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The Wiegand interface is a de facto wiring standard which arose from the popularity of Wiegand effect card readers in the 1980s. It is commonly used to connect a card swipe mechanism to the rest of an access control system. The sensor in such a system is often a "Wiegand wire", based on the Wiegand effect, discovered by John R. Wiegand. A Wiegand-compatible reader is normally connected to a Wiegand-compatible security panel.
Physical layer
The Wiegand interface uses three wires, one of which is a common ground and two of which are data transmission wires usually called DATA0 and DATA1, alternatively labeled "D0" and "D1" or "Data Low" and "Data High". When no data is being sent, both DATA0 and DATA1 are pulled up to the "high" voltage level — usually +5 VDC. When a 0 is sent the DATA0 wire is pulled to a low voltage while the DATA1 wire stays at a high voltage. When a 1 is sent the DATA1 wire is pulled to a low voltage while DATA0 stays at a high voltage.
The high signaling level of 5 VDC is used to accommodate long cable runs from card readers to the associated access control panel, typically located in a secure closet. Most card reader manufacturers publish a maximum cable run of . An advantage of the Wiegand signalling format is that it allows very long cable runs, far longer than other interface standards of its day allowed.
Protocol
The communications protocol used on a Wiegand interface is known as the Wiegand protocol. The original Wiegand format had one parity bit, 8 bits of facility code, 16 bits of ID code, and a trailing parity bit for a total of 26 bits. The first parity bit is calculated from the first 12 bits of the code and the trailing parity bit from the last 12 bits. However, many inconsistent implementations and extensions to the basic format exist.
Many access control system manufacturers adopted Wiegand technology, but were unhappy with the limitations of only 8 bits for site codes (0-255) and 16 bits for card numbers (0-65535), so they designed their own formats with varying complexity of field numbers and lengths and parity checking.
The physical size limitations of the card dictated that a maximum of 37 Wiegand wire filaments could be placed in a standard credit card, as dictated by CR80 or ISO/IEC 7810 standards, before misreads would affect reliability. Therefore, most Wiegand formats used in physical access control are less than 37 bits in length.
See also
Wiegand keycards (Wiegand effect)
Access badge
Access control
Keycard lock
Common Access Card
Credential
Identity document
Magnetic stripe card
Photo identification
Security (physical, engineering)
Proximity card
Security
Smart card
References
External links
Open Security Research - Hacking the Wiegand Serial Protocol
SIA Standard, AC-01-1996.10 - Access Control - Wiegand
LayerOne 2007 - Zac Franken - Wiegand Hacked (Video on Youtube)
US Patent, System and Method of Extending Communications With the Wiegand Protocol
US Patent, Device Authentication Using a Unidirectional Protocol
US Patent, Secure Wiegand Communications
Contactless smart cards
Data transmission |
"Broken Dreams, Inc" is a song by American punk rock band Rise Against. It was released on September 16, 2020 as the lead single for the soundtrack of the DC Comics series Dark Nights: Death Metal, and eventually became the first single for the band's ninth studio album, Nowhere Generation.
Background
"Broken Dreams, Inc" was written about opportunity inequalities amongst Americans, and putting power back into the hands of the citizens instead of corporations. Rise Against frontman, Tim Mcllrath, detailed the song's meaning more in a press statement:"'Broken Dreams, Inc.' speaks to today's changing landscape of American society, the opportunities that are available to some but not to others, the people who are able to benefit versus those who get left behind, who suffer and end up as casualties. How do we level the playing field so everyone can have a real chance at attaining the American Dream? One word, 'disruption.' You have to put power into the hands of the people, not business, you have to value people and community over profit. You can't have a shareholder-run country or a shareholder-run world, a world that values profit above all else, because profit above all else can result in dangerous repercussions for humankind." - Tim Mcllrath
Release and reception
Both Mcllrath and lead guitarist Zach Blair grew up being big fans of DC Comics, with Batman being one of their personal favorites, so the band were incredibly excited to be able to collaborate on the Dark Nights: Death Metal series. In promotion with the series, the song was released on September 16, 2020 as the lead single for the series soundtrack, while Mcllrath also went on to voice Lobo in the Sonic Metalverse video series.
"Broken Dreams, Inc" was met with positive feedback upon release, with Kerrang! calling the song "brilliant." Marcie Bennett of American Songwriter briefly discussed the band's reputation for social awareness before stating that the song "holds all of these ideas and is drawn out even more so with the heroic/villain elements that illuminate the song's themes."
Music video
A music video was released alongside the song, which features art drawn by DC Comics artist Greg Capullo. The video is primarily composed of art from the comic series, and features notable DC characters such as, but not limited to, Batman, Wonder Woman, Harley Quinn, The Joker, Superman, Aquaman, The Flash, Darkseid, and Green Lantern. During the video, monologues can be heard from the various characters relating to the series.
Personnel
Rise Against
Tim McIlrath – lead vocals, rhythm guitar
Zach Blair – lead guitar, backing vocals
Joe Principe – bass guitar, backing vocals
Brandon Barnes – drums, percussion
Production
Bill Stevenson – production, engineer
Jason Livermore – production, engineer, mixing
Andrew Berlin – production, engineer
Chris Beeble – production, engineer
Ted Jensen – mastering
Jonathan Luginbill - engineer
Additional musicians
Chad Price - backing vocals
References
2020 singles
2020 songs
American punk rock songs
Rise Against songs
Songs written by Tim McIlrath |
Miryam Veruzhka Tristán Mancilla (born 19 April 1985) is a Peruvian footballer who plays as a left winger for Alianza Lima and the Peru women's national team.
International career
Tristán represented Peru at the 2004 South American U-19 Women's Championship. At senior level, she played three Copa América Femenina editions (2003, 2006 and 2010) and the 2019 Pan American Games.
International goals
Scores and results list Peru's goal tally first
References
External links
1985 births
Living people
Women's association football wingers
Peruvian women's footballers
Footballers from Lima
Peru women's international footballers
Pan American Games competitors for Peru
Footballers at the 2019 Pan American Games
JC Sport Girls players
Deportivo Municipal footballers
Peruvian expatriate women's footballers
Expatriate women's footballers in Panama
Peruvian women's futsal players
Peruvian expatriates in Panama |
Coline Serreau (born 29 October 1947) is a French actress, film director and writer.
Early life and education
She was born in Paris, the daughter of theatre director Jean-Marie Serreau and actress Geneviève Serreau. In Paris, Serreau studied literature, music and theatre as well as the circus.
Career
In 1970, she made her debut as an actress at the Théâtre du Vieux-Colombier.
Serreau wrote her first screenplay in 1973.
Her first film, the documentary film Mais qu'est-ce qu'elles veulent? (1978), literally: But What Is It That They Want?, was a compilation of interviews with women from various backgrounds. The frankness of the statements shocked parts of the public.
Her biggest commercial success was the comedy film Three Men and a Cradle (Trois hommes et un couffin; 1985), for which she received three César Awards in 1986. It was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film.
In 1986, her first drama for the stage Lapin Lapin (Rabbit Rabbit), directed by Benno Besson, had its world premiere. She collaborated with Besson for several years and he also staged Le théâtre de verdure (1987) and Quisaitout et Grobêta (1993).
Filmography
Awards and nominations
See also
List of female film and television directors
List of LGBT-related films directed by women
References
Further reading
Colville, G. (1993). "On Coline Serreau's Mais qu'est ce qu'elles veulent? and the Problematics of Feminist Documentary". French Cinema. Nottingham French Studies. Vol. 32. No.1. pp. 84–89.
External links
1947 births
Living people
20th-century French actresses
20th-century French non-fiction writers
20th-century French women writers
21st-century French actresses
21st-century French non-fiction writers
21st-century French women writers
Actresses from Paris
César Award winners
French documentary filmmakers
French film actresses
French stage actresses
French women dramatists and playwrights
French women screenwriters
French screenwriters
Writers from Paris
Recipients of the Legion of Honour
French women film directors
Women documentary filmmakers |
Maksym Oleksandrovych Vasylyev (; born 14 April 1990) is a Ukrainian cyclist, who rode for UCI Continental team from 2021 until 2022. He competed in the team pursuit at the 2014 UCI Track Cycling World Championships.
Major results
2010
8th Mayor Cup
10th Overall Tour of Szeklerland
2011
1st Stage 2 Sibiu Cycling Tour
4th Overall Grand Prix of Sochi
2012
2nd Road race, National Road Championships
7th Jurmala Grand Prix
8th Overall Tour of Romania
1st Stage 3
10th Overall Tour d'Azerbaïdjan
1st Points classification
2013
6th Central European Tour Budapest GP
10th Central European Tour Košice–Miskolc
2014
1st Stage 6 Grand Prix of Sochi
7th Grand Prix of Moscow
8th Central European Tour Szerencs–Ibrány
10th Central European Tour Budapest GP
2015
3rd Grand Prix of ISD
4th Memorial Grundmanna I Wizowskiego
5th Race Horizon Park Classic
6th Korona Kocich Gór
2016
6th Overall Baltic Chain Tour
6th Belgrade–Banja Luka II
6th Grand Prix Minsk
8th Overall Tour of China I
9th Memoriał Romana Siemińskiego
9th Minsk Cup
2018
3rd Road race, National Road Championships
5th Race Horizon Park Classic
6th Race Horizon Park Maidan
9th Overall Tour of Cartier
9th Visegrad 4 Bicycle Race – GP Poland
References
External links
1990 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Kyiv Oblast
Ukrainian track cyclists
Ukrainian male cyclists |
The Bermuda Railway was a common carrier line that operated in Bermuda for a brief period (October 31, 1931 – May 1, 1948). In its 17 years of existence, the railway provided frequent passenger and freight service over its length spanning most of the archipelago from St. George's in the east to Somerset, Sandys Parish, in the west.
Construction and maintenance proved to be exceedingly costly, as the Bermuda Railway was built along a coastal route to minimize the amount of land acquisition needed for the right-of-way. In so doing, however, extensive trestles and bridgework were necessary. More than 10 percent of the line was elevated on 33 separate structures of timber or steel construction spanning the ocean. In addition, the proximity to the ocean made rot and corrosion a significant problem. This, along with the introduction of private automobiles to the island after World War II, would ultimately doom the line.
Construction
The Bermuda Railway was a single-track, standard-gauge line with 14 passing sidings. Construction began in 1926, two years after the Bermuda government granted a 40-year charter to the Bermuda Railway Company, but was not completed until 1931. The initial cost of construction and rolling stock purchase was about B$40 million (adjusted for inflation to dollars as of 2008), a staggering sum for such a short line with limited revenue potential. It was said to be one of the most expensive rail lines built, at a cost-per-mile of B$2 million.
Operation and equipment
Rolling stock consisted of gasoline-powered passenger coaches built by Drewry Car Co. in England in 1929–1931, including eight self-propelled coaches powered by petrol engines and six first-class cars.
The new venture also acquired a few freight cars and, during World War II, two diesel locomotives imported from the United States. Two classes of passenger accommodations were offered: first-class or "Pullman", with individual wicker chairs, and standard coaches, called "toast racks" because of their walkover seats (that is, the seat backs can be moved across the seat to face either direction of travel).
Regular passenger service began between Hamilton and Somerset on October 31, 1931, operating from 6 a.m. to midnight at one- to two-hour intervals, depending on the time of day. Operations began between Hamilton and St George on December 19, 1931. Bermuda Railway trains were widely used in the 1930s by commuters, schoolchildren, and shoppers, as private automobiles were not allowed in Bermuda until 1946. Tourists in particular enjoyed the spectacularly scenic ride alongside the ocean's edge and through Bermuda's flower-covered hills. Special sightseeing excursions were run for cruise ship passengers.
Following heavy usage by U.S. and British armed forces during World War II resulting from the influx of military personnel and the build-up of naval and air force facilities in Bermuda, the railway's fortunes rapidly declined after war's end. The large number of wooden trestles were found to have deteriorated significantly. Meanwhile, passenger volume fell by more than half between 1946 and 1947 on the "Rattle and Shake", as the line came to be known, due to patrons switching to automobile travel.
The cost of infrastructure rehabilitation, combined with falling passenger levels and ever-increasing deficits, led the government to conclude that the Bermuda Railway should be abandoned in favour of bus service. After 17 years of operation, the last train ran on May 1, 1948. The rolling stock was later shipped to British Guiana (now Guyana), where they continued to run for several more years in the 1950s.
Legacy
In 1984, of the defunct rail line's right-of-way were dedicated as the Bermuda Railway Trail for hiking and, on some paved portions, biking. The Bermuda Tourism Department publishes a pamphlet describing the Trail's highlights, which Frommer's travel guide calls one of its "Favorite Bermuda Experiences", extolling its "panoramic seascapes, exotic flora and fauna, and soothing sounds of the island's bird life".
A small Bermuda Railway museum operated in the old Aquarium Railway Station, just east of Flatts Village. The museum closed shortly before the death of the owner in 2011.
In 2015, The Railway Magazine reported that two of the former Bermuda Railway freight cars still existed in Georgetown, Guyana, prompting calls for their possible restoration and future exhibit in Bermuda.
See also
Transport in Bermuda
References
Notes
Bibliography
External links
Bermuda Railway — Bermuda Online, history and photographs
Bermuda Railway Pages, history and photographs
Bermuda Dept. of Tourism (Railway Trail page)
Rail trails
Hiking trails in Bermuda
Standard gauge railways in Bermuda
Bermuda in World War II
Railway lines opened in 1931
Railway lines closed in 1948 |
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Herbel
| native_name = حربل
| native_name_lang = ar
| type = Village
| pushpin_map = Syria
| pushpin_label_position = bottom
| pushpin_mapsize = 250
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Herbel in Syria
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name =
| subdivision_type1 = Governorate
| subdivision_name1 = Aleppo
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = Azaz
| subdivision_type3 = Subdistrict
| subdivision_name3 = Mare'
| elevation_m =
| population = 3403
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_as_of = 2004
| population_footnotes = {{#tag:ref|{{cite web |title=2004 Census Data for ''Nahiya Mare|url=http://www.cbssyr.sy/new%20web%20site/General_census/census_2004/NH/TAB02-25-2004.htm |publisher=Syrian Central Bureau of Statistics |language=ar }} Also available in English: |name=census2004}}
| timezone = EET
| utc_offset = +2
| timezone_DST = EEST
| utc_offset_DST = +3
| geocode = C1631
| website =
}}Herbel (, also spelled Herbil and Harbul''') is a village in northern Aleppo Governorate, northwestern Syria. With a population of 3,403 as per the 2004 census. Administratively, it is part of the Nahiya Mare' in A'zaz District. Nearby localities include Tell Rifaat to the northwest, Mare' to the northeast, Maarat Umm Hawsh to the southeast and Ihras to the southwest.
Syrian Civil War
On 11 June 2023, a Russian soldier was killed and 4 others were injured by Turkish shelling on their military vehicle near the village. This came after a day after a Turkish drone strike killed 3 YPG fighters on the same frontline.
References
Villages in Aleppo Governorate
Populated places in Azaz District |
Sophronica albopunctata is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1949.
References
Sophronica
Beetles described in 1949 |
Eupithecia mentita is a moth in the family Geometridae first described by András Mátyás Vojnits in 1984. It is found in China.
References
Moths described in 1984
mentita
Moths of Asia |
Central Valley High School is a public high school in Center Township, Beaver County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is the only high school in the Central Valley School District (Pennsylvania). Athletic teams compete as the Central Valley Warriors in the Western Pennsylvania Interscholastic Athletic League.
The High school resulted from the 2010 merger of Center High School and Monaca High School.
Notable alumni
Robert Foster, footballer
Jordan Whitehead, footballer
Notes and references
External links
District Website
Public high schools in Pennsylvania
Schools in Beaver County, Pennsylvania
Education in the Pittsburgh metropolitan area |
The Writer's House of Georgia is a mansion in Tbilisi dedicated to the promotion of literature and a focal point of Georgian literature. The mansion was built by David Sarajishvili, an entrepreneur, between 1903-1905. The architect of the building was Karl Zaar, and the building combines art noveau with neobaroque style elements. The terrace mosaic is made from tiles by Villeroy and Boch. It is located in Sololaki, on Ivane Machabeli Street 13.
The Writer's House was a location in which major figures of Georgian literature, such as the Blue Horns group, met in the early 1920s. Paolo Iashvili committed suicide at the Writer's House on July 22, 1937. As an article in the Financial Times put it, the Writer's House "has been the centrepiece of Georgian literary society for over a century, its triumphs and tragedies tracing the political contours of the country’s history."
From 2008 onward, the building was re-dedicated to literature, and now serves as a hub for major literary and cultural events.
In 2017, the Writer's House launched a residency program. On the 100 year anniversary of the Soviet occupation, in 2021, with support of "Tbilisi - UNESCO World Book Capital 2021", the Museum of Repressed Writers was opened at the Writer’s House. This exhibit, covering two rooms and with multimedia elements, has been designed by Mariam Natroshvili and Detu Jincharadze, also with documents from the SovLab Research Laboratory.
The Writer's House founding director was Natasha Lomouri, who was appointed in 2011 and led the institution until August 2023. In August 2023, Ketevan Dumbadze, a member of parliament for the ruling Georgian Dream party, was appointed as the new director of the institution. A number of Georgian writers have protested against this appointment, and demanded a consultative process that involves writers and people from the publishing sector.
In summer months, the Writer's House also houses a restaurant in its garden.
The goals of the Writer's House are the popularization of Georgian literature, the growth of creative translation, support for various literary processes, the establishment of literary competitions and awards, active engagement with foreign governmental and non-governmental structures, and the publication of literary journals. The Writers' House focuses its operations on enhancing literary-cultural activities, locally and internationally, as well as public outreach and education.
References
External links
Web-page of the Writer's House
Facebook Page on which the events are announced
Tbilisi Literature Festival, organized by the Writer's House of Georgia.
Buildings and structures in Tbilisi
Museums in Tbilisi
Literature of Georgia (country)
Literary museums in Georgia (country)
Literary archives |
Highfield is a small village or hamlet in North Ayrshire, Parish of Dalry, Scotland. It is situated between the settlements of Barkip and Dalry on the A737 at a junction with the B777. It lies in the lands of the old Barony of Kersland, the ruins of Kersland Castle and East Kersland Mill being situated nearby at East Kersland.
History
A William Stewart of Hiefield is recorded in 1649.
Highfield is a hamlet of around twenty-five households at a crossroads on the old Beith to Dalry A737 turnpike, about half a mile from Dalry. A pub was once located here known as the Highfield Inn with a shop attached. A part of the settlement on the B777 road to Kilwinning is known as the 'Creepies' or 'Little Acre.' Creepie is a Scots work for the hedge sparrow. The village had some miner's cottages at the 'Creepies', long since demolished.
Southfield, once the name of the whole settlement of 374 inhabitants in the 19th century, is now the area of the settlement to the north of the A737, with a lodging house a surviving building that was a wash-house for the residents. A lane, later reduced to a footpath, ran from the crossroads to the old Kersland pit. Pasturehill Farm no longer exists, however Pasturehill Cottages are present on the A737.
Cartographic evidence
In 1747 the settlement of Hie Field (sic) is marked on Roy's map. In 1775 a substantial property, Highfield, is shown on Armstrong's map. Thomson's map of 1832 shows Highfield and the dwelling of Pasturehill Farm is shown off the old road; the new turnpike is now present. The 1890 OS map refers to the settlement 'Southfield'.
Industry and businesses
Coalheughglen lies nearby on the road to Dalry, a limekiln and associated quarry lay above Highfield Farm, as did the small Kersland Colliery and coal pits. An air vent is shown in the field near Coalheughglen Farm. In 1857 the OS maps show the presence of a weighing machine near Southfield and a freestone quarry was located near Littleacre.
The Highfield Inn, now a private house, stood near the lane down to Littleacre and had a small shop that also sold 'Spirits and Ales'. An old photograph shows that Highfield Garage, now demolished with new housing on the site, stood on the Beith side of the road and sold Cleveland petrol with three pumps, a workshop, etc.
References
Notes
Sources
Dalry History Group (1985). Dalry Remembered. .
McMichael, George. Notes on the Way. Ayr : Hugh Henry.
External links
Video and commentary on Highfield Hamlet
Video and commentary on the industry and commerce of Highfield
Video and commentary on excavations at the Highfield Lime Kiln.
History of North Ayrshire
Demolished buildings and structures in Scotland
Villages in North Ayrshire |
Club Sportivo Barracas is an Argentine sports club from Buenos Aires. The institution was born as a rowing club, nevertheless it is mostly known for its football activities nowadays. The team currently plays in Primera D Metropolitana, the fifth division of the Argentine football league system. The club has also a women's football section.
Apart from football, Sportivo Barracas also hosts the practice of futsal, artistic roller skating, and other disciplines.
History
The club was founded on October 30, 1913, in its headquarters still located in the barrio of Barracas in Buenos Aires, as "Club Sportivo Barracas", after Riachuelo F.C. merged to it. The club bought the Riachuelo F.C. facilities on Iriarte and Santa Elena streets to play football there. Riachuelo had played its only season in Primera División in 1913, being relegated to División Intermedia after finishing last. Sportivo Barracas took its place in the division.
As Sportivo Barracas won the Intermedia championship in 1916, it promoted to Primera División. The team made its debut in the Argentine Primera División in 1917, finishing 5th. The team played in Primera until the league became professional in 1931.
Sportivo became one of the clubs to make the decision of staying amateur so it remained at the official body, Argentine Association. This decision paid dividends because the following year Sportivo Barracas won the 1932 championship. It remained unaffiliated to Argentine Football Association from 1936 to 1967, never regaining its amateur notability since its return.
Following an influx of external financial support, the club moved to play its football matches to Bolivar, Buenos Aires Province, in 2003, changing its name to "Club Sportivo Barracas Bolívar", as well as the shirt colors and crest. However, all other activities of the club remained in Buenos Aires.
In 2010, the club left the city of Bolívar, playing its home games at Acassuso stadium of San Isidro, Buenos Aires. Sportivo Barracas has a major rivalry with Barracas Central, the other team in the Barracas neighbourhood.
In March 2011, the club put the image of former President of Argentina Néstor Kirchner on the jersey as a tribute to him. In May 2012, Sportivo Barracas was disaffiliated for one season after finishing last in the Primera D championship. The vacant place was filled by Puerto Nuevo which returned to the division.
In 2015, Sportivo Barracas won the Primera D championship, promoting to the upper level.
Stadium
In 1919 the club began works to build its own stadium, Estadio Sportivo Barracas on the land next to former Riachuelo F.C. The first official match played at Sportivo Barracas was the 1919 Tie Cup Final, when Boca Juniors beat Uruguayan team Nacional 2–0. Nevertheless, the stadium was officially inaugurated on July 14, 1920, a friendly game between Rosarian teams Newell's Old Boys and Tiro Federal, won by Newell's 1–0. The Argentina national team played its first game there on July 25, 1920, a Copa Newton match v Uruguay attended by 18,000 people.
In the 1920s and 1930s the Sportivo Barracas stadium was one of the most important stadiums in Argentina. It held 30,000 spectators and was used as a venue for the South American Championship 1921 and South American Championship 1925.
An important anecdotic fact related to the stadium took place on the match between Argentina and Uruguay, on October 2, 1924. In June of that year, Uruguay had attained the Olympic football crown at Paris, which at that moment was a kind of unofficial world title, since the World Cup was not be played until 1930. The rivalry between Argentina and Uruguay was already an important one, so the match generated much expectancy. After the Uruguayan title, two matches were to be played between Uruguay and Argentina. The first one was in Montevideo and finished 1–1. The second one in Buenos Aires was to be played on September 28, but there were so many people at the stadium that day that the field itself was occupied by supporters. The Uruguayans asked for the suspension of the match and a perimeter to separate people from players on the next encounter, which was finally played on October 2, 1924.
That day, before playing the match, the Uruguayans celebrated their Olympic title by circumvallating the field, something described then as la vuelta de los olímpicos (the round of the Olympic ones), lately just vuelta olímpica (Olympic round). Argentina won that match 2–1 (Onzari 1–0 at 15’, Cea 1–1 at 29’, and Tarasconi 2–1 at 53’), but it was Onzari's goal which was to be remembered, because it was converted directly from a corner kick. The International Board had specifically modified the football rules on this point on June 14, 1924, allowing goals to be scored like that. Since then, a goal like Onzari's is referred as a Gol olímpico or Olympic goal in almost all Latin America, and even some parts of Europe. It is the first time that an Olympic goal is called that way, as well as its the debut of the expression vuelta olímpica in Latin America. Onzari was at that moment playing for Huracán.
The field was also used in 1925 for the first boxing fight in open space of Luis Ángel Firpo. From 2003 to 2010 the club played its home games at the Estadio Municipal de Bolívar.
Honours
Primera División (1): 1932
Copa de Competencia Jockey Club (1): 1921
División Intermedia (1): 1916
Segunda División (1): 1919
Primnera D (4): 1931, 1932, 2003–04, 2015
Notes
References
External links
Football clubs in Buenos Aires
Association football clubs established in 1913
1913 establishments in Argentina |
Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine (4 February 174028 August 1793) was a French general. As a young officer in the French Royal Army, he served in the Seven Years' War. In the American Revolutionary War he joined Rochambeau's Expédition Particulière (Special Expedition) supporting the American colonists. Following the successful Virginia campaign and the Battle of Yorktown, he returned to France and rejoined his unit in the Royal Army.
When the French Revolution began he was elected to the Estates-General and served in the subsequent National Constituent Assembly as a representative from Metz. He supported some of the August Decrees, but also supported, generally, royal prerogative and the rights of the French émigrés. At the dissolution of the Assembly in 1791, he rejoined the army as a lieutenant general and the following year replaced Nicolas Luckner as commander-in-chief of the Army of the Vosges. In 1792, he successfully led campaigns in the middle and upper Rhine regions, taking Speyer and Mainz and breaching the Wissembourg lines. Following Charles François Dumouriez's apparent treason, the Committee of Public Safety investigated Custine, but a vigorous defense mounted by Maximillien Robespierre resulted in his acquittal.
Upon return to active command, he found the army had lost most of its officer corps and experienced troops, and in 1793, following a series of reversals in the spring, the French lost control of much of the territory they had acquired the year before. Ordered to take command of the Army of the North, Custine sought first to solidify French control of the important crossings of the Rhine by Mainz. However, when he failed to relieve the besieged fortress of Condé the following year, he was recalled to Paris. After Condé, Mainz and Speyer had all been lost, he was arrested. He was prosecuted in a lengthy trial before the Committee on Public Safety's Revolutionary Tribunal by Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville, and Jacques Hébert continued to attack Custine through his publication Le Père Duchesne. Custine was found guilty of treason by a majority vote of the Tribunal on 27 August, and guillotined the following day.
His son was also executed a few months later, and his daughter-in-law Delphine de Custine suffered for several months in prison before she was released in the summer of 1794. She managed to recover some of the family property and emigrated to Germany, and later Switzerland, with her son, Astolphe-Louis-Léonor, who became a well-known travel writer. The fate of the family is representative of the fates of many of the minor aristocracy in France, especially those in the military and diplomatic corps, whose reputations the Montagnards tarnished in the Reign of Terror.
Military service
Early career
Custine began his career at the age of eight, in 1748, at the end of the War of Austrian Succession in Germany under Marshal Saxe, who continued his tutelage during peace time. During the Seven Years' War (1756–63), Custine served in the French army in the German states; in 1758, he was a captain of dragoons in the Schomberg regiment. While fighting the Prussians, Custine learned to admire their modern military organization, which later influenced his own military style.
By the end of the Seven Years' War, Custine was maestre de camp. The Duc de Choiseul recognized his talent and created a regiment of dragoons for him, but Custine exchanged this for a regiment of infantry that was heading for America, where he could continue military action, acquire additional experience, and obtain promotion. His regiment, the Regiment de Saintonge (1,322 men and officers), embarked for the Thirteen Colonies in April 1780 from Brest. There, he served with distinction against the British as a colonel in the expeditionary force of Count Rochambeau in the War of American Independence. The regiment participated in the Virginia campaign of 1781 and received distinguished commendations for action at the Battle of Yorktown; Custine received individual recognition of merit and a brevet from the United States government. Rouchambeau's reports praised his honesty, zeal, courage and talents.
Custine was in charge of the French troops that opened the first parallel at Yorktown on 8 October 1781. During other Yorktown operations he acted as a second-in-command to Claude-Anne de Rouvroy de Saint Simon. At least one officer had a poor opinion of Custine. At 7:00 pm on the night of 14–15 October, French and American columns successfully stormed two British redoubts in the Yorktown defenses. A diversionary attack was carried out against the Fusilier's Redoubt at the opposite end of the line in which the French suffered 16 casualties. One of Rochambeau's aides, Baron Ludwig von Closen wrote that Custine botched this assignment by making the feint attack after the other redoubts were captured. The aide heard that Custine was late because he had imbibed too much alcohol and believed the rumor because he had seen Custine drunk. Closen asserted that Custine underwent 24-hours arrest for his blunder.
Following the surrender of the British, the Saintonge regiment wintered in Williamsburg, Virginia and departed for the Antilles in December 1782, with the rest of the expeditionary force. On his return to France, Custine was named maréchal de camp (brigadier general) and appointed governor of Toulon. He also resumed responsibilities as the proprietor of the dragoon regiment de Rouergue.
Activities during the French Revolution
In 1789, the bailliage (bailiwick) of Metz elected Custine to the Estates-General; upon his election, he resigned his military commission, judging that his responsibilities in the national assembly required his full attention. In July 1789, as the French Revolution gained momentum, he remained in the National Constituent Assembly. There, he supported the creation of a constitution espousing the principles of representative government and often voted with such liberal (constitutional) nobility as the Marquis de Lafayette. Although he supported the abolition of some seigniorial rights, he strongly defended royal prerogative and the rights of the nobility who fled during the Great Fear, especially their rights of property. He offered limited support of the nineteen decrees that abolished game-laws, seigniorial courts, the purchase and sale of posts in the magistracy, pecuniary immunities, favoritism in taxation, surplice money, first-fruits, pluralities, and unmerited pensions.
With the dissolution of the Legislative Assembly in October 1791, Custine was appointed lieutenant general to the Army of the Vosges, as the army of volunteers was known. Despite his strict discipline, he was popular with the soldiers, amongst whom he was known as "général moustache". The following year he was appointed commander-in-chief of the army, replacing Nicolas Luckner; in the following campaign, he took Speyer, Worms, Mainz and Frankfurt in September and October 1792.
In the Rhineland, Custine continued the revolution by proclamation, and levied heavy taxes on the nobility and clergy. During the winter a Prussian army forced him to evacuate Frankfurt, re-cross the Rhine and fall back upon Landau. This occurred during Charles François Dumouriez's treasonous collaboration with the Austrians. Summoned to Paris to account for himself, Custine was accused of treason, but was ably defended by Robespierre, the French revolutionary and lawyer, who declared Custine an honest man who gave his country good service. With Robespierre's defense, he was cleared of all charges, and was later given command of the Army of the North.
In early May 1793, Custine designed a plan to cut off a body of the Coalition force that had ventured too far from the main force at Mainz. However, since he was about to take command of the Army of the North, he delegated some of the responsibility for this plan to Jean Nicolas Houchard (another ill-fated general destined for the guillotine), instructing him to attack Limbourg with the Army of the Moselle. The garrison at Landau was to make several feints to distract the Prussian troops. Custine also created and distributed a false report that the cavalry of the Army of the Moselle had arrived, and that they had also been reinforced by part of the artillery from Strasbourg. General Jean-Baptiste Michel Féry, who commanded an 40 battalions, was to throw himself on the Prussians until he heard that the principal engagement by Rheinzabern had begun. Custine left with his troops in the evening; several delays prevented him from arriving until five in the morning, but Charles Hyacinthe Leclerc de Landremont engaged the Austrian army in the meanwhile and prevented them from advancing until Custine arrived and charged the Austrian post with two divisions of dragoons. Unfortunately, a battalion of French mistook Custine's dragoons for the enemy, and fired upon them with great accuracy. Any attempt to rally the battalion met with additional discharges. The commander, who apparently had no control over his troops, was denounced by both the representatives and his troops, and was arrested, but shot himself. Custine was disgusted with the affair: "This day, which ought to have so memorable, terminated by the taking of one piece of cannon and a very great number of prisoners." Custine was recalled to Paris on 15 July.
Trial before the Tribunal
Upon arrival in Paris, Custine displayed his usual sang froid, which seemed to exasperate his political enemies. He took private rooms in a furnished hotel, and rented a room for his secretary. He visited his son and daughter-in-law, and carried on his usual Parisian social calendar: he appeared in all the public places, at the Palais-Royal and the theater, and was received with noisy ovations and shouts of Vive Custine! The Committee of Public Safety ordered a policeman to accompany him everywhere. On 22 July, he was arrested and imprisoned in the Luxembourg. On 23 July, the news came that Mainz had capitulated; on 28 July came the news of the loss of Valenciennes. He was transferred to the Conciergerie on 28 July, and his rooms, those of his secretary, and those of his son were sealed, pending a search.
