text stringlengths 1 22.8M |
|---|
GLIFAA (Gays and Lesbians in Foreign Affairs Agencies) is the officially recognized organization representing lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender etc. (LGBT+) personnel and their families in the United States Department of State, U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), Foreign Commercial Service, Foreign Agricultural Service, and other agencies and entities working in foreign affairs in the U.S. Government. The acronym comes from its original name, Gays and Lesbians in Foreign Affairs Agencies. As of 2014, the organization goes by GLIFAA and uses the slogan "LGBT+ pride in foreign affairs agencies" to underscore its inclusive composition. GLIFAA was founded in 1992 by fewer than a dozen employees who faced official harassment and potential loss of their jobs because of their sexual orientation. The organization has grown to hundreds of Foreign Service, Civil Service, and contract personnel and their families serving in Washington, throughout the U.S., and at U.S. embassies and missions around the world. Members also include retirees and straight allies in government agencies, while other supporters are affiliate members.
Among other accomplishments, GLIFAA succeeded in pressing for the issuance of a non-discrimination policy by Secretary of State Warren Christopher in 1994, and worked with the U.S. Administration, the management of government agencies, and other employee associations to eliminate barriers for obtaining security clearances and create and implement non-discrimination policies with regard to entry and employment in the U.S. Foreign Service and Civil Service. In addition, the organization worked to improve the situation for the partners of LGBT U.S. Foreign Service personnel serving overseas. GLIFAA met with Secretaries of State Colin Powell, Condoleezza Rice, and Hillary Clinton.
History of LGBT Americans in diplomacy
Prior to the early 1990s, homosexuality was grounds for exclusion from the U.S. Foreign Service (diplomatic corps) and many positions in the Civil Service. Numerous individuals were dismissed from their positions in the State Department and in the U.S. government because of their sexual orientation. This happened particularly in the 1950s and 60's, during what has been called the "Lavender Scare" against sexual minorities in the U.S. government, linked to the McCarthy-inspired campaign against perceived communist sympathizers.
The first publicly gay U.S. ambassador was Ambassador to Luxembourg James Hormel, who was appointed by President Clinton and sworn in by Secretary of State Madeleine Albright in 1999. Hormel was admitted into his position through a recess appointment, without confirmation of the U.S. Senate. The second publicly gay U.S. ambassador, and the first publicly gay Foreign Service officer to be appointed as ambassador, was U.S. Ambassador to Romania Michael E. Guest, who was appointed by President George W. Bush and in 2001 sworn in by Secretary of State Colin Powell. Bush also appointed publicly gay physician Mark R. Dybul as the United States Global AIDS Coordinator, with the rank of ambassador. In December 2009, Vice President Joseph Biden swore in publicly gay lawyer David Huebner, as U.S. Ambassador to New Zealand and the Independent State of Samoa.
GLIFAA's advocacy and efforts
In January 2009, GLIFAA handed to Secretary of State Clinton a letter signed by 2200 foreign affairs employees requesting that a number of key benefits be extended to same-sex domestic partners of LGBT personnel at the State Department and other foreign affairs agencies. The organization noted that these were benefits that could be accorded without violating the Defense of Marriage Act, which sharply curtails the ability of the U.S. federal government to assist LGBT families in some ways. In May 2009, an internal State Department memo extended a number of benefits to the same-sex partners of American diplomats, including diplomatic passports, use of medical facilities at overseas posts, medical and other emergency evacuation, transportation between posts, and training in security and languages. In June 2009, President Obama signed a memorandum announcing these and number of other benefits for same-sex partners of government workers. Many of the new benefits had come from GLIFAA's initial proposals.
GLIFAA has held numerous events in Washington and at U.S. embassies around the world. For example, in July 2005 GLIFAA members held a meeting at the U.S. Embassy in Baghdad, Iraq. Speakers at GLIFAA events in Washington have included openly gay Congressman Jim Kolbe and Judy Shepard, mother of slain gay student Matthew Shepard. In June 2010, Secretary of State Clinton and USAID Administrator Rajiv Shah spoke at a GLIFAA-sponsored event at the main State Department building on the topic of "LGBT Human Rights and U.S. Foreign Policy." At the event, Secretary Clinton stated that the U.S. government would take a more assertive role in protecting the rights of LGBT people and communities around the world.
In October 2009, GLIFAA won the 2009 Out and Equal Workplace Award for its advocacy efforts. Secretary of State Clinton videotaped a congratulatory message that was shown at the conference where the award was given.
Members
Ted Osius, one of the founding members, became U.S. Ambassador to Vietnam in 2014.
Robert S. Gilchrist, former president of GLIFAA, became U.S. Ambassador to Lithuania in 2020.
See also
LGBT rights in the United States
List of LGBT rights organizations
Notes
External links
Official website
1992 establishments in the United States
Government-related professional associations
LGBT organizations in the United States
LGBT professional associations
United States Department of State
United States Agency for International Development
History of LGBT civil rights in the United States
Organizations established in 1992
LGBT culture in Washington, D.C. |
Antonio Ricci (born 26 June 1950) is an Italian television writer and showrunner.
Biography
Antonio Ricci was born in Albenga, in the Italian province of Savona, on 26 June 1950. A literature graduate, he created many TV shows for RAI, the Italian national public broadcasting company, and Mediaset, the largest commercial broadcaster in the country. At 29 years old, he was one of the writers of the Saturday prime-time TV show Fantastico (Raiuno, 1979, 1981 and 1982). Since then, he started an artistic collaboration with Beppe Grillo that continued with the TV shows Te la do io l'America (1981) and Te lo do io il Brasile (1984).
In 1983 he started working for Mediaset and created Drive In, a comical-satirical variety show on air till 1988. Among the other TV shows developed by Ricci, the ones that stand out are Lupo Solitario (1987), the controversial Matrjoska, at first censored and then produced again in 1988 with the title L'araba fenice, with the same set up and the same cast as the previous show. In 1988 Ricci wrote the show Odiens and in the same year he created Striscia la notizia, a satirical TV program. Since 1990, Ricci has produced the TV show Paperissima.
In 1999 he taught three television classes as a guest lecturer at the Sorbonne University. Ricci also created TV shows that aired during the summer months such as: Veline (2002, 2004, 2008 and 2012), Velone (2003 e 2010), Cultura moderna (2006, 2007 and 2016). In 2009 Ricci created the TV program Le nuove mostre (a spin-off of a section of Striscia la notizia, hosted by the veline Costanza Caracciolo e Federica Nargi).
Ricci also wrote the screenplay of the movie Cercasi Gesù (1982), directed by Luigi Comencini, which stars Beppe Grillo, Maria Schneider and Fernando Rey and received a David di Donatello and two Nastri d'Argento awards. In 2006 he and his wife Silvia Arnaud helped save Villa della Pergola and its gardens, situated in Alassio, from property speculation. The Park of Villa della Pergola, created in the late 1870's, is a unique example of an Anglo-Mediterranean park that has preserved its original size. In 1906, the park gained such universal fame and admiration that William Scott described it in his book The Riviera as "one of the marvels of the Riviera".
Since May 2012 the park has been opened to the public in collaboration with FAI (Fondo Ambiente Italiano).
Personal life
Anotonio Ricci is married to Silvia Arnaud, an art historian, and has three daughters. He is an atheist.
Awards
Since 1980 Antonio Ricci received 29 Telegatto awards and 33 Oscar TV awards (included the diamond one for Striscia la notizia 20th anniversary). On November 29, 2017, he received a special Telegatto, the 30th, when Striscia celebrated its 30th anniversary.
1987 – Palma d'oro at Salone Internazionale dell'Umorismo di Bordighera
1994 – Maschera d'argento
1995 – Premio Internazionale Ennio Flaiano
1999 – Premiolino
2003 – È Giornalismo
2007 – Premio Satira Politica
2007 – Fionda di Legno
2007 – Ambrogino d'oro
2008 – Premio La Ginestra
2008 – Premio Nazionale Pannunzio
2009 – Premio Nazionale Arycanda
2010 – Chi è chi Award
2011 – Premio Margutta
2011 – Premio Giornalistico Cinque Terre
2011 – Medaglia della Presidenza della Repubblica
2011 – Targa Shomano 2011
2011 – Premio speciale del Presidente della Repubblica
2013 – Premio Città di Osimo "Italiani con la testa"
2014 – Premio Scannio per l'Ambiente
2015 – Premio Santa Chiara
2016 – Premio alla carriera at Video Festival di Imperia
2016 – Premio Visioni at Festival ANTICOntemporaneo di Cassino
2018 – Emys Award
2018 – Premio Speciale "L’Italia che comunica tra le stelle"
Television
Fantastico (Rai 1, 1979-1980)
Te la do io l'America (Rai 1, 1980)
Hello Goggi (Canale 5, 1981)
Fantastico 2 (Rai 1, 1981-1982)
Orrore: Sabani o della crisi di identità (Rai 3, 1982)
Fantastico 3 (Rai 1, 1982-1983)
Il Grillo Parlante (Elefante TV, 1982)
Buone notizie - on Domenica in (Rai 1, 1983)
Drive In (Italia 1, 1983-1988)
Te lo do io il Brasile (Rai 1, 1984)
Lupo Solitario (Italia 1, 1987)
Matrjoska (Italia 1, 1988)
L'araba fenice (Italia 1, 1988)
Odiens (Canale 5, 1988-1989)
Striscia la notizia (Italia 1, 1988; Canale 5, since 1989)
Paperissima (Italia 1, 1990-1991; Canale 5, 1990-2006, 2008, 2010-2011, 2013)
Paperissima Sprint (Italia 1, 1990; Canale 5, 1995, 1997, 1999, 2001, 2003, 2005, 2007-2009, since 2011)
Free dog: fantastico Trapani (Rai 2, 1990)
Drive In Story (Italia 1, 1990-1992)
Natale in Casa Gabibbo (Canale 5, 1990)
Mondo Gabibbo (Canale 5, 1991)
Estatissima Sprint (Canale 5, 1996, 2000)
Quei due sopra il varano (Canale 5, 1996)
Doppio lustro (Canale 5, 1998)
Veline (Canale 5, 2002, 2004, 2008, 2012)
Velone (Canale 5, 2003, 2010)
Cultura moderna (Canale 5, 2006-2007, Italia 1, 2016-2017)
Striscia la domenica (Canale 5, 2009-2013)
Le nuove mostre (La 5, 2010-2011)
Giass (Canale 5, 2014)
Filmography
Cercasi Gesù (1982)
Radio
Grillo e il professore (1980) on RMC
Books
References
1950 births
Living people
Rai (broadcaster) people
People from Albenga
Italian atheists |
Ümit Nazlı Boyner (née Alpay; born 28 September 1963) is a Turkish businesswoman who served as the 14th President of the Turkish Industry and Business Association (TÜSİAD) from 2010 to 2013.
She is one of the co-founders of the Women Entrepreneurs Association of Turkey.
References
External links
1963 births
Living people
Turkish women in business
Turkish businesspeople
University of Rochester alumni |
James Ross (May 20, 1926 – January 1, 2016) was a Scottish-born Canadian professional ice hockey player who played 62 games in the National Hockey League with the New York Rangers during the 1951–52 and 1952–53 seasons. He was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, and raised in Toronto, Ontario. He died in 2016.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
See also
List of National Hockey League players from the United Kingdom
References
External links
1926 births
2016 deaths
Cincinnati Mohawks (AHL) players
Detroit Metal Mouldings players
New York Rangers players
Quebec Aces (QSHL) players
Saskatoon Quakers players
Scottish emigrants to Canada
Sportspeople from Edinburgh |
Luke Duffy (born 21 January 1980) is a former professional rugby league footballer who played for the Wests Tigers.
External links
RLP Profile
1980 births
Living people
Australian rugby league players
Rugby league wingers
Wests Tigers players
Place of birth missing (living people) |
Bélizon is a village in French Guiana.
In 1952, a 150 kilometer track was constructed between Saül via Bélizon to the road leading to Cayenne by the Guinese Mining Bureau in order to develop the gold mine at Saül. The cost of the track was more expensive than the gold, and was abandoned in 1960. The route is used by illegal gold prospectors, and therefore a guard post has been set up at Bélizon in 2012.
The Clausirion bicolor and Adiposphaerion are endemic to Bélizon.
References
Unfinished buildings and structures
Villages in French Guiana
Roura |
Sniper Elite (also known as Sniper Elite: Berlin 1945) is a 2005 third-person tactical shooter stealth video game developed by Rebellion Developments and published by MC2 France in Europe and by Namco Hometek in North America, in 2005. In 2012, to coincide with the release of the remake Sniper Elite V2, it was re-issued through Steam by Rebellion itself.
The protagonist of Sniper Elite is Karl Fairburne, a German-born American OSS operative disguised as a German sniper. He is inserted into the Battle of Berlin in 1945 during the final days of World War II, with the critical objective of preventing German nuclear technology from falling into the hands of invading Soviet forces.
Gameplay
Sniper Elite is a third-person shooter that combines stealth and first-person shooter game elements. To reinforce the stealth aspect, there is a camouflage index, measured in percentage, that displays the visibility of the player. Fairburne uses several World War II-era weapons, including various sniper rifles, a silenced pistol, submachine guns, light machine guns, an anti-tank weapon, and hand grenades that can also be used to set up tripwire booby traps.
One of the main features of the game is the option of realistic ballistics, involving factors such as bullet drop, wind strength, and breathing when attempting a shot. Sniping gameplay is performed in first person scope view, whereas movement and use of all other weapons is in third person view. When the player successfully takes a particularly well-placed sniper shot (such as a head shot or a shot on a moving target), the view follows the path of the bullet in slow motion, while the camera rotates around the bullet.
Other features include the ability to wound an enemy so that their comrades are forced to come to their rescue and thus expose their positions for sniping, detonating enemy grenades and fuel tanks with well-aimed bullets, and timing shots so that loud noises such as thunder or artillery blasts mask the sound and thus avoid alerting nearby enemies.
Plot
In April 1945, as Berlin is slowly encircled by rival American and Soviet armies, Karl Fairburne, an agent of the American OSS, is deployed into the ruins of the city wearing the uniform of a German soldier. His superiors have tasked him with thwarting efforts by the Soviet Union to obtain information, personnel, and technology from the German nuclear weapons program. Very little information is revealed about Fairburne's background, other than he was raised in Berlin before the war broke out, that he studied at West Point shortly after America's entrance into the war, and the fact that he was primarily chosen for the mission because he's familiar with the city's geography and can easily blend in with Berlin's defenders.
There are several factions active in the city, including the German resistance, who assist Karl, the Soviet NKVD, who are working against him for access to the spoils of German nuclear research, and the remnants of the Nazi forces in Berlin. The historical Nazi official Martin Bormann, an extremely powerful figure within the Third Reich, is one of Karl's first targets for assassination as he plans to meet up with an NKVD contact at the Brandenburg Gate to defect to the Soviet Union (in real life, Bormann committed suicide rather than be captured by the Soviets). The rest of the characters (such as Dr. Max Lohmann, a key German scientist who Fairburne is assigned to help capture and escort out of Berlin to America in order to prevent him from falling into the hands of the NKVD) are fictional with the exception of George S. Patton, commander of the American forces assaulting Berlin, who is responsible for authorizing Fairburne's mission.
Wii version
The Wii version of the game was released by Reef Entertainment in North America in September 2010. It is compatible with the Wii Remote and Wii Zapper and contains a bonus new level. The game was also released in Europe later the same year.
Reception
Sniper Elite received "generally favorable" reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic.
The game was awarded "Best PC/Console Game" in the TIGA Awards of 2005.
Novel
Rebellion Developments' book imprint Abaddon Books released a novel inspired by the game, Sniper Elite: The Spear of Destiny written by Jasper Bark. In this book, Karl Fairburne's mission is to stop a rogue SS officer named Helmstadt from selling Germany's only working atomic bomb to the Soviets.
References
External links
2005 video games
Atari games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Namco games
PlayStation 2 games
Rebellion Developments games
Reef Entertainment games
Sniper Elite
Sniper video games
Spy video games
Stealth video games
Tactical shooter video games
Ubisoft games
Video games about Nazi Germany
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Video games set in 1945
Video games set in Berlin
Video games set in Germany
Wii games
Wii Zapper games
Windows games
Works about the Battle of Berlin
World War II video games
Xbox games |
Wadena ( ) is a city in Otter Tail and Wadena counties in the state of Minnesota. It is about one hundred sixty miles northwest of the Minneapolis – Saint Paul metro area. The population was 4,325 at the 2020 census. It is the county seat of Wadena County.
Wadena is an agricultural community and serves as a region hub for the Tri county area. Wadena is located at the crossroads of Highway 10 and Highway 71.
History
The first permanent settlement at Wadena was made in 1871. The city is named after Chief Wadena, an Ojibwe Indian chief of the late 19th century in northwestern Minnesota. A post office has been in operation at Wadena since 1873. Wadena was incorporated in 1881. Four properties in Wadena are listed on the National Register of Historic Places: the Commercial Hotel built circa 1885, the Wadena Fire and City Hall built in 1912, the Northern Pacific Passenger Depot built in 1915, and the Peterson-Biddick Seed and Feed Company built 1916–1936.
2010 tornado
On June 17, 2010, Wadena was hit by an EF-4 tornado that cut a quarter-mile-wide path of destruction through the town. The Wadena tornado was part of the largest single day tornado outbreak in Minnesota state history, 48 tornados were recorded that day. The tornado that struck Wadena was over a mile wide at its peak, packed winds of up to 170 miles per hour, and was on the ground for about 10 miles. At least 232 homes were damaged in the city accounting for roughly 30% of homes in the city. Though no one in the town was killed, 34 people were treated for injuries at local hospitals. The Community Center was damaged "beyond repair", and the high school was also severely damaged. Both were later torn down and rebuilt. The city continues to recover with roughly 20 lots abandoned throughout the city. City officials are encouraging rebuilding by offering tax free land incentives. The Wadena Tornado was covered extensively on the December 1, 2010, episode of the Discovery Channel series Storm Chasers.
In the aftermath of the tornado, students from the high school attended classes at the Wadena campus of Minnesota State Community and Technical College, at a school that was previously no longer in use in nearby Deer Creek (Deer Creek having consolidated with Wadena in 1991), and at the Wadena Elementary School. In order to accommodate the high school students, some early childhood classes at the Elementary School were further moved to Saint Ann's Catholic School. Outdoor athletics were largely unaffected, but home volleyball and basketball games were played in the Elementary School gymnasium. In fall of 2012, a new Middle-High School was opened.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all of it land.
U.S. Highways 10 and 71 and Minnesota State Highway 29 are three of the main routes in the city.
Demographics
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 4,088 people, 1,840 households, and 1,013 families living in the city. The population density was . There were 2,010 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 95.6% White, 1.6% African American, 0.3% Native American, 0.4% Asian, 0.2% from other races, and 1.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.4% of the population.
There were 1,840 households, of which 26.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.0% were married couples living together, 11.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 44.9% were non-families. 40.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 20.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.14 and the average family size was 2.86.
The median age in the city was 42 years. 22.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21% were from 25 to 44; 24.3% were from 45 to 64; and 23% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.3% male and 52.7% female.
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 4,294 people, 1,871 households, and 1,062 families living in the city. The population density was . There were 1,964 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 97.88% White, 0.84% African American, 0.28% Native American, 0.19% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.16% from other races, and 0.63% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.61% of the population.
There were 1,871 households, out of which 25.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.6% were married couples living together, 9.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 43.2% were non-families. 37.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 20.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.20 and the average family size was 2.92.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 23.4% under the age of 18, 10.2% from 18 to 24, 22.1% from 25 to 44, 20.2% from 45 to 64, and 24.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.7 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $26,947, and the median income for a family was $39,511. Males had a median income of $28,286 versus $21,297 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,452. About 10.3% of families and 15.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.9% of those under age 18 and 13.4% of those age 65 or over.
Media
Wadena is served by 3 local TV stations:
KCCW Ch. 12 CBS (Walker)
KAWB Ch. 22 PBS (Brainerd)
KSAX Ch. 42 ABC (Alexandria)
The local cable TV providers are Spectrum Cable and Arvig Communications.
Newspapers
Wadena Pioneer Journal
Arts and culture
With over 100 hand-painted murals decorating downtown buildings, Wadena depicts 1,000 years of Minnesota history known as the "Largest Puzzle in the World". The Alley Arts Committee beautified the alleys while creating an interesting tourist attraction. Over 40 artists worked together to finish the collection of 100 puzzle panels. Group guided tours are available along with a map at the train depot.
During the 2015 Christmas season, Wisconsin-based group Freedom From Religion threatened legal action against the city of Wadena over the display of a city-owned nativity in a city park. To avoid a lawsuit, the city sold the nativity to a private buyer who was able to feature it in an even more prominent, privately owned location. As a result of the actions of the Freedom From Religion, many nativity scenes sprang up around the city, estimated to be over 1,000 in total. The former site of the city-owned nativity was rented out a day at a time by individuals who were legally able to display a nativity. The story captured the attention of national media outlets.
Wadena is home to the Cozy Theatre, which in addition to showing contemporary films, hosts a film festival.
Notable residents
Don A. Anderson, businessman and Minnesota state legislator
Ernest P. Anderson, businessman and Minnesota state legislator
Frank C. Mars, founder of Mars, Incorporated, was born in Hancock, Minnesota but lived in Wadena around the time of his son Forrest's birth in 1904.
Forrest Mars Sr., son of Frank C. Mars and eventual owner of Mars, Incorporated and M&M's, was born in Wadena but moved away as a child.
Images
References
External links
City Website
Cities in Otter Tail County, Minnesota
Cities in Wadena County, Minnesota
Cities in Minnesota
County seats in Minnesota |
Starting Over is a 1979 American comedy film based on Dan Wakefield's 1973 novel, produced by James L. Brooks, and directed by Alan J. Pakula. Starring Burt Reynolds, Jill Clayburgh, and Candice Bergen, it follows a recently divorced man who is torn between his new girlfriend and his ex-wife.
It was nominated for two Academy Awards for Best Actress in a Leading Role (Clayburgh) and Best Actress in a Supporting Role (Bergen). Marvin Hamlisch and Carole Bayer Sager wrote three original songs for the film, "Easy for You," "Better Than Ever", and "Starting Over", which are sung by Bergen live in the film as she is creating them but sung by Stephanie Mills for their radio versions.
Plot
Phil Potter (Burt Reynolds) splits with his wife, Jessica (Candice Bergen). She wants to be a singer/songwriter and has been having an affair.
Phil moves from New York City to Boston, where his brother Mickey (Charles Durning) and his sister-in-law Marva (Frances Sternhagen) live. Against his wishes, they set him up with a blind date, Marilyn Holmberg (Jill Clayburgh), a nursery-school teacher working on her master's degree.
He begins a new life. Phil takes a part-time teaching job and attends a divorced-men workshop in a church basement, meeting lonely men like Paul and Larry whose situations are similar to his. Marilyn feels it's too soon following his breakup for Phil to begin a new relationship. He goes on a date with her friend Marie, a single mom who literally throws herself at him.
At a family Thanksgiving dinner, a phone call from Jessica comes at an inopportune time. Marilyn overhears him telling Jessie that he is dining with his family and "their friend." Marilyn's feelings are hurt and wants to end the relationship. He confronts Marilyn at a school carnival, where she is staffing a "Dunk the Teacher" dunk tank, and after dunking her several times, Phil asks her to "define" their relationship. Finally, Marilyn agrees when Phil invites her to move in with him. Soon after they move in together, Jessica unexpectedly turns up at his apartment. She looks fabulous and has become a great success as a songwriter, although she is a decidedly off-key singer.
Phil moves back to New York City to be with Jessica again. But the more he is with her, the more he misses Marilyn. He returns to Boston only to find she is now dating a basketball player. Phil does everything he can, even disrupting a Boston Celtics practice, in an attempt to win her back.
Cast
Reception
Roger Ebert gave the film 2 stars out of 4 and wrote that it "feels sort of embarrassed at times, maybe because characters are placed in silly sitcom situations and then forced to say lines that are supposed to be revealing and real." Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune gave the film 3 stars out of 4 and said it was worth seeing because "Two-thirds of it (Reynolds and Clayburgh) work very well," though he disliked Candice Bergen, saying "she is awful in this picture" and that the script "somehow feels obliged to be cute or funny. We don't want jokes from 'Starting Over.' All we want is to see Reynolds and Clayburgh go out together and work on their problems." Variety called the film "a delight. Much more than the flip side of An Unmarried Woman, to which it will inevitably be compared, the James L. Brook (sic) production takes on the subject of marital dissolution from a comic point of view, and succeeds admirably." Charles Champlin of the Los Angeles Times declared, "It is, all in all, a classy entertainment which, right now and in years to come, will remind us quite accurately how things were between middle-class men and women, circa 1980." Jack Kroll of Newsweek stated that the film "starts out well and continues well for about two-thirds of the way before succumbing to the creeping virus of the cutesies. But until then, Pakula finds a nice groove of effectively understated comedy." Frank Rich said in Time, "Though this film has funny lines and a potentially explosive story, it rarely generates any emotion beyond bland good cheer. Right up to the moment that Starting Over is over, we are still waiting for the fireworks to start." Gary Arnold of The Washington Post wrote, "As the newly divorced hero of 'Starting Over,' a delightful romantic comedy destined for enormous well-deserved popularity, Burt Reynolds reaches a breathtaking new plateau of screen acting dexterity."
References
External links
1979 films
1979 romantic comedy films
American romantic comedy films
1970s English-language films
Films scored by Marvin Hamlisch
Films based on American novels
Films directed by Alan J. Pakula
Films set in Boston
Films set in New York City
Films with screenplays by James L. Brooks
Paramount Pictures films
Films about divorce
1970s American films
English-language romantic comedy films |
Lasionycta is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.
Species
Lasionycta alpicola Lafontaine & Kononenko, 1988
Lasionycta anthracina Crabo & Lafontaine, 2009
Lasionycta benjamini Hill, 1927
Lasionycta brunnea Crabo & Lafontaine, 2009
Lasionycta buraetica Kononenko, 1988
Lasionycta caesia Crabo & Lafontaine, 2009
Lasionycta calberlai (Staudinger, 1883)
Lasionycta carolynae Crabo, 2009
Lasionycta coloradensis (Richards, 1943)
Lasionycta conjugata (Smith, 1899)
Lasionycta coracina Crabo & Lafontaine, 2009
Lasionycta corax Kononenko, 1988
Lasionycta decreta (Püngeler, 1900)
Lasionycta discolor (Smith, 1899)
Lasionycta dolosa (Barnes & Benjamin, 1923)
Lasionycta draudti (Wagner, 1936)
Lasionycta fergusoni Crabo & Lafontaine, 2009
Lasionycta flanda (Smith, 1908)
Lasionycta frigida Crabo & Lafontaine, 2009
Lasionycta gelida Crabo & Lafontaine, 2009
Lasionycta haida Crabo & Lafontaine, 2009
Lasionycta hampsoni Varga, 1974
Lasionycta hospita Bang-Haas, 1912
Lasionycta illima Crabo & Lafontaine, 2009
Lasionycta imbecilla (Fabricius, 1794)
Lasionycta impar (Staudinger, 1870)
Lasionycta impingens (Walker, 1857)
Lasionycta lagganata (Barnes & Benjamin, 1924)
Lasionycta leucocycla (Staudinger, 1857)
Lasionycta levicula (Püngeler, 1909)
Lasionycta luteola (Smith, 1893)
Lasionycta macleani (McDunnough, 1927)
Lasionycta melanographa Varga, 1973
Lasionycta mono Crabo & Lafontaine, 2009
Lasionycta montanoides (Poole, 1989)
Lasionycta mutilata (Smith, 1898)
Lasionycta orientalis (Alphéraky, 1882)
Lasionycta perplexa (Smith, 1888)
Lasionycta perplexella Crabo & Lafontaine, 2009
Lasionycta phaea (Hampson, 1905)
Lasionycta phoca (Möschler, 1864)
Lasionycta poca (Barnes & Benjamin, 1923)
?Lasionycta poliades (Draudt, 1950)
Lasionycta promulsa (Morrison, 1875)
Lasionycta proxima (Hübner, [1809])
Lasionycta pulverea Crabo & Lafontaine, 2009
Lasionycta quadrilunata (Grote, 1874)
Lasionycta sasquatch Crabo & Lafontaine, 2009
Lasionycta secedens (Walker, [1858])
Lasionycta silacea Crabo & Lafontaine, 2009
Lasionycta sierra Crabo & Lafontaine, 2009
Lasionycta skraelingia (Herrich-Schäffer, [1852])
Lasionycta staudingeri (Aurivillius, 1891)
Lasionycta subalpina Crabo & Lafontaine, 2009
Lasionycta subdita (Möschler, 1860)
Lasionycta subfumosa (Gibson, 1920)
Lasionycta subfuscula (Grote, 1874)
Lasionycta taigata Lafontaine, 1988
Lasionycta uniformis (Smith, 1893)
Lasionycta arietis, Lasionycta insolens, Lasionycta ochracea, Lasionycta sala, Lasionycta wyatti have been transferred to the genus Psammopolia.
References
Lasionycta at funet.fi
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database
Hadenini
Moth genera |
Kampong Kianggeh is a neighbourhood in Bandar Seri Begawan, the capital of Brunei. It is also a village in Brunei-Muara District, within Mukim Kianggeh. The population was 1,421 in 2016. It is home to Kianggeh Market, a prominent traditional market in the country.
Name
The name Kianggeh may have been derived from the Chinese term kiang, which means river, according to a book Dokumentasi. Although it is also conceivable that the name Kianggeh was derived from the name of a person, nothing has been documented about this as of yet.
Market
Kianggeh Market () is a or local traditional market in Kampong Kianggeh, situated on the banks of Kianggeh River. The market mainly sells produce, fish, meat and local foods. It has existed since the 1960s; it is believed to be the oldest market in the country.
The current market complex was built in 2016; it has a total area of , comprises eight buildings and altogether accommodates 313 stalls. The new complex was built as a modern and more organised replacement to the previous facilities. It was reported that the market was originally planned to be relocated to Gadong but scrapped after receiving opposition from the local vendors.
Kianggeh Market is regarded as a tourist attraction in Brunei. It was visited by Queen Elizabeth II during her state visit to Brunei in 1998. It was also visited by the British chef Antony Worrall Thompson and featured in his TV travel documentary Antony Worrall Thompson: Adventures in Brunei which was aired in Discovery TLC in 2011.
Notable people
Umar Apong (1940–2023), police officer and nobleman
Salleh Masri (1919–1997), politician and activist
Mokhtar Puteh (1929–2016), politician and nobleman
Said Abdullah (1921–2011), penghulu and nobleman
References
Neighbourhoods in Bandar Seri Begawan
Villages in Brunei-Muara District |
George A. Schastey (1839–1894) was an American Gilded Age cabinet maker and decorator.
Childhood
Schastey was born in Merseburg, Germany (then Prussia), and immigrated to New York with his family in 1849. He was apprenticed as an upholsterer, and served in the Civil War.
After the War he worked for a number of cabinetmakers, including the Herter Brothers. He opened a factory of his own in 1873. He created lavish interiors for the wealthy in New York as well and in San Francisco on Nob Hill. His clients included the "Big Four" railroad magnates, Leland Stanford, Mark Hopkins, Jr., Charles Crocker, and Henry E. Huntington. He designed the William J. Graham House in Reno, Nevada.
Schastey's work is exhibited at the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the Brooklyn Museum in New York, and Virginia Museum of Fine Arts in Richmond, among others.
Gallery
References
American cabinetmakers
American furniture designers
American woodworkers
Interior design
Furniture companies of the United States |
Common squirrel monkey is the traditional common name for several small squirrel monkey species native to the tropical areas of South America. The term common squirrel monkey had been used as the common name for Saimiri sciureus before genetic research by Jessica Lynch Alfaro and others indicated S. scuireus covered at least 3 and possibly 4 species: the Guianan squirrel monkey (S. scuireus), Humboldt's squirrel monkey (S. cassiquiarensis) and Collins' squirrel monkey (S. collinsi). The Ecuadorian squirrel monkey (S. cassiquiarensis macrodon), generally regarded as a subspecies of Humboldt's squirrel monkey, had also been sometimes proposed as a separate species that had originally been included within the term "common squirrel monkey."
Range and introductions
Common squirrel monkeys are found primarily in the Amazon Basin. Before the taxon was split, it had been considered to be found within the countries of Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname and Venezuela; a small population has been introduced to Florida and many of the Caribbean Islands. However, taxonomic research in 2009 and 2015 determined that several populations that had been considered S. scuireus were actually separate species:
Guianan squirrel monkey, S. sciureus
Collins' squirrel monkey, S. collinsi
Humboldt's squirrel monkey, S. cassiquiarensis
The Ecuadorian squirrel monkey, S. cassiquiarensis macrodon, has also sometimes been regarded as a separate species.
As a result of these populations no longer being considered S. scuireus, the range of S. scuireus is now limited to Brazil and the Guianas.
A group of free-ranging individuals was spotted and photographed in 2009 at the Tijuca Forest in Rio de Janeiro – possibly the result of an illegal release or of an escape from the pet trade; by 2010, the squirrel monkey had begun to be considered as an invasive species in the Brazilian Atlantic rainforest, and concerns were expressed about its role as a predator of eggs of endangered bird species. The common squirrel monkey prefers to live in the middle canopy, but occasionally comes to the ground or goes up into the high canopy. They like vegetation which provides good cover from birds of prey in the rainforest, savannah, mangroves, or marshlands.
At least five populations of common squirrel monkeys have existed in Florida since the 1960s, if not earlier. Common squirrel monkeys have been established at Silver Springs since at least the late 1960s; rhesus macaques were established in the area by 1938, but there is no firm information on when the squirrel monkeys were released. In the 1960s, a colony of twelve to fifteen common squirrel monkeys was noted residing in a hammock of trees by the springs; they migrated downstream to the Ocklawaha River by 1975. Another population, derived from two pairs released in the 1960s, lives on the Bartlett Estate in Broward County; they numbered 43 in 1988. In 1976, 15 squirrel monkeys escaped from the Tropic Wonderland attraction in Titusville, Florida; their descendants have since become established in the area. In the 1980s, 500 and 1000 common squirrel monkeys remained in the shuttered Masterpiece Gardens park in Polk County, persisting despite efforts to capture them. Additionally, a "semi-free-ranging" population has existed at Monkey Jungle in Goulds in Miami-Dade County since 1960.
Biology and behavior
Diet
Common squirrel monkeys are considered both frugivorous and insectivorous, preferring berry-like fruit on branches. When in captivity, squirrel monkeys are fed fruits such as apples, oranges, grapes, and bananas. They also consume a variety of vegetables that include lettuce, celery, and onions. Squirrel monkeys also look for insects and small vertebrates, such as tree frogs. It obtains a majority of its water from the foods eaten, and also obtains water from holes in trees and puddles on the ground. When fruit is scarce, the common squirrel monkey drinks nectar.
The amount of time squirrel monkeys spend foraging depends on the type of food. When bigger fruits and easy access occur, they do not spend much time foraging. Otherwise, they dedicate a considerable amount of time to looking for their foods. Foraging also keeps the monkeys entertained and active. Oftentimes when they are captive, they easily become bored as the food is more easily obtained.
