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Muneville-le-Bingard () is a commune in the Manche department in Normandy in north-western France.
See also
Communes of the Manche department
References
Munevillelebingard |
was a member of the Court during the late Kamakura period and early Nanboku-chō period in Japanese history. As a writer, Kinkata was the author of the diary Entairyaku (園太暦),where he reviewed the events of the imperial court in 1311 and between 1344 and 1360.
Kintaka was also the author of the Gyorogushō (魚魯愚鈔), a courtly technical document and co-authored the chronicle Kōdaireki (皇代暦), which summarizes in five volumes the imperial events from mythological times to contemporary times and posthumously extended to the reign of Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado by Kanroji Chikanaga.
Life
Kinkata was from Ramo Tōin of the Fujiwara clan. He was Sadaijin Tōin Saneyasu's son.
Kinkata served the following emperors: Fushimi (1294-1298); Go-Fushimi (1298-1301); Go-Nijo (1301-1308); Hanazono (1308-1318); Go-Daigo (1318-1339).
Kinkata entered the court in 1294 under Emperor Fushimi. In 1298, he was transferred to Emperor Go-Fushimi's Kurōdodokoro. Under Emperor Go-Nijo, he was appointed Sachūben (intermediate controller of Sadaijin's cabinet) between 1306 and 1308; later, under Emperor Hanazono, he was appointed Sadaiben (administrator of leftist ministries) and, in 1309, promoted to Sangi.
In 1310 he was named Chūnagon, and in 1314 he was promoted to Gondainagon (substitute Dainagon) in 1318. Between 1318 and 1326 during Emperor Go-Daigo's rule, he was named Tōgūbō (春宮 坊, tutor to the Crown Prince). That same year, he became the adopted father of Ano Yasuko, a consort of Go-Daigo. In 1325, he became effective as Dainagon.
Kinkata was named Naidaijin in 1330, but with the overthrow of Go-Daigo in 1331, he decided to resign. Only after the fall of the Kamakura Shogunate and the beginning of the Kenmu Restoration in 1333, in which Kinkata returns to assume administrative positions, occupying his former Naidaijin position. In 1335, he was promoted to Udaijin and collaborated with imperial prince Noriyoshi (future emperor Go-Murakami), but after his defeat at the hands of Ashikaga Takauji and the fall of the Kenmu Restoration, Kinkata swore allegiance to Hokuchō (northern court) and Emperor Kogon. As a result, he maintained his position as Udaijin until 1337. He was promoted to Sadaijin in 1343 (until 1346) and then to Daijō Daijin from 1348 to 1350. Kinkata became very skilled in the affairs of the Imperial Court and was a consultant to other nobles ( kuge) and even consultant to the emperor.
In 1351, he was appointed negotiator for the unification of the courts during the Kanno incident and achieved, though for a short time, the unification of Shohei, where Emperor Suko was deposed as a condition for unification. In 1353, just after the end of the reunification, Emperor Go-Kōgon (Emperor Suko's brother) ascends the throne and Kinkata fearing reprisals, flees to the province of Mino, from where he later joined (Nanchō) (Southern Court) in the next year. He abandoned his life at court and became a Buddhist monk (bhikkhu) in 1359, changing his name to Nakazono and died the following year.
He left two children, Toin Sanenatsu and Toin Saneyo, the last of whom became his heir.
Sources
Mori, Shigeaki. Kokushi Daijiten - Tōin Kinkata. Yoshikawa Kobunkan.
Nihonshi Daijiten 5 - Tōin Kinkata. (Heibonsha, 1994, ISBN 4582131050)
Kugyo Jinmei Daijiten (野島寿三郎編、Nichigai Associates, 1994, ISBN 4816912444) pág. 509 "Tōin Kinkata".