After three weeks of searches and examination, the public prosecutor Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville drew up the indictment: Custine's crime, according to the representatives on mission, was negligence, for allowing the Allies to take Condé and Valenciennes, and also for the loss of Mainz, a city that Custine had abandoned when occupation became untenable. During his trial, Hébert continued to attack Custine via his newspaper, the infamous Père Duchene.
This time Robespierre did not defend Custine. Custine's lovely daughter-in-law came daily to the courthouse to sit at his feet; eventually, the prosecutors accused the judges of postponing a verdict so that they could continue to gaze at her. The Revolutionary Tribunal convicted him of treason and he was executed by guillotine on the following day, 28 August 1793.
Character
Custine's leadership and character, although impugned by the Tribunal, proved fundamentally sound in the field. As an admirer of the Prussian style of drill and discipline, he was a strict disciplinarian, but his soldiers actually liked him, and felt inspired by him. Custine liked to make speeches and reportedly knew the names of his soldiers. He visited men in the hospital, demonstrated blunt good humor, and was the master of repartee. His ready wit was quoted throughout his command. He did not tolerate disorder or insubordination however; when encountering a troop of volunteers in 1792, who bragged that they were going to teach the army the right step (make it Republican), he ordered his cavalry to surround and disarm them.
Custine also recognized and recruited talented officers. At the surrender of the garrison at Mainz, he offered the Mainz commander, Rudolf Eickemeyer, a colonel's commission to serve in the French army. By 1793, Eickemeyer had been promoted to brigadier general; he served in the Upper Rhine campaigns and the Rhine Campaign of 1796. During this campaign, he also acquired the services of a young officer, Laurent Gouvion, later known as Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr. According to Antoine Marie Chamans, he acquired Saint Cyr's services in an unusual way, indicative of Custine's temperament and personality. In a break in action, Gouvion was sketching the countryside, including the enemy positions near Eckheim, in the vicinity of Mainz, when Custine saw him from a distance. Not approving of his occupation, Custine galloped to him, snatched the paper from his hand, and angrily asked what he was doing. Upon noticing that Gouvion's drawing closely matched the positions, he assigned the young officer to his own staff.
One of Custine's staff officers, Simon François Gay de Vernon wrote that he was careful of his soldiers' well-being, a good administrator, generous with his own money, used to managing soldiers, able to understand things at a glance, sober, and active. Custine appreciated the sage advice of intelligent officers and showed his gratitude to them. Aside from Saint-Cyr, Custine appointed Louis Desaix and Jean-Baptiste Kléber to his staff. His enormous vanity, his belief that his plans were so wonderful that he failed to see their flaws, and his bad habit of accusing and denouncing other generals were Custine's greatest flaws. When Houchard was appointed to command two armies, Custine wrote accurately, "the conduct of two armies is beyond Houchard's power..." The letter was published and hurt the feelings of a man who had served Custine loyally. Custine unwisely got into a quarrel with General Pierre Joseph Ferrier du Chastelet who was on friendly terms with the War Minister Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte. He also denounced fellow army commanders Pierre de Ruel, marquis de Beurnonville and François Christophe de Kellermann.
Family
Born in Metz on 4 February 1740, Custine was a son of Philippe-François-Joseph, comte de Custine, and Anne-Marguerite Maguin, daughter of Francois, comte d' Roussy and Marguerite de Walter. His father, the tenth count, had died at the Battle of Rossbach in 1757, one of six French generals killed in the engagement. Custine's other titles included Signeur de Guermagne and de Sareck, and he was, after 1770, also the lord of Niderviller, a property he purchased. He married Adelaide-Celeste Louise Gagnat de Longny. In 1790 Custine's daughter, Adelaide-Anne-Philippe, married Henri Evrard, marquis de Dreux-Brézé, master of ceremonies for Louis XVI. She and her husband spent much of the early 1790s as refugees in Britain, although he returned to France several times to visit his estates; he was eventually confirmed as a peer of France, resumed his pre-Revolution position as master of ceremonies, this time for Louis XVIII, and was awarded military rank.
Custine's son, Renaud-Louis-Philippe-Francois, (b. in Paris in 1768 and died 3 January 1794), also called Armand, was a captain in one of the regiments in the Army of the Rhine. As a young man, he had traveled widely, and made a long study of the art of war in Berlin. Comte de Mirabeau, ever the politician, predicted that the young Custine would become a well-respected diplomat. By 1792, Armand was Nicholas Luckner's aide-de-camp; following Luckner's dismissal, he entered a brief embassy duty in Berlin in 1792 as chargé de affaires and eventually, as diplomatic relations between France and the rest of Europe became strained, he was a hostage for the safe return of Prussian and Austrian diplomats in Paris. His deceased mother had left him capital of 700,000 livres, making him a wealthy young man; it was assumed that his father would also settle a suitable amount on him upon his marriage as well as the family estates in Niderviller, which included six farms.
Custine, as an aristocratic general, and his son, an up-and-coming diplomat, seemed natural targets of suspicion. In 1792, after spending part of a year in Berlin, the younger Custine found himself under suspicion, despite his careful and circumspect behavior in Berlin: he had gone out of his way to make sure that he documented and reported any contact with the Prussians, and that all reports of his conversations were carefully and specifically annotated. He wrote to his mother-in-law that, by a miracle, he was not on the list of those to be arrested, and had avoided the September 1792 massacre at the Prison de l'Abbaye. He reported that he feared writing to his wife by the insecure post. He languished in Paris over the winter, but eventually he secured a position in his father's command in the Army of the Rhine, joining that army in Frankfurt. By August 1793, though, following his father's arrest, young Custine found himself proscribed, that is, on the list of suspected royalists. The September Law of Suspects accelerated the son's trial. The chief evidence against him seemed to be a letter he had written to his father the previous spring, suggesting that he resign from the army, and this, as well as other letters—real and forged—guaranteed his condemnation. He was condemned and guillotined a day later. He left a young son, Astolphe-Louis-Léonor, Marquis de Custine (18 March 1790 – 25 September 1857).
Faience investment
In 1770, Custine acquired property in the Niderviller region, which included a faience factory. The manufactory had been founded in 1735, but had enjoyed limited profitability. Various difficulties, including a fire that gutted the production building and a limitation on the manufacture of soft-paste porcelain, discouraged the original investors. When Custine purchased the property in 1770, it was a struggling investment. He encountered significant financial problems over the next eight years, and considered bankruptcy in 1778. He subsequently entered into business with François-Henri Lenfrey and the factory began producing faience in the English style of tableware. Lenfrey also revamped the production process, producing cailloutage, which combined faience production techniques with a new process that mixed crushed limestone with the clay. Custine's execution led to the temporary closing of the plant when the regime confiscated his property; the workmen, summarily laid off, traveled to Paris to find work, and several signed a petition for her release. The continued war with the Coalition reduced the number of employees to 15; the factory survived, however, and enjoyed a renaissance in the mid-nineteenth century. Custine presented George Washington with a set of this tableware service in 1782.
Notes
References
Appleton Prentiss Clark Griffin and United States Congress, Joint committee on the Library. Rochambeau: A commemoration by the Congress of the United States of America of the Services of the French Auxiliary Forces in the War of Independence. Washington, DC., Government Printing Office, 1907.
Bardoux, Agénor. Madame de Custine: d'après des documents inédits. Calmann-Lévy, 1898.
Begin, Émile Auguste Nicolas Jules. Biographie de la Moselle, Verronais, 1829, vol. 1 .
Bertaud, Jean Paul, R.R. Palmer (trans). The Army of the French Revolution: From Citizen-Soldiers to Instrument of Power. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988.
Bodart, Gaston. Militär-historisches kreigs-lexikon, (1618–1905). Vienna, Stern, 1908.
Chuquet, Arthur, Les Guerres de la Révolution, [Paris?], L. Cert, 1886–1895; vol. vi (1892), "L'Expédition de Custine".
Doyle, William. Aristocracy and its Enemies in the Age of Revolution, Oxford University Press, 2009.
Dumouriez, Charles Francois, and Adam Philippe Custine, Mémoires sur les guerres de la Républicque. Introduction by Charles Francois Dumouriez. Paris, Ladvocat, 1824.
Dupuy, R, Nouvelle histoire de la France contemporaine. La République jacobine, 2005 (reprint)
Faience Assoc. History of Niderville factory. Infofaience, 2012–2014. Accessed 8 December 2014.
Fyffe, Charles Alan, A History of Modern Europe 1792–1878, nl, H. Holt, 1896.
Gay de Vernon, Jean Louis Camille. Mémoire sur les opérations militaires des généraux en chef Custine et Houchard, pendant les années 1792 et 1793 Firmin-Didot frères, 1844.
Hebert, Jacques. Le Père Duchesne, No. 264; Jacques Hebert archive. Accessed 3 March 2014.
Mansel, Philip. The Court of France, 1789–1830. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1991.
Marryat, Joseph. A History of Pottery and Porcelain... nl, J. Murray, 1868.
Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union. Annual Report – The Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union. Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union, 1977.
Rabaut, Jean-Paul. An Impartial History of the Late Revolution in France: From Its Commencement, to the Death of the Queen, and the Execution of the Deputies of the Gironde Party. nl, Rabaut, 1794.
Rambaud, Alfred Nicolas, Les Français sur le Rhin (Paris, 1880).
Romantic Circles / Electronic Editions / British War Poetry in the Age of Romanticism 1793–1815 / 1793.17 Epitaph on General Custine. Accessed 3 March 2015.
Smith, Digby. The Napoleonic Wars Data Book. London: Greenhill, 1998. .
Thompson, J.M. The French Revolution nl, Sutton, 2001 [1943]. .
The Nation, Mdme Custine, nl, Nation Company, 1894, Volumes 58–59.
1740 births
1793 deaths
Counts of France
French generals
French nobility
French military personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars
French Republican military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars
Military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars
French people executed by guillotine during the French Revolution
Military personnel from Metz
People executed by guillotine during the French Revolution
Names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe |
Gołdap County () is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, northern Poland, on the border with Russia. Its administrative seat and only town is Gołdap, which lies north-east of the regional capital Olsztyn.
When powiats were re-introduced in the Polish local government reforms of 1999, the present Gołdap and Olecko Counties made up a single entity (called powiat olecko-gołdapski or Olecko-Gołdap County). This was divided into two in 2002.
The county covers an area of . As of 2019 its total population is 26,825, out of which the population of Gołdap is 13,716 and the rural population is 13,109.
Neighbouring counties
Gołdap County is bordered by Suwałki County to the east, Olecko County to the south, Giżycko County to the south-west and Węgorzewo County to the west. It also borders Russia (Kaliningrad Oblast) to the north.
Administrative division
The county is subdivided into three gminas (one urban-rural and two rural). These are listed in the following table, in descending order of population.
References
Land counties of Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship |
Olav Råstad (born 2 February 1979) is a Norwegian football midfielder.
Born in Harstad, he started his career in Harstad IL, joined Norwegian Premier League team Tromsø in 1999 and Bodø/Glimt in 2002.
References
100% Fotball - Norwegian Premier League statistics
1979 births
Living people
Norwegian men's footballers
Tromsø IL players
FK Bodø/Glimt players
People from Harstad
Harstad IL players
Steinkjer FK players
Men's association football midfielders
Footballers from Troms og Finnmark |
Gortlud () is a rural locality (a village) in Chazyovskoye Rural Settlement, Kosinsky District, Perm Krai, Russia. The population was 63 as of 2010. There is 1 street.
Geography
Gortlud is located 29 km southwest of Kosa (the district's administrative centre) by road. Bachmanovo is the nearest rural locality.
References
Rural localities in Kosinsky District |
The Roberson Mansion, part of the Roberson Museum and Science Center, is a home in Binghamton, New York. It is an Italian Renaissance style house, designed by Binghamton architect C. Edward Vosbury and built in 1904, and completed in 1907, for Alonzo Roberson Jr. and his wife Margaret Hays Roberson. It was built with all of the then modern conveniences: an elevator, central heat, combination gas and electric lighting, a dumb waiter, an intercom system, and a private bath for each bedroom.
The New York City interior design firm, Pottier & Stymus designed the interior decorations. Townsend & Fleming landscape firm from Buffalo was hired to do the grounds. Titchener Iron works designed and manufactured the wrought iron fence surrounding the grounds. Estimated cost for the entire project was $107,500.
It is said to be very similar to the McKinnon House in Utica, built in 1899, which Vosbury also designed.
The mansion is supposedly haunted by the ghost of its former owner, Alonzo Roberson. His spirit is believed to still roam around and apparitions have been seen in the elevator and along the upper corridors.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.
References
External links
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Historic American Buildings Survey in New York (state)
Houses completed in 1904
Museums in Broome County, New York
Houses in Binghamton, New York
National Register of Historic Places in Broome County, New York |
Public administration theory is a mixture of history, organizational theory, social theory, political theory, and other related subject focusing on the meaning, structure, and function of public service under all circumstances. form. It often describes the main historical underpinnings of bureaucracy research as well as epistemological issues related to public service as a profession and an education field.
In general, there are three common approaches to appreciation of public administration: Classical Public Administration Theory, New Public Management Theory, and Postmodern Public Administration Theory, each of which offers a different perspective on how an administrator practices public administration.
Important figures of study include: Max Weber, Frederick Winslow Taylor, Luther Gulick, Mary Parker Follett, Chester Barnard, Herbert A. Simon, and Dwight Waldo. Herbert Simon advanced a public administration theory that was informed by positivism. The influence of positivism today can be seen in journals such as the Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory and the Journal of Policy Analysis and Management. Notable public administration theorist such as Max Weber expressed the importance of values in the development of public administration theory. But theories are not simply derived from empirical observations of facts, but must be constructed using value judgments that guide empirical observations and guide interpretations of those observations. Values are essential to the construction of administrative theory because they take into account the culture's wise ethical principles and philosophies that ensure proper theoretical practice. Public administration theories are put into practice or considered through a few distinct strategies: Parallel, Transfer, or Collaboration also known as the theory-gap practice. This practice is used to transfer knowledge between practitioners and scholars.
Types of Public Administration Theory
Three branches exist within the field of public administration theory. Classical public administration theory, New Public Management theory, and Postmodern Public Administration Theory are the three branches. Each strategy is predicated on a unique set of beliefs about how people behave in organizational settings.
Classical Public Administration Theory
Woodrow Wilson and Max Weber are frequently linked to classical public administration. Woodrow Wilson is regarded as "The Father of Public Administration" in the United States. He wrote "The Study of Administration" in 1887 and made the case that a bureaucracy should be managed similarly to a business. Wilson advocated for concepts like professionalization, a non-political system, and merit-based promotions (since the spoil system was already in place). Since sympathy can bring down an administration, bureaucracy should be practical.
New Public Management theory
A body of theory, a consulting interest, and a set of administrative methods known as "New Public Management" are used to analyze current changes in public administration. There is a strong case made by many academics that the new public management is more of a theory than a passing trend. [3] The new public administration is an integral part of the widespread infiltration of free market values into public life that threatens the complete eradication of political values. In this way, the idea of bringing political principles into the "private" space to better democratize society is the exact opposite of modern public administration.
Postmodern Public Administration theory
The internal operations of almost all existing government organizations are referred to as post-modern public administration. Even members of Congress in Washington, D.C. or Department of Public Safety staff members who handle paperwork for applicants seeking a driver's license at any DPS location. Public administration is a broad concept to include all functions in the executive branch that have an impact on the general public.. Members of public administration come in different forms and quantities. When understanding the theory of postmodern public administration, it is important to make a differentiation between postmodern theory and the postmodern era as well as being able to differentiate between post-modernity (period of time) and postmodernism (theory/philosophy).
Postmodern theory evolves out of the postmodern era. Chuck Fox and Hugh Miller are two of the main contributors to postmodern theory because they were able to recognize the postmodern condition and how it was playing out in public administration and public policy. Fox and Miller argue that the traditional approach to public administration "robs public administration theorists of the independence required to imagine more emancipating conditions of work and governance." Miller proposes a network model based on economic utility which would explain events better than traditional approach to public administration. Miller states that "policy networks provide a way of processing dissension, articulating values, and airing possible policy implementation strategies. Maneuvering on behalf of the public interest in this complex politically subtle network is the task of post-progressive public administration." This theory began in the 1990s, even though this theory had been around in other disciplines for a while. An estimation of time could date back to Plato and his ideas of a public and communal government where there are policy making actions and steps through levels of democracy. This theory has since been revisited and changed through three intellectual movements, interrogating the loop model of democracy, which many have argued that it is largely a myth, showing the symbolic nature of policy and politics in the United States, and discourse theory. One of the downsides of this theory is that it is based on the slippery slope of relativism. This theory also provides people with the tools to rebuild our infrastructures of symbolic and social order. This theory addresses big questions of what is right and wrong and tries to address the issue to find antidotes for anomie and relativity.
The founding father of postmodern public administration is commonly referred to as Woodrow Wilson, while many can find his roots of inspiration from the works of Friedrich Nietzsche. Using Woodrow Wilson as a reference point, it can be shown that in his essay The Study of Administration, is it “traditionally accepted that with his study, Wilson applied positivist principles to public administration…based on the belief that social reality would be objectively known with the separation of positivist traditional values from facts.” (Traces of Postmodernism in the New Public Management Paradigm, Kerim Ozcan-Veysel Agca).
Public Administration theory development
Public Administration theory is derived from several contemporary theory building tools such as Max Weber's Ideal type method. Theories are also derived from studies of evolving governments around the world, such as China's expanding bureaucracy. Different aspects to take into account are: accountability, state-citizen relations, and services for all in times of fiscal scarcity. When developing theories, the most effective theories are the ones tailored for a particular country taking aspects such as values into account. When empirical evidence is the only aspect taken into account it leads to an ineffective policy because the theory will not reflect the values of the citizens, resulting in bad citizen- state relationships. The Theory-Gap Practice is used to analyze the correlations between Public Administration theory and practice. The three fields of the theory gap-practice that describe the relationship between scholars and practitioners are: Parallel, Transfer, and Collaboration strategy.
Max Weber's ideal-type method
The ideal-type method developed by Max Weber is a useful tool in contemporary public administration theory development because the method takes into account the culture of a society that is then integrated into a theory. Weber referred to it as cultural science or interpretive sociology, which, is to understand ideas and practices from within their own intellectual and cultural horizon and on the basis of categories that are grounded in a meaningful social and historical context. According to Margaret Stout, Ideal-type methods are used to frame observation and analysis and to evaluate what is found. Weber's method must be developed using value judgments that direct our empirical observations and then guide our interpretation of those observations. Through this theory building method, Weber insisted that all interpretations of meaning must remain at best "a peculiarly plausible hypothesis", as opposed to a claim of relevance of a theory. Weber's purpose for using this method is to clarify the importance of values in sense making, but how they are also extremely important for the conduct of meaningful social science. Weber’s interpretive sociology employs a type of functional analysis that begins with the whole, proceeds to the parts, and then goes back from the parts to the whole. His ideal-type method is thereby simultaneously useful in both the study of social structure and social action. Social action is linked to subjective meaning at the individual level of analysis, and structural forms are a consequence or construction of social action. This combination is particularly valuable to public administration because the manner in which administrative action and the social structures of governance interrelate requires an approach that considers both. On the one hand, ideal-types enable consideration of things like alternative meanings of important concepts or alternative motivations held by social actors. On the other hand, they enable analysis of associated or resulting social structures. In this way, an ideal-type can concurrently help interpret the meaning of the administrative role as well as critique the institutions of governance.
Theory-gap practice
Parallel- Proponents of this strategy of relating theory and practice believe that practical knowledge cannot be derived from theories. For the practitioners of this strategy, practice and theory remain separate components of knowledge. Practical knowledge aims to how to handle problems in particular situations while theory aims at handling a specific situation in a general set of principles. Advocates for the parallel strategy claim there can be a complementary relationship between practical and theoretical knowledge or that they can substitute each other in certain situations because particular situations will require practice and theory to work together. Thus advocates that champion parallel strategy argue that it is essential for management studies to maintain an autonomous communication system.
Transfer- This second strategy frames the theory-practice problem as one of translating and diffusing research knowledge into management. This strategy confronts the issue of public managers lack of interest or studying of the work of scholars. This is the result of the scholarly work not being easily applicable to practice, and the complexity of the journals, thus knowledge is not being transferred from theory to practice. The transfer strategy proponents claim the popularizing the scholarly work, and making it more relevant to current issues faced in public administration would enhance the transfer of knowledge from scholars to street level bureaucrats and public managers. However, some argue this approach falls short of expectations because many practitioners of public administration have little influence on the content of knowledge offered by scholars.
Collaboration- This strategy aims to enhance communication between scholars and practitioners before the theory is developed in order to build a dialectic method of inquiry, building on the idea that communication is necessary throughout the whole theory building process in order to have a well development practical theory. Scholars Van de Ven and P.E. Johnson put it as:
"Engagement is relationship that involves negotiation and collaboration between researchers and practitioners in a learning community; such a community jointly produces knowledge that can both advance the scientific enterprise and enlighten a community of practitioners."
Important figures in public administration theory
Max Weber
Max Weber was a German political economist, social scientist, and renowned Philosopher is an important father to the theory of Public Administration and the bureaucratic side of it. He did extensive research studying ancient and modern states to gather a better perspective of bureaucracies in multiple eras for his Magnum Opus Economy and Society published in 1922. That piece of work has contributed countless insight into the Public Administration Theory. Max Weber considered bureaucracy to be the most rational form of administration yet devised by man. In his writings he asserts that domination is exerted through administration and that for legal domination to take place bureaucracy is required.
Woodrow Wilson
Woodrow Wilson defined public administration as a detailed and systematic execution of public law, he divided government institutions into two separate sectors, administration and politics. According to him politics is dealt with policy formulation and questions regarding such, whereas administration is equipped with carrying said policies out. In his own words in his early essay, "The Study of Administration" he said "it is getting to be harder to run a constitution than to frame one." Wilson very much so tried to establish a distinction between politics and administration; he saw administration as a field of business which lies outside politics. He thought the theory of public administration existed simply because of technicalities and was around for the behind the scenes business aspect of politics.
Frederick Winslow Taylor
Frederick Taylor was an engineer by profession who saw much of life from a scientific aspect. He is a popular less conservative contributor to the Theory of Public Administration in that he produced his own, very popular, theory of traditional public administration, The Scientific Management Theory. He was concerned with finding the best and most efficient way to complete a task for a particular job, reducing the overall labor a worker had to exert with the least amount of movements. Frederick Taylors work approached motivation with a very authoritative, cold, scientific motivator which weighed heavy over any sort of humane aspect to scientific management. Overall many intricacies in Public Administration such as management, control and accounting are subject to scientific principles and Taylor draws on these to find his own, efficient theory approach to Public Administration Theory.
Public administration theory in practice
Classical public administration- United States
Often considered the best way for organizing public sector work, it was used highly in the western world in the 19th and early 20th century. A differing proponent between America and Europe is the transferring of effective management methods between large private and public organizations. The first effective theory in America was Scientific Theory coined by Frederick W. Taylor in 1911. His work "Principles and Methods of Scientific Management" was used to implement ideas that would increase the efficiency of American government. Taylor's ideas of standardizing work, systematic control, and a hierarchical organization were perfect fits for the public sector of the 1940s.[5]
New public management - United Kingdom
New Public Management was the prominent theory that inspired health care reforms for the United Kingdom. Its application to health care coincided with the growing expenditures that were being made due to the progress of technology and an aging population. The difference between the private and public sectors in terms of budget process and ideology provided a clash of interests. 1990 saw the National Health Service create an internal market of separate care providers and hospitals. This creation of markets in turn stopped the state from being the funder and service provider simultaneously, but just primarily the funder. Although not privatized, these markets became competitive in nature. The assumption that the competition would lead to more empowerment, efficiency, and equity became rampant. Soon, the publicly owned hospitals were granted quasi-autonomous status by the district health authorities, leading to competition for patients and funds. Their status has led to little, if any, interference in everyday operations.
Postmodern public administration - United States
Postmodern Public Administration is linked to the capitalist model of the late 20th and 21st century. It relates to globalization, consumerism, and the fragmentation of authority and state. The concepts of science and reason are de-centered and viewed as the defining truths. It tends to negate any faith based actions.[7]
See also
Lean Government
References
Brownlow, Louis. "Woodrow Wilson and Public Administration." Jstor. American Society for Public Administration, n.d. Web. 17 Nov. 2015.
External links
The Northcote-Trevelyan Report
Similarities between public and private administration
Political science theories
Public administration
Administrative theory |
Adiantum cuneatum can refer to:
Adiantum cuneatum G.Forst., a synonym of Lindsaea trichomanoides Dryand.
Adiantum cuneatum Langsd. & Fisch., a synonym of Adiantum raddianum C.Presl |
Math the Band is an American chiptune-based synthpunk band from Providence, Rhode Island formed in 2002 by Kevin Steinhauser. Originally being a solo project by Steinhauser, the band's style has been sometimes called Nintendocore. The band has performed over 1000 shows throughout the United States, Mexico, Canada, and the United Kingdom, touring with bands, artists and rappers such as Andrew W.K., Japanther, Wheatus, MC Frontalot, Horse the Band MC Chris, Peelander-Z, Anamanaguchi and MC Lars. Math the Band has been featured in several magazines such as Venus Zine and Keyboard Magazine, and were also featured on NPR Music. Still, with band members spread across the United States, Math the Band is based in Providence, Rhode Island and are a part of Providence's AS220 and have performed there multiple times.
Since 2017, Math the Band has been Kevin Steinhauser, Max Holbrook, Adam Waz, and Matt Zappa.
History
Formation as a solo project and early years (2002–2006)
Math the Band was originally the solo project of sixteen-year-old Kevin Steinhauser created in 2002, "doing his own thing" after getting kicked out of other bands he was in during high school for reasons he attributed to him "not being any good" – most notably, Christian pop punk band The Schwartz where he played guitar and was the only non-religious member. The origin of the name Math the Band originates from Steinhauser thinking of band names and having a pin on his backpack that simply said "Math" on it and he wanted a pin for his band so he named the band after the pin. During this time starting in 2002, Steinhauser released the studio albums: Robots Will Rise, Eep! An EP!, One Man Band For Single-Celled Organisms, The Lost Levels, Math the Band and the Secret of Mystery Island, Imaginary Everything, Greatest Hits and All Good Things, All in Good Time all under the Math the Band name and did live shows with a laptop and sometimes a box of costumes.
Transition to duo (2007–2017)
Steinhauser met Justine Mainville after playing a few shows with her then-band The Reaganauts while they were both in college. They later became friends and dated, leading Steinhauser to ask her to join on drums and synthesizer in 2007. The duo lineup of Math the Band released the studio albums: Math the Band Banned the Math, Don't Worry, Get Real, No Thing, Stupid and Weird and Math the Band the Band the Album.
Transition to band and Flange Factory Five (2018–present)
Mainville later left the band and Max Holbrook, Adam Waz and Matt Zappa joined the band. In 2019 and 2020 they performed at PAXEast and MAGFest and played with a setlist featuring yet-unreleased songs announced as part of their young adult fantasy novel. On April 20, 2020 they released the single "Wet Cement", the music video's description announced it as part of Flange Factory Five, a five-part series of releases based on the band's yet to be released at the time studio album of the same name. The album itself released on October 1, 2020, and is the third release in a collection of five monthly releases. The second single from the album titled "Duel of the Deer" released on July 5, 2020. The first release under the name Flange Factory Five was Flange Factory Five: the Novel a book which is a "fantasy adventure novel with magic, wizards and other characters". On October 23, 2020, the band streamed the first part of live reading the book on their YouTube account. The second release was an energy drink advertised as "A New Sport Utility Beverage" The fourth release was a guitar pedal, Steinhauser describes it as "a replica of the pedal that’s a playback device of the album, and you can make the sound go all weird." and was originally planned for a release in November but was released in early December along with an accompanying demo. The fifth was planned for a release in December and be a video game for the Game Boy Color, it is unknown when it will release but is currently in development, its released date was delayed due to their making sure the game was up to "gamer standards".
On March 16, 2021, Math the Band announced an online concert at AS220 for March 25, it was their first show since the COVID-19 pandemic. On April 1, the band released the music video for "That Thing You Don't", in the video the band stars on a fictional TV show titled Good Morning Void, at the end of the video, Steinhauser and a fictional manager are seen in the studio watching the performance, before the manager begins berating Steinhauser, and eventually "firing" him, upon being asked by Steinhauser who would replace him, the release of "Duel of the Deer (Matt the Band)" single was announced and released the same day.
For April Fools 2022, Math the Band live streamed an "album delease" for Flange Factory Five featuring Steinhauser and Waz playing the entire album, providing commentary and subsequently destroying copies of multiple versions of Flange Factory Five removing it from streaming services, since then the album has remained removed. Steinhauser also mentioned the delay of the Game Boy Color game saying "it originally was going to be a five-minute-long thing that just got to a point in the book, and it was like do this thing and then I was like I wanna make it a longer thing and it's just not done yet." Him and Waz also joked that after the album delease and it's finished, it could be "preleased".
On January 7, 2023, Math the Band performed at Super MAGFest 2023.
Musical style and influences
Math the Band has described their music as "glitched-out, chaotic, celebration pop for the constantly anxious." Stylistically, the band is characterized as Nintendocore, punk rock, chiptune, indie rock, synthpunk, dance-punk, electronic, synth-pop, pop and pop punk
Math the Band uses vintage analog synthesizers, drum machines, hacked second and third generation video game consoles and homemade synthesizers to make loud and fast, punk rock music. Math the Band, specifically Steinhauser has cited Atom and His Package, Andrew W.K., Steve Roggenbuck Nathan Fielder, and Devo as influences.
Band members
Current members
Kevin Steinhauser - guitar, programming, lead vocals , laptop
Max Holbrook - guitar, backing vocals
Adam Waz - bass, backing vocals
Matt Zappa - drums
Former members
Scott - bass
Joe DeGeorge - keyboard , saxophone
Neil King - drums
Justine Mainville - synthesizer, backing vocals, drum tom, drum cymbal, sequence track
Jeff McGowan - bass
Jon Pagano - guitar, synthesizer
Former touring members
Zach Burba - drums
Unknown - trombone
Timeline
Discography
Studio albums
Compilation albums
Extended plays
Singles
Compilations and soundtracks
2009 - Up End Atom: A Tribute To Atom And His Package
Features the track "Upside Down From Here" (originally by Atom and His Package)
2012 - Let's Big Happy (Original Soundtrack)
Features the track "Bad Jokes"
2020 - AS220 Summer Sampler 2020
Features the track "Wet Cement"
2020 - LINE THE FRONT: A BENEFIT COMPILATION FOR RI SOLIDARITY FUND
Features the track "Duel Of The Deer (previously unreleased)"
Other appearances
2014 - For all the Girls - 70 Love Songs
"Desirae (feat. Math the Band)"
Music videos
Filmography
Bibliography
Flange Factory Five: the Novel (2020)
References
External links
Math the Band on YouTube
Musical groups established in 2002
Musical groups from Rhode Island
Punk rock groups from Rhode Island
Musical groups from Providence, Rhode Island
Nintendocore musical groups
Dance-punk musical groups
Chiptune musical groups
Indie rock musical groups from Rhode Island
Electronic music groups from Rhode Island
Musicians from Providence, Rhode Island
American synth-pop groups
American pop rock music groups
American electronic rock musical groups
Electropunk musical groups |
The 1985 Utah State Aggies football team represented Utah State University during the 1985 NCAA Division I-A football season as a member of the Pacific Coast Athletic Association (PCAA). The Aggies were led by third-year head coach Chris Pella and played their home games at Romney Stadium in Logan, Utah. They finished the season with a record of three wins and eight losses (3–8, 3–4 PCAA).
Schedule
References
Utah State
Utah State Aggies football seasons
Utah State Aggies football |
You Are Here is an album by Banco de Gaia. It was released on May 18, 2004, by Six Degrees Records.
Track listing
References
2004 albums
Banco de Gaia albums
Six Degrees Records albums |
Maksim Pavlovets (; ; born 8 August 1996) is a Belarusian footballer.
References
External links
Profile at teams.by
1996 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Pinsk
Footballers from Brest Region
Belarusian men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
FC Volna Pinsk players
FC Smolevichi players
FC Slavia Mozyr players
FC Granit Mikashevichi players
FC Krumkachy Minsk players |
Clarence Medlycott "Jimmy" Jones (10 July 1912 – 22 March 1986) was a British tennis player and author. In major tournaments his best result came at the 1936 Wimbledon Championships where he reached the fourth round. Jones was a successful player winning events on multiple surfaces including clay, cement, grass and wood (indoors). Between 1931 and 1950 he contested 36 career finals and won 22 titles.