Social behavior
Common squirrel monkeys are polygamous with a multiple-male, multiple-female group structure. Most social interactions in S. sciureus groups occur within the various age/sex classes, with the division of classes being between adult male categories, mother-infant categories, and juvenile categories. The core of the group is made up of the adult females and their young. As a result of the natural attraction each class has to the adult females, the different age/sex classes come together as one social group. Though juveniles play and jump around an appreciable amount during phases of high activity, they usually stay close to the adult females. In terms of the males’ level of attraction to the adult females, the phase of the yearly reproductive cycle determines their distance from the adult females. Overall, interactions between the various age/sex classes are most frequently directed to adult females. The division of age/sex classes among S. sciureus is not so strictly defined because the degree of segregation between gender can vary. That is, those subspecies which have a high degree of sexual dimorphism are sexually segregated, such that the males and females of that subspecies interact less with each other than do those of subspecies that are not very sexually dimorphic and thus sexually integrated.
Seasonal reproduction plays a major role in the social behavior of common squirrel monkeys, where the frequency of between-sex interactions of the males and females differs between the birth season and the mating season. Adult males are generally socially inactive during the birth season and spend their time travelling and foraging at a distance from the group. During the mating season, though, the adult males become fatter, excited, aggressive, and highly vocal and spend most of their time engaging in dominance interactions among themselves or following and approaching the adult females in estrus, in hopes of being able to mate with them. Males can increase their chances at copulating with receptive females by approaching them quietly. Nonreceptive females, though, respond aggressively to any male approach and threaten and chase the males away, usually with the help of surrounding females. Overall, intersexual interaction among common squirrel monkeys greatly increases during the mating season.
Common squirrel monkey infants develop rapidly. They become fairly independent between five and eight months of age and spend only a small percentage of the day with their mothers. Also at this age range, the infants can find food on their own. Infants are active members of the social group, climbing, running, exploring, and frequently making contact with adult members of the group. Most adult-infant interactions are initiated by infants towards adult females that are not their mothers. Adults generally respond to the infants calmly, but some adults may respond with antagonism. Infants rank the lowest in the group.
Many other aspects of common squirrel monkey social behavior, such as dominance relationships, coalitions, dispersal patterns, and aggression, stem from the feeding ecology of the animals. Feeding ecology directly affects the females of the group which in turn affects the behavior of the males in the group. The feeding patches for common squirrel monkeys are very small and dense, which makes it possible for an individual with the greatest capability of winning a fight, if one were to occur, to monopolize access to any patch. Within-group competition among common squirrel monkey groups is extremely high, and between-group competition is moderate to high. Coalition formation is not as stable as would be expected among the females of the group because considering their small and dense feeding patches, common squirrel monkey females with the greatest capability of winning a fight would benefit more if they were to form alliances to gain control of a patch and then not share the patch once in control of it.
Once sexually mature, all males emigrate from their natal groups. After leaving, they may either become solitary, a peripheral of another troop, join another mixed-sex troop, or attend a tolerant troop of another monkey species. If they become a peripheral of another group, the male squirrel monkey chooses one troop and keeps a certain distance away from them while still trying to follow them. These males are the less dominant ones. A few male squirrel monkeys have been observed interacting with groups of other monkey species. Some females may leave their natal groups, as well, although they tend to be more philopatric. If females do leave their natal groups, they do it after becoming sexually mature. Often, they migrate before or right after a mating season. Due to this, they might end up leaving their group when they are pregnant or with their immature offspring.
Males are typically dominant to females, but females still have a high status in the group. and are capable of forming coalitions against dominant males. Rarely do males form coalitions even if a group of males keeps their distance from the main group or are solitary. Several theories suggest that one of the reasons that male squirrel monkeys do not form coalitions is because of the lack of kinship due to emigration. Coalitions may also increase mortality risks within the group since males tend to be aggressive to each other.
Genital display among males is an important social signal in relation to group hierarchy; it is derived from sexual behavior, but is used for social communication. It involves the animal spreading his thighs and having an erect penis. Dominant males display to submissive males to emphasize their higher status. The dominant males direct their action to the face of the passive males, and the act can be done with the displayer leaning over the passive monkey or the displayer doing the action from a distance in a more upright position. This form of dominance interaction, as well as several types of aggression, increase during the mating season when males want to emphasize their rank and strength and gain more control over other males in relation to access to females. Genital displays may also define male-male alliances when the males participate in "joint genital displays".
Habits
Common squirrel monkeys are diurnal. They are usually quiet, but will utter loud cries when alarmed. They use different types of calls for specific situations. Some of their common call types include caws, bawls, and shrieks. Squirrel monkeys utter caws mostly when they are trying to defend a territory. They may use bawls prior to a fight, as well as after one. Shrieks are mainly heard when the monkeys are fighting for dominance. Squirrel monkeys’ most common calls are determined by their genetics. Squirrel monkeys that have been isolated since infancy are able to produce the same calls as those that have been exposed to the calls. Few variations exist between the frequencies of the calls of infants that were raised differently. A squirrel monkey that was deaf since birth was also able to produce the same calls, proving that the calls come from their genes. It is arboreal, but sometimes it comes down to the ground. Bands or troops can number from 12-100. Occasionally, troops as large as 500 have been seen in undisturbed forests.
Conservation status
Prior to the taxon being splits, common squirrel monkeys were rated as "least concern" by IUCN, but subject to being harmed by deforestation. They have also been captured extensively for the pet trade and for medical research.
As pets
Due to their inquisitive and playful nature, these common squirrel monkeys are popular pets. They require a large amount of space and food.
Gallery
References
Mammals of Colombia
Mammals of Brazil
Mammals of Guyana
Squirrel monkeys
Space-flown life
Mammals of Ecuador
Mammals of French Guiana
Mammals of Suriname
Mammals of Venezuela
Primates of South America
Paraphyletic groups |
Namea is a genus of spiders in the family Anamidae. It is endemic to Australia. It was first described in 1984 by Australian arachnologist Robert Raven. , it contains 19 species, all from the states of Queensland (QLD) or New South Wales (NSW).
Species
Namea comprises the following species:
Namea brisbanensis Raven, 1984 - QLD
Namea bunya Raven, 1984 - QLD
Namea calcaria Raven, 1984 - QLD
Namea callemonda Raven, 1984 - QLD
Namea capricornia Raven, 1984 - QLD
Namea cucurbita Raven, 1984 - QLD
Namea dahmsi Raven, 1984 - QLD
Namea dicalcaria Raven, 1984 - NSW
Namea excavans Raven, 1984 - QLD
Namea flavomaculata (Rainbow & Pulleine, 1918) - QLD
Namea gloriosa Rix, Wilson & Harvey, 2020 - QLD
Namea gowardae Rix, Wilson & Harvey, 2020 - QLD
Namea jimna Raven, 1984 - QLD
Namea nebo Rix, Wilson & Harvey, 2020 - QLD
Namea nebulosa Raven, 1984 - QLD
Namea nigritarsus Rix, Wilson & Harvey, 2020 - QLD
Namea olympus Raven, 1984 - QLD
Namea salanitri Raven, 1984 - QLD, NSW
Namea saundersi Raven, 1984 - QLD
References
Mygalomorphae genera
Spiders of Australia
Endemic fauna of Australia |
The list of ship launches in 1775 includes a chronological list of some ships launched in 1775.
References
1775
Ship launches |
Oak View is an 1870 Second Empire style mansion in Norwood, Massachusetts.
History
The planning of the Winslow-Allen mansion, also known as Oak View, started in 1868. Construction began in 1870 for Francis Olney Winslow. F. O. Winslow was the scion of a local tanning family who expanded the family business interests on a large scale. Born in 1844, he constructed the mansion, which was finished in 1873.
F. O. Winslow died in 1926. Upon Winslow's death, Oak View passed into the hands of his daughter Clara Winslow and her husband, Frank G. Allen (married December 2, 1897) who was soon thereafter to become Governor of Massachusetts. Some of the most prominent figures hosted in Oak View during those years were President (and later a Supreme Court Justice) William Howard Taft, President Calvin Coolidge, Russian Composer Sergei Rachmaninoff, artist John Singer Sargent, Episcopal Bishop of Boston Phillips Brooks and philosopher William James, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Viscount Kentaro Kaneko of Japan, tenor John McCormack and others of similar stature.
In 1954, the Allens sold Oak View to the Missionary Servants of the Most Blessed Trinity. In 1978 it was sold to Barbara Rand and Robert Pegurri who own it still Oak View has been the site of Oak View Museum of Dollhouses since 1989.
OakView Preservation Incorporated (OVPI)
OakView Preservation Incorporated formed as a non-profit corporation, organized in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts to raise funds to purchase and preserve the home called “Oak View” located in Norwood, Massachusetts. Oak View was used as a Governor's Mansion in 1929 and home to industrialist George Winslow from its beginning in 1872. OVPI will protect the building as a home and museum. As a museum, operated by OakView Preservation Incorporated, OakView will promote discovery, learning, education and an appreciation for the period of antiquity and our natural, cultural and artistic heritage. After purchase and preservation, OVPI's core activities will be collecting, curating, exhibition and education.
Collection
Collection shall focus on materials, objects and information that foster improved cultural understanding and appreciation of the character that is our heritage. This will include historical objects and information on the Town of Norwood, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Industrialists of antiquity, builders of the home and Victoriana.
Curator
Curatorial efforts will continue to upgrade collections to ensure that they are preserved and that collections and associated information are made accessible to the general public through the efforts of OakView Preservation Incorporated also known as OVPI.
Exhibition
Exhibition of collections will focus on themes that integrate information and concepts from across disciplines, and that foster a better understanding and appreciation for the diverse cultural heritage that defines us all.
Tax Status
OakView Preservation Incorporated is a corporation, not-for-profit. On December 18, 2007, OakView Preservation Incorporated received the determination letter form the IRS granting the 501(c)(3) status. OakView Preservation Incorporated became one step closer to the purchase Oak View, preservation of Oak View and sharing Oak View with the general public through self and guided tours and as a museum.
Successful operation of the museum will be accomplished by year three after organization and based on the support from friends, members and contributors. By actively soliciting donations and keeping costs to less than 15% of each dollar contributed, OVPI will be and remain debt free and thus a strong, preservation entity and corporation.
Objectives
OakView Preservation Incorporated (OVPI) objectives include:
To care about the past and honor the achievements of previous generations and the places they lived, specifically Oak View in Norwood, Massachusetts.
Preserve Oak View for the future by protecting our past, and remember how we came to be, where we are, and what we ought to do. This objective gives rise to OakView Preservation Incorporated's motto of “Past, Present, Future”.
To care about giving future generations the same opportunities to enjoy this and other beautiful buildings and landscapes that we have today.
To educate the public on the important role that Oak View played in our history. This will be accomplished through a public museum on-premises, and other educational and cultural events sponsored by and executed by OakView Preservation Incorporated.
To always keep the future in mind through continued renovations, restorations, providing education for the volunteer-staff for the museum, and treating the house as a living museum for the ages in perpetuity.
To promote discovery, learning, and an appreciation for the period of antiquity and our natural, cultural and artistic heritage. After acquisition through raising funds, OVPI's core activities as a result of fundraising will be collecting, curetting, exhibition and education.
OakView Preservation Incorporated exists to conserve and preserve the environment surrounding Oak View, the home and the building for current and future generations; to ensure that the area around the house is never allowed to be encroached upon; to treat all the land as if it were a Park; to encourage all of The Public to use and enjoy Oak View in perpetuity; to provide resources for collection, curation, exhibition and education; to raise public awareness about historic preservation and cultural heritage common to all.
Preservation cares about the past. Preservation cares about honoring the achievements of previous generations, the places they lived and worked and the history and achievements we now enjoy. Preservation also cares about the present and the future. By protecting our past, it helps us remember how we came to be, where we are, and where we are going. Preservation cares about giving future generations the same opportunities to enjoy beautiful places like Oak View and landscapes and buildings that we have today. This is what OakView Preservation Incorporated (OVPI) exists to accomplish through fund raising and continually strengthening the corporation to ensure the corporation exists in perpetuity alongside Oak View.
External links
Oak View Preservation
Keeping dream of gentility alive on Norwood estate, Boston Globe, Feb. 10, 2008
MACRIS Listing - Oak View
References
Houses in Norfolk County, Massachusetts
Houses completed in 1870
Second Empire architecture in Massachusetts |
Statistics of the Primera División de México for the 1955–56 season.
Overview
Atlas (Segunda División 1954-55 Champion), Zamora and Cuautla (second and third place in a promotional tournament in Segunda División) were promoted to Primera División, to increase the number of teams to 14 clubs.
The season was contested by 14 teams, and León won the championship.
Zamora was relegated to Segunda División.
Teams
League standings
Results
Championship playoff
References
Mexico - List of final tables (RSSSF)
1955-56
Mex
1955–56 in Mexican football |
Dadeland Station is a lifestyle shopping center located in Dadeland, Florida in the metropolitan Miami suburb of Glenvar Heights, near the border with Kendall. It is located immediately across the Snapper Creek and within walking distance of the popular Dadeland Mall.
Dadeland Station is directly served by the Miami Metrorail at Dadeland North station.
Stores
Michaels
Dick's Sporting Goods (formerly Sports Authority)
Best Buy
Target
Bed Bath & Beyond
PetSmart
Lan-Pan Asian Cafe
Starbucks (Inside Target)
Pizza Hut Express (Inside Target)
Hair Cuttery
Nails by VN
Avis & Budget Car Rental
Enterprise Car Rental
Zaniac Tutoring Services
The Towers of Dadeland
Located directly across from Dadeland Station on 84th street in front of Michaels is Towers of Dadeland apartment building. On the ground level you will find the following businesses
Moto Pizza Cafe and Grill
Hair Color Salon
References
Shopping malls in Miami-Dade County, Florida
Shopping malls established in 1996 |
The 58th National Film Awards, presented by Directorate of Film Festivals, the organisation set up by Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, India to felicitate the best of Indian Cinema for the year 2010.
The selection process started by announcing the invitation for the awards on 18 March 2011. For feature and non-feature films, all the films certified by Central Board of Film Certification, India between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2010 were made eligible whereas for the best writing on cinema, all the books and articles as well reviews on Indian cinema published between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2010 were made eligible for the awards.
Three different committees were instituted in order to judge the various entries for feature film, non-feature film and best writing on cinema sections; headed by J. P. Dutta, for feature films and A. K. Bir along with Ashok Vajpeyi for non-feature films and best writing on cinema sections, respectively. Another committee of five members was also constituted for the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, having included two past Dadasaheb Phalke Award recipient, Shyam Benegal and Adoor Gopalakrishnan.
Each chairperson for feature film, non-feature film and best writing on cinema sections announced the award on 19 May 2011 for their respective sections and award ceremony took place at Vigyan Bhavan, New Delhi with President of India, Pratibha Patil giving away the awards on 9 September 2011.
Awards
Awards were divided into feature films, non-feature films and books written on Indian cinema.
Lifetime Achievement Award
The award is given to a prominent personality from the Indian film industry for their contribution.
Juries
A committee consisting five eminent personalities from Indian film industry was appointed to evaluate the lifetime achievement award, Dadasaheb Phalke Award. Following were the jury members:
Jury Members
Feature films
Films made in any Indian language shot on 16 mm, 35 mm or in a wider gauge or digital format but released on a film format or video/digital but certified by the Central Board of Film Certification as a feature film or featurette are eligible for Feature Film section.
Feature films were awarded at All India as well as regional level. For 58th National Film Awards, a Malayalam film, Adaminte Makan Abu won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film; whereas a Tamil film, Aadukalam won the maximum number of awards (6). Following were the awards given in each category:
Juries
A committee headed by J. P. Dutta was appointed to evaluate the feature films awards. The selection process returned to a Two Tier System of Selection. The Chairperson for the Northern Region was Nirad N. Mohapatra, for the Western Region, Chandraprakash Dwivedi, for South–I Region, Arunoday Sharma, for the Eastern Region, J. F. C. Durai and for South- II Region, Ansu Ranjan Sur. Following were the jury members:
Jury Members
J. P. Dutta (Chairperson)Ansu Ranjan SurArunoday SharmaBharat BalaChandraprakash Dwivedi
G. S. BhaskarJ. F. C. DuraiK. N. T. SastryKeval AroraNirad N. MohapatraPrahlad Kakkar
Jury Regional : East
J. F. C. DuraiNirmal DharT. Krishnan UnniPranab DasSuman Haripriya
Jury Regional : West
Chandraprakash DwivediSukumar JataniaAijaz KhanRajiv VijayakarPurushottam Berde
Jury Regional : North
Nirad N. MohapatraChitraarthM. M. AlexJeetendra SumanManjul Sinha
Jury Regional : South-I
Arunoday SharmaK. S. GomatamGnana RajasekaranK. G. GeorgeAkkineni Kutumba Rao
Jury Regional : South-II
Ansu Ranjan SurB. S. LingadevaruD. V. Narasa RajuN. Manu ChakravarthyMeenakshi Shedde
All India Award
Following were the awards given:
Golden Lotus Award
Official name: Swarna Kamal
All the awardees are awarded with 'Golden Lotus Award (Swarna Kamal)', a certificate and cash prize.
Silver Lotus Award
Official name: Rajat Kamal
All the awardees are awarded with 'Silver Lotus Award (Rajat Kamal)', a certificate and cash prize.
Regional Awards
The award is given to best film in the regional languages in India.
Best Feature Film in Each of the Language Other Than Those Specified in the Schedule VIII of the Constitution
Non-Feature Films
Short Films made in any Indian language and certified by the Central Board of Film Certification as a documentary/newsreel/fiction are eligible for non-feature film section.
Juries
A committee headed by A. K. Bir was appointed to evaluate the non-feature films awards. Following were the jury members:
Jury Members
A. K. Bir (Chairperson)Amlan DattaGautam BenegalKavita JoshiOken AmakchamRajula ShahSourav Sarangi
Golden Lotus Award
Official name: Swarna Kamal
All the awardees are awarded with 'Golden Lotus Award (Swarna Kamal)', a certificate and cash prize.
Silver Lotus Award
Official name: Rajat Kamal
All the awardees are awarded with 'Silver Lotus Award (Rajat Kamal)' and cash prize.
Best Writing on Cinema
The awards aim at encouraging study and appreciation of cinema as an art form and dissemination of information and critical appreciation of this art-form through publication of books, articles, reviews etc.
Juries
A committee headed by Ashok Vajpeyi was appointed to evaluate the writing on Indian cinema. Following were the jury members:
Jury Members
Ashok Vajpeyi (Chairperson)H. N. Narahari RaoVidyarthi Chatterjee
Golden Lotus Award
Official name: Swarna Kamal
All the awardees are awarded with 'Golden Lotus Award (Swarna Kamal)' and cash prize.
Special Mention
All the award winners are awarded with Certificate of Merit.
Awards not given
Following were the awards not given as no film was found to be suitable for the award:
Best Animated Film
Best Film on Family Welfare
Best Feature Film in Manipuri
Best Feature Film in Oriya
Best Feature Film in Punjabi
Best Feature Film in Telugu
Best Agricultural Film
Best Historical Reconstruction / Compilation Film
Best Non-Feature Animation Film
Best Non-Feature Film Music Direction
Award Ceremony
58th National Film Award ceremony was held on Friday, 9 September 2011 at Vigyan Bhavan, New Delhi; which is a premier Convention centre of Government of India. Awards were conferred by President of India, Pratibha Patil and ceremony was hosted by actors Mahi Gill and Rajat Kapoor.
With 58th National Film Awards, award certificate and medal went through a makeover. Award certificate layout as well as design was changed to include gold embossed "Ashok Stambh" (Emblem of India) on the A3 size certificate. Swarna Kamal (Golden Lotus) and Rajat Kamal (Silver Lotus) were also redesigned which included the display box for the medals as well.
Ceremony had performances by two of the winners; Suresh Wadkar and Rekha Bhardwaj, who won the award for Best Male Playback Singer and Best Female Playback Singer, respectively. Both sang their respective award-winning songs, "Hey Bhaskara Kshitijavari Ya" from a Marathi film, Mee Sindhutai Sapkal and "Badi Dheere Jali" from a Hindi film, Ishqiya.
References
External links
National Film Awards Archives
Official Page for Directorate of Film Festivals, India
National Film Awards (India) ceremonies
2011 Indian film awards |
The 2012 Aberdeen City Council election took place on 3 May 2012 to elect members of Aberdeen City Council. The election used the 13 wards created as a result of the Local Governance (Scotland) Act 2004, with each ward electing three or four Councillors using the single transferable vote system a form of proportional representation, with 43 Councillors elected.
Local political activist Renee Slater caused great controversy when she registered a mannequin doll as 'Helena Torry' in the Hazlehead/Ashley/Queens Cross ward. This was withdrawn soon after being spotted and a report has been issued to Grampian Police.
The election saw the Scottish Liberal Democrats decimated as they lost two-thirds of their Councillors. The Scottish National Party secured 3 gains copper-fastening their by-election gains during the 2007–2012 term. However, it was Labour who proved to be the biggest winners with 7 gains and 17 total seats as they secured first place. Independents gained 2 seats while the Tories lost 2 seats.
On 9 May an agreement was reached to form a coalition. The coalition was formed between the Scottish Labour Party, the Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party and three Independent councillors. Labour had 17 seats, the Tories contributed three and there were three independent members.
Election results
Note: The net gain/loss and percentage changes relate to the result of the previous Scottish local elections on 3 May 2007. This may differ from other published sources showing gain/loss relative to seats held at dissolution of Scotland's councils.
Ward results
Dyce/Bucksburn/Danestone
2007: 2xLib Dem; 1xLab; 1xSNP
2012: 2xSNP; 2xLab
2007-2012 Change: SNP and Lab gain one seat from Lib Dem
Bridge of Don
2007: 2xLib Dem; 1xSNP; 1xLab
2012: 2xSNP; 1xIndependent; 1xLab
2007-2012 Change: SNP and Independent gain one seat from Lib Dem
Kingswells/Sheddocksley
2007: 1xSNP; 1xLib Dem; 1xLab
2012: 1xSNP; 1xLib Dem; 1xLab
2007-2012: No change
Northfield
2007: 2xSNP; 1xLab
2012: 2xLab; 1xSNP
2007-2012 Change: Lab gain one seat from SNP
Hilton/Stockethill
2007: 1xSNP; 1xLab; 1xLib Dem
2012: 2xLab; 1xSNP
2007-2012 Change: Lab gain one seat from Lib Dem
Tillydrone/Seaton/Old Aberdeen
2007: 1xSNP; 1xLab; 1xLib Dem
2012: 2xLab; 1xSNP
2007-2012 Change: Lab gain one seat from Lib Dem
Midstocket/Rosemount
2007: 1xCon; 1xSNP; 1xLab;
2012: 1xLab; 1xSNP; 1xCon
2007-2012 Change: No change = Cons regain seat lost in by-election Aug 2007
George Street/Harbour
2007: 1xSNP; 1xLab; 1xLib Dem
2012: 2xLab; 1xSNP
2007-2012 Change: Lab gain one seat from Lib Dem
Lower Deeside
2007: 1xLib Dem; 1xCon; 1xIndependent
2012: 1xIndependent; 1xLib Dem; 1xLab
2007-2012 Change: Lab gain one seat from Con
Hazlehead/Ashley/Queens Cross
2007: 2xLib Dem; 1xCon; 1xSNP
2012: 2xLib Dem; 1xCon; 1xSNP
2007-2012 Change: No change
= Outgoing Councillor from a different Ward.
Airyhall/Broomhill/Garthdee
2007: 2xLib Dem; 1xCon
2012: 1xLib Dem; 1xLab; 1xSNP
2007-2012 Change: SNP and Lab gain one seat from Lib Dem and Con
Torry/Ferryhill
2007: 1xSNP; 1xLab; 1xLib Dem; 1xCon
2012: 2xSNP; 1xLab; 1xCon
2007-2012 Change: SNP gain one seat from Lib Dem
= Outgoing Councillor from a different Ward.
Kincorth/Loirston
2007: 1xSNP; 1xLib Dem; 1xLab
2012: 1xSNP; 1xLab; 1xIndependent
2007-2012 Change: Independent gain one seat from Lib Dem
References
https://web.archive.org/web/20120508053322/http://www.aberdeencity.gov.uk/council_government/councillors/elections_unit/election_results_2012.asp
Post-Election Changes
† In January 2014, Torry/Ferryhill Cllr Alan Donnelly was expelled from the Conservative Party group and sits as an Independent.
†† In May 2014, Midstocket/Rosemount Cllr Jenny Laing replaced Dyce/Bucksburn/Danestone Cllr Barney Crockett as leader of the council.
††† In May 2014, Midstocket/Rosemount Cllr Fraser Forsyth resigned from the Conservative Party group and sat as an Independent He announced his future resignation on 24 June 2015 as he would be moving with his family to York and formally resigned his seat on 30 July 2015. A by-election was held on 1 October 2015 and the by-election was won by the SNP's Alex Nicoll.
†††† On 11 May 2015, Kincorth/Loirston SNP Cllr Callum McCaig resigned his seat on the council to concentrate on his duties as MP for Aberdeen South. A by-election was held on 30 July 2015 and it was won by the SNP's Stephen Flynn.
†††††On 11 May 2015, Hilton/Stockethill SNP Cllr Kirsty Blackman resigned her seat on the council to concentrate on her duties as MP for Aberdeen North. A by-election was held on 30 July 2015 and it was won by the SNP's Neil Copeland.
†††††† On 28 May 2015, George Street/Harbour SNP Cllr Andrew May announced he would resign his seat on the council in July 2015. A by-election was held on 1 October 2015 and the seat was held by the SNP's Michael Hutchison.
By-election since 2012
2012
2012 Scottish local elections
2010s in Aberdeen |
Eviota guttata, the spotted dwarfgoby, is a species of ray-finned fish from the family Gobiidae, the "true gobies". It is found in the western Indian Ocean.
Description
Eviota guttata has a total of 6–7 spines in its dorsal fins and a total of 8–9 soft rays. The anal fin has a single spine and 8-9 soft rays. It closely resembles Eviota albolineata and its counts or measurements match closely. There are , however, distinct differences in colour, both in live and preserved specimens with this species having a dark spot on the underside of the head about in line with the rear part of the jaws and it also has a few scattered melanophores on the ventral side of the lower jaw near its tip, the intensity of the dark pigmentation varies, from just a few melanophores to a patch of very dark colour, this feature is absent in E. albolineata. They grow to a total length of .
Distribution
Eviota guttata was originally described from specimens taken in the Red Sea and the Gulf of Oman, with the holotype being from an Ethiopian Navy base, Massawa, in modern Eritrea. It is now known to occur in the western Indian Ocean including the Maldives, Seychelles, Red Sea, Gulf of Aqaba, and the Gulf of Oman. Records from the Pacific are probably misidentifications of similar species of Eviota gobies, such as Eviota theresae in Fiji.
Biology
Eviota guttata occurs in inshore areas near continental and island shores where it is associated with shallow reefs with a mixture of coral and algal growths. It can be found in water of less than in depth.
References
External links
guttata
Vertebrates of the Arabian Peninsula
Fish of the Comoros
Fauna of the Maldives
Fish of Seychelles
Fauna of the Mascarene Islands
Fish of the Red Sea
Marine fish of East Africa
Taxa named by Ernest A. Lachner
Taxa named by Susan J. Karnella
Fish described in 1978 |
Lasiopodomys is a genus of rodent in the family Cricetidae. It contains the following species:
Brandt's vole (Lasiopodomys brandtii)
Mandarin vole (Lasiopodomys mandarinus)
References
Rodent genera
Taxa named by Fernand Lataste
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot |
The Camp Fire was the deadliest and most destructive wildfire in California's history, and the most expensive natural disaster in the world in 2018 in terms of insured losses.
Named after Camp Creek Road, its place of origin, the fire started on Thursday, November 8, 2018, in Northern California's Butte County. Ignited by a faulty electric transmission line, the fire originated above several communities and an east wind drove the fire downhill through developed areas. After exhibiting extreme fire spread, fireline intensity, and spotting behaviors through the rural community of Concow, an urban firestorm formed in the foothill town of Paradise. Drought was a factor: Paradise, which typically sees five inches of autumn rain by November 12, had only received one-seventh of an inch by that date in 2018. With the arrival of the first winter rainstorm of the season, the fire reached 100 percent containment after seventeen days on November 25.
The Camp Fire caused 85 civilian fatalities, with one person still missing as of August 2, 2019, and injured 12 civilians and five firefighters. It covered an area of , and destroyed more than 18,000 structures, with most of the destruction occurring within the first four hours. The towns of Paradise and Concow were almost completely destroyed, each losing about 95% of their structures. The towns of Magalia and Butte Creek Canyon were also largely destroyed. By January 2019, the total damage was estimated at $16.5 billion; one-quarter of the damage, $4 billion, was not insured. The Camp Fire also cost over $150 million in fire suppression costs, bringing the total cost of the fire to $16.65 billion.
The same month, Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E), the utility company responsible for the faulty power line, filed for bankruptcy, citing expected wildfire liabilities of $30 billion. On December 6, 2019, the utility made a settlement offer of $13.5 billion for the wildfire victims; the offer covered several devastating fires caused by the utility, including the Camp Fire. On June 16, 2020, the utility pleaded guilty to 84 counts of involuntary manslaughter.
The Camp Fire was the deadliest wildfire in the United States since the Cloquet fire in 1918 until it was surpassed by the Lāhainā fire's 98 fatalities in 2023. It is also the fourteenth-deadliest wildfire in the world and the seventh-deadliest U.S. wildfire overall.
Background
Fire hazard studies
In 2005, the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (Cal Fire) released a fire management plan for the region, which warned that the town of Paradise was at risk for an ember-driven conflagration similar to the Oakland firestorm of 1991. The report stated, "the greatest risk to the ridge communities is from an east wind driven fire that originates above the communities and blows downhill through developed areas."
The Camp Fire started in an area that had experienced 13 large wildfires since 1999. The area was most recently burned in 2008 following the Humboldt Fire and the larger Butte Lightning Complex fires. In June 2009, a Butte County civil grand jury report concluded that roads leading from Paradise and Upper Ridge communities had "significant constraints" and "capacity limitations" on their use as evacuation routes. The report noted a combination of road conditions "which increases the fire danger and the possibility of being closed due to fire and or smoke", namely sharp curves, inadequate shoulders, and fire hazards adjacent to shoulders, such as "fire fuel and steep slopes". The report also recommended a moratorium on new home construction in fire-prone areas. In September 2009, the Butte County Board of Supervisors called the grand jury report "not reasonable", citing improved building codes and fire prevention requirements as arguments against a moratorium.
Based on these reports, there had been warnings to Paradise city planners that they were not including study results in new plans. For example, in 2009, the town of Paradise proposed a reduced number of travel lanes on the roadways and received state funding from the California Department of Transportation to implement a road diet along Skyway, Pearson Road, and Clark Road, three of the town's main thoroughfares and evacuation routes.
In March 2015, an updated plan codified changes made after the 2008 fires that would convert Skyway into a one-way route during emergencies, effectively doubling its capacity.
Pre-fire fire prevention efforts
Residential development in wildland–urban interface areas such as Paradise and its vicinity are often located in state responsibility areas, where the State of California provides fire prevention and suppression. Due to a need for increased state resources to safeguard these communities, a special fee was imposed on property owners starting in 2011 to provide for fire prevention. However, the fee was largely unpopular and a measure to suspend and repeal the fee was approved by the California State Legislature in July 2017. Assemblyman Devon Mathis (Republican) claimed, "not one cent has gone to putting more boots on the ground."
Initially, much of the fire-fee revenue funded existing fire programs; the process of building out new prevention programs was slow. However, the revenue did fund projects such as secondary evacuation routes and fuel reduction zones. In August 2018, three months before the fire, fire safe councils in the Paradise region were awarded $5 million in grants from the fire prevention fee program to pay for fuel reduction and education projects.
Despite years of fuel reduction funded by special fees, numerous wildfires ravaged wildland–urban communities. Investigations found that PG&E power line failures during high winds had caused many of the fires. Utilities have the ability to disable dangerous power lines; however, the nearly 100-year-old transmission lines required intentional manual effort. PG&E shut off residential power to some customers, particularly in Paradise, in the days leading up to the fire. Following the 2017 North Bay fires, PG&E adopted a policy that precluded shutting off lines carrying more than 115 kV due to the number of customers who would be adversely affected by such a shutdown.
Infrastructure oversight inspection
The California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) is responsible for inspecting PG&E's electrical infrastructure. The scope of the CPUC in relation to the scope of electrical infrastructure is unbalanced, however, and the CPUC has had difficulty fulfilling their oversight mandate.
A CPUC inspection of the section of electrical infrastructure at the origin of the Camp Fire was omitted for six years. Many of the electrical towers are original to the Upper North Fork Feather River Project, which was constructed in the early 1900s. This section is the 115 kV Caribou-Palermo line. A 2009 inspection noted three-bolt connectors, used to join two conductors, were in need of replacement, which PG&E said had been done by 2016. In a 2011 audit, the CPUC found several thousand deficiencies, some of which PG&E disputed; it was not clear if the number of deficiencies on the Caribou-Palermo line was unusually high. A 2012 windstorm brought down five towers.
After the Camp Fire, the CPUC's Safety and Enforcement Table Mountain Division audited three years of the missing ten years of PG&E's records. A worn C-hook on a transmission tower touched off the fire—a hazard PG&E knew was urgent. Focusing on where the Camp Fire broke out, the audit found "the company was late in fixing 900 problems on its towers and other equipment, including two critical threats that regulators say languished more than 600 days before being repaired." In May 2018, the CPUC gave PG&E permission to replace the aging line, though the design did not include line hardening through high fire hazard areas.
Wildfire conditions and behavior
Conditions immediately leading up to and during the fire combined to create a highly combustible fuel load. These conditions included:
Heavy grass cover due to a wet spring
An unusually dry fall
Decreased humidity due to several recent wind events (23% dropping to 10%)
Unusually dry fuel (5% 1,000-hr. moisture level)
Hot, dry, sustained and gusting high katabatic winds (25–35 mph), similar to the Diablo wind or the Santa Ana winds of the California Coast Ranges, locally known as the Jarbo winds.
The day the fire started, November 8, the fuel energy release component was above the historic record for that date; the first autumn rain normally occurs before November 1. In addition, the strong winds caused a Red Flag Warning to be issued on the day the fire started.
Regional previous burn patterns and topography also contributed to the fire. In Paradise, across from Rattlesnake Creek, the local fuel had never burned in recorded history. In addition, steep canyons in the area made firefighting access difficult.
Combined, the conditions formed a recipe for a firestorm. A subsequent Cal Fire report noted, "When the fire reached the town of Paradise, an urban firestorm began to spread from building to building, independent of vegetation." It was compared to the July 27, 1943, Royal Air Force bombing that caused the firestorm that consumed Hamburg, Germany, and killed an estimated 42,600 people, during World War II.
Timeline
Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E) notified customers for two days before November 8 that it might shut down power due to a forecast of high winds and low humidity. Ultimately, PG&E de-energized portions of Paradise on November 7, but not on November 8; however, even de-energizing Paradise would not have prevented the fire unless PG&E chose to perform the manually intensive task of shutting down their 115 kV transmission lines located in and near Pulga, California. The National Weather Service had issued a red flag warning for most of Northern California's interior, as well as Southern California, through the morning of November 9.
