden track.
Personnel
Larry Atamanuik - banjo, drums, percussion
Chris Carmichael - string arrangements
Jedd Hughes - guitar, vocal harmony
Viktor Krauss - bass
Doug Lancio - bass, guitar, percussion
Eamon McLoughlin - cello, fiddle, viola, vocals
Bryan Sutton - guitar, mandolin
Kym Warner - bouzouki, mandolin, slide mandolin, vocals
Carol Young - bass, vocals
Andrea Zonn - vocal harmony
References
External links
Official site, thegreencards.com
Official MySpace for the Greencards
Country Music Television Profile
The Greencards collection at the Internet Archive's live music archive
2007 albums
The Greencards albums |
Sowell's short-tailed bat (Carollia sowelli) is a common bat species in the family Phyllostomidae. It is found from San Luis Potosi (Mexico) through Central America to west Panama. The species is named after American philanthropist James N. Sowell.
References
Carollia
Mammals described in 2002
Bats of Central America |
Trinchesia foliata is a species of sea slug, an aeolid nudibranch, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Trinchesiidae.
Distribution
This species was described from Orkney, Scotland. It has been reported from the NE Atlantic, from the Faeroes and Norway south to Portugal, and in the Mediterranean Sea.
Description
The typical adult size of this species is 8–11 mm.
Habitat
Trinchesia foliata feeds on hydroids. It has been reported from a number of hydroids including Dynamena pumila, Sertularella gayi, Sertularella polyzonias and Abietinaria abietina family Sertulariidae.
References
Trinchesiidae
Gastropods described in 1839
Taxa named by Edward Forbes |
```java
package com.yahoo.prelude.query.parser;
import com.yahoo.prelude.query.AndItem;
import com.yahoo.prelude.query.AndSegmentItem;
import com.yahoo.prelude.query.CompositeItem;
import com.yahoo.prelude.query.IntItem;
import com.yahoo.prelude.query.Item;
import com.yahoo.prelude.query.NotItem;
import com.yahoo.prelude.query.NullItem;
import com.yahoo.prelude.query.OrItem;
import com.yahoo.prelude.query.PhraseItem;
import com.yahoo.prelude.query.QueryCanonicalizer;
import com.yahoo.prelude.query.RankItem;
import com.yahoo.prelude.query.TrueItem;
import com.yahoo.prelude.query.WeakAndItem;
import com.yahoo.search.query.QueryTree;
import com.yahoo.search.query.parser.ParserEnvironment;
import com.yahoo.search.query.parser.ParserEnvironment.ParserSettings;
import java.util.Iterator;
import static com.yahoo.prelude.query.parser.Token.Kind.MINUS;
import static com.yahoo.prelude.query.parser.Token.Kind.SPACE;
/**
* Parser for queries of type all and weakAnd.
*
* @author Steinar Knutsen
* @author bratseth
*/
public class AllParser extends SimpleParser {
private final boolean weakAnd;
private final ParserSettings parserSettings;
/**
* Creates an all/weakAnd parser
*
* @param weakAnd false to parse into AndItem (by default), true to parse to WeakAndItem
*/
public AllParser(ParserEnvironment environment, boolean weakAnd) {
super(environment);
this.weakAnd = weakAnd;
this.parserSettings = environment.getParserSettings();
}
@Override
protected Item parseItems() {
int position = tokens.getPosition();
try {
return parseItemsBody();
} finally {
tokens.setPosition(position);
}
}
protected Item parseItemsBody() {
// Algorithm: Collect positive, negative, and and'ed items, then combine.
CompositeItem and = null;
NotItem not = null; // Store negatives here as we go
Item current;
// Find all items
do {
current = negativeItem();
if (current != null) {
not = addNot(current, not);
continue;
}
current = positiveItem();
if (current == null)
current = indexableItem("").getFirst();
if (current == null)
current = compositeItem();
if (current != null)
and = addAnd(current, and);
if (current == null)
tokens.skip();
} while (tokens.hasNext());
// Combine the items
Item topLevel = and;
if (not != null) {
not.setPositiveItem(topLevel != null ? topLevel : new TrueItem());
topLevel = not;
}
return simplifyUnnecessaryComposites(topLevel);
}
// Simplify if there are unnecessary composites due to single elements
protected final Item simplifyUnnecessaryComposites(Item item) {
if (item == null) return null;
QueryTree root = new QueryTree(item);
QueryCanonicalizer.canonicalize(root);
return root.getRoot() instanceof NullItem ? null : root.getRoot();
}
private boolean foldIntoAnd(CompositeItem other) {
if (other instanceof AndItem) {
return ! parserSettings.keepImplicitAnds();
}
if (weakAnd && other instanceof AndSegmentItem sand) {
if (parserSettings.keepSegmentAnds()) {
return false;
} else if (parserSettings.markSegmentAnds()) {
sand.shouldFoldIntoWand(weakAnd);
return false;
}
return true;
}
return false;
}
protected CompositeItem addAnd(Item item, CompositeItem and) {
if (and == null)
and = createAnd();
if (item instanceof CompositeItem composite && foldIntoAnd(composite)) {
for (var subItem : composite.items()) {
addAnd(subItem, and);
}
} else {
and.addItem(item);
}
return and;
}
private CompositeItem createAnd() {
return weakAnd ? new WeakAndItem() : new AndItem();
}
protected OrItem addOr(Item item, OrItem or) {
if (or == null)
or = new OrItem();
or.addItem(item);
return or;
}
protected NotItem addNot(Item item, NotItem not) {
if (not == null)
not = new NotItem();
not.addNegativeItem(item);
return not;
}
protected Item negativeItem() {
int position = tokens.getPosition();
Item item = null;
boolean isComposited = false;
try {
if ( ! tokens.skip(MINUS)) return null;
if (tokens.currentIsNoIgnore(SPACE)) return null;
var itemAndExplicitIndex = indexableItem("");
item = itemAndExplicitIndex.getFirst();
boolean explicitIndex = itemAndExplicitIndex.getSecond();
if (item == null) {
item = compositeItem();
if (item != null) {
isComposited = true;
if (item instanceof OrItem) { // Turn into And
CompositeItem and = createAnd();
for (Iterator<Item> i = ((OrItem) item).getItemIterator(); i.hasNext();) {
and.addItem(i.next());
}
item = and;
}
}
}
if (item != null)
item.setProtected(true);
// Heuristic overdrive engaged!
// Interpret -N as a positive item matching a negative number (by backtracking out of this)
// but not if there is an explicit index (such as -a:b)
// but interpret -(N) as a negative item matching a positive number
// but interpret --N as a negative item matching a negative number
if (item instanceof IntItem &&
! explicitIndex &&
! isComposited &&
! ((IntItem)item).getNumber().startsWith(("-"))) {
item = null;
}
return item;
} finally {
if (item == null) {
tokens.setPosition(position);
}
}
}
/**
* Returns the top level item resulting from combining the given top
* level item and the new item. This implements most of the weird transformation
* rules of the parser.
*/
protected Item combineItems(Item topLevelItem, Item item) {
if (topLevelItem == null) {
return item;
} else if (topLevelItem instanceof OrItem && item instanceof OrItem) {
OrItem newTopOr = new OrItem();
newTopOr.addItem(topLevelItem);
newTopOr.addItem(item);
return newTopOr;
} else if (item instanceof OrItem && topLevelItem instanceof RankItem) {
for (Iterator<Item> i = ((RankItem) topLevelItem).getItemIterator(); i.hasNext();) {
((OrItem) item).addItem(0, i.next());
}
return item;
} else if (item instanceof OrItem && topLevelItem instanceof PhraseItem) {
OrItem newTopOr = new OrItem();
newTopOr.addItem(topLevelItem);
newTopOr.addItem(item);
return newTopOr;
} else if (!(topLevelItem instanceof RankItem)) {
RankItem rank = new RankItem();
if (topLevelItem instanceof NotItem) { // Strange rule, but that's how it is
rank.addItem(topLevelItem);
rank.addItem(item);
} else {
rank.addItem(item);
rank.addItem(topLevelItem);
}
return rank;
} else if ((item instanceof RankItem itemAsRank) && (((RankItem)item).getItem(0) instanceof OrItem)) {
OrItem or = (OrItem) itemAsRank.getItem(0);
((RankItem) topLevelItem).addItem(0, or);
for (int i = 1; i < itemAsRank.getItemCount(); i++) {
or.addItem(0, itemAsRank.getItem(i));
}
return topLevelItem;
} else {
((RankItem) topLevelItem).addItem(0, item);
return topLevelItem;
}
}
}
``` |
Oba Sanusi Olusi (died 1935) was a wealthy trader who succeeded Ibikunle Akitoye as Oba of Lagos from 1928 to 1931 during what some historians refer to as the "Interregnum" years of the exiled Oba Eshugbayi Eleko. Oba Sanusi Olusi was a grandson of Olusi, and great grandson of Oba Ologun Kutere. Sanusi Olusi was the first Muslim Oba of Lagos.
Career and ascendancy to Oba of Lagos
Sanusi Olusi was a trader residing at 25 Bridge Street in Idumota. He previously contested the Obaship of Lagos in 1925 but lost to then Prince Ibikunle Akitoye. Shortly after his property at Bridge Street was acquired by the British colonial government in Nigeria, he was installed Oba of Lagos upon the death of Oba Ibikunle Akitoye. Sanusi Olusi's property was acquired by the government for the construction of Carter Bridge.
Deposition as Oba of Lagos
Upon the return of the previously deposed and deported Oba Eshugbayi Eleko, Sanusi Olusi was asked to vacate the palace (Iga Idunganran) and was given a £1,000 house along Broad Street by the British colonial government plus an annual allowance of £400 annually. At a later time he was given his own place at Oke-Arin known as Iga Olusi.
Re-contesting the Obaship of Lagos in 1932
Upon Oba Eshugbayi Eleko's death in 1932, Sanusi Olusi contested the Obaship, this time going against Prince Falolu Dosunmu but lost the contest. There was some tension between Sanusi Olusi and Oba Falolu Dosunmu - In 1935, Oba Falolu protested what he perceived as Sanusi Olusi's overbearing behavior: using the royal insignia and acting and dressing as though he were the Oba. In response to Oba Falolu's protest Governor Cameron asked Sanusi Olusi to desist from such behavior.
Death
Sanusi Olusi died in 1935 and was buried at Okesuna cemetery.
References
People from Lagos
1935 deaths
Obas of Lagos
Nigerian royalty
Nigerian Muslims
20th-century Nigerian people
History of Lagos
Yoruba monarchs
Muslim monarchs
People from colonial Nigeria
Ologun-Kutere family |
NDQ or ndq may refer to:
North Dakota Quarterly, a literary journal published quarterly by the University of North Dakota
ndq, the ISO 639-3 code for Ndombe language, Angola |
Palmer is a town in Ellis County, Texas, United States. It is part of the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex. Its population was 2,393 in 2020.
Geography
Palmer is located in northeastern Ellis County at (32.429405, –96.669013). Interstate 45 passes through the east side of the town, with access from Exits 258 through 260; I-45 leads north to downtown Dallas and south to Ennis. Waxahachie, the county seat, is to the west.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which , or 1.04%, is covered by water.
Demographics
As of the 2020 United States census, 2,393 people, 782 households, and 627 families were residing in the town.
Culture
Portions of Tender Mercies, a 1983 film about a country western singer, were filmed in Palmer, although the majority was filmed in Waxahachie. In both towns, director Bruce Beresford deliberately filmed more barren and isolated locations that more closely resembled the West Texas area. The Texas town portrayed in Tender Mercies is never specifically identified.
Education
Palmer has three schools: Palmer High School, Middle School, and Elementary School. Palmer built the current elementary school in 2015, leaving the old school for gym and cafeteria use. Palmer Elementary has over 350 students ranging from prekindergarten to third grade. The junior high and middle school were combined a few years earlier to become the Palmer Middle School, housing fourth through eight grades, with around 350 students. Palmer High School is the second-newest building and serves over 300 students between 9th and 12th grades. Palmer High School and Palmer Middle School have athletics ranging from 7th to 12th grades. Sports include track and field, basketball, football, baseball, softball, volleyball, cross country, and golf. Extracurricular activities include band, National Honor Society, and many more clubs.
Transportation
Major highways
Interstate 45
Air
The city is served by the privately owned Dallas South Port Airport.
Gallery
Notes
References
External links
City of Palmer official website
Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex
Towns in Ellis County, Texas
Towns in Texas |
The Dark House (, lit. Back to the Coast) is a 2009 Dutch thriller film based on a novel by Saskia Noort.
Cast
Linda de Mol - Maria
Ariane Schluter - Ans
Pierre Bokma - Rechercheur Van Wijk
Huub Stapel - Victor Terpstra
Daan Schuurmans - Geert
Koen De Bouw - Harry
References
External links
2009 thriller films
2009 films
Dutch thriller films |
```smalltalk
using System.Buffers;
using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Tiff.Utils;
using SixLabors.ImageSharp.Memory;
using SixLabors.ImageSharp.PixelFormats;
namespace SixLabors.ImageSharp.Formats.Tiff.PhotometricInterpretation;
/// <summary>
/// Implements decoding pixel data with photometric interpretation of type 'YCbCr' with the planar configuration.
/// </summary>
/// <typeparam name="TPixel">The type of pixel format.</typeparam>
internal class YCbCrPlanarTiffColor<TPixel> : TiffBasePlanarColorDecoder<TPixel>
where TPixel : unmanaged, IPixel<TPixel>
{
private readonly YCbCrConverter converter;
private readonly ushort[] ycbcrSubSampling;
public YCbCrPlanarTiffColor(Rational[] referenceBlackAndWhite, Rational[] coefficients, ushort[] ycbcrSubSampling)
{
this.converter = new YCbCrConverter(referenceBlackAndWhite, coefficients);
this.ycbcrSubSampling = ycbcrSubSampling;
}
/// <inheritdoc/>
public override void Decode(IMemoryOwner<byte>[] data, Buffer2D<TPixel> pixels, int left, int top, int width, int height)
{
Span<byte> yData = data[0].GetSpan();
Span<byte> cbData = data[1].GetSpan();
Span<byte> crData = data[2].GetSpan();
if (this.ycbcrSubSampling != null && !(this.ycbcrSubSampling[0] == 1 && this.ycbcrSubSampling[1] == 1))
{
ReverseChromaSubSampling(width, height, this.ycbcrSubSampling[0], this.ycbcrSubSampling[1], cbData, crData);
}
int offset = 0;
int widthPadding = 0;
if (this.ycbcrSubSampling != null)
{
// Round to the next integer multiple of horizontalSubSampling.
widthPadding = TiffUtilities.PaddingToNextInteger(width, this.ycbcrSubSampling[0]);
}
for (int y = top; y < top + height; y++)
{
Span<TPixel> pixelRow = pixels.DangerousGetRowSpan(y).Slice(left, width);
for (int x = 0; x < pixelRow.Length; x++)
{
Rgba32 rgba = this.converter.ConvertToRgba32(yData[offset], cbData[offset], crData[offset]);
pixelRow[x] = TPixel.FromRgba32(rgba);
offset++;
}
offset += widthPadding;
}
}
private static void ReverseChromaSubSampling(int width, int height, int horizontalSubSampling, int verticalSubSampling, Span<byte> planarCb, Span<byte> planarCr)
{
// If width and height are not multiples of ChromaSubsampleHoriz and ChromaSubsampleVert respectively,
// then the source data will be padded.
width += TiffUtilities.PaddingToNextInteger(width, horizontalSubSampling);
height += TiffUtilities.PaddingToNextInteger(height, verticalSubSampling);
for (int row = height - 1; row >= 0; row--)
{
for (int col = width - 1; col >= 0; col--)
{
int offset = (row * width) + col;
int subSampleOffset = (row / verticalSubSampling * (width / horizontalSubSampling)) + (col / horizontalSubSampling);
planarCb[offset] = planarCb[subSampleOffset];
planarCr[offset] = planarCr[subSampleOffset];
}
}
}
}
``` |
Second Corinth order of battle may refer to:
Second Corinth Confederate order of battle
Second Corinth Union order of battle |
Herbert Wahler (born 10 December 1921) served in Einsatzgruppe C and was accused of being involved in the massacre of tens of thousands of Jews in Ukraine, including at Babi Yar. He was included in the list of most-wanted Nazi war criminals in 2018. In March 2020, the public prosecutor's office in Kassel announced that Wahler would not face charges due to a lack of evidence. He turned 100 in December 2021.
As of 2021, he was suspected to be the last living member of Einsatzgruppe C.
See also
List of last surviving Nazi war criminals
References
1921 births
Living people
German centenarians
Men centenarians
Einsatzgruppen personnel
Babi Yar
Place of birth missing (living people) |
Die Sintflut (The Flood), Op. 97, is a cantata (Kantate) for eight-part unaccompanied choir by Willy Burkhard, on a German text based on the Biblical story of Noah and the flood, composed in 1954/55.
History, text and music
Burkhard composed the setting of Biblical text from the Book of Genesis, 6:9–9:17, in German in 1954 and 1955 when he lived and taught in Zürich. It was intended for the . The composition was to be his penultimate work. It was published by Bärenreiter, first in 1955 and last in 2003, then subtitled "Kantate nach dem Bericht aus dem ersten Buch Mose / für gemischten Chor a cappella" (Cantata after the record from the First Book of Moses / for mixed choir a cappella).
Text and music
Burkhard wrote the text following the Biblical account, slightly shortening it and inserting some repetitions. He was drawn to it as a story which fascinated him by both its general statement (überpersönliche Aussage) and language full of imagery but without fixed metre. He organized the work in five movements:
I Die Verderbtheit des Menschengeschlechts (The depravity of man)
II Die Berufung Noahs (The calling of Noah)
III Der Ausbruch der Sintflut (The outbreak of the Flood)
IV Der Sintflut Ende (The end of the Flood)
V Gottes Bund mit Noah und der Regenbogen (God's covenant with Noah, and the rainbow)
The music uses several means of a cappella singing, such as homophony, imitation, and recitative of the choir (Chorrezitativ). Burkhard followed the diction of the text by precise rhythmical notation. He used word painting to depict the waters and the rainbow. The final movement is structured as a passacaglia on an ostinato bass, which is repeated seven times. The rainbow is depicted by harmony beginning in the lowest voice, rising in upward motifs to the highest, while the lower voices keep singing, and returning in downward motifs to the lowest while the upper voices fade out.
Performances and recordings
The Fifth International Congress of Church Music (5. Internationaler Kongress für Kirchenmusik) in Berne in 2015 programmed Die Sintflut as part of a vespers service, performed by the Berner Kantorei conducted by Johannes Günther.
It was recorded by the Engadiner Kantorei conducted by Martin Flämig.
References
External links
Cantatas
1955 cantatas
Noah's Ark in popular culture |
Emad El Nahhas (; born 15 February 1976) is an Egyptian football coach and former player who is the manager of the Al Ittihad Alexandria. El-Nahhas finished his career at Al-Ahly Club after retiring, undertaking training several times. He currently coaches El-Geish.
Playing career
Aswan SC
El Nahhas started his career at the Maghagha Youth Center, and there are Zamil players like Ahmed Hassan. He moved to Aswan Club in 1996 at the age of 21, after it was tested by coach Mohamed Amer, the team's coach.
Ismaily SC
After performing well for two seasons with Aswan, Al-Ismaily Club contracted El Nahhas in 1998 despite the interest of other clubs such as Al-Ahly, Zamalek and Al-Masry. It was German coach Frank Engel who approved his transfer to Ismaili.
El Nahhas crowned Al-Ismaili with the Egyptian League title in the 2001–2002 season, and in that season he scored 5 goals. The people of the league win the team to participate in the 2003 African Champions League, in which Ismaily reached the final. El Nahhas bore the team's captaincy in the first leg of the final against Nigerian club Enyimba, a game that ended in Ismaili's 2–0 defeat. The team did not succeed in compensating in Ismailia, as it only won 1-0 and won the runners-up.
Al-Nassr FC
After spending seasons with Al-Ismaily, Al-Nahhas moved to the Saudi Al-Nasr Club in 2004 on loan for 6 months. El Nahhas contract with Al-Ismaily ended in the summer of 2004, after returning from loaning victory.
Al-Ahly
In June 2004 Al-Ahly announced the inclusion of Nahhas for three seasons, compared to 400,000 pounds in the season. Al-Ahly's transition to Al-Ahly angered some Ismaili fans, who considered his lending of the Saudi victory to Al-Ahly as a stop. But El Nahhas denied that his contract to join Al-Ahly had passed before he loaned victory.
The joining of Al-Nahhas during the rebuilding of Al-Ahly team led by the Portuguese coach, Manuel Jose, came after a bad period between 2000 and 2004. The most prominent faces that joined Al-Ahly at that time were Mohamed Abu Trika, Mohamed Barakat and Islam Al-Shater, as well as El Nahhas. And those new deals achieved many championships for Al-Ahly.
Despite Imad El Nahhas's skill but he plays as a defender, he scored 8 goals for the Al-Ahly club in the 2005–2006 season, three of them in the Al-Ahly match with Al-Ittihad FC, which ended 6-0 for Al-Ahly, also scored a skill goal in the Guineas club Renacimento in the League The 2006 African Champions that ended with Al-Ahly's victory 4–0, and scored again in the Egypt Cup a goal against Zamalek in the match that ended 3–0 in favor of Al-Ahly.
He also scored the decisive goal in the penalty shoot-out that awarded Al-Ahly the African Super Cup against the Tunisian coastal star.
Imad El Nahhas is well known for his morals and trustworthiness inside the stadium.
Coaching career
Al-Ahly
El-Nahhas went to administrative work after retiring, assuming the position of assistant director of the football club in Al-Ahly Club for the 2009–2010 season, after which he worked as vice president of the junior sector in the club until he resigned in May 2014.
Al-Merrikh SC
He took over the sporting director job of the Al-Merrikh SC in 2010, then left the position after one year.
Aswan SC
Then he went after training, and he took the position of coach for the first time in July 2014 when he became manager The technical club of Aswan Club, which competes in the Egyptian League, second division. In his first season with Aswan, the 2014–15 season, Al-Nahhas led the team to return to the Premier League after an 11-year absence. He then managed to keep Aswan in the Premier League after the team finished fifteenth in the end of the 2015–16 season, 10 points behind the closest relegation teams. With the start of the following season, the team suffered negative results that made it score only 5 points after 9 rounds passed, occupying the sixteenth place. This prompted Copper to resign in November 2016.
El Sharkia SC
He took over the training of the El Sharkia SC on February 8, 2017, stayed for 17 games, bad results led to his leave on July 31, 2018.
El Raja SC
He trained Al-Rajaa on September 28, 2017, after Khaled Al-Qashmakh's resignation after the team received its third consecutive defeat. Then, the Board of Directors dismissed him on December 24, 2017, for poor results and the team finished last in the league standings.
Tanta SC
He took over the training of the Tanta SC on March 1, 2018, stayed for 7 games, bad start led to his quick leave on April 27, 2018.
Al Mokawloon Al Arab SC
He took over the training of the Arab Contractors Club on October 24, 2018, to succeed Alaa Nabil. It didn't last long however, as he would resign publicly in December 29, 2021.
Talaea El-Geish SC
He was appointed on the 9th of February as head coach of El-Geish, late into the 2022-2023 season.
Managerial statistics
Honours
As a player
Ismaily:
Egyptian Premier League: 2001–02
Egyptian Soccer Cup: 1999–2000
Egyptian Super Cup: 2000
Al Ahly:
Egyptian Premier League: 2004–05, 2005–06, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09
The third place: FIFA Club World Cup 2006
CAF Champions League: 2005, 2006, 2008
African Super Cup: 2006, 2007, 2009
Egyptian Soccer Cup: 2006, 2007
Egyptian Super Cup: 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008
As a manager
Aswan SC:
Egyptian Second Division: 2015–16 Egyptian Second Division (Promoted)
References
External links
El-Nahhas's goal against Renacimiento in African Champions League 2006
El-Nahhas's goal against Al-Ittihad Al-Iskandary in Egyptian League 2005–2006
1976 births
Living people
Egyptian men's footballers
Egyptian expatriate men's footballers
Egypt men's international footballers
Al Ahly SC players
Men's association football sweepers
Ismaily SC players
Expatriate men's footballers in Saudi Arabia
2004 African Cup of Nations players
People from Minya Governorate
Al Nassr FC players
Egyptian Premier League players
Saudi Pro League players |
```java
package io.jenkins.blueocean.service.embedded.util;
import org.apache.oro.text.GlobCompiler;
import org.apache.oro.text.regex.MalformedPatternException;
import org.apache.oro.text.regex.Pattern;
import org.apache.oro.text.regex.Perl5Matcher;
/**
* Matches glob string patters
* See path_to_url
*/
public final class GlobMatcher {
private static final GlobCompiler GLOB_COMPILER = new GlobCompiler();
private static final Perl5Matcher MATCHER = new Perl5Matcher();
private final Pattern pattern;
public GlobMatcher(String patternStr) {
try {
this.pattern = GLOB_COMPILER.compile(patternStr, GlobCompiler.CASE_INSENSITIVE_MASK);
} catch (Throwable e) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException(String.format("bad pattern '%s'", patternStr), e);
}
}
/**
* @param input to check
* @return matches pattern or not
*/
public boolean matches(String input) {
return MATCHER.matches(input, pattern);
}
}
``` |
The Museum of Abandoned Secrets (Ukrainian: Музей покинутих секретів) is a 2009 novel written by Oksana Zabuzhko. The novel, more than 800 pages long, spans six decades of contemporary Ukrainian history.
Critics have compared the book to Thomas Mann's Buddenbrooks and works of Fyodor Dostoyevsky. The novel, Zabuzhko's third, is a modern multigenerational saga which covers the years 1940 to 2004, framed as investigations by a journalist, Daryna Hoshchynska, of historical events in western Ukraine including the Holodomor, the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, and later political changes, ending just before the Orange Revolution.
The book won the 2010 award for best Ukrainian book, presented by Korrespondent magazine, and the 2013 Angelus Central European Literature Award, presented by the City of Wroclaw. Angelus jury president, Natalya Gorbanevskaya, described the book as a "book that weaves into one history and modernity, the book that features magic, love, betrayal, and death."
See also
List of Ukrainian-language writers
Ukrainian literature
References
Ukrainian-language books
Ukrainian novels
History of Ukraine (1918–1991)
2009 novels
History of Ukraine since 1991 |
Little Gidding is the fourth and final poem of T. S. Eliot's Four Quartets, a series of poems that discuss time, perspective, humanity, and salvation. It was first published in September 1942 after being delayed for over a year because of the air-raids on Great Britain during World War II and Eliot's declining health. The title refers to a small Anglican community in Little Gidding in Huntingdonshire, established by Nicholas Ferrar in the 17th century and scattered during the English Civil War.
The poem uses the combined image of fire and Pentecostal fire to emphasise the need for purification and purgation. According to the poet, humanity's flawed understanding of life and turning away from God leads to a cycle of warfare, but this can be overcome by recognising the lessons of the past. Within the poem, the narrator meets a ghost that is a combination of various poets and literary figures. Little Gidding focuses on the unity of past, present, and future, and claims that understanding this unity is necessary for salvation.
Background
Following the completion of the third Four Quartets poem, The Dry Salvages, Eliot's health declined and he stayed in Shamley Green, Surrey while he recovered. During this time, Eliot started writing Little Gidding. The first draft was completed in July 1941 but he was dissatisfied with it. He believed the problems with the poem lay with his own inability to write, and that, precipitated by air raids on London, he had started the poem with too little preparation and had written it too quickly. After the first draft was written, he set the poem aside, and he left in September to lecture throughout Great Britain.
After months of not working on the poem, Eliot began to feel compelled to finish it; it was not until August 1942, however, that he started working on it again. In total, there were five drafts. The poem was finished by 19 September 1942 and published in the October New English Weekly. Little Gidding was intended to conclude the Four Quartets series, summarising Eliot's views expressed in this series of poems.
Little Gidding was the home of an Anglican community established in 1626 by Nicholas Ferrar. The Ferrar household lived a Christian life according to High Church principles and the Book of Common Prayer. The religious community was dispersed during the English Civil War between Parliamentarians and Royalists but re-formed, ending with the death of John Ferrar in 1657. Eliot had visited the site in May 1936.
Unlike the other locations mentioned in the titles of the Four Quartets poems, Eliot had no direct connection to the original Christian community. As such, the community is supposed to represent almost any religious community.
Poem
Critics classify Little Gidding as a poem of fire with an emphasis on purgation and the Pentecostal fire. The beginning of the poem discusses time and winter, with attention paid to the arrival of summer. The images of snow, which provoke desires for a spiritual life, transition into an analysis of the four classical elements of fire, earth, air and water and how fire is the primary element of the four. Following this is a discussion on death and destruction, things unaccomplished, and regret for past events.
While using Dante's terza rima style, the poem continues by describing the Battle of Britain. The image of warfare merges with the depiction of Pentecost, and the Holy Spirit is juxtaposed with the air-raids on London. In the second section, a ghost, representing the poets of the past stuck between worlds, begins talking to the narrator of the poem. The ghost discusses change, art in general, and how humankind is flawed. The only way to overcome the problematic condition of humanity, according to the ghost, is to experience purgation through fire. The fire is described in a manner similar to the medieval mystic Julian of Norwich's writing about God's love and discussed in relationship to the shirt of Nessus, a shirt that burns its wearer. Little Gidding continues by describing the eternalness of the present and how history exists in a pattern. The poem concludes by explaining how sacrifice is needed to allow an individual to die into life and be reborn, and that salvation should be the goal of humankind.
Themes
In terms of renewal, Eliot believed that suffering was needed for all of society before new life could begin. The original Little Gidding community was built for living on monastic lines, but the community was damaged and dispersed by Puritan forces during the English Civil War in 1646. The church, the centre of the community, was restored in 1714 and again in 1853. The image of religious renewal is combined with the image of the London air-raids and the constant fighting and destruction within the world. This compound image is used to discuss the connection of holy places with the Holy Spirit, Pentecost, communion with the dead, and the repetition of history. The theme is also internal to Eliot's own poems; the image of the rose garden at the end Little Gidding is the image that begins Burnt Norton and the journey is made circular. Also, the depiction of time within the poem is similar to the way time operates within The Family Reunion.
Like the other poems making up the Four Quartets, Little Gidding deals with the past, present, and future, and humanity's place within them as each generation is seemingly united. In the second section, there is a ghost who is the compilation of various poets, including Dante, Swift, Yeats, and others. When the ghost joins the poet, the narrator states "Knowing myself yet being someone other". This suggests that the different times merge at the same time that the different personalities begin to merge, allowing a communication and connection with the dead. Later, in the fourth section, humanity is given a choice between the Holy Spirit or the bombing of London; redemption or destruction. God's love allows humankind to be redeemed and escape the living hell through purgation by fire. The end of the poem describes how Eliot has attempted to help the world as a poet. He parallels his work in language with working on the soul or working on society.
The ghost, a combination of many literary figures, was originally addressed in the poem as "Ser Brunetto" before being revised as an ambiguous "you". "Ser Brunetto" was Dante's way of addressing Brunetto Latini, a former mentor whom he meets in Hell to which he has been condemned for sodomy. Eliot, in a letter to John Hayward dated 27 August 1942, explained why he changed the wording:
I think you will recognise that it was necessary to get rid of Brunetto for two reasons. The first is that the visionary figure has now become somewhat more definite and will no doubt be identified by some readers with Yeats though I do not mean anything so precise as that. However, I do not wish to take the responsibility of putting Yeats or anybody else into Hell and I do not want to impute to him the particular vice which took Brunetto there. Secondly, although the reference to that Canto is intended to be explicit, I wish the effect of the whole to be Purgatorial which is more appropriate. That brings us to the reference to swimming in fire which you will remember at the end of Purgatorio 26 where the poets are found.
The theme of swimming through flames is connected to the depiction of Guido Guinizelli, a poet who influenced Dante, seeking such a state in Purgatorio XXVI. However, the depiction of swimming was transformed into an image of dancing, an act that appears throughout Yeats's poetry, within purgatorial flames. The critic Dominic Manganiello suggests that, in combining the image of dancing with purgation, Eliot merges Dante's and Yeats's poetic themes.
Sources
At one point in the poem, Eliot used terza rima rhyme in a manner similar to Dante. In a 1950 lecture, he discussed how he imitated Dante within Little Gidding and the challenges that this presented. The lecture also dwelt on keeping to a set form and how Dante's poetry is the model for religious poetry and poetry in general. Besides Dante, many of the images used in Little Gidding were allusions to Eliot's earlier poems, especially the other poems of the Four Quartets.
Eliot included other literary sources within the poem: Stéphane Mallarmé, W. B. Yeats, Jonathan Swift, Arnaut Daniel, Nijinsky's dancing in Le Spectre de la Rose, and Shakespeare's Hamlet. Religious images were used to connect the poem to the writings of Julian of Norwich, to the life and death of Thomas Wentworth, to William Laud, to Charles I, and to John Milton. Eliot relied on theological statements similar to those of Alfred, Lord Tennyson's In Memoriam and Thomas Hardy's The Impercipient. The Bible also played a large role within the poem, especially in discussions on the Holy Spirit and Pentecost. Many commentators have pointed out the influence of George Herbert within the poem, but Eliot, in a letter to Anne Ridler dated 10 March 1941, stated that he was trying to avoid such connections within Little Gidding.