Dai Nihon Shiryō 第六編之二十三 延文五年四月六日条（卒伝）
『内乱のなかの貴族 南北朝と「園太暦」の世界』 (Tatsusaburo Hayashiya, 1991 Kadokawa Shoten, ISBN 4047032204)
『宮廷公家系図集覧』(近藤敏喬編、東京堂出版、1994)
People of Nanboku-chō-period Japan
People of Kamakura-period Japan
1291 births
1360 deaths
14th-century Japanese historians |
The Silicone Veil is the third studio album by Norwegian singer-songwriter Susanne Sundfør, released on 23 March 2012 in Norway and on 15 October in the United Kingdom. It is her first album to be released in the UK. The album was recorded at Pooka Studio and Kikitépe Tearoom Studio. Three singles were released from the album, "White Foxes", "The Silicone Veil" and "Among Us". The video for "Among Us" was directed by Evan McNary and was premiered on Vices Noisey. Sundfør chose the video as part of a competition by Genero.tv for fans to make a video for the single.
Composition
Characterized primarily as electro-folk, The Silicone Veil has also been classified as a mixture of baroque pop, electronic, and art pop. The Daily Telegraph said the album is "a flawless distillation of dreamy synth-pop, imposing Scandinavian electronica and showy baroque classicism." The Ontarion wrote, "Sundfør displays an extensive vocal range – from high warbling pitches to quietly provocative tones – but it is the presence of a deeply entrancing and eclectic array of unique electronic and orchestra generated sounds which makes this sensory experience truly worthwhile."
Sundfør described the songs on The Silicone Veil as being a reflection of "apocalypse, death, love and snow."
Critical reception
The album received critical acclaim from music critics. In his rave review of the album, Daniel Paton of MusicOMH praised Sundfør for not being afraid to explore "both her lyrical and musical preoccupations to challenging and sometimes uncomfortable depths," stating that "The Silicone Veil is every bit as magisterial and conceptually loaded as her previous album of songs. [...] Selecting examples and highlights can hardly begin to offer an impression of the boldness and confidence of this wonderful album. Sundfør's combination of careful, detailed arrangement and unrepentant magic realism is visionary and enriching." Sputnikmusic's Nick Butler said "while her voice feels like the album's main strength on first listen, it doesn't take long to appreciate how good the music is here. The mood is consistent, wistful and pretty, but the sound touches on all sorts of bases," while later hailing the album for being "carefully orchestrated, beautiful sung, and imaginatively written." The Line of Best Fit critic Michael James Hall wrote, "this is an album of spectral, elemental romance and intrigue, playfully but precisely woven into a tremulous tapestry of seemingly ever-oscillating sound."
In 2015, The Ontarion awarded the album their "Album of the Week" accolade, stating: "While the 29-year-old Norwegian artist released her fifth studio album Ten Love Songs earlier this year, The Silicone Veil is one album that definitely calls for (repeated) revisiting." The Daily Telegraph included the album in their "50 amazing albums you've never heard" list in August 2017, calling it Sundfør's finest work to date.
Track listing
Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of The Silicone Veil.
Locations
Recorded at Pooka Studio and Kikitépe Tearoom Studio
Strings recorded at Øra Studio
Mixed at Duper Studio
Mixed at The Best Studio in Oslo
Mastered at Cutting Room Studios
Personnel
Susanne Sundfør – vocals, production, arrangements, piano, synthesizers, Fender Rhodes Electric Suitcase piano, synth bass, vibraphone, autoharp, drum programming, string arrangements, recording
Lars Horntveth – production, arrangements, bass guitar, synthesizers, lap steel guitar, pedal steel guitar, acoustic guitar, vibraphone, tubular bells, synth bass, church organ, piano, drum programming, string arrangements, recording
Gard Nilssen – drums, percussion
Jørgen Træen – additional drum programming and editing, electronics, mixing
Øystein Moen – synth bass , church organ
Erik Johannessen – trombone
Line Horntveth – tuba
Sunniva Rødland Wettre – harp
Rolf Hoff Baltzersen – contrabass
Stian Westerhus – electronics , mixing
Jo Ranheim – strings recordings
Björn Engelmann – mastering
MVM – artwork
TrondheimSolistene
Anders Larsen – violin
Anna Adolfsson Vestad – violin
Daniel Turcina – violin
Erling Skaufel – violin
Fride Bakken Johansen – violin
Hilde Gimse – violin
Ingrid Wisur – violin
Karl Jonatan Lilja – violin
Tora Stølan Ness – violin
Bergmund Waal Skaslien – viola
Frøydis Tøsse – viola
Lars Marius Hølås – viola
Cecilie Koch – cello
Marit Aspås – cello
Tabita Berglund – cello
References
2012 albums
EMI Records albums
Susanne Sundfør albums |
The Dominican Penguins are the athletics teams that represent Dominican University of California, located in San Rafael, California, in intercollegiate sports as a member of the Division II level of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), primarily competing in the Pacific West Conference as a provisional member for most of their sports since the 2009–10 academic year (achieving D-II full member status in 2011–12); while its men's lacrosse team competes in the Western Collegiate Lacrosse League (WCLL) at the Division I level of the Men's Collegiate Lacrosse Association (MCLA). The Penguins previously competed in the California Pacific Conference (Cal Pac) of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) from 1996–97 to 2008–09.