Early November 8 the northeasterly "Jarbo Winds" formed; a katabatic wind off the Great Basin that picked up speed as it funneled through the Feather Canyon.
On Thursday, November 8, 2018, around 6:15 a.m. there was a problem on a PG&E power transmission line above Poe Dam near Pulga, California in Butte County. A fire under power transmission lines near Poe Dam was reported to Cal Fire by a PG&E Rock Creek Powerhouse worker at 6:33 a.m. PST. The fire was first reported to the Rock Creek Powerhouse by a PG&E field crew. The location is accessed by Camp Creek Road above Poe Dam and the Feather River railroad tracks. Soon after this report, a size-up fire officer was dispatched. Within minutes, a few other people, most of them other PG&E workers, called in about the fire.
An electrical machinist took two photos of the fire at 6:44 a.m., when it had grown to , and four minutes later two other employees sent in 21 photos and three videos. That afternoon airborne observers noted that an insulator had separated from the tower. PG&E later reported that power lines were down.
Arriving ten minutes later, Captain Matt McKenzie, the first unit on scene, observed rapid fire growth and extreme fire behavior. Possibly saving many, he radioed in a request for resources and evacuations with a note, "this has got potential for a major incident," and that he was "still working on [finding a way to] access [the fire]." Access to the fire was by a narrow mountain road, which the fire engines were too large to navigate. Air resources had to wait until 30 minutes after sunrise, i.e., 7:14 a.m., but due to winds, aircraft were not on the fire until the afternoon.
The community of Concow did not receive an evacuation warning before the fire arrived less than twenty minutes later around 7 a.m. A call at 7:07 a.m. from someone directly observing the fire reported it in Concow with high winds on it, they said it was "rippin'". Several additional calls from Concow followed soon thereafter. At 7:23 a.m. the Butte County Sheriff's Office began evacuating Pulga.
Calls from Concow and Paradise continued for an hour at nearly one call per minute to report a fire — all were told there was no danger, that the fire was north of Concow off Highway 70, that there was no evacuation, and that authorities would contact residents if there were danger.
By 8 a.m. PST, the fire entered the town of Paradise. Several minutes later, "the Butte County Fire Department notified Paradise dispatchers of their orders to evacuate the entire town" which would be in a sequence of zones beginning with the east side of town. At some point that day, emergency shelters were established. Wind speeds approached , allowing the fire to grow rapidly. Most residents of Concow and many residents of Paradise were unable to evacuate before the fire arrived. Due to the speed of the fire, firefighters for the most part never attempted to prevent the flames from entering Concow or Paradise, and instead sought to help people get out alive. According to Chief Scott McLean of Cal Fire, "Pretty much the community of Paradise is destroyed, it's that kind of devastation. The wind that was predicted came and just wiped it out."
The first hours saw a cascade of failures in the emergency alert system, rooted in its patchwork, opt-in nature, and compounded by a loss of 17 cell towers. Thousands of calls to 9-1-1 inundated two emergency dispatchers on duty. Emergency alerts suffered human error as city officials failed to include four at-risk areas of the city in evacuation orders and technical error as emergency alerts failed to reach 94 percent of residents in some areas and even in areas with the highest success still failed to reach 25 percent of those residents signed up.
The day after the fire started, PG&E employees noted the Big Bend's line equipment on the ground.
On November 10, an estimate placed the number of structures destroyed at 6,713, which surpassed the Tubbs Fire as the most destructive wildfire in California history, but that has since been updated to 18,793.
By November 15, 5,596 firefighters, 622 engines, 75 water tenders, 101 handcrews, 103 bulldozers, and 24 helicopters from all over the Western United States were deployed to fight the fire.
In the first week, the fire burned tens of thousands of acres per day. Containment on the western half was achieved when the fire reached primary highway and roadway arteries that formed barriers. In the second week the fire expanded by several thousand acres per day along a large uncontained fire line. Each day, containment increased by 5 percent along the uncontained eastern half of the fire that expanded into open timber and high country.
November 9, the fire burned .
November 10, the fire was and 20 percent contained.
November 13, the fire was and 30 percent contained.
November 14 PG&E employees noted a broken C hook and a disconnected insulation anchor on a nearby tower.
November 15, the fire was 140,000 acres and 40 percent contained.
November 16, the fire was 146,000 acres and 50 percent contained.
November 17, the fire was 149,000 acres and 55 percent contained.
November 21, 85 percent containment; with rain falling, fire activity from November 21-on described as minimal.
November 22, 90 percent containment.
Heavy rainfall started on November 21, which helped contain the fire. Fire crews pulled back and let the rain put out the remaining fires while teams searched for victims.
On November 25, 2018, Cal Fire announced that the fire had reached 100 percent containment and a total burn area of .
Impact
Fatalities and injuries
There were a large number of fatalities in the first several hours of the fire, but they were not found quickly. Discovery of these early fatalities took place over the course of the following two weeks. In the first week, nearly ten victims per day were found. In the second week, that lowered to several victims per day. Victims were still being found in the third week and beyond.
November 10, fourteen bodies were discovered, bringing casualties to 23.
November 11, casualties increased to 29 after another six bodies discovered.
November 13, casualties increased to 48, making it the single-deadliest wildfire in California history, surpassing the 1933 Griffith Park Fire, which killed 29 people.
November 14, casualties increased from 48 to 56.
November 16, casualties increased from 63 to 71.
November 17, An additional five deaths brought the total to 76. President Donald Trump, Governor Jerry Brown, Governor-elect Gavin Newsom, and Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) director Brock Long toured the Paradise area, and they held a short conference in the afternoon.
November 18, casualties raised to 77.
November 19, casualties raised to 79.
November 20, casualties raised to 81.
November 21, casualties raised to 83.
November 23, casualties raised to 87.
December 3, casualties revised to 85 after human remains in three separate bags were identified to be the same victim.
Identification of the deceased was hampered by the fragmentary condition of many bodies. Ten of 18 dentists in Paradise lost their offices and patient records in the fire. Two of the dead were identified from the serial numbers on artificial joints, 15 from dental records, five from fingerprints and 50 from DNA. Funerals and benefits were delayed by the identification difficulties. As of 2022, a few victims are still unidentified and are undergoing testing and identification by the DNA Doe Project.
Traffic jams on the few evacuation routes led to cars being abandoned while people evacuated on foot, but did not contribute to any deaths. At least seven deaths occurred when the fire overtook people who were trapped in their vehicles, most on Edgewood Road, as well as one person outside a vehicle and two on ATVs. Some residents who were unable to evacuate survived by sheltering in place at the American gas station and the Nearly New antique store across the street. Others gathered in the nearby parking lot shared by a KMart and a Save Mart. The survival of some of those who sheltered in place has raised the question of whether in some scenarios last-minute mass evacuations provide the best outcomes, with some pointing to Australia's policy discouraging them, instituted following the 1983 Ash Wednesday brushfires in which many of the 75 dead were killed while trying to evacuate. However, 70 of the 84 fatalities listed in the Butte County District Attorney's Camp Fire investigation summary occurred inside or immediately outside the victim's residences, indicating that failure to evacuate contributed to many more deaths (70) than occurred while evacuating (8).
Many seniors were evacuated by passersby and neighbors, with at least one account of dozens of evacuees jumping into a reservoir to escape the flames.
Butte County Sheriff's Department initially reported a partial death count for each community (total 67): 50 in Paradise, 7 in Concow, 9 in Magalia, and 1 in Chico.
In two separate incidents, a pair of fire captains, a firefighter, and a pair of prison inmate firefighters were burned. The first incident was a burnover, and the second incident was an exploding propane tank.
Summary of impact on population and first responders reported by Cal Fire.
Structural damage and displacement
The fire forced the evacuation of Paradise, Magalia, Centerville, Concow, Pulga, Butte Creek Canyon,
Berry Creek and Yankee Hill and threatened the communities of Butte Valley, Chico, Forest Ranch, Helltown, Inskip, Oroville, and Stirling City.
The community of Concow and the town of Paradise were destroyed within the first six hours of the fire, losing an estimated 95 percent of their buildings. The town of Magalia also suffered substantial damage, and the community of Pulga, California suffered some. Nearly 19,000 buildings were destroyed, most of them homes, along with five public schools in Paradise, a rest home, churches, part of Feather River hospital, a Christmas tree farm, a large shopping center anchored by a Safeway, several fast food chains, such as Black Bear Diner and McDonald's, and numerous small businesses, as well. The Honey Run Covered Bridge over nearby Butte Creek, the last three-span Pratt-style truss bridge in the United States, was incinerated on November 10.
In May 2019, NPR reported that more than 1,000 families who were displaced by the fire were still looking for housing six months later. Rural northern California had been experiencing a severe housing shortage and growing homelessness crisis, compounded in part due to the fire. Prior to the fire, Chico had a housing vacancy rate of less than 3 percent. The loss of several thousand residences placed additional strain on Butte County's housing market. Average list prices for homes were reported to have increased by more than 10 percent.
Summary of structural damage reported by Cal Fire:
Note: Cal Fire damage updates do not contain categories tagged with *, however, a count was given November 17; also, '~' denotes an estimate.
Environmental
The smoke from the fire resulted in widespread air pollution throughout the San Francisco Bay Area and Central Valley, prompting the closure of public schools in five Bay Area counties and dozens of districts in the Sacramento metropolitan area on November 16. Smoke was reportedly visible as far away as New York City after smoke plumes traveled a distance of over 3,000 miles. John Balmes, a physician at the University of California, Berkeley who sits on the California Air Resources Board, noted that the fire "[resulted in] the worst air pollution [ever] for the Bay Area and northern California."
Recovery efforts were slowed as crews tested burned debris for environmental contaminants such as asbestos, volatile organic compounds, heavy metals, arsenic, dioxins, and other hazardous materials that may have burned or spread in the fire.
The Butte County Health Officer, Andy Miller, declared the burned region uninhabitable. A strong warning was issued against rehabitation, noting, "[you] will be exposed to hazardous materials." In the weeks following the fire, Paradise City Council and Butte County Supervisors passed emergency ordinances to alleviate the delay in FEMA temporary housing by allowing residents to return to their land and live in temporary residences until the cleanup was completed and they could rebuild. However, with additional information it was clear there was a significant risk to public health and in early February 2019,
FEMA's Federal Coordinating Officer David Samaniego forced policymakers to retract the accommodation and remove residents from the burn area. Those policymakers released an announcement, "The Town of Paradise and Butte County were informed that emergency ordinances intended to provide a process for citizens to return to their properties prior to removal of the debris may impact federal funding. The disaster assistance is predicated on the need to remedy health and safety hazards that pose an immediate risk to citizens prior to living in recreational vehicles on their properties with structures burned during the Camp Fire." Emotions were summed up by resident Ben Walker while addressing the Paradise City Council: "I'm asking you not to throw the people of this town into the cold in the middle of winter. If the option is to choose federal money to rebuild the town, or the people to rebuild the town—choose the people".
Multiple drinking water systems across the burn area were chemically contaminated, and contaminated building plumbing. Benzene levels found in some drinking water samples, from multiple systems, exceeded hazardous waste levels. Other contaminants such as methylene chloride, vinyl chloride monomer, naphthalene, and others were also found above allowable drinking water exposure limits. In particular, methylene chloride was present above safe drinking water limits when benzene was not detected indicating benzene was not a predictor of wildfire contaminated water. Sources of this contamination are thought to include smoke being sucked into depressurized buried and building water system components and the thermal degradation of plastics in the water systems themselves. Investigators found that traditional methods of calculating burn severity using satellite imagery were not appropriate for classifying localized burn severity within WUI communities. Density of structural loss was more predictive of water system contamination. Studies revealed significant hardship by households across the burn area who had standing homes lacking safe water. Household drinking water and plumbing education efforts were conducted by Purdue University, University of California Berkeley, Butte College, and Chico State University researchers in collaboration with the Camp Fire Zone Project. In 2020, the U.S. National Academies convened a workshop to address questions related to post-wildfire public health challenges.
Economic
The volume of insurance claims overwhelmed Merced Property and Casualty Company, a small insurer founded in 1906, to the point of insolvency (policyholders' surplus $25 million). In response to a notice given by the company, the California Department of Insurance reviewed and then placed it into liquidation. This allows the California Insurance Guarantee Association, a state guaranty association, to cover claims. The Department of Insurance will continue with a review of all insurers with a domicile in California so to determine the exposure of each to Camp Fire losses. An estimate by the Los Angeles Times of Merced Property and Casualty Company's assets and reinsurance shows that they would only be able to cover 150 homes out of the 14,000 homes destroyed in a region where they were one of the only companies that still provided fire insurance policies despite the region being categorized as a high fire-hazard severity zone by the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection. This is the only known instance of an insurance company becoming insolvent from a single event.
On November 16, the Chico city council passed an emergency ordinance to prohibit price gouging in Chico, by preventing the cost of rent, goods or services from being increased by more than 10 percent for 6 months.
PG&E bankruptcy
Facing potential liabilities of $30 billion from the wildfire, the electrical utility that was responsible for the transmission line suspected of sparking the wildfire, Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E), on January 14, 2019, began the process of filing for bankruptcy with a 15-day notice of intention to file for bankruptcy protection. On January 29, 2019, PG&E Corporation, the parent corporation of PG&E, filed for bankruptcy protection. Because fire survivors are unsecured creditors with the same priority as bondholders, they will only be paid in proportion to their claim size if anything is left after secured and priority claims are paid; it nearly ensures that they will not get paid in full. PG&E had a deadline of June 30, 2020 to exit bankruptcy in order to participate in the California state wildfire insurance fund established by AB 1054 that helps utilities pay for future wildfire claims.
PG&E settled for $1 billion with state and local governments in June, 2019, and settled for $11 billion with insurance carriers and hedge funds in September, 2019. Claims for wildfire victims consist of wrongful death, personal injuries, property loss, business losses, and other legal damages. Representatives for wildfire victims said PG&E owed $54 billion or more, and PG&E was offering $8.4 billion for fire damages, Cal Fire, and FEMA. FEMA originally requested PG&E for $3.9 billion from the wildfire victims fund, threatening to take the money from individual wildfire victims if PG&E did not pay, and Cal OES had an overlapping $2.3 billion request, but they later settled for $1 billion after all wildfire victims are paid.
On November 12, 2019, PG&E in its proposed reorganization plan provided an additional $6.6 billion for the claims of wildfire victims and other claimants, increasing the amount to $13.5 billion. In a filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), this puts the total amount for fire claims at $25.5 billion. This consists of $11 billion to insurance companies and investment funds, $1 billion to state and local governments, and $13.5 billion for other claims.
On December 6, 2019, PG&E proposed to settle the wildfire victim claims for a total of $13.5 billion, which would cover liability for its responsibility originating from the Camp Fire, Tubbs Fire, Butte Fire, Ghost Ship warehouse fire, and also a series of wildfires beginning on October 8, 2017, collectively called the 2017 North Bay Fires. The offer was tendered as part of PG&E's plan to exit bankruptcy. Wildfire victims will get half of their $13.5 billion settlement as stock shares in the reorganized company, adding to the uncertainty as to when and how much they will be paid. On June 12, 2020, because of uncertainties in the value of the liquidated stock, in part because of the financial market impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, PG&E agreed to increase the amount of stock.
On June 16, 2020, PG&E pleaded guilty to 84 counts of involuntary manslaughter for those that died in the Camp Fire, for which it will pay the maximum fine of $3.5 million and end all further criminal charges against PG&E. This action does not alleviate PG&E of any future civil claims by victims of the Camp Fire which would fall outside the bankruptcy proceedings, as well as how existing litigation against PG&E may be handled.
On Saturday, June 20, 2020, U.S. Bankruptcy Judge Dennis Montali issued the final approval of the plan for the reorganized PG&E to exit bankruptcy, meeting the June 30, 2020 deadline for PG&E to qualify for the California state wildfire insurance fund for utilities.
Fire Victim Trust
On July 1, 2020, the PG&E Fire Victim Trust (FVT) was established as part of the reorganization plan of the 2019 bankruptcy of PG&E to administer the claims of the wildfire victims. Also on July 1, PG&E funded the FVT with $5.4 billion in cash and 22.19% of stock in the reorganized PG&E, which covered most of the obligations of its settlement for the wildfire victims. PG&E had two more payments totaling $1.35 billion in cash that were paid in January 2021 and January 2022 to complete its obligations to the wildfire victims. For additional funding, on January 28, 2021, the FVT sued multiple PG&E contractors responsible for tree trimming, infrastructure inspections and maintenance for breach of contract and neglect, and on February 24, 2021, sued 22 former PG&E officers and directors for breach of fiduciary duty by failing to put in place policies and practices to respond to deficient tree trimming work and aging infrastructure. On September 29, 2022, the FVT announced that they had settled the lawsuit against PG&E's former officers and directors for $117 million.
Initially, the Trustee, the Honorable John K. Trotter (Ret.), and the Claims Administrator, Cathy Yanni, were in charge of the FVT. On July 1, 2022, Cathy Yanni became Trustee of the FVT, replacing Justice John Trotter. Claimants are wildfire victims from the 2015 Butte Fire, 2017 North Bay Fires, and 2018 Camp Fire in Northern California. The 2017 Tubbs Fire is considered to be one of the 2017 North Bay Fires. Victims of the 2019 Kincade Fire are not covered by the FVT. Victims of the 2016 Ghost Ship warehouse fire are not covered by the FVT, but by PG&E's insurance coverage for the year 2016.
Claims for wildfire victims include real estate and personal property, personal income loss, business loss, wrongful death, personal injury, emotional distress, zone of danger, and nuisance claims. Wildfire victims will be paid in cash, funded partly from the cash portion of the settlement, and partly from 478 million shares of PG&E stock that will be liquidated into cash on a schedule and at a price that is not yet determined. Starting November 23, 2020, the FVT began issuing Preliminary Payments up to $25,000 for those with significant losses. There were 71,394 wildfire victims who filed claims by the deadline of February 26, 2021. Starting March 15, 2021, the FVT began issuing the first installment of Pro Rata Payments (partial payments) to eligible claimants. This first installment was 30% of the Approved Claim Amount for their damages, because the total amount of money available to the FVT is unknown. Starting February 15, 2022, the FVT began issuing payments with a Pro Rata of 45%, meaning that those that had already received a payment would get a supplemental payment, and payments made after February 15, 2022, would be at 45%. As of September 30, 2022, there were 244,292 distinct claims that had been filed, and the FVT had distributed $5.08 billion to 49,301 wildfire victims.
Investigation
The California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection and state utility regulators investigated Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E) to determine if they complied with state laws in the areas burned in the fire. The Associated Press noted the fire started near a property where PG&E detected sparks on the day before its outbreak. PG&E was convicted of a felony due to a gas pipeline explosion in 2010 and is on probation, which means penalties for subsequent crimes are enhanced. PG&E also reported damage to the Caribou-Palermo transmission line 15 minutes before flames were first reported under the wires; the same line was previously damaged in a windstorm in December 2012.
Investigators believe that the failure of a badly maintained steel hook holding up a high voltage line was a key cause of the fire. A PG&E report to CPUC on December 11, 2018, said that "it had found a hook designed to hold up power lines on the tower was broken before the fire, and that the pieces showed wear."
A distribution line in Concow malfunctioned a half hour later, which was considered as a possible second ignition source. On November 11, PG&E employees saw bullets and bullet holes on pole equipment from the Big Bend distribution line affected by that outage, and downed wires, damaged poles and fallen trees about two thirds of a mile away.
Following the fire, multiple fire victims sued PG&E and its parent company in San Francisco County Superior Court before a definite cause had been determined, accusing PG&E of failure to properly maintain its infrastructure and equipment. In mid-May 2019, California state investigators announced that PG&E was responsible for the fire. The Cal Fire report was sent to the Butte County District Attorney Mike Ramsey.
Response
First responders
While successful in evacuating nearly the entire town of Paradise, first responders were limited by an insufficient number of cell phone repeaters, which resulted in communication difficulties and reduced Internet speed: "Paradise quickly lost its equipment, the California Public Utilities Commission confirmed." The wildfire alert system was similarly hampered by damaged cell towers; 17 towers burned the first day. Many residents didn't sign up for the warnings, some neighborhoods for some reason did not receive any warnings, and the failure rate of the warnings that did get sent ranged from 25 to 94 percent.
Randall L. Stephenson, AT&T CEO, committed to fixing this problem, as AT&T added mobile repeaters to improve coverage. Two weeks into the fire, 66 cell repeaters were still damaged or out of service, and the remaining cell infrastructure was overloaded.
Only two dispatchers were on duty to field thousands of calls to 911.
Initial widespread confusion about reporting missing people limited the search for victims. The Butte County Sheriff's Office opened a call center, staffed daily from 8:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m., to provide and receive information and inquiries on missing persons.
The North Valley Animal Disaster Group worked with law enforcement and other shelters, rescue groups and independent operations to rescue and reunite pets and families, and established an animal shelter at the Chico Airport.
Fire resources were stretched as the fire began on the same day as the Woolsey Fire and the Hill Fire in Southern California. Camp Fire resource requests alone equalled the entire 6,000 Cal Fire full-time fire professionals. Both fires pulled resources from 17 states to respond.
By the second day of the fire, only half the fire resources had assembled. The initial response within Paradise was shouldered by Paradise's three fire engines in stations 81, 82, and 83, and the two engines at Butte County Cal Fire Station 35.
At the height of deployment, there were 5,596 firefighters (including 770 inmate firefighters), 622 engines, 75 water tenders, 101 fire crews, 103 bulldozers, 24 helicopters, and 12 fixed-wing aircraft.
On the morning of ignition, high winds limited fixed-wing air support. By that afternoon, calming winds allowed for 9 fixed-wing aircraft on the fire, including 5 - 1,200-gal S-2 Trackers, 3 - 3,000-gal BAE 146s, and a 12,000-gal DC-10 Air Tanker. Eventually, three additional aircraft were deployed from out of state, including 2 - 1,620-gal CL-415 Super Scoopers that arrived from their home in Washington on November 9 and a 19,600-gal 747 Supertanker that arrived from its home in Colorado on November 11 after gaining a contract to work on federal land.
The California National Guard activated 700 soldiers to assist, including 100 military police officers from the 49th Brigade to provide security and search for remains with the assistance of 22 cadaver dogs. The
2632nd Transportation company provided haul trucks. The 140th Regiment provided air support. The 224th Sustainment Brigade constructed Alaska tents for temporary facilities.
Evacuation centers
From November 8 to December 1, an encampment formed in a vacant lot next to the Walmart store in nearby Chico. The camp was in addition to motel room vouchers from FEMA and ten shelters established by the Red Cross and churches to house evacuees. Over a hundred people had become ill with norovirus at the shelters due to poor hygiene in overcrowded centers—prompting many to camp outdoors. Volunteers from across the region came to the camp and provided services for food, shelter, and sanitation; fire refugees referred to their camp as 'Wallywood.' The camp population swelled to over a thousand people. Butte County has a persistent homeless population of 7,500 people; many reside in Chico, and some campers were revealed as resident homeless people who did not live in the fire zone. On December 1, the firefighter camp facilities at the Butte County Fairgrounds became available, whereupon the Walmart camp was closed and the field fenced off, with the remaining fifty refugees relocated to the firefighters' camp.
Mental health support
Recovery efforts included supporting the mental health of Camp Fire victims, particularly the youth. Some former residents reported survivor guilt, troubling dreams, and symptoms of posttraumatic stress. To ease the stress on fire victims, several people brought therapy dogs from the Butte Humane Society's Animal Assisted Wellness program. Lise Van Susteren summarized the burden these children bear in experiencing climate change, "These kids are at the tip of the spear."
Environmental cleanup
The Camp Fire cleanup became the largest hazardous material cleanup in state history. Due to the time required to clean up a town of nearly 30,000 people and surrounding rural metro region of another 3,000 people, and the infeasible task of developing temporary housing, residents were allowed to take up residence on their burned-out lots, which possibly exposed them to hazardous materials. Winter rains began at the end of the Camp Fire and as a result, hazardous contaminants soaked into the ground and ran into waterways which raised concerns for the drinking water. Another concern was benzene contamination from burning plastic pipes. Paradise tested sections of their water supply and initially "22 out of 24 water systems were tested" and announced as passed. Later, the Paradise Irrigation District issued a notice that the water is contaminated and cannot be used. For water tributaries within the 244-square-mile burn, "a months-long water monitoring program [sampled] surface water at least seven times through spring 2019." While heavy metals and dioxins were concerns, a more pressing public health issue was an intestinal parasite, cryptosporidium, to which bare soil provided greater access to water systems.
FEMA, the Army Corps of Engineers, and the California Governor's Office of Emergency Services (CalOES) collaborated on developing a site to process fire zone demolition and remediation debris. Of fifty potential sites within thirty miles of Paradise, they identified the 200-acre Koppers Superfund Site in Oroville as a suitable site based on an industrial zoning and a rail spur; the site ultimately was dismissed due to concerns of toxicity. After consideration, all fifty sites were rejected and instead, hazardous waste, such as electronics, car batteries, and asbestos were hauled several hours by trucks directly from the individual cleanup sites to landfills in California and Nevada.
The government procurement for cleanup was broken into several contract packages and put out to public bid to remove, process, and dispose of 5 million tons of materials at a cost of $3 billion:
ECC Constructors LLC, SF Bay Area, CA: Remove debris from half of Paradise, CA ($359 million).
SPSG Partners, a joint venture of Pacific States Environmental Contractors (in partnership with De Silva Gates Construction, Dublin, CA), Goodfellow Brothers Construction, and Sukut Construction, Santa Ana, CA: Remove debris from half of Paradise, CA ($378 million).
CERES Environmental Services (aka Environmental & Demolition Services Group), Sarasota, FL: Remove debris from areas outside the town of Paradise ($263 million).
Tetra Tech, Pasadena, CA: Test soils for contamination ($250 million). Note that parent company Tetra Tech EC faked soil tests in Bayview–Hunters Point, San Francisco; two company supervisors were sentenced to prison.
Offhaul contracts went to several local sites, which avoided the need for rail offhaul to out of state sites:
Waste Management; Anderson, CA: Contaminated demolition, such as ash, debris, and soil.
Recology; Wheatland, CA: Contaminated demolition, such as ash, debris, and soil.
Odin Metal; Oroville, CA: Metals, such as burned vehicles and equipment.
Granite's Pacific Heights Recycling; Oroville, CA: Concretes, such as house foundations and driveways.
Franklin Recycling; Paradise, CA: Concretes, such as house foundations and driveways.
Concrete will be shipped out of the county by truck as needed.
The Paradise Fire Safe Council is looking at putting out bids for salvage logging the 443,000 dead trees, which would otherwise be the responsibility of homeowners at a combined cost of $750 million. There are challenges—such as logging must be within a few months or the trees will begin to rot—these challenges are being tested through a pilot program.
Wildland and climate
The Los Angeles Times reported the Camp Fire burned across an area burned to bare dirt by a hot burning wildfire ten years earlier, then salvage logged; fire ecologist Chad Hanson suggested brush piles and young trees left over after the salvage logging provided fast-burning fuels aiding the fire's rapid spread. The Camp Fire was initially fueled by dry grass amid sparse pine and oak woodlands. This drove most of the post-event discussion away from timber management as a future fire-prevention solution.
The fire was largely driven by extreme weather conditions — high winds and low humidity — and spread through fuels parched by more than 200 days without significant precipitation, part of a statewide drought related to climate change.
The Sacramento Bee looked at if residential development is appropriate in the Sierra Nevada wildland-urban zones, quoting a former Sacramento Metropolitan Fire District chief, "There's just some places a subdivision shouldn't be built." Issues include if development can be safe, and if safe, what building codes and emergency response infrastructure would be needed. That discussion pointed to other Sierra Foothill communities similar to Paradise. Cal Fire states "Those kinds of geographic features are present in many foothill towns." Those features include proximity and alignment to river canyons channeling wind-fed flames over foothill communities. Visiting Professor Moritz (UC Santa Barbara) notes "if we were to go back and do the wind mapping, we would find, at some intervals, these areas are prone to these north and northeasterly [strong hot autumn wind] events."
Political
On November 10, then-U.S. president Donald Trump misleadingly stated that "There is no reason for these massive, deadly and costly forest fires in California except that forest management is so poor", including the Camp Fire and the concurrent Woolsey Fire in Southern California. In a tweet, he threatened to end federal assistance unless "gross mismanagement of the forests" is remedied.
Trump elaborated on his claims in an interview with Chris Wallace and during his trip to Paradise, stating "you got to take care of the floors. You know the floors of the forest — very important" and "[Finland] spent a lot of time on raking and cleaning and doing things and they don't have any problem." Finland's president Sauli Niinistö was baffled by Trump's assertions and denied they talked about raking, leading to an Internet phenomenon of Finnish people sharing photos of themselves sarcastically raking forests with items such as house brooms and vacuum cleaners.
Some fire experts refuted Trump's claims, noting Californians were experiencing unusually dry conditions and abnormally high fire danger. Brian Rice, president of the California Professional Firefighters, described Trump's assertion about state forest management practices as "demeaning" and "dangerously wrong", noting that 60 percent of California forests are directly managed by federal agencies, primarily the United States Forest Service, which had reduced spending on forest management in recent years.
Regardless of the assertions for greater attention to raking by the President at the time, an ongoing discussion in California had revolved around the issue of increasing fire hazard due to a buildup of fuels. In 2016, prior to the Camp Fire, then Governor Jerry Brown warned that this is "the new normal", yet in September 2016, despite unanimous legislative approval, California Governor Brown vetoed Senate Bill 1463, which aimed to reduce the risk of power lines sparking fires in brush-covered and wooded areas. The key provisions in SB1463 were requirements to define in R.15-05-006 what "Enhanced mitigation measures" means and to explain how concerns of regional fire agencies were incorporated into R.15-05-006. The Governor pointed out that the bill duplicated ongoing efforts by Cal-Fire and PG&E in fire mapping power lines with R.15-05-006. Subsequent to the veto, "on January 19, 2018 the CPUC adopted, via Safety and Enforcement Division's (SED) disposition of a Tier 1 Advice Letter, the final CPUC Fire-Threat Map." See the resulting firemap here, the region that would become the Camp Fire ignition point is a Tier 2 (elevated) hazard, which is a large area that burned heavily in 2008, and much of the burn area is Tier 3 (extreme), which had never burned in recorded history
Following the Camp Fire, the CPUC moved on a new approach to fire prevention with a vote on December 15, 2018, to improve rules governing when utilities should disable power lines to reduce the risk of fires.
US District Court Judge William Alsup ruled May 7, 2019 that the board of PG&E would be required to tour the fire area, at a hearing on the utility's violation of its criminal Federal probation for its negligence in causing the 2010 San Bruno natural gas pipeline failure and subsequent explosion. This violation of Federal probation predated the Camp Fire; after the 2017 Honey Fire, a much smaller but also in Butte County, investigators found that PG&E equipment started that fire. The company settled with prosecutors but did not properly report these events to its Federal probation officer.
Electrical infrastructure hardening
Going forward post-Camp Fire, policymakers are looking at options to harden the California energy distribution infrastructure against wildfires. A key constraint is that California is reliant on a system of centralized electrical generation with distribution to end-users. One proposal to prevent fires is underground distribution similar to modern suburban electrical distribution. In November 2018 and initiated prior to the Camp Fire, PG&E piloted in the North Bay a hardened section of electrical infrastructure.
While buried power lines will reduce the risk of sparking wildfires, however, that solution increases distribution infrastructure cost by 10 times. A suggestion to reduce cost is to harden the sections of high energy lines through high wind areas upwind of residential communities in the wildland–urban interface, in particular, around river canyons pointing to those residential areas. The State Legislaturers have made efforts towards this strategy, however, while PG&E piloted a segment of hardened infrastructure, PG&E also diverted half the funds intended by the Legislature for this purpose. Hardening utilities with underground placement is common, such as gas and fiber-optic, which are usually buried The cost to install overhead utilities is $500,000 per mile, while underground utilities are $5 million per mile.
Given the high cost of hardening, figuring out which sections to harden is therefore important. Of 175,000 miles of Californian electrical infrastructure, 80,000 miles is fireprone; currently, those 175,000 miles breakdown into 81,000 miles of overhead electrical distribution, 26,000 miles of underground distribution, and 18,000 miles of overhead-high voltage-transmission. Regardless of the solution chosen, as development and buildout of the State economy continues, that utility distribution system will expand, possibly doubling the current system in the next years. Policymakers will decide if an investment in hardened distribution is equitable and if the existing distribution should be modified as a single project or as a piecemeal replacement as sections of lines require replacement.
Recovery
The first two building permits were reissued for Paradise after almost five months on March 28, 2019. Local public policymakers want to promote rebuilding with higher standards for fire-resistant construction, upgraded infrastructure, and using the recommended 2009 redesigns for enhanced fire safety, which included expanded road capacity to increase evacuation capacity and to provide better access for emergency equipment. The first Certificate of Occupancy was awarded in July 2019.
The Paradise Seventh-day Adventist church was completely destroyed, as was part of its adjacent academy. Estimates were that at least 600 homes of Adventist Health employees in Paradise had been destroyed. When power was restored to the site, the church began providing free potable water to neighbors. Its leaders said, "Though the physical attributes of our earthly Paradise are destroyed, the spirit of Paradise has spread across the country and around the world, as people are moved to volunteer resources to help." Most other places of worship were also destroyed, including Our Savior Lutheran Church, Ridge Presbyterian Church, Paradise Church of Christ, First Assembly of God, Craig Memorial Congregational Church, Paradise Foursquare, New Life Apostolic Church, Paradise Pentecostal Church of God, and Community Church of the Brethren. The lead pastor of Hope Christian Church, Stan Freitas, wrote, "Building was burnt down, but cross and rock still standing." "The church is still alive." A Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (LDS) meetinghouse and a Center for Spiritual Living were also destroyed.
A community interfaith memorial was held on February 8, 2019, at the Paradise Performing Arts Center. The event was their grand re-opening since the Camp Fire. Over a dozen faith traditions offered a free celebration of life for the lives lost in the Camp Fire. The event was broadcast by Action News Now, NBC attended by 800+ Butte County community members. The event, which promoted healing, unity, and a time for the community to reconnect was sponsored by the Chico Area Interfaith Council. Families received remembrance gifts, and there was prayer, two choirs, piano, and a tribute to each individual who lost their life. The memorial was hosted by Linda Watkins-Bennett and Grammy Award-winning singer-songwriter Red Grammer performed his song called, "We're Made of Love", which was written for the memorial.
Documentaries
2019 Netflix documentary titled Fire in Paradise
2019 Frontline documentary also titled Fire in Paradise
2020 National Geographic documentary titled Rebuilding Paradise
2020 This Old House Season 41 featured a four-episode series about families rebuilding their homes after the fire.
2021 BBC One documentary titled Greta Thunberg: A Year to Change the World with Greta Thunberg speaking to witnesses of the wildfires in Paradise
2021 Bring Your Own Brigade produced and directed by Lucy Walker
In 2021, LA Times sports columnist Bill Plaschke wrote a book entitled Paradise Found: A High School Football Team’s Rise from the Ashes (2021), about how the Paradise High School football team inspired the people of Paradise after the Camp Fire. The book has been optioned for a feature film adaptation to be produced by 101 Studios, who produces Yellowstone.