Reception
Critics such as Malcolm Cowley and Delmore Schwartz describe mixed emotions about the religiosity of the poem. Cowley emphasised the mystical nature of the poem and how its themes were closer to Buddhism than Anglicanism while mentioning his appreciation of many of the passages. Schwartz also mentioned the Buddhist images and his admiration for many of the lines in Little Gidding. F. B. Pinion believed that the fourth section of the poem caused "Eliot more trouble and vexation than any passage of the same length he ever wrote, and is his greatest achievement in the Four Quartets."
E. M. Forster did not like Eliot's emphasis on pain and responded to the poem: "Of course there's pain on and off through each individual's life... You can't shirk it and so on. But why should it be endorsed by the schoolmaster and sanctified by the priest until the fire and the rose are one when so much of it is caused by disease and bullies? It is here that Eliot becomes unsatisfactory as a seer." Writing in 2003, Roger Scruton wrote that in Little Gidding Eliot achieved "that for which he envies Dante—namely, a poetry of belief, in which belief and words are one, and in which the thought cannot be prized free from the controlled and beautiful language".
Notes
References
Ackroyd, Peter. T. S. Eliot: A Life. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1984.
Bergonzi, Bernard. T. S. Eliot. New York: Macmillan Company, 1972. OCLC 262820
Gardner, Helen. The Composition of "Four Quartets". New York: Oxford University Press, 1978.
Gordon, Lyndall. T. S. Eliot: An Imperfect Life. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2000.
Grant, Michael, T. S. Eliot: The Critical Heritage. New York: Routledge, 1997.
Kirk, Russell. Eliot and His Age. Wilmington: ISA Books, 2008. OCLC 80106144
Manganiello, Dominic. T. S. Eliot and Dante. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1989.
Pinion, F. B. A T. S. Eliot Companion. London: MacMillan, 1986. OCLC 246986356
1942 poems
Christian poetry
Modernist poems
Poetry by T. S. Eliot
Works originally published in The New English Weekly
British poems
poem |
Belconnen Remand Centre, or BRC, was an Australian remand custody facility located in Belconnen, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. The centre opened in 1976 and closed in 2009. At times, it held a small number of illegal immigrants.
When it was first established in 1976, the Belconnen Remand Centre was intended to hold around 16 people. The centre's construction had been considered and approved by Prime Minister Gough Whitlam's Cabinet in 1973.
Four men escaped the remand centre in July 1988 through a roof in the exercise yard.
In December 1992, then ACT Attorney-General Terry Connolly flagged that the remand centre should be replaced, due to its outmoded architecture and the high operating costs identified at the time.
The ACT Government made the decision to build a new prison, the Alexander Maconochie Centre, and to decommission the Belconnen Remand Centre, in 2003.
A human rights audit of the operation of the Belconnen Remand Centre and other ACT correctional facilities was conducted in 2007, identifying issues to be avoided in the new Alexander Maconochie Centre, and matters to be improved in the meantime prior to the new prison's establishment.
References
Further reading
Government buildings completed in 1976
Prisons in the Australian Capital Territory
2009 disestablishments in Australia
Defunct prisons in Australia |
Prusinowice is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Świercze, within Pułtusk County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately north-east of Świercze, west of Pułtusk, and north of Warsaw.
References
Prusinowice |
Scram! is a 1932 pre-Code Laurel and Hardy film produced by Hal Roach, directed by Ray McCarey, and distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.
Plot
The story begins in a courtroom, where Stan and Ollie appear before Judge Beaumont on a charge of vagrancy. The duo quickly anger the judge, who can't remand them in custody for 180 days as he would normally do because the jail is full; and so instead gives them "One hour... to get out of town! And never let me set eyes on you again..." — dismissing the case by snarling "Scram! Or I'll build a jail for you!"
Later, as Stan and Ollie are walking down the sidewalk in a heavy rainstorm, they meet a well-dressed, highly intoxicated man and help retrieve his car key, which he has dropped down a grating, and in return, he invites the homeless pair to stay at his mansion. Once they arrive at the residence, the congenial drunk cannot find his house key, but the boys finally get into the house, where they startle a young woman, causing her to faint. They revive her with what they think is water but is actually gin, and all three get tipsy in the process. While the three enjoy music and dancing in the woman's bedroom, the drunk in the hallway learns from the butler that he is in the wrong house, so he staggers away to find his real home. Soon the mansion's true owner arrives: it is none other than Judge Beaumont. Finding Stan and Ollie upstairs with his drunk wife and wearing his pajamas, the enraged judge ominously advances toward Stan and Ollie, who hurriedly retreat to a corner of the bedroom. In a panic, Stan switches off the lights — and the film ends in darkness with Judge Beaumont's wrath conveyed via a soundtrack of breaking glass, screams, whirlwinds, and explosions!
Cast
Stan Laurel as Mr. Laurel
Oliver Hardy as Mr. Hardy
Richard Cramer as Judge Beaumont
Arthur Housman as Drunk
Vivien Oakland as Mrs. Beaumont
Controversy
According to the book Laurel & Hardy Compleet by Dutch author and Laurel and Hardy specialist Thomas Leeflang, this film was banned in the Netherlands in 1932. Moral crusaders thought the scene in which Stan and Ollie lie on a bed with a woman was indecent. Today the ban is no longer in effect.
Preservation
Scram! was preserved and restored by the UCLA Film and Television Archive from the nitrate original picture negative, a nitrate lavender master and the nitrate original track negative. The restoration premiered at the UCLA Festival of Preservation in 2022.
References
External links
1932 films
1932 comedy films
American black-and-white films
Films directed by Ray McCarey
Laurel and Hardy (film series)
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer short films
Films with screenplays by H. M. Walker
1932 short films
Censorship in the Netherlands
Film controversies in the Netherlands
American comedy short films
1930s English-language films
1930s American films |
Takenaga Hayato 竹永 隼人(birth and death unknown) was the founder of the mainline Yagyū Shingan-ryū(柳生心眼流) a.k.a. Shingan ryu martial arts tradition circa 1600. The YAGYU SHINGAN ryu in its entirety is a school of Heiho (Military Strategy and Tactics) jutsu.
Takenaga left his home in Sendai and travelled to Edo where he became employed by the Yagyu family. Yagyu Munenori (b.1571 - d.1646) later heard of the martial prowess of Takenaga Hayato and allowed Takenaga to engage in training the Edo line Yagyū Shinkage-ryū (柳生新陰流). His progress was remarkable and in due time he was put to the test and as a result Yagyu Munenori passed on the gokui (secret teachings) of the Edo line Yagyu Shinkage ryu to Takenaga Hayato.
Yagyu Munenori knowing Takenaga Hayato was from the Sendai domain possibly took a liking to Takenaga as Yagyu Munenori was on good terms with the daimyō Date Masamune (b.1567 - d.1636) Lord of the Sendai domain c.1600.
The Yagyu Shingan ryu tradition was originally known as Shingan ryu (心眼流)and the name Yagyu (柳生) was included in the tradition on the direction of Yagyu Tajima No Kami Munenori to Takenaga Hayato just before he returned to his home in Sendai.
Before founding the Yagyu Shingan ryu Takenaga Hayato had mastered the Shindō-ryū (神道流), Shinkage-ryu - Divine Shadow (神影流), Shuza-ryū (首座流), Toda-ryū (戸田流) and the Edo line Yagyu Shinkage ryu - Yagyu New Shadow School (柳生新陰流) (Note the different kanji of Shinkage-ryu and Yagyu Shinkage-ryu). It was the Shindo ryu of Ushu Tatewaki which clearly influenced Takenaga.
On his return to Sendai Takenaga's Yagyu Shingan ryu became so popular that many ashigaru sought his teachings and became disciples of the tradition. The ashigaru by profession were normally common farmers engaged in agriculture in the Sendai domain. Today Sendai geographically the inner central region of the Yagyu Shingan ryu is now regarded as a modern city in harmony with nature which lies in the centre of the Tohoku region.
Takenaga Hayato acquired a place where he could live in peace and changed his name to JIKINYU . Until the end of his life he worked instructing the martial spirit in the Sendai domain where he lived in seclusion. An inscribed stone memorial tablet erected in honour of the founder depicts in detail 'Master Student Service'. The memorial is located not far from the estate of Takenaga Hayato which has been recorded by the Momo Cho Education Committee. Takenaga Hayato was a warrior of inspiration and the founder's teachings have been recorded and transmitted from generation to generation and to this day in the Yagyu Shingan ryu Heihojutsu Kyodensho Chikuosha of headmaster Shimazu Kenji and Yagyu Shingan ryu Heiho Ryushinkan of headmaster Hoshi Kunio II.
With unswerving dedication and ability, ongoing research into the Yagyu Shingan ryu continues by Soke Hoshi Kunio II, Headmaster of the Yagyu Shingan Ryu 'Ryushinkan', and Shimazu Kenji, Headmaster of the Yagyu Shingan ryu 'Chikuosha' through the Nihon Bujutsu Shiryokan.
Outside of Japan, Philip Hinshelwood and John Hinshelwood of Australia hold teaching licences for Yagyu Shingan ryu Heihojutsu and are authorised by Shimazu Kenji to teach the tradition. Keikokai in the Hunter Valley under Simon Louis, Sydney under Dr. Andrew Melito, and the Gold Coast under Chris Davis have been authorized. Per Eriksson of Sweden is also authorised to teach the Yagyu Shingan ryu curriculum. There is a direct link between the Australia and Sweden branches.
Lineage
The following list encapsulates three lines of the Yagyu Shingan ryu Heiho.
'''Ushu Tatewaki Katsuyoshi.' Koshu Kambubu Dohoriken. Arakawa Jirozaemon Masanobu. Toda Seigan Nyudo Ujishige. Yagyu Tajima No Kami Munenori.Takenaga Hayato. Yoshikawa Ichirouemon. Ito Kyuzaburo. Koyama Samon. Aizawa Tadanoshin Token. Chiba Yoshikazu. Satake Shinnosuke. Kato Gonzo. Hoshi Tekichi (Masayoshi). Kano Yasuyoshi. Aizawa Tomio. Shimazu Kenji.
'Ushu Tatewaki Katsuyoshi.' Koshu Kambubu Dohoriken. Arakawa Jirozaemon Masanobu. Toda Seigan Nyudo Ujishige. Yagyu Tajima No Kami Munenori.' Takenaga Hayato. Yoshikawa Ichirouemon. Ito Kyuzaburo. Koyama Samon. Aizawa Tadanoshin Token. Chiba Yoshikazu. Satake Shinnosuke. Kato Gonzo. Hoshi tekichi (Masayoshi). Hoshi Seiemon. Hoshi Hikojuro Kuniyuki. Hoshi Kunio. Shimazu Kenji.'Ushu Tatewaki Katsuyoshi.' Koshu Kambubu Dohoriken. Arakawa Jirozaemon Masanobu. Toda Seigan Nyudo Ujishige. Yagyu Tajima No Kami Munenori.' Takenaga Hayato. Yoshikawa Ichirouemon. Ito Kyuzaburo. Koyama Samon. Aizawa Tadanoshin Token. Chiba Yoshikazu. Satake Shinnosuke. Kato Gonzo. Hoshi Tekichi (Masayoshi). Hoshi Seiemon. Hoshi Hikojuro Kuniyuki. Hoshi Kunio. Hoshi Kunio II.
References
BOOK SOURCE:
Shimazu Kenji. 1979. Katchu Kempo Yagyu Shingan ryu (Armoured Grappling Yagyu Shingan ryu). Tokyo: Nitto Shoin.
Hoshi Kunio.,and Shimazu Kenji 1998. Seiden Yagyu Shingan ryu Heihojutsu (Correct Transmission: Yagyu Shingan ryu Art of Strategy). Tokyo: Nihon Bujutsu Shiryokan.
RESEARCH NOTES:
Philip Hinshelwood - student of Shimazu Kenji, Yagyu Shingan ryu 'Chikuosha'.
Hinshelwood (1988–2013)., Translated (2002–2007) Nihon Bujutsu Shiryokan - Japan Martial Arts Research Centre.
SOME NOTABLE HEADMASTERS OF YAGYU SHINGAN RYU:
Shimazu Sensei 'Chikuosha'
Hoshi Sensei 'Ryushinkan'
Kajitsuka Sensei 'Arakido'.
NOTE
Although related, the Yagyu Shingan ryu founded by Takenaga Hayato should not be confused with Yagyu Shingan ryu Taijutsu who identifies as its spiritual founder, Araki Mataemon (1584–1637). There is no connection between Takenaga Hayato and Araki Mataemon. Yagyu Shingan ryu Taijutsu diverted somewhat technically from the older Yagyu Shingan ryu Heihojutsu. Three generations later the Edo line was founded by Koyama Samon (1718–1800), and several generations later became known as Yagyu Shingan ryu Taijutsu under Headmaster Hoshino Tenchi. There are mistakes in The Samurai Archives SamuraiWiki.
Both the Sendai line and Edo line are highly recommended.
External links
Australian Yagu Shingan ryu site
Japanese martial artists of the Edo period
Martial arts school founders
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown |
```php
<?php
class Foo
{
public function bar()
{
return $this;
}
}
``` |
William Perrin may refer to:
William Perrin (convict) (1831–1903) convict transported to Western Australia, later a school teacher
William Perrin (bishop) (1848–1934), Anglican bishop
William Gordon Perrin (1874–1931), R.A.F. and Navy officer
Bill Perrin, baseball player
William F. Perrin (born 1938), American biologist
See also
William Perring
William Perrins |
```yaml
machine:
node:
version: 7.4.0
services:
- docker
environment:
CLOUDSDK_CORE_DISABLE_PROMPTS: 1
dependencies:
override:
- sudo apt-get update
- sudo apt-get install curl libc6 libcurl3 zlib1g
- npm install
post:
- curl -LO path_to_url -s path_to_url
- chmod +x ./kubectl
- sudo mv ./kubectl /usr/local/bin/kubectl
test:
pre:
- docker build -t cloudboost/storage-analytics-service:3.0.$CIRCLE_BUILD_NUM .
override:
- echo "NO TESTS REQUIRED FOR storage-analytics-service"
deployment:
staging:
branch: staging
commands:
- docker build -t cloudboost/storage-analytics-service:staging .
- docker login --username $DOCKERUSERNAME --password $DOCKERPASSWORD --email $DOCKEREMAIL
- docker push cloudboost/storage-analytics-service:3.0.$CIRCLE_BUILD_NUM
- docker push cloudboost/storage-analytics-service:staging
- git clone path_to_url
- cd kube-cred && openssl enc -in config.enc -out config -d -aes256 -k $KUBE_ENC
- mkdir ~/.kube
- cd kube-cred && mv config ~/.kube/
- kubectl rolling-update cloudboost-sas-staging --image=cloudboost/storage-analytics-service:staging --image-pull-policy=Always
production:
branch: master
commands:
- docker build -t cloudboost/storage-analytics-service:latest .
- docker login --username $DOCKERUSERNAME --password $DOCKERPASSWORD --email $DOCKEREMAIL
- docker push cloudboost/storage-analytics-service:3.0.$CIRCLE_BUILD_NUM
- docker push cloudboost/storage-analytics-service:latest
- git clone path_to_url
- cd kube-cred && openssl enc -in config.enc -out config -d -aes256 -k $KUBE_ENC
- mkdir ~/.kube
- cd kube-cred && mv config ~/.kube/
- kubectl rolling-update cloudboost-sas --image=cloudboost/storage-analytics-service:latest --image-pull-policy=Always
``` |
Kathleen Isabella Mackie ARUA (22 July 1899 – 8 May 1996) was a painter and an elected Associate of the Ulster Academy of Arts and exhibitor at the Paris Salon. She was a founding member of the Ulster Gliding Club and a friend of pioneering aviator Amy Johnson.
Biography
Born Kathleen Isabella Metcalfe in Knock, Belfast, Ireland in 1899, she was the eldest of three children to Arthur Metcalfe and Phoebe Pringle. Mackie attended Richmond Lodge, Belfast, and attended Highcliffe School outside Scarborough for a year before going on to study at Alexandra College, Dublin from 1916 to 1919. In her first year at Alexandra College she came joint first in a competition judged by Sarah Purser and Richard Caulfield Orpen in the Lady Ardilaun Exhibition. She was also selected to design World War I fundraising posters, which were then displayed in Amiens Street Station.
Mackie then returned to Belfast where she took private lessons with Jessie Douglas at Garfield Chambers on Royal Avenue. She entered Belfast School of Art under Alfred Rawlings Baker in 1921 where she remained for two years. Rawlings introduced her to John Lavery, doyen of the Belfast art scene, and after joining her neighbour Joseph Carey's 1910 Sketching Club, she met Frank McKelvey and Percy French amongst many others.
She enjoyed continued success when she won a prize in 1921 in the Royal Dublin Society's Taylor Art Awards which allowed her entry to the Royal Academy Schools in London. The following year Mackie won both the Taylor Award and a British scholarship, which she was to retain for a further two years. In London Mackie worked under William Orpen, Walter Sickert, George Clausen and Sir Gerald Kelly. In 1924 Mackie was selected to show alongside John Lavery, Frank McKelvey and Paul Henry at the British Empire Exhibition at Wembley. At the end of 1924 Mackie transferred her remaining scholarship to return to Belfast School of Art, when she also established her own studio in Garfield Chambers. Mackie's student work The Market represented her at the 1925 Paris Salon and was later presented to the Ulster Academy of Arts as her diploma work.
From 1922 until 1947 she showed with the Watercolour Society of Ireland upon the encouragement of Eileen Reid, and was also to exhibit less frequently with the Royal Academy and the Royal Hibernian Academy.
After marrying her cousin, the owner of Mackies engineering works in April 1926 with whom she had three sons, her work slowed and yet she still submitted work for exhibition, and she became an Associate of the Ulster Academy of Arts in 1936 where she exhibited more than sixty paintings over 39 years until 1959. She supported her husband's work for ex-servicemen's charities which gained him a CBE, as well as local causes such as her place on the hospital committee.
Mackie was a forgotten artist for many years having not exhibited works for around twenty-five years until a chance discovery by her son Paddy when he entered an apple loft at his Mother's home. This find resulted in Mackie's first solo exhibition at the Castle Espie Gallery, Comber at the age of 86. The Ulster Museum hosted a major retrospective of her work just a few weeks before her death, although she was unable to attend due to illness.
Mackie was also a keen sailor, angler and skier who took up gliding in 1927 and with her husband was a founding member of the Ulster Gliding Club. She maintained a friendship with Amy Johnson after her visit to the Ulster Gliding Club in 1938, and continued to fly until she was in her late seventies. Mackie died in at her home in County Down in 1996. She was survived by her son and several grandchildren and great-grandchildren. Her works can be found in many private collections and in the diploma collection of the Royal Ulster Academy of Arts.
Further reading
Watercolour Society of Ireland (2004) 150th Exhibition: A Celebratory Display of Paintings by Past Members, National Gallery of Ireland
Mallie, Eamon., (2009), Kathleen Isabella Metcalfe Mackie 1899-1996: the life and work of an Ulster artist, Nicholson and Bass
Sources
1899 births
1996 deaths
20th-century Irish painters
People educated at Alexandra College
Alumni of the Royal Academy Schools
Alumni of Belfast School of Art
Artists from Belfast
Glider pilots
Members of the Royal Ulster Academy
Painters from Northern Ireland
Women painters from Northern Ireland
People educated at Victoria College, Belfast |
Robert L. Hill may refer to:
Robert Lee Hill (1892–1963), African-American sharecropper, trade unionist and civil rights activist
Robert L. Hill (biochemist) (1928–2012), American biochemist |
The 1985 WCT Tournament of Champions was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts in Forest Hills, Queens, New York City in the United States. The event was part of the Super Series of the 1985 Grand Prix circuit and was organized by World Championship Tennis (WCT). It was the ninth edition of the tournament and was held from May 6 through May 12, 1985. No.2 seeded Ivan Lendl won the singles title, his second at the event after 1982.
Finals
Singles
Ivan Lendl defeated John McEnroe 6–3, 6–3
It was Lendl's 4th singles title of the year and the 46th of his career.
Doubles
Ken Flach / Robert Seguso defeated Givaldo Barbosa / Ivan Kley 7–5, 6–2
See also
Lendl–McEnroe rivalry
References
External links
International Tennis Federation – tournament edition details
1985 Grand Prix (tennis)
World Championship Tennis Tournament of Champions
WCT Tournament of Champions
WCT Tournament of Champions |
```xml
import { TemplateRef } from '@angular/core';
export interface IListItem {
text?: string;
template?: TemplateRef<any>;
}
``` |
Calce may refer to:
People
Giacinto della Calce (1649–1715), Italian bishop
Michael Calce (born 1984), Canadian hacker
Places
Calce, Pyrénées-Orientales, France
Other
Center for Advanced Life Cycle Engineering |
Ansonville Township, population 1,698, is one of eight townships in Anson County, North Carolina. Ansonville Township is in size and is located in northern Anson County. This township includes the town of Ansonville within its boundaries.
Geography
Ansonville Township is bounded by Rocky River and Pee Dee River on the north side, Cedar Creek on the east, and Lanes Creek on the west. Camp Branch is the only tributary to the Rocky River in the township, Tributaries to the Pee Dee River include Buffalo Creek, Pressley Creek and Brown Creek, which drains most of the southern part of the township. Tributaries to Brown Creek include Flat Fork, Hurricane Creek, Palmetto Branch, Goulds Fork, Jacks Branch, and Cabin Branch. Little Creek is the only named tributary to Lanes Creek in the township.
References
Townships in Anson County, North Carolina
Townships in North Carolina |
```java
/*
*
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
*/
package com.haulmont.cuba.web.widgets;
import com.vaadin.ui.Component;
import com.vaadin.ui.components.colorpicker.ColorPickerSelect;
public class CubaColorPickerSelect extends ColorPickerSelect {
protected String allCaption;
protected String redCaption;
protected String greenCaption;
protected String blueCaption;
@Override
protected Component initContent() {
Component component = super.initContent();
range.setTextInputAllowed(false);
range.setItemCaptionGenerator(item -> {
switch (item) {
case ALL:
return allCaption;
case RED:
return redCaption;
case GREEN:
return greenCaption;
case BLUE:
return blueCaption;
}
return null;
});
return component;
}
public void setAllCaption(String allCaption) {
this.allCaption = allCaption;
updateSelectedItemCaption();
}
public void setRedCaption(String redCaption) {
this.redCaption = redCaption;
updateSelectedItemCaption();
}
public void setGreenCaption(String greenCaption) {
this.greenCaption = greenCaption;
updateSelectedItemCaption();
}
public void setBlueCaption(String blueCaption) {
this.blueCaption = blueCaption;
updateSelectedItemCaption();
}
protected void updateSelectedItemCaption() {
if (range != null && range.getSelectedItem().isPresent()) {
range.updateSelectedItemCaption(range.getSelectedItem().get());
}
}
}
``` |
Na'im Busofash (, lit. "Moving on weekend" or "Pleasant on weekend") is an Israeli weekend public transportation array that exists in 7 authorities in Gush Dan – Givatayim, Kiryat Ono, Ramat HaSharon, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Shoham, Modi'in-Maccabim-Re'ut and Hod HaSharon.
History
The Status Quo in Israel about public transportation on Shabbat
As a part of the Status Quo in Israel about the Shabbat, in most areas of Israel, public transportation is inactive on Shabbat (Except for lines in remote settlements at the edges of the country, the city of Haifa and other mixed cities such as Nazareth and Nof HaGalil, taxis and Share taxis).
During the 2010s, a number of private projects aimed at operating transportation services on weekends (and especially on Shabbats) began by establishing cooperative associations. Such projects include "Shabus" (שבוס; a portmanteau of the words Shabbat and bus), which operates in Jerusalem; "Noa Tanua" (נוע תנוע; lit. Move), which operates in Gush Dan; Be'er Sheva and Haifa, "Sababus" (סבבוס; a portmanteau of the Hebrew word "Sababa" and the word "bus"), which operates between Ramat Gan and Tel Aviv; and "Kave HaHof" (קווי החוף; lit. "The coastlines"), which operates in Herzliya and Tel Aviv.
"Na'im Busofash" project
In October 2019, it became known that a number of cities checked the possibility of operating scheduled bus lines on Shabbats. And in October 2019, The Municipality of Tel Aviv launched a tender for operating constant lines during the Sabbath, and started inquiries with nearby local authorities with a view to establishing a future network of lines that will operate across Gush Dan.
The service began operating on Friday, November 22, 2019.
Operating public transportation in these areas is not against the law, because the law does not prohibit such public transportation, because it is operated privately by cities in Israel (and not by the transportation companies operated by the Ministry of Transportation), and because there is no charge for the ride (and if the Knesset would legislate a law regulating public transportation on Shabbat, the rides will cost money, because those rides will be officially considered public transportation in the law).
In January 2020, it became known that the local authorities Hod HaSharon, Shoham and Yehud-Monosson will join the project by the end of the month.
In the ninth week of the project activity (January 17–18, 2020), the seventh line, line 711, was added to the six lines that had operated until then, connecting Tel Aviv-Yafo to Yehud-Monosson and Shoham.
About the project
Nowadays, 8 local authorities in Israel partner with the weekend transportation array: Givatayim, Kiryat Ono, Ramat HaSharon, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Shoham, Modi'in-Maccabim-Re'ut, Hod HaSharon and Kfar Saba
The project is operated by the company "Taxi Service Lines 4,5 Ltd.", which won the bid for its operation.
The project currently operated every weekend (Friday-Saturday): On Friday, from 5:00 pm to 2:00 am; And on Saturday, from 9:00 am to 5:00 pm, with a frequency of 20 minutes regularly throughout the hours of operation.
The transportation network is based on buses and 19-seat minibuses transportation array. The array includes 11 lines across the authorities (lines 705–714 and 717), and stops at more than 600 stops. The lines let you ride to the center of the cities and between the various neighborhoods, and to the main entertainment and leisure places.
The "Na'im Busofash" line system is designed so it will pass mainly on the main roads and minimize entrance into inner streets in the neighborhoods, taking into account areas where Sabbath observers live. In addition, to prevent damage to share taxis, "Na'im Busofash" lines do not pass through the ride areas where share taxis operate on weekends.
The rides on "Na'im Busofash" lines are free, as charging for public transportation on weekends is prohibited by law (except where public transportation on Saturday is officially operated by the Ministry of Transportation).
The stations where the minibuses and buses pass are signed by stickers with the numbers of the lines that stop at them, and the minibuses and buses of the service are branded with signage, the number of lines and the main destinations where they stop at.
Every third bus that arrives (every hour and a half) is accessible for disabled passengers.
The electronic information screens at stops belong to and are operated by the Ministry of Transportation, and it's unable to receive information about "Na'im Busofash" lines, which operated by the municipalities. It is also not possible to get information about the availability and their routes in the official application of the Ministry of Transportation for ride times "Kol-Kav" (כל-קו; lit. "Every line"). Alternatively, 4 alternative transportation apps are available for this: "Otobus Karov" (אוטובוס קרוב; lit. "Bus Nearby"), "Efo Bus" (איפה בוס; lit. "Where's a Bus"), "My-Way", and "Moovit".
During the service hours on the weekends, there is a call center that can be contacted. There is a dedicated site for the project, available in Hebrew, English and Arabic, where information about the service can be found.
Demand
In the first week of service activity (November 22–23, 2019), the demand for the project was higher than expected, and already in the first hour of operation, demand for rides was higher than expected, so the Tel Aviv municipality increased the service and added another minibus to each of the six lines on the network – three instead of two.
Because the ride is free, there is no mechanism that counts their exact number. But the first week, according to estimates, the service was used by about 10,000 people. As the frequency increases, and the minibuses are replaced by buses, it is planned to serve a much larger public.
To cope with the high demand was in the first week, in the second week of activity (November 29–30, 2019), the project was increased by additional minibuses and 52-seats buses. It was reported that the lines were still full of people, but no special malfunctions happened as in the first week.
Criticism
Negative criticism
The weekend public transportation project "Na'im Busofash" has received many harsh criticisms from the religious and ultra-Orthodox Jews in Israel.
On the fourth weekend of the project (December 13–14, 2019), hundreds of ultra-Orthodox people protested against the operation of the public transportation system. At the same protest, police arrested 16 ultra-Orthodox people for blocking roads, disorderly conduct and throwing stones at the cops.
In addition, some of the criticisms allege that the public transportation project on Shabbats is against the law.
While the meeting to approve joining the project in the city of Yehud-Monosson, hundreds of city residents came to the city hall in protest, calling "not to approve the anti-Jewish move".
Negative reviews also came from taxi drivers, but not about the service itself, but about the fact that it is free, thus it hurts their main livelihood (on the weekends). Drivers say they feel a dramatic drop in the number of the rides following the project.
Positive criticism
Alongside the many negative reviews, there have been many positive reviews of the public transportation project.
Many positive reviews are heard from the passengers in the project, who in his first ride noted that "this is a historic day".
Knesset member Avigdor Lieberman also praised the project that it "blocks the religious coercion that is trying to be forced in cities where there is a secular majority."
See also
Status quo (Israel)
References
External links
Public transport in Israel |
Kadayanallur block is a revenue block in the Tenkasi district of Tamil Nadu, India. It has a total of 16 panchayat villages.
References
Revenue blocks of Tirunelveli district |
Adventure of Sundarbans is a 2023 Bangladeshi children's film directed by Abu Raihan Jewel. It is the first film direction for Abu Raihan Jewel. This film an adaptation of Muhammed Zafar Iqbal's 2012 novel Ratuler Raat Ratuler Din. Siam Ahmed and Pori Moni have starred as the leads. The cast also includes Shahidul Alam Shacchu, Azad Abul Kalam, Kachi Khandakar, Abu Huraira Tanveer, and a group of child actors. The film is produced by Shot By Shot and co-produced by Stellar Digital Limited (Bongo).
Cast
Siam Ahmed as Ratul
Pori Moni as Trisha
Shahidul Alam Shacchu
Azad Abul Kalam
Kochi Khondokar
Abu Hurayra Tanvir
Monira Mithu
Ashish Khandokar
Plot
The Sundarbans is the largest mangrove forest worldwide. It is located in Southern Bangladesh and known for its species rich wildlife. This includes the Royal Bengal Tiger, Crocodiles and Dolphins. For almost half a decade, pirates have been predominantly plaguing the region with abductions and poaching.
A group of children from the “Children’s Film Society” embark on a journey to the mangroves of Sundarbans in Bangladesh. The children are accompanied by renowned poets, writers, and filmmakers as well as volunteers Ratul and Trisha on the journey. Travelers can visit Sundarban only in high tides. However, things do not go as planned, and eventually, the group's ship gets stuck due to low tide. Things get even worse once the group spots local pirates approaching. Once the pirates board their ship, everyone is taken hostage. Fortunately, the ship's hidden passenger comes up with a plan, and he needs the children's help to execute it. The movie “Adventure of Sundarbans” is thrilling and adrenaline-fueled. If the children manage to escape the pirates through the help of the hidden passenger is to be revealed at the end of the movie. [3]
Production
Adventure of Sundarbans is directed by Abu Raihan Jewel while popular artists Pori Moni and Siam Ahmed were signed as main cast.‘ Zakaria Soukhin's screenplay is based on the novel by Muhammad Zafar Iqbal titled ‘Ratuler Raat Ratuler Din’. The manuscript of the film received a government grant in the financial year 2018-19 under the title of ‘Nosu Dakat Kupokat’. Later, the name was changed to ‘Adventure of Sundarban’. Muhammad Zafar Iqbal has written one of the songs for the film.
Locations
The primary shooting took place on a launch between Sadarghat and Mangla. Other outdoor shootings took place at Khulna, Sherpur (Garo Pahar), Narayanganj (Panam City) and Dhaka (Uttara).
Release
The film got postponed due to the pandemic. However, Adventure of Sundarban was released in theatres on January 20, 2023.
The official trailer was released on December 20, 2022. The film received clearance from the Bangladesh Film Censor Board on August 10, 2022. It premiered in Star Cineplex, Bashundhara City on January 20, 2023. The film was scheduled to release in 35 cinemas and internationally.
Music
The movie features four songs – 'Tui Ki Amay Bhalobashish', 'Aay Aay Shob Taratari', 'Ashol Chhaira Nokol Premey', and 'Shareng Chara Jahaj Choley'. These tracks are sung by Imran, Emon-Joyita, Shamim Hasan, and Shofi Mondal. The first song was released on Pori Moni's birthday on October 24, 2022.
References
External links
2023 films
2020s Bengali-language films
Bengali-language Bangladeshi films
Sundarbans
Bangladeshi children’s films
Law enforcement in fiction
Bangladeshi action thriller films
Films shot in Khulna |
The is a commuter electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated by the private railway operator Hanshin Electric Railway in Japan since 2001.
Design
The design was based on the earlier 9000 series trains, formed as six-car sets. The motored cars are mounted on SS144 bogies, and the non-powered trailer cars use SS044 bogies. Upon introduction, it was the first trainset to feature perpendicular seating since the 3011 series from 1954 - the first in 47 years.
This is the last train to be built by Mukogawa Sharyo Kogyo. The manufacturer went out of business in 2002.
Operations
The 9300 series sets have been operating on direct express services on the Hanshin Main Line since March 2001.
Formations
, the fleet consists of three six-car sets, numbered 9301, 9303, and 9305. Odd-numbered cars are at the Umeda end while even-numbered cars are at the Sannomiya end.