Varsity teams
Dominican competes in 15 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include basketball, cross country, golf, lacrosse, soccer and track & field; while women's sports include basketball, cross country, golf, lacrosse, soccer, softball, tennis, track & field and volleyball.
Facilities
The Conlan Center opened in 2000 and is home to the Dominican Volleyball and Basketball teams. It also features a swimming pool, weight room, office, and other athletics facilities. The John F. Allen Athletics Complex opened in 2012 and boasts Kennelly Field and the Castellucci Family Tennis Center. In 2015, the construction of Penguin Field provided an on-campus home to the Softball team for the first time and completed the John F. Allen Athletics Complex.
History
In 2008 Dominican began a transition to NCAA Division II membership and in 2009 joined the Pacific West Conference. The move put the Penguins in the same conference as fellow Bay Area rivals Notre Dame de Namur University and the Academy of Art University.
Dominican men's golf became the first team to reach a regional with the 2015 NCAA Division II Men's Golf Championships. The Penguins finished in eighth place out of 20 teams and missed the national tournament by six strokes.
Dominican's student-athletes won the PacWest's "Community Engagement Award" for their community service initiatives in 2009. Dominican earned the PacWest Academic Achievement Award for six consecutive seasons (2009–2015) for achieving the highest overall student-athlete GPA of all schools in the Pacific West Conference.
Prior to becoming a member of the NCAA, Dominican was a member of NAIA Division II. The Penguins won four consecutive California Pacific Conference men's basketball championships from 2003 to 2006, then again in 2008. Men's basketball also reached the NAIA Championships four consecutive years from 2003 to 2006 and advanced to the Sweet 16 in 2005. Women's basketball reached the Sweet 16 in 2004 and also qualified for the tournament the following season. Women's basketball was the National Small College Runner-up in 1995–96.
Mascot
Chilly the Mascot is the Penguins' mascot and has seen several costumed iterations, from inflatable to sporting a top hat to his current "buff" state. The Dominican mascot has been the Penguins since the student body voted to change the school's nickname to honor the Dominican Sisters in the mid-1970s. Chilly was named the Mascot of the Month in May 2015 by mascots.com.
Men's lacrosse
Dominican also sponsors Men's Lacrosse, which plays in the Men's Collegiate Lacrosse Association Division I. Previously, the Penguins participated in the NCAA Division II and were a founding member of the Western Intercollegiate Lacrosse Association, the first association west of the Mississippi River. Dominican won the WILA in 2013 and 2014 before transitioning to the MCLA for the 2015 season.
References
External links |
Leon David Dorsey IV (November 17, 1975 – August 12, 2008) was an American serial killer who was executed in 2008 for the murders of two Blockbuster store employees. Dorsey murdered the two men and a Korean store clerk during a rampage in Texas in 1994. He confessed and was later given a death sentence. He was executed at the Huntsville Unit on August 12, 2008.
Murders
On the night of April 4, 1994, Dorsey entered a Blockbuster store in Dallas, where 20-year-old Brad Lindsey and 26-year-old James Armstrong were working. Dorsey forced the two into the back room, where he forced them to open the safe. When Armstrong tried to flee, Dorsey shot him, and then shot Lindsey, presumably to prevent a possible eyewitness. He then took over $400 from the register, leaving Armstrong and Lindsey to die. The perpetrator was caught on a surveillance camera entering the store, but police would not know who the killer was until much later.