See also
2018 California wildfires
Woolsey Fire – A destructive wildfire that burned concurrently in Southern California
Lytton wildfire - A Canadian wildfire that burned 90% of Lytton, British Columbia in 2021
List of fires
Pacific Gas and Electric Company disasters
Notes
References
External links
Butte County Recovers
Camp Fire Incident Information fire.ca.gov. This site publishes press releases and twice-daily "Incident Updates" listing numbers of casualties, structures lost or damages, information on shelters and resources for missing persons, and resources committed to fighting the blaze.
Camp Fire Incident Maps fire.ca.gov. Daily maps showing fire progression.
Camp Fire Structure Status. Color coded status of each structure, and images of each destroyed structure.
Camp Fire: Information, Drone Images, 360 Images, Evacuation Map, Cal Fire Structure Status, by Butte County
Camp Fire in northern California, CIMSS Satellite Blog
Examining Jerry Brown's veto of California wildfire legislation and the criticism of it – Politifact California
2018 California wildfires
Articles containing video clips
November 2018 events in the United States
Wildfires in Butte County, California |
Neve Sha'anan (, eng. "Peaceful Abode") is a neighborhood in Tel Aviv, Israel, founded in 1923.
History
Neve Sha'anan takes its name from a verse in the Book of Isaiah: "Your eyes will see Jerusalem, a peaceful abode" (Isaiah 33:20). The neighborhood was established as a mixed residential and commercial zone north of Jaffa.
Today the main street, Neve Sha'anan Street, is a pedestrian mall. Many foreign workers live in Neve Sha'anan. In 1999, nearly 70 percent of the population was made up of refugees and migrants.
Levinsky Street is named after Elhanan Leib Lewinsky, a member of the Bilu Zionist movement in the Russian Empire, who travelled to Palestine in the early 1880s. In 1896, he was appointed manager of the southern and western Russian branches of the Carmel company, marketing wine produced in Palestine. Levinsky Park has become the social hub of the neighborhood. The Levinsky market, which extends into numerous side streets, is a colorful market brimming with spices, herbs, and teas founded by Jews from Thessalonica, Greece. The Greek Jews were followed by an influx of Iranian Jews and immigrants from other countries where herbal remedies and spicy foods are common.
The neighborhood was the site of a number of terrorist attacks. In July 2002, two Palestinian suicide bombers set off two explosions in rapid succession along a shopping strip in Neve Shaanan. Two of the three victims of the attack were immigrant laborers, who also made up a large portion of the 40 injured. In January 2003, 23 people—15 Israelis and 8 foreign nationals—were killed, and 120 wounded when two Palestinian suicide bombers blew themselves up on the pedestrian mall adjacent to the old central bus station. The mall was packed with shoppers and laborers returning home from work. In April 2006, during the Passover holiday, a Hamas suicide bomber blew himself up at the Rosh Ha'ir shwarma restaurant in Neve Sha'anan, killing 11 people and wounding 50.
Landmarks
Bus stations
The Tel Aviv Central Bus Station is located in Neve Sha'anan. The original Central Bus Station, in the heart of the neighborhood, was built in the 1940s.
Levinsky Garden Library
Located in Levinsky Park, the Garden Library consists of two open-air bookshelves (one for adults and one for children). The library services the whole community, but was originally designed with the refugee and migrant population in mind. The library was established in 2009 by the non-governmental organization ARTEAM. In addition to the free books, the library space also offers after school programs for children, art classes and workshops, and language lessons The library offers approximately 3,500 books in 16 different languages. It is located at 98 Lewinsky St. (corner of Lewinsky & Har Zion). The bookshelves are illuminated for easier browsing at night.
Notable residents
Hanoch Levin (1943–99), dramatist, theater director, author and poet
Shulamit Aloni
See also
Neighborhoods of Tel Aviv
References
Ethnic enclaves in Israel
Greek-Jewish culture in Israel
History of Tel Aviv
Iranian-Jewish culture in Israel
Neighborhoods of Tel Aviv |
```xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<definitions id="definitions"
xmlns="path_to_url"
xmlns:activiti="path_to_url"
targetNamespace="Examples">
<process id="testDynamicScript">
<startEvent id="theStart" />
<sequenceFlow id="flow1" sourceRef="theStart" targetRef="script1" />
<scriptTask id="script1" scriptFormat="JavaScript" activiti:autoStoreVariables="false">
<script>
<![CDATA[
var sum = a + b;
execution.setVariable("test", sum);
]]>
</script>
</scriptTask>
<sequenceFlow id="flow2" sourceRef="script1" targetRef="task1" />
<userTask id="task1" />
<sequenceFlow id="flow3" sourceRef="task1" targetRef="theEnd" />
<endEvent id="theEnd" />
</process>
</definitions>
``` |
Stiphout is a village in the Dutch province of North Brabant. It is located in the municipality of Helmond, about 2km west of the centre of that city. The village is mentioned for the first time in 1155 as 'Villa Stilpot', and in 2005 the village celebrated its 850th anniversary.
It is famous for its Bavaria Profronde, an annual festival that attracts 50.000 visitors.
Stiphout was a separate municipality until 1968, when it became part of Helmond. Before that, Stiphout would have been considered a poor village. Now, thanks to its location (between Helmond and Eindhoven), it is populated largely by affluent people seeking a suburban lifestyle.
The spoken language is Peellands (an East Brabantian dialect, which is very similar to colloquial Dutch).
Sport
Cycling
Chaam organises every year after the Tour de France the Profronde van Stiphout, a cycling criterium for professional cyclists.
Gallery
References
External links
Populated places in North Brabant
Former municipalities of North Brabant
Helmond |
A strategy gap refers to the gap between the current performance of an organisation and its desired performance as expressed in its mission, objectives, goals and the strategy for achieving them. Mckeown argues that a strategic gap may be transformed into a strategic stretch.
Often unseen, the strategy gap is a threat to the future performance—and even survival—of an organisation and is guaranteed to impact upon the efficiency and effectiveness of senior executives and their management teams. The strategy gap is considered to be real and exists within most organisations. An article in Fortune magazine (June 1999 edition) stated that some 70% of CEOs' failures were the result of poor execution rather than poor strategies.
There are various schools of thought on what causes the gap between vision and execution, and how the strategy gap might be avoided. In 2005, Paul R. Niven, a thought leader in performance management systems, pinpointed four sources for the gap between strategy and execution, namely lack of vision, people, management and resources. He argued that few understand the organisation's strategy and as most employees' pay is linked to short-term financial results, maximising short-term gains becomes the foremost priority which leads to less rational decision making. Management is spending little attention to the linkage between strategy and financial planning. Unless the strategic initiatives are properly funded and resourced, their failure is virtually assured.
In the book The Strategy Gap: Leveraging Technology to Execute Winning, the authors argue that the main causes of the strategy gap could be grouped into three areas, each of which interacts with the others. These three areas are the way management acts to implement strategic initiatives (management induced gaps), traditional processes (for example, budgeting, forecasting, reporting) used to implement strategy (process induced gaps) and technology systems used to support those processes (technology induced gaps).
References
Strategic management |
Banga-Boumbé (also known as Banga-Mboumbé or Banga) is a village located in Mambéré Prefecture, Central African Republic. The village borders with Cameroon.
History
Hundred of Siriri militias were reportedly roaming in Banga-Boumbé on 15 November 2018. This led the villagers to flee to Amada-Gaza.
On 13 September 2021, FACA and Wagner captured Banga-Boumbé from rebels, causing the villagers to seek refuge in Cameroon. However, CPC recaptured the village on 20 September 2021. Wagner later seized the village.
Healthcare
The village has one health post.
References
Populated places in the Central African Republic
Populated places in Mambéré |
Kevin Townson (born 19 April 1983) in Liverpool, England, is an English professional footballer who plays as a striker for Warrington Town.currently at the Copplehouse vets
Career
He has played for Rochdale and Macclesfield Town in the Football League. Townson won the Bill Fleming Media Player of the Year in the Victorian Premier League in 2010 for the Melbourne Knights. He has subsequently returned to England.
He also played for Fazakerley Veterans F.C.
References
External links
1983 births
Living people
Footballers from Liverpool
English men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Everton F.C. players
Rochdale A.F.C. players
Scarborough F.C. players
Macclesfield Town F.C. players
Northwich Victoria F.C. players
The New Saints F.C. players
Droylsden F.C. players
Melbourne Knights FC players
AFC Fylde players
Warrington Town F.C. players
Bootle F.C. players
Expatriate men's footballers in Wales
English Football League players
Expatriate men's soccer players in Australia
English expatriate sportspeople in Australia
English expatriate men's footballers |
Breed method is a laboratory technique used for counting microorganisms in milk. It was introduced in 1910 by American biologists Samuel Cate Prescott and Robert Stanley Breed.
Purpose
It is a method for somatic cell count, to know the number of living and dead microorganisms. When the method only recounts living organisms is called "viable count".
There are many methods for the quantification of microorganisms, including microscopy methods, Coulter counter, Mass Spectrometry (for estimating cell mass), and Cell Culture methods which form and grow colonies of bacteria.
The existing security in dairy products is given by the microbiological quality of the same, which ensures consumption from the point of view of health.
The analysis of the quality of raw milk is a common practice in the dairy industry and aims to control the quality of the samples and the material introduced into the processing plant, culminating in a mass-consumption to ensure quality standards.
Sample preparation
It is important first, to homogenize milk, heating it in a water bath at 40 °C for somatic cells that float to the surface along with the fat. The laboratory apparatus must be clean but not necessarily sterile, since the method is based on cell count and asepsis is not accurate. If later it is going to make detailed microbiological analyzes on the same sample, then it is necessary to be obtained and manipulated with sterile material.
After this process, the sample is transported to the laboratory in a 4 °C conservative container. It can be preserved in these conditions for 24 hours.
For sampling there are two basic conditions to consider:
The first one is to represent the total volume of milk from which it was removed, and the second condition involves to be stored and transported at the correct temperature so that they see their unmodified source properties, prior to analysis in the laboratory. In case of delay in completion of the analysis a preservative that not alter the subsequent analytical result should be added to the milk.
Application of the technique
Be made extended and 0.01 mL of 1 cm2 on fat-free slides (which are cleaned with xylene).
After allowing to dry, it is colored and performs counting. For this, the average of existing cells is performed in the field of the microscope, dividing total somatic cells from microscopic factor (MF) which corresponds to the number of fields in one inch, i.e. 100 mm, obtaining in this way the number of somatic cells per milliliter of milk.
Microscopic Factor Calculation
Getting the Average
See also
Somatic cell count
References
Microbiology
Milk
Food analysis |
Iranian Mines & Mining Industries Development & Renovation, known as IMIDRO, is a major state-owned holding company active in the mining sector in Iran. IMIDRO has 8 major companies and 55 operational subsidiaries active in steel, aluminum, copper, cement and mineral exploitation fields.
In 2002, IMIDRO and its subsidiaries had 49.3 thousand employees with a total asset value of 33.5 thousand billion Rials. In 2002 IMIDRO subsidiaries' annual turnover value was estimated at 3.23 thousand billion Rials and their export at 448 million dollars in 2002.
Foreign projects
In 2009, IMIDRO reported that 9 countries including Algeria, Belarus, Bolivia, Ecuador, Iraq, Lebanon, Syria, and Venezuela would have cement plants which will be constructed by Iranian engineers.
That same year, Iran produced some 65 million tons of cement per year and exported to 40 countries.
Main subsidiaries
Al-Mahdi Aluminum Company
Ehdas Sanat Company (ESC) - Cement company
Esfahan Steel Company (ESCO)
Heavy Equipment Production Company (HEPCO)
Iranian Aluminum Company (IRALCO)
Iranian Minerals Production and Supply Company (IMPASCO)
Khouzestan Steel Company (KSC)
Mobarakeh Steel Company (MSC)
National Iranian Copper Industries Company (NICICO)
National Iranian Steel Company (NISCO)
Ministry of Industries and Mines Institute for Training & Research (ITR)
Persian Gulf Mining & Metal Industries Special Zone (PGSEZ)
See also
List of steel producers
Mining in Iran
Construction in Iran
Privatization in Iran
IDRO Group
Geological Survey and Mineral Exploration of Iran
References
External links
IMIDRO
Persian Gulf Mines and Metals
History of IMIDRO
Mining companies of Iran
Ministry of Industry, Mine and Trade (Iran)
companies based in Tehran
Iranian entities subject to the U.S. Department of the Treasury sanctions |
```go
package responsetransformer
import (
"testing"
"github.com/hellofresh/janus/pkg/plugin"
"github.com/hellofresh/janus/pkg/proxy"
"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
)
func TestResponseTransformerConfig(t *testing.T) {
var config Config
rawConfig := map[string]interface{}{
"add": map[string]interface{}{
"headers": map[string]string{
"NAME": "TEST",
},
"querystring": map[string]string{
"name": "test",
},
},
}
err := plugin.Decode(rawConfig, &config)
assert.NoError(t, err)
assert.IsType(t, map[string]string{}, config.Add.Headers)
assert.Contains(t, config.Add.Headers, "NAME")
}
func TestResponseTransformerPlugin(t *testing.T) {
rawConfig := map[string]interface{}{
"add": map[string]interface{}{
"headers": map[string]string{
"NAME": "TEST",
},
},
}
def := proxy.NewRouterDefinition(proxy.NewDefinition())
err := setupResponseTransformer(def, rawConfig)
assert.NoError(t, err)
assert.Len(t, def.Middleware(), 1)
}
``` |
The Itamirim River is a river of Sergipe state in northeastern Brazil.
See also
List of rivers of Sergipe
References
Brazilian Ministry of Transport
Rivers of Sergipe |
Acheson Hotels, LLC v. Laufer, (Docket No. 22-429), is a pending United States Supreme Court case regarding standing to sue under the Americans With Disabilities Act.
Background
In 1990, the United States Congress passed the Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA), a piece of civil rights legislation intended to prohibit discrimination on the basis of disability. It prohibits discrimination “on the basis of disability in the full and equal enjoyment of the goods, services, facilities, privileges, advantages, or accommodations of any place of public accommodation". The Act goes on to include hotels as one such "public accommodation". The Code of Federal Regulations further states that hotels must identify all accessibility features present in the hotel as to reasonably permit individuals with disabilities to decide for themselves whether a given hotel meets their particular needs.
Deborah Laufer is a Florida resident who uses a wheelchair, and is classified as disabled by the ADA. Laufer describes herself as an ADA "tester"; she browses the internet for hotels which she believes do not provide a sufficient description of ADA compliance. When Laufer finds such a hotel, she sues, seeking an injunction and attorney's fees. Since 2018, she has sued over 600 hotels.
Lower court history
District court
In 2020, Laufer filed a lawsuit in the United States District Court for the District of Maine against Acheson Hotels, LLC, which operates hotels in southeastern Maine. Laufer stated that she visited reservation websites for two hotels operated by Acheson to find that they failed to provide sufficient information regarding ADA-accessibility at the hotels. Acheson moved to dismiss the case for lack of standing, since Laufer had no intention of staying at their hotels. Owing to a lack of injury, the district court dismissed.
Court of appeals
On appeal, the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit reversed. It held that it was bound by Havens Realty Corp. v. Coleman, where a tester sued a landlord for providing false information about the availability of housing because of the tester's race, even though the tester did not intend to rent an apartment. The Court in Havens Realty held that the tester had standing to sue under the Fair Housing Act's prohibition on "discriminatory representations" regarding housing availability. The Circuit Court rejected Acheson's attempts to distinguish its case from Havens Realty, and argued that while stigmatic injury alone does not give rise to Article III standing, “Laufer’s feelings of frustration, humiliation, and second-class citizenry are indeed ‘downstream consequences’ and ‘adverse effects’ of the informational injury she experienced”.
Supreme Court
On November 4, 2022, Acheson petitioned the Supreme Court to hear its case. On March 27, 2023, the court granted certiorari.
In its merits brief, Acheson Hotels argued that Laufer's claim was moot because it had since updated its reservation website to include accessibility information, and that Laufer thus had access to that information. On July 24, Laufer requested that the Court dismiss her case as moot. On August 10, the Court declined to dismiss the case; rather, it suggested that the question of mootness would be subject to further consideration at oral argument, in addition to the other question presented. Oral arguments were heard on October 4, 2023. The case was argued, on behalf of Acheson Hotels, by Adam Unikowsky and, for Laufer, by Kelsi Corkran. The case was also argued on behalf of the United States, as amicus curiae, by Erica Ross, assistant to the Solicitor General.
References
External links
United States Constitution Article Three case law
United States disability case law
United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Roberts Court |
Haplolambda is an extinct genus of pantodont mammals in the family Barylambdidae from the Paleocene of North America, containing two species: H. quinni known from Colorado and H. simpsoni from Utah.
References
Pantodonts
Fossil taxa described in 1939
Paleocene mammals of North America
Prehistoric mammal genera |
Hossein Khalili (born November 24, 1956, in Varamin) is a former Northrop F-5 and Grumman F-14 Tomcat pilot and brigadier general in the Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force.
Together with Behrooz NaqdiBeyk, he was one of the youngest fighter pilots of this force since the beginning of the Iran-Iraq war. With more than 2,000 hours of non-random flight over Iraq, he is one of the luckiest pilots in the history of air warfare. Khalili is currently a senior adviser to Nahaja and a senior member of the Air Force Studies Center.
Military records
He completed his secondary education in Varamin and entered the pilot school at the age of 18, and in 1975 he was sent to the United States to complete a two-year pilot training course. In 1977 he flew a Northrop F-5 at Dezful base, and in early 1957 he was transferred to Tabriz base as a fighter pilot.
Khalili was one of the youngest pilots to fly a fighter jet in the United States. He was a 24-year-old pilot with the rank of first lieutenant at the beginning of the Iran-Iraq war, and along with a number of other pilots, passed the F-14 Tomcat training course in 1981. The Army Air Force has officially named him the youngest pilot in the front seat of the Tomcat during the war and the luckiest fighter pilot.
References
Iranian flying aces
People from Varamin
Islamic Republic of Iran Army personnel of the Iran–Iraq War
1956 births
Living people |
Francesco Mancini (Naples, 1830–1905) was an Italian painter.
Biography
In 1844 Francesco Mancini became a student at the Naples Royal Institute of Fine Arts, where he studied drawing and attended Gabriele Smargiassi’s course on landscape from 1846. At the end of the decade he moved on from his academic training and devoted himself to painting from life, during numerous travels in the regions of southern Italy. He also tried his hand at history painting and presented scenes from the struggle for national liberation in Florence at the Esposizione Nazionale di Firenze of 1861.
A leading figure in Neapolitan cultural life, Mancini became a member of the Società Promotrice di Belle Arti there in 1862 and was a regular participant in its exhibitions. In 1877 he took up a teaching post at the city's Academy and was one of the founders of the Circolo Artistico Napoletano in 1888. His participation in the major national exhibitions in Italian cities included those in Turin (1880 and 1884) and in Milan (1881). His landscapes inspired by the countryside and customs of the Abruzzi, Apulia, and Calabria regions were accompanied in this period by his more fashionable scenes of city life painted during frequent stays in Paris and London, which found great favour with the collectors of the time.
His works found buyers in Europe and America, and he was knighted into the Order of the Crown of Italy. He exhibited in 1877 at Naples: La strada ferrata (property of the Conte de la Feld); four canvases depicting Torchio; and one titled a rupe. In 1880 at Turin, he exhibited: Seascape of Capri; Seascape of Casamicciola; Capo Pescara; Seascape of Naples; Approdo delle barche di Sorrento; Seascape of Pozzuoli; and Veduta dei tre Monti. in 1881 at Milan, he displayed: a landscape, Nel bosco, and Mercato a Popoli negli Abruzzi. At Rome, in 1883: A Zingara (A Gypsy Woman); Dopo il pascolo (also exhibited in 1884 at Turin); Sport; and Dopo la vendemmia. In 1887 at Venezia, in 1887: Amalfi; Pompei; San Marco, and Cava dei Tirreni. Other works are: Veduta di Popoli; Seascape of Ischia; Alpine Locale; Mattino estivo; Ritorno dalla pena; and Tramonto.
References
Anna Caputi, Raffaello Causa, Raffaele Mormone, La Galleria dell'Accademia di Belle Arti in Napoli, Napoli: Banco di Napoli, 1971, p. 113.
Joachim Busse, Internationales Handbuch aller Maler und Bilhauer des 19. Jahrhunderts: Busse-Verzeichnis, Wiesbaden: Busse Kunst Dokumentation, 1977.
Enrico Castelnuovo, La Pittura in Italia – L'Ottocento, Milano: Banca nazionale dell'agricoltura, 1991, p. 897.
Saur allgemeines Künstlerlexiko: die bildenden Künstler aller Zeiten und Völker, München-Leipzig : Saur, 1999, vol. 6, p. 489.
Bénézit, Dictionnaire critique et documentaire des peintres, sculpteurs, dessinateurs et graveurs de tous les temps et de tous les pays, Paris: Gründ, 1999, vol. 9, p. 126.
Claudio Mazzarese, Fardella Mungivera, '''800, altro: pittura napoletana tra Ottocento e Novecento, Napoli: Rogios, 2011, Rogiosi.
Laura Casone, Francesco Mancini, online catalogue Artgate by Fondazione Cariplo, 2010, CC BY-SA (source for the first revision of this article).
Other projects
19th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
20th-century Italian painters
Painters from Naples
Italian genre painters
1830 births
1905 deaths
19th-century Italian male artists
20th-century Italian male artists |
San Sebastián is the eleventh district of the San José canton, in the San José province of Costa Rica. An important residential district, San Sebastián is the third most populous and second most densely populated in the canton.
Geography
San Sebastián has an area of km² and an elevation of metres.
It shares its southern border with San José Province's Alajuelita and Desamparados cantons. The district also limits its counterparts, counterclockwise: Hatillo District (west), Hospital and Catedral districts to the north, and San Francisco de Dos Ríos District to the east.
Demographics
For the 2011 census, San Sebastián had a population of inhabitants.
Locations
San Sebastián District includes the "barrios" (or neighbourhoods) of Bajos Canada, Bengala, Bilbao, Cañada Sur, Carmen, Cascajal, Cerro Azul, Colombari, Colonia Kennedy, Guacamaya, Hogar Propio, Jazmin, Lopez Mateo, Los Geranios, Los Olivos, Luna Park, Mojados, Mojito, Parque de La Paz, Paso Ancho, Pavi, Presidentes, San Gerardo, San Martín, San Sebastián, Santa Rosa, Santo Domingo Sabio, Seminario, Galenos, Umará and Zorobarú.
Transportation
Road transportation
The district is covered by the following road routes:
National Route 39
National Route 175
National Route 209
National Route 213
National Route 214
External links
Municipalidad de San José. Distrito San Sebastián – Website of San Jose Mayor, includes a map of the district and related info.
References
Districts of San José Province
Populated places in San José Province |
Hirons is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Caroline Hirons - British beauty and skincare queen
Frederic Charles Hirons (1882–1942), American architect
John Hirons (1876–after 1905), British footballer
William Hirons (1871–1958), British tug of war competitor
See also
Meanings of minor planet names: 2001–3000#356 |
```c++
// Boost.Geometry (aka GGL, Generic Geometry Library)
// Unit Test
// Parts of Boost.Geometry are redesigned from Geodan's Geographic Library
// (geolib/GGL), copyright (c) 1995-2010 Geodan, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
// Version 1.0. (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
// path_to_url
#include <boost/geometry/core/cs.hpp>
#include <boost/geometry/geometries/concepts/check.hpp>
struct ro_point
{
float x, y;
};
struct rw_point
{
float x, y;
};
namespace boost { namespace geometry { namespace traits {
template <> struct tag<ro_point> { typedef point_tag type; };
template <> struct coordinate_type<ro_point> { typedef float type; };
template <> struct coordinate_system<ro_point> { typedef cs::cartesian type; };
template <> struct dimension<ro_point> { enum { value = 2 }; };
template <> struct access<ro_point, 0>
{
static float get(ro_point const& p) { return p.x; }
};
template <> struct access<ro_point, 1>
{
static float get(ro_point const& p) { return p.y; }
};
template <> struct tag<rw_point> { typedef point_tag type; };
template <> struct coordinate_type<rw_point> { typedef float type; };
template <> struct coordinate_system<rw_point> { typedef cs::cartesian type; };
template <> struct dimension<rw_point> { enum { value = 2 }; };
template <> struct access<rw_point, 0>
{
static float get(rw_point const& p) { return p.x; }
static void set(rw_point& p, float value) { p.x = value; }
};
template <> struct access<rw_point, 1>
{
static float get(rw_point const& p) { return p.y; }
static void set(rw_point& p, float value) { p.y = value; }
};
}}} // namespace bg::traits
int main()
{
boost::geometry::concepts::check<const ro_point>();
boost::geometry::concepts::check<rw_point>();
}
``` |
Shelltown is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Blair County, Pennsylvania, United States. It was first listed as a CDP prior to the 2020 census.
The CDP is in eastern Blair County, in the northern part of Woodbury Township. It is bordered to the north by the borough of Williamsburg. Pennsylvania Route 866 passes through the community, leading north into Williamsburg and southwest to Martinsburg.
References
Census-designated places in Blair County, Pennsylvania
Census-designated places in Pennsylvania |
The Prince in Chains (Spanish: El príncipe encadenado, Italian: Il principe dei vichinghi) aka King of the Vikings, is a 1960 Spanish-Italian historical adventure film directed by Luis Lucia.
The film's sets were designed by Sigfrido Burmann.
Cast
In alphabetical order
References
Bibliography
Bentley, Bernard. A Companion to Spanish Cinema. Boydell & Brewer, 2008.
External links
1960 films
1960s historical adventure films
Spanish historical adventure films
Italian historical adventure films
1960s Spanish-language films
Films directed by Luis Lucia
Films based on works by Pedro Calderón de la Barca
Films set in the Middle Ages
1960s Spanish films
1960s Italian films |
Princess Ashi Dechen Yangzom Wangchuck (born 2 December 1981) is the daughter of the fourth King of Bhutan Jigme Singye Wangchuck and his wife, Queen Mother Ashi Tshering Yangdon Wangchuck. She is the sister of the fifth King, Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck.
Royal duties
Princess Dechen Yangzom has been based in Mongar since 2006 as His Majesty's Representatives for people's welfare. She has travelled across the country in order to ensure the effective delivery of kidu to the most deserving sections of society.
Family
She married Dasho Tandin Namgyel at the Dechencholing palace on 29 October 2009. He is a son of Dasho Kipchu Dorji (sometime Auditor General of the Kingdom of Bhutan), and his wife, Aum Chimi Wangmo.
They have one daughter and two sons:
Ashi Dechen Yuidem Yangzom Wangchuck.
Dasho Ugyen Dorji Wangchuck.
Dasho Jigme Singye Wangchuck.
Titles and styles
2 December 1981 – present: Her Royal Highness Princess Ashi Dechen Yangzom Wangchuck.
See also
House of Wangchuck
Line of succession to the Bhutanese throne
References
|-
1981 births
Living people
Bhutanese monarchy |
Joshua A. Frieman is a theoretical astrophysicist who lives and works in the United States. He is a senior scientist at Fermilab and a professor of astronomy and astrophysics at the University of Chicago. Frieman is known for his work studying dark energy and cosmology, and he co-founded the Dark Energy Survey experiment. He was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 2022.
Education
Frieman received his undergraduate degree in physics from Stanford University in 1981 and his PhD in physics from the University of Chicago in 1985. His doctoral advisor was Michael Turner and his thesis was titled Particle Creation in Inhomogeneous Spacetimes.
Career
After completing his PhD, Frieman held a postdoc position at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory's Theory Group. Afterwards, Frieman became a scientist at Fermilab in 1988. He was head of that lab's Theoretical Astrophysics Group from 1994 to 1999. During the 1990s, one of the topics he studied was cosmic inflation. In 1997, he was elected a Fellow of the American Physical Society for "his many contributions in the application of particle physics to early-universe cosmology."
During the 2000s, Frieman led the Sloan Digital Sky Survey's (SDSS) Supernova Survey, which discovered over 500 type Ia supernovae, aiding the study of cosmic expansion. He also served as chair of the SDSS's Collaboration Council and co-chair of its Large-Scale Structure Working Group. In these roles, he led measurements of the large-scale structure of the universe and of weak gravitational lensing. Building on his work with SDSS, Frieman later co-founded and served as director of the Dark Energy Survey (DES) with the goal of collecting data that would help physicists determine which theoretical models explaining the increasing rate of the expansion of the universe might be correct. The Dark Energy Survey began its observations in 2013 and concluded them in 2019. These observations produced a large amount of data, which the DES collaboration is still analyzing. In 2004, Frieman was elected a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and also became a member of the Fermilab Center for Particle Astrophysics when the lab created the center that year. Frieman became head of Fermilab's Particle Physics Division in 2018. In 2019, the United States Department of Energy named him a DOE Office of Science Distinguished Scientists Fellow "for pioneering advances in the science of dark energy and cosmic acceleration, including leading the Sloan Digital Sky Survey-II Supernova Survey, co-founding the Dark Energy Survey and service as its Director." Frieman was also elected to a three-year term as president of the Aspen Center for Physics in 2019.
Honors and awards
American Physical Society Fellow, 1997
American Association for the Advancement of Science Fellow, 2004
McMaster Cosmology Lecturer, 2008
American Academy of Arts and Sciences Fellow, 2016
U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science Distinguished Scientists Fellow, 2019
References
External links
Oral history interview transcript with Joshua Frieman on 6 October 2020, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives
Frieman's staff page at the University of Chicago Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics
Frieman's staff page at the Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics at the University of Chicago
Frieman's staff page at Fermilab
Frieman's author page at INSPIRE-HEP
Living people
Fellows of the American Physical Society
University of Chicago faculty
Stanford University alumni
University of Chicago alumni
American cosmologists
20th-century American physicists
21st-century American physicists
21st-century American astronomers
People associated with Fermilab
Year of birth missing (living people)
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Aspen Center for Physics scholars |
Aurelio Iragorri is the name of:
Aurelio Iragorri Hormaza, Colombian politician, father
Aurelio Iragorri Valencia, Colombian politician, son |
The South Eastern German football championship () was the highest association football competition in the Prussian provinces of Silesia, which was divided into the Province of Lower Silesia and the Province of Upper Silesia after 1919, and Posen, which mostly became part of Poland in 1919. The competition was disbanded in 1933.
Overview
German football was, from its beginnings, divided into regional associations, each of which carried out their own championship matches. These often pre-dated the national German championship. With the inception of the latter in 1903, the former became qualifying tournaments. Regional championships still held a high value for the local clubs. These regional championships were:
Southern German football championship - formed in 1898
Brandenburg football championship - formed in 1898
Central German football championship - formed in 1902
Western German football championship - formed in 1903
March football championship - existed from 1903 to 1911
Northern German football championship - formed in 1906
South Eastern German football championship - formed in 1906
Baltic football championship - formed in 1908
Regional championships were suspended with the rise of the Nazis to power in 1933. At the end of the Second World War, some resumed, but in league format. Others, such as the Baltic championship, completely disappeared, especially if the territories they were held in were no longer part of Germany. With the South West German football championship, a new regional competition also appeared in 1945. Ultimately, with the formation of the Fußball-Bundesliga, regional championships ceased altogether.
History
Background
When the South Eastern German championship was established in 1906, the region of South Eastern Germany (German: Südostdeutschland) was politically part of the Kingdom of Prussia, as the Province of Silesia and the Province of Posen.
With the defeat of the German Empire in 1918 and the formation of a Republic, the former Kingdoms and Principalities of Germany became states. For most of the Prussian provinces, this only meant that the Kingdom was replaced with the Free State of Prussia. Silesia (German: Schlesien) however was subdivided into two new provinces, those being:
Province of Upper Silesia
Province of Lower Silesia
Additionally, parts of the former province of Silesia were awarded to Poland and Czechoslovakia after the war, these being:
Hlučín Region, to Czechoslovakia
Eastern parts of Upper Silesia, to Poland to become the Autonomous Silesian Voivodeship
Posen became almost completely part of Poland, as the Poznań Voivodeship. A small strip along the border remained with Germany and became the border province Posen-West Prussia (German: Grenzmark Posen-Westpreussen).
Football association
The South Eastern German Football Association was formed on 18 March 1906, thereby in cooperating all regional associations:
Verband Breslauer Ballspielvereine, formed 23 February 1902
Verband Niederlausitzer Ballspielvereine, formed 17 January 1904
Verband Kattowitzer Ballspiel Vereine, formed 1906
Competition
1906 to 1914
The South Eastern German football championship was first contested in 1906 and won by the SC Schlesien Breslau. No results beyond the final are known. The winner of this first competition then took part in the fourth edition of the national German championship. Clubs from the south east of Germany had already taken part in the previous edition of the competition, but not in 1903 or 1904. No club from the south east ever reached the German championship final and even semi-final appearances were limited to two occasions, 1920 and 1929.
To qualify for the South Eastern German championship, a club had to take out the title in its regional competition or league. As more football clubs were formed in Germany, the number of leagues increased and thereby also the numbers of clubs taking part in the South Eastern championship. Originally, from 1907, four regional champions took part from the following regions:
Breslau
Niederlausitz
Niederschlesien
Oberschlesien
In 1910, Posen was added as a fifth region. In 1911, the Oberlausitz champions joined.
The second edition was played out in the knockout modus again, but now involving four clubs, a system that remained in place until 1910, when the number of clubs was enlarged to six.
In its last pre-First World War season, 1914, the competition was enlarged to seven clubs, but remained unchanged otherwise.
1915 to 1919
In 1914-15, football in Germany had come to an almost complete halt. As it became clear, that the war would last longer than anticipated, local competitions restarted in 1915. In most regions of Germany, like the South, the championships were restarted from 1915 onwards but in the South East, this was not so. A south eastern championship was not played again until 1920.
1920 to 1933
The 1920 championship resumed in the same fashion as the last one had finished in 1914, seven clubs in a knockout competition. The champions, Sportfreunde Breslau, achieved the greatest success of any south eastern club so far in the national title games, when it reached the semi-finals, to bow out 4-0 to SpVgg Fürth.
In 1921, the competition was staged with only six clubs. Clubs from Posen, now Poznań, did not enter the championship anymore as the city had become part of Poland. Play was further disrupted in 1922. The competition was to be staged as a five team league but could not be completed in time for the German finals because Preußen Kattowitz, from the now Polish city of Katowice, was initially unable to travel due to passport issues. The issue was later resolved and the championship completed. The 1923 edition was again held as a five team league, now without clubs from either Poznań or Katowice, each team playing the other once. Instead, a Mittleschlesien champion was added to the competition.
The five team league system remained in place for 1924 and was enlarged to six clubs in 1925. Also, from this season, the German championship was enlarged, too, and the south east was now allowed to send both champion and runners-up to the national finals. The 1926 season saw a further increase, to seven clubs in the championship, and, in 1927, to eight teams. From 1926, six regional competitions existed again, after the addition of the Bergland champion. Those six regional competitions feeding the South Eastern German championship were:
Niederlausitz
Niederschlesien
Oberlausitz
Oberschlesien
Mittelschlesien
Bergland
This arrangement remained in place for 1928 but was reduced to five clubs in 1929 again, but now with home-and-away games. SC Breslau 08 made a second semi-finals appearance for a club from the south east that year, going out to the later champion SpVgg Fürth 6-1. In 1930, six clubs played in the finals again, still with home-and-away games. This system remained in place until the competition was disbanded in 1933.