The three six-car sets are formed as shown below, with four motored "M" cars and two non-powered trailer "T" cars.
Each M car (the middle two cars) are fitted with one single-arm pantograph.
Interior
Seating in the end cars consists of longitudinal seating throughout. In the intermediate cars, seating consists of longitudinal seating on the car ends. Between the car doors, seating is arranged in a 2+2 configuration.
References
Electric multiple units of Japan
9300 series
Train-related introductions in 2001
1500 V DC multiple units of Japan
Mukogawa Sharyo rolling stock |
The steppe wolf (Canis lupus campestris), also known as the Caspian Sea wolf, is a subspecies of grey wolf native to the Caspian steppes, the steppe regions of the Caucasus, the lower Volga region, southern Kazakhstan north to the middle of the Emba, and the steppe regions of the lower European part of the former Soviet Union. It may also occur in northern Afghanistan and Iran, and possibly the steppe regions of far eastern Romania, Hungary and other areas of Eastern Europe. Studies have shown this wolf to be a host for rabies. Due to its close proximity to humans and domestic animals, the need for a reliable vaccine is high.
Rueness et al. (2014) showed that wolves in the Caucasus Mountains, of the putative Caucasian subspecies C. l. cubanensis, are not genetically distinct enough to be considered a subspecies, but may represent a local ecomorph (population) of C. l. lupus. In Kazakhstan, villagers sometimes feed the wolves and utilize them as “guard dogs”.
Appearance
It is of average dimensions, weighing 35–40 kg (77–88 lb), thus being somewhat smaller than the Eurasian wolf, and its fur is sparser, coarser, and shorter. The flanks are light grey, and the back is rusty grey or brownish with a strong admixture of black hairs. The guard hairs on the withers usually do not exceed 70–75 mm. The fur of steppe wolves in Middle Asia and Kazakhstan tends to have more reddish tones. The tail is poorly furred. The skull is 224–272 mm long and 128–152 mm wide.
Steppe wolves occasionally surplus kill Caspian seals.
References
Mammals described in 1804
Subspecies of Canis lupus
Mammals of Central Asia
Mammals of Russia |
Burwood Park is a historic private estate located in Hersham, Surrey, England. Spanning six miles of road, Burwood Park is situated in a former deer park that belonged to Henry VIII. The 360 acre estate is known both for its extensive wildlife — more than 150 species of birds and mammals have been recorded in the woods and parkland around its lakes and communal areas —.as well as the high level of security and privacy provided to its residents; it is one of the few remaining residential areas in the United Kingdom never to have been filmed by Google Streetview.
Acquired by Henry Askew in 1877, the first new houses in Burwood Park were constructed in the 1920s, with major new developments arriving in the following decade. It soon became a popular destination for the British elite, owing to its semi-rural feel and commutable distance to London.
Comprising 384 properties by 2021, Burwood Park is of a geometric design within an approximate semicircle and many of its roads have entrances with automatic bollards or security buildings.
History
King Henry VIII purchased what is now Burwood Park from John Carleton in 1540. He ordered Burwood as with the Ashley and Oatlands manors to be converted to a deer park or woodland for him to enjoy.
Following the death of Henry VIII in 1547 the estate passed into private hands. In 1739 the first of the Frederick baronets acquired it – Burwood Park mansion in land west of the former Burwood House (manor house) was built by Sir John Frederick (1708–1783), a wealthy city merchant and Lord Mayor of London. Frederick developed the land around the house and transformed two old gravel pits into ornamental lakes, today known as Broadwater Lake and Heart Pond. Tall Scots pine trees were planted around the lakes.
In 1877 Henry Askew purchased the estate at auction. Two of his daughters arranged for a black painted corrugated iron fence to be erected all around the Park and, according to local residents, lived in the mansion as virtual recluses. The estate "deteriorated rapidly" under the indifferent ownership of the Askew family and soon became overgrown. The last Askew sister died in 1927 and Burwood Park was purchased by the Burhill Estates Company of Edward Guinness, 1st Earl of Iveagh. His son Rupert, the 2nd Earl, took responsibility for the development of the estate and began selling private plots.
Private plots could be purchased for £450 in 1927, with the cost rising to £550 by 1930. The first houses on the park were developed in the 1930s on Eriswell Road, Onslow Road, Cranley Road, Broadwater Road and Chargate Close. The rest of the park at this time was open woodland.
Plots continued to be sold post-war, with some of the original houses also changing hands. Burwood Park developed its remaining land over the following decades. To fully exploit the available space, new roads were narrower and plots smaller than the originals. The 1990s saw a switch to infill development, with older plots split and replaced with two houses; the residents association estimate this will be an "ongoing process" because a large portion of the current stock has re-development potential.
Burwood Park School
In 1955 the Guinness family allowed a property on the estate to be converted into a school for deaf boys, christened Burwood Park School. Despite going coeducational, the school was forced to shut in 1996 due to declining numbers, with the remaining pupils transferring to Ovingdean Hall School near Brighton.
Profile
Burwood Park is one of a number of private gated estates in Surrey, among them the Wentworth Estate and St. George's Hill, known for social exclusivity and high-net-worth residents. House prices in Burwood Park typically start from around £2m and have been stimulated in recent years because of an ongoing trend for wealthy homeowners to sell London property and decamp to Surrey. Burwood Park, along with neighbouring Ashley Park, have been described as "the most exclusive addresses" in the Walton-on-Thames area.
In 2013, two streets on the estate, Broadwater Close and Chargate Close, were revealed to be among the most expensive places in the country to buy property.
Security
Burwood Park has four entrances: a main entrance and three which are restricted to residents only. The main entrance has automatic number-plate recognition. In 2020, a park warden was appointed to patrol the estate and a security hut was also installed at the main entrance.
Having a property "double-gated" — which refers to the practice of installing a separate gate and security system on an individual home, in addition to the security of the wider estate — is against the covenants. Nevertheless, many residents own properties with their own gates, achieved through bypassing the residents association and appealing directly to the local council. This behaviour has proved divisive within the community.
Location and transport
Burwood Park is in the borough of Elmbridge, Surrey, and is bordered by a public road to its west, with Hersham to the immediate east, and by Burhill Golf Course to the south. The Ashley Park estate lies to the north of Burwood Park.
Within ⅓ miles (500 metres) is Walton-on-Thames railway station which offers fast (non-stopping) service trains to London Waterloo, Basingstoke, Woking and Surbiton. The feasibility of quick commuting is part of the appeal of the wider area. Burwood Park in particular is known to be "well-connected" yet also offer a sense of seclusion to its residents.
Plant and animal species
Over 150 species of birds and animals have been spotted within the boundaries of the estate, which also contains one of England's oldest oak trees. Residents have reported the occasional deer grazing in their gardens. Burwood Park Residents Limited was set up in 1991 to protect the park's environment and to look after members' interests.
A wildlife coordinator, a role taken up by an estate resident, is charged with the welfare of animals, both wild and domestic.
Notes
References
External links
Burwood Park website
Borough of Elmbridge
Gated communities in the United Kingdom |
```shell
#!/usr/bin/env bash
#
# or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
# distributed with this work for additional information
# regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
#
# path_to_url
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
# "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
# specific language governing permissions and limitations
set -ex
ARCH=$(uname -m)
if [ "$ARCH" != "x86_64" ]; then
exit 0
fi
apt update
apt install -y attr ceph-common ceph-fuse ceph-mds ceph-mgr ceph-mon ceph-osd
``` |
John Eedes (1609?-1667?), was an English divine.
Eedes was a son of Nicholns Eedes, born at Salisbury, Wiltshire, was entered at Oriel College, Oxford, in 1626, and proceeded B.A. 3 June 1630. He afterwards 'became a minister in the isle of Shepie, whence being ejected in the time of the rebellion suffer'd much by imprisonment in Ely House, and other miseries'.
On his release he took the curacy of Broad Chalk, Wiltshire, which he held 'with much ado' for about two years, and was then made vicar of Hale, Hampshire. After the Restoration he continued at Hale, where he was murdered in his house by thieves in or about 1667, and was buried in the church. He published 'The Orthodox Doctrine concerning Justification by Faith asserted and vindicated, wherein the Book of Mr. William Eyre ... is examined; and also the Doctrine of Mr. Baxter... discussed,' 4to, London, 1654. In dedicating it to his friend, Edward Dodington, Eedes states that he had written another and more elaborate treatise on justification, besides 'other things, both practical and polemical, which I have in readinesse for the presse.'
References
1609 births
1667 deaths
17th-century English Anglican priests
17th-century English writers
17th-century English male writers
English religious writers
People from Salisbury
English murder victims
Alumni of Oriel College, Oxford
English male non-fiction writers |
The Men's keirin at the 2013 UCI Track Cycling World Championships was held on February 22. 28 athletes participated in the contest. After the 4 qualifying heats, the fastest two riders in each heat advanced to the second round. The riders that did not advance to the second round, raced in 4 repechage heats. The first rider in each heat advanced to the second round along with the 8 that qualified before.
The first 3 riders from each of the 2 Second Round heats advanced to the Final and the remaining riders raced a consolation 7–12 final.
Medalists
Results
First round
The heats were held at 13:30.
Heat 1
Heat 2
Heat 3
Heat 4
First Round Repechage
The heats were held at 14:55.
Heat 1
Heat 2
Heat 3
Heat 4
Second round
The heats were held at 19:50.
Heat 1
Heat 2
Finals
The finals were held at 21:15.
Small Final
Final
References
2013 UCI Track Cycling World Championships
UCI Track Cycling World Championships – Men's keirin |
```go
/*
path_to_url
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
*/
package formatter
import (
"bytes"
"fmt"
"github.com/google/go-jsonnet/ast"
)
type unparser struct {
buf bytes.Buffer
options Options
}
func (u *unparser) write(str string) {
u.buf.WriteString(str)
}
// fill Pretty-prints fodder.
// The crowded and separateToken params control whether single whitespace
// characters are added to keep tokens from joining together in the output.
// The intuition of crowded is that the caller passes true for crowded if the
// last thing printed would crowd whatever we're printing here. For example, if
// we just printed a ',' then crowded would be true. If we just printed a '('
// then crowded would be false because we don't want the space after the '('.
//
// If crowded is true, a space is printed after any fodder, unless
// separateToken is false or the fodder ended with a newline.
// If crowded is true and separateToken is false and the fodder begins with
// an interstitial, then the interstitial is prefixed with a single space, but
// there is no space after the interstitial.
// If crowded is false and separateToken is true then a space character
// is only printed when the fodder ended with an interstitial comment (which
// creates a crowded situation where there was not one before).
// If crowded is false and separateToken is false then no space is printed
// after or before the fodder, even if the last fodder was an interstitial.
func (u *unparser) fodderFill(fodder ast.Fodder, crowded bool, separateToken bool, final bool) {
var lastIndent int
for i, fod := range fodder {
skipTrailing := final && (i == (len(fodder) - 1))
switch fod.Kind {
case ast.FodderParagraph:
for i, l := range fod.Comment {
// Do not indent empty lines (note: first line is never empty).
if len(l) > 0 {
// First line is already indented by previous fod.
if i > 0 {
for i := 0; i < lastIndent; i++ {
u.write(" ")
}
}
u.write(l)
}
u.write("\n")
}
if !skipTrailing {
for i := 0; i < fod.Blanks; i++ {
u.write("\n")
}
for i := 0; i < fod.Indent; i++ {
u.write(" ")
}
}
lastIndent = fod.Indent
crowded = false
case ast.FodderLineEnd:
if len(fod.Comment) > 0 {
u.write(" ")
u.write(fod.Comment[0])
}
u.write("\n")
if !skipTrailing {
for i := 0; i < fod.Blanks; i++ {
u.write("\n")
}
for i := 0; i < fod.Indent; i++ {
u.write(" ")
}
}
lastIndent = fod.Indent
crowded = false
case ast.FodderInterstitial:
if crowded {
u.write(" ")
}
u.write(fod.Comment[0])
crowded = true
}
}
if separateToken && crowded {
u.write(" ")
}
}
func (u *unparser) fill(fodder ast.Fodder, crowded bool, separateToken bool) {
u.fodderFill(fodder, crowded, separateToken, false)
}
func (u *unparser) fillFinal(fodder ast.Fodder, crowded bool, separateToken bool) {
u.fodderFill(fodder, crowded, separateToken, true)
}
func (u *unparser) unparseSpecs(spec *ast.ForSpec) {
if spec.Outer != nil {
u.unparseSpecs(spec.Outer)
}
u.fill(spec.ForFodder, true, true)
u.write("for")
u.fill(spec.VarFodder, true, true)
u.write(string(spec.VarName))
u.fill(spec.InFodder, true, true)
u.write("in")
u.unparse(spec.Expr, true)
for _, cond := range spec.Conditions {
u.fill(cond.IfFodder, true, true)
u.write("if")
u.unparse(cond.Expr, true)
}
}
func (u *unparser) unparseParams(fodderL ast.Fodder, params []ast.Parameter, trailingComma bool, fodderR ast.Fodder) {
u.fill(fodderL, false, false)
u.write("(")
first := true
for _, param := range params {
if !first {
u.write(",")
}
u.fill(param.NameFodder, !first, true)
u.unparseID(param.Name)
if param.DefaultArg != nil {
u.fill(param.EqFodder, false, false)
u.write("=")
u.unparse(param.DefaultArg, false)
}
u.fill(param.CommaFodder, false, false)
first = false
}
if trailingComma {
u.write(",")
}
u.fill(fodderR, false, false)
u.write(")")
}
func (u *unparser) unparseFieldParams(field ast.ObjectField) {
m := field.Method
if m != nil {
u.unparseParams(m.ParenLeftFodder, m.Parameters, m.TrailingComma,
m.ParenRightFodder)
}
}
func (u *unparser) unparseFields(fields ast.ObjectFields, crowded bool) {
first := true
for _, field := range fields {
if !first {
u.write(",")
}
// An aux function so we don't repeat ourselves for the 3 kinds of
// basic field.
unparseFieldRemainder := func(field ast.ObjectField) {
u.unparseFieldParams(field)
u.fill(field.OpFodder, false, false)
if field.SuperSugar {
u.write("+")
}
switch field.Hide {
case ast.ObjectFieldInherit:
u.write(":")
case ast.ObjectFieldHidden:
u.write("::")
case ast.ObjectFieldVisible:
u.write(":::")
}
u.unparse(field.Expr2, true)
}
switch field.Kind {
case ast.ObjectLocal:
u.fill(field.Fodder1, !first || crowded, true)
u.write("local")
u.fill(field.Fodder2, true, true)
u.unparseID(*field.Id)
u.unparseFieldParams(field)
u.fill(field.OpFodder, true, true)
u.write("=")
u.unparse(field.Expr2, true)
case ast.ObjectFieldID:
u.fill(field.Fodder1, !first || crowded, true)
u.unparseID(*field.Id)
unparseFieldRemainder(field)
case ast.ObjectFieldStr:
u.unparse(field.Expr1, !first || crowded)
unparseFieldRemainder(field)
case ast.ObjectFieldExpr:
u.fill(field.Fodder1, !first || crowded, true)
u.write("[")
u.unparse(field.Expr1, false)
u.fill(field.Fodder2, false, false)
u.write("]")
unparseFieldRemainder(field)
case ast.ObjectAssert:
u.fill(field.Fodder1, !first || crowded, true)
u.write("assert")
u.unparse(field.Expr2, true)
if field.Expr3 != nil {
u.fill(field.OpFodder, true, true)
u.write(":")
u.unparse(field.Expr3, true)
}
}
first = false
u.fill(field.CommaFodder, false, false)
}
}
func (u *unparser) unparseID(id ast.Identifier) {
u.write(string(id))
}
func (u *unparser) unparse(expr ast.Node, crowded bool) {
if leftRecursive(expr) == nil {
u.fill(*expr.OpenFodder(), crowded, true)
}
switch node := expr.(type) {
case *ast.Apply:
u.unparse(node.Target, crowded)
u.fill(node.FodderLeft, false, false)
u.write("(")
first := true
for _, arg := range node.Arguments.Positional {
if !first {
u.write(",")
}
space := !first
u.unparse(arg.Expr, space)
u.fill(arg.CommaFodder, false, false)
first = false
}
for _, arg := range node.Arguments.Named {
if !first {
u.write(",")
}
space := !first
u.fill(arg.NameFodder, space, true)
u.unparseID(arg.Name)
space = false
u.write("=")
u.unparse(arg.Arg, space)
u.fill(arg.CommaFodder, false, false)
first = false
}
if node.TrailingComma {
u.write(",")
}
u.fill(node.FodderRight, false, false)
u.write(")")
if node.TailStrict {
u.fill(node.TailStrictFodder, true, true)
u.write("tailstrict")
}
case *ast.ApplyBrace:
u.unparse(node.Left, crowded)
u.unparse(node.Right, true)
case *ast.Array:
u.write("[")
first := true
for _, element := range node.Elements {
if !first {
u.write(",")
}
u.unparse(element.Expr, !first || u.options.PadArrays)
u.fill(element.CommaFodder, false, false)
first = false
}
if node.TrailingComma {
u.write(",")
}
u.fill(node.CloseFodder, len(node.Elements) > 0, u.options.PadArrays)
u.write("]")
case *ast.ArrayComp:
u.write("[")
u.unparse(node.Body, u.options.PadArrays)
u.fill(node.TrailingCommaFodder, false, false)
if node.TrailingComma {
u.write(",")
}
u.unparseSpecs(&node.Spec)
u.fill(node.CloseFodder, true, u.options.PadArrays)
u.write("]")
case *ast.Assert:
u.write("assert")
u.unparse(node.Cond, true)
if node.Message != nil {
u.fill(node.ColonFodder, true, true)
u.write(":")
u.unparse(node.Message, true)
}
u.fill(node.SemicolonFodder, false, false)
u.write(";")
u.unparse(node.Rest, true)
case *ast.Binary:
u.unparse(node.Left, crowded)
u.fill(node.OpFodder, true, true)
u.write(node.Op.String())
u.unparse(node.Right, true)
case *ast.Conditional:
u.write("if")
u.unparse(node.Cond, true)
u.fill(node.ThenFodder, true, true)
u.write("then")
u.unparse(node.BranchTrue, true)
if node.BranchFalse != nil {
u.fill(node.ElseFodder, true, true)
u.write("else")
u.unparse(node.BranchFalse, true)
}
case *ast.Dollar:
u.write("$")
case *ast.Error:
u.write("error")
u.unparse(node.Expr, true)
case *ast.Function:
u.write("function")
u.unparseParams(node.ParenLeftFodder, node.Parameters, node.TrailingComma, node.ParenRightFodder)
u.unparse(node.Body, true)
case *ast.Import:
u.write("import")
u.unparse(node.File, true)
case *ast.ImportStr:
u.write("importstr")
u.unparse(node.File, true)
case *ast.ImportBin:
u.write("importbin")
u.unparse(node.File, true)
case *ast.Index:
u.unparse(node.Target, crowded)
u.fill(node.LeftBracketFodder, false, false) // Can also be DotFodder
if node.Id != nil {
u.write(".")
u.fill(node.RightBracketFodder, false, false) // IdFodder
u.unparseID(*node.Id)
} else {
u.write("[")
u.unparse(node.Index, false)
u.fill(node.RightBracketFodder, false, false)
u.write("]")
}
case *ast.Slice:
u.unparse(node.Target, crowded)
u.fill(node.LeftBracketFodder, false, false)
u.write("[")
if node.BeginIndex != nil {
u.unparse(node.BeginIndex, false)
}
u.fill(node.EndColonFodder, false, false)
u.write(":")
if node.EndIndex != nil {
u.unparse(node.EndIndex, false)
}
if node.Step != nil || len(node.StepColonFodder) > 0 {
u.fill(node.StepColonFodder, false, false)
u.write(":")
if node.Step != nil {
u.unparse(node.Step, false)
}
}
u.fill(node.RightBracketFodder, false, false)
u.write("]")
case *ast.InSuper:
u.unparse(node.Index, true)
u.fill(node.InFodder, true, true)
u.write("in")
u.fill(node.SuperFodder, true, true)
u.write("super")
case *ast.Local:
u.write("local")
if len(node.Binds) == 0 {
panic("INTERNAL ERROR: local with no binds")
}
first := true
for _, bind := range node.Binds {
if !first {
u.write(",")
}
first = false
u.fill(bind.VarFodder, true, true)
u.unparseID(bind.Variable)
if bind.Fun != nil {
u.unparseParams(bind.Fun.ParenLeftFodder,
bind.Fun.Parameters,
bind.Fun.TrailingComma,
bind.Fun.ParenRightFodder)
}
u.fill(bind.EqFodder, true, true)
u.write("=")
u.unparse(bind.Body, true)
u.fill(bind.CloseFodder, false, false)
}
u.write(";")
u.unparse(node.Body, true)
case *ast.LiteralBoolean:
if node.Value {
u.write("true")
} else {
u.write("false")
}
case *ast.LiteralNumber:
u.write(node.OriginalString)
case *ast.LiteralString:
switch node.Kind {
case ast.StringDouble:
u.write("\"")
// The original escape codes are still in the string.
u.write(node.Value)
u.write("\"")
case ast.StringSingle:
u.write("'")
// The original escape codes are still in the string.
u.write(node.Value)
u.write("'")
case ast.StringBlock:
u.write("|||\n")
if node.Value[0] != '\n' {
u.write(node.BlockIndent)
}
for i, r := range node.Value {
// Formatter always outputs in unix mode.
if r == '\r' {
continue
}
u.write(string(r))
if r == '\n' && (i+1 < len(node.Value)) && node.Value[i+1] != '\n' {
u.write(node.BlockIndent)
}
}
u.write(node.BlockTermIndent)
u.write("|||")
case ast.VerbatimStringDouble:
u.write("@\"")
// Escapes were processed by the parser, so put them back in.
for _, r := range node.Value {
if r == '"' {
u.write("\"\"")
} else {
u.write(string(r))
}
}
u.write("\"")
case ast.VerbatimStringSingle:
u.write("@'")
// Escapes were processed by the parser, so put them back in.
for _, r := range node.Value {
if r == '\'' {
u.write("''")
} else {
u.write(string(r))
}
}
u.write("'")
}
case *ast.LiteralNull:
u.write("null")
case *ast.Object:
u.write("{")
u.unparseFields(node.Fields, u.options.PadObjects)
if node.TrailingComma {
u.write(",")
}
u.fill(node.CloseFodder, len(node.Fields) > 0, u.options.PadObjects)
u.write("}")
case *ast.ObjectComp:
u.write("{")
u.unparseFields(node.Fields, u.options.PadObjects)
if node.TrailingComma {
u.write(",")
}
u.unparseSpecs(&node.Spec)
u.fill(node.CloseFodder, true, u.options.PadObjects)
u.write("}")
case *ast.Parens:
u.write("(")
u.unparse(node.Inner, false)
u.fill(node.CloseFodder, false, false)
u.write(")")
case *ast.Self:
u.write("self")
case *ast.SuperIndex:
u.write("super")
u.fill(node.DotFodder, false, false)
if node.Id != nil {
u.write(".")
u.fill(node.IDFodder, false, false)
u.unparseID(*node.Id)
} else {
u.write("[")
u.unparse(node.Index, false)
u.fill(node.IDFodder, false, false)
u.write("]")
}
case *ast.Var:
u.unparseID(node.Id)
case *ast.Unary:
u.write(node.Op.String())
u.unparse(node.Expr, false)
default:
panic(fmt.Sprintf("INTERNAL ERROR: Unknown AST: %T", expr))
}
}
func (u *unparser) string() string {
return u.buf.String()
}
``` |
```turing
BEGIN {
if($ENV{PERL_CORE}) {
chdir 't';
@INC = '../lib';
}
}
use strict;
use warnings;
use Pod::Simple::Search;
use Test;
BEGIN { plan tests => 16 }
print "# Some basic sanity tests...\n";
my $x = Pod::Simple::Search->new;
die "Couldn't make an object!?" unless ok defined $x;
print "# New object: $x\n";
print "# Version: ", $x->VERSION, "\n";
ok defined $x->can('callback');
ok defined $x->can('dir_prefix');
ok defined $x->can('inc');
ok defined $x->can('laborious');
ok defined $x->can('limit_glob');
ok defined $x->can('limit_re');
ok defined $x->can('recurse');
ok defined $x->can('shadows');
ok defined $x->can('verbose');
ok defined $x->can('survey');
ok defined $x->can('_state_as_string');
ok defined $x->can('contains_pod');
ok defined $x->can('find');
ok defined $x->can('simplify_name');
print "# Testing state dumping...\n";
print $x->_state_as_string;
$x->inc("I\nLike Pie!\t!!");
print $x->_state_as_string;
print "# bye\n";
ok 1;
``` |
Guillermo Rodriguez (born January 27, 1971), more commonly known as Guillermo, is a Mexican-American talk show personality who rose to fame while working as a parking lot security guard at the Hollywood Boulevard studios for American late night talk show Jimmy Kimmel Live! He continues in character and title as the show's security guard, but actually performs nightly as Jimmy Kimmel's sidekick.
Early life
Rodriguez was born in Zacatecas, Mexico.
Career
Rodriguez began working as a parking-lot security guard for Jimmy Kimmel Live! studio in 2003. At that time he also had a second full-time job as a hotel room server as well as working weekends at a third. After he was caught sleeping in announcer Dicky Barrett’s car, Kimmel offered to have him appear on the show. Due to his shyness at the time Rodriguez initially turned down the offer to appear on the show in 2003 but was talked into it by one of the producers. His early appearances were with "Uncle Frank" Potenza in a series of bits called "Security Night Live". (Potenza had originally handled security for the show before his role was expanded to appear on screen.) Rodriguez soon moved to acting in skits on the show with his first role being Michael Jackson's Spanish cook. His broken English coupled with his affability and teddy bear-like quality earned him a high-profile supporting role as a personality on the show, in which he usually plays the Everyman. Guillermo took over main red-carpet interviewing duties in 2011 after Potenza died of natural causes.
Rodriguez's signature segment is "Guillermo's Hollywood Roundup", in which, dressed in a cowboy outfit and pretending to twirl a special effect operated lasso, he makes a mockery of entertainment news shows featured widely on television. From outside the theater and standing next to his West Coast Customs-made "Guillermobile", he answers Kimmel's questions about the latest tabloid stories by taking a rack of magazines that the "Guillermobile" has been fitted with, and attempts to interpret the stories in an amusing and mis-translated way.
Another recurring joke is announcing that Rodriguez has a role in a current or recent major motion picture release and showing a clip of an at-first familiar trailer for the movie with Rodriguez edited in, his appearance often made-up to resemble a character in the movie. One sketch has Rodriguez impersonating Matt Damon's character of Jason Bourne in The Bourne Ultimatum by responding when asked to be named, "I am Yay-son... Bourne Identity." A physical fight between Rodriguez and Damon's actual character ensues. Rodriguez also starred alongside Kimmel in Boo!, a spoof of Saw.
Rodriguez often sets out to interview famous celebrities. Some of his subjects do not know who he is, which the show uses for humorous interplay. Rodriguez regularly appears at the NBA Finals to interview players. At the 2015 Finals, he called out to LeBron James as James was practicing. James ignored Rodriguez, who had a meter counting how many times the name "LeBron" would be called before James acknowledged his presence. Guillermo will also interview and offer tequila to celebrities at the annual Academy Awards.
Rodriguez appeared as a special guest on the last episode of Univision telenovela Eva Luna on April 11, 2011. In 2017, he had a brief uncredited cameo in Marvel's Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 as a policeman, which he revealed in a video on Jimmy Kimmel Live! in April 2017. In April 2017, Jimmy Kimmel named his son "Billy" after Guillermo.
Rodriguez was made an honorary citizen of Dildo through the Newfoundland tradition of "screeching in", on August 15, 2019, during Jimmy Kimmel Live!
Personal life
Rodriguez is married. He and his wife have a son named Benji who was born on December 11, 2011.
He became a U.S. citizen in 2005.
Filmography
References
External links
1971 births
Living people
Mexican television personalities
Mexican emigrants to the United States
Security guards
American television personalities of Mexican descent
People with acquired American citizenship |
The following is a list of publications in the 1632 series of alternate history fiction. For Grantville Gazettes, please see The Grantville Gazettes.
Novels published by Baen Books
Anthologies published by Baen Books
Grantville Gazettes
Other works
Books published by Ring of Fire Press
References
1632 series books
Book series introduced in 2000
Fiction set in the 1630s |
Davud Mehdi oghlu Kazimov (, November 9, 1926 — February 14, 2015) was an Azerbaijani painter. He was awarded the title of People's Artist of Azerbaijan (1992).
Biography
Davud Kazimov was born in 1926 in Baku. In 1945, he graduated from the Azerbaijan State Art School, and since 1947 he had been a permanent participant of republican and all-Union exhibitions.
Davud Kazimov is also known as a master of graphics in Azerbaijani fine art. He worked more in the field of book illustration. Among his illustrations are drawings based on the stories of Jalil Mammadguluzadeh, Jafar Jabbarly, and poems of Mirza Ali Mojuz.
The works of the artist were exhibited in Germany, Czechoslovakia, Italy, Iraq, Turkey and other countries. Currently, a number of the artist's works are exhibited in the National Art Museum of Azerbaijan, the National Museum of History of Azerbaijan and the Nizami Museum of Azerbaijani Literature.
Davud Kazimov worked as a professor at the Azerbaijan State Academy of Fine Arts and worked as a teacher at the painting faculty.
Davud Kazimov died on February 14, 2015, in Baku.
Awards
People's Artist of Azerbaijan — March 4, 1992
Honored Artist of the Azerbaijan SSR — December 5, 1977
See also
List of Azerbaijani artists
References
1926 births
2015 deaths
20th-century Azerbaijani painters
21st-century Azerbaijani painters
Azerbaijani painters |
The Friary School (formerly Friary Grange) is a mixed secondary school and sixth form located in Lichfield, Staffordshire, England. The school became an arts and sports college in 2006 and despite this status being withdrawn by the DofE in 2010 the subjects remain high-profile in the school and local community.
The school shares its sporting facilities, including astro-turf pitches, a sports hall, a multi-gym, and a swimming pool, with Lichfield Council for community use.
History
With the introduction of Comprehensive secondary education in the period 1970-73 a new school opened on Eastern Avenue as Friary Grange initially taking older pupils. The former girls' grammar school at St.John Street was renamed The Friary and catered for younger pupils. The school was finally united at Eastern Avenue as The Friary in 1987. The St. John Street site became Lichfield college with the city library and records office moving to the site in 1989.
Previously a community school administered by Staffordshire County Council, in September 2019 The Friary School converted to academy status. The school is now sponsored by the Greywood Multi-Schools Trust.
Notable former pupils
Sian Brooke, actress
Siobhan Dillon, actress and singer
John Eccleston, puppeteer, writer, television presenter and programme creator
David Charles Manners BEM, writer, theatre designer and charity co-founder
Daniel Sturridge, England and Liverpool FC footballer
Brad Foster (boxer), British Title-Winning Boxer
Levi Davis (rugby union), Rugby player
Thomas Reynolds, Bassist
References
External links
Schools in Lichfield
Secondary schools in Staffordshire
Educational institutions established in 1892
1892 establishments in England
Academies in Staffordshire |
Conquistadors (, ) or conquistadores (, ; meaning 'conquerors') were the explorer-soldiers of the Spanish and Portuguese Empires of the 15th and 16th centuries. During the Age of Discovery, conquistadors sailed beyond Europe to the Americas, Oceania, Africa, and Asia, colonizing and opening trade routes. They brought much of the Americas under the dominion of Spain and Portugal.
After arrival in the West Indies in 1492, the Spanish, usually led by hidalgos from the west and south of Spain, began building an American empire in the Caribbean using islands such as Hispaniola, Cuba, and Puerto Rico as bases. From 1519 to 1521, Hernán Cortés waged a campaign against the Aztec Empire, ruled by Moctezuma II. From the territories of the Aztec Empire, conquistadors expanded Spanish rule to northern Central America and parts of what is now the southern and western United States, and from Mexico sailing the Pacific Ocean to the Spanish East Indies. Other conquistadors took over the Inca Empire after crossing the Isthmus of Panama and sailing the Pacific to northern Peru. As Francisco Pizarro subdued the empire, in a manner similar to Cortés, other conquistadores used Peru as a base for conquering much of Ecuador and Chile. Central Colombia, home of the Muisca was conquered by licentiate Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada, and its northern regions were explored by Rodrigo de Bastidas, Alonso de Ojeda, Juan de la Cosa, Pedro de Heredia and others. For southwestern Colombia, Bolivia, and Argentina, conquistadors from Peru combined parties with other conquistadors arriving more directly from the Caribbean and Río de la Plata-Paraguay respectively. All these conquests founded the basis for modern Hispanic America and the Hispanosphere.
Spanish conquistadors also made significant explorations into the Amazon Jungle, Patagonia, the interior of North America, and the discovery and exploration of the Pacific Ocean. Conquistadors founded numerous cities, some of them in locations with pre-existing settlements, such as Cusco and Mexico City.
Conquistadors in the service of the Portuguese Crown led numerous conquests for the Portuguese Empire across South America and Africa, as well as commercial colonies in Asia, founding the origins of modern Portuguese-speaking world in the Americas, Africa, and Asia. Notable Portuguese conquistadors include Afonso de Albuquerque who led conquests across India, the Persian Gulf, the East Indies, and East Africa, and Filipe de Brito e Nicote who led conquests into Burma.