Career
Jones was born in Norwood, London. In 1931 played his first event at the Blackheath tournament where he reached the final and won his first title. In 1933 he was a quarter finalist at the South of France Championships and semi finalist at the French Switzerland Championships and the Nice LTC Cup. In 1935 he won the London Championships but had to share the title with Wilmer Allison. At the 1936 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles he reached the fourth round, where he lost against Wilmer Allison.
In 1937 he competed at the U.S. National Championships where he was seeded No17, but he lost to the American player Gilbert Hunt. Whilst in the United States that year he competed at the Pacific Coast Championships where he lost to Don Budge in round four. In 1938 he was a semi finalist at the British Covered Court Championships. In 1939 he competed at the Caribbean Championships and Jamaican International Championships where he was losing semi finalist.
In 1949 he won his final title at the West Sussex Championships at Bognor Regis against George Bayley. In 1950 he played his final tournament at the Wimbledon Championships where he lost in the first round to French player Jean-Claude Molinari.
His career singles highlights include winning the Essex Championships at Westcliff-on-Sea three times (1933, 1935, 1937), West Sussex Championships two times (1933, 1949), the Reigate Grass Courts two times (1935, 1939), the Sutton Hard Courts on clay two times (1926, 1938), the Lowther LTC tournament London two times (1948–48).
He also won single titles at the following events Blackheath (1936), Alassio International at Alassio, Italy (1933), the Derbyshire Championships at Buxton (1935), Carlisle Clay Courts (1935), West Twickenham (1935), the Middlesex Championships at Chiswick (1937), the Surrey Covered Court Championships at Dulwich (1938), the Cromer Covered Courts Championships at Cromer (1938), Hull Open (1938), Montrose Grass Courts at Montrose (1948), and the London Hard Court Championships at Hurlingham (1949).
In addition he was a finalist at the following tournaments Henley Hard Courts (1931), Harrogate (1934), Tally-Ho! Hard Courts (1935, 1938), Bexhill-on-Sea (1935), South of England Championships at Eastbourne (1935, 1938), Queens Club Hard Courts (1936), Herga Club tournament (1936), the Northumberland Championships (1937) the East Gloucestershire Championships (1937), the Northern Championships (1938), Paddington (1938), Sidmouth (1938), the North of England Championships at Scarborough (1938)
After his sports career he wrote many works on tennis. He died in London, aged 73.
Works
Clarence Medlycott Jones: Winning Bowls. S.Paul, 1965
Clarence Medlycott Jones: The Watney Book of Bowls. Queen Anne Publishing, 1967
Clarence Medlycott Jones: Tennis: How to Become a Champion. Faber & Faber, 1968,
Clarence Medlycott Jones: Your Book of Tennis. Faber & Faber, 1970,
Clarence Medlycott Jones: Match-Winning Tennis: Tactics, Temperament and Training. Faber & Faber, 1971,
Owen Davidson, Clarence Medlycott Jones: Great Women Tennis Players. Pelham Bks, 1971,
Clarence Medlycott Jones: Improving Your Tennis: Strokes and Techniques. Faber & Faber, 1973,
Angela Buxton, Clarence Medlycott Jones: Play Better Tennis. Collins, 1974,
Clarence Medlycott Jones: Tennis Guide. Littlehampton Book Services Ltd, 1975,
Clarence Medlycott Jones: Starting Tennis. Littlehampton Book Services Ltd, 1975,
Judy Hashman, Clarence Medlycott Jones: Starting Badminton. Littlehampton Book Services Ltd, 1977,
Clarence Medlycott Jones: How to Play Tennis. Book Sales, 1979,
Angela Buxton, Clarence Medlycott Jones: Winning Tennis: Doubles Tactics. Littlehampton Book Services Ltd, 1980,
Clarence Medlycott Jones: Tennis (Play the Game). Hamlyn, 1984,
External links
English male tennis players
British male tennis players
English writers
1912 births
1986 deaths
Tennis writers
Tennis people from Greater London
20th-century English male writers
20th-century British people |
The 1902 All-Western college football team consists of American football players selected to the All-Western teams chosen by various selectors for the 1902 Western Conference football season.
All-Western selections
Ends
Allen Abbott, Wisconsin (CT, CDN, CRH, MEW, MJ-2, W)
Curtis Redden, Michigan (CDN, MEW, MJ-2)
Edward L. Rogers, Minnesota (CT, MJ-1)
James F. Cook, Illinois (CRH, MJ-1)
Frederick A. Speik, Chicago (W)
Tackles
Joe Maddock, Michigan (CT, CDN, CRH, MEW, MJ-1, W)
E. W. Farr, Chicago (CT, CDN, CRH, MJ-2)
Fred Schacht, Minnesota (MJ-2, W)
J. M. Davidson, Purdue (MJ-1)
Jake Stahl, Illinois (MEW)
Guards
John G. Flynn, Minnesota (CT, CDN, CRH, MEW, MJ-1, W)
Dan McGugin, Michigan (CRH, MEW, MJ-2, W) (CFHOF)
Herbert Ahlswede, Chicago (CT, MJ-2)
J. Arthur Baird, Northwestern (CDN)
Arnie Lerum, Wisconsin (MEW, MJ-1)
Centers
Shorty Ellsworth, Chicago (CT, CRH, MJ-1)
Emil Skow, Wisconsin (CDN, MEW, W)
George W. Gregory, Michigan (MJ-2)
Quarterbacks
Boss Weeks, Michigan (CT, CDN, CRH, MEW, MJ-1, W)
Sigmund Harris, Minnesota (MJ-2)
Halfbacks
Willie Heston, Michigan (CT, CDN, CRH, MEW, MJ-1, W) (CFHOF)
Paul J. Jones, Michigan (CT, W [fullback], MEW [fullback], MJ-2 [fullback])
Harry J. Van Valkenburg, Minnesota (CRH, MEW, MJ-1)
Louis J. Salmon, Notre Dame (CDN)
James M. Sheldon, Chicago (W)
Albert Herrnstein, Michigan (MEW, MJ-2)
E. J. Vanderboom, Wisconsin (MJ-2)
Fullbacks
Everett Sweeley, Michigan (CT, CDN, CRH)
Warren Cummings Knowlton, Minnesota (MJ-1)
Key
CT = Chicago Tribune
CDN = Chicago Daily News selected by Fred Hayner
CRH = Chicago Record-Herald selected by Carl M. Green
MEW = Milwaukee Evening Wisconsin
MJ = The Minneapolis Journal
W = Woodruff
CFHOF = College Football Hall of Fame
See also
1902 College Football All-America Team
References
All-Western team
All-Western college football teams |
Saint-Coutant may refer to the following places in France:
Saint-Coutant, Charente, in the Charente department
Saint-Coutant, Deux-Sèvres, in the Deux-Sèvres department
Saint-Coutant-le-Grand, in the Charente-Maritime department |
```vue
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<script>
export default {
props: ['executorAllocationInfo'],
data() {
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methods: {
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<style lang="sass">
.allocation-popper {
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</style>
``` |
Grindelia squarrosa, also known as a curly-top gumweed or curlycup gumweed, is a small North American biennial or short-lived perennial plant.
Description
G. squarrosa is a decumbent to erect, much-branched perennial herb or subshrub growing up to tall. The leaves are long, gray-green, crenate with each tooth having a yellow bump near its tip, and resinous.
The plant produces numerous flower heads in open, branching arrays. Each head usually contains 12–40 yellow ray flowers, though sometimes the rays are absent. These surround many small disc flowers. The plant blooms from July through late September. The brown seed is usually four-angled, with loose scales.
Varieties
Grindelia squarrosa var. quasiperennis
Grindelia squarrosa var. serrulata
Grindelia squarrosa var. squarrosa
Distribution and habitat
The species is native to western and central North America, from British Columbia east to Québec and New England, and south as far as California, New Mexico, Arizona, Chihuahua, and Texas. The species may possibly be naturalized in much of the eastern part of that distribution.
It is often found in dry, open areas and disturbed roadsides and streamsides, occurring between and in elevation.
Ecology
The species is listed by the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Native Plant Information Network as of "Special Value to Native Bees."
Toxicity
The plant concentrates selenium from the soil, and can be toxic when ingested by cattle, humans, and other mammals.
Uses
The flowers and leaves are used by Great Plains Tribes as a medicinal herb to treat illnesses such as asthma, bronchitis or skin rashes. The powdered flowers were also once smoked in cigarettes to ease asthmatic symptoms.
It is used as a traditional medicinal plant by Shoshone peoples in various regions. The Gosiute language name for the plant is mu’-ha-kûm. The Lakota language name for the plant is pteíčhiyuȟa.
Hispanos of New Mexico boiled the buds to make a drink to treat kidney disorders. Extracts have been made to treat skin irritations, asthma, and rheumatism. The resin has been used to treat poison ivy rashes topically.
The plant is being explored as a potential source of biofuel due to its high content of mono- and di-terpenes which can be converted to a fuel analogous to kerosene or jet fuel. The plant's adaptation to arid climates makes it an attractive option as its cultivation in desert areas would not compete with traditional food crops.
References
External links
Calflora Database: Grindelia squarrosa (Curlycup gumweed)
squarrosa
Flora of Canada
Flora of Northeastern Mexico
Flora of Northwestern Mexico
Flora of the Eastern United States
Flora of the Western United States
Flora of the Great Plains (North America)
Flora of California
Flora of the Great Basin
Flora of the Sierra Nevada (United States)
Plants described in 1813
Plants used in traditional Native American medicine
Flora without expected TNC conservation status |
Macrothemis inequiunguis, the jade-striped sylph, is a species of skimmer in the dragonfly family Libellulidae. It is found in Central America, North America, and South America.
The IUCN conservation status of Macrothemis inequiunguis is "LC", least concern, with no immediate threat to the species' survival. The population is stable. The IUCN status was reviewed in 2017.
References
Further reading
Libellulidae
Articles created by Qbugbot
Insects described in 1895 |
Vickery v McLean [2006] NZAR 481 is a cited case in New Zealand regarding claims in defamation and the defence of free speech.
Background
Harold Vickery was concerned that there may have been criminal activity at the Papakura District Council when it contracted out its water services, so much so that he had lodged complaints with both the Ombudsman Office and the Serious Fraud Office.
Vickery then sent The New Zealand Herald a letter claiming that "there was serious enough circumstantial evidence to suggest criminal irregularity may have taken place" at the PDC by these council employees, who were not elected council officials.
The Council employees in reply sued Vickery for defamation, and he used the claim of qualified privilege as a defence, as outlined in Lange.
Held
The Court of Appeal limited the defence of qualified privilege, as outlined in Lange, to elected officials, such as councillors, MPs, and mayors, and not to unelected public officials, as were the plaintiffs here. Thus Vickery's defamation defence was dismissed.
References
Court of Appeal of New Zealand cases
New Zealand tort case law
2006 in New Zealand law
2006 in case law |
Donbassaero (, Russian: Донбассаэро) was an airline with its head office on the property of Donetsk International Airport in Donetsk, Ukraine. It operated domestic and international scheduled services. Its main bases were Donetsk International Airport and Boryspil International Airport in Kyiv. The main shareholder of the company was PrivatBank, controlled by Ihor Kolomoyskyi.
History
The airline was founded in 1993 as Donetsk State Airline, then re-organized and re-branded as Donbassaero in 2003. Their website was launched in July 2005 and their online booking system started in November of the same year.
Since 25 March 2012, as a result of the Anti-monopoly committee of Ukraine's decision to allow the consolidation of the Ukrainian Aviation Group's physical and operational assets, Donbassaero no longer operated flights with its own code, but rather on behalf of its parent company Aerosvit.
The airline filed for bankruptcy and ceased operations on 14 January 2013.
Destinations
Donbassaero served the following scheduled destinations (as of January 2013):
Armenia
Yerevan - Zvartnots International Airport
Azerbaijan
Baku - Heydar Aliyev International Airport
Cyprus
Larnaca - Larnaca International Airport
Georgia
Tbilisi - Tbilisi International Airport
Greece
Athens - Athens International Airport
Lithuania
Vilnius - Vilnius International Airport
Russia
Moscow - Domodedovo International Airport.
Sweden
Stockholm - Stockholm International Airport
Syria
Aleppo - Aleppo International Airport
Turkey
Istanbul - Atatürk International Airport
United Arab Emirates
Dubai - Dubai International Airport
Ukraine
Donetsk - Sergey Prokofiev International Airport hub
Kharkiv - Kharkiv International Airport
Kyiv - Boryspil International Airport hub
Odesa - Odesa International Airport
Fleet
The Donbassaero fleet included the following aircraft (as of December 2012):
References
External links
Official website
Official website
Donbassaero Fleet Photos
Defunct airlines of Ukraine
Airlines established in 2003
Airlines disestablished in 2013
Companies based in Donetsk
Privat Group
2003 establishments in Ukraine
2013 disestablishments in Ukraine |
Azizlu (, also Romanized as ‘Azīzlū) is a village in Ojarud-e Gharbi Rural District, in the Central District of Germi County, Ardabil Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 9, in 4 families.
References
Towns and villages in Germi County |
Steven J. Baum, P.C., was a law firm headquartered in Amherst, New York, United States. It was founded as Marvin R. Baum, P.C. in 1972, and remained under that name until Marvin Baum's death in 1999, after which his son Steven inherited the business and renamed it after himself. Its practice was primarily in real estate law, particularly in representing lenders and servicers in residential foreclosure actions in its later years.
In the wake of the subprime mortgage crisis in the late 2000s (decade), Baum handled 40% of all foreclosures in the state, the most of any law firm in New York. Many of the foreclosures it initiated were products of the robo-signing scandal, and it came under state and federal scrutiny. Homeowner activists singled out the firm for its aggressive tactics that ruled out mortgage modifications, and brought class action suits against it. After state courts instituted a rule designed to curtail fraudulent foreclosure filings, a rule the firm had fought in court, new filings by Baum's clients dropped considerably.
The firm came to national attention in 2011 when New York Times columnist Joseph Nocera published photos from the firm's Halloween party the previous year, leaked to him by an employee. They depicted costumes and decoration that mocked homeowners and critics of the firm. Shortly afterwards, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac barred lenders and servicers from using the firm for foreclosures. State and federal investigations are continuing. Within a week Baum announced it was closing the firm, citing the negative publicity and lost business.
History
Marvin R. Baum founded the firm in 1972. In addition to practicing law in the foreclosure area, he wrote and lectured on the topic and real estate law in general. He chaired the Real Property Law Section of the New York State Bar Association (NYSBA).
His son Steven J. Baum joined the firm in 1986. He chaired the Foreclosure and Workout Committee of the NYSBA. In 1999, when his father died, the firm assumed his name. Shortly afterwards, an associated firm, Pillar Processing LLC, was created to handle document processing. It was later spun off to private equity investors, but was dependent on Baum for almost all its business.
2000s: role in foreclosures and closing
Following the subprime mortgage crisis of the late 2000s (decade), foreclosures, originally just one aspect of the firm's business, became its primary business. It became the largest foreclosure firm in the state, involved in 40% of all actions in New York. It opened a satellite office on Long Island, in Westbury, to handle the extra business. Many lawyers for homeowners and consumer activists derisively referred to Baum as a "foreclosure mill", and it was investigated by the state and federal governments for its role in the robo-signing scandal, in which forged documents were filed to initiate actions on behalf of clients who may not have been the original lenders or servicers. A Brooklyn judge said Baum operated "in a parallel mortgage universe, unrelated to the real universe".
The firm later paid the Department of Justice $2 million, and agreed to change its practices, to settle the claims brought against it by Preet Bharara, U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York. It admitted no wrongdoing beyond "occasionally [making] inadvertent errors in its legal filings in state and federal court." In October 2010, the state's chief administrative judge imposed a rule requiring clients to affirm the original documents under penalty of perjury. It limited the company's business, and Baum later argued in court that it should be reversed as unconstitutional. The affirmation rule had an adverse effect on homeowners against whom foreclosure notices had been filed: without it, no mediation efforts could begin, and interest and fees continued to accrue, eroding the homeowner's eventual bargaining position.
Baum came to national attention around Halloween 2011, when Joseph Nocera, a columnist at The New York Times, published photographs taken at the firm's Halloween party the previous year that had been sent to him by an employee. The employees were dressed like homeless or poor people, and wore signs around their necks saying things like "3rd Party Squatter – I Lost My Home & I Was NEVER Served", a common response to foreclosure proceedings. Another image depicted a row of mock houses identified as "Baum Estates" with foreclosure notices in front, and a third display imagined the death of a Manhattan attorney who had filed a class action suit against the firm. "There is this really cavalier attitude," Nocera quoted his source as saying. "It doesn't matter that people are going to lose their homes." A spokesman for the firm called the column "another attempt by The New York Times to attack our firm and our work."
The firm apologized after the ensuing uproar, but the controversy did not end. Occupy Buffalo picketed the firm's offices, and urged state attorney general Eric Schneiderman, who had been investigating the firm, to prosecute rather than settle. Both Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac barred servicers from using the firm. Investigations by the United States House of Representatives were also underway.
Three weeks later, Nocera wrote a follow-up column that began by quoting an email he had received from Baum: "You have destroyed everything and everyone related to Steven J. Baum PC. It took 40 years to build this firm and three weeks to tear down," he said. He had asked about Baum's effort to have the affirmation rule overturned. Baum told him that the firm was merely following the wish of one its client servicers, and that the rule was simply "confusing." In a final email, Nocera quoted Baum as saying, "There is blood on your hands for this one, Joe. I will never, ever forgive you for this." Two days later, Baum announced that the firm would close down due to the business lost by the Fannie and Freddie ban.
In March 2012, after the firm closed down, Baum reached a settlement for $4 million (~$ in ) with the State of New York over abuses in their legal work, without admitting any wrongdoing.
References
External links
Firm website
Defunct law firms of the United States
Law firms based in New York (state)
Companies based in Erie County, New York
Subprime mortgage crisis
Law firms established in 1972
Law firms disestablished in 2011
1972 establishments in New York (state)
2011 disestablishments in New York (state)
Foreclosure |
```python
import sys
import os
REMOVE_THESE = ["-I/usr/include", "-I/usr/include/", "-L/usr/lib", "-L/usr/lib/"]
class Pkg:
def __init__(self, pkg_name):
self.name = pkg_name
self.priority = 0
self.vars = {}
def parse(self, pkg_config_path):
f = None
for pkg_path in pkg_config_path.split(':'):
if pkg_path[-1] != '/':
pkg_path += '/'
fname = pkg_path + self.name + '.pc'
try:
f = open(fname, "r")
break
except:
continue
if not f:
#sys.stderr.write("pkgconfig.py: unable to find %s.pc in %s\n" % (self.name, pkg_config_path))
return False
for line in f.readlines():
line = line.strip()
if not line:
continue
if line[0]=='#':
continue
pos1 = line.find('=')
pos2 = line.find(':')
if pos1 > 0 and (pos1 < pos2 or pos2 < 0):
pos = pos1
elif pos2 > 0 and (pos2 < pos1 or pos1 < 0):
pos = pos2
else:
continue
name = line[:pos].lower()
value = line[pos+1:]
self.vars[name] = value
f.close()
for name in self.vars.keys():
value = self.vars[name]
while True:
pos1 = value.find("${")
if pos1 < 0:
break
pos2 = value.find("}")
if pos2 < 0:
break
value = value.replace(value[pos1:pos2+1], self.vars[value[pos1+2:pos2]])
self.vars[name] = value
return True
def requires(self):
if not 'requires' in self.vars:
return []
deps = []
req_list = self.vars['requires']
for req_item in req_list.split(','):
req_item = req_item.strip()
for i in range(len(req_item)):
if "=<>".find(req_item[i]) >= 0:
deps.append(req_item[:i].strip())
break
return deps
def libs(self):
if not 'libs' in self.vars:
return []
return self.vars['libs'].split(' ')
def cflags(self):
if not 'cflags' in self.vars:
return []
return self.vars['cflags'].split(' ')
def calculate_pkg_priority(pkg, pkg_dict, loop_cnt):
if loop_cnt > 10:
sys.stderr.write("Circular dependency with pkg %s\n" % (pkg))
return 0
reqs = pkg.requires()
prio = 1
for req in reqs:
if not req in pkg_dict:
continue
req_pkg = pkg_dict[req]
prio += calculate_pkg_priority(req_pkg, pkg_dict, loop_cnt+1)
return prio
if __name__ == "__main__":
pkg_names = []
pkg_dict = {}
commands = []
exist_check = False
for i in range(1,len(sys.argv)):
if sys.argv[i][0] == '-':
cmd = sys.argv[i]
commands.append(cmd)
if cmd=='--exists':
exist_check = True
elif cmd=="--help":
print "This is not very helpful, is it"
sys.exit(0)
elif cmd=="--version":
print "0.1"
sys.exit(0)
else:
pkg_names.append(sys.argv[i])
# Fix search path
PKG_CONFIG_PATH = os.getenv("PKG_CONFIG_PATH", "").strip()
if not PKG_CONFIG_PATH:
PKG_CONFIG_PATH="/usr/local/lib/pkgconfig:/usr/lib/pkgconfig"
PKG_CONFIG_PATH = PKG_CONFIG_PATH.replace(";", ":")
# Parse files
for pkg_name in pkg_names:
pkg = Pkg(pkg_name)
if not pkg.parse(PKG_CONFIG_PATH):
sys.exit(1)
pkg_dict[pkg_name] = pkg
if exist_check:
sys.exit(0)
# Calculate priority based on dependency
for pkg_name in pkg_dict.keys():
pkg = pkg_dict[pkg_name]
pkg.priority = calculate_pkg_priority(pkg, pkg_dict, 1)
# Sort package based on dependency
pkg_names = sorted(pkg_names, key=lambda pkg_name: pkg_dict[pkg_name].priority, reverse=True)
# Get the options
opts = []
for cmd in commands:
if cmd=='--libs':
for pkg_name in pkg_names:
libs = pkg_dict[pkg_name].libs()
for lib in libs:
opts.append(lib)
if lib[:2]=="-l":
break
for pkg_name in pkg_names:
opts += pkg_dict[pkg_name].libs()
elif cmd=='--cflags':
for pkg_name in pkg_names:
opts += pkg_dict[pkg_name].cflags()
elif cmd[0]=='-':
sys.stderr.write("pkgconfig.py: I don't know how to handle " + sys.argv[i] + "\n")
filtered_opts = []
for opt in opts:
opt = opt.strip()
if not opt:
continue
if REMOVE_THESE.count(opt) != 0:
continue
if opt != '-framework' and opt != '--framework' and filtered_opts.count(opt) != 0:
if len(filtered_opts) and (filtered_opts[-1] == '-framework' or filtered_opts[-1] == '--framework'):
filtered_opts.pop()
continue
filtered_opts.append(opt)
print ' '.join(filtered_opts)
``` |
The Morondava skink (Madascincus mouroundavae) is an extant species of skink, a lizard in the family Scincidae. The species is endemic to Madagascar.
References
Madascincus
Reptiles described in 1872
Reptiles of Madagascar
Endemic fauna of Madagascar
Taxa named by Alfred Grandidier |
Giovanni Adam Roman (born 4 May 1961 in Świdnica) is a Polish politician. He was elected to the Sejm on 25 September 2005, getting 4373 votes in 2 Wałbrzych district as a candidate from the Law and Justice list.
See also
Members of Polish Sejm 2005-2007
External links
Giovanni Roman - parliamentary page - includes declarations of interest, voting record, and transcripts of speeches.
1961 births
Living people
People from Świdnica
Members of the Polish Sejm 2005–2007
Law and Justice politicians |
Selvarasa Mathushan (born 21 February 2000) is a Sri Lankan cricketer. He made his first-class debut for Tamil Union Cricket and Athletic Club in the 2018–19 Premier League Tournament on 17 January 2019.
References
External links
1996 births
Living people
Sri Lankan cricketers
Tamil Union Cricket and Athletic Club cricketers
Place of birth missing (living people) |
The Ajax-class ships of the line were a class of two 74-gun third rates of the Royal Navy. They were grouped in with the large class of 74s, as they carried 24-pounders on their upper gun decks, rather than the 18-pounders of the middling and common class 74s. The design of the Ajax class was a lengthened (by ) version of the , the lines of which were taken from the French , captured in 1747.
Ships
Builder: Perry, Blackwall Yard
Ordered: 10 June 1795
Launched: 17 January 1798
Fate: Broken up, 1881
Builder: Randall, Rotherhithe
Ordered: 10 June 1795
Launched: 3 March 1798
Fate: Accidentally burnt, 1807
References
Lavery, Brian (2003) The Ship of the Line – Volume 1: The development of the battlefleet 1650–1850. Conway Maritime Press. .
Ship of the line classes
Ship classes of the Royal Navy |
Fibrillary astrocytomas are a group of primary slow-growing brain tumors that typically occur in adults between the ages of 20 and 50.
Symptoms
Seizures, frequent mood changes, and headaches are among the earliest symptoms of the tumor. Hemiparesis (physical weakness on one side of the body) is also common.
Pathology
Fibrillary astrocytomas arise from neoplastic astrocytes, a type of glial cell found in the central nervous system. They may occur anywhere in the brain, or even in the spinal cord, but are most commonly found in the cerebral hemispheres. As the alternative name "diffuse astrocytoma" implies, the outline of the tumour is not clearly visible in scans, because the borders of the neoplasm tend to send out tiny microscopic fibrillary tentacles that spread into the surrounding brain tissue. These tentacles intermingle with healthy brain cells, making complete surgical removal difficult. However, they are low-grade tumors, with a slow rate of growth, so patients commonly survive longer than those with otherwise similar types of brain tumours, such as glioblastoma multiforme.
Diagnosis
A continuous EEG recording of the brain's electrical activity may help to identify and localize seizure activity, especially in children. CT scans and MRI scans of the brain may show the presence of a diffuse mass that fails to light up when a contrast dye is given. In some cases, a biopsy may be required to confirm the nature of the tumour.
Treatment
Treatment options include surgery, radiotherapy, radiosurgery, and chemotherapy.
The infiltrating growth of microscopic tentacles in fibrillary astrocytomas makes complete surgical removal difficult or impossible without injuring brain tissue needed for normal neurological function. However, surgery can still reduce or control tumor size. Possible side effects of surgical intervention include brain swelling, which can be treated with steroids, and epileptic seizures. Complete surgical excision of low-grade tumors is associated with a good prognosis. However, the tumor may recur if the resection is incomplete, in which case further surgery or the use of other therapies may be required.
Standard radiotherapy for fibrillary astrocytoma requires 10 to 30 sessions, depending on the subtype of the tumor, and may sometimes be performed after surgical resection to improve outcomes and survival rates. Side effects include the possibility of local inflammation, leading to headaches, which can be treated with oral medication. Radiosurgery uses computer modelling to focus minimal radiation doses at the exact location of the tumour, while minimising the dose to the surrounding healthy brain tissue. Radiosurgery may be a complementary treatment after regular surgery, or it may represent the primary treatment technique.
Although chemotherapy for fibrillary astrocytoma improves overall survival, it is effective only in about 20% of cases. Researchers are currently investigating a number of promising new treatment techniques including gene therapy, immunotherapy, and novel chemotherapies.
References
External links
Pediatric lowgrade astrocytomas
Brain tumor
Disorders causing seizures |
Erik George Williams (born September 7, 1968) is an American former professional football player who was an offensive tackle in the National Football League (NFL) for the Dallas Cowboys and Baltimore Ravens. He played college football at Central State University in Wilberforce, Ohio, where he was an NAIA All-American offensive lineman. Williams was a third round selection in the 1991 NFL Draft.
Early years
Williams attended John Bartram High School. As a senior, he was a powerful defensive lineman, receiving All-Public League honors. He also competed in the shot put and discus throw. Poor grades prevented him from obtaining an NCAA Division I scholarship, so he enrolled at Central State University in Wilberforce, Ohio. He played under hall of fame football coach Billy Joe.
As a redshirt freshman, he was converted to play the offensive left tackle position. As a sophomore, he was named the starter at left tackle and became a dominant player at the NAIA level and an All-American.
During his collegiate career from 1987 through 1990, the team won a total of 41 games with just seven losses and one tie. In 1990, Williams helped the Marauders to the NAIA national championship. It was the first of three Central State University national titles during the decade. That championship season Williams helped the offense average 492 yards and 54.8 points per game and set an NAIA record for most points in a single season with 594 points.
In 2010, Williams was inducted into the Central State University Sports Hall of Fame. In 2020, he was inducted into the Black College Football Hall of Fame.
Professional career
Dallas Cowboys
Williams was selected by the Dallas Cowboys in the third round (70th overall) of the 1991 NFL Draft, with a choice from the Steve Walsh trade. He played sparingly as a rookie, as a backup to Nate Newton at right tackle. Williams' level of play during the 1992 training camp forced the Cowboys to move back Newton to left guard, in order to have the best players available on the offensive line.
In 1992, he was named the Cowboys' starting right tackle. He earned national recognition, when he held future Hall of Fame defensive end Reggie White without a sack in a 20–10 Dallas win. He received the NFC's Offensive Player of the Week award, becoming the first offensive lineman in Cowboys history to win the award.
Nicknamed "Big E", by 1993, his physical play and aggressive attitude that was rarely seen on the offensive side of the ball, made Williams the top offensive lineman in the NFL. These traits were mentioned by defensive end Michael Strahan in his Professional Football Hall of Fame enshrinement speech.
On October 24, 1994, Williams was involved in a serious one-car accident which caused him to miss the remainder of the season. Williams suffered a damaged right knee as well as a broken rib, torn ligaments in his left thumb and facial lacerations that required plastic surgery. A magnetic scan on the knee indicated two torn ligaments—the medial collateral and posterior cruciate—and a torn muscle.
In 1995, although he regained his starting position, he couldn't reach his previous high level of play, but still was good enough to help the team win Super Bowl XXX. In 2000, he started in 16 games and allowed 7.5 sacks. On March 7, 2001, he was released in a salary cap move.
Williams was a three-time All-Pro and four-time Pro Bowler, playing in the 1993, 1996, 1997, and 1999 Pro Bowls. His ability to protect quarterback Troy Aikman and to run-block for running back Emmitt Smith helped the Cowboys win Super Bowls in 1992, 1993 and 1995.
From 1992 to 1994, together with Nate Newton, Mark Tuinei, Mark Stepnoski and Kevin Gogan, Williams was part of some of the best offensive lines to play in NFL history, later dubbed "The Great Wall of Dallas".
His dominant play and three Super Bowl rings, have many sports writers and players proclaim that if not for the injuries he suffered in his near-fatal 1994 auto accident, he would have been inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame.
Baltimore Ravens
On August 28, 2001, he signed as a free agent with the Baltimore Ravens. He appeared in 5 games and was mostly used as a reserve right tackle behind Sammy Williams. On November 20, 2001, he was placed on the reserve-retired list.
Personal life
Williams was accused of sexual assault in 1995 for which he was acquitted. An accusation of rape in 1997 was dismissed when it was discovered the woman had made a false police report for which she was both charged and sued. In 2002, he was arrested and arraigned on charges of assaulting his wife, Chanda, who fled the home and alerted police.
He is a member of Phi Beta Sigma fraternity. He appeared on the cover of the video game Madden NFL '95 with San Francisco 49ers defensive lineman Karl Wilson. After his playing career was over, he maintained a low profile, while spending time serving a coaching internship with the Cowboys, and a coaching stint at his alma mater Central State University.
References
1968 births
Living people
American football offensive tackles
Central State Marauders football players
Baltimore Ravens players
Dallas Cowboys players
John Bartram High School alumni
National Conference Pro Bowl players
People acquitted of sex crimes
Players of American football from Philadelphia |
9/11: Press for Truth (also known as Press for Truth) is a 2006 documentary film about the September 11 attacks on the United States. Directed by the American filmmaker Ray Nowosielski, it was partially based on The Terror Timeline, by Paul Thompson.
Development and release
Filmmakers Ray Nowosielski and John Duffy first became interested in making a film about the September 11 attacks when they found Paul Thompson's Complete 911 Timeline website in spring 2003. After obtaining funding, they met Thompson in September 2004, who agreed to let them adapt his work.
The filmmakers also met Kyle Hence, who had co-founded 9/11 Citizens Watch, an advocacy organization which monitored the activities of the 9/11 Commission on behalf of the public and was in close contact with the 9/11 Family Steering Committee. He agreed to join the production as executive producer (eventually also becoming a co-producer and co-writer), and in the spring of 2005, helped them get interviews with three of the "Jersey Girls" (widows of individuals killed in the attacks).
Production ended in December 2005, with post-production completed in July 2006.