Aftermath
The South Eastern German championship was replaced with the Gauliga Schlesien by the Nazis in 1933. In the era that followed, the clubs from the south east continued to see only limited success in the national finals, Vorwärts-Rasensport Gleiwitz making a semi-finals appearance in 1936, losing to Fortuna Düsseldorf 3-1 and then being demolished by FC Schalke 04 8-1 in the game for third place.
After the end of the Second World War, Germany suffered further territorial loss, and Silesia became almost completely part of Poland. Only a small strip west of the Oder-Neisse line remained part of Germany. The city of Cottbus, never part of Silesia, but its clubs taking part in the South Eastern German championship nevertheless, and Hoyerswerda are two cities who send clubs to the championship and are still part of Germany today. German clubs in Silesia were either dissolved, as in most cases, or become part of the Polish football league system.
South Eastern German football champions
Further reading
Stürmen für Deutschland: Die Geschichte des deutschen Fussballs von 1933, publisher: Campus Verlag
References
Sources
Fussball-Jahrbuch Deutschland (8 vol.), Tables and results of the German tier-one leagues 1919-33, publisher: DSFS
Kicker Almanach, The yearbook on German football from Bundesliga to Oberliga, since 1937, published by the Kicker Sports Magazine
External links
The Gauligas Das Deutsche Fussball Archiv
German league tables 1892-1933 Hirschi's Fussball seiten
Germany - Championships 1902-1945 at RSSSF.com
Defunct football competitions in Germany
German football championship
1906 establishments in Germany
1933 disestablishments in Germany
Football competitions in Silesia |
Constantin Floros (Greek: Κωνσταντίνος Φλωρος) (born Thessaloniki 4 January 1930) is a Greek-German musicologist. He studied law at the University of Thessaloniki (1947–1951) and then composition and conducting at the Vienna Music Academy. At the same time he studied musicology with Erich Schenk at the Vienna University as well as art history (with C. Swoboda), philosophy and psychology. In 1955 he obtained the doctorate in Vienna with a dissertation on Campioni. He continued his musicological studies with Husmann at Hamburg University (1957–1960), where in 1961 he completed his Habilitation in musicology with a work on the Byzantine kontakion. In 1967 he became supernumerary professor, in 1972 professor of musicology and in 1995 professor emeritus at the University of Hamburg. He received the honorary doctorate from the University of Athens in 1999.
He is the co-editor of the Hamburger Jahrbuch fur Musikwissenschaft and in 1988 he founded and became president of the Gustav Mahler Vereinigung, Hamburg. In 1992 he was elected a member of the Erfurt Akademie der gemeinnützigen Wissenschaften and in 1999 was made an honorary member of the Richard Wagner-Verband, Hamburg.
Floros' interests include the origin of Gregorian neumes, various aspects of Byzantine music, connections between the music cultures of East and West, the semantic meaning of the 18th and 19th century symphony, the music of the Second Viennese School.
Selected publications
New Ears for New Music (English translation, 2014) Peter Lang;
Gyoergy Ligeti: Beyond Avant-Garde and Postmodernism, Peter Lang;
Alban Berg: Music as Autobiography, Peter Lang;
References
Sources
The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
1930 births
Living people
Greek musicologists
University of Hamburg alumni
University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna alumni
Members of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts
Ligeti scholars
Mahler scholars
People from Thessaloniki |
Mérigon (; ) is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France.
Population
See also
Communes of the Ariège department
References
Communes of Ariège (department)
Ariège communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia |
Young Survival Coalition (YSC) is an international organization focusing on young adults diagnosed with breast cancer ages 40 and under. Founded in 1998 by three young women with breast cancer, YSC is a 501(c)(3) non-profit based in the United States. It is currently led by board president Desirée A. H. Walker and CEO Jennifer Merschdorf.
Philosophy
Approximately 13,000 women under the age of 40 are diagnosed with breast cancer annually. According to its mission statement, Young Survival Coalition focuses on the "critical issues unique to young women and breast cancer. YSC works with survivors, caregivers and the medical, research, advocacy and legislative communities to increase the quality and quantity of life for women diagnosed with breast cancer ages 40 and under." This includes lobbying, speaking engagements, conferences and an annual awareness campaign which educates members of the medical community about breast cancer's prevalence in younger women.
Activities
Use of funds
In the 2013-2014 fiscal year, ending June 30, 2014, Young Survival Coalition reported approximately US$4.78 million in earnings. Of this, US$4.69 million came from contributions and grants, with $.95 million coming from other revenue.
That same fiscal year, YSC reported approximately US$4.56 million in expenses. Of this, approximately $3.2 million went to program services, $828,000 to management and general expenses, and $529,000 to fundraising expenses.
The Young Survival Coalition CEO salary in 2015 was $141,518 a year.
References
Breast cancer
Cancer charities in the United States
Charities based in New York City
Organizations established in 1998
Medical and health organizations based in New York (state)
Women in New York City
Women in Georgia (U.S. state) |
Andikuli is a village in Viluppuram district, Tamil Nadu, India. According to the 2011 Census of India, it has a total population of 1,217: 658 males and 559 females.
References
Villages in Viluppuram district |
Anthony George Symonds (born 15 February 1962) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for the Hawthorn Football Club in the Victorian Football League (VFL) and the Glenelg Football Club in the South Australian National Football League (SANFL).
Symonds was a regular fixture of the Glenelg team of the 1980s, playing mostly as a wingman. He was a member of both Glenelg's 1985 and 1986 premiership teams. Using the last pick of the 1986 VFL draft, Hawthorn acquired his services for the 1987 VFL season where he played three games before returning to South Australia. He made his league debut in the opening round, with four disposals against Carlton. His next appearance came two weeks later, in a win over Collingwood, where he had 9 disposals and kicked two behinds. At the Sydney Cricket Ground in round seven, he played his third and final game, kicking a goal and managing 10 disposals.
After leaving Hawthorn, Symonds continued his career at Glenelg and in 1995 was appointed senior coach, as a replacement for Mark Williams, who had joined Essendon as an assistant. His coaching career started well with a 92-point win over Port Adelaide in the season opener but Glenelg could only finish the year in seventh. Again in 1996, the club finished in seventh position and he lost his job to former team-mate Wayne Stringer.
References
External links
1962 births
Hawthorn Football Club players
Glenelg Football Club players
Glenelg Football Club coaches
Australian rules footballers from South Australia
Living people |
Tartar (later Tartar Packet) was launched on the River Thames in 1787. Initially, she traded between London and Smyrna. Between 1792 and 1794 she made one voyage to Bengal and back carrying dispatches for the British East India Company (EIC). On her return she became a packet for the Post Office Packet Service, sailing from Falmouth, Cornwall. In June 1796 she was bringing mail from New York back to Falmouth when a French privateer captured her.
Career
Tartar first appeared in Lloyd's Register (LR) in 1787.
The information in LR suggests that on her return from the Mediterranean St Barbe sold Tartar to new owners who may have intended to use her as a slave ship.
However, although Lloyd's Lists ship arrival and departure (SAD) data showed Captain Cummings at Gravesend awaiting to sail to Africa, there is no evidence that he ever did so. The data in LR was only as accurate as owners chose to keep it, and generally signaled intentions. Unfortunately, missing volumes of LR and missing pages in extant issues make it impossible to document any correction.
On 29 August 1792 the EIC's Court of Directors took up Tartar to sail as a packet to Bengal, and to remain there. She was to be ready by mid-September. She then appeared in an EIC list of packets.
Captain Timothy Goldsmith sailed Tartar from Portsmouth on 1 October for Bengal. She arrived there on 28 February 1793. She sailed from Bengal on 2 April, but a few days later struck a rock in the Bengal River and had to put back. She sailed again on 17 May and was at St Helena from 4 to 12 September. On 18 September she was off Ascension Island. Tartar Packet sailed on to Cork and from there to Portsmouth, where she arrived on 30 December. She arrived at Gravesend on 17 January 1794. Tartar had sailed from Bengal before news of the outbreak of war with France had reached there. Still, Captain Timothy Goldsmith was issued a letter of marque on 29 August 1793, i.e., before he had even arrived at St Helena.
The first mention of Tartar Packet in Lloyd's Register (LR) occurred in 1794.
On 21 March 1794 Tartar Packet, Kerr, master, arrived at Falmouth from London. Then on 9 April Tartar Packet, Kerr, master, sailed from Falmouth to Corunna. For the next year plus she sailed back and forth between Falmouth and Corunna. On one voyage she brought back to Falmouth over £300,000 in remittances. On another, as she was sailing to Corunna a French ship of 18 guns chased her for six hours. She was almost taken, but escaped in the night. Command of the packet alternated between Captain Kerr (or Carr), and Captain Masden.
On 25 May 1796 Tartar Packet, Kerr, master, sailed for Halifax, Nova Scotia. He arrived there on 28 June and sailed for Falmouth on 6 July, arriving at Falmouth on 24 July.
On 3 November, Tartar Packet, Causer, master, (or Bullmore; sources differ), again sailed for Halifax. On 27 November She encountered a terrible storm that lasted 24 hours. Captain Causer stated that the storm was the worst that he had seen in his 25 years at sea. Tartar Packet arrived at Halifax on 9 December and left on 28 December. She arrived back at Falmouth on 13 January 1796.
Fate
On 19 March 1796 Tartar Packet, Crosier, master, sailed from Falmouth, bound for New York. She was at Halifax between 24 April and early May, and arrived at New York on 14 May. She sailed from NY circa 15 June. On 18 June the French privateer Eagle, of 14 guns, captured her. Eagle also captured Georges, Forbes, master, which had been sailing from London to New Brunswick. Eagle took her prizes into Boston.
There were subsequent reports that the French were fitting out Tartar Packet to cruise as a privateer under the French flag.
Notes
Citations
References
1787 ships
Age of Sail merchant ships of England
Ships of the British East India Company
Falmouth Packets
Whaling ships
Captured ships |
Vermont is a town in Saint Andrew Parish of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. It is located in the inland southwest of the main island of Saint Vincent, north of Kingstown and east of Layou.
References
Scott, C. R. (ed.) (2005) Insight guide: Caribbean (5th edition). London: Apa Publications.
Populated places in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines |
Shelley Hughes (born January 6, 1958, in Canton, Ohio) is an American politician and a Republican member of the Alaska Senate, serving since 2017. Hughes was previously a member of the Alaska House of Representatives from January 18, 2013, until January 22, 2017, representing District F.
Career
Hughes has an AA from Cuyahoga Community College and a BA from the University of Alaska.
Alaska House of Representatives
Hughes was elected to the Alaska House of Representatives in 2012, beating Daniel Hamm in the primary.
Alaska Senate
Hughes was first elected to the Alaska Senate in its 2016 election. In 2021, she was chosen to be the majority leader of the Alaska Senate.
Health care
In September 2021, Hughes was part of a panel of Alaska legislators focused on health care. Hughes argued that Alaska was "the highest cost location on the globe" for the cost of drug and medical treatment, and said she was looking at pharmacy benefit management and increased price transparency as ways to keep costs down.
Transgender athletes
In May 2021, Hughes introduced a bill into the Alaska Senate that would ban transgender women and girls from playing in women's sports. The bill required that public schools, or private schools with teams that compete against public schools, have gender-segregated sporting teams and that any participant on the girls' team "must be female, based on the participant's biological sex." Because the bill was introduced in the final few weeks of the legislative session, Hughes announced that she would push for it in the next legislative session instead.
Personal life
Hughes' husband, Roger, is a veteran of the Vietnam War. She has four children.
Electoral history
2020
2016
2014
2012
References
1958 births
21st-century American politicians
21st-century American women politicians
Living people
Republican Party Alaska state senators
Republican Party members of the Alaska House of Representatives
Politicians from Canton, Ohio
People from Palmer, Alaska
University of Alaska Anchorage alumni
Women state legislators in Alaska |
```html
<html lang="en">
<head>
<title>AArch64 Directives - Using as</title>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html">
<meta name="description" content="Using as">
<meta name="generator" content="makeinfo 4.11">
<link title="Top" rel="start" href="index.html#Top">
<link rel="up" href="AArch64_002dDependent.html#AArch64_002dDependent" title="AArch64-Dependent">
<link rel="prev" href="AArch64-Floating-Point.html#AArch64-Floating-Point" title="AArch64 Floating Point">
<link rel="next" href="AArch64-Opcodes.html#AArch64-Opcodes" title="AArch64 Opcodes">
<link href="path_to_url" rel="generator-home" title="Texinfo Homepage">
<!--
This file documents the GNU Assembler "as".
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no
Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the
-->
<meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css">
<style type="text/css"><!--
pre.display { font-family:inherit }
pre.format { font-family:inherit }
pre.smalldisplay { font-family:inherit; font-size:smaller }
pre.smallformat { font-family:inherit; font-size:smaller }
pre.smallexample { font-size:smaller }
pre.smalllisp { font-size:smaller }
span.sc { font-variant:small-caps }
span.roman { font-family:serif; font-weight:normal; }
span.sansserif { font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:normal; }
--></style>
</head>
<body>
<div class="node">
<p>
<a name="AArch64-Directives"></a>
Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="AArch64-Opcodes.html#AArch64-Opcodes">AArch64 Opcodes</a>,
Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="AArch64-Floating-Point.html#AArch64-Floating-Point">AArch64 Floating Point</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="AArch64_002dDependent.html#AArch64_002dDependent">AArch64-Dependent</a>
<hr>
</div>
<h4 class="subsection">9.1.5 AArch64 Machine Directives</h4>
<p><a name="index-machine-directives_002c-AArch64-547"></a><a name="index-AArch64-machine-directives-548"></a>
<dl>
<!-- AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA -->
<p><a name=your_sha256_hash></a><dt><code>.arch </code><var>name</var><dd>Select the target architecture. Valid values for <var>name</var> are the same as
for the <samp><span class="option">-march</span></samp> commandline option.
<p>Specifying <code>.arch</code> clears any previously selected architecture
extensions.
<p><a name=your_sha256_hash2c-AArch64-550"></a><br><dt><code>.arch_extension </code><var>name</var><dd>Add or remove an architecture extension to the target architecture. Valid
values for <var>name</var> are the same as those accepted as architectural
extensions by the <samp><span class="option">-mcpu</span></samp> commandline option.
<p><code>.arch_extension</code> may be used multiple times to add or remove extensions
incrementally to the architecture being compiled for.
<!-- BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB -->
<p><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007b_002ebss_007d-directive_002c-AArch64-551"></a><br><dt><code>.bss</code><dd>This directive switches to the <code>.bss</code> section.
<!-- CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC -->
<!-- DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD -->
<!-- EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE -->
<!-- FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF -->
<!-- GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG -->
<!-- HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH -->
<!-- IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII -->
<!-- JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ -->
<!-- KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK -->
<!-- LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL -->
<p><a name=your_sha256_hash2"></a><br><dt><code>.ltorg</code><dd>This directive causes the current contents of the literal pool to be
dumped into the current section (which is assumed to be the .text
section) at the current location (aligned to a word boundary).
GAS maintains a separate literal pool for each section and each
sub-section. The <code>.ltorg</code> directive will only affect the literal
pool of the current section and sub-section. At the end of assembly
all remaining, un-empty literal pools will automatically be dumped.
<p>Note - older versions of GAS would dump the current literal
pool any time a section change occurred. This is no longer done, since
it prevents accurate control of the placement of literal pools.
<!-- MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM -->
<!-- NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN -->
<!-- OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO -->
<!-- PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP -->
<p><a name=your_sha256_hash></a><br><dt><code>.pool</code><dd>This is a synonym for .ltorg.
<!-- QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ -->
<!-- RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR -->
<p><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007b_002ereq_007d-directive_002c-AArch64-554"></a><br><dt><var>name</var><code> .req </code><var>register name</var><dd>This creates an alias for <var>register name</var> called <var>name</var>. For
example:
<pre class="smallexample"> foo .req w0
</pre>
<!-- SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS -->
<!-- TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT -->
<!-- UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU -->
<p><a name=your_sha256_hash5"></a><br><dt><code>.unreq </code><var>alias-name</var><dd>This undefines a register alias which was previously defined using the
<code>req</code> directive. For example:
<pre class="smallexample"> foo .req w0
.unreq foo
</pre>
<p>An error occurs if the name is undefined. Note - this pseudo op can
be used to delete builtin in register name aliases (eg 'w0'). This
should only be done if it is really necessary.
<!-- VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV -->
<!-- WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW -->
<!-- XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX -->
<!-- YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY -->
<!-- ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ -->
<p><a name=your_sha256_hash6"></a><br><dt><code>.xword</code><dd>The <code>.xword</code> directive produces 64 bit values.
</dl>
</body></html>
``` |
Rotes Wasser is a river of Saxony, Germany. It is a right tributary of the Müglitz.
See also
List of rivers of Saxony
References
Rivers of Saxony
Rivers of Germany |
Royal town may refer to:
A place with royal patronage in the United Kingdom
Royal burgh, in Scotland
Royal city in Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, a historical type of city
See also
Royal City (disambiguation) |
Nationality changing in the sport of gymnastics is when a gymnast opts to represent a new country in international competitions. Gymnasts may request a nationality change through their federations, provided they have citizenship. The number of nationality changes a federation may request for athletes is limited to two per year per discipline and three over all disciplines. If the previous country gives consent for the gymnast to represent the new country, the gymnast may immediately begin representing the new country in competition. If consent is not granted, the gymnast will have to wait a year before they can represent the new country. If a gymnast has already been granted a nationality change, they must wait a minimum of three years before they can make a new request.
This is a list of notable gymnasts who have represented multiple countries in gymnastics competitions and had a valid FIG license for each. This list does not include gymnasts who competed for a new nation after the dissolution of their former country (i.e.: Soviet gymnasts).
Artistic gymnastics
Rhythmic gymnastics
Trampoline gymnastics
See also
List of sportspeople who competed for more than one nation
References
Gymnastics
Gymnasts |
Dubar is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Claude Dubar (1945–2015), French sociologist
Pat Dubar, American singer |
Toska is an island in Alver Municipality in Vestland county, Norway. The island lies just west of the island of Radøy in the Hjeltefjorden, at the entrance to the Radfjorden.
A road connection from the village of Manger on Radøy island to the island of Toska was completed in 1989. The island is a popular holiday destination. Toska has about 40 inhabitants, mostly living in the village of Toska, also known as Vestevågen.
There are still a few farmers left on the island, but most residents work in other professions, with many commuting to neighboring villages and even to the city of Bergen.
See also
List of islands of Norway
References
Islands of Vestland
Alver (municipality) |
Suryakant Tripathi "Nirala" (21 February 1897 – 15 October 1961) was an Indian poet, novelist, essayist and story-writer who wrote in Hindi. He was also an artist, who drew many contemporary sketches.
Biography
Tripathi was born on 21 February 1897 in Midnapore in Bengal Presidency into a Kanyakubja Brahmin family. Nirala's father, Pandit Ramsahaya Tripathi, was a government servant and was a tyrannical person. His mother died when he was very young. Nirala was educated in the Bengali medium at Mahishadal Raj High School at Mahishadal, a princely state in Purba Medinipur. Subsequently, he shifted to Lucknow and thence to village Gadhakola of Unnao district, to which his father originally belonged. Growing up, he gained inspiration from personalities like Ramakrishna Paramhansa, Swami Vivekananda, and Rabindranath Tagore.
After his marriage at the age of 20, Nirala learned Hindi at the insistence of his wife, Manohara Devi. Soon, he started writing poems in Hindi, instead of Bengali. After a bad childhood, Nirala had a few good years with his wife. But this phase was short-lived as his wife died when he was 22, and later his daughter (who was a widow) also expired. Nirala lost half of his family, including his wife and daughter, in the 1918 Spanish flu influenza outbreak.
Most of his life was somewhat in the bohemian tradition. He wrote strongly against social injustice and exploitation in society. Since he was more or less a rebel, both in form and content, acceptance did not come easily. What he got in plenty was ridicule and derision. All this may have played a role in making him a victim of schizophrenia in his later life and he was admitted to Central Institute of Psychiatry, Ranchi.
Work
Many of Nirala's poems were translated by David Rubin, and are available in the collections, A Season on the Earth: Selected Poems of Nirala (Columbia University Press, 1977), The Return of Sarasvati: Four Hindi Poets (Oxford University Press, 1993), and Of Love and War: A Chayavad Anthology (Oxford University Press, 2005). Nirala : Aatmhanta Astha was a critical analysis of his works written by Doodhnath Singh.
Legacy
Today, a park, Nirala Uddyan, an auditorium, Nirala Prekshagrah, and a degree college, Mahapran Nirala Degree College, in the Unnao District are named after him.
In popular culture
The Films Division of India produced a short documentary film on his life, titled Suryakant Tripathi Nirala, directed by Rajiv Kumar. It covers his works and achievements.
Reception
Works
Poetry
Ram Ki Shakti Puja (राम की शक्ति पूजा)
Dhwani (ध्वनि)
Apara (अपरा)
Saroj Smriti (सरोज स्मृति)
Parimal (परिमल)
Priyatam (प्रियतम)
Anaamika (अनामिका, 1938)
Geetika (गीतिका)
Kukurmutta (कुकुरमुत्ता, 1941)
Adima (अणिमा)
Bela (बेला)
Naye Patte (नये पत्ते)
Archana (अर्चना)
Geet Gunj (गीतगुंज)
Aradhana (आराधना)
Tulsidas (तुलसीदास, 1938)
Janmabhumi (जन्मभूमि)
Jago Phir Ek Bar (जागो फिर एक बार)
Bhikshuk (भिक्षुक)
Todti Patthar (तोड़ती पत्थर)
Novels
Apsara (अप्सरा)
Alka (अलका)
Prabhavati (प्रभावती)
Nirupama (निरुपमा)
Chameli (चमेली)
Choti ki Pakad (चोटी की पकड़)
Indulekha (इन्दुलेखा)
Kale Karname (काले कारनामे)
Collections of stories
Chhaturi Chamar (चतुरी चमार)
Sukul ki Biwi (सुकुल की बीवी, 1941)
Sakhi (साखी)
Lily (लिली)
Devi (देवी)
Essay-collections
Prabandha-Parichaya (प्रबंध परिचय)
Bangbhasha ka Uchcharan (बंगभाषा का उच्चारण)
Ravindra-Kavita-Kannan (रवीन्द्र-कविता-कानन)
Prabandh-Padya (प्रबंध पद्य)
Prabandh-Pratima (प्रबंध प्रतिमा)
Chabuk (चाबुक)
Chayan (चयन)
Sangraha (संग्रह)
Prose
Kullibhat (कुल्लीभाट)
Billesur Bakriha (बिल्लेसुर बकरिहा)
Translations
Anand Math (आनन्दमठ)
Vish-Vriksh (विष वृक्ष)
Krishnakant ka Vil (कृष्णकांत का विल)
Kapal Kundala (कपाल कुण्डला)
Durgesh Nandini (दुर्गेश नन्दिनी)
Raj Singh (राज सिंह)
Raj Rani (राज रानी)
Devi Chaudharani (देवी चौधरानी)
Yuglanguliya (युगलांगुलीय)
Chandrasekhar (चन्द्रशेखर)
Rajni (रजनी)
Sri Ramkrishna Vachnamrit (श्री रामकृष्ण वचनामृत)
Bharat mein Vivekanand (भारत में विवेकानंद)
Rajyog (राजयोग)
References
External links
Nirala at Kavita Kosh – A large collection of Hindi Poetry
1897 births
1961 deaths
Hindi-language writers
Hindi-language poets
People from Paschim Medinipur district
People from Unnao
People from Prayagraj
Poets from Uttar Pradesh
Poets from West Bengal
Writers from West Bengal
Writers from Prayagraj
20th-century Indian poets
20th-century Indian male writers
Indian male poets |
Boris Leskin (5 January 1923 – 21 February 2020) was a Soviet and American film and theater actor.
Biography
Leskin was born on 5 January 1923. In 1937 his father was arrested and executed. During World War II Leskin was employed as a sapper at the front and was wounded. He was awarded the Order of the Red Star and medals.
In 1952 he graduated from the Ostrovsky Leningrad Theatre Institute (Leonid Makaryev course). From 1951 to 1980 he worked as an actor in the Tovstonogov Bolshoi Drama Theater.
In 1980 he began his career in the United States as a theater actor in New York City. He was included on the nomination committee for Academy Awards. In 2011 director Eduard Staroselsky made a documentary about him: Bob Has Been Removed. Minesweeper Bolshoi Drama (with Sergei Yursky). Leskin died on 21 February 2020.
Awards
2006: Pacific Meridian: Best Actor (Everything Is Illuminated)
Filmography
References
External links
Boris Leskin on KinoPoisk
1923 births
2020 deaths
Actors from Chișinău
Soviet male actors
American male film actors
American male television actors
Soviet emigrants to the United States
Jewish American male actors
Male actors from New York City
Male actors from Saint Petersburg
Jewish Russian actors
Soviet military personnel of World War II
21st-century American Jews |
Erich Bloedorn (6 July 1902 – 30 November 1975) was a German Luftwaffe bomber pilot and recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross during World War II. The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership.
Life
Bloedorn studied at the University of Königsberg and became a member of the Corps Masovia in summer 1921. In 1924 he gave up studying and joined the Reichswehr in Allenstein, Masuria. When he was lieutenant in the :de:2. (Preußisches) Infanterie-Regiment (Reichswehr) in Lötzen he made a bet: to reach Istanbul via Munich within 10 days, alone by motorcycle. He did and the German embassy gave a function.
He retired major from the Reichswehr in 1930 to serve on the General Staff of former Generaloberst Hans von Seeckt, who served as a military advisor to Chiang Kai-shek in Nanking and Shanghai. In 1936 Bloedorn joined the Luftwaffe and served as Hauptmann in Berlin. In 1940 he became Geschwaderkommodore of the Adler-Geschwader which flew air raids in France, the Netherlands, England, Scapa Flow and Norway and sank the Convoy PQ 17.
Having fought in the North African Campaign Bloedorn was promoted Oberstleutnant and assigned to Albert Kesselring in 1943. In Bucharest he witnessed the breakdown of the pro-German Romanian army and the coup of Michael I of Romania. As Oberst he returned to Kesselring until the end of the war. After the war Bloedorn built up a civil existence in publishing of scientific literature. He was married to Dr. med. Ursula Bloedorn. Their daughter Gisa is living in Ansbach, their son Arne in Rheine.
Awards
Flugzeugführerabzeichen
Front Flying Clasp of the Luftwaffe
Iron Cross (1939)
2nd Class
1st Class
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 13 October 1940 as Major and Gruppenkommandeur of the III./Kampfgeschwader 4 "General Wever"
German Cross in Gold on 2 September 1942 as Major in Kampfgeschwader 30
References
Citations
Bibliography
External links
Ritterkreuztraeger 1939–1945
TracesOfWar.com
1902 births
1975 deaths
People from Mühlhausen
Luftwaffe pilots
German World War II pilots
Recipients of the Gold German Cross
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
Military personnel from the Province of Saxony
University of Königsberg alumni
Military personnel from Thuringia |
```c++
/*
*
* This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
* the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 or (at your option)
*
* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
*
* along with this program. If not, see <path_to_url
*/
#include "NewDatabaseWizardPage.h"
#include "ui_NewDatabaseWizardPage.h"
#include "core/Database.h"
#include "gui/dbsettings/DatabaseSettingsWidget.h"
NewDatabaseWizardPage::NewDatabaseWizardPage(QWidget* parent)
: QWizardPage(parent)
, m_ui(new Ui::NewDatabaseWizardPage())
{
m_ui->setupUi(this);
}
NewDatabaseWizardPage::~NewDatabaseWizardPage() = default;
/**
* Set the database settings page widget for this wizard page.
* The wizard page will take ownership of the settings page widget.
*
* @param page database settings page widget
*/
void NewDatabaseWizardPage::setPageWidget(DatabaseSettingsWidget* page)
{
m_pageWidget = page;
m_ui->pageContent->setWidget(m_pageWidget);
}
/**
* @return database settings widget of this page widget.
*/
DatabaseSettingsWidget* NewDatabaseWizardPage::pageWidget()
{
return m_pageWidget;
}
/**
* Set the database to be configured by the wizard page.
* The wizard will NOT take ownership of the database object.
*
* @param db database object to be configured
*/
void NewDatabaseWizardPage::setDatabase(QSharedPointer<Database> db)
{
m_db = std::move(db);
}
void NewDatabaseWizardPage::initializePage()
{
Q_ASSERT(m_pageWidget && m_db);
if (!m_pageWidget || !m_db) {
return;
}
m_pageWidget->loadSettings(m_db);
}
bool NewDatabaseWizardPage::validatePage()
{
Q_ASSERT(m_pageWidget && m_db);
if (!m_pageWidget || !m_db) {
return false;
}
bool valid = m_pageWidget->saveSettings();
m_pageWidget->uninitialize();
return valid;
}
``` |
```c
/* _Feraise function */
#include <yvals.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <ymath.h>
_C_STD_BEGIN
#ifdef _Feraise
#undef _Feraise
#endif
void __CLRCALL_PURE_OR_CDECL _Feraise(int except)
{ /* report floating-point exception */
if ((except & (_FE_DIVBYZERO | _FE_INVALID)) != 0)
errno = EDOM;
else if ((except & (_FE_UNDERFLOW | _FE_OVERFLOW)) != 0)
errno = ERANGE;
}
_C_STD_END
/*
* Consult your license regarding permissions and restrictions.
V6.50:0009 */
``` |
```c++
/*=============================================================================
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at path_to_url
=============================================================================*/
// this file deliberately contains non-ascii characters
// boostinspect:noascii
#include <boost/detail/lightweight_test.hpp>
#include <boost/spirit/home/x3.hpp>
#include <boost/fusion/include/vector.hpp>
#include <boost/fusion/include/at.hpp>
#include <string>
#include <cstring>
#include <iostream>
#include "test.hpp"
namespace x3 = boost::spirit::x3;
int got_it = 0;
struct my_rule_class
{
template <typename Iterator, typename Exception, typename Context>
x3::error_handler_result
on_error(Iterator&, Iterator const& last, Exception const& x, Context const& context)
{
std::cout
<< "Error! Expecting: "
<< x.which()
<< ", got: \""
<< std::string(x.where(), last)
<< "\""
<< std::endl
;
return x3::error_handler_result::fail;
}
template <typename Iterator, typename Attribute, typename Context>
inline void
on_success(Iterator const&, Iterator const&, Attribute&, Context const&)
{
++got_it;
}
};
int
main()
{
using spirit_test::test_attr;
using spirit_test::test;
using namespace boost::spirit::x3::ascii;
using boost::spirit::x3::rule;
using boost::spirit::x3::int_;
using boost::spirit::x3::lit;
{ // show that ra = rb and ra %= rb works as expected
rule<class a, int> ra;
rule<class b, int> rb;
int attr;
auto ra_def = (ra %= int_);
BOOST_TEST(test_attr("123", ra_def, attr));
BOOST_TEST(attr == 123);
auto rb_def = (rb %= ra_def);
BOOST_TEST(test_attr("123", rb_def, attr));
BOOST_TEST(attr == 123);
auto rb_def2 = (rb = ra_def);
BOOST_TEST(test_attr("123", rb_def2, attr));
BOOST_TEST(attr == 123);
}
{ // show that ra %= rb works as expected with semantic actions
rule<class a, int> ra;
rule<class b, int> rb;
int attr;
auto f = [](auto c){};
auto ra_def = (ra %= int_[f]);
BOOST_TEST(test_attr("123", ra_def, attr));
BOOST_TEST(attr == 123);
auto ra_def2 = (rb = (ra %= int_[f]));
BOOST_TEST(test_attr("123", ra_def2, attr));
BOOST_TEST(attr == 123);
}
{ // std::string as container attribute with auto rules
std::string attr;
// test deduced auto rule behavior
auto text = rule<class text, std::string>()
= +(!char_(')') >> !char_('>') >> char_);
attr.clear();
BOOST_TEST(test_attr("x", text, attr));
BOOST_TEST(attr == "x");
}
{ // error handling
auto r = rule<my_rule_class, char const*>()
= '(' > int_ > ',' > int_ > ')';
BOOST_TEST(test("(123,456)", r));
BOOST_TEST(!test("(abc,def)", r));
BOOST_TEST(!test("(123,456]", r));
BOOST_TEST(!test("(123;456)", r));
BOOST_TEST(!test("[123,456]", r));
BOOST_TEST(got_it == 1);
}
{
typedef boost::variant<double, int> v_type;
auto r1 = rule<class r1, v_type>()
= int_;
v_type v;
BOOST_TEST(test_attr("1", r1, v) && v.which() == 1 &&
boost::get<int>(v) == 1);
typedef boost::optional<int> ov_type;
auto r2 = rule<class r2, ov_type>()
= int_;
ov_type ov;
BOOST_TEST(test_attr("1", r2, ov) && ov && boost::get<int>(ov) == 1);
}
// test handling of single element fusion sequences
{
using boost::fusion::vector;
using boost::fusion::at_c;
auto r = rule<class r, vector<int>>()
= int_;
vector<int> v(0);
BOOST_TEST(test_attr("1", r, v) && at_c<0>(v) == 1);
}
{ // attribute compatibility test
using boost::spirit::x3::rule;
using boost::spirit::x3::int_;
auto const expr = int_;
short i;
BOOST_TEST(test_attr("1", expr, i) && i == 1); // ok
const rule< class int_rule, int > int_rule( "int_rule" );
auto const int_rule_def = int_;
auto const start = int_rule = int_rule_def;
short j;
BOOST_TEST(test_attr("1", start, j) && j == 1); // error
}
return boost::report_errors();
}
``` |
Aleksei Vladimirovich Belkin (; born 25 November 1981) is a former Russian professional football player.
Club career
He played two seasons in the Russian Football National League for FC Tom Tomsk and FC Oryol.
References
External links
1981 births
Living people
Russian men's footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
FC Torpedo Moscow players
FC Dynamo Vologda players
FC Tom Tomsk players
FC Oryol players
FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk players
FC Lukhovitsy players
FC Astana players
Kazakhstan Premier League players
Russian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Kazakhstan
FC Tver players |
```c
/*
* Program write.c - dump memory structures to file for iso9660 filesystem.
Written by Eric Youngdale (1993).