While Dorsey was questioned by police in the weeks after, he maintained his innocence and police sought no reason to arrest him. Police later found out that Dorsey owned a 9 millimeter pistol, which was the same weapon used in the murders, but by that time they had already come to the conclusion that he was not involved.
On September 11, 1994, 51-year-old Hyon Suk Chon, a Korean convenience store worker working in Ellis county, was approached by Dorsey. He pulled out his gun and forced her into the back room, where instead of forcing her to open a safe, he shot her once in the back of the head, killing her.
This time, however, police tested his gun and the gun used to kill Suk Chon, and they were a match. Dorsey was arrested and confessed to the murder of Suk Chon, but maintained his innocence in the murders of Armstrong and Lindsey. In 1995, he pleaded guilty to the murder of Suk Chon, and was sentenced to 60 years in prison.
Exposure
In 1998, investigators reopened the case of the murders of Armstrong and Lindsey. They again questioned Dorsey at the prison, but he again said he had nothing to do with it. This time, however, investigators properly examined the footage that captured the killer entering and leaving the store. The footage was sent to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to see if they could conclude any new evidence that was previously overlooked. They estimated the killer's height was approximately the same as Dorsey’s height. This time when the FBI went to talk to him, Dorsey finally confessed to the murders of Armstrong and Lindsey.
Before his capital murder trial, Dorsey gave an interview with The Dallas Morning News, in which he said "I've done cut folks; I've done stabbed folks; I've killed folks," he said, "but it don't bother me." Regarding the murders, he said "They're dead. That's over and done with. Why are you going to sit there and worry yourself about that? Move on. I could have came in here and been, 'Oh, I'm sorry, I'm so bad.' But I don't feel like that. That's not being honest with myself." The prosecution used the interview in their arguments for why Dorsey should be sentenced to death.
Dorsey stood trial in April 2000, 6 years after killing Armstrong and Lindsey. During the trial, the mother of Armstrong made a statement to Dorsey; "Our son was a gentle man, you were not. I believe you're an evil, vile creature. You didn't kill for survival, you killed for pleasure." In June 2000, Dorsey was convicted of capital murder and sentenced to death.
Execution
While awaiting execution, Dorsey was considered by officials as a Level-Three inmate, meaning he was always causing trouble and havoc. Considering the crimes he committed, fellow inmates called him “Pistol Pete”.
On August 12, 2008, Dorsey was led out of his cell to the death chamber, where he was strapped to the gurney and the officials got the lethal injection ready. The parents of Armstrong and Lindsey spectated the execution. Before death, Dorsey turned his head to the spectator room and said; "I love all y'all. I forgive all y'all. See y'all when you get there."
See also
Capital punishment in Texas
Capital punishment in the United States
List of people executed in Texas, 2000–2009
List of people executed in the United States in 2008
List of serial killers in the United States
References
1975 births
1994 murders in the United States
2008 deaths
20th-century American criminals
21st-century executions by Texas
21st-century executions of American people
American burglars
American male criminals
American robbers
Executed American serial killers
Executed African-American people
Executed people from Texas
People convicted of murder by Texas
People executed by Texas by lethal injection
People from Dallas
Serial killers from Texas |
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Gmina Lubomia is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Wodzisław County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland. Its seat is the village of Lubomia, which lies approximately west of Wodzisław Śląski and south-west of the regional capital Katowice.
The gmina covers an area of , and as of 2019 its total population is 7,925.
Villages
Gmina Lubomia contains the villages and settlements of Buglowiec, Buków, Grabówka, Ligota Tworkowska, Lubomia, Nieboczowy, Nowy Dwór, Syrynia and Trawniki.
Neighbouring gminas
Gmina Lubomia is bordered by the towns of Pszów, Racibórz and Wodzisław Śląski, and by the gminas of Gorzyce, Kornowac and Krzyżanowice.