Conquest
Portugal established a route to China in the early 16th century, sending ships via the southern coast of Africa and founding numerous coastal enclaves along the route. Following the discovery in 1492 by Spaniards of the New World with Italian explorer Christopher Columbus' first voyage there and the first circumnavigation of the world by Juan Sebastián Elcano in 1521, expeditions led by conquistadors in the 16th century established trading routes linking Europe with all these areas.
The Age of Discovery was hallmarked in 1519, shortly after the European discovery of the Americas, when Hernán Cortés began his conquest of the Aztec Empire. As the Spaniards, motivated by gold and fame, established relations and war with the Aztecs, the slow progression of conquest, erection of towns, and cultural dominance over the natives brought more Spanish troops and support to modern-day Mexico. As trading routes over the seas were established by the works of Columbus, Magellan, and Elcano, land support system was established as the trails of Cortés' conquest to the capital.
Human infections gained worldwide transmission vectors for the first time: from Africa and Eurasia to the Americas and vice versa. The spread of Old World diseases, including smallpox, influenza, and typhus, led to the deaths of many indigenous inhabitants of the New World.
In the 16th century, perhaps 240,000 Spaniards entered American ports. By the late 16th century, gold and silver imports from the Americas provided one-fifth of Spain's total budget.
Background
Contrary to popular belief, the conquistadors were not trained warriors, but mostly artisans seeking an opportunity to advance their wealth and fame. A few also had crude firearms known as arquebuses. Their units (compañia) would often specialize in forms of combat that required long periods of training that were too costly for informal groups. Their armies were mostly composed of Spanish troops, as well as soldiers from other parts of Europe and Africa.
Native allied troops were largely infantry equipped with armament and armour that varied geographically. Some groups consisted of young men without military experience, Catholic clergy who helped with administrative duties, and soldiers with military training. These native forces often included African slaves and Native Americans, some of whom were also slaves. They were not only made to fight in the battlefield but also to serve as interpreters, informants, servants, teachers, physicians, and scribes. India Catalina and Malintzin were Native American women slaves who were forced to work for the Spaniards.
Castilian law prohibited foreigners and non-Catholics from settling in the New World. However, not all conquistadors were Castilian. Many foreigners Hispanicised their names and/or converted to Catholicism to serve the Castilian Crown. For example, Ioánnis Fokás (known as Juan de Fuca) was a Castilian of Greek origin who discovered the strait that bears his name between Vancouver Island and Washington state in 1592. German-born Nikolaus Federmann, Hispanicised as Nicolás de Federmán, was a conquistador in Venezuela and Colombia. The Venetian Sebastiano Caboto was Sebastián Caboto, Georg von Speyer Hispanicised as Jorge de la Espira, Eusebio Francesco Chini Hispanicised as Eusebio Kino, Wenceslaus Linck was Wenceslao Linck, Ferdinand Konščak, was Fernando Consag, Amerigo Vespucci was Américo Vespucio, and the Portuguese Aleixo Garcia was known as Alejo García in the Castilian army.
The origin of many people in mixed expeditions was not always distinguished. Various occupations, such as sailors, fishermen, soldiers and nobles employed different languages (even from unrelated language groups), so that crew and settlers of Iberian empires recorded as Galicians from Spain were actually using Portuguese, Basque, Catalan, Italian and Languedoc languages, which were wrongly identified.
Castilian law banned Spanish women from travelling to America unless they were married and accompanied by a husband. Women who travelled thus include María de Escobar, María Estrada, Marina Vélez de Ortega, Marina de la Caballería, Francisca de Valenzuela, Catalina de Salazar. Some conquistadors married Native American women or had illegitimate children.
European young men enlisted in the army because it was one way out of poverty. Catholic priests instructed the soldiers in mathematics, writing, theology, Latin, Greek, and history, and wrote letters and official documents for them. King's army officers taught military arts. An uneducated young recruit could become a military leader, elected by their fellow professional soldiers, perhaps based on merit. Others were born into hidalgo families, and as such they were members of the Spanish nobility with some studies but without economic resources. Even some rich nobility families' members became soldiers or missionaries, but mostly not the firstborn heirs.
The two most famous conquistadors were Hernán Cortés who conquered the Aztec Empire and Francisco Pizarro who led the conquest of the Inca Empire. They were second cousins born in Extremadura, where many of the Spanish conquerors were born.
Catholic religious orders that participated and supported the exploration, evangelizing and pacifying, were mostly Dominicans, Carmelites, Franciscans and Jesuits, for example Francis Xavier, Bartolomé de Las Casas, Eusebio Kino, Juan de Palafox y Mendoza or Gaspar da Cruz. In 1536, Dominican friar Bartolomé de las Casas went to Oaxaca to participate in a series of discussions and debates among the Bishops of the Dominican and Franciscan orders. The two orders had very different approaches to the conversion of the Indians. The Franciscans used a method of mass conversion, sometimes baptizing many thousands of Indians in a day. This method was championed by prominent Franciscans such as Toribio de Benavente.
The conquistadors took many different roles, including religious leader, harem keeper, King or Emperor, deserter and Native American warrior. Caramuru was a Portuguese settler in the Tupinambá Indians. Gonzalo Guerrero was a Maya war leader for Nachan can, Lord of Chactemal. Gerónimo de Aguilar, who had taken holy orders in his native Spain, was captured by Maya lords too, and later was a soldier with Hernán Cortés. Francisco Pizarro had children with more than 40 women, many of whom were ñusta. The chroniclers Pedro Cieza de León, Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés, Diego Durán, Juan de Castellanos and friar Pedro Simón wrote about the Americas.
After Mexico fell, Hernán Cortés's enemies Bishop Fonseca, Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar, Diego Columbus and Francisco Garay were mentioned in Cortés' fourth letter to the King in which he describes himself as the victim of a conspiracy.
The division of the booty produced bloody conflicts, such as the one between Pizarro and De Almagro. After present-day Peruvian territories fell to Spain, Francisco Pizarro dispatched El Adelantado, Diego de Almagro, before they became enemies to the Inca Empire's northern city of Quito to claim it. Their fellow conquistador Sebastián de Belalcázar, who had gone forth without Pizarro's approval, had already reached Quito. The arrival of Pedro de Alvarado from the lands known today as Mexico in search of Inca gold further complicated the situation for De Almagro and Belalcázar. De Alvarado left South America in exchange for monetary compensation from Pizarro. De Almagro was executed in 1538, by Hernando Pizarro's orders. In 1541, supporters of Diego Almagro II assassinated Francisco Pizarro in Lima. In 1546, De Belalcázar ordered the execution of Jorge Robledo, who governed a neighbouring province in yet another land-related vendetta. De Belalcázar was tried in absentia, convicted and condemned for killing Robledo and for other offenses pertaining to his involvement in the wars between armies of conquistadors. Pedro de Ursúa was killed by his subordinate Lope de Aguirre who crowned himself king while searching for El Dorado. In 1544, Lope de Aguirre and Melchor Verdugo (a converso Jew) were at the side of Peru's first viceroy Blasco Núñez Vela, who had arrived from Spain with orders to implement the New Laws and suppress the encomiendas. Gonzalo Pizarro, another brother of Francisco Pizarro, rose in revolt, killed viceroy Blasco Núñez Vela and most of his Spanish army in the battle in 1546, and Gonzalo attempted to have himself crowned king.
The Emperor commissioned bishop Pedro de la Gasca to restore the peace, naming him president of the Audiencia and providing him with unlimited authority to punish and pardon the rebels. Gasca repealed the New Laws, the issue around which the rebellion had been organized. Gasca convinced Pedro de Valdivia, explorer of Chile, Alonso de Alvarado another searcher for El Dorado, and others that if he were unsuccessful, a royal fleet of 40 ships and 15,000 men was preparing to sail from Seville in June.
History
Early Portuguese period
Infante Dom Henry the Navigator of Portugal, son of King João I, became the main sponsor of exploration travels. In 1415, Portugal conquered Ceuta, its first overseas colony.
Throughout the 15th century, Portuguese explorers sailed the coast of Africa, establishing trading posts for tradable commodities such as firearms, spices, silver, gold, and slaves crossing Africa and India. In 1434 the first consignment of slaves was brought to Lisbon; slave trading was the most profitable branch of Portuguese commerce until the Indian subcontinent was reached. Due to the importation of the slaves as early as 1441, the kingdom of Portugal was able to establish a number of population of slaves throughout the Iberia due to its slave markets' dominance within Europe. Before the Age of Conquest began, the continental Europe already associated darker skin color with slave-class, attributing to the slaves of African origins. This sentiment traveled with the conquistadors when they began their explorations into the Americas. The predisposition inspired a lot of the entradas to seek slaves as part of the conquest.
Birth of the Spanish Kingdom
After his father's death in 1479, Ferdinand II of Aragón married Isabella of Castile, unifying both kingdoms and creating the Kingdom of Spain. He later tried to incorporate the kingdom of Portugal by marriage. Notably, Isabella supported Columbus's first voyage that launched the spanish conquistadors into action.
The Iberian Peninsula was largely divided before the hallmark of this marriage. Five independent kingdoms: Portugal in the West, Aragon and Navarre in the East, Castile in the large center, and Granada in the south, all had independent sovereignty and competing interests. The conflict between Christians and Muslims to control Iberia, which started with North Africa's Muslim invasion in 711, lasted from the years 718 to 1492. Christians, fighting for control, successfully pushed the Muslims back to Granada, which was the Muslims' last control of the Iberian Peninsula.
The marriage between Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabel of Castile resulted in joint rule by the spouses of the two kingdoms, honoured as the "Catholic Monarchs" by Pope Alexander VI. Together, the Crown Kings saw about the fall of Granada, victory over the Muslim minority, and expulsion or forcibly converted Jews and non-Christians to turn Iberia into a religious homogeneity.
Treaties
The 1492 discovery of the New World by Spain rendered desirable a delimitation of the Spanish and Portuguese spheres of exploration. Thus dividing the world into two areas of exploration and colonization. This was settled by the Treaty of Tordesillas (7 June 1494) which modified the delimitation authorized by Pope Alexander VI in two bulls issued on 4 May 1493. The treaty gave to Portugal all lands which might be discovered east of a meridian drawn from the Arctic Pole to the Antarctic, at a distance of west of Cape Verde. Spain received the lands west of this line.
The known means of measuring longitude were so inexact that the line of demarcation could not in practice be determined, subjecting the treaty to diverse interpretations. Both the Portuguese claim to Brazil and the Spanish claim to the Moluccas depended on the treaty. It was particularly valuable to the Portuguese as a recognition of their new-found, particularly when, in 1497–1499, Vasco da Gama completed the voyage to India.
Later, when Spain established a route to the Indies from the west, Portugal arranged a second treaty, the Treaty of Zaragoza.
Spanish exploration
Colonization of the Caribbbean, Mesoamerica, and South America
Sevilla la Nueva, established in 1509, was the first Spanish settlement on the island of Jamaica, which the Spaniards called Isla de Santiago. The capital was in an unhealthy location and consequently moved around 1534 to the place they called "Villa de Santiago de la Vega", later named Spanish Town, in present-day Saint Catherine Parish.
After first landing on "Guanahani" in the Bahamas, Columbus found the island which he called "Isla Juana", later named Cuba. In 1511, the first Adelantado of Cuba, Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar founded the island's first Spanish settlement at Baracoa; other towns soon followed, including Havana, which was founded in 1515.
After he pacified Hispaniola, where the native Indians had revolted against the administration of governor Nicolás de Ovando, Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar led the conquest of Cuba in 1511 under orders from Viceroy Diego Columbus and was appointed governor of the island. As governor he authorized expeditions to explore lands further west, including the 1517 Francisco Hernández de Córdoba expedition to Yucatán. Diego Velázquez, ordered expeditions, one led by his nephew, Juan de Grijalva, to Yucatán and the Hernán Cortés expedition of 1519. He initially backed Cortés's expedition to Mexico, but because of his personal enmity for Cortés later ordered Pánfilo de Narváez to arrest him. Grijalva was sent out with four ships and some 240 men.
Hernán Cortés, led an expedition (entrada) to Mexico, which included Pedro de Alvarado and Bernardino Vázquez de Tapia. The Spanish campaign against the Aztec Empire had its final victory on 13 August 1521, when a coalition army of Spanish forces and native Tlaxcalan warriors led by Cortés and Xicotencatl the Younger captured the emperor Cuauhtemoc and Tenochtitlan, the capital of the Aztec Empire. The fall of Tenochtitlan marks the beginning of Spanish rule in central Mexico, and they established their capital of Mexico City on the ruins of Tenochtitlan. The Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire was one of the most significant events in world history.
In 1516, Juan Díaz de Solís, discovered the estuary formed by the confluence of the Uruguay River and the Paraná River.
In 1517, Francisco Hernández de Córdoba sailed from Cuba in search of slaves along the coast of Yucatán. The expedition returned to Cuba to report on the discovery of this new land.
After receiving notice from Juan de Grijalva of gold in the area of what is now Tabasco, the governor of Cuba, Diego de Velasquez, sent a larger force than had previously sailed, and appointed Cortés as Captain-General of the Armada. Cortés then applied all of his funds, mortgaged his estates and borrowed from merchants and friends to outfit his ships. Velásquez may have contributed to the effort, but the government of Spain offered no financial support.
Pedro Arias Dávila, Governor of the Island La Española was descended from a converso's family. In 1519 Dávila founded Darién, then in 1524 he founded Panama City and moved his capital there laying the basis for the exploration of South America's west coast and the subsequent conquest of Peru. Dávila was a soldier in wars against Moors at Granada in Spain, and in North Africa, under Pedro Navarro intervening in the Conquest of Oran. At the age of nearly seventy years he was made commander in 1514 by Ferdinand of the largest Spanish expedition.
Dávila sent Gil González Dávila to explore northward, and Pedro de Alvarado to explore Guatemala. In 1524 he sent another expedition with Francisco Hernández de Córdoba, executed there in 1526 by Dávila, by then aged over 85. Dávila's daughters married Rodrigo de Contreras and conquistador of Florida and Mississippi, the Governor of Cuba Hernando de Soto.
Dávila made an agreement with Francisco Pizarro and Diego de Almagro, which brought about the discovery of Peru, but withdrew in 1526 for a small compensation, having lost confidence in the outcome. In 1526 Dávila was superseded as Governor of Panama by Pedro de los Ríos, but became governor in 1527 of León in Nicaragua.
An expedition commanded by Pizarro and his brothers explored south from what is today Panama, reaching Inca territory by 1526. After one more expedition in 1529, Pizarro received royal approval to conquer the region and be its viceroy. The approval read: "In July 1529 the queen of Spain signed a charter allowing Pizarro to conquer the Inca. Pizarro was named governor and captain of all conquests in New Castile." The Viceroyalty of Peru was established in 1542, encompassing all Spanish holdings in South America.
In early 1536, the Adelantado of Canary Islands, Pedro Fernández de Lugo, arrived to Santa Marta, a city founded in 1525 by Rodrigo de Bastidas in modern-day Colombia, as governor. After some expeditions to the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Fernández de Lugo sent an expedition to the interior of the territory, initially looking for a land path to Peru following the Magdalena River. This expedition was commanded by Licentiate Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada, who ended up discovering and conquering the indigenous Muisca, and establishing the New Kingdom of Granada, which almost two centuries would be a viceroyalty. Jiménez de Quesada also founded the capital of Colombia, Santafé de Bogotá.
Juan Díaz de Solís arrived again to the renamed Río de la Plata, literally river of the silver, after the Incan conquest. He sought a way to transport the Potosi's silver to Europe. For a long time due to the Incan silver mines, Potosí was the most important site in Colonial Spanish America, located in the current department of Potosí in Bolivia and it was the location of the Spanish colonial mint. The first settlement in the way was the fort of Sancti Spiritu, established in 1527 next to the Paraná River. Buenos Aires was established in 1536, establishing the Governorate of the Río de la Plata.
Africans were also conquistadors in the early conquest campaigns in the Caribbean and Mexico. In the 1500s there were enslaved black and free black sailors on Spanish ships crossing the Atlantic and developing new routes of conquest and trade in the Americas. After 1521, the wealth and credit generated by the acquisition of the Aztec Empire funded auxiliary forces of black conquistadors that could number as many as five hundred. Spaniards recognized the value of these fighters.
One of the black conquistadors who fought against the Aztecs and survived the destruction of their empire was Juan Garrido. Born in Africa, Garrido lived as a young slave in Portugal before being sold to a Spaniard and acquiring his freedom fighting in the conquests of Puerto Rico, Cuba, and other islands. He fought as a free servant or auxiliary, participating in Spanish expeditions to other parts of Mexico (including Baja California) in the 1520s and 1530s. Granted a house plot in Mexico City, he raised a family there, working at times as a guard and town crier. He claimed to have been the first person to plant wheat in Mexico.
Sebastian Toral was an African slave and one of the first black conquistadors in the New World. While a slave, he went with his Spanish owner on a campaign. He was able to earn his freedom during this service. He continued as a free conquistador with the Spaniards to fight the Maya in Yucatán in 1540. After the conquests he settled in the city of Mérida in the newly formed colony of Yucatán with his family. In 1574, the Spanish crown ordered that all slaves and free blacks in the colony had to pay a tribute to the crown. However, Toral wrote in protest of the tax based on his services during his conquests. The Spanish king responded that Toral need not pay the tax because of his service. Toral died a veteran of three transatlantic voyages and two Conquest expeditions, a man who had successfully petitioned the great Spanish King, walked the streets of Lisbon, Seville, and Mexico City, and helped found a capital city in the Americas.
Juan Valiente was born West Africa and purchased by Portuguese traders from African slavers. Around 1530 he was purchased by Alonso Valiente to be a slaved domestic servant in Puebla, Mexico. In 1533 Juan Valiente made a deal with his owner to allow him to be a conquistador for four years with the agreement that all earnings would come back to Alonso. He fought for many years in Chile and Peru. By 1540 he was a captain, horseman, and partner in Pedro de Valdivia's company in Chile. He was later awarded an estate in Santiago; a city he would help Valdivia found. Both Alonso and Valiente tried to contact the other to make an agreement about Valiente's manumission and send Alonso his awarded money. They were never able to reach each other and Valiente died in 1553 in the Battle of Tucapel.
Other black conquistadors include Pedro Fulupo, Juan Bardales, Antonio Pérez, and Juan Portugués. Pedro Fulupo was a black slave that fought in Costa Rica. Juan Bardales was an African slave that fought in Honduras and Panama. For his service he was granted manumission and a pension of 50 pesos. Antonio Pérez was from North Africa, and a free black. He joined the conquest in Venezuela and was made a captain. Juan Portugués fought in the conquests in Venezuela.
North America colonization
During the 1500s, the Spanish began to travel through and colonize North America. They were looking for gold in foreign kingdoms. By 1511 there were rumours of undiscovered lands to the northwest of Hispaniola. Juan Ponce de León equipped three ships with at least 200 men at his own expense and set out from Puerto Rico on 4 March 1513 to Florida and surrounding coastal area. Another early motive was the search for the Seven Cities of Gold, or "Cibola", rumoured to have been built by Native Americans somewhere in the desert Southwest. In 1536 Francisco de Ulloa, the first documented European to reach the Colorado River, sailed up the Gulf of California and a short distance into the river's delta.
The Basques were fur trading, fishing cod and whaling in Terranova (Labrador and Newfoundland) in 1520, and in Iceland by at least the early 17th century. They established whaling stations at the former, mainly in Red Bay, and probably established some in the latter as well. In Terranova they hunted bowheads and right whales, while in Iceland they appear to have only hunted the latter. The Spanish fishery in Terranova declined over conflicts between Spain and other European powers during the late 16th and early 17th centuries.
In 1524 the Portuguese Estêvão Gomes, who had sailed in Ferdinand Magellan's fleet, explored Nova Scotia, sailing South through Maine, where he entered New York Harbor and the Hudson River and eventually reached Florida in August 1525. As a result of his expedition, the 1529 Diego Ribeiro world map outlined the East coast of North America almost perfectly.
The Spaniard Cabeza de Vaca was the leader of the Narváez expedition of 600 men that between 1527 and 1535 explored the mainland of North America. From Tampa Bay, Florida, on 15 April 1528, they marched through Florida. Traveling mostly on foot, they crossed Texas, New Mexico and Arizona, and Mexican states of Tamaulipas, Nuevo León and Coahuila. After several months of fighting native inhabitants through wilderness and swamp, the party reached Apalachee Bay with 242 men. They believed they were near other Spaniards in Mexico, but there was in fact 1500 miles of coast between them. They followed the coast westward, until they reached the mouth of the Mississippi River near to Galveston Island.
Later they were enslaved for a few years by various Native American tribes of the upper Gulf Coast. They continued through Coahuila and Nueva Vizcaya; then down the Gulf of California coast to what is now Sinaloa, Mexico, over a period of roughly eight years. They spent years enslaved by the Ananarivo of the Louisiana Gulf Islands. Later they were enslaved by the Hans, the Capoques and others. In 1534 they escaped into the American interior, contacting other Native American tribes along the way. Only four men, Cabeza de Vaca, Andrés Dorantes de Carranza, Alonso del Castillo Maldonado, and an enslaved Moroccan Berber named Estevanico, survived and escaped to reach Mexico City. In 1539, Estevanico was one of four men who accompanied Marcos de Niza as a guide in search of the fabled Seven Cities of Cibola, preceding Coronado. When the others were struck ill, Estevanico continued alone, opening up what is now New Mexico and Arizona. He was killed at the Zuni village of Hawikuh in present-day New Mexico.
The viceroy of New Spain Antonio de Mendoza, for whom is named the Codex Mendoza, commissioned several expeditions to explore and establish settlements in the northern lands of New Spain in 1540–42. Francisco Vázquez de Coronado reached Quivira in central Kansas. Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo explored the western coastline of Alta California in 1542–43.
Francisco Vázquez de Coronado's 1540–1542 expedition began as a search for the fabled Cities of Gold, but after learning from natives in New Mexico of a large river to the west, he sent García López de Cárdenas to lead a small contingent to find it. With the guidance of Hopi Indians, Cárdenas and his men became the first outsiders to see the Grand Canyon. However, Cárdenas was reportedly unimpressed with the canyon, assuming the width of the Colorado River at six feet (1.8 m) and estimating rock formations to be the size of a person. After unsuccessfully attempting to descend to the river, they left the area, defeated by the difficult terrain and torrid weather.
In 1540, Hernando de Alarcón and his fleet reached the mouth of the Colorado River, intending to provide additional supplies to Coronado's expedition. Alarcón may have sailed the Colorado as far upstream as the present-day California–Arizona border. However, Coronado never reached the Gulf of California, and Alarcón eventually gave up and left. Melchior Díaz reached the delta in the same year, intending to establish contact with Alarcón, but the latter was already gone by the time of Díaz's arrival. Díaz named the Colorado River Río del Tizón, while the name Colorado ("Red River") was first applied to a tributary of the Gila River.
In 1540, expeditions under Hernando de Alarcon and Melchior Diaz visited the area of Yuma and immediately saw the natural crossing of the Colorado River from Mexico to California by land as an ideal spot for a city, as the Colorado River narrows to slightly under 1000 feet wide in one small point. Later military expeditions that crossed the Colorado River at the Yuma Crossing include Juan Bautista de Anza's (1774).
The marriage between Luisa de Abrego, a free black domestic servant from Seville and Miguel Rodríguez, a white Segovian conquistador in 1565 in St. Augustine (Spanish Florida), is the first known and recorded Christian marriage anywhere in the continental United States.
The Chamuscado and Rodríguez Expedition explored New Mexico in 1581–1582. They explored a part of the route visited by Coronado in New Mexico and other parts in the southwestern United States between 1540 and 1542.
The viceroy of New Spain Don Diego García Sarmiento sent another expedition in 1648 to explore, conquer and colonize the Californias.
Asia and Oceania colonization, and Pacific exploration
In 1525 Charles I of Spain ordered an expedition led by friar García Jofre de Loaísa to go to Asia by the western route to colonize the Maluku Islands (known as Spice Islands, now part of Indonesia), thus crossing first the Atlantic and then the Pacific oceans. Ruy López de Villalobos sailed to the Philippines in 1542–43. From 1546 to 1547 Francis Xavier worked in Maluku among the peoples of Ambon Island, Ternate, and Morotai, and laid the foundations for the Christian religion there.
In 1564, Miguel López de Legazpi was commissioned by the viceroy of New Spain, Luís de Velasco, to explore the Maluku Islands where Magellan and Ruy López de Villalobos had landed in 1521 and 1543, respectively. The expedition was ordered by Philip II of Spain, after whom the Philippines had earlier been named by Villalobos. El Adelantado Legazpi established settlements in the East Indies and the Pacific Islands in 1565. He was the first governor-general of the Spanish East Indies. After obtaining peace with various indigenous tribes, López de Legazpi made the Philippines the capital in 1571.
The Spanish settled and took control of Tidore in 1603 to trade spices and counter Dutch encroachment in the archipelago of Maluku. The Spanish presence lasted until 1663, when the settlers and military were moved back to the Philippines. Part of the Ternatean population chose to leave with the Spanish, settling near Manila in what later became the municipality of Ternate.
Spanish galleons travelled across the Pacific Ocean between Acapulco in Mexico and Manila.
In 1542, Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo traversed the coast of California and named many of its features. In 1601, Sebastián Vizcaíno mapped the coastline in detail and gave new names to many features. Martín de Aguilar, lost from the expedition led by Sebastián Vizcaíno, explored the Pacific coast as far north as Coos Bay in present-day Oregon.
Since the 1549 arrival to Kagoshima (Kyushu) of a group of Jesuits with St. Francis Xavier missionary and Portuguese traders, Spain was interested in Japan. In this first group of Jesuit missionaries were included Spaniards Cosme de Torres and Juan Fernandez.
In 1611, Sebastián Vizcaíno surveyed the east coast of Japan and from the year of 1611 to 1614 he was ambassador of King Felipe III in Japan returning to Acapulco in the year of 1614. In 1608, he was sent to search for two mythical islands called Rico de Oro (island of gold) and Rico de Plata (island of silver).
Portuguese exploration
As a seafaring people in the south-westernmost region of Europe, the Portuguese became natural leaders of exploration during the Middle Ages. Faced with the options of either accessing other European markets by sea, by exploiting its seafaring prowess, or by land, and facing the task of crossing Castile and Aragon territory, it is not surprising that goods were sent via the sea to England, Flanders, Italy and the Hanseatic league towns.
One important reason was the need for alternatives to the expensive eastern trade routes that followed the Silk Road. Those routes were dominated first by the republics of Venice and Genoa, and then by the Ottoman Empire after the conquest of Constantinople in 1453. The Ottomans barred European access. For decades the Spanish Netherlands ports produced more revenue than the colonies since all goods brought from Spain, Mediterranean possessions, and the colonies were sold directly there to neighbouring European countries: wheat, olive oil, wine, silver, spice, wool and silk were big businesses.
The gold brought home from Guinea stimulated the commercial energy of the Portuguese, and its European neighbours, especially Spain. Apart from their religious and scientific aspects, these voyages of discovery were highly profitable.
They had benefited from Guinea's connections with neighbouring Iberians and north African Muslim states. Due to these connections, mathematicians and experts in naval technology appeared in Portugal. Portuguese and foreign experts made several breakthroughs in the fields of mathematics, cartography and naval technology.
Under Afonso V (1443–1481), surnamed the African, the Gulf of Guinea was explored as far as Cape St. Catherine (Cabo Santa Caterina), and three expeditions in 1458, 1461 and 1471, were sent to Morocco; in 1471 Arzila (Asila) and Tangier were captured from the Moors.
Portuguese explored the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans before the Iberian Union period (1580–1640).
Under John II (1481–1495) the fortress of São Jorge da Mina, the modern Elmina, was founded for the protection of the Guinea trade. Diogo Cão, or Can, discovered the Congo in 1482 and reached Cape Cross in 1486.
In 1483 Diogo Cão sailed up the uncharted Congo River, finding Kongo villages and becoming the first European to encounter the Kongo kingdom.
On 7 May 1487, two Portuguese envoys, Pêro da Covilhã and Afonso de Paiva, were sent traveling secretly overland to gather information on a possible sea route to India, but also to inquire about Prester John. Covilhã managed to reach Ethiopia. Although well received, he was forbidden to depart. Bartolomeu Dias crossed the Cape of Good Hope in 1488, thus proving that the Indian Ocean was accessible by sea.
In 1498, Vasco da Gama reached India. In 1500, Pedro Álvares Cabral discovered Brazil, claiming it for Portugal. In 1510, Afonso de Albuquerque conquered Goa in India, Ormuz in the Persian Strait, and Malacca. The Portuguese sailors sailed eastward to such places as Taiwan, Japan, and the island of Timor. Several writers have also suggested the Portuguese were the first Europeans to discover Australia and New Zealand.
Álvaro Caminha, in Cape Verde islands, who received the land as a grant from the crown, established a colony with Jews forced to stay on São Tomé Island. Príncipe island was settled in 1500 under a similar arrangement. Attracting settlers proved difficult; however, the Jewish settlement was a success and their descendants settled many parts of Brazil.
From their peaceful settlings in secured islands along Atlantic Ocean (archipelagos and islands such as Madeira, the Azores, Cape Verde, São Tomé, Príncipe, and Annobón) they travelled to coastal enclaves trading almost every goods of African and Islander areas like spices (hemp, opium, garlic), wine, dry fish, dried meat, toasted flour, leather, fur of tropical animals and seals, whaling ... but mainly ivory, black slaves, gold and hardwoods. They maintaining trade ports in Congo (M'banza), Angola, Natal (City of Cape Good Hope, in Portuguese "Cidade do Cabo da Boa Esperança"), Mozambique (Sofala), Tanzania (Kilwa Kisiwani), Kenya (Malindi) to Somalia. The Portuguese following the maritime trade routes of Muslims and Chinese traders, sailed the Indian Ocean. They were on Malabar Coast since 1498 when Vasco da Gama reached Anjadir, Kannut, Kochi and Calicut.
Da Gama in 1498 marked the beginning of Portuguese influence in Indian Ocean. In 1503 or 1504, Zanzibar became part of the Portuguese Empire when Captain Ruy Lourenço Ravasco Marques landed and demanded and received tribute from the sultan in exchange for peace. Zanzibar remained a possession of Portugal for almost two centuries. It initially became part of the Portuguese province of Arabia and Ethiopia and was administered by a governor general. Around 1571, Zanzibar became part of the western division of the Portuguese empire and was administered from Mozambique. It appears, however, that the Portuguese did not closely administer Zanzibar. The first English ship to visit Unguja, the Edward Bonaventure in 1591, found that there was no Portuguese fort or garrison. The extent of their occupation was a trade depot where produce was purchased and collected for shipment to Mozambique. "In other respects, the affairs of the island were managed by the local 'king,' the predecessor of the Mwinyi Mkuu of Dunga." This hands-off approach ended when Portugal established a fort on Pemba around 1635 in response to the Sultan of Mombasa's slaughter of Portuguese residents several years earlier.
After 1500: West and East Africa, Asia, and the Pacific
In west Africa Cidade de Congo de São Salvador was founded some time after the arrival of the Portuguese, in the pre-existing capital of the local dynasty ruling at that time (1483), in a city of the Luezi River valley. Portuguese were established supporting one Christian local dynasty ruling suitor.
When Afonso I of Kongo was established the Roman Catholic Church in Kongo kingdom. By 1516 Afonso I sent various of his children and nobles to Europe to study, including his son Henrique Kinu a Mvemba, who was elevated to the status of bishop in 1518. Afonso I wrote a series of letters to the kings of Portugal Manuel I and João III of Portugal concerning to the behavior of the Portuguese in his country and their role in the developing slave trade, complaining of Portuguese complicity in purchasing illegally enslaved people and the connections between Afonso's men, Portuguese mercenaries in Kongo's service and the capture and sale of slaves by Portuguese.
The aggregate of Portugal's colonial holdings in India were Portuguese India. The period of European contact of Ceylon began with the arrival of Portuguese soldiers and explorers of the expedition of Lourenço de Almeida, the son of Francisco de Almeida, in 1505. The Portuguese founded a fort at the port city of Colombo in 1517 and gradually extended their control over the coastal areas and inland. In a series of military conflicts, political manoeuvres and conquests, the Portuguese extended their control over the Sinhalese kingdoms, including Jaffna (1591), Raigama (1593), Sitawaka (1593), and Kotte (1594,) but the aim of unifying the entire island under Portuguese control failed. The Portuguese, led by Pedro Lopes de Sousa, launched a full-scale military invasion of the Kingdom of Kandy in the Danture campaign of 1594. The invasion was a disaster for the Portuguese, with their entire army wiped out by Kandyan guerrilla warfare.
More envoys were sent in 1507 to Ethiopia, after Socotra was taken by the Portuguese. As a result of this mission, and facing Muslim expansion, Queen Regent Eleni of Ethiopia sent ambassador Mateus to King Manuel I of Portugal and to the Pope, in search of a coalition. Mateus reached Portugal via Goa, having returned with a Portuguese embassy, along with priest Francisco Álvares in 1520. Francisco Álvares book, which included the testimony of Covilhã, the Verdadeira Informação das Terras do Preste João das Indias ("A True Relation of the Lands of Prester John of the Indies") was the first direct account of Ethiopia, greatly increasing European knowledge at the time, as it was presented to the pope, published and quoted by Giovanni Battista Ramusio.