The film premiered theatrically in September 2006 in New York City and the San Francisco Bay area. It received a simultaneous limited DVD release in over fifty cities across America as well as Canada, Great Britain, the Czech Republic, Australia, and Japan.
Summary
9/11: Press for Truth follows three of the Jersey Girls, as well as some other family members in their search for answers about the September 11 attacks. Among their questions were:
"Why had the U.S. military defenses failed to stop any of the four hijacked planes?"
"Why was there a lack of immediate response by the president and his secret service detail?"
"Why did the buildings fall?"
"How did U.S. intelligence miss the escape of terrorists from Afghanistan to Pakistan during time of war?"
"Why did the U.S. consider Pakistan an ally in the fight against terrorism when Pakistan's own intelligence service, ISI, apparently was funding terrorism?"
The film uses archive news footage, interviews, press conferences and newspaper clippings to document the attacks and the establishment and workings of the 9/11 Commission. The film can be roughly divided into three sections:
The first part of the film describes the efforts to pressure the U.S. government into setting up a formal investigation and shows how eventually the decision was made to create the 9/11 Commission. The family members in turn, set up a group called the 9/11 Family Steering Committee, to monitor the Commission and provide it with additional questions. The film shows some of the initial stumbles of the Commission, such as the resignation of Henry Kissinger, the original chairman of the Commission, after receiving criticism for refusing to release the names of all his firm's clients. It denounces some of the decisions of the Bush Administration, such as only allowing certain members of the Commission to review sensitive White House documents, and president George W. Bush and vice president Dick Cheney agreeing to meet with the Commission, but only together, behind closed doors and not under oath. The segment ends with the Jersey Girls complaining that the eventual report of the 9/11 Commission failed to meet their expectations.
The second part begins by expounding the Jersey Girls' complaints of what they perceive as unsatisfactory coverage by the U.S. news media. It introduces Paul Thompson, who discusses what he claims is evidence showing the U.S. government was aware of the threat of planes being flown into buildings, and that it ignored numerous warnings from foreign countries. He then describes the August 6, 2001 President's Daily Brief (entitled "Bin Ladin Determined To Strike in US") that gave a general warning about a possible attack.
The final part of the film looks at the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan, detailing how Osama bin Laden, along with top members of Al-Qaeda and the Taliban, was able to repeatedly escape while being chased by U.S. forces, eventually fleeing to Pakistan. It also elaborates briefly on the Soviet–Afghan War and how the Afghan Muhajadeen, some elements of which later played a role in Al-Qaeda, were funded by the U.S. to fight the Soviets. This is followed by a look at Indian claims that Pakistani intelligence service ISI was involved in funding the 9/11 hijackers, and blames the 9/11 Commission for a lack of attention to this investigational avenue. The film concludes with a final reflection on what it sees as shortcomings in the U.S. news media.
Reception
The film was reviewed by New Zealand news site Scoop.co.nz, The New American, The Stanford Daily, Santa Maria Sun, The Hartford Courant, Slant Magazine, The Indianapolis Star, NUVO, The Albuquerque Tribune, Polish magazine Przekrój, and Glenn Erickson from DVD Talk.
Nowosielski and Duffy later produced the documentary Who is Rich Blee, deducing the identities of several CIA agents inside the Bin Laden Issue Station in the years immediately before 2001. Before publication, the CIA threatened them under the Intelligence Identities Protection Act. Their documentary was posted with the names redacted. But they claim their webmaster accidentally posted some emails that contained the identities.
See also
September 11 attacks in popular culture
References
External links
2006 films
Documentary films about the September 11 attacks
Criticism of the official accounts of the September 11 attacks
2000s English-language films |
Stephen Manning Speakes (born May 21, 1952) is a retired lieutenant general of the United States Army, now serving as the President and CEO of Independent Rough Terrain Center (IRTC), LLC. The company makes rough terrain material handling equipment for the Military and Commercial markets. As the CEO since 2013, Speakes has focused on emphasizing customer relationships, expanding into the commercial marketplace while improving quality and efficiency.
Prior to joining IRTC, Speakes was an executive vice president at USAA from 2010 to 2013, responsible for enterprise strategy, and external affairs. Speakes's final assignment in a 35-year army career was as the Deputy Chief of Staff G-8 Programs of The United States Army. In that role Speakes was responsible for developing and presenting the army's financial strategy to the Executive Branch and to Congress. He was also charged with equipping the army during a time of wartime operations when demand for new force protection capabilities required innovative and adaptive solutions. Previously, Speakes served in a wide variety of command and staff assignments in the US, Germany, Iraq and Kuwait. He is married to Judy, a retired physician assistant, and is a father.
References
Lieutenant General Stephen M. Speakes, U.S. Army
1952 births
United States Army personnel of the Iraq War
Georgetown University alumni
Living people
Recipients of the Defense Superior Service Medal
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
United States Army generals
United States Military Academy alumni |
Ashuganj Power Station Company Limited is a state owned power company in Bangladesh. The company is located in Paltan, Dhaka, Bangladesh. The company is under the authority of Bangladesh Power Development Board.
History
Ashuganj Power Station Company Limited was established on 28 June 2000 according to the Power Sector Development and Reform Program of the Government of Bangladesh. It was incorporated under the Companies act, 1990. It is owned by Bangladesh Power Development Board who controls 99.99% of the shares. The rest of the .01% are owned by the Ministry of Planning, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Power, Energy and Mineral Resources, Power Division, and Energy and Mineral Resources Division. It was created around Ashuganj Power Plant which was commissioned in 1987 and close to Titas Gas field. In 2011, the company launched a new 50 megawatt power plant in Ashuganj Upazila. In December 2012, the company received 193 million dollar loan from Standard Chartered Bank to set up a combined cycle power plant and 420 million dollar loan from HSBC Bank.
In July 2017, the company signed an agreement with the China Energy Engineering Corporation, a state owned Chinese company, to construct Patuakhali Power Plant. On 24 December 2018, Ashuganj Power Station Company Limited signed agreements with 8 financials institutions and banks to issue bonds and raise 4.15 billion taka. The purpose of the bonds are to raise funds for building new power plants. The company is constructing 1200 Megawatt power plant along the banks of Meghna River in Brahmanbaria District with TSK Spain. Its plant has faced criticism as a potential risk to Hilsha fish who inhabit the region and are the National fish of Bangladesh.
References
Electric power companies of Bangladesh
Government-owned companies of Bangladesh
Organisations based in Dhaka
Organisations based in Ashuganj
Bangladeshi companies established in 2000 |
The Clifton and Kersley Coal Company or Clifton and Kearsley Coal Company was a coal mining company that operated in Clifton and Kearsley on the south side of the Irwell Valley, then in the historic county of Lancashire, England. Its collieries exploited the coal mines (seams) of the middle coal measures in the Manchester Coalfield. Pits had been sunk in the 1730s and in the 1740s John Heathcote who owned the pits employed Matthew Fletcher. The Fletchers had extensive interests in coal mining in the area and, by the 1750s, Fletcher owned the collieries.
The Clifton and Kersley Coal Company which took over collieries owned by the Fletchers was started by Edward and Alfred Pilkington in 1867.
The company owned Newtown and Wet Earth Collieries in Clifton, Outwood Colliery in Outwood and Little Hey. Manor, Scowcrofts and Spindle Point Collieries in Kearsley. Astley Green Colliery in Astley opened in 1912. In 1896 the company employed 2,729 workers, 2,146 of them underground while in 1923 it employed 4,300 workers, nearly 2,000 of them at its newest colliery Astley Green. In 1929 the company became part of Manchester Collieries.
References
Notes
Bibliography
Mining in Lancashire
Underground mines in England
Defunct mining companies of the United Kingdom |
The Tennessee Commission of Indian Affairs (1984-2001, 2004-2010) was a Tennessee state agency that ceased to function after June 30, 2010, the expiration of the legal authority for its existence, Tennessee Code Annotated (T.C.A.) 4-34-102. The first bill to create the Commission (HB 959/SB 474) was introduced and eventually signed into law by Governor Lamar Alexander in 1983. According to the 1980 Census, there were 5,103 Native American residents in Tennessee.
References
External links
http://www.tncia.org/TCA-4-34-101.html
Government agencies disestablished in 2010
State agencies of Tennessee
Indigenous affairs ministries
Native American history of Tennessee |
Mansfield Freeman was born in Waltham, Massachusetts on September 16, 1895, the son of Luther Freeman, a Methodist minister. He was one of the original management group that started an insurance business in China that became the American International Group (AIG). He also was a prominent scholar of Chinese philosophy and a generous philanthropist. He died on November 17, 1992, at his farm in Greensboro, Vermont at the age of 97.
Freeman was also the founder of the Freeman Foundation. He was an alumnus of Wesleyan University in Connecticut, year of 1916. The Freeman Asian Scholarship was established at Wesleyan in his honor. In addition, his endowment established the Freeman Center for East Asian Studies at the university.
Freeman's published works include an introduction to and translation of Preservation of Learning by Yen Yuan, a 17th-century Chinese philosopher. In 1990, he co-authored Tai Chen and Mencius: Explorations in Words and Meaning with Annping Chin, who is now a professor at Yale.
Notes
External links
Short biographical sketch on Yale University Website
Mansfield Freeman Center for East Asian Studies at Wesleyan University
Obituary of Mansfield Freeman on New York Times
1895 births
1992 deaths
American International Group
Businesspeople in insurance
People from Waltham, Massachusetts
Wesleyan University alumni
20th-century American philanthropists |
Rancho Laguna de Tache was a Mexican land grant in present day Tulare County, Fresno County and Kings County, California claimed to have been given in 1843 by Governor Manuel Micheltorena to Joseph Yves Limantour. The grant extended along the (left) south bank of the Kings River and was bounded on the south Cross Creek, on the east by the Sierra Nevada, and on the west by Tulare Lake. The land claim was rejected. This grant is separate from the grant of the same name on the North side of Kings River later given to Manuel Castro.
History
Limantour, a Frenchman by birth and a Mexican by choice, became notorious for his fraudulent claims of land grants in California from Governor Micheltorena. Limantour claimed to have been granted eleven square leagues.
With the cession of California to the United States following the Mexican-American War, the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo provided that the land grants would be honored. As required by the Land Act of 1851, a claim for this Laguna de Tache was filed with the Land Commission, which rejected it.
References
Laguna de Tache (Limantour)
Laguna de Tache
Laguna de Tache
History of the San Joaquin Valley
Tulare Basin watershed
Laguna de Tache |
The 1967–68 European Cup was the 13th European Cup, UEFA's premier club football tournament. The competition was won by Manchester United, who beat Benfica 4–1 in the final at Wembley Stadium, London. The European Cup title marked the tenth year since the Munich air disaster, in which eight United players were killed and their manager, Matt Busby, was left close to death, the day after earning a place in the semi-finals of the 1957–58 competition. It was also the first time an English side had won the trophy.
The away goals rule (which had already been used in the Cup Winners' Cup and the Fairs' Cup) was introduced if aggregate scores were level after two legs, but only for the first round of the competition. Extra time goals were not included in the rule.
Celtic, the defending champions, were eliminated by Dynamo Kyiv in the first round.
Bracket
First round
|}
First leg
Second leg
Sarajevo won 5–3 on aggregate.
Manchester United won 4–0 on aggregate.
Dynamo Kyiv won 3–2 on aggregate.
Górnik Zabrze won 4–0 on aggregate.
Hvidovre won 5–4 on aggregate.
Real Madrid won 3–2 on aggregate.
Sparta Prague won 2–1 on aggregate.
Anderlecht won 5–2 on aggregate.
Vasas won 9–1 on aggregate.
4–4 on aggregate; Valur won on away goals.
1–1 on aggregate; Benfica won on away goals.
Saint-Étienne won 5–0 on aggregate.
Rapid Wien won 4–0 on aggregate.
Juventus won 2–0 on aggregate.
Rapid București won 3–2 on aggregate.
Second round
|}
First leg
Second leg
Manchester United won 2–1 on aggregate.
Górnik Zabrze won 3–2 on aggregate.
Real Madrid won 6–3 on aggregate.
Sparta Prague won 6–5 on aggregate.
Vasas won 11–1 on aggregate.
Benfica won 2–1 on aggregate.
Eintracht Braunschweig won 2–1 on aggregate.
Juventus won 1–0 on aggregate.
Quarter-finals
|}
1 Juventus beat Eintracht Braunschweig 1–0 in a play-off to reach the semi-finals.
First leg
Second leg
Manchester United won 2–1 on aggregate.
Real Madrid won 4–2 on aggregate.
Benfica won 3–0 on aggregate.
Juventus 3–3 Eintracht Braunschweig on aggregate.
Juventus won 1–0 in a play-off.
Semi-finals
|}
First leg
Second leg
Manchester United won 4–3 on aggregate.
Benfica won 3–0 on aggregate.
Final
Top scorers
References
External links
1967–68 All matches – season at UEFA website
European Cup results at Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation
All scorers 1967–68 European Cup according to protocols UEFA
1967-68 European Cup - results and line-ups (archive)
European Cup 1967-68 – results, protocols, players statistics
website eurocups-uefa.ru European Cup 1967-68 – results, protocols
website Football Archive 1967–68 European Cup
1967–68 in European football
European Champion Clubs' Cup seasons |
Coccothrinax leonis is a palm which is endemic to Cuba.
Henderson and colleagues (1995) considered C. leonis to be a synonym of Coccothrinax miraguama.
References
leonis
Trees of Cuba
Plants described in 1981 |
The Kenilworth Assembly Hall is a historic clubhouse located at 410 Kenilworth Avenue in Kenilworth, Illinois. The clubhouse was built in 1907 as a social club for the wealthy Chicago suburb. Resident and noted Prairie School architect George W. Maher designed the building. His design represents a transitional stage in his work; it was his last building to feature a significant horizontal emphasis, and it includes several early hints at style elements he later became known for. The windows are arranged in groups of three, which was typical of Maher's later works, and a stem-and-square motif used in several external elements evokes the signature thistle patterns he introduced the next year. The horizontal elements, which include the broad eaves and wall paneling, exhibit Maher's difficulties with the horizontal form of the Prairie School and were called "unsatisfactory" by architectural historian Carl W. Condit.
The clubhouse was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 21, 1979.
The Kenilworth Club donated the Kenilworth Assembly Hall to the Kenilworth Park District on August 1, 2016.
References
Clubhouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois
Prairie School architecture in Illinois
Buildings and structures completed in 1907
Buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Cook County, Illinois
Kenilworth, Illinois |
A list of historical events that took place in China in the year 1880.
Incumbents
Guangxu Emperor (6th year)
Regent: Empress Dowager Cixi
Viceroys
Viceroy of Zhili — Li Hongzhang
Viceroy of Min-Zhe — He Jing (何璟)
Viceroy of Huguang — Li Hanzhang
Viceroy of Shaan-Gan
Zuo Zongtang
Yang Changjun
Viceroy of Liangguang
Yukuan (裕寬) – through 20 May 1880 (acting)
Zhang Shusheng
Viceroy of Yun-Gui — Liu Changyou
Viceroy of Sichuan — Ding Baozhen
Events
Muslim women are forbidden to marry non-Muslims in Islamic law
Establishments
Chefoo School
Births
Chen Yuan (historian), (1880–1971) historian and educator
He Peirong (何佩瑢; 1880 – 1942) was a military personnel and politician in the Republic of China. He belonged to the Beijing Government, Anhui clique.
Bin Bucheng (賓步程; 1880- 1943) politician and educator, became the President of Hunan University
Wan Fulin (Wan Fulin (Chinese: 万福麟; 1880–1951) the military governor of Heilongjiang province from 1928 and part of the Fengtian clique
Zhu Xingyuan (Chinese: 祝惺元; born 1880-1945?) was a politician and diplomat in the Republic of China. He was an important politician during the Provisional Government of the Republic of China and the Wang Jingwei regime
Jia Deyao (賈德耀; 1880–1940) was a Chinese military commander and politician, member of the Anhui clique during the Beiyang Government.
Leong Sin Nam 梁燊南(1880–1940) was a Malaysian businessman
Deaths
Ng Akew, Chinese opium smuggler and house owner in Hong Kong |
Oberleutnant Georg Kenzian Edler von Kenzianshausen followed his father's profession of arms, and served the Austro-Hungarian Empire during World War I. He became a fighter ace, scoring eight aerial victories. After the dissolution of Austria-Hungary in the aftermath of World War I, he became a citizen of German Austria and defended his new nation against invasion.
Early life and service
Georg Kenzian Edler von Kenzianshausen was born in Linz, Austria in 1894. He was the son of an army officer, and had aspirations of following his father's profession. In 1913, Kenzian joined Engineer Battalion Nr. 2 of the Austro-Hungarian Army. By the time World War I began, he had been commissioned as an officer; he went into action against the Russians. He was wounded on 18 December 1914. After healing, he returned to the Engineers and was promoted to Oberleutnant in September 1915. Shortly after this, he volunteered for the Luftfahrtruppen.
World War I aerial service
Beginning in February 1916, Kenzian trained as an aerial observer and in April was posted to Fliegerkompanie 24 at the Pergine Valsugana Airfield on the South Tyrol front. On 16 June 1916, Kenzian scored his first victory. After a second win, while manning the gun in the rear seat of József Kiss's Hansa-Brandenburg two-seater, Kenzian and his pilot were shot down and wounded on 27 July. It took Kenzian three months to recuperate; during this period, he was awarded the Order of the Iron Crown Third Class with War Decoration and Swords.
In the midst of February 1917, Kenzian was assigned to the aviation school at Wiener-Neustadt in the dual capacities of student pilot and aerial observer instructor. By July, he was qualified as a pilot, having earned Austrian Pilot's Certificate number 721 on the 12th. In August, he was packed off to Fliegerkompanie 55J as its deputy commander under Josef von Maier. Kenzian would score seven more victories while with Flik 55J, and be awarded the Gold Bravery Medal for Officers and the Military Merit Cross, Third Class. The squadron would serve so well at Haidenschaft and Pergine that it was dubbed the Kaiser Staffel (Emperor's Squadron).
On 4 May 1918, Karl Patzelt's death in action left Fliegerkompanie 68J leaderless. Kenzian was granted command of the fighter squadron at Colle Umberto and led it into combat over the Battle of the Piave in June. He won the Silver Military Merit Medal with Swords. In October 1918, he was transferred to command of Fliegerkompanie 42J at Pinzano when its commander was KIA, and led it until war's end.
Post World War I
As the war ended, Kenzian switched his fighting efforts to repelling Slovenians invading Carinthia in southern Austria; he served with the German-Austrian Republic aerial forces until the conflict ended in June 1919. He found himself flying general service again, dropping leaflets, observing enemy movements, dropping bombs, and intercepting opposing aircraft. The Treaty of Saint Germain in September 1919 not only ended the conflict, but also the German-Austrian air arm.
Kenzian died of a heart attack in Vienna in 1953.
List of aerial victories
Numbered victories are confirmed. Unconfirmed victories are noted by "u/c".
See also
Aerial victory standards of World War I
Endnotes
References
1894 births
1953 deaths
Austro-Hungarian World War I flying aces
Edlers of Austria |
River Bend is a village in Jackson County, Missouri, United States. The population was 3 at the 2020 census. It is the only part of Jackson County that lies north of the Missouri River. In 1951, the Missouri River was relocated to a new channel, creating River Bend, (also known as Liberty Bend). The county line still follows the original riverbed. It is part of the Kansas City metropolitan area. The mayor is Alex Dockler.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of , of which is land and is water.
Demographics
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 10 people, 5 households, and 3 families living in the village. The population density was . There were 5 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the village was 100.0% White.
There were 5 households, of which 60.0% were married couples living together and 40.0% were non-families. 20.0% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.00 and the average family size was 2.33.
The median age in the village was 52.5 years. 0.0% of residents were under the age of 18; 0.0% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 20% were from 25 to 44; 70% were from 45 to 64; and 10% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 40.0% male and 60.0% female.
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 10 people, 5 households, and 4 families living in the village. The population density was 7.6 people per square mile (2.9/km). There were 5 housing units at an average density of 3.8 per square mile (1.5/km). The racial makeup of the village was 100.00% White.
There were 5 households, out of which none had children under the age of 18 living with them, 80.0% were married couples living together, and 20.0% were non-families. 20.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and none had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.00 and the average family size was 2.25.
In the village, the population was spread out, with 10.0% from 18 to 24, 30.0% from 25 to 44, 40.0% from 45 to 64, and 20.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45 years. For every 100 females, there were 66.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 66.7 males.
The median income for a household in the village was $70,000, and the median income for a family was $70,000. Males had a median income of $46,667 versus $41,250 for females. The per capita income for the village was $27,820. None of the population and none of the families were below the poverty line.
References
Villages in Jackson County, Missouri
1951 establishments in Missouri
Villages in Missouri |
Acacia subcontorta is a shrub belonging to the genus Acacia and the subgenus Juliflorae that is endemic to central and central western Australia.
Description
The shrub or trees usually has multiple stems and typically grows to a height of with a rounded and spreading crown that is across and becomes sparser with age. The trunks appear contorted and have a diameter of around at breast height and with the contorted looking main branches spreading more or less horizontally. The thin grey coloured bark has a fibrous texture and is longitudinally fissured along the main branches and trunks. The terete and glabrous branchlets have obscure ribbing and are a light brown colour at the extremities. Like most species of Acacia it has phyllodes rather than true leaves. The evergreen, moderately coriaceous to sub-rigid phyllodes have a linear to narrowly elliptic shape with a length of and a width of with many fine parallel longitudinal nerves.
Distribution
It is native to a large area in the Pilbara and northern Goldfields regions of Western Australia where its distribution is scattered and its range extends from around north west of Wiluna in the south then eastwards into the Gibson Desert. In the north it is found on Balfour Downs and Ethel Creek Stations as well as in the Hamersley Range. The species shares much of the range of Acacia thoma. It is often situated on gently undulating plains and stony hardpan plains with skeletal shallow red-brown loamy soils mixed with ironstone pebbles and cobbles as a part of open Mulga woodland communities, sometimes with a spinifex understorey.
See also
List of Acacia species
References
subcontorta
Acacias of Western Australia
Taxa named by Bruce Maslin
Plants described in 2008 |
Orbital Education was founded in 2005 by Kevin McNeany. The school group runs a number of internationally acclaimed schools that follow a range of curricula. Orbital Education has a central office based in Cheadle Hulme, Cheshire, United Kingdom. The company has established schools across four continents, Europe, Asia, North and South America.
Member schools
Baleares International College, Spain
Britannica International School Budapest
Britannica International School Shanghai
British International School of Ljubljana
The British School of Quito
Oryx International School Doha
United School International, The Pearl in Doha, Qatar
Britt Academy, Playa del Carmen Quintana Roo, Mexico
World Academy Tirana, Tirana, Albania
International Montessori School of Albania, Tirana, Albania
Awards and achievements
In 2017, Orbital Education was recognised by the London Stock Exchange Group as one of the 1,000 Companies to Inspire Britain consecutively for two years. By 2018, the education company was included in the Sunday Times HSBC International Track 200 for fastest-growing international sales, measured over the company's latest two years of available accounts. 2019 saw Orbital Education recognised at position 35 in the BDO Sunday Times Profit Track 100 list and then honoured with the Queen's Award for Enterprise: International Trade for its excellence in international trade.
References
Private and independent school organizations
Private school organisations in the United Kingdom
Education companies of the United Kingdom
2005 establishments in England |
The 1850 Grand National was, at the time, the 15th annual running of a handicap steeplechase horse race at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool, England on Wednesday, 27 February 1850. It was later retrospectively recorded as the twelfth official running in 1864. It attracted a then record field of thirty-two runners and was won by the unconsidered Irish entrant, Abd El Kader.
Leading Contenders
Peter Simple was the long time favourite of the general public on the back of his winning the 1849 Grand National although there seemed to be some confusion over his ownership as most contemporary reports differ as to whose colours he was to carry. His trainer Tom Cunningham remained in the saddle, as he had been last year in victory. Contemporary reports stated that, in what proved to be Cunningham's second and final ride in the race, Peter Simple was stated by some contemporary newspaper sources as having finished the race in fifth position. Records of those that did not finish in the first three however were not officially recorded and modern records state that the horse did not complete the course. The proved to be Cunningham's final ride in the Grand National, although Peter Simple would return in 1851.
Sir John Was backed down to 7/1 to win in the colours of Lord Waterford, who himself had ridden in the 1840 Grand National and provided John Ryan with the best backed mount of the seventeen riders making their debut in the race. Ryan matched the owner's performance in the race by finishing third.
Rat Trap or Rattrap, as it was listed in some contemporary reports was the mount of John Frisby and was quoted at 9/1 on the course. The partnership did not complete the course, though it was not recorded what fate befell them.
The Victim was quoted at 12/1 by bookmakers and betting rooms. In the company of his rider, William Taylor, they failed to complete the course.
The Knight of Gwynne had finished second the previous year so was naturally well supported to improve on that performance. The horse this year ran in the colours of a Mr Fort and so had a new rider with the 1847 winning rider, Denny Wynne. The 12/1 shot again put in a good showing but was beaten before the winner came back into the view of those in the stands, running on gamely to finish second yet again.
The only other competitors that came under the consideration of the Bookmakers were Farnham and Vengeance at 13/1, The 1848 winner Chandler was at 16/1 with Columbine, Maria Day, Little Fanny and The Oaks attracting the lesser public money.
Abd El Kader lay among the "any price these others" category as to be so unconsidered that the Bookmakers did not see fit to offer a price to the public. With Chris Green in the saddle they began attracting attention during the race with Bookmakers offering odds of 20/1 in running until it became gradually clear that the Irish entry might stay the course and win. Known as "Little Ab" due to his diminutive stature, the horse was a little under fifteen hands high. He would go on to become the first dual winner of the race and the first to win in consecutive years when repeating the feat in 1851.
Finishing order
No official returns for the Grand National exist prior to 1865. The return below is taken from the account published by the reporter of The Times newspaper the day after the race. Contemporary news reports agree only on the finishing order of the first three and none make any report of the fate of those that did not complete the course.
In Victorian horse racing, riders who fell from their mounts would have felt obliged and even encouraged to remount and continue the chase unless they or their horse suffered injury or the horse could not be caught. It is probable that most of the competitors completed the course in some shape or form but at such a long interval from the winner that their completion went totally ignored by the public.
In the 1980s the Reg Green book, A race Apart recorded just seven finishers, in the order below, omitting Peter Simple and Columbine however none of the known contemporary news reports support this.
The official records for Aintree racecourse state that the winner completed the course in a time of 9 minutes 57 seconds, making this the first sub ten minute Grand National, however none of the contemporary newspapers reports of the time support this information with the few that did record the time stating that it was won in a time of 10 minutes 20 seconds.
Non finishers
References
1850
Grand National
Grand National
19th century in Lancashire
February 1850 events |
Bruvno () is a village in Croatia.
Population
According to the 2011 census, Bruvno had 92 inhabitants.
History
Napomena: In 1857 include part of data for the settlement of Rudopolje Bruvanjsko.
1991 census
According to the 1991 census, settlement of Bruvno had 292 inhabitants, which were ethnically declared as this:
Austro-hungarian 1910 census
According to the 1910 census, settlement of Bruvno had 1,379 inhabitants in 8 hamlets, which were linguistically and religiously declared as this:
1712–14 census
The 1712–14 census of Lika and Krbava registered 658 inhabitants, all of whom were Serbian Orthodox.
Literature
Savezni zavod za statistiku i evidenciju FNRJ i SFRJ, popis stanovništva 1948, 1953, 1961, 1971, 1981. i 1991. godine.
Knjiga: "Narodnosni i vjerski sastav stanovništva Hrvatske, 1880–1991: po naseljima, author: Jakov Gelo, izdavač: Državni zavod za statistiku Republike Hrvatske, 1998., , ;
References
External links
Populated places in Zadar County
Lika
Serb communities in Croatia |
The North Karelian Museum () is a museum of cultural history. This provincial museum focuses on the city of Joensuu and its surrounding Karelia region. The museum has a permanent exhibition about the history of Karelia and several changing exhibitions during the year. Special section is dedicated for children.
The museum was founded in 1917. In the beginning it was located in back room of the public library. In 1980 the small town museum was established as a provincial museum and got full-time staff, due to which it became much more active. In 2011 the museum opened in its current premises in the Carelicum culture centre, designed by architect Martti Aittapelto.
The main themes of the permanent exhibition are Karelian history and folklore.
References
History museums in Finland |
USS Cor Caroli (AK-91) was a commissioned by the US Navy for service in World War II and manned by a US Coast Guard crew. She was named after Cor Caroli, the brightest star in constellation Canes Venatici. She was responsible for delivering goods and equipment to locations in the war zone.
Construction
Cor Caroli was launched 19 March 1943 as SS Betsy Ross, MCE hull 476, by Permanente Metals Corporation, Yard No. 2, Richmond, California, under a Maritime Commission (MARCOM) contract; sponsored by Mrs. B.F. Hodglin; acquired by the Navy 31 March 1943; commissioned 16 April 1943 and reported to the Pacific Fleet.
Service history
After coastwise cargo operations, Cor Caroli cleared San Diego, California, 14 June 1943, for Auckland, New Zealand, arriving 18 July. Until 23 January 1944, she operated between Auckland and Noumea, Espiritu Santo, Guadalcanal, Suva, Efate, and Tulagi, supporting the South Pacific Ocean operations. She sailed from Auckland 8 January 1944 for Nouméa, where she loaded additional cargo, and Lunga Point, arriving 28 January.
Shooting down a Japanese plane
She proceeded to Bougainville, where she joined in the invasion from 8 to 17 February, splashing a Japanese plane when air resistance developed. She returned to Bougainville with additional cargo from 6 to 11 March, and next operated off Emirau from 9 to 16 April in landings there. Cor Caroli continued to operate in the Solomons until 12 June, when she sailed for Eniwetok. After standing by in reserve during the invasion of Eniwetok, she sailed on with her cargo to Guam, where she participated in the assault from 27 July to 15 August.
Supporting Philippine invasion operations
Cor Caroli returned to the Southwest Pacific early in September 1944, and carried cargo among the bases there until 13 January 1945, when she arrived at Auckland to load new cargo, which she carried to Eniwetok and Guam. Returning to New Zealand for brief repairs, she sailed on to Pearl Harbor, arriving 8 June to load cargo for the Philippines. She ferried among Philippine ports between 13 July and 4 August, when she sailed for Guadalcanal, Espiritu Santo, Pearl Harbor, and San Pedro, California.
Post-war decommissioning
After overhaul, she continued to Norfolk, Virginia, arriving 17 November. Here she was decommissioned 30 November 1945, and returned to the War Shipping Administration (WSA) on 2 December 1945. She entered the National Defense Reserve Fleet, James River Group, Lee Hall, Virginia, the same day. On 26 May 1978, she was released to the State of South Carolina to be used as an artificial reef off the coast of Hilton Head.
The wreck now lies at:
Awards
Cor Caroli received one battle star for World War II service. It was for the Marianas operation, capture and occupation of Guam, 27 July to 15 August 1944. Her crew was eligible for the following medals:
American Campaign Medal
Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal (1)
World War II Victory Medal
Philippines Liberation Medal
References
Bibliography
External links
Crater-class cargo ships
World War II auxiliary ships of the United States
Ships built in Richmond, California
1943 ships
James River Reserve Fleet |
```go
package mdm
import (
"bytes"
"context"
"crypto/x509"
"encoding/base64"
"io/ioutil"
"net/http"
"github.com/go-kit/kit/endpoint"
"github.com/go-kit/kit/log"
httptransport "github.com/go-kit/kit/transport/http"
"github.com/gorilla/mux"
"github.com/groob/plist"
"github.com/micromdm/micromdm/pkg/crypto"
"github.com/pkg/errors"
"github.com/smallstep/pkcs7"
)
type Endpoints struct {
CheckinEndpoint endpoint.Endpoint
AcknowledgeEndpoint endpoint.Endpoint
}
func MakeServerEndpoints(s Service) Endpoints {
return Endpoints{
CheckinEndpoint: MakeCheckinEndpoint(s),
AcknowledgeEndpoint: MakeAcknowledgeEndpoint(s),
}
}
func RegisterHTTPHandlers(r *mux.Router, e Endpoints, v *crypto.PKCS7Verifier, logger log.Logger) {
options := []httptransport.ServerOption{
httptransport.ServerErrorEncoder(encodeError),
httptransport.ServerErrorLogger(logger),
httptransport.ServerBefore(httptransport.PopulateRequestContext),
httptransport.ServerBefore((verifier{PKCS7Verifier: v}).populateDeviceCertificateFromSignRequestHeader),
}
r.Methods(http.MethodPut).Path("/mdm/checkin").Handler(httptransport.NewServer(
e.CheckinEndpoint,
decodeCheckinRequest,
encodeResponse,
options...,
))
r.Methods(http.MethodPut).Path("/mdm/connect").Handler(httptransport.NewServer(
e.AcknowledgeEndpoint,
decodeAcknowledgeRequest,
encodeResponse,
options...,
))
}
type contextKey int
const (
ContextKeyDeviceCertificate contextKey = iota
ContextKeyDeviceCertificateVerifyError
)
func DeviceCertificateFromContext(ctx context.Context) (*x509.Certificate, error) {
cert := ctx.Value(ContextKeyDeviceCertificate).(*x509.Certificate)
err, _ := ctx.Value(ContextKeyDeviceCertificateVerifyError).(error)
return cert, err
}
type verifier struct {
*crypto.PKCS7Verifier
}
func (v verifier) populateDeviceCertificateFromSignRequestHeader(ctx context.Context, r *http.Request) context.Context {
bodyReader := r.Body
defer bodyReader.Close()
// We can't gracefully bubble up errors from this function,
// so we silently disregard them (terrible)
body, _ := ioutil.ReadAll(r.Body)
// Replace our body object with a fully buffered response
r.Body = ioutil.NopCloser(bytes.NewBuffer(body))
cert, err := v.verifySignature(r.Header.Get("Mdm-Signature"), body)
ctx = context.WithValue(ctx, ContextKeyDeviceCertificate, cert)
ctx = context.WithValue(ctx, ContextKeyDeviceCertificateVerifyError, err)
return ctx
}
// TODO: If we ever use Go client cert auth we can use
// r.TLS.PeerCertificates to return the client cert. Unnecessary
// now as default config is uses Mdm-Signature header method instead
// (for better compatilibity with proxies, etc.)