Twin towns – sister cities
Gmina Lubomia is twinned with:
Horní Suchá, Czech Republic
References
Lubomia
Wodzisław County |
Events
Timothy "Big Tim" Sullivan, longtime political boss of Tammany Hall, is committed to a sanitarium.
Mock Duck is convicted of running a policy game and sentenced to imprisonment at Sing Sing Prison.
July 15 – Members of the Lenox Avenue Gang including leader Harry Horowitz, known as Gyp the Blood, and top lieutenants Jacob Seidenscher, Louis Rosenberg, and Francesco Cirofici kill prominent New York gambler and police informant Herman "Beansie" Rosenthal. They are later convicted of Rosenthal's murder and executed the same year.
September – Republican State's Attorney John E.W. Wayman, shortly before his term of office is to expire, officially closes down Chicago's South Side "Levee District". The long-time vice district had been a hotbed of criminal activity for Chicago's underworld, as well as a major source of political power for Chicago's First Ward aldermen, such as Michael "Hinky Dink" Kenna and "Bathhouse" John Coughlin, since the 1890s.
October 19 – Frank Costello is again arrested for assault and robbery and is later released.
October 5 – Eastman Gang leader Jack Zelig is killed by "Red" Phil Davidson on a Second Avenue street car trolley.
November 6 – Owney Madden is shot by several thugs while at a 52nd Street dance in New York.
Arts and literature
D.W. Griffith's The Musketeers of Pig Alley is released starring Elmer Booth, Lillian Gish, Clara T. Bracy and Walter Miller.
Births
January 8 – Joseph N. Gallo, alleged consigliere of Gambino crime family bosses Carlo Gambino, Paul Castellano and John Gotti
March 19 – Nicholas Civella, Kansas City crime family boss
April 12 – Jack "Spot" Comer, Jewish-English gangster
September 18 – John T. Scalish, Cleveland crime family boss and National Crime Syndicate labor racketeer
December 28 – William Daddano Sr., Chicago Outfit enforcer
Deaths
July 15 – Herman "Beansie" Rosenthal, New York gambler and police informant
October 5 – Jack Zelig, Eastman Gang leader
References
Years in organized crime
Organized crime |
The Church of St Peter, Bryngwyn, Monmouthshire, Wales is a parish church with its origins in the 13th century. It is a Grade II* listed building.
History
Gerald of Wales records that a church at Bryngywn was built by Aeddan Gwaethfoed, the Lord of Clytha in 1180. The current building dates mainly from the 15th century. The church was restored in 1871 by John Prichard. Throughout that time, the rector was the Reverend William Crawley, who served from 1834 to 1896, a period of 62 years.
Near to the church is a well, also dedicated to St Peter, which was for many years the only water supply for the church and village.
Architecture and description
The church is constructed of sandstone rubble in a Perpendicular style.
Notes
References
External links
Grade II* listed churches in Monmouthshire
History of Monmouthshire
Church in Wales church buildings
15th-century church buildings in Wales |
Lyady () is a rural locality (a selo) in Sylvenskoye Rural Settlement, Permsky District, Perm Krai, Russia. The population was 1,156 as of 2010. There are 63 streets.
Geography
Lyady is located 32 km east of Perm (the district's administrative centre) by road. Malaya is the nearest rural locality.
References
Rural localities in Permsky District |
A joint dislocation, also called luxation, occurs when there is an abnormal separation in the joint, where two or more bones meet. A partial dislocation is referred to as a subluxation. Dislocations are often caused by sudden trauma on the joint like an impact or fall. A joint dislocation can cause damage to the surrounding ligaments, tendons, muscles, and nerves. Dislocations can occur in any major joint (shoulder, knees, etc.) or minor joint (toes, fingers, etc.). The most common joint dislocation is a shoulder dislocation.
Treatment for joint dislocation is usually by closed reduction, that is, skilled manipulation to return the bones to their normal position. Reduction should only be performed by trained medical professionals, because it can cause injury to soft tissue and/or the nerves and vascular structures around the dislocation.
Symptoms and signs
The following symptoms are common with any type of dislocation.