In 1509, the Portuguese under Francisco de Almeida won a critical victory in the Battle of Diu against a joint Mamluk and Arab fleet sent to counteract their presence in the Arabian Sea. The retreat of the Mamluks and Arabs enabled the Portuguese to implement their strategy of controlling the Indian Ocean.
Afonso de Albuquerque set sail in April 1511 from Goa to Malacca with a force of 1,200 men and seventeen or eighteen ships. Following his capture of the city on 24 August 1511, it became a strategic base for Portuguese expansion in the East Indies; consequently the Portuguese were obliged to build a fort they named A Famosa to defend it. That same year, the Portuguese, desiring a commercial alliance, sent an ambassador, Duarte Fernandes, to the Kingdom of Ayutthaya, where he was well received by King Ramathibodi II. In 1526, a large force of Portuguese ships under the command of Pedro Mascarenhas was sent to conquer Bintan, where Sultan Mahmud was based. Earlier expeditions by Diogo Dias and Afonso de Albuquerque had explored that part of the Indian Ocean, and discovered several islands new to Europeans. Mascarenhas served as Captain-Major of the Portuguese colony of Malacca from 1525 to 1526, and as viceroy of Goa, capital of the Portuguese possessions in Asia, from 1554 until his death in 1555. He was succeeded by Francisco Barreto, who served with the title of "governor-general".
To enforce a trade monopoly, Muscat, and Hormuz in the Persian Gulf, were seized by Afonso de Albuquerque in 1507, and in 1507 and 1515, respectively. He also entered into diplomatic relations with Persia. In 1513 while trying to conquer Aden, an expedition led by Albuquerque cruised the Red Sea inside the Bab al-Mandab, and sheltered at Kamaran island. In 1521, a force under António Correia conquered Bahrain, ushering in a period of almost eighty years of Portuguese rule of the Persian Gulf. In the Red Sea, Massawa was the most northerly point frequented by the Portuguese until 1541, when a fleet under Estevão da Gama penetrated as far as Suez.
In 1511, the Portuguese were the first Europeans to reach the city of Guangzhou by the sea, and they settled on its port for a commercial monopoly of trade with other nations. They were later expelled from their settlements, but they were allowed the use of Macau, which was also occupied in 1511, and to be appointed in 1557 as the base for doing business with Guangzhou. The quasi-monopoly on foreign trade in the region would be maintained by the Portuguese until the early seventeenth century, when the Spanish and Dutch arrived.
The Portuguese Diogo Rodrigues explored the Indian Ocean in 1528, he explored the islands of Réunion, Mauritius, and Rodrigues, naming it the Mascarene or Mascarenhas Islands, after his countryman Pedro Mascarenhas, who had been there before. The Portuguese presence disrupted and reorganised the Southeast Asian trade, and in eastern Indonesia they introduced Christianity. After the Portuguese annexed Malacca in August 1511, one Portuguese diary noted 'it is thirty years since they became Moors'– giving a sense of the competition then taking place between Islamic and European influences in the region. Afonso de Albuquerque learned of the route to the Banda Islands and other "Spice Islands", and sent an exploratory expedition of three vessels under the command of António de Abreu, Simão Afonso Bisigudo and Francisco Serrão. On the return trip, Francisco Serrão was shipwrecked at Hitu Island (northern Ambon) in 1512. There he established ties with the local ruler who was impressed with his martial skills. The rulers of the competing island states of Ternate and Tidore also sought Portuguese assistance and the newcomers were welcomed in the area as buyers of supplies and spices during a lull in the regional trade due to the temporary disruption of Javanese and Malay sailings to the area following the 1511 conflict in Malacca. The spice trade soon revived but the Portuguese would not be able to fully monopolize nor disrupt this trade.
Allying himself with Ternate's ruler, Serrão constructed a fortress on that tiny island and served as the head of a mercenary band of Portuguese seamen under the service of one of the two local feuding sultans who controlled most of the spice trade. Such an outpost far from Europe generally only attracted the most desperate and avaricious, and as such the feeble attempts at Christianization only strained relations with Ternate's Muslim ruler. Serrão urged Ferdinand Magellan to join him in Maluku, and sent the explorer information about the Spice Islands. Both Serrão and Magellan, however, perished before they could meet one another, with Magellan dying in battle in Macatan. In 1535 Sultan Tabariji was deposed and sent to Goa in chains, where he converted to Christianity and changed his name to Dom Manuel. After being declared innocent of the charges against him he was sent back to reassume his throne, but died en route at Malacca in 1545. He had however, already bequeathed the island of Ambon to his Portuguese godfather Jordão de Freitas. Following the murder of Sultan Hairun at the hands of the Europeans, the Ternateans expelled the hated foreigners in 1575 after a five-year siege.
The Portuguese first landed in Ambon in 1513, but it only became the new centre for their activities in Maluku following the expulsion from Ternate. European power in the region was weak and Ternate became an expanding, fiercely Islamic and anti-European state under the rule of Sultan Baab Ullah (r. 1570–1583) and his son Sultan Said. The Portuguese in Ambon, however, were regularly attacked by native Muslims on the island's northern coast, in particular Hitu which had trading and religious links with major port cities on Java's north coast. Altogether, the Portuguese never had the resources or manpower to control the local trade in spices, and failed in attempts to establish their authority over the crucial Banda Islands, the nearby centre of most nutmeg and mace production. Following Portuguese missionary work, there have been large Christian communities in eastern Indonesia particularly among the Ambonese. By the 1560s there were 10,000 Catholics in the area, mostly on Ambon, and by the 1590s there were 50,000 to 60,000, although most of the region surrounding Ambon remained Muslim.
Mauritius was visited by the Portuguese between 1507 (by Diogo Fernandes Pereira) and 1513. The Portuguese took no interest in the isolated Mascarene islands. Their main African base was in Mozambique, and therefore the Portuguese navigators preferred to use the Mozambique Channel to go to India. The Comoros at the north proved to be a more practical port of call.
North America
Based on the Treaty of Tordesillas, Manuel I claimed territorial rights in the area visited by John Cabot in 1497 and 1498. To that end, in 1499 and 1500, the Portuguese mariner João Fernandes Lavrador visited the northeast Atlantic coast and Greenland and the north Atlantic coast of Canada, which accounts for the appearance of "Labrador" on topographical maps of the period. Subsequently, in 1501 and 1502 the Corte-Real brothers explored and charted Greenland and the coasts of present-day Newfoundland and Labrador, claiming these lands as part of the Portuguese Empire. Whether or not the Corte-Reals expeditions were also inspired by or continuing the alleged voyages of their father, João Vaz Corte-Real (with other Europeans) in 1473, to Terra Nova do Bacalhau (Newfoundland of the Codfish), remains controversial, as the 16th century accounts of the 1473 expedition differ considerably. In 1520–1521, João Álvares Fagundes was granted donatary rights to the inner islands of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Accompanied by colonists from mainland Portugal and the Azores, he explored Newfoundland and Nova Scotia (possibly reaching the Bay of Fundy on the Minas Basin), and established a fishing colony on Cape Breton Island, that would last some years or until at least 1570s, based on contemporary accounts.
South America
Brazil was claimed by Portugal in April 1500, on the arrival of the Portuguese fleet commanded by Pedro Álvares Cabral. The Portuguese encountered natives divided into several tribes. The first settlement was founded in 1532.
Some European countries, especially France, were also sending excursions to Brazil to extract brazilwood. Worried about the foreign incursions and hoping to find mineral riches, the Portuguese crown decided to send large missions to take possession of the land and combat the French. In 1530, an expedition led by Martim Afonso de Sousa arrived to patrol the entire coast, ban the French, and to create the first colonial villages, like São Vicente, at the coast. As time passed, the Portuguese created the Viceroyalty of Brazil. Colonization was effectively begun in 1534, when Dom João III divided the territory into twelve hereditary captaincies, a model that had previously been used successfully in the colonization of the Madeira Island, but this arrangement proved problematic and in 1549 the king assigned a Governor-General to administer the entire colony, Tomé de Sousa.
The Portuguese frequently relied on the help of Jesuits and European adventurers who lived together with the aborigines and knew their languages and culture, such as João Ramalho, who lived among the Guaianaz tribe near today's São Paulo, and Diogo Álvares Correia, who lived among the Tupinamba natives near today's Salvador de Bahia.
The Portuguese assimilated some of the native tribes while others were enslaved or exterminated in long wars or by European diseases to which they had no immunity. By the mid-16th century, sugar had become Brazil's most important export and the Portuguese imported African slaves to produce it.
Mem de Sá was the third Governor-General of Brazil in 1556, succeeding Duarte da Costa, in Salvador of Bahia when France founded several colonies.
Mem de Sá was supporting of Jesuit priests, Fathers Manuel da Nóbrega and José de Anchieta, who founded São Vicente in 1532, and São Paulo, in 1554.
French colonists tried to settle in present-day Rio de Janeiro, from 1555 to 1567, the so-called France Antarctique episode, and in present-day São Luís, from 1612 to 1614 the so-called France Équinoxiale. Through wars against the French the Portuguese slowly expanded their territory to the southeast, taking Rio de Janeiro in 1567, and to the northwest, taking São Luís in 1615.
The Dutch sacked Bahia in 1604, and temporarily captured the capital Salvador.
In the 1620s and 1630s, the Dutch West India Company established many trade posts or colonies. The Spanish silver fleet, which carried silver from Spanish colonies to Spain, were seized by Piet Heyn in 1628. In 1629 Suriname and Guyana were established. In 1630 the West India Company conquered part of Brazil, and the colony of New Holland (capital Mauritsstad, present-day Recife) was founded.
John Maurice of Nassau prince of Nassau-Siegen, was appointed as the governor of the Dutch possessions in Brazil in 1636 by the Dutch West India Company on recommendation of Frederick Henry. He landed at Recife, the port of Pernambuco and the chief stronghold of the Dutch, in January 1637.
By a series of successful expeditions, he gradually extended the Dutch possessions from Sergipe on the south to São Luís de Maranhão in the north.
In 1624 most of the inhabitants of the town Pernambuco (Recife), in the future Dutch colony of Brazil were Sephardic Jews who had been banned by the Portuguese Inquisition to this town at the other side of the Atlantic Ocean. As some years afterward the Dutch in Brazil appealed to Holland for craftsmen of all kinds, many Jews went to Brazil; about 600 Jews left Amsterdam in 1642, accompanied by two distinguished scholars – Isaac Aboab da Fonseca and Moses Raphael de Aguilar. In the struggle between Holland and Portugal for the possession of Brazil the Dutch were supported by the Jews.
From 1630 to 1654, the Dutch set up more permanently in the Nordeste and controlled a long stretch of the coast most accessible to Europe, without, however, penetrating the interior. But the colonists of the Dutch West India Company in Brazil were in a constant state of siege, in spite of the presence in Recife of John Maurice of Nassau as governor. After several years of open warfare, the Dutch formally withdrew in 1661.
Portuguese sent military expeditions to the Amazon Rainforest and conquered British and Dutch strongholds, founding villages and forts from 1669. In 1680 they reached the far south and founded Sacramento on the bank of the Rio de la Plata, in the Eastern Strip region (present-day Uruguay).
In the 1690s, gold was discovered by explorers in the region that would later be called Minas Gerais (General Mines) in current Mato Grosso and Goiás.
Before the Iberian Union period (1580–1640), Spain tried to prevent Portuguese expansion into Brazil with the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas. After the Iberian Union period, the Eastern Strip were settled by Portugal. This was disputed in vain, and in 1777 Spain confirmed Portuguese sovereignty.
Iberian Union period (1580–1640)
In 1578, the Saadi sultan Ahmad al-Mansur, contemporary of Queen Elizabeth I, defeated Portugal at the Battle of Ksar El Kebir, beating the young king Sebastian I, a devout Christian who believed in the crusade to defeat Islam. Portugal had landed in North Africa after Abu Abdallah asked him to help recover the Saadian throne. Abu Abdallah's uncle, Abd Al-Malik, had taken it from Abu Abdallah with Ottoman Empire support. The defeat of Abu Abdallah and the death of Portugal's king led to the end of the Portuguese Aviz dynasty and later to the integration of Portugal and its empire at the Iberian Union for 60 years under Sebastian's uncle Philip II of Spain. Philip was married to his relative Mary I cousin of his father, due to this, Philip was King of England and Ireland in a dynastic union with Spain.
As a result of the Iberian Union, Phillip II's enemies became Portugal's enemies, such as the Dutch in the Dutch–Portuguese War, England or France. The English-Spanish wars of 1585–1604 were clashes not only in English and Spanish ports or on the sea between them but also in and around the present-day territories of Florida, Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, and Panama. War with the Dutch led to invasions of many countries in Asia, including Ceylon and commercial interests in Japan, Africa (Mina), and South America. Even though the Portuguese were unable to capture the entire island of Ceylon, they were able to control its coastal regions for a considerable time.
From 1580 to 1670 mostly, the Bandeirantes in Brazil focused on slave hunting, then from 1670 to 1750 they focused on mineral wealth. Through these expeditions and the Dutch–Portuguese War, Colonial Brazil expanded from the small limits of the Tordesilhas Line to roughly the same borders as current Brazil.
In the 17th century, taking advantage of this period of Portuguese weakness, the Dutch occupied many Portuguese territories in Brazil. John Maurice, Prince of Nassau-Siegen was appointed as the governor of the Dutch possessions in Brazil in 1637 by the Dutch West India Company. He landed at Recife, the port of Pernambuco, in January 1637. In a series of expeditions, he gradually expanded from Sergipe on the south to São Luís de Maranhão in the north. He likewise conquered the Portuguese possessions of Elmina Castle, Saint Thomas, and Luanda and Angola. The Dutch intrusion into Brazil was long lasting and troublesome to Portugal. The Seventeen Provinces captured a large portion of the Brazilian coast including the provinces of Bahia, Pernambuco, Paraíba, Rio Grande do Norte, Ceará, and Sergipe, while Dutch privateers sacked Portuguese ships in both the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. The large area of Bahia and its city, the strategically important Salvador, was recovered quickly by an Iberian military expedition in 1625.
After the dissolution of the Iberian Union in 1640, Portugal re-established authority over its lost territories including remaining Dutch controlled areas. The other smaller, less developed areas were recovered in stages and relieved of Dutch piracy in the next two decades by local resistance and Portuguese expeditions.
Spanish Formosa was established in Taiwan, first by Portugal in 1544 and later renamed and repositioned by Spain in Keelung. It became a natural defence site for the Iberian Union. The colony was designed to protect Spanish and Portuguese trade from interference by the Dutch base in the south of Taiwan. The Spanish colony was short-lived due to the unwillingness of Spanish colonial authorities in Manila to defend it.
Disease in the Americas
While technological superiority, military strategy and forging local alliances played an important role in the victories of the conquistadors in the Americas, their conquest was greatly facilitated by Old World diseases: smallpox, chicken pox, diphtheria, typhus, influenza, measles, malaria and yellow fever. The diseases were carried to distant tribes and villages. This typical path of disease transmission moved much faster than the conquistadors, so that as they advanced, resistance weakened. Epidemic disease is commonly cited as the primary reason for the population collapse. The American natives lacked immunity to these infections.
When Francisco Coronado and the Spaniards first explored the Rio Grande Valley in 1540, in modern New Mexico, some of the chieftains complained of new diseases that affected their tribes. Cabeza de Vaca reported that in 1528, when the Spanish landed in Texas, "half the natives died from a disease of the bowels and blamed us." When the Spanish conquistadors arrived in the Incan empire, a large portion of the population had already died in a smallpox epidemic. The first epidemic was recorded in 1529 and killed the emperor Huayna Capac, the father of Atahualpa. Further epidemics of smallpox broke out in 1533, 1535, 1558 and 1565, as well as typhus in 1546, influenza in 1558, diphtheria in 1614 and measles in 1618.
Recently developed tree-ring evidence shows that the illness which reduced the population in Aztec Mexico was aided by a great drought in the 16th century, and which continued through the arrival of the Spanish conquest. This has added to the body of epidemiological evidence indicating that cocoliztli epidemics (Nahuatl name for viral haemorrhagic fever) were indigenous fevers transmitted by rodents and aggravated by the drought. The cocoliztli epidemic from 1545 to 1548 killed an estimated 5 to 15 million people, or up to 80% of the native population. The cocoliztli epidemic from 1576 to 1578 killed an estimated, additional 2 to 2.5 million people, or about 50% of the remainder.
The American researcher H.F. Dobyns said that 95% of the total population of the Americas died in the first 130 years, and that 90% of the population of the Inca Empire died in epidemics. Cook and Borah of the University of California at Berkeley believe that the indigenous population in Mexico declined from 25.2 million in 1518 to 700,000 people in 1623, less than 3% of the original population.
Mythic lands
The conquistadors found new animal species, but reports confused these with monsters such as giants, dragons, or ghosts. Stories about castaways on mysterious islands were common.
An early motive for exploration was the search for Cipango, the place where gold was born. Cathay and Cibao were later goals. The Seven Cities of Gold, or "Cibola", was rumoured to have been built by Native Americans somewhere in the desert Southwest. As early as 1611, Sebastián Vizcaíno surveyed the east coast of Japan and searched for two mythical islands called Rico de Oro ('Rich in Gold') and Rico de Plata ('Rich in Silver').
Books such as The Travels of Marco Polo fuelled rumours of mythical places. Stories included the half-fabulous Christian Empire of "Prester John", the kingdom of the White Queen on the "Western Nile" (Sénégal River), the Fountain of Youth, cities of Gold in North and South America such as Quivira, Zuni-Cibola Complex, and El Dorado, and wonderful kingdoms of the Ten Lost Tribes and women called Amazons. In 1542, Francisco de Orellana reached the Amazon River, naming it after a tribe of warlike women he claimed to have fought there. Others claimed that the similarity between Indio and Iudio, the Spanish-language word for 'Jew' around 1500, revealed the indigenous peoples' origin. Portuguese traveller Antonio de Montezinos reported that some of the Lost Tribes were living among the Native Americans of the Andes in South America. Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés wrote that Ponce de León was looking for the waters of Bimini to cure his aging. A similar account appears in Francisco López de Gómara's Historia General de las Indias of 1551. Then in 1575, Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda, a shipwreck survivor who had lived with the Native Americans of Florida for 17 years, published his memoir in which he locates the Fountain of Youth in Florida, and says that Ponce de León was supposed to have looked for them there. This land somehow also became confused with the Boinca or Boyuca mentioned by Juan de Solis, although Solis's navigational data placed it in the Gulf of Honduras.
Sir Walter Raleigh and some Italian, Spanish, Dutch, French and Portuguese expeditions were looking for the wonderful Guiana empire that gave its name to the present day countries of the Guianas.
Several expeditions went in search of these fabulous places, but returned empty-handed, or brought less gold than they had hoped. They found other precious metals such as silver, which was particularly abundant in Potosí, in modern-day Bolivia. They discovered new routes, ocean currents, trade winds, crops, spices and other products. In the sail era knowledge of winds and currents was essential, for example, the Agulhas current long prevented Portuguese sailors from reaching India. Various places in Africa and the Americas have been named after the imagined cities made of gold, rivers of gold and precious stones.
Shipwrecked off Santa Catarina island in present-day Brazil, Aleixo Garcia living among the Guaranís heard tales of a "White King" who lived to the west, ruling cities of incomparable riches and splendour. Marching westward in 1524 to find the land of the "White King", he was the first European to cross South America from the East. He discovered a great waterfall and the Chaco Plain. He managed to penetrate the outer defences of the Inca Empire on the hills of the Andes, in present-day Bolivia, the first European to do so, eight years before Francisco Pizarro.
Garcia looted a booty of silver. When the army of Huayna Cápac arrived to challenge him, Garcia then retreated with the spoils, only to be assassinated by his Indian allies near San Pedro on the Paraguay River.
Secrecy
The Spanish discovery of what they thought at that time was India, and the constant competition of Portugal and Spain led to a desire for secrecy about every trade route and every colony. As a consequence, many documents that could reach other European countries included fake dates and faked facts, to mislead any other nation's possible efforts. For example, the Island of California refers to a famous cartographic error propagated on many maps during the 17th and 18th centuries, despite contradictory evidence from various explorers. The legend was initially infused with the idea that California was a terrestrial paradise, peopled by black Amazons.
The tendency to secrecy and falsification of dates casts doubts about the authenticity of many primary sources. Several historians have hypothesized that John II may have known of the existence of Brazil and North America as early as 1480, thus explaining his wish in 1494 at the signing of the Treaty of Tordesillas, to push the line of influence further west. Many historians suspect that the real documents would have been placed in the Library of Lisbon. Unfortunately, a fire following the 1755 Lisbon earthquake destroyed nearly all of the library's records, but an extra copy available in Goa was transferred to Lisbon's Tower of Tombo, during the following 100 years. The Corpo Cronológico (Chronological Corpus), a collection of manuscripts on the Portuguese explorations and discoveries in Africa, Asia and Latin America, was inscribed on UNESCO's Memory of the World Register in 2007 in recognition of its historical value "for acquiring knowledge of the political, diplomatic, military, economic and religious history of numerous countries at the time of the Portuguese Discoveries."
Financing and governance
Ferdinand II King of Aragon and Regent of Castile, incorporated the American territories into the Kingdom of Castile and then withdrew the authority granted to governor Christopher Columbus and the first conquistadors. He established direct royal control with the Council of the Indies, the most important administrative organ of the Spanish Empire, both in the Americas and in Asia. After unifying Castile, Ferdinand introduced to Castile many laws, regulations and institutions such as the Inquisition, that were typical in Aragon. These laws were later used in the new lands.
The Laws of Burgos, created in 1512–1513, were the first codified set of laws governing the behavior of settlers in Spanish colonial America, particularly with regards to Native Americans. They forbade the maltreatment of indigenous people, and endorsed their conversion to Catholicism.
The evolving structure of colonial government was not fully formed until the third quarter of the 16th century; however, los Reyes Católicos designated Juan Rodríguez de Fonseca to study the problems related to the colonization process. Rodríguez de Fonseca effectively became minister for the Indies and laid the foundations for the creation of a colonial bureaucracy, combining legislative, executive and judicial functions. Rodríguez de Fonseca presided over the council, which contained a number of members of the Council of Castile (Consejo de Castilla), and formed a Junta de Indias of about eight counsellors. Emperor Charles V was already using the term "Council of the Indies" in 1519.
The Crown reserved for itself important tools of intervention. The "capitulacion" clearly stated that the conquered territories belonged to the Crown, not to the individual. On the other hand, concessions allowed the Crown to guide the Companies conquests to certain territories, depending on their interests. In addition, the leader of the expedition received clear instructions about their duties towards the army, the native population, the type of military action. A written report about the results was mandatory. The army had a royal official, the "veedor". The "veedor" or notary, ensured they complied with orders and instructions and preserved the King's share of the booty.
In practice the Capitán had almost unlimited power. Besides the Crown and the conquistador, they were very important the backers who were charged with anticipating the money to the Capitán and guarantee payment of obligations.
Armed groups sought supplies and funds in various ways. Financing was requested from the King, delegates of the Crown, the nobility, rich merchants or the troops themselves. The more professional campaigns were funded by the Crown. Campaigns were sometimes initiated by inexperienced governors, because in Spanish Colonial America, offices were bought or handed to relatives or cronies. Sometimes, an expedition of conquistadors were a group of influential men who had recruited and equipped their fighters, by promising a share of the booty.
Aside from the explorations predominated by Spain and Portugal, other parts of Europe also aided in colonization of the New World. King Charles I was documented to receive loans from the German Welser family to help finance the Venezuela expedition for gold. With numerous armed groups aiming to launch explorations well into the Age of Conquest, the Crown became indebted, allowing opportunity for foreign European creditors to finance the explorations.
The conquistador borrowed as little as possible, preferring to invest all their belongings. Sometimes, every soldier brought his own equipment and supplies, other times the soldiers received gear as an advance from the conquistador.
The Pinzón brothers, seamen of the Tinto–Odiel participated in Columbus's undertaking. They also supported the project economically, supplying money from their personal fortunes.
Sponsors included governments, the king, viceroys, and local governors backed by rich men. The contribution of each individual conditioned the subsequent division of the booty, receiving a portion the pawn (lancero, piquero, alabardero, rodelero) and twice a man on horseback (caballero) owner of a horse. Sometimes part of the booty consisted of women and/or slaves. Even the dogs, important weapons of war in their own right, were in some cases rewarded. The division of the booty produced conflicts, such as the one between Pizarro and Almagro.
Military advantages
Though vastly outnumbered on foreign and unknown territory, Conquistadors had several military advantages over the native peoples they conquered.
Strategy
Another factor was the ability of the conquistadors to manipulate the political situation between indigenous peoples and make alliances against larger empires. To beat the Inca civilization, they supported one side of a civil war. The Spanish overthrew the Aztec civilization by allying with natives who had been subjugated by more powerful neighbouring tribes and kingdoms. These tactics had been used by the Spanish, for example, in the Granada War, the conquest of the Canary Islands and conquest of Navarre. Throughout the conquest, the indigenous people greatly outnumbered the conquistadors; the conquistador troops never exceeded 2% of the native population. The army with which Hernán Cortés besieged Tenochtitlan was composed of 200,000 soldiers, of which fewer than 1% were Spaniards.
Tactics
Spanish and Portuguese forces were capable of quickly moving long distances in foreign land, allowing for speed of maneuver to catch outnumbering forces by surprise. Wars were mainly between clans, expelling intruders. On land, these wars combined some European methods with techniques from Muslim bandits in Al-Andalus. These tactics consisted of small groups who attempted to catch their opponents by surprise, through an ambush.
In Mombasa, Vasco da Gama resorted to attacking Arab merchant ships, which were generally unarmed trading vessels without heavy cannons.
Weapons and animals
Weapons
Spanish conquistadors in the Americas made extensive use of swords, pikes, and crossbows, with arquebuses becoming widespread only from the 1570s. A scarcity of firearms did not prevent conquistadors to pioneer the use of mounted arquebusiers, an early form of dragoon. In the 1540s Francisco de Carvajal's use of firearms in the Spanish civil war in Peru prefigured the volley fire technique that developed in Europe many decades after.
Animals
Animals were another important factor for Spanish triumph. On the one hand, the introduction of the horse and other domesticated pack animals allowed them greater mobility unknown to the Indian cultures. However, in the mountains and jungles, the Spaniards were less able to use narrow Amerindian roads and bridges made for pedestrian traffic, which were sometimes no wider than a few feet. In places such as Argentina, New Mexico and California, the indigenous people learned horsemanship, cattle raising, and sheep herding. The use of the new techniques by indigenous groups later became a disputed factor in native resistance to the colonial and American governments.
The Spaniards were also skilled at breeding dogs for war, hunting and protection. The mastiffs, Spanish war dogs, and sheep dogs they used in battle were effective as a psychological weapon against the natives, who, in many cases, had never seen domesticated dogs. Although some indigenous peoples did have domestic dogs during the conquest of the Americas, Spanish conquistadors used Spanish Mastiffs and other Molossers in battle against the Taíno, Aztecs, and Maya. These specially trained dogs were feared because of their strength and ferocity. The strongest big breeds of broad-mouthed dogs were specifically trained for battle. These war dogs were used against barely clothed troops. They were armoured dogs trained to kill and disembowel.
The most famous of these dogs of war was a mascot of Ponce de Leon called Becerrillo, the first European dog known to reach North America; another famous dog called Leoncico, the son of Becerillo, and the first European dog known to see the Pacific Ocean, was a mascot of Vasco Núñez de Balboa and accompanied him on several expeditions.
Nautical science
The successive expeditions and experience of the Spanish and Portuguese pilots led to a rapid evolution of European nautical science.
Navigation
In the thirteenth century they were guided by the sun position. For celestial navigation like other Europeans, they used Greek tools, like the astrolabe and quadrant, which they made easier and simpler. They also created the cross-staff, or cane of Jacob, for measuring at sea the height of the sun and other stars. The Southern Cross became a reference upon the arrival of João de Santarém and Pedro Escobar in the Southern hemisphere in 1471, starting its use in celestial navigation. The results varied throughout the year, which required corrections. To address this the Portuguese used the astronomical tables (Ephemeris), a precious tool for oceanic navigation, which spread widely in the fifteenth century. These tables revolutionized navigation, enabling latitude calculations. The tables of the Almanach Perpetuum, by astronomer Abraham Zacuto, published in Leiria in 1496, were used along with its improved astrolabe, by Vasco da Gama and Pedro Alvares Cabral.
Ship design
The ship that truly launched the first phase of the discoveries along the African coast was the Portuguese caravel. Iberians quickly adopted it for their merchant navy. It was a development based on African fishing boats. They were agile and easier to navigate, with a tonnage of 50 to 160 tons and one to three masts, with lateen triangular sails allowing luffing. The caravel particularly benefited from a greater capacity to tack. The limited capacity for cargo and crew were their main drawbacks, but have not hindered its success. Limited crew and cargo space was acceptable, initially, because as exploratory ships, their "cargo" was what was in the explorer's discoveries about a new territory, which only took up the space of one person. Among the famous caravels are Berrio and Caravela Annunciation. Columbus also used them in his travels.
Long oceanic voyages led to larger ships. "Nau" was the Portuguese archaic synonym for any large ship, primarily merchant ships. Due to the piracy that plagued the coasts, they began to be used in the navy and were provided with cannon windows, which led to the classification of "naus" according to the power of its artillery. The carrack or nau was a three- or four-masted ship. It had a high rounded stern with large aftcastle, forecastle and bowsprit at the stem. It was first used by the Portuguese, and later by the Spanish. They were also adapted to the increasing maritime trade. They grew from 200 tons capacity in the 15th century to 500. In the 16th century they usually had two decks, stern castles fore and aft, two to four masts with overlapping sails. In India travels in the sixteenth century used carracks, large merchant ships with a high edge and three masts with square sails, that reached 2,000 tons.
Winds and currents
Besides coastal exploration, Portuguese ships also made trips further out to gather meteorological and oceanographic information. These voyages revealed the archipelagos of Bissagos Islands where the Portuguese were defeated by native people in 1535, Madeira, the Azores, Cape Verde, Sao Tome, Trindade and Martim Vaz, Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago, Fernando de Noronha, Corisco, Elobey Grande, Elobey Chico Annobón Island, Ascension Island, Bioko Island, Falkland Islands, Príncipe Island, Saint Helena Island, Tristan da Cunha Island and Sargasso Sea.
The knowledge of wind patterns and currents, the trade winds and the oceanic gyres in the Atlantic, and the determination of latitude led to the discovery of the best ocean route back from Africa: crossing the Central Atlantic to the Azores, using the winds and currents that spin clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere because of atmospheric circulation and the effect of Coriolis, facilitating the way to Lisbon and thus enabling the Portuguese to venture farther from shore, a manoeuvre that became known as the "volta do mar" (return of the sea). In 1565, the application of this principle in the Pacific Ocean led the Spanish discovering the Manila galleon trade route.
Cartography
In 1339 Angelino Dulcert of Majorca produced the portolan chart map. Evidently drawing from the information provided in 1336 by Lanceloto Malocello sponsored by King Dinis of Portugal. It showed Lanzarote island, named Insula de Lanzarotus Marocelus and marked by a Genoese shield, as well as the island of Forte Vetura (Fuerteventura) and Vegi Mari (Lobos), although Dulcert also included some imaginary islands himself, notably Saint Brendan's Island, and three islands he names Primaria, Capraria and Canaria.
Mestre Jacome was a Majorcan cartographer induced by Portuguese prince Henry the Navigator to move to Portugal in the 1420s to train Portuguese map-makers in Majorcan-style cartography. 'Jacome of Majorca' is even sometimes described as the head of Henry's observatory and "school" at Sagres.
It is thought that Jehuda Cresques, son of Jewish cartographer Abraham Cresques of Palma in Majorca, and Italian-Majorcan Angelino Dulcert were cartographers at the service of Prince Henry. Majorca had many skilled Jewish cartographers. However, the oldest signed Portuguese sea chart is a Portolan made by Pedro Reinel in 1485 representing the Western Europe and parts of Africa, reflecting the explorations made by Diogo Cão. Reinel was also author of the first nautical chart known with an indication of latitudes in 1504 and the first representation of a wind rose.
With his son, cartographer Jorge Reinel and Lopo Homem, they participated in the making of the atlas known as "Lopo Homem-Reinés Atlas" or "Miller Atlas", in 1519. They were considered the best cartographers of their time. Emperor Charles V wanted them to work for him. In 1517 King Manuel I of Portugal handed Lopo Homem a charter giving him the privilege to certify and amend all compass needles in vessels.
The third phase of nautical cartography was characterized by the abandonment of Ptolemy's representation of the East and more accuracy in the representation of lands and continents. Fernão Vaz Dourado (Goa ≈1520 – ≈1580), produced work of extraordinary quality and beauty, giving him a reputation as one of the best cartographers of the time. Many of his charts are large scale.