// func populateDeviceCertificateFromTLSPeerCertificates()
// Extract (raw) body bytes, parse property list
func mdmRequestBody(r *http.Request, s interface{}) ([]byte, error) {
defer r.Body.Close()
body, err := ioutil.ReadAll(r.Body)
if err != nil {
return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "reading MDM acknowledge HTTP body")
}
err = plist.Unmarshal(body, s)
if err != nil {
return body, errors.Wrap(err, "unmarshal MDM acknowledge plist")
}
return body, nil
}
// Verify MDM header signature. Note: does NOT verify device certificate
func (v verifier) verifySignature(header string, body []byte) (*x509.Certificate, error) {
if header == "" {
return nil, errors.New("signature missing")
}
sig, err := base64.StdEncoding.DecodeString(header)
if err != nil {
return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "decode MDM SignMessage header")
}
p7, err := pkcs7.Parse(sig)
if err != nil {
return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "CMS parse decoded MDM SignMessage signature")
}
p7.Content = body
if err := v.Verify(p7); err != nil {
return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "CMS verify MDM Signed Message")
}
cert := p7.GetOnlySigner()
if cert == nil {
return nil, errors.New("invalid or missing CMS signer")
}
return cert, nil
}
// According to the MDM Check-in protocol, the server must respond with 200 OK
// to successful Check-in requests.
func encodeResponse(ctx context.Context, w http.ResponseWriter, response interface{}) error {
type failer interface {
Failed() error
}
if e, ok := response.(failer); ok && e.Failed() != nil {
return e.Failed()
}
w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
type payloader interface {
Response() []byte
}
var err error
if r, ok := response.(payloader); ok {
_, err = w.Write(r.Response())
}
return errors.Wrap(err, "write acknowledge response")
}
func encodeError(ctx context.Context, err error, w http.ResponseWriter) {
err = errors.Cause(err)
type rejectUserAuthError interface {
error
UserAuthReject() bool
}
if e, ok := err.(rejectUserAuthError); ok && e.UserAuthReject() {
w.WriteHeader(http.StatusGone)
return
}
type checkoutErr interface {
error
Checkout() bool
}
if e, ok := err.(checkoutErr); ok && e.Checkout() {
w.WriteHeader(http.StatusUnauthorized)
return
}
w.WriteHeader(http.StatusInternalServerError)
}
``` |
The following species in the flowering plant genus Amaranthus, the amaranths, are accepted by Plants of the World Online. A number of these species are neglected and underutilized crops.
Amaranthus acanthobracteatus
Amaranthus acanthochiton
Amaranthus acutilobus
Amaranthus × adulterinus
Amaranthus albus
Amaranthus anderssonii
Amaranthus arenicola
Amaranthus asplundii
Amaranthus atropurpureus
Amaranthus aureus
Amaranthus australis
Amaranthus bahiensis
Amaranthus bengalense
Amaranthus blitoides
Amaranthus blitum
Amaranthus brandegeei
Amaranthus brownii
Amaranthus × budensis
Amaranthus × cacciatoi
Amaranthus californicus
Amaranthus cannabinus
Amaranthus capensis
Amaranthus cardenasianus
Amaranthus × caturus
Amaranthus caudatus
Amaranthus celosioides
Amaranthus centralis
Amaranthus clementii
Amaranthus cochleitepalus
Amaranthus commutatus
Amaranthus congestus
Amaranthus crassipes
Amaranthus crispus
Amaranthus cruentus
Amaranthus cuspidifolius
Amaranthus deflexus
Amaranthus dinteri
Amaranthus fimbriatus
Amaranthus floridanus
Amaranthus furcatus
Amaranthus graecizans
Amaranthus grandiflorus
Amaranthus greggii
Amaranthus hunzikeri
Amaranthus hybridus
Amaranthus hypochondriacus
Amaranthus induratus
Amaranthus interruptus
Amaranthus × jansen-wachterianus
Amaranthus kloosianus
Amaranthus lepturus
Amaranthus lombardoi
Amaranthus looseri
Amaranthus macrocarpus
Amaranthus minimus
Amaranthus mitchellii
Amaranthus muricatus
Amaranthus neei
Amaranthus obcordatus
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthus paraganensis
Amaranthus pedersenianus
Amaranthus persimilis
Amaranthus peruvianus
Amaranthus polygonoides
Amaranthus powellii
Amaranthus praetermissus
Amaranthus pumilus
Amaranthus × pyxidatus
Amaranthus rajasekharii
Amaranthus × ralletii
Amaranthus retroflexus
Amaranthus rhombeus
Amaranthus rosengurttii
Amaranthus saradhiana
Amaranthus scariosus
Amaranthus schinzianus
Amaranthus scleranthoides
Amaranthus scleropoides
Amaranthus sonoriensis
Amaranthus × soproniensis
Amaranthus sparganicephalus
Amaranthus spinosus
Amaranthus squamulatus
Amaranthus standleyanus
Amaranthus × tamariscinus
Amaranthus tamaulipensis
Amaranthus × texensis
Amaranthus thunbergii
Amaranthus torreyi
Amaranthus tortuosus
Amaranthus tricolor
Amaranthus tuberculatus
Amaranthus tucsonensis
Amaranthus tunetanus
Amaranthus undulatus
Amaranthus urceolatus
Amaranthus viridis
Amaranthus viscidulus
Amaranthus vulgatissimus
Amaranthus watsonii
Amaranthus wrightii
References
Amaranthus |
The Ellis County African American Hall of Fame Museum and Library was established to recognize and tell the stories of African Americans with ties to the city of Waxahachie, Texas. The museum and library are housed in a historic fraternal building in Waxahachie, Texas. The building was built in 1926 and housed a lodge of the Colored Knights of Pythias. The building was listed as endangered before being restored and receiving funding for roof work.
The museum and library, which opened in 2016, are at 441 East Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard.
Jamal Rasheed, CEO and President of the Hall of Fame, has spoken about the area’s Prince Hall Cemetery, efforts to preserve it and the veterans buried there.
Recognition
In 2022 a ceremony was planned to induct new wall of fame honorees. Carl O. Sherman Sr. was the keynote speaker. The organization also maintains monuments in the area.
Jamal Rasheed advocated to have a section of highway named for aviator Bessie Coleman honored. An overpass where her home was located was renamed for her.
References
Waxahachie, Texas
Organizations established in 2016
African-American museums in Texas |
```smalltalk
namespace Volo.Abp.AspNetCore.Mvc.UI.Bootstrap.TagHelpers.Border;
public enum AbpBorderType
{
Default,
_0,
Primary,
Secondary,
Success,
Danger,
Warning,
Info,
Light,
Dark,
White,
Primary_0,
Secondary_0,
Success_0,
Danger_0,
Warning_0,
Info_0,
Light_0,
Dark_0,
White_0,
Top,
Top_0,
Top_Primary,
Top_Secondary,
Top_Success,
Top_Danger,
Top_Warning,
Top_Info,
Top_Light,
Top_Dark,
Top_White,
Top_Primary_0,
Top_Secondary_0,
Top_Success_0,
Top_Danger_0,
Top_Warning_0,
Top_Info_0,
Top_Light_0,
Top_Dark_0,
Top_White_0,
Right,
Right_0,
Right_Primary,
Right_Secondary,
Right_Success,
Right_Danger,
Right_Warning,
Right_Info,
Right_Light,
Right_Dark,
Right_White,
Right_Primary_0,
Right_Secondary_0,
Right_Success_0,
Right_Danger_0,
Right_Warning_0,
Right_Info_0,
Right_Light_0,
Right_Dark_0,
Right_White_0,
Left,
Left_0,
Left_Primary,
Left_Secondary,
Left_Success,
Left_Danger,
Left_Warning,
Left_Info,
Left_Light,
Left_Dark,
Left_White,
Left_Primary_0,
Left_Secondary_0,
Left_Success_0,
Left_Danger_0,
Left_Warning_0,
Left_Info_0,
Left_Light_0,
Left_Dark_0,
Left_White_0,
Bottom,
Bottom_0,
Bottom_Primary,
Bottom_Secondary,
Bottom_Success,
Bottom_Danger,
Bottom_Warning,
Bottom_Info,
Bottom_Light,
Bottom_Dark,
Bottom_White,
Bottom_Primary_0,
Bottom_Secondary_0,
Bottom_Success_0,
Bottom_Danger_0,
Bottom_Warning_0,
Bottom_Info_0,
Bottom_Light_0,
Bottom_Dark_0,
Bottom_White_0,
}
``` |
John Nelson may refer to:
Arts and entertainment
John L. Nelson (1916–2001), American musician, father of singer Prince
John Nelson (conductor) (born 1941), American conductor
John Nelson (visual effects artist) (born 1953), American visual effects supervisor
John Randall Nelson (born 1956), painter and sculptor based in Phoenix, Arizona
John Allen Nelson (born 1959), American actor in film and television
John Mark Nelson (born 1993), songwriter and producer based in Minneapolis, Minnesota
John Arthur Nelson, director, actor, and writer
Politics
John M. Nelson (1870–1955), American political figure from Wisconsin
John E. Nelson (Maine politician) (1874–1955), American political figure from Maine
Jock Nelson (John Norman Nelson, 1908–1991), Australian politician
John E. Nelson (Nebraska politician) (born 1935), American political figure in Nebraska
John B. Nelson (born 1936), American political figure in Arizona
Sports
Candy Nelson (John W. Nelson, 1849–1910), American baseball player
John Nelson (pitcher), American baseball player
John Nelson (English cricketer) (1891–1917), English cricketer
John Nelson (soccer, born 1905) (1905–1984), Scottish-born American soccer player
Byron Nelson (John Byron Nelson, Jr., 1912–2006), American golfer
John Nelson (footballer) (born 1934), Australian rules footballer
John Nelson (swimmer) (born 1948), American swimmer
Johnny Nelson (born 1967), British boxer
John Nelson (New Zealand cricketer) (born 1975), New Zealand cricketer
John Nelson (infielder) (born 1979), American baseball player
John Nelson (soccer, born 1998), American soccer player
Others
John Nelson (British Army officer) (1912–1993), Commandant of the British Sector in Berlin
John Nelson (convert), 16th-century English convert to Islam
John Nelson (lawyer) (1791–1860), Attorney General of the United States in the 19th century
John Nelson (martyr) (1534–1578), Catholic priest, killed for refusal to acknowledge Queen's supremacy over Church in England
John Nelson (merchant) (1654–1734), American colonial figure in Boston
John Nelson (physician), physician, president of the American Medical Association
John Nelson (police officer) (1928–2003), American policeman, regarded as founder of police special forces units
John Nelson (businessman) (born 1947), chairman of Lloyd's of London
John Yeates Nelson (1850–1932), Australian public servant
See also
Jack Nelson (disambiguation)
Jon Nelson (disambiguation)
Jonathan Nelson (disambiguation)
John Nelson House (disambiguation) |
```c++
#ifndef BOOST_MPL_COUNT_HPP_INCLUDED
#define BOOST_MPL_COUNT_HPP_INCLUDED
//
// (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
// path_to_url
//
// See path_to_url for documentation.
// $Id: count.hpp 49267 2008-10-11 06:19:02Z agurtovoy $
// $Date: 2008-10-10 23:19:02 -0700 (Fri, 10 Oct 2008) $
// $Revision: 49267 $
#include <boost/mpl/count_fwd.hpp>
#include <boost/mpl/sequence_tag.hpp>
#include <boost/mpl/aux_/count_impl.hpp>
#include <boost/mpl/aux_/na_spec.hpp>
#include <boost/mpl/aux_/lambda_support.hpp>
namespace boost { namespace mpl {
template<
typename BOOST_MPL_AUX_NA_PARAM(Sequence)
, typename BOOST_MPL_AUX_NA_PARAM(T)
>
struct count
: count_impl< typename sequence_tag<Sequence>::type >
::template apply<Sequence,T>
{
BOOST_MPL_AUX_LAMBDA_SUPPORT(2,count,(Sequence,T))
};
BOOST_MPL_AUX_NA_SPEC(2, count)
}}
#endif // BOOST_MPL_COUNT_HPP_INCLUDED
``` |
Masuna or Massonas () was a Berber from what is now western Algeria who was said to have been a Christian, he ruled the Mauro-Roman Kingdom with its capital based in Altava which is now in present-day Algeria around the Tlemcen area. He was able to maintain the independence of his kingdom by resisting occupation from the Vandals. King Masuna allied with the Eastern Roman Emperor Justinian and assisted him in a war against the Vandals in 533 and also against other invading Berber tribal confederations. During his reign he was obeyed by the tribes of Mauretania.
Reign
Masuna is the earliest recorded ruler of the Mauro-Roman Kingdom, a Berber kingdom that sprung up in the former province of Mauretania Caesariensis following the collapse of the Western Roman Empire. This kingdom, unlike many other Barbarian kingdoms, extended beyond the borders of the former Roman Empire, encompassing Berber territories that had never been under Roman control. Masuna is known only from an inscription on a fortification in Altava (modern Ouled Mimoun, in the region of Oran), dated 508 AD, where he styles himself as the Rex gentium Maurorum et Romanorum, the "King of the Roman and Moorish peoples". He is known to have possessed Altava, assumed to have been the capital due to its prominence under subsequent kings, and at least two other cities, Castra Severiana and Safar, as mention is made of officials he appointed there. As the seat of an ecclesiarchal diocese (the diocese of Castra Severiana, an ancient bishophoric which flourished during Late Antiquity), the control of Castra Severiana may have been particularly important.
Relations with the Eastern Roman Empire
The Eastern Roman historian Procopius mentions a Berber king called "Massonas", often assumed to be the same person as Masuna, as having allied with the forces of the Eastern Roman Empire in the 530s against the Vandal Kingdom in the Vandalic War. Masuna is assumed to have been among the Berber rulers that willingly submitted to Belisarius and the Eastern Roman forces, demanding in return the symbols of their offices; a silver crown, a staff of silver gilt, a tunic and gilded boots.
After the Vandals were defeated and the Eastern Roman Empire restored Roman rule over Northern Africa, the local Byzantine governors would begin to experience problems with some of the local Berber tribes and kingdoms. The province of Byzacena was particularly affected, seeing repeated invasions and the destruction of the local garrison and death of its commanders. The Praetorian prefect of Africa, Solomon, waged several wars against these Berbers and defeated them twice. Surviving Berber soldiers retreated into Numidia, joining forces with Iaudas, King of the Aurès.
Masuna and another Berber king allied with the Eastern Empire, Ortaias (who ruled a kingdom in the former province of Mauretania Sitifensis), suggested that Solomon pursue the enemy Berbers into Numidia, which he did. Solomon did not engage Iaudas in battle however as he distrusted the loyalty of his allies, and instead constructed a series of fortified posts along the roads linking Byzacena with Numidia.
References
Citations
Bibliography
Berber Christians
Christianity in Algeria
Monarchs of the Mauro-Roman Kingdom |
The 2015 Canon Media Awards were hosted by Hilary Barry, for the New Zealand Newspaper Publishers' Association, on 22 May 2015 at the SkyCity Convention Centre in Auckland, New Zealand. The Newspaper of the Year was The New Zealand Herald, and the Reporter of the Year was Jared Savage of The New Zealand Herald.
Winners
Photography
Photographer of the Year: Brett Phibbs, The New Zealand Herald
Junior Photographer of the Year: Charlotte Curd, Taranaki Daily News
Best News Picture: Peter Meecham, The New Zealand Herald
Best Sports Picture: Brett Phibbs, The New Zealand Herald
Best Portrait: Rob Suisted, Nature's Pic Images
Best Feature Photo: Chris Skelton, stuff.co.nz
Best Photo Essay/Slideshow: Hagen Hopkins, Getty Images
Best Environmental Photography: Kirk Hargreaves, The Press
Digital
Best Digital Cross-platform News Coverage: The New Zealand Herald
Best Cross-platform Campaign: The New Zealand Herald
Best Innovation in Multimedia Storytelling: The New Zealand Herald
Best Use of Interactive Graphics: The New Zealand Herald
Best Video: Asher Finlayson & Tony Wall - stuff.co.nz/Sunday Star-Times
Best Blog: Jarrod Gilbert
Best Website: nzherald.co.nz
Magazines
Magazine of the Year: NZ House & Garden
Best Trade/Professional Magazine: Pro Photographer
Best Magazine Design: Home
Best Magazine Cover: Architecture NZ
Magazine Feature Writer of the Year: Rebecca Macfie, NZ Listener
Magazine Feature Writer Business and Politics: Rebecca Macfie, NZ Listener
Magazine Feature Writer Health and Education: Jolisa Gracewood, North & South
Magazine Feature Writer Science and Technology: Donna Chisholm, North & South
Magazine Feature Writer Arts and Entertainment: Mike White, North & South
Magazine Feature Writer General: Rebecca Macfie, NZ Listener
Newspapers
Canon Newspaper of the Year: The New Zealand Herald
Newspaper of the Year (plus 30,000 circulation): The New Zealand Herald
Newspaper of the Year (up to 30,000 circulation): Taranaki Daily News
Weekly Newspaper of the Year: Sunday Star-Times
Community Newspaper of the Year: Mountain Scene
Best Newspaper Design: The New Zealand Herald
Best Newspaper Inserted Magazine: Viva - The New Zealand Herald
Reporter of the Year: Jared Savage, The New Zealand Herald
Junior Reporter of the Year: Talia Shadwell, The Dominion Post
Regional Reporter of the Year: Florence Kerr, Waikato Times
Community Reporter of the Year: Frank Marvin, Mountain Scene
Reporter Politics: David Fisher, The New Zealand Herald
Reporter Business: Matt Nippert, Sunday Star-Times
Reporter Crime and Justice: Jared Savage, The New Zealand Herald
Reporter Health and Education: David Fisher, The New Zealand Herald
Reporter Science and Technology: Vaughan Elder, Otago Daily Times
Reporter Arts and Entertainment: Shane Gilchrist, Otago Daily Times
Reporter Sport: Mark Geenty, The Dominion Post
Reporter General: Bevan Hurley, Herald on Sunday
Newspaper Feature Writer of the Year: Charles Anderson, The Press/Nelson Mail
Junior Newspaper Feature Writer of the Year: Jeremy Olds, Sunday magazine, Sunday Star-Times
Regional/Community Newspaper Feature Writer of the Year: Naomi Arnold, The Nelson Mail
Newspaper Feature Writer Business and Politics: Adam Dudding, Sunday Star-Times
Newspaper Feature Writer Crime and Justice: Amy Maas, Herald on Sunday
Newspaper Feature Writer Health and Education: Nikki Macdonald, The Dominion Post
Newspaper Feature Writer Science and Technology: Nikki Macdonald, The Dominion Post
Newspaper Feature Writer Arts and Entertainment: Greg Dixon, The New Zealand Herald
Newspaper Feature Writer Sport: Ben Stanley, Sunday Star-Times
Newspaper Feature Writer General: Charles Anderson, The Press/Nelson Mail
General
Best Investigation: Dylan Cleaver, The New Zealand Herald
Student Journalist of the Year: Don Rowe, Wintec/Sky Sport magazine/Waikato Times
Best Artwork: Richard Parker, Sunday Star-Times/The Dominion Post
Cartoonist of the Year: Chris Slane, NZ Listener
Best Columnist – humour/satire: Deborah Hill Cone, The New Zealand Herald
Best Columnist – general: Michele Hewitson, The New Zealand Herald
Columnist of the Year: Michele Hewitson, The New Zealand Herald
Editorial Writer of the Year: Peter Jackson, The Northland Age
Best Headline: Jo Knight, Sunday magazine, Sunday Star-Times
Reviewer of the Year: Anthony Byrt, Metro/NZ Listener
Fellow to Wolfson College, Cambridge: Shayne Currie
See also
Newspaper Publishers' Association awards
References
2015 awards
2015 in New Zealand
New Zealand awards
Journalism awards
Mass media in New Zealand
2015 in New Zealand television |
Sanatkumara Chakravarti is the 4th Chakravarti of present Avasarpiṇī (present time cycle) of the Jain cosmology.
His parents were Asvasena, the king of Hastinapur and queen Sahadevi. He took education in science and arts. Prince Mahendrasimha was his close friend, who also helped him get back to his kingdom after he was once lost. The legend notes that Sanatkumara was once riding a horse that was not trained well and lost his track and reached Manasa lake wherein he faced various troubles and fought and won battles. He married many women and eventually was made king of Vidyadharas. Mahendrasimha then found Sanatkumara and brought him back to Hastinapur. After his father Asvasena renounced his kingdom to become a monk, Sanatkumara took over and became Chakravartin.
Sanatkumara, in his times, was also popular for his beauty that even the god Indra once praised in his court. Two gods hence descended on earth to look for themselves how handsome Sanatkumara was. While Sanatkumara had just finished practicing wrestling, he was about to bathe and get ready. The gods were awestruck by his beauty and admired it. When Sanatkumara realized that gods had arrived to adore him, with pride he asked them to wait in the court till he bathes and dresses up in all his royal attire and ornaments, post which they could appreciate his beauty more. However, when Sanatkumara reached his court, the gods had changed their mind upon second meeting. Surprised to see the change, Sanatkumara questioned them and received the answer that his body was mortal and all wealth and health would one day vanish. He realized how false his pride about his beauty was and he ordained to be a monk and went for tapa to attain knowledge. Post long penance, he was placed in the heaven as a god.
Poet Srichandra from the town of Chandragachchha wrote an epic of Sanatkumara's life in 1157 AD consisting of 8127 verses. The story includes his romantic life and various supernatural events.
References
Jain monarchs |
Cotana postpallida is a moth in the family Eupterotidae. It was described by Walter Rothschild in 1917. It is found in New Guinea.
The wingspan is about 53 mm. The forewings are deep liver brown with a large antemedian grey and black stigma, a median transverse black band and the outer one-third with a somewhat ill-defined postdiscal grey band and grey cloudings beyond. The basal half of the hindwings is orange suffused with brown and crossed by a dark band, while the outer half is dull brown slightly suffused with orange and crossed by a greyish-olive band edged with serrated brownish cloud lines.
References
Moths described in 1917
Eupterotinae |
Muriicola marianensis is a Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Muriicola which has been isolated from seawater from the Mariana Trench.
References
Flavobacteria
Bacteria described in 2015 |
Bango may refer to:
Music
Bango (music), a music style popular at the East African Coast that fuses traditional Portuguese, Arabic influenced taarab music and local coastal bantu languages
Bongo drum, an Afro-Cuban percussion instrument consisting of a pair of small open bottomed drums
Bango, a musical group best known for their 2006 cover of the song "Tarzan Boy"
People
Margit Bangó (born 1950), Hungarian singer, mother of Marika
Marika Bangó (born 1966), Hungarian singer, daughter of Margit
Other
Bango (cannabis), a type of marijuana
Pangu (pronounced "Bango" in Korean), the creator in Chinese myth
Bango (mascot), the mascot of the National Basketball Association's Milwaukee Bucks
Bango, New South Wales, a locality near Yass, New South Wales
Kecap Bango, a brand of sweet soy sauce |
Cowan Bank is an double-track section of the standard gauge Main North line in New South Wales, Australia. It starts at Cowan station, north of Sydney, descending from to sea level at Hawkesbury River station. It has an average grade of 2.5% (1 in 40).
Overview
Cowan Bank has five tunnels (of which four are still in use), one level crossing (for track work road vehicles only) situated between Boronia #2 and #3 tunnels, and two road bridges. The line crosses under the Pacific Highway twice, once using a road bridge near Cowan station and again while passing through Boronia #1 tunnel. It crosses under the Sydney-Newcastle Freeway while passing through Boronia #2 tunnel. The line was built through very rugged and heavily forested terrain on the western edge of the Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park. Because of its isolated location there are very few places from where the track can be observed - sections of the Pacific Highway on the ridge between Cowan and the Hawkesbury River provide a few vantage points.
Bank engines were attached to the rear of trains at Hawkesbury River station to assist them in the climb and were detached at Cowan station. After assisting a train up the bank, the bank engine would usually return to Hawkesbury River station to await the next train. Bank engines are no longer used on the line.
Because of its long grade and proximity to locomotive manufacturing and maintenance facilities in both Sydney and Newcastle, Cowan Bank is often used to test locomotives and power cars.
Line history
Construction
The single track line between Cowan and Hawkesbury River stations was completed in 1887. Five tunnels (Boronia #1 to Boronia #5) were built as double track tunnels but initially only a single track was laid through them. The line was duplicated in stages between 1907 and 1909. The duplication work required major rock excavations as the permanent way was set back further into the hillside. This excellent sandstone fill was put to good use by realigning the track to ease four of the sharp 11 chain curves to standard 12 chain curves, resulting in Boronia #5 tunnel being bypassed and abandoned.
In 1912, a relief line was opened between the #2 and #3 tunnels, but the steep grade caused numerous problems including stalled trains, damaged engines and breakaways, and it was soon relegated to storage for disabled trains or portions of trains. The relief line was finally removed in 1934, thus providing room on the formation for further improvements to the alignment for the two main lines some years later.
The track loading gauge (maximum allowed width of carriages) has been progressively increased, with subsequent widening of the tunnels, between 1910 and 1973. The line was electrified in 1959.
Bi-directional running was introduced in October 1996 to allow faster up trains to use the adjacent down track to overtake slower freight trains climbing the bank. Track cross-overs were installed at Cowan railway station, between Boronia #1 and #2 tunnels, and just south of Hawkesbury River railway station.
Accidents
Five serious incidents have occurred to date on Cowan Bank:
21 June 1887 - an excursion train from Sydney ran out of control down the bank and collided with freight wagons stored on a siding at Hawkesbury River station. 6 fatalities and 70 injured.
20 January 1944 - a local road bus stalled on the level crossing at Brooklyn Road and was hit by the north bound Kempsey mail train. 17 fatalities.
9 June 1948 - a rear-end collision between the stationary Newcastle Flyer bound for Sydney, which had stalled on the bank, and the following Cessnock Express. 43 passengers were injured.
6 November 1974 - a side collision between a Public Transport Commission V set and a passing freight train. No injuries.
6 May 1990 - a rear-end collision between a stationary passenger excursion train bound for Sydney hauled by historic steam locomotive 3801, which had stalled between Boronia #2 and #3 tunnels, and a following Sydney bound CityRail V set There were 6 fatalities, including the driver of the Intercity electric train, and 99 injured.
References
Railway lines opened in 1887
Regional railway lines in New South Wales
Standard gauge railways in Australia
1887 establishments in Australia
Hornsby Shire
Main North railway line, New South Wales
Railway tunnels in New South Wales
Tunnels in Sydney
Brooklyn, New South Wales |
Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna (August 25, 1831 – January 25, 1886) was a Chilean writer, journalist, historian and politician. Vicuña Mackenna was of Irish and Basque descent.
Biography
Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna was born in Santiago, the son of Pedro Félix Vicuña and Carmen Mackenna Vicuña, and grandson of General Juan Mackenna, hero of the Chilean War of Independence. He studied in Santiago, and joined the school of law in 1849. From the beginning of his career he contributed to La Tribuna newspaper, writing political articles. In 1851 he participated in Pedro Urriola's revolution against the government but was taken prisoner during the attack on the headquarters of the Chacabuco Regiment. On 4 July 1851 Vicuña Mackenna and Roberto Souper managed to escape from the prison disguised as women. In 1852 he lived in exile in the United States, and travelled from San Francisco through Mexico and Canada. A year later he studied agronomy in England, and then visited many parts of Europe including Ireland.
Back in Chile, in 1856 Vicuña Mackenna graduated as a lawyer from the Universidad de Chile. Although he did not practice as a barrister, his political and other writings were solidly based on legal knowledge. Together with Isidoro Errázuriz, in 1858 Vicuña Mackenna founded the newspaper La Asamblea Constitucional. He was expelled by the government and exiled to England, but was allowed to return in 1863. That year he began contributing to El Mercurio newspaper. In 1865 he was in New York as envoy of the Chilean government, and founded La Voz de América newspaper. Elected national senator for a six-year term, in 1872 Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna was also appointed mayor of Santiago. His political career was interrupted in 1875 when he was defeated by Federico Errázuriz Zañartu in the Chilean presidential elections. He dedicated his life to journalism and writing, and in 1880 edited El Nuevo Ferrocarril and La Nación.
Vicuña Mackenna's most important works are 'El sitio de Chillán' (1849), 'La agricultura aplicada a Chile' (published in London, 1853), 'Chili' (Paris, 1855), 'Tres años de viajes' (1856), 'Ostracismo de los Carrera' (1857), 'Historia de la revolución del Perú' (1860), 'Ostracismo de O'Higgins' (1860), 'Diego de Almagro' (1862), 'Historia de la Administración Montt' (1861/62), 'Vida de Don Diego Portales' (1861/62), 'Historia de Santiago' (1868), 'Historia de Chile' (1868), 'Historia de Valparaíso' (1868), 'La guerra a muerte' (1868), 'Francisco Moyen' (1868), and dozens of other novels, history books, and political essays, the most popular being 'El Santa Lucía', 'La unión Americana', 'El cambiazo', 'Seis años en el senado de Chile', and 'El 20 de Abril'.
Like his contemporary Bartolomé Mitre in Argentina, Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna represented the intellectual class of the South American landed elites. They initiated mainstream historiography in their countries, and selected and immortalised the national discourse that served those elites in envisioning a model of national values to be imitated by the middle and working classes.
Vicuña Mackenna Park, which is located in northeastern Chile in XV Arica and Parinacota Region, is named after him. Avenida Vicuña Mackenna, a major street in Santiago, is also named for him.
See also
Vicuña family
Santa Lucía Hill
Diego de Rosales
Selected bibliography
Sources
External links
1831 births
1886 deaths
Politicians from Santiago
Benjamin
Chilean people of Basque descent
Benjmin Vicuña
Chilean people of Irish descent
Liberal Party (Chile, 1849) politicians
Liberal Democratic Party (Chile, 1875) politicians
Deputies of the XIV Legislative Period of the National Congress of Chile
Deputies of the XV Legislative Period of the National Congress of Chile
Deputies of the XVII Legislative Period of the National Congress of Chile
Deputies of the XVIII Legislative Period of the National Congress of Chile
Deputies of the XIX Legislative Period of the National Congress of Chile
Senators of the XIX Legislative Period of the National Congress of Chile
Senators of the XX Legislative Period of the National Congress of Chile
Candidates for President of Chile
19th-century Chilean historians
Chilean journalists
Chilean climatologists
19th-century journalists
Male journalists
19th-century male writers
Instituto Nacional General José Miguel Carrera alumni
University of Chile alumni
People of the 1851 Chilean Revolution |
Itapororoca is a municipality in the state of Paraíba in the Northeast Region of Brazil.
See also
List of municipalities in Paraíba
References
Municipalities in Paraíba |
William McGilvray (13 March 1895 – 8 May 1984) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Fitzroy in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
Originally recruited from South Fremantle in Western Australia, McGilvray returned there in 1922, captaining the side.
Notes
External links
1895 births
1984 deaths
Australian rules footballers from Western Australia
Fitzroy Football Club players
South Fremantle Football Club players |
The Kamchatka-Kurile meadows and sparse forests ecoregion (WWF ID: PA0603) covers the coastal zones of the Kamchatka peninsula, northern section of the Kuril Islands, and the Commander Islands in the Russian Far East. The region noted for its sparse forests of Betula ermanii ("Stone birch"), and also for extensive tall-herb meadows. It is in the Palearctic realm, and mostly in the boreal forests/taiga biome with a Humid continental climate, cool summer climate. It covers .