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. */
/* APPLE_HYB James Pearson j.pearson@ge.ucl.ac.uk 16/3/1999 */
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <err.h>
#include "config.h"
#include "mkisofs.h"
#include "iso9660.h"
#include "volume.h"
#include "write.h"
#include "apple_proto.h"
#include "mac_label_proto.h"
#include <time.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#ifdef HAVE_UNISTD_H
#include <unistd.h>
#endif
#ifdef __SVR4
extern char * strdup(const char *);
#endif
#ifdef VMS
extern char * strdup(const char *);
#endif
/* Max number of sectors we will write at one time */
#define NSECT 16
/* Counters for statistics */
static int table_size = 0;
static int total_dir_size = 0;
static int rockridge_size = 0;
static struct directory ** pathlist;
static int next_path_index = 1;
static int sort_goof;
struct output_fragment * out_tail;
struct output_fragment * out_list;
struct iso_primary_descriptor vol_desc;
#ifdef APPLE_HYB
static int hfs_pad;
#endif /* APPLE_HYB */
static int root_gen __PR((void));
static int generate_path_tables __PR((void));
static int file_gen __PR((void));
static int dirtree_dump __PR((void));
/* Routines to actually write the disc. We write sequentially so that
we could write a tape, or write the disc directly */
#define FILL_SPACE(X) memset(vol_desc.X, ' ', sizeof(vol_desc.X))
void FDECL2(set_721, char *, pnt, unsigned int, i)
{
pnt[0] = i & 0xff;
pnt[1] = (i >> 8) & 0xff;
}
void FDECL2(set_722, char *, pnt, unsigned int, i)
{
pnt[0] = (i >> 8) & 0xff;
pnt[1] = i & 0xff;
}
void FDECL2(set_723, char *, pnt, unsigned int, i)
{
pnt[3] = pnt[0] = i & 0xff;
pnt[2] = pnt[1] = (i >> 8) & 0xff;
}
void FDECL2(set_731, char *, pnt, unsigned int, i)
{
pnt[0] = i & 0xff;
pnt[1] = (i >> 8) & 0xff;
pnt[2] = (i >> 16) & 0xff;
pnt[3] = (i >> 24) & 0xff;
}
void FDECL2(set_732, char *, pnt, unsigned int, i)
{
pnt[3] = i & 0xff;
pnt[2] = (i >> 8) & 0xff;
pnt[1] = (i >> 16) & 0xff;
pnt[0] = (i >> 24) & 0xff;
}
int FDECL1(get_733, char *, p)
{
return ((p[0] & 0xff)
| ((p[1] & 0xff) << 8)
| ((p[2] & 0xff) << 16)
| ((p[3] & 0xff) << 24));
}
void FDECL2(set_733, char *, pnt, unsigned int, i)
{
pnt[7] = pnt[0] = i & 0xff;
pnt[6] = pnt[1] = (i >> 8) & 0xff;
pnt[5] = pnt[2] = (i >> 16) & 0xff;
pnt[4] = pnt[3] = (i >> 24) & 0xff;
}
void FDECL4(xfwrite, void *, buffer, int, count, int, size, FILE *, file)
{
/*
* This is a hack that could be made better. XXXIs this the only place?
* It is definitely needed on Operating Systems that do not
* allow to write files that are > 2GB.
* If the system is fast enough to be able to feed 1400 KB/s
* writing speed of a DVD-R drive, use stdout.
* If the system cannot do this reliable, you need to use this
* hacky option.
*/
static int idx = 0;
if (split_output != 0 &&
(idx == 0 || ftell(file) >= (1024 * 1024 * 1024) )) {
char nbuf[512];
extern char *outfile;
if (idx == 0)
unlink(outfile);
snprintf(nbuf, sizeof nbuf, "%s_%02d", outfile, idx++);
file = freopen(nbuf, "wb", file);
if (file == NULL) {
fprintf(stderr, "Cannot open '%s'.\n", nbuf);
exit(1);
}
}
while(count)
{
int got = fwrite(buffer,size,count,file);
if(got<=0)
{
fprintf(stderr,"cannot fwrite %d*%d\n",size,count);
exit(1);
}
count-=got,*(char**)&buffer+=size*got;
}
}
#ifdef APPLE_HYB
/* use the deferred_write struct to store info about the hfs_boot_file */
static struct deferred_write mac_boot;
#endif /* APPLE_HYB */
static struct deferred_write * dw_head = NULL, * dw_tail = NULL;
unsigned int last_extent_written =0;
static int path_table_index;
static time_t begun;
/* We recursively walk through all of the directories and assign extent
numbers to them. We have already assigned extent numbers to everything that
goes in front of them */
static int FDECL1(assign_directory_addresses, struct directory *, node)
{
int dir_size;
struct directory * dpnt;
dpnt = node;
while (dpnt)
{
/* skip if it's hidden */
if(dpnt->dir_flags & INHIBIT_ISO9660_ENTRY) {
dpnt = dpnt->next;
continue;
}
/*
* If we already have an extent for this (i.e. it came from
* a multisession disc), then don't reassign a new extent.
*/
dpnt->path_index = next_path_index++;
if( dpnt->extent == 0 )
{
dpnt->extent = last_extent;
dir_size = (dpnt->size + (SECTOR_SIZE - 1)) >> 11;
last_extent += dir_size;
/*
* Leave room for the CE entries for this directory. Keep them
* close to the reference directory so that access will be
* quick.
*/
if(dpnt->ce_bytes)
{
last_extent += ROUND_UP(dpnt->ce_bytes) >> 11;
}
}
if(dpnt->subdir)
{
assign_directory_addresses(dpnt->subdir);
}
dpnt = dpnt->next;
}
return 0;
}
#ifdef APPLE_HYB
static void FDECL4(write_one_file, char *, filename,
unsigned int, size, FILE *, outfile, unsigned int, off)
#else
static void FDECL3(write_one_file, char *, filename,
unsigned int, size, FILE *, outfile)
#endif /* APPLE_HYB */
{
char buffer[SECTOR_SIZE * NSECT];
FILE * infile;
int remain;
int use;
if ((infile = fopen(filename, "rb")) == NULL)
{
#if defined(sun) || defined(_AUX_SOURCE)
fprintf(stderr, "cannot open %s: (%d)\n", filename, errno);
#else
fprintf(stderr, "cannot open %s: %s\n", filename, strerror(errno));
#endif
exit(1);
}
#ifdef APPLE_HYB
fseek(infile, off, SEEK_SET);
#endif /* APPLE_HYB */
remain = size;
while(remain > 0)
{
use = (remain > SECTOR_SIZE * NSECT - 1 ? NSECT*SECTOR_SIZE : remain);
use = ROUND_UP(use); /* Round up to nearest sector boundary */
memset(buffer, 0, use);
if (fread(buffer, 1, use, infile) == 0)
{
fprintf(stderr,"cannot read from %s\n",filename);
exit(1);
}
xfwrite(buffer, 1, use, outfile);
last_extent_written += use/SECTOR_SIZE;
#if 0
if((last_extent_written % 1000) < use/SECTOR_SIZE)
{
fprintf(stderr,"%d..", last_extent_written);
}
#else
if((last_extent_written % 5000) < use/SECTOR_SIZE
&& verbose > 3)
{
time_t now;
time_t the_end;
double frac;
time(&now);
frac = last_extent_written / (double)last_extent;
the_end = begun + (now - begun) / frac;
fprintf(stderr, "%6.2f%% done, estimate finish %s",
frac * 100., ctime(&the_end));
}
#endif
remain -= use;
}
fclose(infile);
} /* write_one_file(... */
static void FDECL1(write_files, FILE *, outfile)
{
struct deferred_write * dwpnt, *dwnext;
dwpnt = dw_head;
while(dwpnt)
{
if(dwpnt->table)
{
xfwrite(dwpnt->table, 1, ROUND_UP(dwpnt->size), outfile);
last_extent_written += ROUND_UP(dwpnt->size) / SECTOR_SIZE;
table_size += dwpnt->size;
/* fprintf(stderr,"Size %d ", dwpnt->size); */
free(dwpnt->table);
}
else
{
#ifdef VMS
vms_write_one_file(dwpnt->name, dwpnt->size, outfile);
#else
#ifdef APPLE_HYB
write_one_file(dwpnt->name, dwpnt->size, outfile, dwpnt->off);
#else
write_one_file(dwpnt->name, dwpnt->size, outfile);
#endif /* APPLE_HYB */
#endif
free(dwpnt->name);
}
#ifdef APPLE_HYB
if (apple_hyb)
{
/* we may have to pad out ISO files to work with
HFS clump sizes */
char blk[SECTOR_SIZE];
int i;
for(i=0;i<dwpnt->pad;i++)
xfwrite(blk, 1, SECTOR_SIZE, outfile);
last_extent_written += dwpnt->pad;
}
#endif /* APPLE_HYB */
dwnext = dwpnt;
dwpnt = dwpnt->next;
free(dwnext);
}
} /* write_files(... */
#if 0
static void dump_filelist()
{
struct deferred_write * dwpnt;
dwpnt = dw_head;
while(dwpnt)
{
fprintf(stderr, "File %s\n",dwpnt->name);
dwpnt = dwpnt->next;
}
fprintf(stderr,"\n");
}
#endif
static int FDECL2(compare_dirs, const void *, rr, const void *, ll)
{
char * rpnt, *lpnt;
struct directory_entry ** r, **l;
r = (struct directory_entry **) rr;
l = (struct directory_entry **) ll;
rpnt = (*r)->isorec.name;
lpnt = (*l)->isorec.name;
#ifdef APPLE_HYB
/* resource fork MUST (not sure if this is true for HFS volumes) be
before the data fork - so force it here */
if ((*r)->assoc && (*r)->assoc == (*l))
return 1;
if ((*l)->assoc && (*l)->assoc == (*r))
return -1;
#endif /* APPLE_HYB */
/*
* If the entries are the same, this is an error.
*/
if( strcmp(rpnt, lpnt) == 0 )
{
sort_goof++;
}
/*
* Put the '.' and '..' entries on the head of the sorted list.
* For normal ASCII, this always happens to be the case, but out of
* band characters cause this not to be the case sometimes.
*
* FIXME(eric) - these tests seem redundant, in taht the name is
* never assigned these values. It will instead be \000 or \001,
* and thus should always be sorted correctly. I need to figure
* out why I thought I needed this in the first place.
*/
#if 0
if( strcmp(rpnt, ".") == 0 ) return -1;
if( strcmp(lpnt, ".") == 0 ) return 1;
if( strcmp(rpnt, "..") == 0 ) return -1;
if( strcmp(lpnt, "..") == 0 ) return 1;
#else
/*
* The code above is wrong (as explained in Eric's comment), leading to incorrect
* sort order iff the -L option ("allow leading dots") is in effect and a directory
* contains entries that start with a dot.
*
* (TF, Tue Dec 29 13:49:24 CET 1998)
*/
if((*r)->isorec.name_len[0] == 1 && *rpnt == 0) return -1; /* '.' */
if((*l)->isorec.name_len[0] == 1 && *lpnt == 0) return 1;
if((*r)->isorec.name_len[0] == 1 && *rpnt == 1) return -1; /* '..' */
if((*l)->isorec.name_len[0] == 1 && *lpnt == 1) return 1;
#endif
while(*rpnt && *lpnt)
{
if(*rpnt == ';' && *lpnt != ';') return -1;
if(*rpnt != ';' && *lpnt == ';') return 1;
if(*rpnt == ';' && *lpnt == ';') return 0;
if(*rpnt == '.' && *lpnt != '.') return -1;
if(*rpnt != '.' && *lpnt == '.') return 1;
if((unsigned char)*rpnt < (unsigned char)*lpnt) return -1;
if((unsigned char)*rpnt > (unsigned char)*lpnt) return 1;
rpnt++; lpnt++;
}
if(*rpnt) return 1;
if(*lpnt) return -1;
return 0;
}
/*
* Function: sort_directory
*
* Purpose: Sort the directory in the appropriate ISO9660
* order.
*
* Notes: Returns 0 if OK, returns > 0 if an error occurred.
*/
int FDECL1(sort_directory, struct directory_entry **, sort_dir)
{
int dcount = 0;
int xcount = 0;
int j;
int i, len;
struct directory_entry * s_entry;
struct directory_entry ** sortlist;
/* need to keep a count of how many entries are hidden */
s_entry = *sort_dir;
while(s_entry)
{
if (s_entry->de_flags & INHIBIT_ISO9660_ENTRY)
xcount++;
dcount++;
s_entry = s_entry->next;
}
if( dcount == 0 )
{
return 0;
}
/*
* OK, now we know how many there are. Build a vector for sorting.
*/
sortlist = (struct directory_entry **)
e_malloc(sizeof(struct directory_entry *) * dcount);
j = dcount - 1;
dcount = 0;
s_entry = *sort_dir;
while(s_entry)
{
if(s_entry->de_flags & INHIBIT_ISO9660_ENTRY)
{
/* put any hidden entries at the end of the vector */
sortlist[j--] = s_entry;
}
else
{
sortlist[dcount] = s_entry;
dcount++;
}
len = s_entry->isorec.name_len[0];
s_entry->isorec.name[len] = 0;
s_entry = s_entry->next;
}
/*
* Each directory is required to contain at least . and ..
*/
if( dcount < 2 )
{
sort_goof = 1;
}
else
{
/* only sort the non-hidden entries */
sort_goof = 0;
#ifdef __STDC__
qsort(sortlist, dcount, sizeof(struct directory_entry *),
(int (*)(const void *, const void *))compare_dirs);
#else
qsort(sortlist, dcount, sizeof(struct directory_entry *),
compare_dirs);
#endif
/*
* Now reassemble the linked list in the proper sorted order
* We still need the hidden entries, as they may be used in the
* Joliet tree.
*/
for(i=0; i<dcount+xcount-1; i++)
{
sortlist[i]->next = sortlist[i+1];
}
sortlist[dcount+xcount-1]->next = NULL;
*sort_dir = sortlist[0];
}
free(sortlist);
return sort_goof;
}
static int root_gen()
{
init_fstatbuf();
root_record.length[0] = 1 + sizeof(struct iso_directory_record)
- sizeof(root_record.name);
root_record.ext_attr_length[0] = 0;
set_733((char *) root_record.extent, root->extent);
set_733((char *) root_record.size, ROUND_UP(root->size));
iso9660_date(root_record.date, root_statbuf.st_mtime);
root_record.flags[0] = 2;
root_record.file_unit_size[0] = 0;
root_record.interleave[0] = 0;
set_723(root_record.volume_sequence_number, volume_sequence_number);
root_record.name_len[0] = 1;
return 0;
}
static void FDECL1(assign_file_addresses, struct directory *, dpnt)
{
struct directory * finddir;
struct directory_entry * s_entry;
struct file_hash *s_hash;
struct deferred_write * dwpnt;
char whole_path[1024];
while (dpnt)
{
s_entry = dpnt->contents;
for(s_entry = dpnt->contents; s_entry; s_entry = s_entry->next)
{
/*
* If we already have an extent for this entry,
* then don't assign a new one. It must have come
* from a previous session on the disc. Note that
* we don't end up scheduling the thing for writing
* either.
*/
if( isonum_733((unsigned char *) s_entry->isorec.extent) != 0 )
{
continue;
}
/*
* This saves some space if there are symlinks present
*/
s_hash = find_hash(s_entry->dev, s_entry->inode);
if(s_hash)
{
if(verbose > 2)
{
fprintf(stderr, "Cache hit for %s%s%s\n",s_entry->filedir->de_name,
SPATH_SEPARATOR, s_entry->name);
}
set_733((char *) s_entry->isorec.extent, s_hash->starting_block);
set_733((char *) s_entry->isorec.size, s_hash->size);
continue;
}
/*
* If this is for a directory that is not a . or a .. entry,
* then look up the information for the entry. We have already
* assigned extents for directories, so we just need to
* fill in the blanks here.
*/
if (strcmp(s_entry->name,".") && strcmp(s_entry->name,"..") &&
s_entry->isorec.flags[0] == 2)
{
finddir = dpnt->subdir;
while(1==1)
{
if(finddir->self == s_entry) break;
finddir = finddir->next;
if(!finddir)
{
fprintf(stderr,"Fatal goof\n"); exit(1);
}
}
set_733((char *) s_entry->isorec.extent, finddir->extent);
s_entry->starting_block = finddir->extent;
s_entry->size = ROUND_UP(finddir->size);
total_dir_size += s_entry->size;
add_hash(s_entry);
set_733((char *) s_entry->isorec.size, ROUND_UP(finddir->size));
continue;
}
/*
* If this is . or .., then look up the relevant info from the
* tables.
*/
if(strcmp(s_entry->name,".") == 0)
{
set_733((char *) s_entry->isorec.extent, dpnt->extent);
/*
* Set these so that the hash table has the
* correct information
*/
s_entry->starting_block = dpnt->extent;
s_entry->size = ROUND_UP(dpnt->size);
add_hash(s_entry);
s_entry->starting_block = dpnt->extent;
set_733((char *) s_entry->isorec.size, ROUND_UP(dpnt->size));
continue;
}
if(strcmp(s_entry->name,"..") == 0)
{
if(dpnt == root)
{
total_dir_size += root->size;
}
set_733((char *) s_entry->isorec.extent, dpnt->parent->extent);
/*
* Set these so that the hash table has the
* correct information
*/
s_entry->starting_block = dpnt->parent->extent;
s_entry->size = ROUND_UP(dpnt->parent->size);
add_hash(s_entry);
s_entry->starting_block = dpnt->parent->extent;
set_733((char *) s_entry->isorec.size, ROUND_UP(dpnt->parent->size));
continue;
}
/*
* Some ordinary non-directory file. Just schedule the
* file to be written. This is all quite
* straightforward, just make a list and assign extents
* as we go. Once we get through writing all of the
* directories, we should be ready write out these
* files
*/
if(s_entry->size)
{
dwpnt = (struct deferred_write *)
e_malloc(sizeof(struct deferred_write));
#ifdef APPLE_HYB
/* save this directory entry for later use */
dwpnt->s_entry = s_entry;
/* set the initial padding to zero */
dwpnt->pad = 0;
/* maybe an offset to start of the real file/fork */
dwpnt->off = s_entry->hfs_off;
#endif /* APPLE_HYB */
if(dw_tail)
{
dw_tail->next = dwpnt;
dw_tail = dwpnt;
}
else
{
dw_head = dwpnt;
dw_tail = dwpnt;
}
if(s_entry->inode == TABLE_INODE)
{
dwpnt->table = s_entry->table;
dwpnt->name = NULL;
#ifdef APPLE_HYB
snprintf(whole_path, sizeof whole_path, "%s%s%s",
s_entry->filedir->whole_name, SPATH_SEPARATOR,
trans_tbl);
#else
snprintf(whole_path, sizeof whole_path,
"%s%sTRANS.TBL",
s_entry->filedir->whole_name, SPATH_SEPARATOR);
#endif /* APPLE_HYB */
}
else
{
dwpnt->table = NULL;
strcpy(whole_path, s_entry->whole_name);
dwpnt->name = strdup(whole_path);
}
dwpnt->next = NULL;
dwpnt->size = s_entry->size;
dwpnt->extent = last_extent;
set_733((char *) s_entry->isorec.extent, last_extent);
s_entry->starting_block = last_extent;
add_hash(s_entry);
last_extent += ROUND_UP(s_entry->size) >> 11;
if(verbose > 2)
{
fprintf(stderr,"%d %d %s\n", s_entry->starting_block,
last_extent-1, whole_path);
}
#ifdef DBG_ISO
if((ROUND_UP(s_entry->size) >> 11) > 500)
{
fprintf(stderr,"Warning: large file %s\n", whole_path);
fprintf(stderr,"Starting block is %d\n", s_entry->starting_block);
fprintf(stderr,"Reported file size is %d extents\n", s_entry->size);
}
#endif
#ifdef NOT_NEEDED /* Never use this code if you like to create a DVD */
if(last_extent > (800000000 >> 11))
{
/*
* More than 800Mb? Punt
*/
fprintf(stderr,"Extent overflow processing file %s\n", whole_path);
fprintf(stderr,"Starting block is %d\n", s_entry->starting_block);
fprintf(stderr,"Reported file size is %d extents\n", s_entry->size);
exit(1);
}
#endif
continue;
}
/*
* This is for zero-length files. If we leave the extent 0,
* then we get screwed, because many readers simply drop files
* that have an extent of zero. Thus we leave the size 0,
* and just assign the extent number.
*/
set_733((char *) s_entry->isorec.extent, last_extent);
}
if(dpnt->subdir)
{
assign_file_addresses(dpnt->subdir);
}
dpnt = dpnt->next;
}
} /* assign_file_addresses(... */
static void FDECL1(free_one_directory, struct directory *, dpnt)
{
struct directory_entry * s_entry;
struct directory_entry * s_entry_d;
s_entry = dpnt->contents;
while(s_entry)
{
s_entry_d = s_entry;
s_entry = s_entry->next;
if( s_entry_d->name != NULL )
{
free (s_entry_d->name);
}
if( s_entry_d->whole_name != NULL )
{
free (s_entry_d->whole_name);
}
#ifdef APPLE_HYB
if (apple_both && s_entry_d->hfs_ent && !s_entry_d->assoc)
free(s_entry_d->hfs_ent);
#endif /* APPLE_HYB */
free (s_entry_d);
}
dpnt->contents = NULL;
} /* free_one_directory(... */
static void FDECL1(free_directories, struct directory *, dpnt)
{
while (dpnt)
{
free_one_directory(dpnt);
if(dpnt->subdir) free_directories(dpnt->subdir);
dpnt = dpnt->next;
}
}
void FDECL2(generate_one_directory, struct directory *, dpnt, FILE *, outfile)
{
unsigned int ce_address = 0;
char * ce_buffer;
unsigned int ce_index = 0;
unsigned int ce_size;
unsigned int dir_index;
char * directory_buffer;
int new_reclen;
struct directory_entry * s_entry;
struct directory_entry * s_entry_d;
unsigned int total_size;
total_size = (dpnt->size + (SECTOR_SIZE - 1)) & ~(SECTOR_SIZE - 1);
directory_buffer = (char *) e_malloc(total_size);
memset(directory_buffer, 0, total_size);
dir_index = 0;
ce_size = (dpnt->ce_bytes + (SECTOR_SIZE - 1)) & ~(SECTOR_SIZE - 1);
ce_buffer = NULL;
if(ce_size)
{
ce_buffer = (char *) e_malloc(ce_size);
memset(ce_buffer, 0, ce_size);
ce_index = 0;
/*
* Absolute byte address of CE entries for this directory
*/
ce_address = last_extent_written + (total_size >> 11);
ce_address = ce_address << 11;
}
s_entry = dpnt->contents;
while(s_entry)
{
/* skip if it's hidden */
if(s_entry->de_flags & INHIBIT_ISO9660_ENTRY) {
s_entry = s_entry->next;
continue;
}
/*
* We do not allow directory entries to cross sector boundaries.
* Simply pad, and then start the next entry at the next sector
*/
new_reclen = s_entry->isorec.length[0];
if( (dir_index & (SECTOR_SIZE - 1)) + new_reclen >= SECTOR_SIZE )
{
dir_index = (dir_index + (SECTOR_SIZE - 1)) &
~(SECTOR_SIZE - 1);
}
memcpy(directory_buffer + dir_index, &s_entry->isorec,
sizeof(struct iso_directory_record) -
sizeof(s_entry->isorec.name) + s_entry->isorec.name_len[0]);
dir_index += sizeof(struct iso_directory_record) -
sizeof (s_entry->isorec.name)+ s_entry->isorec.name_len[0];
/*
* Add the Rock Ridge attributes, if present
*/
if(s_entry->rr_attr_size)
{
if(dir_index & 1)
{
directory_buffer[dir_index++] = 0;
}
/*
* If the RR attributes were too long, then write the
* CE records, as required.
*/
if(s_entry->rr_attr_size != s_entry->total_rr_attr_size)
{
unsigned char * pnt;
int len, nbytes;
/*
* Go through the entire record and fix up the CE entries
* so that the extent and offset are correct
*/
pnt = s_entry->rr_attributes;
len = s_entry->total_rr_attr_size;
while(len > 3)
{
#ifdef DEBUG
if (!ce_size)
{
fprintf(stderr,"Warning: ce_index(%d) && ce_address(%d) not initialized\n",
ce_index, ce_address);
}
#endif
if(pnt[0] == 'C' && pnt[1] == 'E')
{
nbytes = get_733( (char *) pnt+20);
if((ce_index & (SECTOR_SIZE - 1)) + nbytes >=
SECTOR_SIZE)
{
ce_index = ROUND_UP(ce_index);
}
set_733( (char *) pnt+4,
(ce_address + ce_index) >> 11);
set_733( (char *) pnt+12,
(ce_address + ce_index) & (SECTOR_SIZE - 1));
/*
* Now store the block in the ce buffer
*/
memcpy(ce_buffer + ce_index,
pnt + pnt[2], nbytes);
ce_index += nbytes;
if(ce_index & 1)
{
ce_index++;
}
}
len -= pnt[2];
pnt += pnt[2];
}
}
rockridge_size += s_entry->total_rr_attr_size;
memcpy(directory_buffer + dir_index, s_entry->rr_attributes,
s_entry->rr_attr_size);
dir_index += s_entry->rr_attr_size;
}
if(dir_index & 1)
{
directory_buffer[dir_index++] = 0;
}
s_entry_d = s_entry;
s_entry = s_entry->next;
/*
* Joliet doesn't use the Rock Ridge attributes, so we free it here.
*/
if (s_entry_d->rr_attributes)
{
free(s_entry_d->rr_attributes);
s_entry_d->rr_attributes = NULL;
}
}
if(dpnt->size != dir_index)
{
fprintf(stderr,"Unexpected directory length %d %d %s\n",dpnt->size,
dir_index, dpnt->de_name);
}
xfwrite(directory_buffer, 1, total_size, outfile);
last_extent_written += total_size >> 11;
free(directory_buffer);
if(ce_size)
{
if(ce_index != dpnt->ce_bytes)
{
fprintf(stderr,"Continuation entry record length mismatch (%d %d).\n",
ce_index, dpnt->ce_bytes);
}
xfwrite(ce_buffer, 1, ce_size, outfile);
last_extent_written += ce_size >> 11;
free(ce_buffer);
}
} /* generate_one_directory(... */
static
void FDECL1(build_pathlist, struct directory *, node)
{
struct directory * dpnt;
dpnt = node;
while (dpnt)
{
/* skip if it's hidden */
if( (dpnt->dir_flags & INHIBIT_ISO9660_ENTRY) == 0 )
pathlist[dpnt->path_index] = dpnt;
if(dpnt->subdir) build_pathlist(dpnt->subdir);
dpnt = dpnt->next;
}
} /* build_pathlist(... */
static int FDECL2(compare_paths, void const *, r, void const *, l)
{
struct directory const *ll = *(struct directory * const *)l;
struct directory const *rr = *(struct directory * const *)r;
if (rr->parent->path_index < ll->parent->path_index)
{
return -1;
}
if (rr->parent->path_index > ll->parent->path_index)
{
return 1;
}
return strcmp(rr->self->isorec.name, ll->self->isorec.name);
} /* compare_paths(... */
static int generate_path_tables()
{
struct directory_entry * de;
struct directory * dpnt;
int fix;
int i;
int j;
int namelen;
char * npnt;
char * npnt1;
int tablesize;
/*
* First allocate memory for the tables and initialize the memory
*/
tablesize = path_blocks << 11;
path_table_m = (char *) e_malloc(tablesize);
path_table_l = (char *) e_malloc(tablesize);
memset(path_table_l, 0, tablesize);
memset(path_table_m, 0, tablesize);
/*
* Now start filling in the path tables. Start with root directory
*/
if( next_path_index > 0xffff )
{
fprintf(stderr, "Unable to generate sane path tables - too many directories (%d)\n",
next_path_index);
exit(1);
}
path_table_index = 0;
pathlist = (struct directory **) e_malloc(sizeof(struct directory *)
* next_path_index);
memset(pathlist, 0, sizeof(struct directory *) * next_path_index);
build_pathlist(root);
do
{
fix = 0;
#ifdef __STDC__
qsort(&pathlist[1], next_path_index-1, sizeof(struct directory *),
(int (*)(const void *, const void *))compare_paths);
#else
qsort(&pathlist[1], next_path_index-1, sizeof(struct directory *),
compare_paths);
#endif
for(j=1; j<next_path_index; j++)
{
if(pathlist[j]->path_index != j)
{
pathlist[j]->path_index = j;
fix++;
}
}
} while(fix);
for(j=1; j<next_path_index; j++)
{
dpnt = pathlist[j];
if(!dpnt)
{
fprintf(stderr,"Entry %d not in path tables\n", j);
exit(1);
}
npnt = dpnt->de_name;
/*
* So the root comes out OK
*/
if( (*npnt == 0) || (dpnt == root) )
{
npnt = ".";
}
npnt1 = strrchr(npnt, PATH_SEPARATOR);
if(npnt1)
{
npnt = npnt1 + 1;
}
de = dpnt->self;
if(!de)
{
fprintf(stderr,"Fatal goof\n");
exit(1);
}
namelen = de->isorec.name_len[0];
path_table_l[path_table_index] = namelen;
path_table_m[path_table_index] = namelen;
path_table_index += 2;
set_731(path_table_l + path_table_index, dpnt->extent);
set_732(path_table_m + path_table_index, dpnt->extent);
path_table_index += 4;
set_721(path_table_l + path_table_index,
dpnt->parent->path_index);
set_722(path_table_m + path_table_index,
dpnt->parent->path_index);
path_table_index += 2;
for(i =0; i<namelen; i++)
{
path_table_l[path_table_index] = de->isorec.name[i];
path_table_m[path_table_index] = de->isorec.name[i];
path_table_index++;
}
if(path_table_index & 1)
{
path_table_index++; /* For odd lengths we pad */
}
}
free(pathlist);
if(path_table_index != path_table_size)
{
fprintf(stderr,"Path table lengths do not match %d %d\n",
path_table_index,
path_table_size);
}
return 0;
} /* generate_path_tables(... */
void
FDECL3(memcpy_max, char *, to, char *, from, int, max)
{
int n = strlen(from);
if (n > max)
{
n = max;
}
memcpy(to, from, n);
} /* memcpy_max(... */
void FDECL1(outputlist_insert, struct output_fragment *, frag)
{
if( out_tail == NULL )
{
out_list = out_tail = frag;
}
else
{
out_tail->of_next = frag;
out_tail = frag;
}
}
static int FDECL1(file_write, FILE *, outfile)
{
int should_write;
#ifdef APPLE_HYB
char buffer[2048];
memset(buffer, 0, sizeof(buffer));
if (apple_hyb) {
int i;
/* write out padding to round up to HFS allocation block */
for(i=0;i<hfs_pad;i++)
xfwrite(buffer, 1, sizeof(buffer), outfile);
last_extent_written += hfs_pad;
}
#endif /* APPLE_HYB */
/*
* OK, all done with that crap. Now write out the directories.
* This is where the fur starts to fly, because we need to keep track of
* each file as we find it and keep track of where we put it.
*/
should_write = last_extent - session_start;
if( print_size > 0 )
{
#ifdef APPLE_HYB
if (apple_hyb)
fprintf(stderr,"Total extents scheduled to be written (inc HFS) = %d\n",
last_extent - session_start);
else
#endif
fprintf(stderr,"Total extents scheduled to be written = %d\n",
last_extent - session_start);
exit(0);
}
if( verbose > 2 )
{
#ifdef DBG_ISO
fprintf(stderr,"Total directory extents being written = %d\n", last_extent);
#endif
#ifdef APPLE_HYB
if (apple_hyb)
fprintf(stderr,"Total extents scheduled to be written (inc HFS) = %d\n",
last_extent - session_start);
else
#endif
fprintf(stderr,"Total extents scheduled to be written = %d\n",
last_extent - session_start);
}
/*
* Now write all of the files that we need.
*/
write_files(outfile);
#ifdef APPLE_HYB
/* write out extents/catalog/dt file */
if (apple_hyb) {
xfwrite(hce->hfs_ce, hce->hfs_tot_size, HFS_BLOCKSZ, outfile);
/* round up to a whole CD block */
if (H_ROUND_UP(hce->hfs_tot_size) - hce->hfs_tot_size*HFS_BLOCKSZ)
xfwrite(buffer, 1, H_ROUND_UP(hce->hfs_tot_size) - hce->hfs_tot_size*HFS_BLOCKSZ, outfile);
last_extent_written += ROUND_UP(hce->hfs_tot_size*HFS_BLOCKSZ)/SECTOR_SIZE;
/* write out HFS boot block */
if (mac_boot.name)
write_one_file(mac_boot.name, mac_boot.size, outfile, mac_boot.off);
}
#endif /* APPLE_HYB */
/*
* The rest is just fluff.
*/
if( verbose == 0 )
{
return 0;
}
#ifdef APPLE_HYB
if (apple_hyb) {
fprintf(stderr, "Total extents actually written (inc HFS) = %d\n",
last_extent_written - session_start);
fprintf(stderr, "(Size of ISO volume = %d, HFS extra = %d)\n",
last_extent_written - session_start - hfs_extra, hfs_extra);
}
else
#else
fprintf(stderr,"Total extents actually written = %d\n",
last_extent_written - session_start);
#endif /* APPLE_HYB */
/*
* Hard links throw us off here
*/
if(should_write != last_extent - session_start)
{
fprintf(stderr,"Number of extents written not what was predicted. Please fix.\n");
fprintf(stderr,"Predicted = %d, written = %d\n", should_write, last_extent);
}
fprintf(stderr,"Total translation table size: %d\n", table_size);
fprintf(stderr,"Total rockridge attributes bytes: %d\n", rockridge_size);
fprintf(stderr,"Total directory bytes: %d\n", total_dir_size);
fprintf(stderr,"Path table size(bytes): %d\n", path_table_size);
#ifdef DEBUG
fprintf(stderr, "next extent, last_extent, last_extent_written %d %d %d\n",
next_extent, last_extent, last_extent_written);
#endif
return 0;
} /* iso_write(... */
/*
* Function to write the PVD for the disc.
*/
static int FDECL1(pvd_write, FILE *, outfile)
{
char iso_time[17];
int should_write;
struct tm local;
struct tm gmt;
time(&begun);
local = *localtime(&begun);
gmt = *gmtime(&begun);
/*
* This will break in the year 2000, I supose, but there is no good way
* to get the top two digits of the year.
*/
snprintf(iso_time, sizeof iso_time, "%4.4d%2.2d%2.2d%2.2d%2.2d%2.2d00",
1900 + local.tm_year,
local.tm_mon+1, local.tm_mday,
local.tm_hour, local.tm_min, local.tm_sec);
local.tm_min -= gmt.tm_min;
local.tm_hour -= gmt.tm_hour;
local.tm_yday -= gmt.tm_yday;
iso_time[16] = (local.tm_min + 60*(local.tm_hour + 24*local.tm_yday)) / 15;
/*
* Next we write out the primary descriptor for the disc
*/
memset(&vol_desc, 0, sizeof(vol_desc));
vol_desc.type[0] = ISO_VD_PRIMARY;
memcpy(vol_desc.id, ISO_STANDARD_ID, sizeof(ISO_STANDARD_ID) - 1);
vol_desc.version[0] = 1;
memset(vol_desc.system_id, ' ', sizeof(vol_desc.system_id));
memcpy_max(vol_desc.system_id, system_id, strlen(system_id));
memset(vol_desc.volume_id, ' ', sizeof(vol_desc.volume_id));
memcpy_max(vol_desc.volume_id, volume_id, strlen(volume_id));
should_write = last_extent - session_start;
set_733((char *) vol_desc.volume_space_size, should_write);
set_723(vol_desc.volume_set_size, volume_set_size);
set_723(vol_desc.volume_sequence_number, volume_sequence_number);
set_723(vol_desc.logical_block_size, 2048);
/*
* The path tables are used by DOS based machines to cache directory
* locations
*/
set_733((char *) vol_desc.path_table_size, path_table_size);
set_731(vol_desc.type_l_path_table, path_table[0]);
set_731(vol_desc.opt_type_l_path_table, path_table[1]);
set_732(vol_desc.type_m_path_table, path_table[2]);
set_732(vol_desc.opt_type_m_path_table, path_table[3]);
/*
* Now we copy the actual root directory record
*/
memcpy(vol_desc.root_directory_record, &root_record,
sizeof(vol_desc.root_directory_record));
/*
* The rest is just fluff. It looks nice to fill in many of these fields,
* though.