People
People in the service of Spain
Cristopher Columbus (West Indies, 1492–1504)
Alonso Fernández de Lugo (Canary Islands, 1492–1496)
Hernán Cortés (Mexico, 1518–1522, Baja California, 1532–1536)
Pedro de Alvarado (Mexico, 1519–1521, Guatemala, El Salvador 1523–1527, Peru, 1533–1535, Mexico, 1540–1541)
Francisco Pizarro (Perú, 1509–1535)
Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada (Colombia, 1536–1539, Venezuela, 1569–1572)
Pedro Fernández de Lugo (Canary Island, Colombia 1509–1536)
Pedro de Candia (Panama, 1527, Colombia and Ecuador, 1528, Peru, 1530)
Francisco Vásquez de Coronado (United States, 1540–1542)
Juan de Oñate (New Mexico, United States, 1598–1608)
Juan Roque (Zape Confraternity)
Juan Vásquez de Coronado y Anaya (Costa Rica)
Diego de Almagro (Perú, 1524–1535, Chile, 1535–1537)
Rodrigo de Bastidas (Colombia and Panamá, 1500–1527)
Vasco Núñez de Balboa (Panamá, 1510–1519)
Juan Ponce de León (Puerto Rico, 1508, Florida, 1513–1521)
Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca (United States, 1527–1536, 1540–1542)
Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón (United States, 1524–1527)
Sebastián de Belalcázar (Ecuador and Colombia, 1533–1536)
Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera (Peru, Argentina, 16th century)
Domingo Martínez de Irala (Argentina and Paraguay, 1535–1556)
Gonzalo Pizarro (Perú, 1532–1542)
Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar (Cuba, 1511–1519)
Juan de Garay (Peru, Paraguay, Argentina, 16th century)
Diego de Ordaz (Venezuela, 1532)
Juan Pizarro (Perú, 1532–1536)
Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (Yucatán, 1517)
Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (Nicaragua, 1524)
Hernando Pizarro (Perú, 1532–1560)
Sebastián Caboto (Uruguay 16th century)
Jerónimo de Alderete (Perú, 1535–1540; Chile, 1550–1552)
Diego Hernández de Serpa (Venezuela, 1510–1570)
Juan de Grijalva (Yucatán, 1518)
Francisco de Montejo (Yucatán, 1527–1546)
Nicolás Federmann (Venezuela and Colombia, 1537–1539).
Pánfilo de Narváez (Spanish Florida, 1527–1528)
Diego de Nicuesa (Panama, 1506–1511)
Hernán Venegas Carrillo (Colombia, 1536–1544)
Cristóbal de Olid (Honduras, 1523–1524)
Francisco de Orellana (Amazon River, 1541–1543)
Hernando de Soto (United States, 1539–1542)
Gonzalo García Zorro (Colombia, 1536–1544)
Inés Suárez, (Chile, 1541)
Francisco de Aguirre, Peru,(1536–40), Bolivia,(1538–39) Chile, (1540–1553) and Argentina (1562–64)
Martín de Urzúa y Arizmendi, count of Lizárraga, (Petén, Guatemala, 1696–1697)
Juan de Céspedes Ruiz (Colombia, 1521–1543)
Pedro de Valdivia (Chile, 1540–1552)
Jorge Robledo (Peru and Colombia, 1521–1543)
Pedro Menéndez de Avilés (Florida, 1565–1567)
Juan de Sanct Martín (Colombia, 1536–1550)
Pedro de Mendoza (Argentina, 1534–1537)
Antonio de Lebrija (Colombia, 1529–1539)
Alonso de Ribera (Chile 1599–1617)
Alonso de Sotomayor (Chile 1583–1592, Panamá 1592–1604)
Martín Ruiz de Gamboa (Chile 1552–1590)
Juan Garrido (Multiple campaigns 1502–1530, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Florida, Mexico)
Miguel López de Legazpi (Philippines, 1565–1572)
Juan de Salcedo (Philippines, 1565–1576)
Diego Romo de Vivar y Pérez (Mexico, 17th century)
Gonzalo Suárez Rendón (Colombia, 1536–1539)
People in the service of Portugal
Afonso de Albuquerque
Jerónimo de Azevedo
Phillippe de Oliveira
Constantino of Braganza
André Furtado de Mendonça
João de Castro
Duarte Pacheco Pereira
António Raposo Tavares
Domingos Jorge Velho
Francisco Barreto
Fernão Mendes Pinto
Álvaro Martins
António de Abreu
Jorge de Menezes
Pedro Mascarenhas
Duarte Fernandes
Diogo Lopes de Sequeira
António de Noli
Antão Gonçalves
Bartolomeu Dias
Cadamosto
Cristóvão de Mendonça
Lourenço de Almeida
Diogo Cão
Diogo de Azambuja
Diogo Gomes
Francisco Serrão
Dinis Dias
Fernão do Pó
Fernão Magalhães also known as Ferdinand Magellan and Magallanes, served Spain too.
Fernão Pires de Andrade
Francisco de Almeida
Francisco Álvares
Henry the Navigator
Gaspar Corte-Real
Gil Eanes
Gonçalo Velho
João Afonso de Aveiro
João da Nova
João Grego
João Álvares Fagundes
João Fernandes Lavrador
João Gonçalves Zarco
João Infante
João Vaz Corte-Real
Jorge Álvares
Tomé de Sousa
Lopo Soares de Albergaria
Luís Pires
Luís Vaz de Torres
Martim Afonso de Sousa
Miguel Corte-Real
Nicolau Coelho
Nuno Álvares Pereira
Nuno da Cunha
Paulo da Gama
Nuno Tristão
Paulo Dias de Novais
Pedro Álvares Cabral
Pedro Teixeira
Pêro de Alenquer
Pêro de Barcelos
Pêro da Covilhã
Pêro Dias
Pêro Vaz de Caminha
Tristão da Cunha
Tristão Vaz Teixeira
Vasco da Gama
See also
European colonization of the Americas
Libertadores, leaders of the Hispanic American wars of independence from Spain and Portugal (contrast to the Conquistadors)
List of conquistadors
New Spain, the Viceroyalty of New Spain, at its greatest extent included much of North and Central America
Price Revolution
Tercio, a Renaissance-era military formation sometimes referred to as the Spanish Square
Theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia
References
Further reading
de Vitoria, Francisco (2006). De Indis et de Iure Belli Relectiones. Reprint edition, Lawbook Exchange Ltd.
Gibson, Charles. The Aztecs Under Spanish Rule: A History of the Indians of the Valley of Mexico. Stanford University Press, 1964.
Hinz, Felix (2014): "Spanish-Indian encounters: the conquest and creation of new empires". In: Robert Aldrich, Kirsten McKenzie (eds.): The Routledge History of Western Empires, Routledge, London/ New York, , pp. 17–32.
Johnson, Lyman, and Sonya Lipsett-Rivera. The Faces of Honor: Sex, Shame, and Violence in Colonial Latin America. University of New Mexico Press, 2003.
Lockhart, James and Stuart Schwartz (1983). Early Latin America: A History of Colonial Spanish America and Brazil. Cambridge University Press.
Mignolo, Walter D. (1996). The Darker Side of the Renaissance: Literacy, Territoriality, and Colonization. University of Michigan Press.
Restall, Matthew (2003). Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest. Oxford University Press.
Seed, Patricia (1998). Colonial Spanish America: A Documentary History. Rowman & Littlefield.
Varon Gabai, Rafael (2013). Other Council Fires Were Here Before Ours: A Classic Native American Creation Story as Retold by a Contemporary Seneca/Oneida Writer. Syracuse University Press.
Christianization
History of indigenous peoples of the Americas
Portuguese Empire
Portuguese colonization of the Americas
Portuguese exploration in the Age of Discovery
Portuguese words and phrases
Spanish Empire
Spanish colonization of the Americas
Spanish exploration in the Age of Discovery
Spanish words and phrases |
Gaspar Fernandes (sometimes written Gaspar Fernández, the Spanish version of his name) (1566–1629) was a Portuguese-Mexican composer and organist active in the cathedrals of Santiago de Guatemala (present-day Antigua Guatemala) and Puebla de los Ángeles, New Spain (present-day Mexico).
Life
Most scholars agree that the Gaspar Fernandes listed as a singer in the cathedral of Évora, Portugal, is the same person as the Gaspar Fernández who was hired on 16 July 1599 as organist and organ tuner of the cathedral of Santiago de Guatemala. In 1606, Fernandes was approached by the dignitaries of the cathedral of Puebla, inviting him to become the successor of his recently deceased friend Pedro Bermúdez as chapel master. He left Santiago de Guatemala on 12 July 1606, and began his tenure in Puebla on 15 September. He remained there until his death in 1629.
Work
One of his most important achievements for posterity was the compilation and binding in 1602 of various choir books containing Roman Catholic liturgical polyphony, several of which are extant in Guatemala. These manuscripts contain music by Spanish composers Francisco Guerrero, Cristóbal de Morales, and Pedro Bermúdez; the latter was with Fernandes at the time in the cathedral of Guatemala. To complete these books, Fernandes composed a cycle of 8 Benedicamus Domino, the versicle that follows the Magnificat at vespers and certain Masses, one in each of the 8 ecclesiastical tones or modes. He also added his own setting of the Magnificat in the fifth tone, some faux bordon versicles without text, and a vespers hymn for the Feast of the Guardian Angels.
During his Puebla tenure, rather than focusing on the composition of Latin liturgical music, he contributed a sizable amount of vernacular villancicos for matins. This part of his output shows great variety in the handling of texts, which are in Spanish but also in pseudo-African dialects and Amerindian languages and occasionally Portuguese. One of these villancicos, "Xicochi," is notable for its use of Nahuatl, the language of the indigenous Nahua people. The music departs from 16th century counterpoint and reflects the new baroque search for textual expression. The main collection of these villancicos is extant in the Oaxaca Codex, and has been studied, edited, and published by Robert Stevenson and especially by Aurelio Tello.
References
Aurelio Tello. El Archivo Musical de la Catedral de Oaxaca. México, D.F.: CENIDIM, 1990.
Dieter Lehnhoff. Creación musical en Guatemala. Guatemala City: Editorial Galería Guatemala, 2005.
Dieter Lehnhoff. Antología de la Música Coral en Guatemala. Guatemala City: Editorial Cultura, 2005.
Gaspar Fernández. Magnificat, ed. Dieter Lehnhoff (1986), Antología de la Música Sacra en Guatemala, vol. II. Guatemala: Universidad Rafael Landívar, 2002.
External links
1566 births
1629 deaths
16th-century Portuguese people
17th-century classical composers
17th-century male musicians
Guatemalan composers
Guatemalan people of Portuguese descent
Male composers
Mexican classical composers
Mexican male classical composers
Mexican people of Portuguese descent
Portuguese Baroque composers
Renaissance composers |
"Ça ne change pas un homme" is a 1991 rock song recorded by French singer Johnny Hallyday. Written by Patrice Guirao with a music composed by Art Mengo, it was the first single from his 37th studio album Ça ne change pas un homme, on which it appears as the sixth track, and was released in November 1991. It achieved success in France where it was a top ten hit. A live version was recorded in 1992 for the album Bercy 92.
Chart performance
In France, "Ça ne change pas un homme" debuted at number 22 on the chart edition of 7 December 1991, which was the highest debut that week, entered the top ten two weeks later, peaked at number seven in its sixth week, and remained for a total of five weeks in the top ten and 11 weeks in the top 50. On the Eurochart Hot 100 Singles, it started at number 94 on 21 December 1991, reached a peak of number 44 in its fourth week, and appeared on the chart for seven weeks.
Track listings
7" single
"Ça ne change pas un homme" (edit) — 4:13
"Tout pour te déplaire 'Some Things Never Change'" — 4:09
Cassette
"Ça ne change pas un homme" (edit) — 4:13
"Tout pour te déplaire 'Some Things Never Change'" — 4:09
CD maxi
"Ça ne change pas un homme" (edit) — 4:13
"Tout pour te déplaire 'Some Things Never Change'" — 4:09
"Ça ne change pas un homme" (album version) — 4:51
Personnel
Photography — Thierry Rajic
Producer — Mick Lanaro
Sleeve — Antonietti, Pascault & Associés
Charts
Release history
References
1991 songs
1991 singles
Johnny Hallyday songs
Songs with lyrics by Patrice Guirao
Songs with music by Art Mengo
Philips Records singles |
```yaml
models:
- columns:
- name: id
tests:
- unique
- not_null
- relationships:
field: id
to: ref('node_0')
name: node_1811
version: 2
``` |
Wildwood is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) located in the northeastern corner of Dade County, Georgia, United States. It was first listed as a CDP in the 2020 census with a population of 382.
Description
The community is close to the Tennessee state line and the Chattanooga city limits, and is considered part of the Chattanooga metropolitan area. It sits in the diagonal valley between Sand Mountain and Lookout Mountain, which runs through all of Dade County and is home to most of its population. According to the 2000 Census, the 30757 Zip Code Tabulation Area had a population of 1,923---accounting for approximately 12% of Dade County's population of 16,040. The noted Southern humorist George Washington Harris (1814–1869) is buried in the Brock Cemetery in Wildwood, GA. Although he was considered one of the seminal writers of Southern humor and greatly influenced the literary works of Mark Twain, William Faulkner, and Flannery O'Connor, his grave was not officially identified and marked with a monument until 2008. Across the street from Brock Cemetery in Wildwood is Belvedere Plantation c. 1835, the oldest of the few remaining antebellum homes in the metro-Chattanooga area.
The northern terminus of Interstate 59 with Interstate 24 is found in the community. Via I-24, downtown Chattanooga is northeast, and Nashville, Tennessee is northwest. Via I-59, Birmingham, Alabama is southwest.
Demographics
2020 census
Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race.
See also
References
External links
Chattanooga metropolitan area
Census-designated places in Dade County, Georgia
Unincorporated communities in Dade County, Georgia
U.S. Route 11 |
```c
/* ====================================================================
*
* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
* modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
* are met:
*
* 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
*
* 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in
* the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
* distribution.
*
* 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this
* software must display the following acknowledgment:
* "This product includes software developed by the OpenSSL Project
* for use in the OpenSSL Toolkit. (path_to_url"
*
* 4. The names "OpenSSL Toolkit" and "OpenSSL Project" must not be used to
* endorse or promote products derived from this software without
* prior written permission. For written permission, please contact
* licensing@OpenSSL.org.
*
* 5. Products derived from this software may not be called "OpenSSL"
* nor may "OpenSSL" appear in their names without prior written
* permission of the OpenSSL Project.
*
* 6. Redistributions of any form whatsoever must retain the following
* acknowledgment:
* "This product includes software developed by the OpenSSL Project
* for use in the OpenSSL Toolkit (path_to_url"
*
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE OpenSSL PROJECT ``AS IS'' AND ANY
* EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
* IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
* PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE OpenSSL PROJECT OR
* ITS CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
* SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
* NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
* LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
* HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT,
* STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
* ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED
* OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
* ====================================================================
*
* This product includes cryptographic software written by Eric Young
* (eay@cryptsoft.com). This product includes software written by Tim
* Hudson (tjh@cryptsoft.com).
*
*/
#include "eng_int.h"
/*
* If this symbol is defined then ENGINE_get_default_STORE(), the function
* that is used by STORE to hook in implementation code and cache defaults
* (etc), will display brief debugging summaries to stderr with the 'nid'.
*/
/* #define ENGINE_STORE_DEBUG */
static ENGINE_TABLE *store_table = NULL;
static const int dummy_nid = 1;
void ENGINE_unregister_STORE(ENGINE *e)
{
engine_table_unregister(&store_table, e);
}
static void engine_unregister_all_STORE(void)
{
engine_table_cleanup(&store_table);
}
int ENGINE_register_STORE(ENGINE *e)
{
if (e->store_meth)
return engine_table_register(&store_table,
engine_unregister_all_STORE, e,
&dummy_nid, 1, 0);
return 1;
}
void ENGINE_register_all_STORE()
{
ENGINE *e;
for (e = ENGINE_get_first(); e; e = ENGINE_get_next(e))
ENGINE_register_STORE(e);
}
/* The following two functions are removed because they're useless. */
#if 0
int ENGINE_set_default_STORE(ENGINE *e)
{
if (e->store_meth)
return engine_table_register(&store_table,
engine_unregister_all_STORE, e,
&dummy_nid, 1, 1);
return 1;
}
#endif
#if 0
/*
* Exposed API function to get a functional reference from the implementation
* table (ie. try to get a functional reference from the tabled structural
* references).
*/
ENGINE *ENGINE_get_default_STORE(void)
{
return engine_table_select(&store_table, dummy_nid);
}
#endif
/* Obtains an STORE implementation from an ENGINE functional reference */
const STORE_METHOD *ENGINE_get_STORE(const ENGINE *e)
{
return e->store_meth;
}
/* Sets an STORE implementation in an ENGINE structure */
int ENGINE_set_STORE(ENGINE *e, const STORE_METHOD *store_meth)
{
e->store_meth = store_meth;
return 1;
}
``` |
```javascript
class Foo {
foo() {
switch (1) {
case (MatrixType.IsScaling | MatrixType.IsTranslation):
}
}
bar() {
switch ((typeA << 4) | typeB) {}
}
}
``` |
Giant Eagle, Inc. (Western Pennsylvania English: ) and stylized as giant eagle) is an American supermarket chain with stores in Pennsylvania, Ohio, West Virginia, Indiana, and Maryland. The company was founded in 1918 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and incorporated on August 31, 1931. Supermarket News ranked Giant Eagle 21st on the "Top 75 North American Food Retailers" based on sales of $11 billion. In 2021, it was the 36th-largest privately held company, as determined by Forbes. Based on 2005 revenue, Giant Eagle is the 49th-largest retailer in the United States. As of summer 2014, the company had approximately $9.9 billion in annual sales. As of spring 2023, Giant Eagle, Inc. had 493 stores across the portfolio: 211 supermarkets (Giant Eagle, Giant Eagle Express, Market District, Market District Express) 8 standalone pharmacies, 274 fuel station/convenience stores under the GetGo banner, and one standalone car wash under the WetGo banner. The company is headquartered in an office park in the Pittsburgh suburb of O'Hara Township.
History
After World War I, three Pittsburgh-area families—the Goldsteins, Porters, and Chaits—built a grocery chain called Eagle Grocery. In 1928, Eagle, which at the time had 125 stores, merged with Kroger. The three families agreed to stay out of the grocery business for at least three years.
Meanwhile, the Moravitz and Weizenbaum families built their own successful chain of grocery stores named OK Grocery. In 1931, OK Grocery merged with Eagle Grocery to form Giant Eagle, which was incorporated two years later. Giant Eagle quickly expanded across western Pennsylvania, weathering the Great Depression and World War II.
The chain remained based solely in western Pennsylvania until the 1980s, when it bought Youngstown, Ohio-based wholesaler Tamarkin Company, and its Valu-King stores that were converted to the Giant Eagle name. The Kent and Ravenna stores were the first to be converted at that time; the Youngstown stores then got converted years later. Around the mid- or late 1990s, Giant Eagle later reached Cleveland by acquiring the Rini-Rego Stop-n-Shop stores in the area. Rini-Rego Stop-n-Shop stores were family owned and operated in different areas of Cleveland. The family operators of Rini-Rego Stop-n-Shop formed a holding company named International Seaway Foods as the main umbrella for Rini-Rego Stop-n-Shop. In 1998, Giant Eagle acquired the International Seaway Foods and converted the Rini-Rego Stop-n-Shop stores into Giant Eagle Stores. Giant Eagle also purchased or opened other Northeast Ohio stores outside the Stop-n-Shop area, such as the former Apples supermarkets in the nearby Akron area.
The company entered the Toledo market, opening two stores in 2001 and 2004, both of which eventually closed. Giant Eagle emerged as one of the dominant supermarket chains in Northeast Ohio, competing mainly against the New York-based Tops, from which it purchased 18 stores in October 2006. The purchases came as Tops exited the Northeast Ohio area.
Giant Eagle purchased independently owned County Market stores, giving it a store in Somerset, Pennsylvania, a new store in Johnstown, Pennsylvania, and its first Maryland stores: one in Cumberland, one in Hagerstown, and two in Frederick. The Cumberland store closed in December 2003, and the Hagerstown store closed in August 2005.
Giant Eagle has aggressively expanded its footprint in the Greater Columbus area, capitalizing on the demise of the former Big Bear supermarket chain, and taking Big Bear's traditional place as Columbus's upmarket grocer. Giant Eagle first entered what it calls its "Columbus Region" in late 2000, opening three large newly built stores at Sawmill and Bethel Rd., Lewis Center, and Dublin-Granville Rd., with two more following in 2002 and 2003 at Gahanna and Hilliard-Rome Rd. The Hilliard-Rome Rd. location closed in early 2017. In 2004, Giant Eagle purchased nine former Big Bear stores in Columbus, Newark, and Marietta from parent company Penn Traffic. Giant Eagle has since expanded to several additional locations, acquiring other abandoned Big Bear stores and in newly constructed buildings using the current Giant Eagle prototype. Giant Eagle opened its 20th Columbus-area store at New Albany Road at the Ohio Rt. 161 freeway (New Albany) in August 2007, its 21st area store at Hayden Run and Cosgray Roads (Dublin) in November 2007, its 22nd area store at Stelzer and McCutcheon Roads (Columbus) in July 2008 and its 23rd area store at South Hamilton Road and Winchester Pike (Groveport) in August 2008. A new Giant Eagle opened in Lancaster, in November 2008, and the former Big Bear located at Blacklick Crossing has undergone an expansion and remodeling.
On September 27, 2018, Giant Eagle announced it would purchase the Ricker's convenience store chain in Indiana, marking the largest acquisition for GetGo since the chain's launch. It is not known if the Ricker's chain will be integrated into the GetGo brand following the closure of the deal. Much as it has done in Pennsylvania alongside Sheetz, GetGo plans to join Ricker's in having Indiana change their laws regarding alcohol sales.
Loyalty program
In 1991, Giant Eagle introduced the Advantage Card, an electronic loyalty card discount system (already popular in many chains), as a sophisticated version of the obsolete stamp programs. The card was later modified to double as a video rental card for Iggle Video. More recently the company has started the Fuelperks! program to entice customers. This program allows customers the opportunity to earn 10 cents off each gallon of gas (20 cents in select markets) with fifty dollars' worth of authorized purchases. In early 2009, Giant Eagle launched the Foodperks! program, mainly geared towards GetGo. This program allows customers who use their fuelperks! at GetGo to also earn foodperks! to save on groceries purchased at Giant Eagle. Every 10 gallons of gas purchased earns a 1% discount. This can be used up to 20% maximum at a time on a purchase of up to $300. Foodperks! are valid for 90 days and fuelperks! are valid for 60 days. If the customer has more than the price of gasoline or more than the 20%, those discounts will stay on their card for the remainder of the 90/60 days, and if they are not used by then, they expire. In February 2013, Giant Eagle announced that they would be discontinuing the foodperks! program that month because it was "a little too complex".
In 2017, Giant Eagle began implementing fuelperks+, an enhancement to the existing fuelperks program that reintroduces the benefits of the previous foodperks benefit which had been discontinued in 2013. Under the new fuelperks+ program, customers earn one perk per dollar spent at Giant Eagle, Market District or GetGo stores. Also, customers can earn five perks for every prescription filled at Giant Eagle or Market District. At GetGo, customers earn two perks per gallon of gas. Once 50 perks is reached, customers can choose between 2% off on groceries (maximum discount 20% off or $10,000) or 10 cents off each gallon of gas (up to 30 free gallons per one vehicle). As in the previous fuelperks! program, if customers have more than the price of gasoline or more than the 20%, those discounts will remain on their Advantage Card for the remainder of the 60 day time period.
In late 2021, Giant Eagle began to roll out another new system, myPerks and myPerks Pro. Customers that are members of either myPerks tier can take advantage of exclusive sale prices, and earn bonus points on certain items and on certain days. Standard myPerks members receive 1 perk for each dollar spent, 2 perks for each gallon of gas, and 2 perks per dollar for Giant Eagle brand items. myPerks Pro members receive 1.5 perks per dollar spent, 3 perks per gallon, and 3 perks per dollar for Giant Eagle brand items. Every 50 perks a customer earns can be used to take 1 dollar off of their order on either groceries or gas. If customers have more than their total bill, the remaining dollar amount will remain on their card. For standard myPerks customers, these perks have a 90 day expiration, while myPerks Pro members have a 365 day expiration. In order to become and stay a myPerks Pro member, customers must earn 2,500 perks within a 6-month period, or make 25 trips to GetGo within a 6-month period. Switching from fuelperks+ to myPerks became an option for all customers in 2022, prompting them to switch on the screens at the registers.
Operations
There are 211 Giant Eagle Supermarkets and 274 GetGo locations in the United States: 103 supermarkets in western Pennsylvania, 111 in northeastern and central Ohio, two in Morgantown, West Virginia, two in Frederick, Maryland and one in Carmel, Indiana. Each store carries between 22,000 and 60,000 items, approximately 5,000 of which are branded by Giant Eagle.
Giant Eagle offers more than two dozen departments across its stores. The range of services includes Redbox video terminals, Happy Returns, dry cleaning, Bissell carpet cleaner rental, Primo Water, lottery, the Flashfood app, Coinstar, grocery pickup and delivery, and pharmacies. Giant Eagle also has banking partnerships with Citizens Bank in Pennsylvania and Huntington Bank in Ohio and West Virginia.
The chain has built large prototypes, and it has experimented with many departments unusual to supermarkets. Larger stores feature vast selections of ethnic and organic food, dry cleaning services, catering, drive-thru pharmacies, in-store banking, as well as in-store coffee shops, pubs, restaurants, and prepared foods. Prepared foods are also sold at larger GetGo locations that can accommodate a GetGo Kitchen.
Although older Giant Eagle locations tend to be unionized and some are even franchised stores, in recent years the company has started leaning toward non-union company-owned and -operated stores. In areas where a franchised store exists, if a GetGo exists nearby, it's operated by Giant Eagle itself, separate from the franchised supermarket.
Current brands
Market District
Giant Eagle rebranded some of its stores as Market District in an attempt to attract upscale shoppers. The initial two stores opened in June 2006 in the Shadyside neighborhood of Pittsburgh and Bethel Park, just outside Pittsburgh. There are now 20 stores under this brand. The 20th store is now open in the Pittsburgh suburb of Murrysville, Pennsylvania. That store is a result of Giant Eagle closing their existing Murrysville location in July 2022 for five months to do extensive renovations. They have just finished converting a store on Rt 3, Westerville (a suburb of Columbus) to this name.
Giant Eagle Express
Giant Eagle Express is a concept store. As of May 2016, the only operating store is in Harmar Township, Pennsylvania. An Indiana, Pennsylvania location closed its doors in 2015. The store is larger than a GetGo, but much smaller than a regular Giant Eagle supermarket store. However, the store offers many of the same services as a Giant Eagle, such as a deli and a drive-through pharmacy. Giant Eagle Express also offers a café with prepared sandwiches, Giant Eagle's own Market District coffee, salad bar, and a wireless internet connection. There is also a GetGo gas station.
Market District Express
On June 4, 2013, Giant Eagle announced new Market District Express concept, which is designed to be a hybrid of the flagship Market District format launched in 2006 with the Giant Eagle Express format that was launched in 2007. The first of this brand's stores opened on December 5, 2013, in Peters Township, Pennsylvania. The second Market District Express store opened on August 18, 2016, in Bexley, Ohio. The Bexley location is notable as it features a full restaurant and bar inside, alongside groceries in a 30,000 square foot store that spans two floors.
GetGo
GetGo is a convenience store chain that also has gas stations.
Giant Eagle Pharmacy
Giant Eagle began adding pharmacies to their stores in the 1980s, along with other "store-within-a-store" concepts photo, floral, and video rental. Giant Eagle Pharmacy also offers several immunizations throughout the year for pneumonia, influenza, and Shingrix. These are typically walk-in, but vary depending on the pharmacists available.
Until 2021, all Giant Eagle Pharmacy locations were located inside standard Giant Eagle and Market District locations. This changed when a standalone Giant Eagle Pharmacy opened in Columbus's German Village neighborhood after Giant Eagle opted not to renew its lease at the existing Giant Eagle location in the area, allowing for the property to be redeveloped. The location opened in a former Lawson's, and assumed the prescription accounts from the previous location.
Giant Eagle Contact Lenses
Giant Eagle partnered with Arlington Lens Supply in 2010 to sell contact lenses online via their website.
Ricker Oil Company, Inc.
Ricker's was a 56-store, Indiana-based convenience store and gas station chain. In September of 2018, it was purchased by Giant Eagle and by January 2020, all of the locations were converted into GetGo stores.
Starbucks
Giant Eagle has a contract to operate Starbucks kiosks in some of its stores; the workers are employed by Giant Eagle, but become certified baristas after completing the process.
Ace Hardware
Giant Eagle has six stores that contain a franchise of Ace Hardware. These locations offer nearly all of the same products that would be found in a standalone Ace Hardware store. All locations have dedicated team members to the hardware store, paint mixing services, and a wide variety of hardware products. All six stores are located in the Pittsburgh market. The latest store with Ace Hardware opened in Rochester, Pennsylvania, in the spring of 2022.
Defunct brands
Phar-Mor
Giant Eagle was the largest shareholder of the Phar-Mor chain during its heyday in the 1980s and 1990s, although it was operated separate from the main Giant Eagle chain. The Shapira family who owns Giant Eagle provided Phar-Mor founder Mickey Monus with the financing necessary to start his chain. After Monus was convicted of embezzlement, Phar-Mor filed for bankruptcy and eventually liquidated. Due to Giant Eagle's stake in Phar-Mor, it was able to acquire Phar-Mor's Youngstown-area assets in bankruptcy court after the chain liquidated.
Iggle Video
Giant Eagle once operated Iggle Video locations inside many of its locations to serve as its video rental shop. Like Giant Eagle Pharmacy, Iggle Video (which spelled "eagle" from its phonetic pronunciation in Pittsburghese, even outside of Pittsburgh) never operated in stand-alone locations. Like other video rental chains, Iggle Video offered movie and video game rentals. They also served as the local Ticketmaster outlet in the Pittsburgh region before Ticketmaster phased out physical ticket locations outside venue box offices. In the mid- to late 2000s, Giant Eagle phased these stores out in favor of Redbox automated retail machines, with Ticketmaster sales moved to the customer service desk.
Giant Eagle Optical
In October 2004, Giant Eagle began a long-term experiment with in-store optometry centers dubbed "Giant Eagle Optical". There were four locations in the Pittsburgh area: North Hills (McIntyre Square), South Hills (Donaldson's Crossroads), east (Monroeville), and west (Robinson). The stores accepted most major vision plans and offered a wide variety of designer frames, as well as exclusive Giant Eagle brands. They also participated in the Fuelperks! program and were staffed mostly by ABO-certified opticians. Noting that "some programs don't prove viable across a broad number of stores", Giant Eagle chose to close its Optical locations beginning in August 2009.
Valu King and Good Cents
In December 2008, Giant Eagle opened the rebranded Valu King supermarket in Eastlake, Ohio. The Valu King name dates back to the 1980s. The rebranded Valu King operated stores in Eastlake, Ravenna, and Brooklyn in Ohio and Johnstown and Erie in Pennsylvania, with the most recent store opened in May 2012.
In 2012, Giant Eagle opened a new low-cost supermarket concept called Good Cents, located in Ross Township, Pennsylvania. The concept is similar to that of a Valu King, but carries a slightly larger product selection. Good Cents eventually replaced all rebranded Valu King as Giant Eagle's low-cost brand.
Good Cents and Valu King both were no frills stores designed to compete with similar stores such as Aldi, Save-A-Lot, and Bottom Dollar Food.
On February 25, 2015 (Wednesday), Giant Eagle announced it would close all the Good Cents stores by the end of March. It was looking for open spots at nearby Giant Eagle locations for displaced employees.
On March 2, 2015 (Monday), all Good Cents stores were sold and closed.
Employees
Giant Eagle has about 32,000 employees and many of them are unionized under United Food and Commercial Workers Local 1776ks of Pittsburgh, AFGE and UFCW Local 880 of Cleveland. The Maryland and Columbus stores are not unionized, much like some independently owned stores throughout Pennsylvania and the Youngstown, Ohio area. Some employees in the Eagle's Nest and Photo Lab departments are also nonunion employees.
Advertising
Giant Eagle currently uses the slogan "That's Another Giant Eagle Advantage" with its advertising, focusing on the eAdvantage offer of the week. This campaign features store employees and customers, that put their own spin on what Giant Eagle offers. The campaign includes a focus on product selection, quality, customer service, and price leadership.
From 2011 to 2014 the slogan was "That's my Giant Eagle Advantage". From 2009 until 2011, the slogan was "Low prices. Uncompromising quality." In December 2009, a variation being used was "Lower prices. Uncompromising quality." for online advertisements on thepittsburghchannel.com website.
From 2001 until 2009, the slogan "Make every day taste better", was used. It was meant to showcase product quality as compared to the convenience focus used in the previous campaign.
From 1993 until 2001, "it takes a giant to make life simple" was used as the slogan. This was focused on convenience, and spawned the "Fee Fi Fo Fum" commercials. The commercials featured everything from the general store, the produce and deli departments to a spot featuring Jay Bell and Jeff King of the Pittsburgh Pirates. This replaced the previous "A lot you can feel good about... especially the price" motto.
The chain, under pressure from Wal-Mart, has implemented a lower-prices campaign throughout its stores, featured on products that customers buy most. Giant Eagle also sells Topco-produced Valu Time products, which are substantially cheaper than other private-label and name-brand merchandise. These co-exist with the Giant Eagle branded items, which are priced lower than national brands, yet higher than Valu Time. Before these brands existed, Giant Eagle generally used Topco's Food Club label as the generic product.