Location and description
The coasts of Kamchatka are relatively flat, and cooled by the cold current of the Sea of Okhotsk to the west, and the East Kamchatka Current that flows down the east coast on the Bering Sea side. The ecoregion includes the Kuril Islands down to Urup Island, the northernmost 800 km of islands that stretch down from the peninsula. The Commander Islands lie in the 175 km to the east of the middle of the peninsula in the Bering Sea. The area is volcanic, and the soils are Andosol (black volcanic).
Climate
The climate of this region is mostly Subarctic climate, without dry season (Köppen climate classification Subarctic climate (Dfc and Dsc)). This climate is characterized by mild or cool summers (only 1–3 months above ) and cold, snowy winters (coldest month below ) with oceanic influences.
There is no permafrost south of 57 degrees north, reflecting the relatively warmer conditions. Precipitation can reach 2,500 mm per year, compared with lows of 450 mm in the central valley where the mountains provide some protection.
Flora
The main floral communities are dwarf forest (primarily Alder and Siberian Dwarf Pine), sparse forests (Ermine birch and Japanese white birch), tundra (moss, lichen and shrub), and some meadows. Common tall herbs include Senecio cannabifolius (Aleutian ragwort), and Filipendula camtschatica.
Fauna
The area is known for its very high population of brown bears (over 15,000 individuals), and for the extensive networks of streams supporting salmon spawning grounds. Scientists have recorded 104 species of fish in the Kronotsky area alone, and species inventory has only begun. The most common near-shore marine fish gobies, greenlings, pollock, herring, and flounder. Migratory salmon include pink, chum and coho. The rugged coasts are important for colonies of migratory seabirds, particularly those wintering in the area. Important mammals include bear, reindeer, sable (now protected in Kronotsky), wolves, and sea otters.
Coastal Kamchatka is a breeding ground for the critically endangered Spoon-billed sandpiper.
Protections
The Kronotsky area in the southeast of the peninsula is a UNESCO Man and Biosphere (MAB) Biosphere Reserve.
The federally protected areas in the region are:
Kronotsky Nature Reserve. An IUCN class Ia "strict ecological reserve" (a Zapovednik) in the southeast of the Kamchatka peninsula (Area: 11,421 km2)
Komandorsky Nature Reserve ("Commander Islands"). An IUCN class Ia "strict ecological reserve" (a Zapovednik) to the east of the Kamchatka peninsula (Area: 36,648 km2)
South Kamchatka Sanctuary. A federally protected area on the southern tip of Kamchatka peninsula. (Area: 3,320 km2)
See also
List of ecoregions in Russia
References
External links
Map of ecoregion Kamchatka-Kurile meadows and sparse forest. GlobalSpecies.org
Ecoregions of Russia
Palearctic ecoregions
Taiga and boreal forests |
Dennis Şerban (born 5 January 1976 in Bucharest) is a Romanian retired football player.
Playing career
Şerban played for FC Farul Constanţa and Portul Constanţa (on loan) before joining the squad of Steaua București in 1996. A very talented playmaker, Şerban immediately became a very important part of the team which won the Romanian championship in 1997 and 1998 and played in the UEFA Champions League.
In 1999, he was signed by La Liga side Valencia CF. It normal conditions such a move would have been given wings to any player, however it was not Şerban's case, unfortunately. From a man used game after game by Steaua București he became an unused substitute at Valencia and that damaged his career.
After two years at Valencia in which he only played 11 games, Şerban is loaned to Villarreal CF, in Spain's La Liga, and from there to Elche CF. At Elche he had a good period, playing 35 games and scoring 11 goals during the full season, and as a result he is called back by Valencia CF only to be released after few weeks and sent to Rapid Bucharest.
In 2002, he returned to Spain to play for Córdoba CF and then Polideportivo Ejido but as soon as he was released by Valencia CF from his contract, he returned to Romania to join Petrolul Ploieşti and then Dinamo Bucharest.
January 2005 found Şerban playing for Larissa in the Greek second division. His club won promotion and, in 2006, he continued playing for Larissa, in the Greek first division, having a productive year with 27 appearances and 1 goal.
In August 2006, Şerban was signed again by Dinamo Bucharest. He was dismissed by coach Mircea Rednic in the early days of February 2007. Shortly after this, he started coaching Astra Ploiești and later Farul Constanţa.
International career
Şerban won 13 caps for the Romania national side, scoring once in a 2–1 win over Yugoslavia.
International goals
Honours
Club
Steaua București
Romanian League (2): 1996–97, 1997–98
Romanian Cup (1): 1996–97
Romanian Supercup (1): 1998
Valencia
Spanish Cup (1): 1998–99
Rapid București
Romanian Cup (1): 2001–02
References
External links
1976 births
Living people
Footballers from Bucharest
Romanian men's footballers
Romania men's international footballers
Romanian expatriate men's footballers
FCV Farul Constanța players
CS Portul Constanța players
FC Steaua București players
FC Dinamo București players
FC Rapid București players
FC Petrolul Ploiești players
Men's association football midfielders
La Liga players
Segunda División players
Super League Greece players
Expatriate men's footballers in Spain
Expatriate men's footballers in Greece
Valencia CF players
Villarreal CF players
Elche CF players
Córdoba CF players
Polideportivo Ejido footballers
Athlitiki Enosi Larissa F.C. players
FC Progresul București managers
FC Astra Giurgiu managers
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in Greece
Romanian football managers |
Several factors cause the ocean temperature to vary. These are depth, geographical location and season. Both the temperature and salinity of ocean water differ. Warm surface water is generally saltier than the cooler deep or polar waters. In polar regions, the upper layers of ocean water are cold and fresh. Deep ocean water is cold, salty water found deep below the surface of Earth's oceans. This water has a uniform temperature of around 0-3°C. The ocean temperature also depends on the amount of solar radiation falling on its surface. In the tropics, with the Sun nearly overhead, the temperature of the surface layers can rise to over . Near the poles the temperature in equilibrium with the sea ice is about . There is a continuous circulation of water in the oceans. Thermohaline circulation (THC) is part of the large-scale ocean circulation. It is driven by global density gradients created by surface heat and freshwater fluxes. Warm surface currents cool as they move away from the tropics. This happens as the water becomes denser and sinks. Changes in temperature and density move the cold water back towards the equator as a deep sea current. Then it eventually wells up again towards the surface.
Ocean temperature as a term applies to the temperature in the ocean at any depth. It can also apply specifically to the ocean temperatures that are not near the surface. In this case it is synonymous with "deep ocean temperature").
It is clear that the oceans are warming as a result of climate change and this rate of warming is increasing. The upper ocean (above 700 m) is warming fastest, but the warming trend extends throughout the ocean. In 2022, the global ocean was the hottest ever recorded by humans.
Definition and types
Sea surface temperature
Deep ocean temperature
Experts refer to the temperature further below the surface as "ocean temperature" or "deep ocean temperature". Ocean temperatures more than 20 metres below the surface vary by region and time. They contribute to variations in ocean heat content and ocean stratification. The increase of both ocean surface temperature and deeper ocean temperature is an important effect of climate change on oceans.
Deep ocean water is the name for cold, salty water found deep below the surface of Earth's oceans. Deep ocean water makes up about 90% of the volume of the oceans. Deep ocean water has a very uniform temperature of around 0-3°C. Its salinity is about 3.5% or 35 ppt (parts per thousand).
Relevance
Ocean temperature and dissolved oxygen concentrations have a big influence on many aspects of the ocean. These two key parameters affect the ocean's primary productivity, the oceanic carbon cycle, nutrient cycles, and marine ecosystems. They work in conjunction with salinity and density to control a range of processes. These include mixing versus stratification, ocean currents and the thermohaline circulation.
Ocean heat content
Experts calculate ocean heat content by using ocean temperatures at different depths.
Measurements
There are various ways to measure ocean temperature. Below the sea surface, it is important to refer to the specific depth of measurement as well as measuring the general temperature. The reason is there is a lot of variation with depths. This is especially the case during the day. At this time low wind speed and a lot of sunshine may lead to the formation of a warm layer at the ocean surface and big changes in temperature as you get deeper. Experts call these strong daytime vertical temperature gradients a diurnal thermocline.
The basic technique involves lowering a device to measure temperature and other parameters electronically. This device is called CTD which stands for conductivity, temperature, and depth. It continuously sends the data up to the ship via a conducting cable. This device is usually mounted on a frame that includes water sampling bottles. Since the 2010s autonomous vehicles such as gliders or mini-submersibles have been increasingly available. They carry the same CTD sensors, but operate independently of a research ship.
Scientists can deploy CTD systems from research ships on moorings gliders and even on seals. With research ships they receive data through the conducting cable. For the other methods they use telemetry.
There are other ways of measuring sea surface temperature. At this near-surface layer measurements are possible using thermometers or satellites with spectroscopy. Weather satellites have been available to determine this parameter since 1967. Scientists created the first global composites during 1970.
The Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) is widely used to measure sea surface temperature from space.
There are various devices to measure ocean temperatures at different depths. These include the Nansen bottle, bathythermograph, CTD, or ocean acoustic tomography. Moored and drifting buoys also measure sea surface temperatures. Examples are those deployed by the Global Drifter Program and the National Data Buoy Center. The World Ocean Database Project is the largest database for temperature profiles from all of the world’s oceans.
A small test fleet of "deep Argo" floats aims to extend the measurement capability down to about 6000 meters. It will accurately sample temperature for a majority of the ocean volume once it is in full use.
Mercury thermometers
The most frequent measurement technique on ships and buoys is thermistors and mercury thermometers. Scientists often use mercury thermometers to measure the temperature of surface waters. They can put them in buckets dropped over the side of a ship. To measure deeper temperatures they put them on Nansen bottles.
Argo program
Ocean warming
Trends
Causes
The root cause of these observed changes is the warming of the Earth due to emissions of greenhouse gases from human causes. These gases include carbon dioxide and methane. The ocean takes up most of the additional heat in the climate system. So this results in ocean warming.
We can express this in another way. The climb in ocean temperatures is the inevitable outcome of Earth's energy imbalance. And this imbalance comes with increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases.
Main physical effects
Increased stratification and lower oxygen levels
Higher air temperatures warm the ocean surface. And this leads to greater ocean stratification. Reduced mixing of the ocean layers stabilises warm water near the surface. At the same time it reduces cold, deep water circulation. The reduced up and down mixing reduces the ability of the ocean to absorb heat. This directs a larger fraction of future warming toward the atmosphere and land. Energy available for tropical cyclones and other storms is likely to increase. Nutrients for fish in the upper ocean layers are set to decrease. This is also like to reduce the capacity of the oceans to store carbon.
Warmer water cannot contain as much oxygen as cold water. Increased thermal stratification may reduce the supply of oxygen from the surface waters to deeper waters. This would further decrease the water's oxygen content. This process is called ocean deoxygenation. The ocean has already lost oxygen throughout the water column. Oxygen minimum zones are expanding worldwide.
Changing ocean currents
Varying temperatures associated with sunlight and air temperatures at different latitudes cause ocean currents. Prevailing winds and the different densities of saline and fresh water are another cause of currents. Air tends to be warmed and thus rise near the equator, then cool and thus sink slightly further poleward. Near the poles, cool air sinks, but is warmed and rises as it then travels along the surface equatorward. The sinking and upwelling that occur in lower latitudes, and the driving force of the winds on surface water, mean the ocean currents circulate water throughout the entire sea. Global warming on top of these processes causes changes to currents, especially in the regions where deep water is formed.
In the geologic past
Scientists believe the sea temperature was much hotter in the Precambrian period. Such temperature reconstructions derive from oxygen and silicon isotopes from rock samples. These reconstructdions suggest the ocean had a temperature of 55–85 °C . It then cooled to milder temperatures of between 10 and 40 °C by . Reconstructed proteins from Precambrian organisms also provide evidence that the ancient world was much warmer than today.
The Cambrian Explosion approximately 538.8 million years ago was a key event in the evolution of life on Earth. This event took place at a time when scientists believe sea surface temperatures reached about 60 °C. Such high temperatures are above the upper thermal limit of 38 °C for modern marine invertebrates. They preclude a major biological revolution.
During the later Cretaceous period, from , average global temperatures reached their highest level in the last 200 million years or so. This was probably the result of the configuration of the continents during this period. It allowed for improved circulation in the oceans. This discouraged the formation of large scale ice sheet.
Data from an oxygen isotope database indicate that there have been seven global warming events during the geologic past. These include the Late Cambrian, Early Triassic, Late Cretaceous, and Paleocene-Eocene transition. The surface of the sea was about 5-30º warmer than today in these warming period.
See also
Ocean current § Causes, temperature as a contributing cause of ocean currents
Global surface temperature, a planet-wide average of temperatures at both the sea surface and the air over land
Marine heatwave
Upwelling
References
Oceans
Coastal and oceanic landforms |
Midsommar is a 2019 folk horror film written and directed by Ari Aster. The film stars Florence Pugh and Jack Reynor as a dysfunctional American couple who travel to rural Sweden with a group of friends for a midsummer festival, but find themselves in the clutches of a sinister cult claiming to practice Scandinavian paganism. Supporting actors include William Jackson Harper, Vilhelm Blomgren, Ellora Torchia, Archie Madekwe, and Will Poulter.
A co-production between the United States and Sweden, the film was initially pitched to Aster as a straightforward slasher film set among Swedish cultists. While elements of the original concept remain in the final product, the finished film focuses on a deteriorating relationship inspired by a difficult breakup experienced by Aster himself. The film's soundtrack, composed by British electronic musician Bobby Krlic (better known as The Haxan Cloak), takes inspiration from Nordic folk music. The film was shot on location in Budapest in the summer and autumn of 2018.
Midsommar was theatrically released in the United States by A24 on July 3, 2019, and in Sweden by Nordisk Film on July 10, 2019. The film grossed $48 million and received positive reviews, with praise for Aster's direction and Pugh's performance in particular, although it polarized general audiences.
Plot
American student Dani is left deeply traumatized after her bipolar sister Terri kills their parents and herself. The incident further strains Dani's relationship with her increasingly distant boyfriend, a fellow student named Christian, who, with his friends Mark and Josh, has been invited by their Swedish friend Pelle to attend a midsummer festival at his ancestral commune, the Hårga, in the rural Hälsingland region of Sweden. The festival occurs only once every 90 years; Josh, who is writing his thesis on European midsummer festivities, regards it as a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity. Christian had not discussed the trip with Dani, as he intended to break up with her before her family tragedy happened, but he reluctantly invites her along after an argument.
Upon arrival at the commune, they meet Simon and Connie, a British couple who were invited by Pelle's commune-brother Ingemar, who offers the group psychedelic mushrooms, causing Dani to have a bad trip and hallucinate about her dead family. The day after their arrival, the group witnesses an ättestupa ceremony, where two elders commit suicide by jumping off a cliff onto the rocks below. When one of the elders survives the fall, the commune members mimic his wails of pain before crushing his head with a mallet. Commune elder Siv attempts to calm Connie and Simon by explaining that every member of their community does this at the age of 72, and that it is believed to be a great honor.
Christian also decides to write his thesis on the Hårga commune, irritating Josh by plagiarizing his idea. Disturbed by the ceremonies, Dani attempts to leave, but Pelle convinces her to stay. He explains that he too was orphaned after his parents perished in a fire, and the commune became his new family. Connie and Simon demand to leave and are supposedly driven to a nearby train station individually. During his thesis research, Christian is told that outsiders are sometimes brought into the commune for "mating" purposes to avoid incest. He is encouraged to participate, but refuses. After unwittingly urinating on a sacred tree, Mark is lured away from the group by one of the female commune members and murdered in the woods. That night, Josh sneaks out of bed to take illicit photographs of the commune's sacred texts. He is caught and distracted by a man wearing Mark's skinned face, and is then bludgeoned to death with a mallet and dragged away.
The following day, both Dani and Christian are separately pressured into drinking a hallucinogenic tea. Dani wins a maypole dancing competition and is crowned May Queen. Christian is drugged and participates in a sex ritual designed to impregnate Maja, a young member of the Hårga, while older nude female members watch and mimic Maja's moans. Dani witnesses the ritual and has a panic attack while the commune's women surround her, mimicking her cries of sorrow. After the ritual, a naked Christian attempts to flee. He discovers Josh's severed leg planted in a flowerbed and Simon's corpse on display in a barn, the latter having been made into a blood eagle. An elder then paralyzes Christian with a drug.
For the final ceremony, the commune leaders explain that the commune must offer nine human sacrifices to purge it of evil. The first four victims (Mark, Josh, Simon, and Connie) were outsiders lured to them by Pelle and Ingemar, while the next four victims (the two ättestupa elders, plus volunteers Ingemar and Ulf) are from the commune. As the May Queen, Dani must choose either Christian or a randomly chosen commune member as the final sacrifice. She chooses Christian, who is stuffed into a disemboweled brown bear's body and placed in a triangular wooden temple alongside the other sacrifices. The commune members to be sacrificed are given drugs and told they will feel no fear or pain, but Christian is not and remains paralyzed. The structure is set alight, and the commune members mimic the screams of those being burned alive. Dani initially sobs in horror and grief, but eventually begins to smile.
Cast
Production
Development
In May 2018, it was announced that Ari Aster would write and direct the film, with Lars Knudsen serving as producer. B-Reel Films, a Swedish company, produced the film alongside Square Peg, with A24 distributing. Aster's previous horror film, Hereditary, had been a huge critical success, making over $80 million to become A24's highest-grossing film worldwide. According to Aster, he had been approached by B-Reel executives Martin Karlqvist and Patrik Andersson to helm a slasher film set in Sweden, an idea which he initially rejected as he felt he "had no way into the story." Aster ultimately devised a plot in which the two central characters are experiencing relationship tensions verging on a breakup, and wrote the surrounding screenplay around this theme. He described the result as "a breakup movie dressed in the clothes of a folk horror film." Aster has mentioned 1981 Albert Brooks film Modern Romance as an inspiration for Midsommar, and also called it "The Wizard of Oz for perverts".
Aster worked with the film's production designer Henrik Svensson to develop the film's folklore elements and the traditions of the Hårga, while visiting Hälsingland together. He researched Hälsingegårds, "centuries-old farms that typically had painting on the walls", to develop a stylized version for the set, as well as May Day and midsummer celebrations in Swedish, German and English folklore. Aster also researched spiritual movements and communities, saying he particularly drew inspiration from Rudolf Steiner's anthroposophy and the theosophy movement.
Florence Pugh, Jack Reynor, Will Poulter, Vilhem Blomgren, William Jackson Harper, Ellora Torchia, and Archie Madekwe joined the cast in July 2018.
Filming
Some early scenes set in the United States were also filmed there; Dani's apartment was filmed in Brooklyn, New York City, while other scenes where Christian's friends interact were filmed in Utah. The majority of the film was shot in Hungary rather than Sweden, primarily due to financial constraints, but also as Sweden limits daily film shoots to no longer than eight hours. Principal photography began on July 30, 2018, in Budapest, and wrapped that October.
Harper said the shoot was "arduous" due to the heat. Wasps were highly abundant and a major issue on set. Pugh reflected "the shoot was totally nuts" and commended Aster's direction: "he was dealing with possibly 100, 120 people, additional extras and actors there, all speaking in three different languages and he was the captain of the ship".
Ahead of filming the drug use scenes, Reynor said that the cast discussed their own experiences with psychedelic mushrooms. On her breakdown scene with the Hårga, Pugh commended the other women involved, saying they "made this scene possible" as she typically struggles to cry on camera. She reflected: "I knew I would never be so open and so raw and so exhausted like I was that day ever again".
The sex scene between Christian and Maja was filmed on the final day. Reynor said he spent time attempting to boost morale among the other cast members involved, none of whom spoke English, including Isabelle Grill (who plays Maja) who was appearing in her first feature film role. He reflected he felt male nudity was unusual for a horror film, where female nudity is more typical. He said that he "advocated for as much full-frontal nudity as possible, I really wanted to embrace the feeling of being exposed and the humiliation of this character. And I felt really, really vulnerable, more than I had actually even anticipated.”
Props and costume design
Svensson said the mallet prop used for the senicide scene was a replica of one at a museum in Stockholm, and that the cliff-jumping was based on historic practices in Sweden. Costume designer Andrea Flesch developed the Hårga's costumes with antique linen from Hungary and Romania, and buttons from Sweden. Aster asked for the clothing to appear handmade, and for the Hårga to dress in white. Many of their costumes were hand-embroidered with rune designs unique to individual community members, signifying their families and occupations. Murals and tapestries in the background of some scenes indicate events in the film.
In April 2020, A24 announced it would be auctioning off props from its films and television series, including the 10,000-silk-flower May Queen dress worn by Pugh, which was reportedly purchased by the Academy Museum of Motion Pictures for $65,000, after both Ariana Grande and Halsey had expressed interest on social media. The proceeds were donated to provide COVID-19 pandemic relief for firefighters and their families. Other items from the film that sold at auction were the bear costume worn by Reynor for $4,760, the mallet used to crush a cult member's skull for $10,000, and other villager costumes that sold in the $4,500 range. All the proceeds from the Midsommar collection raised over $100,000 for the FDNY Foundation.
Post-production
Aster said the visual effects for the psychedelic scenes involved considerable trial and error: "I'm sure for some of those shots we got to the point where we had 60 versions. In one iteration the tripping was way too distracting and you're not paying attention to the characters, and then you brought it down to the point where if you are paying attention to the characters, you'll never notice the tripping effects." The more minimal visual effects were settled on a week before the first screening.
There was around a six-week debate as to whether the film would be given an NC-17 rating or R rating by the MPAA for its US release due to its graphic nudity, with it eventually being given an R rating after cuts. An NC-17 rating is considered harmful to films' box-office performance.
Music
Aster wrote the film while listening to British electronic musician The Haxan Cloak's 2013 album Excavation. Aster later recruited him to compose the film's score, credited under his real name Bobby Krlic. Krlic began composing the music before filming began, taking inspiration from Nordic folk music, and collaborating closely with Aster. The film makes use of diegetic music, where events on screen meld with the score.
The soundtrack album was released on July 5, 2019 via Milan Records.
Release
Midsommar had a pre-release screening at the Alamo Drafthouse Cinema in New York City, on June 18, 2019. The film was theatrically released in the United States on July 3, 2019.
Director's cut
Aster's original 171-minute cut of the film, which A24 asked Aster to trim down for a wide theatrical release, had its world premiere at the Film Society of Lincoln Center in New York City on August 20, 2019. It was shown in theaters across the United States for a weekend starting on August 29, 2019. The director's cut was released as an Apple TV exclusive on September 24, 2019. On physical media, it saw a British release on Blu-ray and DVD on October 28, 2019, an Australian Blu-ray release on November 6, 2019 and a US release on Blu-ray in July 2020.
Home media
Midsommar was released on Digital HD on September 24, 2019, and on DVD and Blu-ray on October 8, 2019. The director's cut of the film was then released on Blu-ray and 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray as an A24 shop exclusive on July 20, 2020, in limited copies.
Reception
Box office
Midsommar grossed $27.5million in the United States and Canada, and $20.5million in other territories, for a total worldwide gross of $48million.
In the United States and Canada, the film was projected to gross $8–10 million from 2,707 theaters over its first five days. It made $3 million on its first day, including $1.1 million from Tuesday night previews, which Deadline Hollywood called a "smashing start". It went on to debut to $10.9 million, finishing sixth at the box office; IndieWire said it was "just decent" given its estimated $8 million budget, but the film would likely find success in home media. In its second weekend, the film dropped 44% to $3.7 million, finishing in eighth, and then made $1.6 million in its third weekend, finishing in ninth.
Audience reception
Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film a grade of "C+" on an A+ to F scale, while those at PostTrak gave it an average 3 out of 5 stars, with 50% saying they would definitely recommend it. According to Screen Rant writer Mark Birrell, Midsommar was "one of the most polarizing horror movies of 2019" among general audiences, while Ankur Pathak of The Huffington Post says it "divided audiences (and some critics)".
Critical response
On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 83% based on 404 reviews, and an average rating of 7.6/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Ambitious, impressively crafted, and above all unsettling, Midsommar further proves writer-director Ari Aster is a horror auteur to be reckoned with." On Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, the film has a score of 72 out of 100, based on 54 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".
John DeFore of The Hollywood Reporter described the film as the "horror equivalent of a destination wedding", and "more unsettling than frightening, [but] still a trip worth taking." Writing for Variety, Andrew Barker noted that it is "neither the masterpiece nor the disaster that the film's most vocal viewers are bound to claim. Rather, it's an admirably strange, thematically muddled curiosity from a talented filmmaker who allows his ambitions to outpace his execution." David Edelstein of Vulture praised Pugh's performance as "amazingly vivid" and noted that Aster "paces Midsommar more like an opera (Wagner, not Puccini) than a scare picture," but concluded that the film "doesn't jell because its impulses are so bifurcated. It's a parable of a woman's religious awakening—that's also a woman's fantasy of revenge against a man who didn't meet her emotional needs—that's also a male director's masochistic fantasy of emasculation at the hands of a matriarchal cult." In The New York Times, Manohla Dargis was critical of the character depth behind Dani and Christian, finding them "instructively uninteresting" and stereotypically gendered as a couple.
Eric Kohn of IndieWire summarized the film as a "perverse breakup movie," adding that "Aster doesn't always sink the biggest surprises, but he excels at twisting the knife. After a deflowering that makes Ken Russell's The Devils look tame, Aster finds his way to a startling reality check." Time Outs Joshua Rothkopf awarded the film a 5/5 star-rating, writing, "A savage yet evolved slice of Swedish folk-horror, Ari Aster's hallucinatory follow-up to Hereditary proves him a horror director with no peer."
For The A.V. Club, A. A. Dowd stated that the film "rivals Hereditary in the cruel shock department", and labelled it a "B+ effort". Writing for Inverse, Eric Francisco commented that the film feels "like a victory lap after Hereditary", and that Aster "takes his sweet time to lull viewers into his clutches ... But like how the characters experience time, its passage is a vague notion." He described the film as "a sharp portrayal of gaslighting". Richard Brody of The New Yorker said that the film "is built on such a void of insight and experience, such a void of character and relationships, that even the first level of the house of narrative cards can't stand." He added, "In the end, the subject of Midsommar is as simple as it is regressive: lucky Americans, stay home." Emma Madden in The Guardian criticised the film for its depiction of disabled characters as "monstrous", and argued it resurrects harmful horror film tropes of ableism and eugenics.
Tomris Laffly of RogerEbert.com rated the film 4 out of 4 stars, describing it as a "terrifically juicy, apocalyptic cinematic sacrament that dances around a fruitless relationship in dizzying circles". A Vanity Fair article from December 2019 reflecting on the 2010s in horror films argued that Midsommar was part of a trend of "elevated horror" along with Aster's previous Hereditary and Robert Eggers directed The Witch, and that it was an example of "horror at its best".
Accolades
Themes and analysis
Writing in The Guardian, Steve Rose describes Midsommar as "a powerful study of grief, betrayal, breakups, and more". Rose suggests that Dani's three male companions may be seen as representing "toxic masculinity", or analogues of the three male companions in The Wizard of Oz (namely the Tin Man, Cowardly Lion and Scarecrow). Rose proposes that the film may be read as a "parable of snarky, city-smart, modern rationalism undone by primal rural values". Alternatively, he proposes that the villagers' traditions could be read as far-right, white nationalist or eugenicist.
In Vox, Alissa Wilkinson described Midsommar's story as following Dani's emotional journey and following fairy tale conventions, where Dani loses her family at the beginning and goes on to become a Queen, as with Cinderella and Snow White. The article also notes the use of imagery foreshadowing later events throughout the film. Aster himself said "We begin as Dani loses a family, and we end as Dani gains one. And so, for better or worse, [the Hårga] are there to provide exactly what she is lacking, and exactly what she needs, in true fairy tale fashion."
Monica Wolfe discussed Midsommar as reflecting themes of globalization and American imperialism in a 2022 article in the Journal of Popular Film and Television. Wolfe outlines the film's competing ideologies of femininity versus masculinity, academic knowledge versus folk knowledge, and capitalism versus communism, writing that "the horror of the film is driven by the objectified Other’s resistance to the imperial power’s desire to dominate physical place and own ideological space, but is complicated by a suggestion that, in this unique case, the Other is also a nationalist, right-wing power, and the tension between home and foreign reflects that of a new Cold War."
The film's central sex scene, between Christian and Maja, has been the subject of debate as to whether it depicts rape. An article in Sexuality & Culture asserts that "the ambiguous nature of this scene may be viewed as problematic because it blurs the line between consent and sexual assault" and that the film has implications for contemporary understandings of rape, particularly of males.
Yusuke Narita, a Japanese professor at Yale University, positively cited a scene in the film where an elderly person is forced to jump off a cliff. Narita used this as an example of "mass suicide" or "mass seppuku", which he claimed was the only way to solve the aging crisis in Japan. The comments resulted in a major controversy but also resulted in Narita becoming a popular figure among some young Japanese people.
See also
The Wicker Man, a 1973 British folk horror film revolving around a pagan cult.
References
External links
2019 films
2019 horror films
2019 independent films
2010s American films
2010s English-language films
2010s Swedish films
A24 (company) films
American horror films
American independent films
English-language Swedish films
Fiction about familicide
Films about couples
Films about cults
Films about disability
Patricide in fiction
Matricide in fiction
Films about festivals
Films about hallucinogens
Films about human sacrifice
Films about grieving
Films about neopaganism
Films about rape
Films about suicide
Films about vacationing
Films based on European myths and legends
Films directed by Ari Aster
Films scored by The Haxan Cloak
Films set in Sweden
Films set in the United States
Films shot in Budapest
Films shot in New York City
Films shot in Utah
Folk horror films
Holiday horror films
Incest in film
Murder–suicide in films
Psychedelic films
Swedish horror films |
On 23 November 2022, two bomb attacks were carried out at bus stops on the outskirts of Jerusalem. Two people were killed and at least 22 were injured. They were the first bombings carried out on Israeli civilians since the 2016 Jerusalem bus bombing, in which a suicide bomber injured at least 22 people.
Background
Tensions in the area have reportedly risen between Israelis and Palestinians over the past months leading up the explosions. A series of attacks from Palestinians reportedly killed nineteen Israelis in the spring of 2022, which had resulted in nightly raids throughout the West Bank. Additional attacks from Palestinians have reportedly increased in recent weeks. More than one hundred and thirty Palestinians have been killed in Israeli-Palestinian fighting this year, with most reported by Israeli forces as militants although some civilians have been also killed, and at least eight Israelis have been killed in recent violence. It was also reported that Palestinian militants had stormed a West Bank hospital and carried out an Israeli citizen receiving treatment after a car accident, hours before the explosions.
Attack
On 23 November 2022, at 7:05 a.m., a bomb placed at a bus station near Jerusalem's main entrance, Givat Shaul, was detonated. Thirty minutes later, a second bomb placed at a bus stop near the Ramot junction east of Jerusalem was also detonated, lightly wounding five people and damaging a bus. A bus driver who arrived at the second bombing site said that the second bomb went off after he had stopped there to drop off his passengers. The bombs were concealed in bags and were packed with shrapnel.
Victims
A 16-year-old Israeli-Canadian, Arye Schepoek, succumbed to his wounds at the Shaare Zedek Medical Center. An additional twenty-three people were injured; eighteen people were wounded in the first explosion and five people were wounded in the second explosion. On 26 November, a 50-year-old Ethiopian Jewish man named Tadasa Tashume Ben Ma'ada, who had sustained severe head injuries during the bombing, succumbed to his wounds.
Perpetrators
Israeli authorities suspected that the attacks were carried out by Palestinian terrorists and coordinated by an organized cell. The explosives were high-quality and may were believed to have been detonated by mobile telephone.
In December 2022, Shin Bet and Israeli police announced that they had arrested 26-year-old Israeli Arab Eslam Froukh in Jerusalem. He is a mechanical engineer by training who resided between Ramallah and Kafr 'Aqab and is affiliated with the Islamic State. Froukh allegedly acted alone and constructed the bombs himself with the help of online guides. He had no prior record of terrorism activity. It is suspected that Froukh sought to detonate more explosives to commit a third attack but ran into technical issues. A number of additional suspects were arrested in the days after the incident, but were all released. In June 2023, the Ramallah home of Froukh was demolished by Israeli forces.
Reactions
Hamas did not claim responsibility but praised the attacks, stating that the bombings "conveyed the message to the occupation by saying that our people will stand firm on their land and cling to the path of resistance". The bombings were also praised by the Palestinian Islamic Jihad, PFLP, and DFLP. Far-right lawmaker Itamar Ben-Gvir, who is expected to become the minister in charge of police under potential future Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, called for a tougher stance from Israel on the attacks.