*/
FILL_SPACE(volume_set_id);
if(volset_id) memcpy_max(vol_desc.volume_set_id, volset_id, strlen(volset_id));
FILL_SPACE(publisher_id);
if(publisher) memcpy_max(vol_desc.publisher_id, publisher, strlen(publisher));
FILL_SPACE(preparer_id);
if(preparer) memcpy_max(vol_desc.preparer_id, preparer, strlen(preparer));
FILL_SPACE(application_id);
if(appid) memcpy_max(vol_desc.application_id, appid, strlen(appid));
FILL_SPACE(copyright_file_id);
if(copyright) memcpy_max(vol_desc.copyright_file_id, copyright,
strlen(copyright));
FILL_SPACE(abstract_file_id);
if(abstract) memcpy_max(vol_desc.abstract_file_id, abstract,
strlen(abstract));
FILL_SPACE(bibliographic_file_id);
if(biblio) memcpy_max(vol_desc.bibliographic_file_id, biblio,
strlen(biblio));
FILL_SPACE(creation_date);
FILL_SPACE(modification_date);
FILL_SPACE(expiration_date);
FILL_SPACE(effective_date);
vol_desc.file_structure_version[0] = 1;
FILL_SPACE(application_data);
memcpy(vol_desc.creation_date, iso_time, 17);
memcpy(vol_desc.modification_date, iso_time, 17);
memcpy(vol_desc.expiration_date, "0000000000000000", 17);
memcpy(vol_desc.effective_date, iso_time, 17);
/*
* if not a bootable cd do it the old way
*/
xfwrite(&vol_desc, 1, 2048, outfile);
last_extent_written++;
return 0;
}
/*
* Function to write the EVD for the disc.
*/
static int FDECL1(evd_write, FILE *, outfile)
{
struct iso_primary_descriptor evol_desc;
/*
* Now write the end volume descriptor. Much simpler than the other one
*/
memset(&evol_desc, 0, sizeof(evol_desc));
evol_desc.type[0] = ISO_VD_END;
memcpy(evol_desc.id, ISO_STANDARD_ID, sizeof(ISO_STANDARD_ID) - 1);
evol_desc.version[0] = 1;
xfwrite(&evol_desc, 1, 2048, outfile);
last_extent_written += 1;
return 0;
}
/*
* Function to write the EVD for the disc.
*/
static int FDECL1(pathtab_write, FILE *, outfile)
{
/*
* Next we write the path tables
*/
xfwrite(path_table_l, 1, path_blocks << 11, outfile);
xfwrite(path_table_m, 1, path_blocks << 11, outfile);
last_extent_written += 2*path_blocks;
free(path_table_l);
free(path_table_m);
path_table_l = NULL;
path_table_m = NULL;
return 0;
}
static int FDECL1(exten_write, FILE *, outfile)
{
xfwrite(extension_record, 1, SECTOR_SIZE, outfile);
last_extent_written++;
return 0;
}
/*
* Functions to describe padding block at the start of the disc.
*/
int FDECL1(oneblock_size, int, starting_extent)
{
last_extent++;
return 0;
}
/*
* Functions to describe padding block at the start of the disc.
*/
static int FDECL1(pathtab_size, int, starting_extent)
{
path_table[0] = starting_extent;
path_table[1] = 0;
path_table[2] = path_table[0] + path_blocks;
path_table[3] = 0;
last_extent += 2*path_blocks;
return 0;
}
static int FDECL1(padblock_size, int, starting_extent)
{
last_extent += 16;
return 0;
}
static int file_gen()
{
#ifdef APPLE_HYB
int start_extent = last_extent; /* orig ISO files start */
#endif /* APPLE_HYB */
assign_file_addresses(root);
#ifdef APPLE_HYB
/* put this here for the time being - may when I've worked out how
to use Eric's new system for creating/writing parts of the image
it may move to it's own routine */
if (apple_hyb)
{
int Csize; /* clump size for HFS vol */
int loop = CTC_LOOP;
int last_extent_save = last_extent;
/* allocate memory for the libhfs/mkisofs extra info */
hce = (hce_mem *)e_malloc(sizeof(hce_mem));
hce->error = (char *)e_malloc(ERROR_SIZE);
/* mark as unallocated for use later */
hce->hfs_ce = hce->hfs_hdr = hce->hfs_map = 0;
/* reserve space for the label partition - if it is needed */
if (gen_pt)
hce->hfs_map_size = HFS_MAP_SIZE;
else
hce->hfs_map_size = 0;
/* set the intial factor to increase Catalog file size */
hce->ctc_size = CTC;
/* "create" the HFS volume (just the header, catalog/extents files)
if there's a problem with the Catalog file being too small,
we keep on increasing the size (up to CTC_LOOP) times and try again.
Unfortunately I don't know enough about the inner workings of
HFS, so I can't workout the size of the Catalog file in
advance (and I don't want to "grow" as is is normally allowed to),
therefore, this approach is a bit over the top as it involves
throwing away the "volume" we have created and trying again ... */
do
{
hce->error[0] = '\0';
/* attempt to create the Mac volume */
Csize = make_mac_volume(root, start_extent);
/* if we have a problem ... */
if (Csize < 0)
{
/* we've made too many attempts, or got some other error */
if (loop == 0 || errno != HCE_ERROR)
{
/* HCE_ERROR is not a valid errno value */
if (errno == HCE_ERROR)
errno = 0;
/* exit with the error */
if (*hce->error)
fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", hce->error);
err(1, "%s", hfs_error);
}
else
{
/* increase Catalog file size factor */
hce->ctc_size *= CTC;
/* reset the initial "last_extent" and try again */
last_extent = last_extent_save;
}
}
else
/* everything OK - just carry on ... */
loop = 0;
}
while (loop--);
hfs_extra = H_ROUND_UP(hce->hfs_tot_size)/SECTOR_SIZE;
last_extent += hfs_extra;
/* generate the Mac label and HFS partition maps */
mac_boot.name = hfs_boot_file;
/* only generate the partition tables etc. if we are making a bootable
CD - or if the -part option is given */
if (gen_pt) {
if (gen_mac_label(&mac_boot)) {
if (*hce->error)
fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", hce->error);
err(1, "%s", hfs_error);
}
}
/* set Autostart filename if required */
if (autoname) {
if(autostart())
errx(1, "Autostart filename must less than 12 characters");
}
/* finished with any HFS type errors */
free(hce->error);
hce->error = 0;
/* the ISO files need to start on a multiple of the HFS allocation
blocks, so find out how much padding we need */
/* take in accout alignment of files wrt HFS volume start */
hfs_pad = V_ROUND_UP(start_extent*SECTOR_SIZE + (hce->hfs_hdr_size + hce->hfs_map_size)*HFS_BLOCKSZ, Csize)/SECTOR_SIZE;
hfs_pad -= (start_extent + (hce->hfs_hdr_size + hce->hfs_map_size)/BLK_CONV);
}
#endif /* APPLE_HYB */
return 0;
}
static int dirtree_dump()
{
if (verbose > 2)
{
dump_tree(root);
}
return 0;
}
static int FDECL1(dirtree_fixup, int, starting_extent)
{
if (use_RockRidge && reloc_dir)
finish_cl_pl_entries();
if (use_RockRidge )
update_nlink_field(root);
return 0;
}
static int FDECL1(dirtree_size, int, starting_extent)
{
assign_directory_addresses(root);
return 0;
}
static int FDECL1(ext_size, int, starting_extent)
{
extern int extension_record_size;
struct directory_entry * s_entry;
extension_record_extent = starting_extent;
s_entry = root->contents;
set_733((char *) s_entry->rr_attributes + s_entry->rr_attr_size - 24,
extension_record_extent);
set_733((char *) s_entry->rr_attributes + s_entry->rr_attr_size - 8,
extension_record_size);
last_extent++;
return 0;
}
static int FDECL1(dirtree_write, FILE *, outfile)
{
generate_iso9660_directories(root, outfile);
return 0;
}
static int FDECL1(dirtree_cleanup, FILE *, outfile)
{
free_directories(root);
return 0;
}
static int FDECL1(padblock_write, FILE *, outfile)
{
char buffer[2048];
int i;
#ifdef APPLE_HYB
int n = 0;
#endif /* APPLE_HYB */
memset(buffer, 0, sizeof(buffer));
#ifdef APPLE_HYB
if (apple_hyb)
{
int r; /* HFS hdr output */
int tot_size = hce->hfs_map_size + hce->hfs_hdr_size;
/* get size in CD blocks == 4xHFS_BLOCKSZ == 2048 */
n = tot_size/BLK_CONV;
r = tot_size%BLK_CONV;
/* write out HFS volume header info */
xfwrite(hce->hfs_map, tot_size, HFS_BLOCKSZ, outfile);
/* write out any partial CD block */
if (r)
{
xfwrite(buffer, BLK_CONV-r, HFS_BLOCKSZ, outfile);
n++;
}
}
/* write out the remainder of the ISO header */
for(i=n; i<16; i++)
#else
for(i=0; i<16; i++)
#endif /* APPLE_HYB */
{
xfwrite(buffer, 1, sizeof(buffer), outfile);
}
last_extent_written += 16;
return 0;
}
#ifdef APPLE_HYB
/*
** get_adj_size: get the ajusted size of the volume with the HFS
** allocation block size for each file
*/
int FDECL1(get_adj_size, int, Csize)
{
struct deferred_write *dw;
int size = 0;
int count = 0;
/* loop through all the files finding the new total size */
for(dw = dw_head; dw; dw = dw->next)
{
size += V_ROUND_UP(dw->size, Csize);
count++;
}
/* crude attempt to prevent overflows - HFS can only cope with a
maximum of about 65536 forks (actually less) - this will trap
cases when we have far too many files */
if (count >= 65536)
return (-1);
else
return(size);
}
/*
** adj_size: adjust the ISO record entries for all files
** based on the HFS allocation block size
*/
int FDECL3(adj_size, int, Csize, int, start_extent, int, extra)
{
struct deferred_write *dw;
struct directory_entry *s_entry;
int size;
/* get the adjusted start_extent (with padding) */
/* take in accout alignment of files wrt HFS volume start */
start_extent = V_ROUND_UP(start_extent*SECTOR_SIZE + extra *HFS_BLOCKSZ, Csize)/SECTOR_SIZE;
start_extent -= (extra/BLK_CONV);
/* initialise file hash */
flush_hash();
/* loop through all files changing their starting blocks and
finding any padding needed to written out latter */
for(dw = dw_head; dw; dw = dw->next)
{
s_entry = dw->s_entry;
s_entry->starting_block = dw->extent = start_extent;
set_733((char *) s_entry->isorec.extent, start_extent);
size = V_ROUND_UP(dw->size, Csize)/SECTOR_SIZE;
dw->pad = size - ROUND_UP(dw->size)/SECTOR_SIZE;
/* cache non-HFS files - as there may be multiple links to
these files (HFS files can't have multiple links). We will
need to change the starting extent of the other links later */
if (!s_entry->hfs_ent)
add_hash(s_entry);
start_extent += size;
}
return(start_extent);
}
/*
** adj_size_other: adjust any non-HFS files that may be linked
** to an existing file (i.e. not have a deferred_write
** entry of it's own
*/
void FDECL1(adj_size_other, struct directory *, dpnt)
{
struct directory_entry * s_entry;
struct file_hash *s_hash;
while (dpnt)
{
s_entry = dpnt->contents;
for(s_entry = dpnt->contents; s_entry; s_entry = s_entry->next)
{
/* if it's an HFS file or a directory - then ignore
(we're after non-HFS files) */
if (s_entry->hfs_ent || (s_entry->isorec.flags[0] & 2))
continue;
/* find any cached entry and assign new starting extent */
s_hash = find_hash(s_entry->dev, s_entry->inode);
if(s_hash)
{
set_733((char *) s_entry->isorec.extent, s_hash->starting_block);
/* not vital - but tidy */
s_entry->starting_block = s_hash->starting_block;
}
}
if(dpnt->subdir)
{
adj_size_other(dpnt->subdir);
}
dpnt = dpnt->next;
}
/* clear file hash */
flush_hash();
}
#endif /* APPLE_HYB */
struct output_fragment padblock_desc = {NULL, padblock_size, NULL, padblock_write};
struct output_fragment voldesc_desc = {NULL, oneblock_size, root_gen, pvd_write};
struct output_fragment end_vol = {NULL, oneblock_size, NULL, evd_write};
struct output_fragment pathtable_desc = {NULL, pathtab_size, generate_path_tables, pathtab_write};
struct output_fragment dirtree_desc = {NULL, dirtree_size, NULL, dirtree_write};
struct output_fragment dirtree_clean = {NULL, dirtree_fixup, dirtree_dump, dirtree_cleanup};
struct output_fragment extension_desc = {NULL, ext_size, NULL, exten_write};
struct output_fragment files_desc = {NULL, NULL, file_gen, file_write};
``` |
Rotala malampuzhensis is a terrestrial annual gregarious herb. It is endemic to the Western Ghats.
Description
The stems are many branched, creeping and rooting below. Leaves are narrow, sessile, oppositely arranged alternately at right angles, microscopically truncate at apex. The flowers and fruits are solitary, sessile and crimson color.
Distribution and habitat
In Kerala this plant is common in Alappuzha, Kozhikkode, Malappuram, Palakkad, Kottayam, and Kannur districts in moist areas.
References
malampuzhensis |
American Lithographic Co. v. Werkmeister, 221 U.S. 603 (1911), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held a corporation defendant in a suit to enforce copyright infringement penalties is not entitled to a Fourth or Fifth Amendment objection to the admission of its bookkeeping entries into evidence when they are produced under a subpoena duces tecum.
References
External links
1911 in United States case law
United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the White Court
United States copyright case law
United States Fourth Amendment case law
United States Fifth Amendment self-incrimination case law |
Ohad ( or ) is a moshav in southern Israel. Located in the Hevel Eshkol area of the north-western Negev desert near the Gaza Strip border, it falls under the jurisdiction of Eshkol Regional Council. In it had a population of .
History
Founded in 1969 by immigrants from various countries, it is named after Ohad, the third son of Shim'on (Simeon), mentioned in the Bible (Genesis 46:10), with the neighbouring communal settlement Tzohar named after his brother, mentioned in the same biblical verse.
References
Moshavim
Populated places established in 1969
Gaza envelope
Populated places in Southern District (Israel)
1969 establishments in Israel |
The 1999–2000 Scottish Challenge Cup was the ninth season of the competition, which was also known as the Bell's Challenge Cup for sponsorship reasons. It was competed for by the 30 member clubs of the Scottish Football League. The defending champions were Falkirk, who defeated Queen of the South 1–0 in the 1997 final.
The final was played on 21 November 1999, between Inverness Caledonian Thistle and Alloa Athletic at Excelsior Stadium in Airdrie. Alloa Athletic won 5–4 on penalties after a 4–4 draw after extra time, to win the tournament for the first time in the club's history.
Schedule
First round
Forfar Athletic and Livingston received random byes into the second round.
Source: Soccerbase
Second round
Source: Soccerbase
Quarter-finals
Semi-finals
Final
Notes
A. The 1998–99 tournament was suspended due to lack of sponsorship
References
External links
Scottish Football League Scottish Challenge Cup on Scottish Football League website
ESPN Soccernet Scottish League Challenge Cup homepage on ESPN Soccernet
BBC Sport – Scottish Cups Challenge Cup on BBC Sport
Scottish Challenge Cup seasons
Challenge Cup
Scottish Challenge Cup |
Perkhuryevo () is a rural locality (a village) in Vysokovskoye Rural Settlement, Ust-Kubinsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 2 as of 2002.
Geography
Perkhuryevo is located 21 km southeast of Ustye (the district's administrative centre) by road. Zubarevo is the nearest rural locality.
References
Rural localities in Ust-Kubinsky District |
Naraq (, also Romanized as Naragh and Narāq; also known as Nareh Ţavīl and Narāk) is a city in the Central District of Delijan County, Markazi province, Iran.
At the 2006 census, its population was 2,508 in 826 households. The following census in 2011 counted 2,744 people in 865 households. The latest census in 2016 showed a population of 2,592 people in 872 households.
Naraq is an old city, with 130 historical buildings and sites. Chal-nakhjir cave or Delijan Cave, is one of the natural touristic attractions of Delijan. Mulla Ahmad Naraghi is one of the well-known clerics in Naraq.
References
Delijan County
Cities in Markazi Province
Populated places in Markazi Province
Populated places in Delijan County |
Johnstown (March 12, 1936 – May 14, 1950) was an American Hall of Fame Thoroughbred racehorse who won two out of every three races he competed in.
Background
Johnstown was a bay horse bred at Claiborne Farm. He was purchased by William Woodward Sr. and raced under his Belair Stable banner.
Racing career
After a successful season racing at age two when he won seven of his twelve starts, in the spring of 1939 Johnstown gave trainer Sunny Jim Fitzsimmons his third straight Wood Memorial Stakes, an important stepping stone to the U.S. Triple Crown races.
The heavy favorite going into the Kentucky Derby, Johnstown got off to a slow start under jockey James Stout, then he took command by the mile pole and defeated Challedon by eight lengths, tying the (still current, 2015) record for margin of victory. In the Preakness Stakes, it came up muddy (he never raced on an off-track before or after), and Johnstown finished 5th to winner Challedon. With Challedon not eligible for the Belmont Stakes, Johnstown easily won the final leg of the U.S. Triple Crown races. He later won several more important races and wound up his highly successful season with seven wins in nine starts.
Stud record
Retired to stud at Claiborne Farm, Johnstown met with modest success as a sire, producing winners of only six stakes races. However, he was a leading broodmare sire during the 1950s with his most famous offspring being Hall of Famer Nashua.
Johnstown died in 1950 at the age of fourteen and was buried in the equine cemetery at Claiborne Farm. He was posthumously inducted into the United States' National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 1992. His portrait by artist Martin Stainforth can be seen as part of the museum's equine collection.
Pedigree
See also
List of racehorses
References
Johnstown's pedigree and racing stats
Details of Johnstown's 1939 Kentucky Derby victory
Johnstown at the United States' National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame
1936 racehorse births
1950 racehorse deaths
Racehorses bred in Kentucky
Racehorses trained in the United States
Kentucky Derby winners
Belmont Stakes winners
United States Thoroughbred Racing Hall of Fame inductees
Hancock family
Thoroughbred family 17-b |
Don Chicago is a 1945 British crime comedy film directed by Maclean Rogers and starring Jackie Hunter, Joyce Heron and Claud Allister. It is based on the novel by C. E. Bechhofer Roberts.
Plot
An aspiring but timid gangster is forced to leave the United States after crossing the wrong people, but upon arriving in Britain he is treated as a dangerous criminal.
Don Chicago steals the Crown Jewels from the Tower of London whilst on a day-trip. He infiltrates the BBC to make various announcements.
Cast
Jackie Hunter as Don Chicago
Eddie Gray as Police Constable Gray
Joyce Heron as Kitty Mannering
Claud Allister as Lord Piccadilly
Amy Veness as Bowie Knife Bella
Wylie Watson as Peabody
Don Stannard as Ken Cressing
Charles Farrell as Don Dooley
Finlay Currie as Bugs Mulligan
Cyril Smith as Flash Kelly
Ellen Pollock as Lady Vanessa
Moira Lister as Telephone Operator
Wally Patch as Sergeant
References
External links
1945 films
Films directed by Maclean Rogers
1945 comedy films
British crime comedy films
British black-and-white films
Films set in London
Films set in Hampshire
Films scored by Percival Mackey
1940s British films |
The 1840 New York gubernatorial election was held from November 2 to 4, 1840, to elect the Governor and Lieutenant Governor of New York.
Candidates
The Whig Party nominated incumbent governor William H. Seward. They nominated incumbent Luther Bradish for Lieutenant Governor.
The Democratic Party nominated former Erie Canal Commissioner William C. Bouck. They nominated state senator Daniel S. Dickinson for Lieutenant Governor.
The Liberty party nominated Gerrit Smith. They nominated Charles O. Shepard for Lieutenant Governor.
Results
The Whig ticket of Seward and Bradish was elected.
Sources
Result: The Tribune Almanac 1842
1840
New York
Gubernatorial election
November 1840 events |
```php
<?php
/**
*/
namespace OCA\User_LDAP\Tests\Integration\Lib\User;
use OCA\User_LDAP\FilesystemHelper;
use OCA\User_LDAP\Mapping\UserMapping;
use OCA\User_LDAP\Tests\Integration\AbstractIntegrationTest;
use OCA\User_LDAP\User\DeletedUsersIndex;
use OCA\User_LDAP\User\Manager;
use OCA\User_LDAP\User\User;
use OCA\User_LDAP\User_LDAP;
use OCA\User_LDAP\UserPluginManager;
use OCP\IAvatarManager;
use OCP\Image;
use Psr\Log\LoggerInterface;
require_once __DIR__ . '/../../Bootstrap.php';
class IntegrationTestUserAvatar extends AbstractIntegrationTest {
/** @var UserMapping */
protected $mapping;
/**
* prepares the LDAP environment and sets up a test configuration for
* the LDAP backend.
*/
public function init() {
require(__DIR__ . '/../../setup-scripts/createExplicitUsers.php');
parent::init();
$this->mapping = new UserMapping(\OC::$server->getDatabaseConnection());
$this->mapping->clear();
$this->access->setUserMapper($this->mapping);
$userBackend = new User_LDAP($this->access, \OC::$server->getNotificationManager(), \OC::$server->get(UserPluginManager::class), \OC::$server->get(LoggerInterface::class), \OC::$server->get(DeletedUsersIndex::class));
\OC_User::useBackend($userBackend);
}
/**
* A method that does the common steps of test cases 1 and 2. The evaluation
* is not happening here.
*
* @param string $dn
* @param string $username
* @param string $image
*/
private function execFetchTest($dn, $username, $image) {
$this->setJpegPhotoAttribute($dn, $image);
// assigns our self-picked oc username to the dn
$this->mapping->map($dn, $username, 'fakeUUID-' . $username);
// initialize home folder and make sure that the user will update
// also remove an possibly existing avatar
\OC_Util::tearDownFS();
\OC_Util::setupFS($username);
\OC::$server->getUserFolder($username);
\OC::$server->getConfig()->deleteUserValue($username, 'user_ldap', User::USER_PREFKEY_LASTREFRESH);
if (\OC::$server->get(IAvatarManager::class)->getAvatar($username)->exists()) {
\OC::$server->get(IAvatarManager::class)->getAvatar($username)->remove();
}
// finally attempt to get the avatar set
$user = $this->userManager->get($dn);
$user->updateAvatar();
}
/**
* tests whether an avatar can be retrieved from LDAP and stored correctly
*
* @return bool
*/
protected function case1() {
$image = file_get_contents(__DIR__ . '/../../data/avatar-valid.jpg');
$dn = 'uid=alice,ou=Users,' . $this->base;
$username = 'alice1337';
$this->execFetchTest($dn, $username, $image);
return \OC::$server->get(IAvatarManager::class)->getAvatar($username)->exists();
}
/**
* tests whether an image received from LDAP which is of an invalid file
* type is dealt with properly (i.e. not set and not dying).
*
* @return bool
*/
protected function case2() {
// gif by Pmspinner from path_to_url
$image = file_get_contents(__DIR__ . '/../../data/avatar-invalid.gif');
$dn = 'uid=boris,ou=Users,' . $this->base;
$username = 'boris7844';
$this->execFetchTest($dn, $username, $image);
return !\OC::$server->get(IAvatarManager::class)->getAvatar($username)->exists();
}
/**
* This writes an image to the 'jpegPhoto' attribute on LDAP.
*
* @param string $dn
* @param string $image An image read via file_get_contents
* @throws \OC\ServerNotAvailableException
*/
private function setJpegPhotoAttribute($dn, $image) {
$changeSet = ['jpegphoto' => $image];
ldap_mod_add($this->connection->getConnectionResource(), $dn, $changeSet);
}
protected function initUserManager() {
$this->userManager = new Manager(
\OC::$server->getConfig(),
new FilesystemHelper(),
\OC::$server->get(LoggerInterface::class),
\OC::$server->get(IAvatarManager::class),
new Image(),
\OC::$server->getDatabaseConnection(),
\OC::$server->getUserManager(),
\OC::$server->getNotificationManager()
);
}
/**
* sets up the LDAP configuration to be used for the test
*/
protected function initConnection() {
parent::initConnection();
$this->connection->setConfiguration([
'ldapUserFilter' => 'objectclass=inetOrgPerson',
'ldapUserDisplayName' => 'displayName',
'ldapGroupDisplayName' => 'cn',
'ldapLoginFilter' => 'uid=%uid',
]);
}
}
/** @var string $host */
/** @var int $port */
/** @var string $adn */
/** @var string $apwd */
/** @var string $bdn */
$test = new IntegrationTestUserAvatar($host, $port, $adn, $apwd, $bdn);
$test->init();
$test->run();
``` |
Jaco Van Niekerk is an ex-South African Rugby League footballer.
Career
Niekerk represented South Africa at the 1995 World Cup and participated in two matches.
References
Living people
South African rugby league players
South Africa national rugby league team players
Rugby league props
Place of birth missing (living people)
Date of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people) |
The Murphy's Cup was a golf tournament on the European Tour from 1989 to 1991.
In its inaugural year it was held opposite the PLM Open and listed on the tour schedule as an "Approved Special Event". As such it did not count towards the Order of Merit, and Hugh Baiocchi's victory is not recognised as an official tour win. In 1990 it was elevated to full tour status.
The Murphy's Cup used Stableford scoring, with a modified version of the points system being operated in 1990 and 1991: two points were awarded for birdie, four for an eagle and six for an albatross, while one point was deducted for a bogey and two for a double bogey or worse.
Winners
References
External links
Coverage on the European Tour's official site
Former European Tour events
Golf tournaments in England
Golf tournaments in Wales |
The BAE Systems Mark 36 Super Rapid Bloom Offboard Countermeasures Chaff and Decoy Launching System (abbreviated as SRBOC or "Super-arboc") is an American short-range decoy launching system (DLS) that launches radar or infrared decoys from naval vessels to foil incoming anti-ship missiles. The decoys present false signals and interference to the attacking missiles' guidance and fire-control systems.
Description
The Mark 36 SRBOC uses the Mark 137 launcher, which has six fixed 130 mm mortar tubes arranged in two parallel rows. One row is set at 45 degrees and the other is set at 60 degrees, providing a spread of the launched decoys. Firing circuits use electromagnetic induction to set off the propelling charges in the decoy cartridges. They are launched at a speed of 75 m/s.
Each launcher holds 12–36 rounds, depending on variant. The number and arrangement of Mk 36 launchers installed depends on the size of the ship, ranging from two launchers on a small combatant to as many as eight on an aircraft carrier.
To complement conventional ballistic decoys, the FLYRT (FLYing Radar Target) decoy had been developed in the 1990s. It had rocket propulsion and flew at a ship-like speed in an attempt to present itself as a surface target. However, FLYRT did not undergo production. Instead, a modified version of the Mark 36 SRBOC, redesignated as the Mark 53 decoy launching system, was created to use the newer Nulka active radar decoy. Nulka hovers in the air and emits radiofrequency energy to lure the seekers of anti-ship missiles.
The Mark 36 is interfaced with the AN/SLQ-32 electronic warfare suite. The SLQ-32 (with the exception of the (V)4 variant) can automatically fire decoys from the Mark 36 SRBOCs when it detects an anti-ship missile attack.
The Mark 36 SRBOC is similar to the Sea Gnat decoy system.
Components
The decoy launching system consists of:
Mark 137 launcher
Mark 158 Mod 1/2 master launcher control - located in the Combat Information Center. This is the primary means of operating the system.
Mark 164 Mod 1/2 bridge launcher control - gives the bridge the capability to also control the system.
Mark 160 Mod 1 power supply (one for each launcher) below deck - the power supplies operate from the onboard single-phase network 440 V, 60 Hz and supply launchers with a constant voltage of 28 V. In the event of a lack of voltage in the on-board network, they are capable of delivering 24 V from emergency batteries for 5–8 hours.
Ready service lockers with Mark 5 Mod 2 or Mark 6 Mod 0 rounds - located near each launcher, they enable quick reloading of the decoy launching systems.
Ammunition
The Mark 36 can be equipped with and fire the following decoys:
Mark 182 Mod 1/2 seduction chaff decoy
Mark 214 Mod 0 Sea Gnat seduction chaff decoy
Mark 216 Mod 0 Sea Gnat distraction chaff decoy
Mark 186 TORCH infrared decoy
Mark 245 GIANT infrared decoy
Variants
Table reference:
Operators
As of 2010, over 1,000 Mark 36 SRBOC systems are in use by the fleets of at least 19 countries, including:
References
Citations
Bibliography
External links
Federation of American Scientists page
SRBOC Factsheet
Naval warfare
Electronic warfare
Missile countermeasures
Equipment of the United States Navy
Electronic warfare equipment |
Cratippus can refer to:
Cratippus of Athens, a 4th-century BC historian
Cratippus of Pergamon, a 1st-century BC philosopher |
Jack Tramiel ( ; born Idek Trzmiel; December 13, 1928 – April 8, 2012) was an American businessman and Holocaust survivor, best known for founding Commodore International. The Commodore PET, VIC-20, and Commodore 64 are some home computers produced while he was running the company. Tramiel later formed Atari Corporation after he purchased the remnants of the original Atari, Inc. from its parent company. He was one of 6 people spotlighted when the Computer was denoted "Machine of the Year" by Time magazine in 1982.
Early years
Tramiel was born as Idek Trzmiel (some sources also list Juda Trzmiel, Jacek Trzmiel, or Idek Tramielski) into a Jewish family, the son of Abram Josef Trzmiel and Rifka Bentkowska.
After the German invasion of Poland in 1939 his family was transported by German occupiers to the Jewish ghetto in Łódź, where he worked in a garment factory. When the ghettos were liquidated, his family was sent to the Auschwitz concentration camp. He was examined by Josef Mengele and selected for a work party, after which he and his father were sent to the labor camp Ahlem near Hanover, while his mother remained at Auschwitz. Like many other inmates, his father was reported to have died of typhus in the work camp; however, Tramiel believed he was killed by an injection of gasoline. Tramiel was rescued from the labor camp in April 1945 by the 84th Infantry Division of the U.S. Army.
On November 10, 1947, Tramiel immigrated to the United States. He soon joined the U.S. Army, where he learned how to repair office equipment, including typewriters.
Commodore
Typewriters and calculators
In 1953, while working as a taxi driver, Tramiel bought a shop in the Bronx to repair office machinery, securing a $25,000 loan for the business from a U.S. Army entitlement. He named it Commodore Portable Typewriter. Tramiel wanted a military-style name for his company, but names such as Admiral and General were already taken, so he settled on the Commodore name.
In 1956, Tramiel signed a deal with a Czechoslovak typewriter manufacturer Zbrojovka Brno NP to assemble and sell their typewriters in North America. However, as Czechoslovakia was part of the Warsaw Pact, they could not be imported directly into the U.S., so Tramiel used parts from Zbrojovka's Consul typewriters and set up Commodore Business Machines in Toronto, Canada. After Zbrojovka began developing their own hardware Commodore signed an agreement in 1962 with Rheinmetall-Borsig AG and began to sell Commodore portable typewriters made from the parts of older Rheinmetall-Borsig typewriters. In 1962, Commodore went public, but the arrival of Japanese typewriters in the U.S. market made the selling of Czechoslovakian typewriters unprofitable. Struggling for cash, the company sold 17% of its stock to Canadian businessman Irving Gould, taking in $400,000 and using the money to re-launch the company in the adding machine business, which was profitable for a time before the Japanese entered that field as well. Stung twice by the same source, Gould suggested that Tramiel travel to Japan to learn why they were able to outcompete North Americans in their own local markets. It was during this trip that Tramiel saw the first digital calculators, and decided that the mechanical adding machine was a dead end.
When Commodore released its first calculators, combining an LED display from Bowmar and an integrated circuit from Texas Instruments (TI), it found a ready market. However, after slowly realizing the size of the market, TI decided to cut Commodore out of the middle, and released their own calculators at a price point below Commodore's cost of just the chips. Gould once again rescued the company, injecting another $3 million, which allowed Commodore to purchase MOS Technology, Inc. an IC design and semiconductor manufacturer, a company which had also supplied Commodore with calculator ICs. When their lead designer, Chuck Peddle, told Tramiel that calculators were a dead end and computers were the future, Tramiel told him to build one to prove the point.
Home computers
Peddle responded with the Commodore PET, based on his company's MOS Technology 6502 processor. It was first shown, privately, at the Chicago Consumer Electronics Show in 1977, and soon the company was receiving 50 calls a day from dealers wanting to sell the computer. The PET became a success—especially in the education field, where its all-in-one design was a major advantage. Much of their success with the PET came from the business decision to sell directly to large customers, instead of selling to them through a dealer network. The first PET computers were sold primarily in Europe, where Commodore had also introduced the first wave of digital handheld calculators.
As prices dropped and the market matured, the PET's monochrome monitor (green text on black screen) was at a disadvantage in the market when compared to machines like the Apple II and Atari 800, which offered color graphics and could be hooked to a television as an inexpensive display. Commodore responded with the VIC-20, and then the Commodore 64, which became the best-selling home computer of all time. The VIC-20 was the first computer to sell one million units. The Commodore 64 sold several million units. It was during this time that Tramiel coined the phrase, "We need to build computers for the masses, not the classes." An industry executive attributed to Tramiel the discontinuation of the TI-99/4A home computer in 1983, after the company had lost hundreds of millions of dollars, stating that "TI got suckered by Jack".
Departure
Gould had controlled the company since 1966. He and Tramiel often argued, but Gould usually let Tramiel run Commodore by himself. Tramiel was considered by many to be a micromanager who did not believe in budgets; he wanted to approve every expense greater than $1,000, which meant that operations stopped when Tramiel went on vacation. His management style made it difficult for Commodore to hire and keep executives, but was effective. Adam Osborne wrote in 1981:
Tramiel angrily left a January 13, 1984 meeting of Commodore's board of directors led by chairman Gould, and never returned to the company. What happened at the board meeting remains unclear, but the departure surprised the industry because of Commodore's great success against competitors. The press reported the poor relationship between Tramiel and Gould as the cause. Neil Harris, editor of Commodore Magazine, recalled:
Tramiel said that he had resigned from Commodore because he disagreed with Gould "on the basic principles, how to run the company. And I felt that if I could not go into my office smiling, and being happy, I'd better quit". Their disagreement was so bitter that, after his departure, Commodore Magazine was forbidden to quote Tramiel or mention his name. Ahoy! wrote that although Tramiel's "obsession with controlling the cost of every phase of the manufacturing process" had led to record profits during the home computer price war, his "inflexible one-man rule" had resulted in poor dealer relations and "a steady turnover of top executives at Commodore". The magazine concluded "it has become increasingly clear that the company is just too big for one man, however talented, to run".
During a question and answer session at CommVEx v11 (July 18, 2015), Jack's son, Leonard Tramiel, stated that now that both Irving Gould and his dad Jack were both deceased, he could finally reveal to the crowd, what really transpired between Jack and Irving Gould resulting in Tramiel leaving Commodore: On January 13, 1984 during a meeting with Irving, Jack told Irving that treating the assets of the company as his own and using them for personal use was wrong. He said to Irving, "you can't do that while I'm still president" to which Irving responded by saying "Goodbye". Three days after the show, Jack announced to the public that he was resigning from the company.