Criticism
Until 2022, Giant Eagle had the highest market share of any supermarket chain in the Pittsburgh area, giving it a de facto monopoly in some parts of western Pennsylvania; only stores supplied by United Natural Foods (UNFI) such as Shop 'n Save, FoodLand, and County Market have much of a presence in the area. The construction of new supercenters, including Walmart and others, and no frills supermarkets such as Aldi attracting value-seeking customers have somewhat decreased Giant Eagle's regional market share in the first decades of the twenty-first century.
Giant Eagle's market dominance in Greater Pittsburgh has led to accusations of the company buying up either existing supermarket locations or prime real estate for the sole purpose of not allowing a competitor come in. A notable example came in 2016, when the chain purchased property in McCandless, Pennsylvania, that had been planned for a Walmart location near an existing Giant Eagle; Walmart later backed out and Giant Eagle made no immediate announcement of plans for the property. The deal came only weeks after Giant Eagle laid off 350 workers from its corporate office. Similar accusations have been made about GetGo not allowing Sheetz or Speedway opening up locations within the Pittsburgh city limits while GetGo has, although both competitor chains have several locations within the immediate suburbs; 7-Eleven's 2021 acquisition of Speedway made the issue partially moot as 7-Eleven has operated multiple locations within the Pittsburgh city limits for decades, though Sheetz remains "locked out" by GetGo. Giant Eagle was also successful in blocking a Walmart location opening at the dilapidated Northern Lights Shopping Center in Economy, Pennsylvania, though Walmart eventually opened a location on the hillside behind the property in 2014 after finding a loophole around Giant Eagle's lease at Northern Lights; Giant Eagle ultimately closed this location on January 2, 2021.
Before Walmart, Giant Eagle's last nationally-significant competitor in the Pittsburgh market was Kroger, which had bought the original Eagle but exited Western Pennsylvania in 1984 due to labor issues with its union as well as the local economy at the time. Many Giant Eagle locations in Pennsylvania and Northeast Ohio occupy former Kroger sites and used the distinctive Kroger prototypes from the 1980s with the sloped glass-roof entrance until most of the stores were remodeled or replaced with newer stores in the early 2000s with Giant Eagle's current prototype. Kroger and Giant Eagle still compete head-to-head in Morgantown, Columbus and Indianapolis.
Despite the perceived monopoly, Giant Eagle holds only a 32% market share in Pittsburgh as of August 2018, just barely edging out Walmart. In 2022, Giant Eagle fell behind Walmart.
References
Further reading
External links
Market District's official website
Privately held companies based in Pennsylvania
Economy of the Eastern United States
Supermarkets of the United States
American companies established in 1931
Companies based in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania
1931 establishments in Pennsylvania |
Oenoe () was one of four demoi of ancient Athens situated in the small plain of Marathon open to the sea between Mount Parnes and Mount Pentelicus, originally formed with the other three demoi (Marathon, Probalinthus, and Tricorythus), the Attic Tetrapolis, one of the twelve ancient divisions of ancient Attica. Oenoe belonged to the tribe Aeantis, and Lucian speaks of the area as "the parts of Marathon about Oenoe" (Μαραθῶνος τὰ περὶ τὴν Οἰνόην).
The site of Oenoe is near Ninoï, Marathonas.
References
Populated places in ancient Attica
Former populated places in Greece
Demoi |
Soul Talk is an album by American jazz organist Johnny "Hammond" Smith recorded for the Prestige label in 1969.
Reception
The Allmusic site awarded the album 4½ stars, calling it "a solid, no-surprise set of soul-jazz".
Track listing
All compositions by Johnny "Hammond" Smith except where noted
"Soul Talk" - 9:30
"All Soul" (Curtis Lewis) - 5:30
"Up to Date" - 7:50
"Purty Dirty" (Wally Richardson) - 6:05
"This Guy's in Love with You" (Burt Bacharach, Hal David) - 4:25
Personnel
Johnny "Hammond" Smith - organ
Rusty Bryant - tenor saxophone, alto saxophone, varitone
Wally Richardson - guitar
Bob Bushnell - electric bass
Bernard Purdie - drums
Production
Bob Porter - producer
Rudy Van Gelder - engineer
References
Johnny "Hammond" Smith albums
1969 albums
Prestige Records albums
Albums produced by Bob Porter (record producer)
Albums recorded at Van Gelder Studio |
```javascript
import { test } from '../../test';
export default test({
get props() {
return { x: false, things: ['a'] };
},
test({ assert, component, target, raf }) {
component.x = true;
const div1 = /** @type {HTMLDivElement & { foo: number }} */ (target.querySelector('div'));
raf.tick(0);
assert.equal(div1.foo, undefined);
raf.tick(100);
assert.equal(div1.foo, undefined);
component.things = ['a', 'b'];
assert.htmlEqual(target.innerHTML, '<div></div><div></div>');
const div2 = /** @type {HTMLDivElement & { foo: number }} */ (
target.querySelector('div:last-child')
);
raf.tick(100);
assert.equal(div1.foo, undefined);
assert.equal(div2.foo, 0);
raf.tick(200);
assert.equal(div1.foo, undefined);
assert.equal(div2.foo, 1);
component.x = false;
assert.htmlEqual(target.innerHTML, '');
}
});
``` |
R. H. Stearns & Company, or Stearns, as it was commonly called, was an upper-middle market department store based in Boston, Massachusetts, founded by R. H. Stearns in 1847.
The flagship store - from 1909, the R. H. Stearns Building - was located on Tremont Street, opposite Boston Common, a few blocks away from its primary competitors on Washington Street, Filene's and Jordan Marsh.
R. H. Stearns carved out a niche as being more service-oriented than its competitors, and it was considered by many to be the "carriage trade" store of the Boston area. By the mid-1970s the changing face of the retail marketplace caught up with the store, and it did not have the financial backing like Filene's or Jordan Marsh, who were both owned by large national retail holding companies. At the time of Stearns' demise Filene's was owned by Federated Department Stores, and Jordan Marsh was owned by Allied Stores.
History
In 1847, Richard H. Stearns opened a one-room shop at 369 Washington Street, next to the Adams House, where he sold yard goods, whalebone and thread. Over the next twenty-five years he relocated the business several times, never more than a few blocks from where he had started. In 1885, Stearns made plans for a bigger move.
The Boston Masonic Temple, built in 1830 on the site of the Washington Gardens at the corner of Tremont Street and Turnagain Alley (which became Temple Place), was sold to the United States government in 1858 for use as a federal courthouse. The building was sold at auction in 1885 to the estate of William Fletcher Weld, which immediately leased it to R. H. Stearns and Co.
Stearns embarked on an ambitious remodeling project that involved raising the temple walls and inserting two stories of iron and glass underneath.
When it opened on June 2, 1886, the department store occupied the basement and first two floors; the upper floors, with a separate entrance at 10 Temple Place, were rented to small businesses.
The new store was well received, as reported by the Boston Evening Transcript.
The sales inventory had expanded beyond whalebone and thread.
In 1886 the store stocked fans and fancy goods, stationery, laces and handkerchiefs, dress trimmings, buttons, sewing supplies, parasols, bustles and corsets, shawls, infants' clothing, supplies for art embroidery and upholstery, baskets, and "medium and high grade household goods"linens, blankets and quilts.
Eventually, the business needed more space, but the current location was advantageousin the city's main retail district, across from the Park Street subway station, with street cars running on both Tremont Street and Temple Place. In 1908 Stearns decided to raze the old remodeled temple and construct a new eleven-story emporium designed by the Boston firm Parker, Thomas & Rice.
Bankruptcy and closure
R. H. Stearns & Company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection on March 28, 1977. The flagship store on Tremont Street closed on May 28, 1977, followed by closures of the five suburban branches over the next three months. On September 1, 1977, the South Shore Plaza branch was the last to close.
References
Sources
External links
R. H. Stearns & Co. at The Department Store Museum
Stearn
1847 establishments in Massachusetts
1979 disestablishments in Massachusetts
Masonic buildings in Massachusetts |
Alexander A. Borbély (born 1939 in Budapest) is a Hungarian-Swiss pharmacologist known for his sleep research.
Borbély proposed the two-process model of sleep regulation in 1982 which postulates there are two complementary processes (S and C, which stands for Sleep and Circadian, respectively) which together account for one's sleep schedule. This model has been widely influential and strongly influenced the field of circadian neuroscience for decades.
References
Hungarian pharmacologists
Swiss pharmacologists
Scientists from Budapest
1939 births
Living people |
```yaml
# The following images are published to gcr.io/k8s-prow even though they are not Prow images for legacy purposes.
images:
- dir: label_sync
- dir: robots/commenter
- dir: robots/pr-creator
- dir: robots/issue-creator
- dir: testgrid/cmd/configurator
- dir: gcsweb/cmd/gcsweb
- dir: gencred
- dir: experiment/ml/analyze
``` |
Stickyweed may refer to several plant species including:
Galium aparine (cleavers), an annual plant found in Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, and South America
Parietaria judaica (spreading pellitory), a perennial plant found in Europe, central and western Asia and northern Africa
Drymaria cordata, a species of the genus Drymaria |
Prince Francis may refer to:
Prince Francis Joseph of Battenberg
Prince Francis of Teck
Prince Francis, Count of Trapani
Prince Francis Joseph of Braganza, Portuguese prince
Prince Francis (cricketer) (born 1957), Jamaican cricketer |
Charles Johnson Maynard (May 6, 1845 – October 15, 1929) was an American naturalist and ornithologist born in Newton, Massachusetts. He was a collector, a taxidermist, and an expert on the vocal organs of birds. In addition to birds, he also studied mollusks, moss, gravestones and insects. He lived in the house at 459 Crafts Street in Newton, Massachusetts, built in 1897 and included in the National Register of Historic Places in 1996 as the Charles Maynard House. The Charles Johnson Maynard Award is given out by the Newton Conservators, Inc.
Biography
Charles Johnson Maynard was born in Newton, Massachusetts, on May 6, 1845, to Samuel Maynard and Emeline Sanger. He left school at the age of 16 to help out on the family farm. His interests led him to taxidermy, and the collecting and dealing in specimens of natural history. He founded his own company in Boston, Massachusetts, called C. J. Maynard & Co. in 1865, which published books and sold naturalist supplies. Maynard eventually married Pauline Thurlow Greenwood
In 1870, at the age of 24, Maynard's Naturalist's Guide was published, becoming America's first publication on a reliable and detailed method of collecting and preserving zoological specimen. This first book was illustrated by the notable artist Edwin Lord Weeks and published by James R. Osgood & Co., formerly Ticknor and Fields. The book mentions other future leading figures in ornithology that he worked with such as William Brewster, Joel Asaph Allen, Henry Augustus Purdie and others.
Maynard was the first editor of the Nuttall Ornithological Club, the first such club in America, founded in 1873. However, he was forced to resign after he had avoided his duties in order to collect specimens during a trip. This roused the ire of his colleague Charles Foster Batchelder, who would later pay penance by compiling Maynard's extensive bibliography after Maynard's death. This event is believed to be the reason that he was excluded from the American Ornithologists' Union when it was first formed in 1883. This angered some, including Joseph Marshall Wade, the editor of the Ornithologist and Oologist, who defended Maynard as someone who studies while the other ornithologists were "toddling around in petticoats."
Maynard later managed Boston's Naturalists' Bureau, into which he merged C. J. Maynard & Co. He was president of the Newton Natural History Society, Vice President of the Nuttall Ornithologist Club of Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1875.
Maynard died in Newton on October 15, 1929.
Personal life
Charles Johnson Maynard was married twice.
In 1870, he married Pauline Thurlow Greenwood. She was the daughter of Thomas Smith Greenwood, the lighthouse keeper in Ipswich, Massachusetts, and the owner of Greenwood Farm. Her father was also a recipient of an award from the Massachusetts Humane Society. The two children of Charles and Pauline were:
Maude Pauline (1872-1965), m. George William Phypers of Cleveland, Ohio. They owned the Ohio Greenwood Farm estate, named after Thomas Smith Greenwood.
Vivian Helen (1874-1920), m. Delo Emerson Mook (1878-1949), an attorney in Cleveland
His second marriage was to Elizabeth Cotter. They had a daughter, Pearl, who continued to live in the Charles Maynard House after her father's death.
The three children of Vivian Helen Maynard and Delo Emerson Mook born in Cleveland, Ohio were:
Emerson Hadley Mook (1910-1985), m. Elise Marie Mason (1927-2013) of Rossville, Kansas
Elizabeth Mook m. Thomas Reed
Charles Maynard Mook
The two children of Emerson Hadley Mook and Elise Marie Mason born in Dayton, Ohio were:
Mary Elise Mook (1950- ) a teacher. She lives in Houston, Texas
Bryant Mason Mook (1953- ) a college professor, geologist and engineer. He lives in Houston, Texas
Eponyms and selected zoological discoveries
Birds:
A subspecies of the eastern towhee, Pipilo erythrophthalmus alleni, was discovered and collected by Maynard in Florida, but cited by Elliott Coues, who named it for Joel Asaph Allen before Maynard had the chance to name it Pipilo leucopsis. (1871)
The Ipswich sparrow, Passerculus sandwichensis princeps, which is a subspecies of the Savannah sparrow (1872)
The recently extinct dusky seaside sparrow of Florida, Ammodramus maritimus nigrescens, (1872).
Maynard's cuckoo, Coccyzus minor maynardi, a Caribbean subspecies of the mangrove cuckoo (1887)
A Caribbean subspecies of the white-eyed vireo, Vireo griseus maynardi, (1887)
A Caribbean subspecies of the hairy woodpecker, Picoides villosus maynardi, (1887)
A Caribbean subspecies of the osprey, Pandion haliaetus ridgwayi, which he named for Robert Ridgway. (1887)
A Bahamas subspecies of the common ground dove, Columbina passerina bahamensis, (1887)
A subspecies of the grasshopper sparrow, Ammodramus savannarum australis, (1887)
A Bahamas subspecies of the clapper rail, Rallus crepitans coryi, named for Charles B. Cory. (1887)
A Jamaican subspecies of the common ground dove, Columbina passerina jamaicensis, (1888)
A subspecies of the downy woodpecker, Picoides pubescens fumidus, (1889)
A Florida subspecies of red-winged blackbird, Agelaius phoeniceus floridanus, (1895)
A Bahamas subspecies of the American oystercatcher, Haematopus palliatus prattii, (1899)
The Florida pine warbler, Setophaga pinus florida, a subspecies of the pine warbler, (1906)
Mammals:
The Bahaman raccoon, Procyon lotor maynardi, (1898)
Butterflies:
A Florida subspecies of the Strymon istapa (also known as the mallow scrub-hairstreak), Strymon istapa modesta, (1873)
A Caribbean subspecies of the Gulf fritillary, Agraulis vanillae insularis, (1889)
Lizards:
Pholidoscelis maynardi (1888)
Anolis maynardi (1888)
Mollusks:
Cerion nanus (1889)
Selected publications
He published many books himself under his publishing company C. J. Maynard & Co. Additionally, he illustrated many of his own books. In 1951, the naturalist Charles Foster Batchelder published an extensive bibliography on the works of Maynard. Maynard's work on the mud turtle was cited in Charles Darwin's The Descent of Man in 1872, leading to a brief correspondence.
Books
The Naturalist's Guide, w/ illustrations by E. L. Weeks. Boston: Fields, Osgood & Co. (1870)
The Birds of Florida (issued in parts) w/ illustrations by Helen S. Farley. Salem: Naturalist's Agency. (1872)
The Birds of Eastern North America, w/ illustrations by Maynard. Newton: C. J. Maynard & Co. (1881)
Manual of Taxidermy Boston: S. E. Cassino & Co. (1883)
The Butterflies of New England Boston: C. J. Maynard & Co. (1886)
Eggs of North American Birds Boston: DeWolfe, Fiske & Co. (1890)
A Manual of North American Butterflies Boston: DeWolfe, Fiske & Co. (1891)
Handbook of the Sparrows, Finches Etc. of New England Newtonville: C. J. Maynard (1896)
Nature Studies: Sponges West Newton: C. J. Maynard (1898)
The Warblers of New England Newton: C. J. Maynard & Co. (1905)
Methods in Moss Study Newton: C. J. Maynard & Co. (1905)
Directory to the Birds of Eastern North America West Newton: C. J. Maynard (1907)
A Field Ornithology of the Birds of Eastern North America West Newton: C. J. Maynard (1916)
Vocal Organs of Talking Birds and Some Other Species West Newton: C. J. Maynard (1928)
Selected journal publications
"The mottled owl in confinement" American Naturalist, April 1868
"The dwarf thrush again" American Naturalist, Feb 1869
"The Tennessee warbler" Newton Journal, 31 July 1869
"The Capture of the Centronyx Bairdii at Ipswich" American Naturalist, Dec 1869
"How the sculpted turtle deposits her eggs" American Naturalist, March 1870
"A catalogue of the birds of Coos Co., N. H., and Oxford Co., Me." (w/ William Brewster), Proc. Boston Society of Natural History 18 Oct 1871.
"Catalogue of the mammals of Florida" Bulletin of the Essex Institute, 1872
"A new species of Passerculus from eastern Massachusetts" American Naturalist, Oct 1872
"A new species of butterfly from Florida" American Naturalist, Mar 1873
"The strange and rare birds of North America" American Sportsman, Mar 1873
"Albinoism" American Sportsman, Dec 1873
"Blue kite--everglade kite--so-for-fun-i-k-r" American Sportsman, Dec 1873
"Supposed new species of pelican" American Sportsman, March 1874
"A naturalist's trip to Florida" American Sportsman, April 1874
"Orchard oriole" American Sportsman, June 1874
"Black fish ashore on Nantucket" American Sportsman, Aug 1874
"A naturalist on the national" American Sportsman, Aug 1874
"More about the white pelican" American Sportsman, Aug 1874
"A new species of finch from Florida" American Sportsman, Jan 1875
"The Loggerhead Shrike in Mass." American Sportsman, Feb 1875
"Bird murder--Sterna portlandica" Rod and Gun, April 1875
"A naturalist's vacation" Rod and Gun Oct 1875
"The common buzzard hawk of Europe in North America" Bulletin Nuttall Ornithological Club, April 1876
"That peculiar bird" Sunday Times (Williamsport, Pa.), 1 July 1876
"Variation in the breeding habits of certain birds", Rod and Gun Aug 1876
"Nesting habits of the worm-eating warbler" Ornithologist and Oologist, May 1877
"The birds of Massachusetts which are beneficial to the husbandman" The Scientific Farmer, Aug 1877
"Albinism" Ornithologist and Oologist, Dec 1877
"Modifications in the breeding habits of birds, caused by the persecutions of man" Familiar Science and Fanciers' Journal, Jan 1878
"The sparrow war" The Scientific Farmer, Feb 1878
"The anatomical structure of birds" The Scientific Farmer, Mar 1878
"The marine leathery turtle" Familiar Science and Fanciers' Journal, April 1878
"Name of bird" The Scientific Farmer, July 1878
"The crow blackbird" The Scientific Farmer, Oct 1878
"A chapter on the common garden toad, Bufo Americana" The Scientific Farmer, Nov 1878
"The hairy woodpecker" The Scientific Farmer, Jan 1879
"Woodpeckers" The Scientific Farmer, Feb 1879
"The English sparrow" The Scientific Farmer, Mar 1879
"The food of woodpeckers" The Scientific Farmer, April 1879
"Wanderings of a naturalist" Town and Country, April 1879
"The swallows" The Scientific Farmer, June 1879
"The ruby-throated hummingbird Familiar Science and Fanciers' Journal, July 1879
"Justice to the English sparrow" The Scientific Farmer, Aug 1879
"The goatsuckers" The Scientific Farmer, Oct 1879
"A third specimen of the swallow-tailed gull", Quarterly Journal of the Boston Zoological Society, 1882
"Distribution of the ivory-billed woodpecker", Quarterly Journal of the Boston Zoological Society, 1882
"Ornithological notes from the Magdalen Islands", Quarterly Journal of the Boston Zoological Society, 1882
"Mammals of Florida", Quarterly Journal of the Boston Zoological Society, 1883
"The hibernation of the jumping mouse", Quarterly Journal of the Boston Zoological Society, 1883
"Notes on Colaptes auratas, containing some theories regarding variation in plumage", Quarterly Journal of the Boston Zoological Society, 1883
"Occurrence of the Connecticut warbler in Massachusetts in spring", Quarterly Journal of the Boston Zoological Society, 1883
"Cuban nighthawk in Florida", Quarterly Journal of the Boston Zoological Society, 1883
"Notes on the difference between Cory's shearwater, Puffinus borealis, and the greater shearwater, Puffinus major, Quarterly Journal of the Boston Zoological Society, 1883
"Occurrence of the white heron at Quincy, Mass.", Quarterly Journal of the Boston Zoological Society, 1883
"Notes on the breeding habits of the American Flamingo, etc.", Naturalist in Florida, Sept. 1884
"The curled-tailed lizard", Naturalist in Florida, Sept. 1884
"Remarkable birds of Florida -- The white pelican", Naturalist in Florida, Sept. 1884
"Remarkable birds of Florida -- Roseate spoonbill", Naturalist in Florida, Nov. 1884
"Peculiar plumage of the Florida white-billed nuthatch", Naturalist in Florida, Nov. 1884
"Brewster's Notes on the Birds of the Gulf of St. Lawrence", Naturalist in Florida, Nov. 1884
"Abnormal plumage of the black-polled warbler", Naturalist in Florida, Nov. 1884
"Instructions to naturalists. How to make bird skins.", Naturalist in Florida, Nov. 1884
"Rattlesnakes", Naturalist in Florida, Nov. 1884
"Catalogue of Bahama birds' skins, nests, and eggs", 1884
"Remarkable Birds -- Bahama Woodpecker", Naturalist in Florida, Mar. 1885
"Description of some new North American birds by Robert Ridgway", Naturalist in Florida, Mar. 1885
"Notes on the Greater and Lesser Snow Geese by Robert Ridgway", Naturalist in Florida, Mar. 1885
"Ridgway on the North American Crossbills of curvirostra type", Naturalist in Florida, Mar. 1885
"Names of Florida animals, trees, etc., in Seminole", Naturalist in Florida, Mar. 1885
"Chats about birds", Naturalist in Florida, Mar. 1885
"Notes on the color of the bill in two species of terns in autumn", Naturalist in Florida, Mar. 1885
"Remarkable Birds -- Black and white shore finch", Naturalist in Florida, May 1885
"The whip-poor-will", Naturalist in Florida, May 1885
"Breeding habits of the bridled tern", Young Ornithologist (Boston), May 1885
"Instructions to naturalists. How to prepare specimen.", The Naturalist, Sep. 1885
"The hairy woodpecker", The Naturalist, Sep. 1885
"Six months in the Bahamas", The American Exchange and Mart and Household Journal, 1886
"Descriptions of five new species of birds from the Bahamas", The American Exchange and Mart and Household Journal, Jan 1887
"Notes on the white ant, found on the Bahamas", Psyche, Sept.-Oct. 1888
"Notes on the anatomical structure of the crowned crane", Ornithologist and Oologist, Feb. 1889
"Description of a supposed new species of gannet", Ornithologist and Oologist, Mar. 1889
"Monograph of the genus Strophia", Contributions to Science, April 1889
"Description of an apparently new species of warbler from Jamaica", Contributions to Science, April 1889
"The defensive glands of a species of Phasma from Florida", Contributions to Science, April 1889
"The sterno-trachealis as a vocal muscle", Contributions to Science, April 1889
"Peculiar structure of the caecum of a leaf-eating lizard", Contributions to Science, April 1889
"Notes on some Jamaica birds", Contributions to Science, April 1889
"Reptiles and batrachians from the Caymans and the Bahamas by Samuel Garman", Contributions to Science, April 1889
"An eel from the Marshall Islands by Samuel Garman", Contributions to Science, April 1889
"Descriptions of a new sub-species of Poocaetes from Oregon by GS Miller, Jr.", Contributions to Science, April 1889
"Description of supposed new birds from western North America and Mexico by William Brewster", Contributions to Science, April 1889.
"Description of two supposed new sub-species of birds from Vancouver's Island", Ornithologist and Oologist, April 1889
"Observation on Cory's gannet", Ornithologist and Oologist, April 1889
"The southern yellow-winged, or grasshopper sparrow", Ornithologist and Oologist, April 1889
"Singular effects produced by the bite of a short-tailed shrew", Contributions to Science, July 1889
"The vocal organs of the American bittern", Contributions to Science, July 1889
"Notes on the anatomical structure of the crowned crane" Contributions to Science, July 1889
"On the probable evolution of the totipalmate birds, pelicans, gannets, etc.", Contributions to Science, July 1889
"Description of a new species of butterfly from the West Indies", Contributions to Science, July 1889
"Notes on the black snake, Bascanion constrictor", Contributions to Science, July 1889
"Young muskrats", Contributions to Science, July 1889
"Florida burrowing owl", Ornithologist and Oologist, Aug 1889
"The tongue of woodpeckers", Bulletin Newton Natural History Society, Oct 1889
"The arrow-headed warbler of Jamaica", Bulletin Newton Natural History Society, Oct 1889
"Evolution of species" Bulletin Newton Natural Historical Society, Feb 1890
"Correlative characters in animals Bulletin Newton Natural Historical Society, April 1890
"Are the changes in the common names by the A. O. U. popular?", Ornithologist and Oologist, June 1890
References
External links
The Newton Society
A Bibliography of the Published Writings of Charles Johnson Maynard
Charles Johnson Maynard Award
Bird Almanac
In Memoriam: Charles Foster Batchelder, which mentions his relationship with Maynard
American ornithologists
American naturalists
American magazine editors
American malacologists
Birdwatchers
American bird artists
American illustrators
American nature writers
American male non-fiction writers
Taxidermists
Scientific illustrators
Writers who illustrated their own writing
People from Newton, Massachusetts
American publishers (people)
1845 births
1929 deaths
19th-century American painters
American male painters
20th-century American painters
19th-century American male artists
20th-century American male artists |
Parkweg is an underground subway station in the Dutch town of Schiedam, located just west of Rotterdam. The station is part of Rotterdam Metro line C and was opened as a result of an extension of the East-West Line (also formerly called Caland line) which opened in November 2002. This extension connected the former terminus Marconiplein to the North-South Line (also Erasmus line) at Tussenwater station.
Rotterdam Metro stations
Buildings and structures in Schiedam
Railway stations opened in 2002
2002 establishments in the Netherlands
Railway stations in the Netherlands opened in the 2000s |
The Mojiguaçu River (Portuguese, Rio Mojiguaçu) or Moji-Guaçu River or Mogi-Guaçu River is a river of the southeastern Brazil. Mojiguaçu River originates in Bom Repouso, placed in the Mantiqueira Mountains, in the state of Minas Gerais and flows to northwest, crossing many municipalities of the state of São Paulo draining into the Pardo River, being a tributary of this river, which is a tributary of the Grande River.
The name "Mojiguaçu" comes from the Tupi language, meaning "big river that snakes".
In Pirassununga, in Cachoeira de Emas district, there is a touristic point around the river, with some restaurants specialised in fisheries, a museum and an old bridge over the river. In addition, in this district there are two important institutions of research and studies about fish conservation and aquaculture.
In Porto Ferreira the river forms the southern boundary of the Porto Ferreira State Park, created in 1987.
Notes
References
Rand McNally, The New International Atlas, 1993.
Rivers of São Paulo (state) |
```objective-c
#pragma once
#include <Parsers/IAST.h>
#include <Storages/MergeTree/MergeTreeDataFormatVersion.h>
#include <base/types.h>
#include <Storages/StorageInMemoryMetadata.h>
#include <IO/ReadBufferFromString.h>
namespace DB
{
class MergeTreeData;
class WriteBuffer;
class ReadBuffer;
/** The basic parameters of ReplicatedMergeTree table engine for saving in ZooKeeper.
* Lets you verify that they match local ones.
*/
struct ReplicatedMergeTreeTableMetadata
{
static constexpr int REPLICATED_MERGE_TREE_METADATA_LEGACY_VERSION = 1;
static constexpr int REPLICATED_MERGE_TREE_METADATA_WITH_ALL_MERGE_PARAMETERS = 2;
String date_column;
String sampling_expression;
UInt64 index_granularity;
/// Merging related params
int merging_params_mode;
int merge_params_version = REPLICATED_MERGE_TREE_METADATA_WITH_ALL_MERGE_PARAMETERS;
String sign_column;
String version_column;
String is_deleted_column;
String columns_to_sum;
String graphite_params_hash;
String primary_key;
MergeTreeDataFormatVersion data_format_version;
String partition_key;
String sorting_key;
String skip_indices;
String projections;
String constraints;
String ttl_table;
UInt64 index_granularity_bytes;
ReplicatedMergeTreeTableMetadata() = default;
explicit ReplicatedMergeTreeTableMetadata(const MergeTreeData & data, const StorageMetadataPtr & metadata_snapshot);
void read(ReadBuffer & in);
static ReplicatedMergeTreeTableMetadata parse(const String & s);
void write(WriteBuffer & out) const;
String toString() const;
struct Diff
{
bool sorting_key_changed = false;
String new_sorting_key;
bool sampling_expression_changed = false;
String new_sampling_expression;
bool skip_indices_changed = false;
String new_skip_indices;
bool constraints_changed = false;
String new_constraints;
bool projections_changed = false;
String new_projections;
bool ttl_table_changed = false;
String new_ttl_table;
bool empty() const
{
return !sorting_key_changed && !sampling_expression_changed && !skip_indices_changed && !projections_changed
&& !ttl_table_changed && !constraints_changed;
}
StorageInMemoryMetadata getNewMetadata(const ColumnsDescription & new_columns, ContextPtr context, const StorageInMemoryMetadata & old_metadata) const;
};
void checkEquals(const ReplicatedMergeTreeTableMetadata & from_zk, const ColumnsDescription & columns, ContextPtr context) const;
Diff checkAndFindDiff(const ReplicatedMergeTreeTableMetadata & from_zk, const ColumnsDescription & columns, ContextPtr context) const;
private:
void checkImmutableFieldsEquals(const ReplicatedMergeTreeTableMetadata & from_zk, const ColumnsDescription & columns, ContextPtr context) const;
bool index_granularity_bytes_found_in_zk = false;
};
}
``` |
In organic chemistry, a bent bond, also known as a banana bond, is a type of covalent chemical bond with a geometry somewhat reminiscent of a banana. The term itself is a general representation of electron density or configuration resembling a similar "bent" structure within small ring molecules, such as cyclopropane (C3H6) or as a representation of double or triple bonds within a compound that is an alternative to the sigma and pi bond model.
Small cyclic molecules
Bent bonds are a special type of chemical bonding in which the ordinary hybridization state of two atoms making up a chemical bond are modified with increased or decreased s-orbital character in order to accommodate a particular molecular geometry. Bent bonds are found in strained organic compounds such as cyclopropane, oxirane and aziridine.
In these compounds, it is not possible for the carbon atoms to assume the 109.5° bond angles with standard sp3 hybridization. Increasing the p-character to sp5 (i.e. s-density and p-density) makes it possible to reduce the bond angles to 60°. At the same time, the carbon-to-hydrogen bonds gain more s-character, which shortens them. In cyclopropane, the maximum electron density between two carbon atoms does not correspond to the internuclear axis, hence the name bent bond. In cyclopropane, the interorbital angle is 104°. This bending can be observed experimentally by X-ray diffraction of certain cyclopropane derivatives: the deformation density is outside the line of centers between the two carbon atoms. The carbon–carbon bond lengths are shorter than in a regular alkane bond: 151 pm versus 153 pm.
Cyclobutane is a larger ring, but still has bent bonds. In this molecule, the carbon bond angles are 90° for the planar conformation and 88° for the puckered one. Unlike in cyclopropane, the C–C bond lengths actually increase rather than decrease; this is mainly due to 1,3-nonbonded steric repulsion. In terms of reactivity, cyclobutane is relatively inert and behaves like ordinary alkanes.
Walsh orbital model
An alternative model utilizes semi-localized Walsh orbitals in which cyclopropane is described as a carbon sp2 sigma bonding and in-plane pi bonding system. Critics of the Walsh orbital theory argue that this model does not represent the ground state of cyclopropane as it cannot be transformed into the localized or fully delocalized descriptions via a unitary transformation.
Double and triple bonds
Two different explanations for the nature of double and triple covalent bonds in organic molecules were proposed in the 1930s. Linus Pauling proposed that the double bond results from two equivalent tetrahedral orbitals from each atom, which later came to be called banana bonds or tau bonds. Erich Hückel proposed a representation of the double bond as a combination of a sigma bond plus a pi bond. The Hückel representation is the better-known one, and it is the one found in most textbooks since the late-20th century.
Both models represent the same total electron density, with the orbitals related by a unitary transformation. We can construct the two equivalent bent bond orbitals h and h' by taking linear combinations h = c1σ + c2π and h' = c1σ – c2π for an appropriate choice of coefficients c1 and c2. In a 1996 review, Kenneth B. Wiberg concluded that "although a conclusive statement cannot be made on the basis of the currently available information, it seems likely that we can continue to consider the σ/π and bent-bond descriptions of ethylene to be equivalent." Ian Fleming goes further in a 2010 textbook, noting that "the overall distribution of electrons [...] is exactly the same" in the two models.