White House Press Secretary Karine Jean-Pierre stated that the Biden administration condemned the attack and that the United States had offered all appropriate assistance to the Israeli government to aid in the investigation. The US Embassy and EU Ambassador to Israel Dimiter Tzantchev have also condemned the violence.
References
2022 murders in Asia
November 2022 events in Israel
November 2022 crimes in Asia
Improvised explosive device bombings in 2022
Terrorist incidents in Israel in 2022
Islamic terrorist incidents in 2022
Terrorist incidents in Jerusalem in the 2020s
Attacks on bus stations
Murder in Jerusalem
Improvised explosive device bombings in Israel
ISIL terrorist incidents in Israel
Attacks on buses by Palestinian militant groups |
This article shows the rosters of all participating teams at the 2019 FIVB Volleyball Men's Challenger Cup in Slovenia.
Pool A
The following is the Chilean roster in the 2019 FIVB Volleyball Men's Challenger Cup.
Head coach: Daniel Nejamkin
The following is the Slovenian roster in the 2019 FIVB Volleyball Men's Challenger Cup.
Head coach: Alberto Giuliani
The following is the Turkish roster in the 2019 FIVB Volleyball Men's Challenger Cup.
Head coach: Nedim Özbey
Pool B
The following is the Belarusian roster in the 2019 Volleyball Men's Challenger Cup.
Head coach: Viktar Beksha
The following is the Cuban roster in the 2019 FIVB Volleyball Men's Challenger Cup.
Head coach: Nicolas Ernesto Vives Coffigny
The following is the Egyptian roster in the 2019 FIVB Volleyball Men's Challenger Cup.
Head coach: Gido Vermeulen
References
External links
2019 Challenger Cup – official website
FIVB Volleyball Men's Challenger Cup
FIVB
International volleyball competitions hosted by Slovenia
Sports competitions in Ljubljana
21st century in Ljubljana |
The Leistler Bookcase is a massive, historic bookcase made out of oak.
History
It was produced in 1850-51. The design is by Bernardis di Bernardo, who was assisted by Josef Kranner. The bookcase was produced by the Austrian company Carl Leistler & Sohn in Vienna, Austria. It was sculpted by Anton Dominik Feinkorn and carved by Franz Maler.
The bookcase was shown at the Great Exhibition 1851 in London. Leistler's exhibits were described as "massive, bold and masculine in design, and well adapted to a palace". The bookcase, "a cathedral in wood", bears elaborate decoration that referred to current debates on the unification of the German-speaking peoples. It was presented to Queen Victoria by Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria and installed in Buckingham Palace for Albert, Prince Consort. In 1851, in its coverage of the Great Exhibition, the Illustrated London News described the piece as "the stately carved bookcase, by Leitner, claims special attention for its elaborate and ambitious design and the careful workmanship bestowed upon it."
As tastes changed over time, it was given to the University of Edinburgh, who in turn passed it on to the Victoria & Albert Museum. It has the inventory museum no. W.12-1967.
External links
Installation of the Leistler Bookcase (video)
References
Collections of the Victoria and Albert Museum
Austrian furniture designers
History of the University of Edinburgh
1851 works |
```objective-c
#ifndef VALHALLA_MJOLNIR_GRAPHTILEBUILDER_H_
#define VALHALLA_MJOLNIR_GRAPHTILEBUILDER_H_
#include <algorithm>
#include <boost/functional/hash.hpp>
#include <cstdint>
#include <list>
#include <memory>
#include <string>
#include <unordered_map>
#include <utility>
#include <valhalla/baldr/admin.h>
#include <valhalla/baldr/graphid.h>
#include <valhalla/baldr/graphtile.h>
#include <valhalla/baldr/graphtileheader.h>
#include <valhalla/baldr/nodetransition.h>
#include <valhalla/baldr/sign.h>
#include <valhalla/baldr/signinfo.h>
#include <valhalla/baldr/transitdeparture.h>
#include <valhalla/baldr/transitroute.h>
#include <valhalla/baldr/transitschedule.h>
#include <valhalla/baldr/transitstop.h>
#include <valhalla/baldr/turnlanes.h>
#include <valhalla/mjolnir/complexrestrictionbuilder.h>
#include <valhalla/mjolnir/directededgebuilder.h>
#include <valhalla/mjolnir/edgeinfobuilder.h>
#include <valhalla/mjolnir/landmarks.h>
namespace valhalla {
namespace mjolnir {
using edge_tuple = std::tuple<uint32_t, baldr::GraphId, baldr::GraphId>;
/**
* Graph information for a tile within the Tiled Hierarchical Graph.
*/
class GraphTileBuilder : public baldr::GraphTile {
public:
/**
* Constructor given an existing tile. This is used to read in the tile
* data and then add to it (e.g. adding node connections between hierarchy
* levels. If the deserialize flag is set then all objects are serialized
* from memory into builders that can be added to and then stored using
* StoreTileData.
* @param tile_dir Base directory path
* @param graphid GraphId used to determine the tileid and level
* @param deserialize If true the existing objects in the tile are
* converted into builders so they can be added to.
* @param serialize_turn_lanes If true, the offsets are truly text offsets.
* If false, the offsets are indexes into unique name file
*/
GraphTileBuilder(const std::string& tile_dir,
const GraphId& graphid,
const bool deserialize,
bool serialize_turn_lanes = true);
/**
* Output the tile to file. Stores as binary data.
* @param graphid GraphID to store.
* @param hierarchy Gives info about number of tiles per level
*/
void StoreTileData();
/**
* Update a graph tile with new nodes and directed edges. Assumes no new
* nodes or edges are added. Attributes within existing nodes and edges
* are updated. This is used in GraphValidator to update directed edge
* information.
* @param nodes Updated list of nodes
* @param directededges Updated list of edges.
*/
void Update(const std::vector<NodeInfo>& nodes, const std::vector<DirectedEdge>& directededges);
/**
* Get the current list of node builders.
* @return Returns the node info builders.
*/
std::vector<NodeInfo>& nodes();
/**
* Gets the current list of directed edge (builders).
* @return Returns the directed edge builders.
*/
std::vector<DirectedEdge>& directededges();
/**
* Gets the current list of directed edge extension (builders).
* @return Returns the directed edge extension builders.
*/
std::vector<DirectedEdgeExt>& directededges_ext();
/**
* Gets the current list of node transition (builders).
* @return Returns a reference to node transition builders.
*/
std::vector<NodeTransition>& transitions() {
return transitions_builder_;
}
/**
* Add a transit departure.
* @param departure Transit departure record.
*/
void AddTransitDeparture(const baldr::TransitDeparture& departure);
/**
* Add a transit stop.
* @param stop Transit stop record.
*/
void AddTransitStop(const baldr::TransitStop& stop);
/**
* Add a transit route.
* @param route Transit route record.
*/
void AddTransitRoute(const baldr::TransitRoute& route);
/**
* Add a transit schedule.
* @param schedule Transit schedule record.
*/
void AddTransitSchedule(const baldr::TransitSchedule& schedule);
/**
* Add an access restriction.
* @param access_restriction Access Restriction record.
*/
void AddAccessRestriction(const baldr::AccessRestriction& access_restriction);
/**
* Add restriction.
* @param restrictions Access restrictions
*/
void AddAccessRestrictions(const std::vector<AccessRestriction>& restrictions);
/**
* Add sign information.
* @param idx Directed edge index.
* @param signs Sign information.
*/
void AddSigns(const uint32_t idx,
const std::vector<baldr::SignInfo>& signs,
const std::vector<std::string>& linguistics);
/**
* Add sign information.
* @param idx Directed edge index.
* @param signs Sign information.
*/
void AddSigns(const uint32_t idx, const std::vector<baldr::SignInfo>& signs);
/**
* Add lane connectivity information.
* @param idx Directed edge index.
* @param lc Lane connectivity information.
*/
void AddLaneConnectivity(const std::vector<baldr::LaneConnectivity>& lc);
/**
* Add forward complex restriction.
* @param res Complex restriction.
*/
void AddForwardComplexRestriction(const ComplexRestrictionBuilder& res);
/**
* Add reverse complex restriction.
* @param res Complex restriction.
*/
void AddReverseComplexRestriction(const ComplexRestrictionBuilder& res);
/**
*
* @param edgeindex The index of the edge - used with nodea and nodeb to
* form tuple that uniquely identifies the edge info since
* there are two directed edges per edge info.
* @param nodea One of two nodes - used with edgeindex and nodeb to
* form tuple that uniquely identifies the edge info since
* there are two directed edges per edge info.
* @param nodeb One of two nodes - used with edgeindex and nodea to
* form tuple that uniquely identifies the edge info since
* there are two directed edges per edge info.
* @param edge_info_offset the index of the edge info within the tile
*
* @return The edge info offset that will be stored in the directed edge.
*/
bool HasEdgeInfo(const uint32_t edgeindex,
const baldr::GraphId& nodea,
const baldr::GraphId& nodeb,
uint32_t& edge_info_offset);
/**
* Process Tagged values for the edge.
* @param edgeindex The edgeindex we are processing.
* @param names The names to add.
* @param name_count The current name count.
* @param name_info_list The list to add the name infos
*/
void ProcessTaggedValues(const uint32_t edgeindex,
const std::vector<std::string>& names,
size_t& name_count,
std::vector<NameInfo>& name_info_list);
/**
* Add the edge info to the tile.
*
* @param edgeindex The index of the edge - used with nodea and nodeb to
* form tuple that uniquely identifies the edge info since
* there are two directed edges per edge info.
* @param nodea One of two nodes - used with edgeindex and nodeb to
* form tuple that uniquely identifies the edge info since
* there are two directed edges per edge info.
* @param nodeb One of two nodes - used with edgeindex and nodea to
* form tuple that uniquely identifies the edge info since
* there are two directed edges per edge info.
* @param wayid The target edge is part of this the way id.
* @param elev Mean elevation.
* @param bn Bike network.
* @param spd Speed limit. [kph]
* @param lls The shape of the target edge.
* @param names The names of the target edge.
* @param linguistics The pronunciations and languages of the target edge.
* @param types Bits indicating if the name is a ref vs a name.
* @param added Set to true if the target edge was newly added to the list,
* set to false if the target edge was already in the list.
* @param diff_names Indicates the opposing direction has different names.
* If true a new EdgeInfo is always added.
* @return The edge info offset that will be stored in the directed edge.
*/
template <class shape_container_t>
uint32_t AddEdgeInfo(const uint32_t edgeindex,
baldr::GraphId nodea,
baldr::GraphId nodeb,
const uint64_t wayid,
const float elev,
const uint32_t bn,
const uint32_t spd,
const shape_container_t& lls,
const std::vector<std::string>& names,
const std::vector<std::string>& tagged_values,
const std::vector<std::string>& linguistics,
const uint16_t types,
bool& added,
bool diff_names = false);
/**
* Add the edge info to the tile. This method accepts an encoded shape string.
* @param edgeindex The index of the edge - used with nodea and nodeb to
* form tuple that uniquely identifies the edge info since
* there are two directed edges per edge info.
* @param nodea One of two nodes - used with edgeindex and nodeb to
* form tuple that uniquely identifies the edge info since
* there are two directed edges per edge info.
* @param nodeb One of two nodes - used with edgeindex and nodea to
* form tuple that uniquely identifies the edge info since
* there are two directed edges per edge info.
* @param wayid The target edge is part of this the way id.
* @param elev Mean elevation.
* @param bn Bike network.
* @param spd Speed limit.
* @param llstr The shape of the target edge as an encoded string.
* @param names The names of the target edge.
* @param tagged_values The tagged names of the target edge.
* @param linguistics The pronunciations and languages of the target edge.
* @param types Bits indicating if the name is a ref vs a name.
* @param added Set to true if the target edge was newly added to the list,
* set to false if the target edge was already in the list.
* @param diff_names Indicates the opposing direction has different names.
* If true a new EdgeInfo is always added.
* @return The edge info offset that will be stored in the directed edge.
*/
uint32_t AddEdgeInfo(const uint32_t edgeindex,
baldr::GraphId nodea,
baldr::GraphId nodeb,
const uint64_t wayid,
const float elev,
const uint32_t bn,
const uint32_t spd,
const std::string& llstr,
const std::vector<std::string>& names,
const std::vector<std::string>& tagged_values,
const std::vector<std::string>& linguistics,
const uint16_t types,
bool& added,
bool diff_names = false);
/**
* Set the mean elevation in the most recently added EdgeInfo.
* @param elev Mean elevation.
*/
void set_mean_elevation(const float elev);
/**
* Set mean elevation and encoded elevation within the EdgeInfo given the edge info offset.
* This requires a serialized tile builder.
* @param offset Edge info offset.
* @param mean_elevation Mean elevation.
* @param encoded_elevation Encoded elevation.
* @return Returns size of the updated EdgeInfo data.
*/
uint32_t set_elevation(const uint32_t offset,
const float mean_elevation,
const std::vector<int8_t>& encoded_elevation);
/**
* Add a name to the text list.
* @param name Name/text to add.
* @return Returns offset (bytes) to the name.
*/
uint32_t AddName(const std::string& name);
/**
* Add admin info to the tile.
* @param country_name Country name of the admin
* @param state_name State name of the admin
* @param country_iso Country ISO Code. ISO3166-1
* @param state_iso State ISO Code. ISO3166-2 Example://
* Prince Edward Island = PE
* Country ISO + dash + state ISO will give
* you ISO3166-2 for state.
* @return The admin offset that will be stored on the node.
*/
uint32_t AddAdmin(const std::string& country_name,
const std::string& state_name,
const std::string& country_iso,
const std::string& state_iso);
/**
* Gets a reference to the header builder.
* @return Returns a reference to the header builder.
*/
GraphTileHeader& header_builder();
/**
* Gets a node from an existing tile.
* @param idx Index of the node within the tile.
* @return Returns a reference to the node builder.
*/
NodeInfo& node(const size_t idx);
/**
* Get the node at the specified index.
* @param idx Index of the node builder.
* @return Returns a reference to the node builder.
*/
NodeInfo& node_builder(const size_t idx);
/**
* Gets a directed edge from existing tile data.
* @param idx Index of the directed edge within the tile.
* @return Returns a reference to the directed edge.
*/
DirectedEdge& directededge(const size_t idx);
/**
* Gets a directed edge extension from existing tile data.
* @param idx Index of the directed edge extension within the tile.
* @return Returns a reference to the directed edge extension.
*/
DirectedEdgeExt& directededge_ext(const size_t idx);
/**
* Gets a pointer to directed edges within the list being built.
* @param idx Index of the directed edge within the tile.
* @return Returns a pointer to the directed edge builder (allows
* accessing all directed edges from a node).
*/
const DirectedEdge* directededges(const size_t idx) const;
/**
* Gets a pointer to directed edge extensions within the list being built.
* @param idx Index of the directed edge within the tile.
* @return Returns a pointer to the directed edge extension builder (allows
* accessing all directed edge extensions from a node).
*/
const DirectedEdgeExt* directededges_ext(const size_t idx) const;
/**
* Get the directed edge builder at the specified index.
* @param idx Index of the directed edge builder.
* @return Returns a reference to the directed edge builder.
*/
DirectedEdge& directededge_builder(const size_t idx);
/**
* Get the directed edge extension builder at the specified index.
* @param idx Index of the directed edge extension builder.
* @return Returns a reference to the directed edge extension builder.
*/
DirectedEdgeExt& directededge_ext_builder(const size_t idx);
/**
* Gets a non-const access restriction from existing tile data.
* @param idx Index of the restriction (index in the array, not the
* directed edge index) within the tile.
* @return Returns a reference to the access restriction.
*/
AccessRestriction& accessrestriction(const size_t idx);
/**
* Gets an access restriction builder at the specified index.
* @param idx Index of the restriction (index in the array, not the
* directed edge index) within the tile.
* @return Returns a reference to the access restriction (builder).
*/
AccessRestriction& accessrestriction_builder(const size_t idx);
/**
* Gets a non-const sign (builder) from existing tile data.
* @param idx Index of the sign (index in the array, not the
* directed edge index) within the tile.
* @return Returns a reference to the sign builder.
*/
valhalla::baldr::Sign& sign(const size_t idx);
/**
* Get the sign builder at the specified index.
* @param idx Index of the sign builder.
* @return Returns a reference to the sign builder.
*/
valhalla::baldr::Sign& sign_builder(const size_t idx);
/**
* Gets a const admin builder at specified index.
* @param idx Index of the admin builder in the list.
*/
const Admin& admins_builder(size_t idx);
/**
* Sets the tile creation date.
* @param tile_creation_date number of days from pivot date
*/
void AddTileCreationDate(const uint32_t tile_creation_date);
/**
* Generates bin information for the edges in the provided tile
* @param hierarchy to perform the intersection with the bins' geoms
* @param tile the tile whose edges need the binned
* @param tweeners the additional bins in other tiles that intersect this tiles edges
*/
using tweeners_t = std::unordered_map<GraphId, std::array<std::vector<GraphId>, kBinCount>>;
static std::array<std::vector<GraphId>, kBinCount> BinEdges(const graph_tile_ptr& tile,
tweeners_t& tweeners);
/**
* Adds to the bins the tile already has, only modifies the header to reflect the new counts
* and the bins themselves, everything else is copied directly without ever looking at it
* @param tile_dir Base tile directory
* @param tile the tile that needs the bins added
* @param more_bins the extra bin data to append to the tile
*/
static void AddBins(const std::string& tile_dir,
const graph_tile_ptr& tile,
const std::array<std::vector<GraphId>, kBinCount>& more_bins);
/**
* Get the turn lane builder at the specified index.
* @param idx Index of the turn lane builder.
* @return Returns a reference to the turn lane builder.
*/
TurnLanes& turnlane_builder(const size_t idx);
/**
* Add turn lane information for a directed edge.
* @param idx Directed edge index.
* @param str Turn lane information.
*/
void AddTurnLanes(const uint32_t idx, const std::string& str);
/**
* Add turn lane information for a directed edge.
* @param idx Directed edge index.
* @param tl_idx Turn lane index into the OSMData name_offset map
*/
void AddTurnLanes(const uint32_t idx, const uint32_t tl_idx);
/**
* Add turn lanes
* @param turn_lanes vector of turn lanes
*/
void AddTurnLanes(const std::vector<TurnLanes>& turn_lanes);
/**
* Add a predicted speed profile for a directed edge.
* @param idx Edge Id within the tile.
* @param profile Compressed profile (200 short int)
* @param predicted_count_hint How many predicted speeds should we expect to add
*/
void AddPredictedSpeed(const uint32_t idx,
const std::array<int16_t, kCoefficientCount>& coefficients,
const size_t predicted_count_hint = 256);
/**
* Updates a tile with predictive speed data. Also updates directed edges with
* free flow and constrained flow speeds and the predicted traffic flag. The
* predicted traffic is written after turn lane data.
* @param directededges Updated directed edge information.
*/
void UpdatePredictedSpeeds(const std::vector<DirectedEdge>& directededges);
/**
* Adds a landmark to the given edge id by modifying its edgeinfo to add a name and tagged value
*
* @param edge_id the edge id to modify
* @param landmark the landmark to associate to the edge
*/
void AddLandmark(const baldr::GraphId& edge_id, const Landmark& landmark);
/**
* Is there an opposing edge with matching edgeinfo offset. The end node of the directed edge
* must be in the same tile as the directed edge. This is called during the building of the
* tiles; therefore, we can't use GetOpposingEdgeId as it has not been set yet.
* @param tile Graph tile of the edge
* @param directededge Directed edge to check.
*/
bool OpposingEdgeInfoDiffers(const graph_tile_ptr& tile, const DirectedEdge* edge);
protected:
struct EdgeTupleHasher {
std::size_t operator()(const edge_tuple& k) const {
std::size_t seed = 13;
boost::hash_combine(seed, index_hasher(std::get<0>(k)));
boost::hash_combine(seed, id_hasher(std::get<1>(k)));
boost::hash_combine(seed, id_hasher(std::get<2>(k)));
return seed;
}
// function to hash each id
std::hash<uint32_t> index_hasher;
std::hash<valhalla::baldr::GraphId> id_hasher;
};
// Edge tuple for sharing edges that have common nodes and edgeindex
static edge_tuple EdgeTuple(const uint32_t edgeindex,
const valhalla::baldr::GraphId& nodea,
const valhalla::baldr::GraphId& nodeb) {
return (nodea < nodeb) ? std::make_tuple(edgeindex, nodea, nodeb)
: std::make_tuple(edgeindex, nodeb, nodea);
}
// Write all edgeinfo items to specified stream
void SerializeEdgeInfosToOstream(std::ostream& out) const;
// Write all textlist items to specified stream
void SerializeTextListToOstream(std::ostream& out) const;
// Base tile directory
std::string tile_dir_;
// Header information for the tile
GraphTileHeader header_builder_;
// List of nodes. This is a fixed size structure so it can be
// indexed directly.
std::vector<NodeInfo> nodes_builder_;
// List of directed edges. This is a fixed size structure so it can be
// indexed directly.
std::vector<DirectedEdge> directededges_builder_;
// Optional list of directed edge extended attributes. If this is used it must be the same size
// as the directededges_builder.
std::vector<DirectedEdgeExt> directededges_ext_builder_;
// List of node transitions. This is a fixed size structure so it can be
// indexed directly.
std::vector<NodeTransition> transitions_builder_;
// List of transit departures. Sorted by directed edge Id and
// departure time
std::vector<baldr::TransitDeparture> departure_builder_;
// Transit stops.
std::vector<baldr::TransitStop> stop_builder_;
// Transit route.
std::vector<baldr::TransitRoute> route_builder_;
// Transit schedules.
std::vector<baldr::TransitSchedule> schedule_builder_;
// List of restrictions. Sorted by directed edge Id
std::vector<baldr::AccessRestriction> access_restriction_builder_;
// List of signs. This is a fixed size structure so it can be
// indexed directly.
std::vector<valhalla::baldr::Sign> signs_builder_;
// List of admins. This is a fixed size structure so it can be
// indexed directly.
std::vector<Admin> admins_builder_;
// Admin info offset
std::unordered_map<std::string, size_t> admin_info_offset_map_;
// The forward complex restriction list
std::vector<ComplexRestrictionBuilder> complex_restriction_forward_builder_;
// The reverse complex restriction list
std::vector<ComplexRestrictionBuilder> complex_restriction_reverse_builder_;
// Edge info offset and map
size_t edge_info_offset_ = 0;
std::unordered_map<edge_tuple, size_t, EdgeTupleHasher> edge_offset_map_;
std::unordered_map<uint32_t, EdgeInfoBuilder*> edgeinfo_offset_map_;
// The edgeinfo list
std::list<EdgeInfoBuilder> edgeinfo_list_;
// Text list offset and map
uint32_t text_list_offset_ = 0;
std::unordered_map<std::string, uint32_t> text_offset_map_;
// Text list. List of names used within this tile
std::list<std::string> textlistbuilder_;
// List of lane connectivity records.
std::vector<LaneConnectivity> lane_connectivity_builder_;
// List of turn lanes.
std::vector<TurnLanes> turnlanes_builder_;
// Offsets into predicted speed profiles for each directed edge.
std::vector<uint32_t> speed_profile_offset_builder_;
// Predicted speed profiles. 200 short int for each directed edge which has predicted speed.
std::vector<int16_t> speed_profile_builder_;
// lane connectivity list offset
uint32_t lane_connectivity_offset_ = 0;
};
#ifdef ENABLE_THREAD_SAFE_TILE_REF_COUNT
using graph_tile_builder_ptr = std::shared_ptr<GraphTileBuilder>;
#else
using graph_tile_builder_ptr = boost::intrusive_ptr<GraphTileBuilder>;
#endif
} // namespace mjolnir
} // namespace valhalla
#endif // VALHALLA_MJOLNIR_GRAPHTILEBUILDER_H_
``` |
Mitra magnifica is a species of medium-large sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Mitridae, the miters or miter snails.
Description
Distribution
References
Mitridae
Gastropods described in 2006 |
Arne Christopher Lerum (July 20, 1879 – June 25, 1911) was an American football player and coach. He served as the head football coach at the University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point–then known as Stevens Point Normal School–in 1904, compiling a record of 1–2. Lerum selected as a guard on the 1901 All-Western college football team while playing for Wisconsin. Lerum immigrated to the United States from Bergen, Norway when he was 14. He was active in politics in as a Republican in the state of Wisconsin. Lerum died on cancer on June 25, 1911, in Madison, Wisconsin.
Head coaching record
References
External links
1879 births
1911 deaths
19th-century players of American football
American football guards
Wisconsin Badgers football players
Wisconsin–Stevens Point Pointers football coaches
Wisconsin Republicans
Norwegian emigrants to the United States
Sportspeople from Bergen
Deaths from cancer in Wisconsin |
```html
---
layout: single
property_name: list-style
---
<section id="list-style" class="property property--shorthand">
<header class="property-header">
<nav class="property-links">
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Lewis's trilemma is an apologetic argument traditionally used to argue for the divinity of Jesus by postulating that the only alternatives were that he was evil or mad. One version was popularised by University of Oxford literary scholar and writer C. S. Lewis in a BBC radio talk and in his writings. It is sometimes described as the "Lunatic, Liar, or Lord", or "Mad, Bad, or God" argument. It takes the form of a trilemma — a choice among three options, each of which is in some way difficult to accept.
This argument is very popular with Christian apologists, but some theologians and biblical scholars do not believe that Jesus claimed to be God.
History
This argument has been used in various forms throughout church history. It was used by the American preacher Mark Hopkins in his book Lectures on the Evidences of Christianity (1846), based on lectures delivered in 1844. Another early use of this approach was by the Scots preacher "Rabbi" John Duncan (1796–1870), around 1859–60:
Christ either deceived mankind by conscious fraud, or He was Himself deluded and self-deceived, or He was Divine. There is no getting out of this trilemma. It is inexorable.
J. Gresham Machen used a similar line of argument in chapter 5 of his famous work Christianity and Liberalism (1923). There Machen says,
The real trouble is that the lofty claim of Jesus, if ... the claim was unjustified, places a moral stain upon Jesus' character. What shall be thought of a human being who lapsed so far from the path of humility and sanity as to believe the eternal destinies of the world were committed into his hands? The truth is that if Jesus be merely an example, he is not a worthy example for he claimed to be far more.
Others who used this approach included N. P. Williams, Reuben Archer Torrey (1856–1928) and W. E. Biederwolf (1867–1939). The writer G.K. Chesterton used something similar to the trilemma in his book, The Everlasting Man (1925), which Lewis cited in 1962 as the second book that most influenced him.
Lewis's formulation
C. S. Lewis was an Oxford medieval literature scholar, popular writer, Christian apologist, and former atheist. He used the argument outlined below in a series of BBC radio talks later published as the book Mere Christianity.
I am trying here to prevent anyone saying the really foolish thing that people often say about Him: I'm ready to accept Jesus as a great moral teacher, but I don't accept his claim to be God. That is the one thing we must not say. A man who was merely a man and said the sort of things Jesus said would not be a great moral teacher. He would either be a lunatic — on the level with the man who says he is a poached egg — or else he would be the Devil of Hell. You must make your choice. Either this man was, and is, the Son of God, or else a madman or something worse. You can shut him up for a fool, you can spit at him and kill him as a demon or you can fall at his feet and call him Lord and God, but let us not come with any patronizing nonsense about his being a great human teacher. He has not left that open to us. He did not intend to. ... Now it seems to me obvious that He was neither a lunatic nor a fiend: and consequently, however strange or terrifying or unlikely it may seem, I have to accept the view that He was and is God.
Lewis, who had spoken extensively on Christianity to Royal Air Force personnel, was aware many ordinary people did not believe Jesus was God, but saw him rather as "a 'great human teacher' who was deified by his supporters"; his argument is intended to overcome this. It is based on a traditional assumption that, in his words and deeds, Jesus was asserting a claim to be God. For example, in Mere Christianity, Lewis refers to what he says are Jesus's claims:
to have authority to forgive sins — behaving as if he really was "the person chiefly offended in all offences."
to have always existed, and
to intend to come back to judge the world at the end of time.
Lewis implies that these amount to a claim to be God and argues that they logically exclude the possibility that Jesus was merely "a great moral teacher", because he believes no ordinary human making such claims could possibly be rationally or morally reliable. Elsewhere, he refers to this argument as "the aut Deus aut malus homo" ("either God or a bad man"), a reference to an earlier version of the argument used by Henry Parry Liddon in his 1866 Bampton Lectures, in which Liddon argued for the divinity of Jesus based on a number of grounds, including the claims he believed Jesus made.
In Narnia
A version of this argument appears in Lewis' book The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe. When Lucy and Edmund return from Narnia (her second visit and his first), Edmund tells Peter and Susan that he was playing along with Lucy and pretending they went to Narnia. Peter and Susan believe Edmund and are worried that Lucy might be mentally ill, so they seek out the Professor whose house they are living in. After listening to them explain the situation and asking them some questions, he responds:
Influence
Christian
The trilemma has continued to be used in Christian apologetics since Lewis, notably by writers like Josh McDowell. Peter Kreeft describes the trilemma as "the most important argument in Christian apologetics" and it forms a major part of the first talk in the Alpha Course and the book based on it, Questions of Life by Nicky Gumbel. Ronald Reagan also used this argument in 1978, in a written reply to a liberal Methodist minister who said that he did not believe Jesus was the son of God. A variant has also been quoted by Bono. The Lewis version was cited by Charles Colson as the basis of his conversion to Christianity. Stephen Davis, a supporter of Lewis and of this argument, argues that it can show belief in the Incarnation as rational. Bruce M. Metzger argued that "It has often been pointed out that Jesus' claim to be the only Son of God is either true or false. If it is false, he either knew the claim was false or he did not know that it was false. In the former case (2) he was a liar; in the latter case (3) he was a lunatic. No other conclusion beside these three is possible."
Non-Christian
The atheist writer Christopher Hitchens accepts Lewis's analysis of the options but reaches the opposite conclusion: that Jesus was not good. He writes, "I am bound to say that Lewis is more honest here. Absent a direct line to the Almighty and a conviction that the last days are upon us, how is it 'moral' ... to claim a monopoly on access to heaven, or to threaten waverers with everlasting fire, let alone to condemn fig trees and persuade devils to infest the bodies of pigs? Such a person if not divine would be a sorcerer and a fanatic."
Criticisms
Writing of the argument's "almost total absence from discussions about the status of Jesus by professional theologians and biblical scholars", Stephen T. Davis comments that it "is often severely criticized, both by people who do and by people who do not believe in the divinity of Jesus".
Jesus' claims to divinity
A frequent criticism is that Lewis's trilemma depends on the veracity of the scriptural accounts of Jesus's statements and miracles. The trilemma rests on the interpretation of New Testament authors' depiction of Jesus: a widespread objection is that the statements by Jesus recorded in the Gospels are being misinterpreted, and do not constitute claims to divinity.
According to Bart Ehrman, it is historically inaccurate that Jesus called himself God, so Lewis's premise of accepting that very claim is problematic. Ehrman stated that it is a mere legend that the historical Jesus has called himself God; that was unknown to Lewis since he never was a professional Bible scholar.
In Honest to God, John A. T. Robinson, then Bishop of Woolwich, criticizes Lewis's approach, questioning the idea that Jesus intended to claim divinity: "It is, indeed, an open question whether Jesus claimed to be Son of God, let alone God". John Hick, writing in 1993, argued that this "once popular form of apologetic" was ruled out by changes in New Testament studies, citing "broad agreement" that scholars do not today support the view that Jesus claimed to be God, quoting as examples Michael Ramsey (1980), C. F. D. Moule (1977), James Dunn (1980), Brian Hebblethwaite (1985) and David Brown (1985). Larry Hurtado, who argues that the followers of Jesus within a very short period developed an exceedingly high level of devotional reverence to Jesus, at the same time says that there is no evidence that Jesus himself demanded or received such cultic reverence. According to Gerd Lüdemann, the broad consensus among modern New Testament scholars is that the proclamation of the divinity of Jesus was a development within the earliest Christian communities.
Unsound logical form
Another criticism raised is that Lewis is creating a false trilemma by insisting that only three options are possible. Craig Evans writes that the "liar, lunatic, Lord" trilemma "makes for good alliteration, maybe even good rhetoric, but it is faulty logic." He proceeds to list several other alternatives: Jesus was Israel's messiah, simply a great prophet, or we do not really know who or what he was because the New Testament sources portray him inaccurately. Philosopher and theologian William Lane Craig also believes that the trilemma is an unsound argument for Christianity. Craig gives several other logically possible alternatives: Jesus' claims as to his divinity were merely good-faith mistakes resulting from his sincere efforts at reasoning, Jesus was deluded with respect to the specific issue of his own divinity while his faculties of moral reasoning remained intact, or Jesus did not understand the claims he made about himself as amounting to a claim to divinity.