Whilst acknowledging this description of events, David Pleasance (the eventual managing director of Commodore UK) also states that Gould told him the falling out was due to Tramiel's insistence on his three sons joining the board.
In a 1986 interview with Dr. Achim Becker for the german newspaper DATA WELT, at the question "Why did you leave Commodore? Is there a simple answer to this question?" Jack Tramiel answered:If you ask the people who have worked with me, they will tell you that I have changed virtually nothing in the last 25 years. I've always been one of them. Just because we were a billion-dollar company, we didn't have to throw money out the window like a billion-dollar company. Because, if you spend more, you have to raise prices. The man I worked for disagreed. When business was better, he wanted to spend more. That's one of the points where we disagreed. We also disagreed on the issue of financing. I felt that the moment our stock was trading high, we should have issued new stock; especially since we had never had an increase since we went public in 1962. With the $120 million we would have earned from 2 million new shares, we could have paid all our debts to the banks and strengthened the company's position. It would have allowed us to weather any storm without relying on the banks. The man I worked for thought this would dilute his share in the company and lose influence in the process - that was absolutely wrong. Those were the main reasons. In short, our philosophies were different. It got to the point where I said to him: Either I can run the company the way I think it should be run or I have to leave. I was told very kindly: If you don't want to do it the way I do, then leave. And I left.In an interview with Fortune magazine on April 13, 1998, Tramiel said "Business is war, I don't believe in compromising, I believe in winning."
Atari
After a short break from the computer industry, he formed a new company named Tramel Technology, Ltd., in order to design and sell a next-generation home computer. The company was named "Tramel" to help ensure that it would be pronounced correctly (i.e., "tra – mel" instead of "tra – meal").
In July 1984, Tramel Technology bought the Consumer Division of Atari Inc. from Warner Communications. The division had fallen on hard times due to the video game crash of 1983. TTL was then renamed Atari Corporation, and went on to produce the 16-bit Atari ST computer line based on Motorola's MC68000 CPU, directly competing with Apple's Macintosh and Commodore's Amiga, which also used the same CPU. Under Tramiel's direction, the Atari ST was a considerable success in Europe, and globally in the professional music market.
Despite successfully shipping the ST, Tramiel's poor personal reputation hurt Atari. One retailer said in 1985 about the ST that because of its prior experience with Tramiel "Our interest in Atari is zero, zilch". A software company executive said "Dealing with Commodore was like dealing with Attila the Hun. I don't know if Tramiel will be following his old habits ... I don't see a lot of people rushing to get software on the machine." (One ex-Commodore employee said that to Tramiel "software wasn't tangible—you couldn't hold it, feel it, or touch it—so it wasn't worth spending money for".) Steve Arnold of LucasArts said after meeting with Tramiel that he reminded him of Jabba the Hutt, while within Atari Darth Vader was often the comparison. Another executive was more positive, stating "Jack Tramiel is a winner. I wouldn't bet against him." In 1988 Stewart Alsop II called Tramiel and Alan Sugar "the world's two leading business-as-war entrepreneurs".
In the late 1980s, Tramiel decided to step away from day-to-day operations at Atari, naming his son, Sam, President and CEO. In 1995, Sam suffered a heart attack, and his father returned to oversee operations. In 1996, Tramiel sold Atari to disk-drive manufacturer Jugi Tandon Storage in a reverse merger deal. The newly merged company was named JTS Corporation, and Tramiel joined the JTS board.
Later years
Michael Tomczyk recalled that when Tramiel asked the German government for financial incentives for Commodore to take over a factory,
Tramiel was a co-founder of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, which was opened in 1993. He was among many other survivors of the Ahlem labor camp who tracked down U.S. Army veteran Vernon Tott, who was among the 84th Division which rescued survivors from the camp and had taken and stored photographs of at least 16 of the survivors. Tott, who died of cancer in 2003, was personally commemorated by Tramiel with an inscription on one of the Holocaust Museum's walls saying "To Vernon W. Tott, My Liberator and Hero".
Tramiel retired in 1996 and moved to Monte Sereno, California. He died of heart failure on April 8, 2012, aged 83.
References
Further reading
The Home Computer Wars: An Insider's Account of Commodore and Jack Tramiel by Michael Tomczyk, Compute, 1984,
On the Edge: The Spectacular Rise and Fall of Commodore by Brian Bagnall, Variant Press, 2005,
External links
1985 episode of The Computer Chronicles featuring an extended interview with Tramiel
You Don't Know Jack at a Commodore history site
Biography about Jack Tramiel at History Corner (in German)
The story of Commodore and the 8-bit generation | Leonard Tramiel | TEDxMidAtlantic via YouTube
1928 births
2012 deaths
Atari people
Commodore people
Polish emigrants to the United States
American people of Polish-Jewish descent
American company founders
American taxi drivers
Auschwitz concentration camp survivors
Łódź Ghetto inmates
Technology company founders
People from Monte Sereno, California |
The Moeangiangi River is a river of the Hawke's Bay region of New Zealand's North Island. It flows east from hill country to the east of Lake Tutira to reach Hawke Bay north of Napier.
See also
List of rivers of New Zealand
References
Rivers of the Hawke's Bay Region
Rivers of New Zealand |
Nikola "Pop" Simić (; 2 December 1897 – 22 December 1969) was a Serbian football player and manager. He was one of the first "stars" of the first generation of Serbian footballers and played over 100 official matches for BSK Belgrade. He was the coach of the Yugoslavia national team in 1936.
Biography
Born in Belgrade, he studied in the School of Theology at Bogoslovija. In 1911 he joined the youth team of BSK Belgrade and later debuted for the first team. In the winter of 1915–16, during World War I he left Serbia in the Serbian army's retreat through Albania. He moved to France where he continued his studies and played in OGC Nice, AS Monaco FC, Olympique de Marseille, Grenoble Foot 38, Olympique Lyonnais and Toulouse FC. He also played half season with Oxford in England.
At the end of the war, he returned to Belgrade, now the capital of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (renamed to Yugoslavia in 1929) and rejoined his former team BSK in 1919. He became one of the best players of the Blues, known for his excellent technical skills, and even became team captain. After retiring in 1925, for many years he was member of the club direction.
He played 10 matches for the Belgrade Football Subassociation team, and he was part of the first Yugoslavia national team squad which was gathered to play in the 1920 Summer Olympics having played the second match against Egypt on 2 September 1920.
After retiring he was in charge of the football sectioned od BSK in three periods: 1926–1932, 1933–1936 and 1941–1942. He was also the coach of the Belgrade Football Subassociation team, and in 1936 for a short period he was the main coach of the Yugoslavia national team.
References
1897 births
1969 deaths
Footballers from Belgrade
Men's association football midfielders
Serbian men's footballers
Yugoslav men's footballers
Yugoslavia men's international footballers
Olympic footballers for Yugoslavia
Footballers at the 1920 Summer Olympics
OFK Beograd players
OGC Nice players
AS Monaco FC players
Olympique de Marseille players
Grenoble Foot 38 players
Olympique Lyonnais players
Toulouse FC players
Expatriate men's footballers in France
Expatriate men's footballers in England
Serbian football managers
Yugoslav football managers |
Ernest Arthur Thorne (7 June 1887 – 18 November 1968) was an English tug of war competitor who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics representing Great Britain. In 1920 he won the gold medal as member of the British team, which was wholly composed of City of London Police officers.
References
External links
profile
Olympic profile
1887 births
1968 deaths
English Olympic medallists
Olympic tug of war competitors for Great Britain
Tug of war competitors at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medallists for Great Britain
Olympic medalists in tug of war
Medalists at the 1920 Summer Olympics
City of London Police officers |
, also known as the Keiyō Industrial Region, the Keiyō Industrial Area, or the Keiyō Industrial Belt, is an industrial zone on the northeastern coast of Tokyo Bay that crosses 8 cities in Chiba Prefecture, Japan. The zone spans from the western part of Urayasu in the northeast to Futtsu in the southeast of the region. The zone has no political or administrative status.
Etymology
The name of the industrial zone is formed from two kanji characters. The first, , means "capital city" and refers to Tokyo. The second, , meaning "leaf", is the second kanji in "Chiba" and refers to Chiba Prefecture, and the compound refers to the Tokyo-Chiba region.
Geography
The Keiyō Industrial Zone spans the coast of Tokyo Bay from Urayasu in the northeast, through Funabashi, Chiba City, Kisarazu, Kimitsu, Ichihara, Sodegaura, and ends in Futtsu to the southeast. Numerous small rivers empty into the industrial region, and provide a source of water to support industry. They include the Edo River, the Yōrō River, and the Koito River.
History
Before industrialization the Keiyō region was originally home to nori seaweed collection, the shellfish industry, mixed small-scale fishing and agricultural villages, and beach resorts. The Keihin region, spanning west from Tokyo to Yokohama, was developed after World War I. With the rapid development of the defense industry in Japan from the beginning of the Shōwa period in 1926, a plan for the decentralization of industry from the immediate Tokyo area was planned in 1935.
The Keiyō Industrial Region was fully developed after World War II. Some land reclamation had been carried out in coastal areas of Tokyo Bay as part of the industrialization of Japan in the early 20th century. Reclaimed land areas replaced traditional fishing areas and supported small factories. The construction of the Kawasaki Steel Works in Chiba City in 1953 marked the beginning of the large-scale construction of heavy industry infrastructure in the industrial zone, and other industries soon followed. The deepwater ports of the Keiyō Industrial Zone were built starting in the 1950s. Thermal power generators were built, and large tracts of land were reclaimed from the bay for expansion of the Keiyō region. Keiyō was significantly expanded in the 1960s. Heavy metal and chemical production were among the highest in Japan by the 1970s.
Industries
The zone is a major base for the electric power generation, petrochemical, petroleum, shipbuilding, logistics, shipping, and steel industries. The Port of Chiba is a major component to the Keiyō Industrial Region.
Gallery
References
Industry in Japan
High-technology business districts
Kantō region
Geography of Chiba Prefecture
Chiba (city) |
Andrew Keith Jack (also known as Keith Jack) (9 September 1885 – 26 September 1966) was an Australian physicist who served as a member of the Ross Sea Party as part of Ernest Shackleton's Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition.
Keith Jack was educated at the University of Melbourne, graduating with an MSc in 1914. A year later he joined the Shackleton expedition, where along with other members of the crew, he became stranded for 2 years in Antarctic after the loss of the ship Aurora. During this time he kept a regular diary across five volumes. Keith was rescued along with six other survivors in 1917. Keith also took many photographs during the expedition, some of which were later hand-coloured as lantern slides. Keith's diaries, as well as a number of his artefacts from the expedition, including his 1829 Aneroid barometer and a set of two thermometers, were bequeathed to the Museum Victoria.
After the expedition, Keith worked during the war in an explosives factory (known as the Cordite Factory), utilising his expertise in chemistry, eventually become a Senior Assistant Manager. After the war he took on various roles managing explosives and safety for the Australian Government.
References
1885 births
1966 deaths
Australian physicists
University of Melbourne alumni
Antarctic expeditions |
```java
package com.yyydjk.gank.theme;
import android.content.Context;
import android.content.res.Resources;
import android.util.AttributeSet;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.RelativeLayout;
/**
* Created by chengli on 15/6/8.
*/
public class ColorRelativeLayout extends RelativeLayout implements ColorUiInterface {
private int attr_background = -1;
public ColorRelativeLayout(Context context) {
super(context);
}
public ColorRelativeLayout(Context context, AttributeSet attrs) {
super(context, attrs);
this.attr_background = ViewAttributeUtil.getBackgroundAttibute(attrs);
}
public ColorRelativeLayout(Context context, AttributeSet attrs, int defStyleAttr) {
super(context, attrs, defStyleAttr);
this.attr_background = ViewAttributeUtil.getBackgroundAttibute(attrs);
}
@Override
public View getView() {
return this;
}
@Override
public void setTheme(Resources.Theme themeId) {
if (attr_background != -1) {
ViewAttributeUtil.applyBackgroundDrawable(this, themeId, attr_background);
}
}
}
``` |
Ticelia was a supposed city and diocese, in Cyrenaica. The article by Siméon Vailhé in the 1912 Catholic Encyclopedia expressed perplexity about its identity or existence. The supposed bishopric is not accepted into the Catholic Church's list of titular sees.
References
Ancient Cyrenaica
Historical regions |
Apoctena flavescens is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in New Zealand, where it is found on both the North and South islands.
The larvae are polyphagous.
References
Moths described in 1877
Epitymbiini
Moths of New Zealand
Endemic fauna of New Zealand
Taxa named by Arthur Gardiner Butler
Endemic moths of New Zealand |
Ricardo Bayer (born 1904, date of death unknown) was a Chilean athlete. He competed in the men's hammer throw at the 1928 Summer Olympics.
References
1904 births
Year of death missing
Athletes (track and field) at the 1928 Summer Olympics
Chilean male hammer throwers
Olympic athletes for Chile
Place of birth missing |
Turnberry may refer to:
Place
Canada
Morris-Turnberry, Ontario, a municipality in Huron County, Ontario, Canada
United States
Turnberry Associates, a real estate development company based in Florida
Turnberry Isle Resort and Club, a resort near Miami, Florida
Turnberry Place, a residential complex in Las Vegas, Nevada
Turnberry Towers, residential complex in Las Vegas, Nevada
United Kingdom
Turnberry, South Ayrshire, a village in South Ayrshire, Scotland, and location where the Battle of Turnberry was fought
Battle of Turnberry, 1307 battle
Turnberry Castle, ruins of a former castle in Ayrshire, Scotland
Turnberry Estate, a residential area in Bloxwich, West Midlands, England
Turnberry railway station, a railway station in Ayrshire, Scotland serving the Turnberry Resort
Turnberry (golf course), a golf resort in South Ayrshire, Scotland
Turnberry Lighthouse, at Turnberry Point, South Ayrshire
See also
All pages beginning with "Turnberry" |
Coquitlam is a city in British Columbia, Canada.
Coquitlam may also refer to:
Places
Coquitlam 1, properly known as Coquitlam Indian Reserve No. 1, and Indian reserve on the Coquitlam River
Coquitlam 2, an Indian reserve in British Columbia, Canada
Coquitlam (electoral district), a former provincial electoral district in British Columbia, Canada
Coquitlam-Moody, a former provincial electoral district in British Columbia, Canada
Coquitlam-Maillardville, a provincial electoral district in British Columbia, Canada
Port Coquitlam, a city in British Columbia, Canada
Natural formations
Coquitlam Mountain, a mountain east of Coquitlam Lake in British Columbia, Canada
Coquitlam Range, a range of mountains including Coquitlam Mountain
Coquitlam River, a river in British Columbia, Canada
Coquitlam Dam, a dam on the river
Coquitlam Lake, a reservoir formed by the dam
Other uses
Coquitlam Indian Band, aka Coquitlam First Nation
Coquitlam Town Centre, a shopping mall and surrounding area in the city of Coquitlam, British Columbia |
The Trieste Troops Command was an Italian Army brigade-sized command located in the city of the Trieste and tasked with the defense of the city in case of a Yugoslav-Italian war.
History
Origins
After World War II the city of Trieste and the surrounding territory became the Free Territory of Trieste under direct responsibility of the United Nations Security Council. The territory was split into the Yugoslav-administered Zone B in the South and the British-American-administered Zone A in the north, which included the city of Trieste. The Allied Military Government administered Zone A, which was divided into peacekeeping and law enforcement sectors protected by 5,000 American troops (Trieste United States Troops – TRUST) and 5,000 British troops (British Element Trieste Force – BETFOR).
In 1953 Britain and the United States stated their intention to leave Zone A and hand its administration over to Italy. Subsequent negotiations led to the signing of the London Memorandum on 5 October 1954 by the foreign ministers of the United States, United Kingdom, Italy and Yugoslavia. The Memorandum gave Zone A with Trieste to Italy for an ordinary civil administration, and Zone B, which had already had a communist government since 1947, to Yugoslavia.
American and British forces immediately began to withdraw from Zone A and on 26 October 1954 the last TRUST commander, Major General John A. Dabney handed over control of Zone A to the Italian 82nd Infantry Regiment "Torino" which was transferred from its base in Forlì to Trieste and formed the core of the provisional Grouping "T".
On 15 September 1955 the Grouping "T" was reduced to 22nd Zonal Military Command and the 82nd Infantry Regiment "Torino" entered the Infantry Division "Folgore", which was given the task to defend the Yugoslav-Italian border between Gorizia and Trieste. On 1 April 1962 the 82nd Infantry Regiment "Torino" moved to Gorizia and was replaced in Trieste by the 151st Infantry Regiment "Sassari".
Trieste Military Command
On 1 September 1962 151st Infantry Regiment "Sassari" and the 14th Field Artillery Regiment entered the newly raised Trieste Military Command, which was tasked with the defence of the city. The area between the city and the Timavo river to the North was to be defended by the Cavalry Brigade "Pozzuolo del Friuli"'s Regiment "Piemonte Cavalleria" (2nd), which fielded two armored squadrons groups equipped with a mix of tanks and armored personnel carriers in Villa Opicina and Sgonico. The Piemonte Cavalleria was supported by the II Self-propelled Field Artillery Group in Banne, which was part of the 8th Self-propelled Field Artillery Regiment of the "Pozzuolo del Friuli" brigade. After its activation the Trieste Military Command came under the 5th Army Corps and consisted of the following units:
Trieste Military Command, in Trieste
151st Infantry Regiment "Sassari", in Trieste
Command Company, in Trieste
I Battalion, in Trieste
II Battalion, in Trieste
III Battalion, in Trieste
Anti-tank Company, in Trieste
14th Field Artillery Regiment, in Trieste (Duca delle Puglie barracks)
Command Battery, in Trieste
I Field Artillery Group, in Trieste, with 105/22 mod. 14/61 105mm towed howitzers
II Field Artillery Group, in Muggia, with 105/22 mod. 14/61 105mm towed howitzers
Recruits Training Company, in Trieste
Signal Platoon, in Trieste
Engineer Platoon, in Trieste
Light Aviation Section, in Prosecco
On 1 December 1968 the command was renamed Trieste Troops Command.
1975 reform
In 1975 the Italian army undertook a major reform of its forces and structure: the regimental level was abolished and battalions came under direct command of newly created multi-arms brigades. At the same time the divisions were reorganized and their areas of responsibility were redefined. On 30 September 1975 the 151st Infantry Regiment "Sassari" was disbanded and its II and III battalion put into reserve status, while the I Battalion was renamed as 1st Motorized Infantry Battalion "San Giusto". Likewise, the 14th Field Artillery Regiment and the II Field Artillery Group were disbanded and the I Field Artillery Group renamed 14th Field Artillery Group "Murge". At the same time the artillery group was equipped with the more powerful and more modern M114 towed howitzers. After the reform the Trieste Troops Command consisted of the following units:
Trieste Military Command, in Trieste
Command and Services Platoon, in Trieste
1st Motorized Infantry Battalion "San Giusto", in Trieste (includes one mechanized company with M113 APCs)
43rd Motorized Infantry Battalion "Forlì" (Reserve), in Trieste
255th Motorized Infantry Battalion "Veneto" (Reserve), in Trieste
14th Field Artillery Group "Murge", in Trieste (M114 155mm towed howitzers)
Engineer Platoon, in Trieste
Signal Platoon, in Trieste
Provisions Supply Platoon, in Trieste
Logistics Base, in Muggia
The command stored and maintained the materiel for the 43rd Motorized Infantry Battalion "Forlì" and 255th Motorized Infantry Battalion "Veneto", which in case of war would have been activated and filled with reservists from Trieste and the surrounding area. During the same reform the Cavalry Brigade "Pozzuolo del Friuli" was split and the Regiment "Piemonte Cavalleria" (2nd) was used to form the new Armored Brigade "Vittorio Veneto", which took over the defense of the area between Trieste and the Timavo river.
1986 reform
In 1986 the Italian Army abolished the divisional level and the Trieste Troops Command, headed at the time by a division general, was disbanded on 1 October 1986. The 1st Motorized Infantry Battalion "San Giusto" was transferred to the Mechanized Brigade "Vittorio Veneto", and the 14th Field Artillery Group "Murge" to the Artillery Command of the 5th Army Corps. The remaining units, including the two reserve battalions, were disbanded.
References
Commands of the Italian Army (post-1946)
Military units and formations established in the 1950s
Military units and formations disestablished in 1986
Trieste |
```turing
#!perl -w
BEGIN {
chdir 't' if -d 't';
require "./test.pl";
set_up_inc('../lib');
}
use strict;
use utf8;
use open qw( :utf8 :std );
plan 'no_plan';
# package klonk doesn't have a stash.
package o;
# No parents
package ur;
# 1 parent
@ur::ISA = 'ko';
package ;
# 2 parents
@ur::ISA = ('ko', 'o');
package ck;
# No parents, has @ISA
@ck::ISA = ();
package zzz;
@zzz::ISA = ('ck', 'o');
package ;
@::ISA = ('o', 'ck');
package main;
require mro;
my %expect =
(
ko => [qw(ko)],
ur => [qw(ur ko o)],
o => [qw(o)],
=> [qw()],
ck => [qw(ck)],
zzz => [qw(zzz ck o)],
=> [qw( o ck)],
);
foreach my $package (qw(ko ur o ck zzz )) {
my $ref = bless [], $package;
my $isa = $expect{$package};
is("@{mro::get_linear_isa($package)}", "@$isa", "\@ISA for $package");
foreach my $class ($package, @$isa, 'UNIVERSAL') {
object_ok($ref, $class, $package);
}
}
``` |
William Grasett Clarke (6 June 1821 – 11 February 1893) was an English first-class cricketer and clergyman.
The son of Foster Clarke, he was born at Bridgetown in Barbados in June 1821. He was educated at Winchester College, before going up to Oriel College, Oxford. While studying at Oxford, he made three appearances in first-class cricket for Oxford University, playing twice in 1840 against Cambridge University in The University Match and the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC), later following this up with a further appearance against the MCC in 1843. He made a fourth appearance in first-class cricket in 1848, playing for the MCC against Oxford University. After graduating from Oxford, Clarke took holy orders in the Church of England. He was the perpetual curate of Charlton Abbots, Gloucestershire from 1859–66. Clarke died at St Pancras in February 1893.
References
External links
1821 births
1893 deaths
People from Bridgetown
People educated at Winchester College
Alumni of Oriel College, Oxford
English cricketers
Oxford University cricketers
19th-century English Anglican priests
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers |
Java Business Integration (JBI) is a specification developed under the Java Community Process (JCP) for an approach to implementing a service-oriented architecture (SOA). The JCP reference is JSR 208 for JBI 1.0 and JSR 312 for JBI 2.0. JSR 312 was removed from the JCP balloting process on 17 Dec, 2010 by the submitters without being accepted.
JBI is built on a Web Services model and provides a pluggable architecture for a container that hosts service producer and consumer components. Services connect to the container via binding components (BC) or can be hosted inside the container as part of a service engine (SE). The services model used is Web Services Description Language 2.0. The central message delivery mechanism, the normalized message router (NMR), delivers normalized messages via one of four Message Exchange Patterns (MEPs), taken from WSDL 2.0:
In-Only: A standard one-way messaging exchange where the consumer sends a message to the provider that provides only a status response.
Robust In-Only: This pattern is for reliable one-way message exchanges. The consumer initiates with a message to which the provider responds with status. If the response is a status, the exchange is complete, but if the response is a fault, the consumer must respond with a status.
In-Out: A standard two-way message exchange where the consumer initiates with a message, the provider responds with a message or fault and the consumer responds with a status.
In Optional-Out: A standard two-way message exchange where the provider's response is optional.
To handle functionality that deals with installation, deployment, monitoring and lifecycle concerns amongst BCs and SEs, Java Management Extensions (JMX) is used. JBI defines standardized packaging for BCs and SEs, allowing components to be portable to any JBI implementation without modification.
JBI defines standard packaging for composite applications: applications that are composed of service consumers and providers. Individual service units are deployable to components; groups of service units are gathered together into a service assembly. The service assembly includes metadata for "wiring" the service units together (associating service providers and consumers), as well as wiring service units to external services. This provides a simple mechanism for performing composite application assembly using services.
JBI implementations
The following open-source software JBI based ESB implementations are available:
Open ESB
Petals ESB
Apache ServiceMix
FUSE ESB (enterprise ServiceMix) - compliant JSR 208
Mule. Though not a JBI compliant container by itself, Mule provides interoperability with JBI containers. There is a separate Mule-JBI project that is to address this JBI compliance issue.
The following ESBs are certified by the JBI/JSR 208 TCK: Open ESB and Petals ESB.
In addition, the Project GlassFish open-source Java EE application server comes with the JBI runtime from the Open ESB project.
Java EE SDK also includes the JBI runtime and a BPEL orchestration engine.
Oracle claims its Fusion Middleware comes with JBI implementation.
TIBCO ActiveMatrix Service Grid provides a service container framework, based on the JSR 208 and SCA specifications (Service Component Architecture), allowing service containers (Java, Java EE, .net, BPEL) to be added as needed, as composite applications on a common foundation.
Existing JBI Components
Open JBI Components project on java.net is an incubator project started to foster community-based development of JBI components that conform to the Java Business Integration specification (JSR 208).
Books
Binildas A. Christudas, "Service-Oriented Java Business Integration" (Packt Publishing: Feb 2008, ; ), http://www.packtpub.com/service-oriented-java-business-integration
See also
Enterprise Service Bus solutions offered by several Java platform vendors.
Service Component Architecture (SCA)
References
External links
JSR 208 specification on the JCP site
JSR 312 page on the JCP site
Open SOA article on JBI's relationship to SCA
Java Business Integration Specification.
Business Integration
Business Integration
Service-oriented architecture-related products |
Ibrahim Pasha ( Ibrāhīm Bāshā; ; 1789 – 10 November 1848) was an Ottoman general in the Egyptian army and the eldest son of Muhammad Ali, the Wāli and unrecognised Khedive of Egypt and Sudan. He served as a general in the Egyptian army that his father established during his reign, taking his first command of Egyptian forces when he was merely a teenager. In the final year of his life, he succeeded his still-living father as ruler of Egypt and Sudan, owing to the latter's ill health. His rule also extended over the other dominions that his father had brought under Egyptian rule, namely Syria, Hejaz, Morea, Thasos, and Crete. Ibrahim pre-deceased his father, dying 10 November 1848, only four months after acceding to the throne. Upon his father's death the following year, the Egyptian throne passed to Ibrahim's nephew (son of Muhammad Ali's second oldest son), Abbas.
Ibrahim remains one of the most celebrated members of the Muhammad Ali dynasty, particularly for his impressive military victories, including several crushing defeats of the Ottoman Empire. Among Egyptian historians, Ibrahim, his father Muhammad Ali, and his son Isma'il the Magnificent are held in far higher esteem than other rulers from the dynasty, who were largely viewed as indolent and corrupt; this is largely the result of efforts by his grandson Fuad I of Egypt to ensure the positive portrayal of his paternal ancestors in the Royal Archives that he created, which were the primary source for Egyptian history from the 1920s until the 1970s. Today, a statue of Ibrahim occupies a prominent position in Egypt's capital, Cairo.
Background
His mother was Emine, born at Nusratli in 1770 and died in Cairo 1824. She was the widow of Ottoman official Serezli Ali Bey, and a daughter of the Ottoman Major Ali Aga of Nusratli. Ibrahim was her first-born son with Muhammad Ali of Egypt (her first born was Princess Tawhida). It is further known that he was born in the village of Nusratli (today Nikiforos), near the town of Drama, the Ottoman province of Rumelia, in what is now the eastern parts of Macedonian region in Greece.
In 1805, during his father's struggle to establish himself as ruler of Egypt, the adolescent Ibrahim, at 16, was sent as a hostage to the Ottoman Kapudan Pasha. However, Ibrahim was allowed to return to Egypt once his father was recognised as Wāli of Egypt by the Ottoman Sultan, and had defeated the British military expedition of Major General Alexander Mackenzie Fraser.
When Muhammad Ali went to Arabia to prosecute the war against the Al Saud in 1813, Ibrahim was left in command of Upper Egypt. He continued the war against the broken power of the Mameluks, whom he suppressed. In 1816 he succeeded his brother Tusun Pasha in command of the Egyptian forces in Arabia.
Campaigns against the house of Saud
Muhammad Ali had already begun to introduce European discipline into his army, and Ibrahim had probably received some training, but his first campaign was conducted more in the old Asiatic style than his later operations. The campaign lasted two years, and ended in the destruction of the House of Saud as a political power. Muhammad Ali landed at Yanbu, the port of Medina, in 1813. The holy cities had been recovered from the Saudis, and Ibrahim's task was to follow them into the desert of Nejd and destroy their fortresses. Such training as the Egyptian troops had received, and their artillery, gave them a marked superiority in the open field. But the difficulty of crossing the desert to the Saudis stronghold of Diriyah, some 400 miles east of Medina, made the conquest a very arduous one. Ibrahim displayed great energy and tenacity, sharing all the hardships of his army, and never allowing himself to be discouraged by failure. By the end of September 1818 he had forced the Saudi leader Abdullah bin Saud to surrender, and had taken Diriyah, which he sacked.
Operations in the Morea
On 11 December 1819 he made a triumphal entry into Cairo. After his return Ibrahim gave effective support to the Frenchman, Colonel Sève (Suleiman Pasha), who was employed to drill the army on the European model. Ibrahim set an example by submitting to be drilled as a recruit. In 1824, Muhammad Ali was appointed governor of the Morea (the Peloponnese peninsula in southern Greece) by Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II. Mahmud actually required the assistance of the well-trained Egyptian Army against the contemporary Greek Revolution, which his forces had been unable to quell: in 1822 the Greeks had decisively defeated an army of some 30,000 men under Sultanzade Mahmud Dramali Pasha.
Ibrahim was sent to the Peloponnese with a squadron and an army of 17,000 men. The expedition sailed on 4 July 1824, but was for some months unable to do more than come and go between Rhodes and Crete. The fear of the Greek fire ships stopped his way to the Morea. When the Greek sailors mutinied from want of pay, Ibrahim was able to land at Modon on 26 February 1825. He remained in the Morea until the capitulation of 1 October 1828 was forced on him by the intervention of the Western powers.
He defeated the Greeks in the open field, and though the siege of Missolonghi proved costly to his own troops and to the Ottoman forces who operated with him, he brought it to a successful termination on 24 April 1826. But he was defeated in Mani three times in a row. The Greek guerrilla bands harassed his army, and in revenge he desolated the country and sent thousands of the inhabitants into slavery in Egypt. These measures of repression aroused great indignation in Europe and led to the intervention of the naval squadrons of the United Kingdom, the Restored Kingdom of France and Russia in the Battle of Navarino (20 October 1827). Their victory was followed by the landing of a French expeditionary force in the so-called Morea expedition. By the terms of the capitulation of 1 October 1828, Ibrahim evacuated the country.
Campaigns in Syria
In 1831, his father's quarrel with the Porte having become flagrant, Ibrahim was sent to conquer Ottoman Syria. He took Acre after a severe siege on 27 May 1832, occupied Damascus, defeated an Ottoman army at Homs on 8 July, defeated another Ottoman army at Beilan on 29 July, invaded Asia Minor, and finally routed the Grand Vizier Reşid Mehmed Pasha at Konya on 21 December. It was there in Syria where he met Umar Tal the mystic, according to accounts Umar Tal healed the son of Ibrahim Pasha from a deadly fever. Umar Tal was inspired by Ibrahim Pasha, when Umar returned to Sokoto he followed the trends set by the Pasha. Umar Tal later became the commander of the Toucouleur in what is now Guinea, Senegal, and Mali.
The Convention of Kütahya on 6 May left Syria for a time in the hands of Muhammad Ali. Ibrahim was undoubtedly helped by Colonel Sève and the European officers in his army. After the campaign of 1832 and 1833, Ibrahim remained as governor in Syria. He might perhaps have administered successfully, but the exactions he was compelled to enforce by his father soon caused the popularity of his government to decline and provoked revolts. He was assisted by French officer Beaufort d'Hautpoul from 1834 to 1837, who was his Chief-of-Staff.
During the 1834 peasants' revolt in Palestine, Ibrahim Pasha besieged the Transjordanian city of Al-Karak for 17 days, in pursuit of the revolt's leader Qasim al-Ahmad. After a hole was blasted into the town's walls in late August, Al-Karak was destroyed and the orchards outside the town were uprooted as punitive measures against the residents for hosting Qasim. Fearing further retaliation from Ibrahim Pasha, the rebel leaders were handed to the Egyptians.
In 1838, the Porte felt strong enough to renew the struggle, and war broke out once more. Ibrahim won his last victory for his father at Nezib on 24 June 1839. But the United Kingdom and the Austrian Empire intervened to preserve the integrity of the Ottoman Empire. Their squadrons cut his communications by sea with Egypt, a general revolt isolated him in Syria, and he was finally compelled to evacuate the country in February 1841.
The Karakis were to take their revenge from Ibrahim Pasha, 6 years later when the Pasha and his Egyptian army were driven out of Damascus. In 1841, as the Pasha and his troops took the Hajj road from Damascus, they were persistently attacked all the way from Qatraneh to Gaza. The weary army were killed and robbed, and by the time Ibrahim Pasha reached Gaza, the commander had lost most of his army, ammunition and animals.
Last years
Ibrahim spent the rest of his life in peace, but his health was ruined. In 1846 he paid a visit to Western Europe, where he was received with some respect and a great deal of curiosity. When his father became senile, Ibrahim was appointed Regent in his place. He held his regency from July till the time of his death on 10 November 1848.
Honours
Order of Glory of Turkey-1817
Knight of the Order of Saint Joseph of Tuscany-1845
Grand Cross of the Legion d'Honneur of France-1845
Grand Cross of the Order of the Tower and Sword (GCTE) of Portugal-1846
See also
Casemates of İbrahim Pasha
Notes
Bibliography
See Edouard Gouin, L'Egypte au XIX' siècle (Paris, 1847); Aimé Vingtrinier, Soliman-Pasha (Colonel Sève) (Paris, 1886). A great deal of unpublished material of the highest interest with regard to Ibrahim's personality and his system in Syria is preserved in the British Foreign Office archives; for references to these see Cambridge Mod. Hist. x. 852, bibliography to chap. xvii.
External links
Britannica Concise Encyclopedia
1789 births
1848 deaths
18th-century Albanian people
18th-century people from the Ottoman Empire
19th-century Albanian people
19th-century people from the Ottoman Empire
19th-century Egyptian monarchs
Egyptian people of the Egyptian–Ottoman War (1831–1833)
Egyptian people of the Egyptian–Ottoman War (1839–1841)
Field marshals of Egypt
Muhammad Ali dynasty
Albanian people from the Ottoman Empire
Ottoman governors of Egypt
Ottoman military personnel of the Greek War of Independence
Ottoman people of the Wahhabi War
Regents of Egypt
People from Drama (regional unit)
People from Kavala
Ottoman slave owners |
Paecilaema is a genus of harvestmen in the family Cosmetidae. It was first described by Carl Ludwig Koch in 1839.
References
Cosmetidae
Harvestman genera
Taxa named by Carl Ludwig Koch |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.