Other applications
The bent bond theory can also explain other phenomena in organic molecules. In fluoromethane (CH3F), for instance, the experimental F–C–H bond angle is 109°, which is greater than the calculated value. This is because according to Bent's rule, the C–F bond gains p-orbital character leading to high s-character in the C–H bonds, and H–C–H bond angles approaching those of sp2 orbitals – e.g. 120° – leaving less for the F–C–H bond angle. The difference is again explained in terms of bent bonds.
Bent bonds also come into play in the gauche effect, explaining the preference for gauche conformations in certain substituted alkanes and the alkene cis effect associated with some unusually stable alkene cis isomers.
References
External links
NMR experiment
Chemical bonding |
Old Northam Road is a road in the outer eastern suburbs of Perth, Western Australia. It terminates at Great Eastern Highway at both ends, and forms the main street of the town of Chidlow.
It was previously considered a main route from Perth to Northam, along with the alternative route via The Lakes, which is now part of Great Eastern Highway.
See also
References
Roads in Perth, Western Australia
Chidlow, Western Australia |
Khatima Legislative Assembly constituency is one of the seventy electoral Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand state in India. It includes Khatima area of Udham Singh Nagar district and is a part of Nainital-Udhamsingh Nagar (Lok Sabha constituency).
Members of Vidhan Sabha
Election results
2022
-->
2017
2002
Source:
Gopal Singh (Congress) : 22,588 votes
Dan Singh (BSP) : 11,844
Sushama Rana (BJP) : 8648
See also
List of constituencies of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly
Udham Singh Nagar district
References
External links
Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand
Udham Singh Nagar district |
```objective-c
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file.
#ifndef V8_BASE_UTILS_RANDOM_NUMBER_GENERATOR_H_
#define V8_BASE_UTILS_RANDOM_NUMBER_GENERATOR_H_
#include <unordered_set>
#include <vector>
#include "src/base/base-export.h"
#include "src/base/macros.h"
namespace v8 {
namespace base {
// your_sha256_hash-------------
// RandomNumberGenerator
// This class is used to generate a stream of pseudo-random numbers. The class
// uses a 64-bit seed, which is passed through MurmurHash3 to create two 64-bit
// state values. This pair of state values is then used in xorshift128+.
// The resulting stream of pseudo-random numbers has a period length of 2^128-1.
// See Marsaglia: path_to_url
// And Vigna: path_to_url
// NOTE: Any changes to the algorithm must be tested against TestU01.
// Please find instructions for this in the internal repository.
// If two instances of RandomNumberGenerator are created with the same seed, and
// the same sequence of method calls is made for each, they will generate and
// return identical sequences of numbers.
// This class uses (probably) weak entropy by default, but it's sufficient,
// because it is the responsibility of the embedder to install an entropy source
// using v8::V8::SetEntropySource(), which provides reasonable entropy, see:
// path_to_url
// This class is neither reentrant nor threadsafe.
class V8_BASE_EXPORT RandomNumberGenerator final {
public:
// EntropySource is used as a callback function when V8 needs a source of
// entropy.
typedef bool (*EntropySource)(unsigned char* buffer, size_t buflen);
static void SetEntropySource(EntropySource entropy_source);
RandomNumberGenerator();
explicit RandomNumberGenerator(int64_t seed) { SetSeed(seed); }
// Returns the next pseudorandom, uniformly distributed int value from this
// random number generator's sequence. The general contract of |NextInt()| is
// that one int value is pseudorandomly generated and returned.
// All 2^32 possible integer values are produced with (approximately) equal
// probability.
V8_INLINE int NextInt() V8_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT { return Next(32); }
// Returns a pseudorandom, uniformly distributed int value between 0
// (inclusive) and the specified max value (exclusive), drawn from this random
// number generator's sequence. The general contract of |NextInt(int)| is that
// one int value in the specified range is pseudorandomly generated and
// returned. All max possible int values are produced with (approximately)
// equal probability.
int NextInt(int max) V8_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;
// Returns the next pseudorandom, uniformly distributed boolean value from
// this random number generator's sequence. The general contract of
// |NextBoolean()| is that one boolean value is pseudorandomly generated and
// returned. The values true and false are produced with (approximately) equal
// probability.
V8_INLINE bool NextBool() V8_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT { return Next(1) != 0; }
// Returns the next pseudorandom, uniformly distributed double value between
// 0.0 and 1.0 from this random number generator's sequence.
// The general contract of |NextDouble()| is that one double value, chosen
// (approximately) uniformly from the range 0.0 (inclusive) to 1.0
// (exclusive), is pseudorandomly generated and returned.
double NextDouble() V8_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;
// Returns the next pseudorandom, uniformly distributed int64 value from this
// random number generator's sequence. The general contract of |NextInt64()|
// is that one 64-bit int value is pseudorandomly generated and returned.
// All 2^64 possible integer values are produced with (approximately) equal
// probability.
int64_t NextInt64() V8_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;
// Fills the elements of a specified array of bytes with random numbers.
void NextBytes(void* buffer, size_t buflen);
// Returns the next pseudorandom set of n unique uint64 values smaller than
// max.
// n must be less or equal to max.
std::vector<uint64_t> NextSample(uint64_t max,
size_t n) V8_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;
// Returns the next pseudorandom set of n unique uint64 values smaller than
// max.
// n must be less or equal to max.
// max - |excluded| must be less or equal to n.
//
// Generates list of all possible values and removes random values from it
// until size reaches n.
std::vector<uint64_t> NextSampleSlow(
uint64_t max, size_t n,
const std::unordered_set<uint64_t>& excluded =
std::unordered_set<uint64_t>{}) V8_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;
// Override the current ssed.
void SetSeed(int64_t seed);
int64_t initial_seed() const { return initial_seed_; }
// Static and exposed for external use.
static inline double ToDouble(uint64_t state0, uint64_t state1) {
// Exponent for double values for [1.0 .. 2.0)
static const uint64_t kExponentBits = uint64_t{0x3FF0000000000000};
static const uint64_t kMantissaMask = uint64_t{0x000FFFFFFFFFFFFF};
uint64_t random = ((state0 + state1) & kMantissaMask) | kExponentBits;
return bit_cast<double>(random) - 1;
}
// Static and exposed for external use.
static inline void XorShift128(uint64_t* state0, uint64_t* state1) {
uint64_t s1 = *state0;
uint64_t s0 = *state1;
*state0 = s0;
s1 ^= s1 << 23;
s1 ^= s1 >> 17;
s1 ^= s0;
s1 ^= s0 >> 26;
*state1 = s1;
}
private:
static const int64_t kMultiplier = V8_2PART_UINT64_C(0x5, deece66d);
static const int64_t kAddend = 0xb;
static const int64_t kMask = V8_2PART_UINT64_C(0xffff, ffffffff);
int Next(int bits) V8_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;
static uint64_t MurmurHash3(uint64_t);
int64_t initial_seed_;
uint64_t state0_;
uint64_t state1_;
};
} // namespace base
} // namespace v8
#endif // V8_BASE_UTILS_RANDOM_NUMBER_GENERATOR_H_
``` |
```c++
#include <stdio.h>
class c{
public:
long long f;
};
class c2{
public:
long long f2;
};
static class sss: public c, public c2{
public:
long long m;
} sss;
#define _offsetof(st,f) ((char *)&((st *) 16)->f - (char *) 16)
int main (void) {
printf ("++Class with longlong inhereting classes with longlong & longlong:\n");
printf ("size=%d,align=%d\n", sizeof (sss), __alignof__ (sss));
printf ("offset-f=%d,offset-f2=%d,offset-m=%d,\nalign-f=%d,align-f2=%d,align-m=%d\n",
_offsetof (class sss, f), _offsetof (class sss, f2), _offsetof (class sss, m),
__alignof__ (sss.f), __alignof__ (sss.f2), __alignof__ (sss.m));
return 0;
}
``` |
Afolabi Oladipo Christopher "Dipo" Akinyemi (born 10 June 1997) is a professional footballer who plays as a forward for club York City.
Akinyemi began his career in the youth academy at Potters Bar Town in 2011, breaking into the first team in 2014. He joined Stevenage's academy at the end of that year, before making his first-team debut at the start of the 2015–16 season. During his time at Stevenage, Akinyemi was loaned out to Aldershot Town, St Neots Town, Dulwich Hamlet on two occasions, St Albans City, Billericay Town and Bishop's Stortford respectively.
Akinyemi signed for Dulwich on a permanent basis in March 2018 and helped the club to promotion to the National League South during the remainder of the 2017–18 season. Akinyemi joined Cheshunt on loan in August 2019. He left Dulwich to sign for Braintree Town in November 2019, before joining divisional rivals Welling United a month later. After spending three seasons at Welling, Akinyemi signed for Scottish Championship club Ayr United in June 2022. He finished the 2022–23 season as the league's top goalscorer, before moving to York City of the National League for an undisclosed fee in July 2023.
Career
Potters Bar Town
Akinyemi started his career playing in the youth team of Potters Bar Town, joining the Hertfordshire club's youth set-up in 2011 having impressed youth manager John Gibbs whilst playing Sunday league football. Akinyemi was part of the Potters Bar under-18 team that defeated full-time academy teams in consecutive years in the FA Youth Cup. After three years playing in the youth team for Potters Bar, Akinyemi made his first-team debut on 6 September 2014, starting the match and scoring in the second-half in a 4–0 away victory against Bedford Town. He made seven league appearances in the Southern Football League Division One Central over the next two months.
Stevenage
After gaining first-team experience at Potters Bar, Akinyemi joined League Two club Stevenage's academy at the end of 2014. He trained with the Stevenage first team towards the end of the 2014–15 season and was an unused substitute in two of the club's league matches in April 2015. Akinyemi signed a professional contract with Stevenage in the summer of 2015, before making his debut under new manager Teddy Sheringham when he started in the opening league game of the 2015–16 season, a 2–0 defeat to Notts County at Broadhall Way. He scored his first goal for the club in his third appearance, scoring the first goal of the game when he "finished off a fine counter attack" in an eventual 2–2 draw away at Newport County on 15 August 2015. Akinyemi made 16 appearances during the season, the majority of which came in the first half of the season, scoring one goal.
Loan spells
Akinyemi joined National League club Aldershot Town on a one-month loan agreement on 10 November 2015. The loan move was to help aid Akinyemi's development and gain further first-team experience. He scored on his debut for Aldershot a day after signing, in an eventual 2–1 home defeat to Lincoln City. Akinyemi made four appearances during the month's loan, scoring once, before returning to his parent club at the start of December 2015. Aside from two substitute appearances upon his return from Aldershot, Akinyemi found first-team opportunities limited at Stevenage, and he joined Southern Football League Premier Division club St Neots Town on 6 February 2016 on a one month loan. Akinyemi made six appearances there, his one goal coming in St Neots' 3–1 home victory against Bideford in his second appearance. He then joined Isthmian League Premier Division club Dulwich Hamlet on loan on 25 March 2016, for the remainder of the season. He scored on his debut for Dulwich, scoring the club's second goal in a 2–2 draw away at Enfield Town on 27 March 2016. He scored five goals in seven games during the loan spell as Dulwich missed out on promotion via the play-offs, returning to Stevenage upon the expiry of the loan agreement.
Ahead of the 2016–17 season, Akinyemi joined St Albans City of the National League South on a loan deal until January 2017. He scored on his debut on the opening day of the season when he scored the first goal in a 2–0 home victory against Concord Rangers at Clarence Park. Akinyemi was recalled by Stevenage at the end of November 2016 having made 21 appearances in all competitions during the loan spell, 11 of which as a substitute, scoring five times. Stevenage stated their intention to loan out Akinyemi straight away and he joined Isthmian League Premier Division club Billericay Town on 6 December 2016 on a one-month loan deal. He made seven appearances during the month at Billericay, scoring one goal. At the start of January 2017, Akinyemi rejoined Dulwich Hamlet on loan for the remainder of the season, scoring the first goal of his second spell in a 2–0 victory against Needham Market on 18 February 2017. Three days later, Akinyemi scored four goals in Dulwich's 7–1 victory against Barkingside in the London Senior Cup, all four goals coming within the space of 14 second-half minutes. He scored 10 times in 19 appearances in all competitions during the loan spell.
Akinyemi signed for Southern Football League Premier Division club Bishop's Stortford on a season-long loan agreement on 26 July 2017. The move meant that Akinyemi was playing under Bishop's Stortford manager Kevin Watson, who was assistant manager at Stevenage when Akinyemi debuted for the club. He made his Bishop's Stortford debut on the opening day of the 2017–18 season, playing the whole match in a 2–1 defeat away at Tiverton Town on 12 August 2017. Akinyemi scored his first goal for the club in a 5–0 away victory against Dunstable Town on 26 September 2017. He scored 10 times in 36 appearances in all competitions, including four goals in his final four games for the club throughout February 2018. The season-long loan agreement was cut short when he was recalled by Stevenage at the start of March 2018.
Dulwich Hamlet
Upon his recall, Akinyemi signed for Isthmian League Premier Division club Dulwich Hamlet on a permanent basis on 6 March 2018, having previously been on loan at the south London club on two separate occasions earlier in his career. Stevenage allowed him to join Dulwich on a free transfer, in return for a "significant percentage of any future sale". He made his third Dulwich debut on the same day his signing was announced, scoring twice in a 3–1 away victory at league leaders Billericay Town. He made 14 appearances and scored four goals in all competitions as Dulwich won promotion to the National League South after winning the Isthmian League Premier Division play-offs. Akinyemi scored the decisive penalty in the final as Dulwich earned a 4–3 victory on penalties over Hendon after the two teams had played out a 1–1 draw after extra-time. He played regularly during Dulwich's first season in the National League South, scoring 16 times in 41 appearances.
Having made three appearances for Dulwich at the start of the 2019–20 season, Akinyemi joined Cheshunt of the Isthmian League Premier Division on a two-month loan deal on 25 August 2019. He made his debut for Cheshunt in the club's 1–1 draw with Corinthian Casuals a day later and scored his first goal for the club in a 2–1 home defeat to Bognor Regis Town on 14 September 2019. Akinyemi scored five times in 10 appearances during the two-month loan agreement.
Welling United
With first-team opportunities limited back at Dulwich, he signed for fellow National League South club Braintree Town on 22 November 2019. After three appearances at Braintree, he moved to another National League South club in the form of Welling United on 13 December 2019. He scored four times in 12 appearances during the remainder of the 2019–20 season, which was curtailed due to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020. Akinyemi scored three goals in nine matches in the opening two months of the 2020–21 season, as Welling's season was curtailed for the second successive season due to restrictions associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. Akinyemi scored 18 times in 38 appearances during the 2021–22 season as Welling avoided relegation on the final day of the season.
Ayr United
Akinyemi joined Scottish Championship club Ayr United on a two-year contract on 3 June 2022. He debuted for Ayr in the club's 3–0 victory against Elgin City in the Scottish League Cup on 9 July 2022. Akinyemi scored his first two goals for the club in a 3–2 league victory away at Queen's Park on 5 August 2022, including a 92nd-minute penalty to win the match. The goals served as the catalyst for a run of 14 goals in 16 matches, which included Akinyemi's first career league hat-trick in a 5–0 victory against Queen's Park on 8 October 2022. He scored 24 times in 45 appearances in all competitions during the 2022–23 season, finishing the season as the league's top goalscorer and earning the Scottish Championship Player of the Year award.
York City
Akinyemi signed for National League club York City for an undisclosed fee on 15 July 2023.
Style of play
Akinyemi has always been deployed as a centre forward. His youth manager at Potters Bar Town, John Gibbs, stated he was particularly impressed with Akinyemi's work ethic and strength, also singling out his attitude and dedication as plus-points. He has also been described as being "pacy and strong" and "a real threat".
Career statistics
Honours
Dulwich Hamlet
Isthmian League Premier Division play-offs: 2017–18
Individual
PFA Scotland Players' Player of the Year: 2022–23 Scottish Championship
References
External links
1997 births
Living people
Black British sportsmen
English men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Footballers from Enfield, London
Potters Bar Town F.C. players
Stevenage F.C. players
Aldershot Town F.C. players
St Neots Town F.C. players
Dulwich Hamlet F.C. players
St Albans City F.C. players
Billericay Town F.C. players
Bishop's Stortford F.C. players
Cheshunt F.C. players
Braintree Town F.C. players
Welling United F.C. players
Ayr United F.C. players
York City F.C. players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
Southern Football League players
Isthmian League players
Scottish Professional Football League players |
```javascript
const path = require('path');
const fs = require('fs-extra');
const Handlebars = require('handlebars');
const Build = require('@jupyterlab/builder').Build;
const webpack = require('webpack');
const merge = require('webpack-merge').default;
const baseConfig = require('@jupyterlab/builder/lib/webpack.config.base');
const { ModuleFederationPlugin } = webpack.container;
const packageData = require('./package.json');
const jlab = packageData.jupyterlab;
// Create a list of application extensions and mime extensions from
// jlab.extensions
const extensions = {};
const mimeExtensions = {};
for (const key of jlab.extensions) {
const {
jupyterlab: { extension, mimeExtension }
} = require(`${key}/package.json`);
if (extension !== undefined) {
extensions[key] = extension === true ? '' : extension;
}
if (mimeExtension !== undefined) {
mimeExtensions[key] = mimeExtension === true ? '' : mimeExtension;
}
}
// buildDir is a temporary directory where files are copied before the build.
const buildDir = path.resolve(jlab.buildDir);
fs.emptyDirSync(buildDir);
// outputDir is where the final built assets go
const outputDir = path.resolve(jlab.outputDir);
fs.emptyDirSync(outputDir);
// <schemaDir>/schemas is where the settings schemas live
const schemaDir = path.resolve(jlab.schemaDir || outputDir);
// ensureAssets puts schemas in the schemas subdirectory
fs.emptyDirSync(path.join(schemaDir, 'schemas'));
// <themeDir>/themes is where theme assets live
const themeDir = path.resolve(jlab.themeDir || outputDir);
// ensureAssets puts themes in the themes subdirectory
fs.emptyDirSync(path.join(themeDir, 'themes'));
// Configuration to handle extension assets
const extensionAssetConfig = Build.ensureAssets({
packageNames: jlab.extensions,
output: buildDir,
schemaOutput: schemaDir,
themeOutput: themeDir
});
// Create the entry point and other assets in build directory.
const template = Handlebars.compile(
fs.readFileSync('index.template.js').toString()
);
fs.writeFileSync(
path.join(buildDir, 'index.js'),
template({ extensions, mimeExtensions })
);
// Create the bootstrap file that loads federated extensions and calls the
// initialization logic in index.js
const entryPoint = path.join(buildDir, 'bootstrap.js');
fs.copySync('./bootstrap.js', entryPoint);
/**
* Create the webpack ``shared`` configuration
*/
function createShared(packageData) {
// Set up module federation sharing config
const shared = {};
const extensionPackages = packageData.jupyterlab.extensions;
// Make sure any resolutions are shared
for (let [pkg, requiredVersion] of Object.entries(packageData.resolutions)) {
shared[pkg] = { requiredVersion };
}
// Add any extension packages that are not in resolutions (i.e., installed from npm)
for (let pkg of extensionPackages) {
if (!shared[pkg]) {
shared[pkg] = {
requiredVersion: require(`${pkg}/package.json`).version
};
}
}
// Add dependencies and sharedPackage config from extension packages if they
// are not already in the shared config. This means that if there is a
// conflict, the resolutions package version is the one that is shared.
const extraShared = [];
for (let pkg of extensionPackages) {
let pkgShared = {};
let {
dependencies = {},
jupyterlab: { sharedPackages = {} } = {}
} = require(`${pkg}/package.json`);
for (let [dep, requiredVersion] of Object.entries(dependencies)) {
if (!shared[dep]) {
pkgShared[dep] = { requiredVersion };
}
}
// Overwrite automatic dependency sharing with custom sharing config
for (let [dep, config] of Object.entries(sharedPackages)) {
if (config === false) {
delete pkgShared[dep];
} else {
if ('bundled' in config) {
config.import = config.bundled;
delete config.bundled;
}
pkgShared[dep] = config;
}
}
extraShared.push(pkgShared);
}
// Now merge the extra shared config
const mergedShare = {};
for (let sharedConfig of extraShared) {
for (let [pkg, config] of Object.entries(sharedConfig)) {
// Do not override the basic share config from resolutions
if (shared[pkg]) {
continue;
}
// Add if we haven't seen the config before
if (!mergedShare[pkg]) {
mergedShare[pkg] = config;
continue;
}
// Choose between the existing config and this new config. We do not try
// to merge configs, which may yield a config no one wants
let oldConfig = mergedShare[pkg];
// if the old one has import: false, use the new one
if (oldConfig.import === false) {
mergedShare[pkg] = config;
}
}
}
Object.assign(shared, mergedShare);
// Transform any file:// requiredVersion to the version number from the
// imported package. This assumes (for simplicity) that the version we get
// importing was installed from the file.
for (let [pkg, { requiredVersion }] of Object.entries(shared)) {
if (requiredVersion && requiredVersion.startsWith('file:')) {
shared[pkg].requiredVersion = require(`${pkg}/package.json`).version;
}
}
// Add singleton package information
for (let pkg of packageData.jupyterlab.singletonPackages) {
shared[pkg].singleton = true;
}
return shared;
}
const plugins = [
new ModuleFederationPlugin({
library: {
type: 'var',
name: ['_JUPYTERLAB', 'CORE_LIBRARY_FEDERATION']
},
name: 'CORE_FEDERATION',
shared: createShared(packageData)
})
];
module.exports = [
merge(baseConfig, {
mode: 'development',
devtool: 'source-map',
entry: ['./publicpath.js', entryPoint],
output: {
path: path.resolve(outputDir),
library: {
type: 'var',
name: ['_JUPYTERLAB', 'CORE_OUTPUT']
},
filename: 'bundle.js'
},
optimization: {
splitChunks: {
chunks: 'all',
cacheGroups: {
jlab_core: {
test: /[\\/](node_modules[\\/]@(jupyterlab|lumino)|packages)[\\/]/,
name: 'jlab_core'
}
}
}
},
plugins
})
].concat(extensionAssetConfig);
// For debugging, write the config out
fs.writeFileSync(
path.join(buildDir, 'webpack.config-log.json'),
JSON.stringify(module.exports, null, ' ')
);
``` |
This article lists events that occurred during 1961 in Estonia.
Incumbents
Events
1 December – Tallinn Botanic Garden was established.
Construction of Õismäe (subdivision of Tallinn) starts. Construction is ended 1973.
Births
22 April - Alo Mattiisen, composer
2 October - Jaan Toomik, video artist, painter, and filmmaker
Deaths
14 January - Herman Aav, head of Finnish Orthodox Church
4 April - Harald Riipalu, commander in the German Wehrmacht and the Waffen-SS during World War II
20 April - Ado Vabbe, painter
14 September - Ernst Gustav Kühnert, architect and art historian
References
1960s in Estonia
Estonia
Estonia
Years of the 20th century in Estonia |
Krasnogorodsky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-four in Pskov Oblast, Russia. It is located in the west of the oblast and borders with Ostrovsky District in the north, Pushkinogorsky District in the northeast, Opochetsky District in the southeast, Sebezhsky District in the south, Cibla and Kārsava municipalities of Latvia in the southwest, and with Pytalovsky District in the west. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the urban locality (a work settlement) of Krasnogorodsk. Population: 9,800 (2002 Census); The population of Krasnogorodsk accounts for 52.8% of the district's total population.
Geography
The district lies in the basin of the Velikaya River and thus of the Narva River. The most significant rivers in the district are the Sinyaya and the Lzha, both originating in Latvia. The Sinyaya, a tributary of the Velikaya, crosses the district from south to north. In particular, the settlement of Krasnogorodsk is located on the banks of the Sinyaya. The Lzha, a tributary of the Utroya, forms a stretch of the state border between Russia and Latvia and proceeds to form the border between Krasnogorodsky and Pytalovsky Districts. A number of lakes are located in the district. The biggest ones are Lakes Velye (shared with Ostrovsky District), Pitel (shared with Latvia), and Vysokoye.
Over half of the district's territory is occupied by forests.
History
In the medieval times, the area belonged to Pskov. Krasnogorodsk was founded in 1464 as Krasny Gorodets and was a fortress protecting Pskov from the southwest—one of the directions the Livonian Order was likely to advance from. In the beginning of the 15th century, together with Pskov, the area was annexed by the Grand Duchy of Moscow. In 1581, Krasny Gorodets was conquered by the Polish Army and burned down. In 1607, it was again conquered by Lithuanians. In 1634, peace between Russia and Poland was concluded, and the area was transferred to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. It was returned to Russia under one of the provisions of the Truce of Andrusovo in 1667.
In the course of the administrative reform carried out in 1708 by Peter the Great, the area was included into Ingermanland Governorate (known since 1710 as Saint Petersburg Governorate). In 1727, separate Novgorod Governorate was split off, and in 1772, Pskov Governorate (which between 1777 and 1796 existed as Pskov Viceroyalty) was established. The area was a part of Opochetsky Uyezd of Pskov Governorate.
On August 1, 1927, the uyezds were abolished, and Krasnogorodsky District was established, with the administrative center in the settlement of Krasnogorodskoye (currently Krasnogorodsk). It included parts of former Opochetsky Uyezd. The governorates were abolished as well, and the district became a part of Pskov Okrug of Leningrad Oblast. On July 23, 1930, the okrugs were also abolished, and the districts were directly subordinated to the oblast. On January 1, 1932, the district was abolished and split between Pushkinsky, Ostrovsky, and Opochetsky Districts. On March 5, 1935, the district was re-established from parts of the territories of Pushkinsky and Opochetsky Districts. Between May 11, 1935 and February 5, 1941, Krasnogorodsky District was a part of Opochka Okrug of Leningrad Oblast, one of the okrugs abutting the state boundaries of the Soviet Union. Between 1941 and 1944, the district was occupied by German troops. On August 22, 1944, the district was transferred to newly established Velikiye Luki Oblast. On October 2, 1957, the oblast was abolished and Krasnogorodsky District was transferred to Pskov Oblast. On February 1, 1963, the district was abolished and merged into Opochetsky District; on December 30, 1966 it was re-established. In 1967, Krasnogorodskoye was granted urban-type settlement status, and in 1995 it was renamed Krasnogorodsk.
Restricted access
The part of the district along the state border is included into a border security zone, intended to protect the borders of Russia from unwanted activity. In order to visit the zone, a permit issued by the local Federal Security Service department is required.
Economy
Industry
The industry in the district is represented by food and textile production.
Transportation
Krasnogorodsk is connected by roads with Opochka and with Kārsava in Latvia, and has access to the European route E262, running from Ostrov to Kaunas via Rēzekne and Daugavpils. The stretch between Ostrov and Latvian border has been a toll road since 2002. There are also local roads.
Culture and recreation
The district contains one cultural heritage monument of federal significance and additionally thirty objects classified as cultural and historical heritage of local significance. The federally protected monument is an archeological site.
References
Notes
Sources
Districts of Pskov Oblast
States and territories established in 1927
States and territories disestablished in 1932
States and territories established in 1935
States and territories disestablished in 1963
States and territories established in 1966 |
Lauenburg and Bütow Land ( or , , ) formed a historical region in the western part of Pomerelia (Polish and papal historiography) or in the eastern part of Farther Pomerania (German historiography). It was composed of two districts centered on the towns of Lauenburg (Lębork) and Bütow (Bytów). The land is today part of the Polish Pomeranian Voivodeship.
History
Polish Pomerelia
In the 12th and 13th centuries the area east of the Łeba river was on the western periphery of the Pomerelian duchies, ruled by the Samborides dynasty as vassals of the Polish Crown as distinct to the neighbouring Duchy of Pomerania, which in 1181 had become an Imperial State. After the Danish defeat at the 1227 Battle of Bornhöved, the Pomerelian duke Swietopelk II at Gdańsk acquired the adjacent Lands of Schlawe and Stolp, formerly a possession of the Pomeranian dukes, and declared himself an independent dux Pomeranorum in his enlarged territory (Pomorze Gdańskie). However, the line of the Samborides became extinct upon the death of Swietopelk's son Mestwin II in 1294, and after the Treaty of Kępno, the territory became part of Poland, under King Przemysław II. The Margraviate of Brandenburg also sought to control the area and in the following armed conflict, the Polish duke Władysław I the Elbow-high called for the support of the Teutonic Knights.
Seizure by the State of Teutonic Order
After expelling the Brandenburgians from Gdańsk, the Knights massacred the local population and took over Gdańsk and adjacent areas in 1308. Disregarding the Polish claims and subsequent papal rulings, the Order's State concluded the Treaty of Soldin with Brandenburg in the following year, where the Knights claimed all Pomerelian lands - including Lauenburg and Bütow - while the adjacent Lands of Schlawe and Stolp fell to the Ascanian margraves and were again acquired by the Duchy of Pomerania in 1316 (later Pomerania-Stolp). The Griffin dukes in 1317 also acquired the Bütow area, which was yet again sold to the Knights in 1329.
After paying off the Brandenburg margraves, the Teutonic knights integrated the Pomerelian lands into their monastic state, with the Lauenburg and Bütow Landmarking its western border with the Pomeranian duchy. The knights invited German settlers (see Ostsiedlung) and granted the towns of Lauenburg and Bütow Kulm law in 1341 and 1346 respectively. Lauenburg as well as Leba joined the 1454 uprising of the Prussian Confederation, which sparked the Thirteen Years' War between the Kingdom of Poland and the Order's State.
Polish fief held by dukes of Pomerania
In 1455 Poland promised the Lauenburg and Bütow Land to Duke Eric II of Pomerania in return for his support, yet the towns were still held by the Knights' troops. When the Order's defeat and 1466 Second Peace of Thorn ended the war, those troops were paid off and King Casimir IV Jagiellon of Poland again granted the towns to the Griffins, though it was disputed whether as his trustees or in pawn, while the rest of Pomerelia became part of Royal Prussia. The dispute was ended in 1526 when King Sigismund I the Old entrusted the area as a fief ("libere a servitio et a iuramento") to Duke Georg I of Pomerania.
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
After the childless death of the last Griffin duke, Bogislaw XIV in 1637, the land again became a terra (land, ziemia) of the Polish Crown and in 1641 became part of the Pomeranian Voivodeship of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Whereas the Reformation had been enforced by the Pomeranian dukes, the Poles took action to regain the area for the Catholic Church.
Polish fief held by Brandenburg-Prussia
After the 1657 Treaty of Bydgoszcz (Bromberg) that amended the previous Treaty of Wehlau it was granted as a fief to the Hohenzollern dynasty of Brandenburg-Prussia in return for her help against Sweden in the Swedish-Polish War under the same favourable conditions the Griffins had enjoyed before. The Hohenzollern had also acquired the adjacent lands of Farther Pomerania upon the extinction of the line and since 1618 held the Duchy of Prussia in personal union.
Kingdom of Prussia
Lauenburg-Bütow was officially a Polish fiefdom until the First Partition of Poland in 1772. King Frederick II of Prussia had incorporated the territory the year before and the subsequent Treaty of Warsaw in 1773 made the former conditions obsolete. From 1772 on the area was still attached to the Pomerelian lands of part of West Prussia, but in 1777 Lauenburg and Bütow were finally integrated into the Prussian province of Farther Pomerania constituting along Draheim their only parts outside of Holy Roman Empire (thus Germany). After the Napoleonic Wars, Farther Pomerania was succeeded from 1815 onwards by the larger Province of Pomerania which became as a whole a part of the German Confederation. In 1846, the territory was partitioned into the two Landkreise Lauenburg and Bütow, both parts of the Regierungsbezirk of Köslin.
Free State of Prussia
While much of the Pomerelian lands annexed by Prussia returned to the Second Polish Republic after World War I according to the 1919 Treaty of Versailles, Lauenburg and Bütow remained with the Prussian province of Pomerania until 1945.
Poland
Since the Potsdam Agreement after World War II, the region has been a part of Poland.
Sources
Footnotes
History of Pomerania
Ziemias
Fiefdoms of Poland |
Goodenia pumilio is a species of flowering plant in the family Goodeniaceae and is native to northern Australia and New Guinea. It is a prostrate, stolon-forming herb with egg-shaped to lance-shaped leaves in rosettes, and racemes of small, dark reddish-purple flowers.
Description
Goodenia pumilio is a prostrate, stolon-forming herb with stems up to with scattered, star-shaped hairs. The leaves are egg-shaped to lance-shaped with the narrower end towards the base, arranged in rosettes at the base of the plant and on the stolons, long and wide. The flowers are arranged in racemes up to long, sometimes singly in leaf axils, with leaf-like bracts long. Each flower is on a pedicel long with lance-shaped sepals up to long. The petals are dark reddish purple, long, the lower lobes of the corolla long and lacking wings. Flowering mainly occurs from April to July and the fruit is an oval capsule about long.
Taxonomy and naming
Goodenia pumilio was first formally described in 1810 by Robert Brown in his Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen. The specific epithet (pumilio) means "dwarf".
Distribution and habitat
This goodenia grows in marshes and swamps in the Kimberley region of Western Australia, northern parts of the Northern Territory and Queensland and in New Guinea.
References
pumilio
Eudicots of Western Australia
Flora of Queensland
Flora of the Northern Territory
Flora of New Guinea
Plants described in 1810
Taxa named by Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773) |
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