Philosopher John Beversluis comments that Lewis "deprives his readers of numerous alternate interpretations of Jesus that carry with them no such odious implications".
Peter Kreeft and Ronald Tacelli, SJ, both professors of philosophy at Boston College, have also expanded the argument into a tetralemma ("Lord, Liar, Lunatic or Legend") — or a pentalemma, accommodating the option that Jesus was a guru, who believed himself to be God in the sense that everything is divine.
Lewis' response to the possibility that the Gospels are legends
Justin Taylor points out that Lewis uses his own literary expertise in a 1950 essay, "What Are We to Make of Jesus?" to disagree with the possibility that the Gospels are legends. Justin Taylor quotes C.S. Lewis:
"Now, as a literary historian, I am perfectly convinced that whatever else the Gospels are they are not legends. I have read a great deal of legend and I am quite clear that they are not the same sort of thing. They are not artistic enough to be legends. From an imaginative point of view they are clumsy, they don’t work up to things properly. Most of the life of Jesus is totally unknown to us, as is the life of anyone else who lived at that time, and no people building up a legend would allow that to be so. Apart from bits of the Platonic dialogues, there is no conversation that I know of in ancient literature like the Fourth Gospel. There is nothing, even in modern literature, until about a hundred years ago when the realistic novel came into existence."
See also
Christological argument
Christology
False trilemma
Mental health of Jesus
List of Jewish messiah claimants
Rejection of Jesus
References
C. S. Lewis
Christian apologetics
Religious perspectives on Jesus |
Frea sublineatoides is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1962.
References
sublineatoides
Beetles described in 1962 |
Nick Freno: Licensed Teacher (also known as Nick Freno) is an American sitcom television series starring comedian Mitch Mullany that aired on The WB from August 28, 1996, to May 3, 1998.
The series was created and executive produced by Dennis Rinsler and Marc Warren who drew on their own experiences as former teachers in New York City. They based the title character on their elementary school music teacher and friend, John Freno.
Synopsis
Mitch Mullany starred as the title character, an aspiring actor who, while waiting for his "big break," met his expenses as a substitute teacher at Gerald R. Ford Middle School. The storylines involved his interaction with his students, which became more plausible when he became a regular teacher. For the series' second season, the middle school had become a high school, allowing for his interaction with slightly more mature students.
First season
Originally, Freno substituted long-term for a single fifth-grade class, which suited him well as an actor, since he was often able to revisit the mind of a preteen through comedy routines and frenetic behavior he would often work into during lessons. Nick's free-form teaching style often relied on running mock game shows on subjects, along with sly reverse psychology when it came to advice and discipline. The kids embraced Freno and found him very approachable, even if his employers thought that his methods were not challenging enough to be taken seriously.
Nick's fellow faculty members included hip, black science teacher Mezz Crosby (Reggie Hayes in the pilot episode, Clinton Jackson thereafter), who had been Nick's best friend since childhood; tenured shop teacher Al Yaroker (Charles Cyphers), and blustery gym coach Kurt Fust (Stuart Pankin). Also wandering the halls was old-timer Phil (Sid Newman), the school security guard. Then there was sexy, young social studies teacher Elana Lewis (Portia de Rossi), whom Nick was interested in romantically; at first, it was strictly professional and nothing more between the two, but through the first season, figurative walls were gradually broken down, and Nick and Elana found themselves dating. Their relationship would be on-again, off-again for the rest of that year. At first, Ford Middle School's principal was referred to but not seen; midway through the first season, Mr. Fust was eventually promoted to assistant principal. The regularly featured pupils in Nick's class were class clown and chief operator Tyler Hale (Ross Malinger), shy, star student Orlando Diaz (Jonathan Hernandez), who was practically the antithesis of Tyler; Jared (Arjay Smith), Tyler's buddy and regular partner in crime; intellectual Sarah (Cara DeLizia); and saxophonist Davey Marcucci (Kyle Gibson).
Second season
In the second season, with Nick now teaching on the high school level, more adult humor made its way into the stories and there were many changes in the cast, not only with the featured students but in the faculty as well. Off-screen, between the first and second seasons, Nick and Elana dissolved their romance, and the latter left her job and moved out of town. Besides Nick, the only returning characters were Mezz, Mr. Yaroker, and Phil the security guard (who had now made it to the opening credits). Mr. Fust disappeared, as did the now-former unseen principal; arriving as the new headmaster was Dr. Katherine Emerson (Jane Sibbett), a more serious-minded administrator who became a nemesis for Nick. Despite the friction that occurred between the two, Nick developed a romantic interest in Emerson.
Nick's job as a full-time teacher stuck him with instructing remedial classes, a situation heavily inspired by Welcome Back, Kotter. Nick's unruly high-schoolers included Sophia Del Bono (Christina Vidal), sexually promiscuous and not as worldly as she liked to let on; socially awkward Miles Novacek (Giuseppe Andrews); Marco Romero (Andrew Levitas), the hunk who had been held back a couple of grades; Tasha Morrison (Malinda Williams), whose upper-middle-class standing made her feel insecure around her blue-collar classmates; and Jordan Wells (Blake Heron), a similar personality to Nick's former fifth-grade troublemaker Tyler Hale.
Series changes
By the spring of 1998, when Nick's numerous attempts to court Dr. Emerson had failed, his attention switched to that of a beautiful and voluptuous new manager in his apartment building, Samantha (Donna D'Errico). The two consummated their sexual tension quickly and became an item. The addition of D'Errico to Nick Freno was seen as a last-ditch attempt to save the show from cancellation, but it was not picked up for a third season.
Cast
Tutorial staff
Mitch Mullany as Nick Freno
Portia De Rossi as Elana Lewis (1996–1997)
Clinton Jackson as Mezz Crosby
Reggie Hayes as Mezz Crosby (pilot episode only)
Charles Cyphers as Al Yaroker
Stuart Pankin as Kurt Fust (1996–1997)
Jane Sibbett as Dr. Katherine Emerson (1997–1998)
Students
Kyle Gibson as Davey Marcucci (1996–1997)
Cara DeLizia as Sarah (1996–1997)
Giuseppe Andrews as Miles Novacek (1997–1998)
Jonathan Hernandez as Orlando Diaz (1996–1997)
Arjay Smith as Jared (1996-1997)
Blake Heron as Jordan Wells (1997–1998)
Andrew Levitas as Marco Romero (1997–1998)
Ross Malinger as Tyler Hale (1996–1997)
Christina Vidal as Sophia Del Bono (1997–1998)
Malinda Williams as Tasha Morrison (1997–1998)
Recurring
Mila Kunis as Anna-Maria Del Bono
Sid Newman as Phil Sussman
Episodes
Season 1 (1996–97)
Season 2 (1997–98)
Ratings
Awards and nominations
References
External links
1990s American high school television series
1990s American sitcoms
1990s American workplace comedy television series
1996 American television series debuts
1998 American television series endings
English-language television shows
Middle school television series
Television series about educators
Television series by Warner Bros. Television Studios
Television shows set in New York City
The WB original programming |
The 2023 Union Budget of India was presented by the Minister of Finance of India on February 1, 2023. This was the fourth budget of Narendra Modi-led NDA government's second term, starting from 2020. The Economic Survey for 2022–2023 was released on January 31, 2023 before the budget.
History
The Union Budget is the annual financial report of India; an estimate of income and expenditure of the government on a periodical basis. As per Article 112 of the Indian Constitution, it is a compulsory task of the government. The first budget of India was presented on 18 February 1860 by Scotsman James Wilson. The first Union Budget of Independent India was presented by RK Shanmukham Chetty on 26 November 1947.
While presenting the 2023 Union Budget, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman said in her speech: "This Budget lays a futuristic 'Amrit Kaal' for women, youth and marginalised communities, big public investment for infrastructure guided by PM Gati Shakti, productivity enhancement, energy transition and climate action and financing of investments."
New tax slab
New slabs under New Tax Regimes for individual
₹0-3 lakh : Nil
₹3-6 lakhs: 5%
₹6-9 lakhs: 10%
₹9-12 lakhs: 15%
₹12-15 lakhs: 20%
Over ₹15 lakhs: 30%
Reactions
Political
Akhilesh Yadav, president of the Samajwadi Party, said that the budget proposed by the BJP government actually makes things worse, such as unemployment and inflation. He further added that the BJP has never cared about the interests of regular people and will not do so in the foreseeable future either.
Mamata Banerjee, the Chief Minister of West Bengal, criticised the Union Budget 2023-2024, calling it "anti-people" and "totally opportunistic."
Business
Sanjiv Mehta, chairman and managing director of Hindustan Unilever Limited said, "The provision that you will get a tax reduction only if you pay being on cash basis, is really good for the industry."
Sanjiv Bajaj, the chairman and managing director of Bajaj Finserv and the current chairman of Confederation of Indian Industry said, "The government managed a tough balancing act of meeting the priorities of growth through capital spending while keeping a fiscal deficit under check. While at the same time very strong focus on inclusion to ensure prosperity for the masses."
Sajjan Jindal, the chairman of JSW Group said, "This govt has been giving a huge push to the infrastructure upgradation of our nation & an increase in spending on road & rail infrastructure is a testament to their philosophy. This will help maintain the momentum of our economic growth, contrary to the world scenario."
V. Vaidyanathan, the managing director and CEO of IDFC First Bank called it "a natural progression of the previous Budgets in terms of direction, consistency, and the overarching growth objective."
Amitabh Chaudhry, the managing director and CEO of Axis Bank wrote in The Economic Times, "The budget grasped the opportunity to consolidate India's macroeconomic fundamentals. Even as developed economies slow down in 2023, India is likely to remain a bright spot, with falling inflation and robust growth. The prudence demonstrated over the past couple of years by the budgets - in conjunction with a finely tuned monetary policy - has helped India's economy emerge relatively unscathed despite a series of public health and economic shocks."
Stock markets
After the 2023 budget was announced, the Indian stock markets stayed very unstable. The BSE SENSEX went up more than 1100 points during the day before falling by 1% at the end of the day. Despite this, it still managed to end the day with a slight gain. On the other side, the NSE NIFTY 500 closed in the red for the session, with index heavyweight Adani Enterprises being the primary contributor to the NIFTY's decline.
References
Union budgets of India
2023 in Indian economy |
Antar Laniyan is a Nigerian veteran actor, film producer, and director.
Early life
Laniyan was born in Osogbo, the capital of Osun State southwestern Nigeria. He attended Baptist Secondary School where he obtained his (WAEC) certificate in Lagos State before he later proceeded to the University of Ibadan where he obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree in theatre arts.
Career
Laniyan began acting in 1981 and the first major role he played as a professional actor was the role of a "major general" in a film titled Everybody wants to know during his days at the Kakaki Art Squad.
He has featured in several Nigerian films including Sango, a film scripted by Wale Ogunyemi and produced by Obafemi Lasode.
He was the director of the first episode of Super Story, the award-winning Nigerian soap opera produced by Wale Adenuga in the year 2000. He also directed Oh Father Oh Daughter and This Life produced from the stable of Wale Adenuga Production.
Selected filmography
Sango (1997)
Super story (episode 1)
Kakanfo (2020)
Lucifer (2019)
See also
List of Yoruba people
References
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
20th-century Nigerian male actors
21st-century Nigerian male actors
Male actors from Osun State
Male actors in Yoruba cinema
Nigerian male film actors
People from Osun
University of Ibadan alumni
Yoruba male actors
Nigerian male television actors
Nigerian film producers
Nigerian film directors |
The thick-billed ground dove (Pampusana salamonis) is an extinct dove species of the family Columbidae.
Description
This poorly known species is only known from two specimens from 1882 and 1927. The holotype from 1882 can be seen in the Australian Museum in Sydney.
The length was about 26 cm. The head, the throat, and the breast mantle were beige. The chestnut upperparts with a pale purple sheen on the carpals and the small wing coverts contrasted with a chocolate-coloured belly.
The thick-billed ground dove might have preferred dry beach forests on the Solomon Islands of Makira (formerly San Cristobal), and the tiny island of Ramos Island which belongs to Isabel. It is likely that it also occurred on other islands in that region in the past. It was a ground-dweller like its congeners, and so it was an easy prey for introduced rats and feral pigs, cats and dogs. The logging of the lowland forests in its habitat and the hunting sealed its fate.
Despite the fact that it was last seen in 1927, the IUCN has long hesitated to declare this species extinct. Many surveys in its former range were undertaken in the later part of the 20th century, but when the last search for this species on Ramos in 2004 had failed too it was officially declared extinct in 2005. It probably became extinct in the mid-20th century following the increased activity around the time of World War II, which affected several populations of endemic birds in the region. Further surveys of birds on Makira in 2015-2016 did not find evidence of the thick-billed ground dove.
This species was formerly in the genus Alopecoenas Sharpe, 1899, but the name of the genus was changed in 2019 to Pampusana Bonaparte, 1855 as this name has priority.
References
Ramsay, Edward Pierson (1882): Description of two new birds from the Solomon Islands. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. 7: 299-301
External links
Birdlife factsheet - Thick-billed ground dove (Gallicolumba salamonis)
Illustration of the thick-billed ground dove
thick-billed ground dove
†
Birds of the Solomon Islands
Extinct birds of Oceania
Bird extinctions since 1500
thick-billed ground dove |
Manuel Zamarreño Villoria (San Sebastián, January 6, 1955 - Rentería, June 25, 1998) was a Spanish politician assassinated by Basque terrorist group ETA
Biography
Manuel Zamarreño Villoria was killed by ETA in Rentería on June 25, 1998. He had been a councillor for 34 days in Rentería, replacing the also assassinated José Luis Caso, coppersmith as a profession, although he was unemployed. He was married and had two children.
Murder
Before being assassinated, Manuel Zamarreño had suffered attacks and threats. ETA set his vehicle on fire. On the morning of June 25, 1998, at about 11:10 a.m. Manuel Zamarreño left his home in the neighbourhood of Capuchinos de Rentería, to buy bread. Upon returning, ETA activated the three kilos of amonal that had been placed on a motorcycle that was parked on the sidewalk and whose pump was activated from distance. When the bomb exploded, Manuel Zamarreño was fully hit by it. He lay without life between two cars parked in battery, surrounded by a pool of blood and with clothes torn off.
The member of the Ertzaintza escorting him, Juan María Quintana, was also hit by the explosion and suffered injuries. He suffered from shrapnel and wounds in one eye. He was taken by ambulance to the hospital, where he was admitted with a shock wave syndrome, multiple injuries from shrapnel in a large part of the body and ocular trauma, so he was surgically operated. The blast wave of the explosion also caused major damages to several cars and homes. The Ertzaintza moved to the area and carried out the first steps. Two and a half hours later the judge ordered the lifting of the corpse.
The summary of this murder was initiated by the Central Court of Instruction No. 2 of the National Court. This court decreed by auto in December 1999 the provisional dismissal.
After this attack, there was no claim by ETA in the following days, though ETA were blamed. Since no judgment has been handed down for this attack, nor any investigation that attributes to the authors, the identity of the murderers is unknown.
Bibliography
MERINO, A., CHAPA, A., Raíces de Libertad. pp. 159–169. FPEV (2011). .
This article makes use of material translated from the corresponding article in the Spanish-language Wikipedia.
References
People's Party (Spain) politicians
People killed by ETA (separatist group)
Assassinated Spanish politicians
1955 births
1998 deaths
1990s assassinated politicians |
St. Kentigern's Academy is a Roman Catholic, comprehensive school in Blackburn, West Lothian, Scotland.
The school was built in 1973 and refurbished in 1995/6. An extensive refurbishment of the school was completed in September 2009.
Scottish singer-songwriter Lewis Capaldi was a former pupil at the school as was playwright Stephen Greenhorn.
Notable former pupils
Susan Boyle
Lewis Capaldi
Fern Brady
Stephen Greenhorn
John Rae (musician)
Press coverage
In 2009, there was a formal opening of a £19,000,000 refurbishment and extension to the school; guests included the late Cardinal Keith O'Brien, as well as singer Susan Boyle, who is a former pupil.
In 2012, a group of pupils made a video to highlight the high rate of poverty amongst children in the UK, and submitted it to competition for Unicef. As well as winning the competition, they were also awarded a Rotary Young Citizens Award.
In 2017 a 16-year-old student was instructed by the Head Teacher, Mr Sharkey, to remove an LGBT Pride badge from his uniform on the basis that it "Promoted homosexuality". However, West Lothian Council later denied these claims stating "Pupils at St Kentigern’s are asked to remove all non-school related badges from their uniforms".
In 2017 and 2019, Computing Science teacher, Toni Scullion, won a number of awards for her work in furthering women in Tech, including the 2019 Secondary Teacher of the Year award at the Scottish Women in Tech awards.
The school also suffered a stabbing in 2017, where a 13-year-old slashed a 14-year-old in the canteen, which had around 200 people in it at the time. The weapon was believed to be a kitchen knife. Charges were pressed on the 13 year-old perpetrator and a report would be sent to the procurator fiscal
On Tuesday 6th June 2023, 14 year-old Hamdan Aslam died following an incident. Police were called to the school at approximately 13:20 and the boy was taken by ambulance to hospital where he died shortly after. A post mortem was carried out and the cause of death was determined to be natural causes via a heart condition. A report has been sent to the procurator fiscal
References
Catholic secondary schools in West Lothian |
The Sivaprakasa Visagam is a collection of poems in Tamil written by Siva Prakasar. Shaiva Siddhanta.
Overview
These Poems are composed in favour of 'Sivagna Balaya Swamigal of Pomma Pura Aaddeenam.
Poet
Siva prakasar, a Tamil Phiolospher, Sage, Poet lived at the end of 17th century.
Pommair palayam and SivaPrakasar
Sivaprakasa Swamigal travelled widely all over Tamil Nadu temples. He met Santhalinga Swamigal along his way. They planned to see Mailam Murugan Temple. There they met Sivagnaana Balaya Swamigal. Perur Santhalinga Swamigal persuaded him to sing about Sri Sivagnaana Balya Swamigal. But Siva Prakasar told him that He will sing and praise only Lord Muruga not about human beings. On that night Lord Muruga appeared in his dream and told him that I am the one raised again as Sivagnaana Balaya Swamigal. so nothing wrong to sing about him. He started singing the hymns on that day onwards.
Then Siva prakasa Swamigal became the First and Prime disciple of Sivagnaana Balaya Swamigal.
Verses and explanation
Great poet Sivaprakasar, who was blessed as 'Sivanuputhichelvar' by the grace of Aadhi Sivagnaana Balaya Swamigal has composed thirty two volumes of poetry in praise of Lord Shiva and Sri Sivagnana Balaya Swamigal.
In the following five works of significance, he explains us the wisdom of his guru, which he had experienced personally.
Books about Sivagna Bala Swamigal, Pommapura Aadeenam
Sivaprakasa Visagam
Sivagna Bala swamigal Thaalattu
Sivagna Bala swamigal Thirupalli ezuchi
Sivagna Bala swamigal Pillai Thamizh
Sivagna Bala swamigal Nenjuvedu Thoothu
* Sivagna Bala swamigal Kalambagam
References
Tamil-language literature
Shaiva texts
17th-century poetry books |
Chaskel may refer to:
Chaskel Besser (1923–2010), Orthodox rabbi
(born 1932), Jewish German-Chilean film director; see Jackal of Nahueltoro
See also
Haskell (disambiguation)
Sassoon Eskell
Bernhard von Eskeles
Jewish given names
Surnames of Jewish origin |
William Ernest Bain (born August 9, 1952) is a former American football offensive lineman in the National Football League (NFL).
High school and college careers
Bain attended St. Paul High School, where he played for coach Marijon Ancich. Bain played college football at the University of Southern California and was an All-America offensive lineman in 1974. Bain also played at University of Colorado and San Diego City College.
Professional career
Bain played 11 seasons in the NFL. He played for the Green Bay Packers (1975), the Denver Broncos (1976, 1978), the Los Angeles Rams (1979–1985), the New England Patriots (1986), and the New York Jets (1986).
Personal life
Bain and his wife, Elizabeth(Liz), have four daughters: Jennifer, Kristen, Anne (Annie), Elizabeth (Bitty). He currently resides in East Greenwich, RI.
References
1952 births
Living people
American football offensive guards
American football offensive tackles
Colorado Buffaloes football players
Denver Broncos players
Green Bay Packers players
Los Angeles Rams players
New England Patriots players
New York Jets players
USC Trojans football players
Players of American football from Los Angeles
St. Paul High School (Santa Fe Springs, California) alumni |
Alexandrine Gibb (1891 – December 15, 1958) was a Canadian athlete and journalist, and a pioneer in women's sports. She created and managed the first international women's team. Gibb advocated for women's branches of sports across Canada and was involved in many women's organizations including the Canadian Ladies' Athletic Club which she inspired. She was a sports journalist for the Toronto Daily Star, where she wrote a daily column entitled "No Man's Land of Sport" and worked for over thirty years.
Biography
Alexandrine Gibb was born in Toronto, Ontario to Sarah and John Gibb in 1891. Her mother, Sarah Sparks, was the daughter of an early Great Lakes captains, Captain James Sparks. John Gibb, her father, owned a dairy. Both were active members in the Queen East Presbyterian Church in Toronto. They married in 1879, and had six children: Alex was the fourth.
She grew up in Toronto and attended Morse Street School. Following this, she went to Havergal College, a private girls' school in Toronto, at the time the most athletically advanced female private school in Ontario. In 1913, she graduated from Havergal at the age of 22.
After graduation, she was a secretary for the Gibson Brothers. During World War I and the expansion of the industrial economy, she continued her career as a secretary in a Toronto mining broker's office. She was set to marry Lieutenant Harry Dibble, a Canadian infantryman; however, he was killed during World War I.
Athletic career
Gibb was an active member in many Toronto sports clubs, where she played tennis, basketball, softball, and track and field. In the winter months of the 1920s, she played as left guard for a basketball team called the Toronto Ladies' Maple Leafs. They were Eastern Canadian champions from 1922 to 1924. Gibb was an asset to the team, with whom she played until 1925. She was also a member of the Cedar Brook Golf Club, where she played tennis and was on the ladies' executive committee.
Athletic advocacy
She began to vocalize her opinion about women's sports in the early 1920s. She lobbied to ensure women would have the same recreational opportunities and equal access to sports facilities that men already had. Other women also pioneered for women's sports during this time but it was Gibb who "gave them ideas and inspiration and quickly became their most articulate spokesperson."
Sports administration
Gibb was involved in sports administration with many different organizations. She had an important role in establishing many of these organizations, such as the Ladies' Ontario Basketball Association (LOBA). The LOBA was established in 1919 in Toronto and Gibb was elected president in 1925. Alexandrine was also a member of the Toronto Ladies' Athletic Club and in 1920 she was elected president. It was through this club that the phrase "girls' sport run by girls" was coined by Gibb and put into practice. A few years later, Gibb was elected Vice President of the Canadian Amateur Basketball Association in 1922, where she was the only female on the executive council.
Canadian Ladies' Athletic Club
In 1925, the Amateur Athletic Union of Canada (AAUC) asked Gibb to hold tryouts for the Canadian women's track and field team, who were to compete in England that summer. The AAUC picked her because she was a well-known advocate for women's sports and a clever organizer. After seeing the British AAU, Gibb and her team were determined to create a national women's sport organization with branches in all provinces. The Canadian Ladies' Athletic Club was established as a result and Gibb was the first President of this club. Gibb explained in her daily column, "No Man's Land of Sport", that this was "visioned by the Canadian girls' team of 1925 on returning from England."
Women's Amateur Athletic Union of Canada
In September 1925, the Women's Amateur Athletic Union of Canada (WAAUC) was created when the AAUC approved a women's branch. Gibb was chosen to draft a constitution for the newly established union with other committee members such as Janet Allen and Marie Parks.
Women's Amateur Athletic Foundation of Canada
On December 7, 1926, the Women's Amateur Athletic Foundation of Canada (WAAFC) was created, which Gibb was a driving force behind. In November 1928, Gibb was elected President of the WAAFC for two years. She was brought back as president in 1931, but when asked to remain president for another year in 1932, she declined the offer. A few years later, Ann Clark announced that Gibb, along with Bobbie Rosenfeld, were no longer welcome in the WAAFC. The reasons behind this were not mentioned.
Women's Olympic Team and the Ontario Athletic Commission
Gibb continued to advocate for women's sports as she was elected manager of the Canadian women's Olympic team in 1928. This team was named the "matchless six", with six female athletes, such as Ethel Catherwood and Bobbie Rosenfeld. Alex Gibb was chosen as manager because "Miss Gibb has been an outstanding figure in girls' sports for some years and was manager of the Canadian ladies' team in 1925." In addition, she was appointed to the Ontario Athletic Commission (OAC) in September 1934. This made history, as she was "the first commissioner, or 'Duchess', to be named in Canada."
Velma Springstead was a high jumper that Gibb had discovered during her trials in 1925. Springstead had jumped four feet seven inches which was higher than the record held by Innes Bramley. In 1927 Springstead died suddenly of pneumonia. The Women's Amateur Athletic Federation of Canada and Gibb personally created the Velma Springstead Trophy in 1932 which was to be awarded the best female Canadian athlete.
Journalism
Gib also lobbied for equality in sports through her journalism career, which began in 1925 with an article about her trip to England with the Canadian Ladies' team. She worked for the Toronto Daily Star, where she published columns about sports and women's sports organizations. Ann Hall discussed Gibb's determination, diligence, and assertiveness, as she was persistent in getting her story. During the late 1920s, there was a lack of female journalists, and Gibb "set the example for the others to follow, becoming what later commentators called the 'dean of women sportswriters.'" E
"No Man's Land of Sport"
In May 1928, Gibb moved from an occasional reporter to the author of a daily women's sports column. Her column, "No Man's Land of Sport," began being published in May 1928 and ran until November 1940. She targeted a female audience, dispensing information and promoted women's sports. she discussed the inequality in access to sports facilities as she states, "'from bantams to seniors, the boys get the preference in rinks throughout the province.'" In 1934, Gibb was the assistant sports editor at the Toronto Daily Star and "the most well known women's sports advocate in Canada."
Work overseas
During the summer of 1935, Gibb took a break from writing her column. She traveled to Russia and Asia to write a special series, which was first published on September 9, 1935. The daily articles focused on family relationships, women's roles in society, and life in Russia. Examples of articles from this series are "Trade Mothers' Milk For Cows in Soviet to Help Weak Babies" and "Toll of Famine Years is Stamped on Faces of Russians Over 25," which were both featured on the front page of the Toronto Daily Star in 1935.
Other journalism in the Toronto Daily Star
Difficulties in writing "No Man's Land of Sport" began in 1936 when her sports editor, Lou Marsh, died. She no longer had sufficient support to continue writing her daily column. Her nemesis, Andy Lytle, had requested that Alex stop writing her daily column prior to him becoming sports editor. The news that she would no longer be writing "No Man's Land of Sport" came on November 26, 1940. After many journalists attempted to write the column, it was last published in 1944.
Alex's presence as a female journalist was still felt during the mid-twentieth century as she covered many stories. She wrote articles on women's work during World War II and was part of the press corps that accompanied Princess Elizabeth Duchess of Edinburgh, and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, on their Canadian tour.;
A few years later in 1954, Gibb persuaded Marilyn Bell to challenge an American swimmer, Florence Chadwick, to swim across Lake Ontario. In an article, Bell specifically thanked the Star reporter: "I particularly want to thank Alexandrine Gibb. Every time I got scared thinking about the size of this effort, Alex kept me in there and told us what a world-shattering event it would be." As Gibb's role continuously changed, she wrote another daily column in 1956 entitled "Have You Heard," that included news and gossip of local interest. This was the last column she wrote for the Toronto Daily Star.
Death
Alexandrine Gibb died on December 15, 1958, of a heart attack at the age of 66. On December 16, an article was written in the Toronto Daily Star that stated, "Alexandrine Gibb was first and foremost a real newspaper woman." She was buried in St. James Cemetery in Toronto alongside 18 other members of her family. After her death, she was inducted in the Canada's Sports Hall of Fame in 2015.
References
Bibliography
Adams, Carly. "Organizing Hockey for Women" In Coast to Coast: Hockey in Canada to the Second World War, edited by John Chi-Kit Wong, 132-159. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2009.
"Alex Gibb." The Toronto Daily Star, December 16, 1958.
"Canadian Ladies' Athletic Club Relay Team." The Toronto Daily Star, August 14, 1926.
Gibb, Alexandrine. "No Man's Land of Sport." The Toronto Daily Star, May 25, 1928.
Gibb, Alexandrine. "Toll of Famine Years is Stamped on Faces of Russians Over 25." The Toronto Daily Star, September 13, 1935.
Gibb, Alexandrine. "Trade Mothers' Milk For Cows in Soviet to Help Weak Babies." The Toronto Daily Star, September 9, 1935.
"Greatest Staff to Cover Royal Tour for Star." The Toronto Daily Star, October 6, 1951.
Hall, M. Ann. "Alexandrine Gibb: In 'No Man's Land of Sport'" In Freeing the Female Body: Inspirational Icons, edited by Fan Hong and J. A. Mangan, 149- 172. Portland: Frank Cass Publishers, 2001.
"In Charge of Canadian Ladies' Olympic Team." The Toronto Daily Star, May 5, 1928.
Kidd, Bruce. "Girls' Sports Run By Girls" In The Struggle for Canadian Sport, 94-145. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996.
"Ontario's New Dukes and 'The Duchess.'" The Toronto Daily Star, September 13, 1934.
"Thanks for Star Backing Voiced by Marilyn, Ryder." The Toronto Daily Star, September 16, 1954.
"Top News, Sports Reporter For the Star, Alexandrine Gibb Dies." The Toronto Daily Star, December 16, 1958.
External links
1891 births
1958 deaths
Canadian women journalists
Canadian sports journalists
Canadian women sportswriters |
Lee So-hee (Hangul: 이소희; ; born 14 June 1994) is a South Korean badminton player. She won the women's doubles title at the 2017 All England Open tournament. She also helped the Korean national team to win the world team championships at the 2017 Sudirman Cup. She reached a career high of world no. 2 in the women's doubles in November 2017 partnered with Chang Ye-na. For her achievements in 2017, Lee who affiliated with the Incheon International Airport team, was awarded as the best player of the year by the Badminton Korea Association.
As a junior player, Lee was a gold medalists at the 2012 Asian, 2011 and 2012 World Junior Championships in the girls' doubles event. She represented Konkuk University and competed at the Summer Universiade, helped the Korean team clinching the gold medal in the team event in 2013 and 2015, and also won the gold in women's doubles with partner Shin Seung-chan in 2015.
Achievements
World Championships
Women's doubles
Asian Games
Women's doubles
Asian Championships
Women's doubles
Summer Universiade
Women's doubles
World Junior Championships
Girls' doubles
Asian Junior Championships
Girls' doubles
BWF World Tour (7 titles, 11 runners-up)
The BWF World Tour, which was announced on 19 March 2017 and implemented in 2018, is a series of elite badminton tournaments sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF). The BWF World Tour is divided into levels of World Tour Finals, Super 1000, Super 750, Super 500, Super 300, and the BWF Tour Super 100.
Women's doubles
BWF Superseries (3 titles, 6 runners-up)
The BWF Superseries, which was launched on 14 December 2006 and implemented in 2007, was a series of elite badminton tournaments, sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF). BWF Superseries levels were Superseries and Superseries Premier. A season of Superseries consisted of twelve tournaments around the world that had been introduced since 2011. Successful players were invited to the Superseries Finals, which were held at the end of each year.
Women's doubles
BWF Superseries Premier tournament
BWF Superseries tournament
BWF Grand Prix (5 titles, 6 runners-up)
The BWF Grand Prix had two levels, the Grand Prix and Grand Prix Gold. It was a series of badminton tournaments sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF) and played between 2007 and 2017.
Women's doubles
BWF Grand Prix Gold tournament
BWF Grand Prix tournament
BWF International Challenge/Series (2 titles, 1 runner-up)
Women's doubles
Mixed doubles
BWF International Challenge tournament
BWF International Series tournament
BWF Future Series tournament
References
External links
1994 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Ulsan
South Korean female badminton players
Badminton players at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Badminton players at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Olympic badminton players for South Korea
Badminton players at the 2018 Asian Games
Badminton players at the 2022 Asian Games
Asian Games gold medalists for South Korea
Asian Games silver medalists for South Korea
Asian Games medalists in badminton
Medalists at the 2022 Asian Games
FISU World University Games gold medalists for South Korea
Universiade bronze medalists for South Korea
Universiade medalists in badminton
Medalists at the 2013 Summer Universiade
Medalists at the 2015 Summer Universiade
21st-century South Korean women |
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