Intense pain
Joint instability
Deformity of the joint area
Reduced muscle strength
Bruising or redness of joint area
Difficulty moving joint
Stiffness
Causes
Joint dislocations are caused by trauma to the joint or when an individual falls on a specific joint. Great and sudden force applied, by either a blow or fall, to the joint can cause the bones in the joint to be displaced or dislocated from normal position. With each dislocation, the ligaments keeping the bones fixed in the correct position can be damaged or loosened, making it easier for the joint to be dislocated in the future.
Some individuals are prone to dislocations due to congenital conditions, such as hypermobility syndrome and Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome. Hypermobility syndrome is genetically inherited disorder that is thought to affect the encoding of the connective tissue protein’s collagen in the ligament of joints. The loosened or stretched ligaments in the joint provide little stability and allow for the joint to be easily dislocated.
Diagnosis
Initial evaluation of a suspected joint dislocation should begin with a thorough patient history, including mechanism of injury, and physical examination. Special attention should be focused on the neurovascular exam both before and after reduction, as injury to these structures may occur during the injury or during the reduction process. Subsequent imaging studies are frequently obtained to assist with diagnosis.
Standard plain radiographs, usually a minimum of 2 views
Generally, pre- and post-reduction X-rays are recommended. Initial X-ray can confirm the diagnosis as well as evaluate for any concomitant fractures. Post-reduction radiographs confirm successful reduction alignment and can exclude any other bony injuries that may have been caused during the reduction procedure.
In certain instances if initial X-rays are normal but injury is suspected, there is possible benefit of stress/weight-bearing views to further assess for disruption of ligamentous structures and/or need for surgical intervention. This may be utilized with AC joint separations.
Nomenclature: Joint dislocations are named based on the distal component in relation to the proximal one.
Ultrasound
Ultrasound may be useful in an acute setting, particularly with suspected shoulder dislocations. Although it may not be as accurate in detecting any associated fractures, in one observational study ultrasonography identified 100% of shoulder dislocations, and was 100% sensitive in identifying successful reduction when compared to plain radiographs. Ultrasound may also have utility in diagnosing AC joint dislocations.
In infants <6 months of age with suspected developmental dysplasia of the hip (congenital hip dislocation), ultrasound is the imaging study of choice as the proximal femoral epiphysis has not significantly ossified at this age.
Cross-sectional imaging (CT or MRI)
Plain films are generally sufficient in making a joint dislocation diagnosis. However, cross-sectional imaging can subsequently be used to better define and evaluate abnormalities that may be missed or not clearly seen on plain X-rays. CT is useful in further analyzing any bony aberrations, and CT angiogram may be utilized if vascular injury is suspected. In addition to improved visualization of bony abnormalities, MRI permits for a more detailed inspection of the joint-supporting structures in order to assess for ligamentous and other soft tissue injury.
Treatment
A dislocated joint usually can be successfully reduced into its normal position only by a trained medical professional. Trying to reduce a joint without any training could substantially worsen the injury.
X-rays are usually taken to confirm a diagnosis and detect any fractures which may also have occurred at the time of dislocation. A dislocation is easily seen on an X-ray.
Once a diagnosis is confirmed, the joint is usually manipulated back into position. This can be a very painful process, therefore this is typically done either in the emergency department under sedation or in an operating room under a general anaesthetic.
It is important the joint is reduced as soon as possible, as in the state of dislocation, the blood supply to the joint (or distal anatomy) may be compromised. This is especially true in the case of a dislocated ankle, due to the anatomy of the blood supply to the foot.
Shoulder injuries can also be surgically stabilized, depending on the severity, using arthroscopic surgery. The most common treatment method for a dislocation of the Glenohumeral Joint (GH Joint/Shoulder Joint) is exercise based management. Another method of treatment is to place the injured arm in a sling or in another immobilizing device in order to keep the joint stable. A 2012 Cochrane review, found no statistically significant difference in healing or long-term joint mobility between simple shoulder dislocations treated conservatively versus surgically.
Some joints are more at risk of becoming dislocated again after an initial injury. This is due to the weakening of the muscles and ligaments which hold the joint in place. The shoulder is a prime example of this. Any shoulder dislocation should be followed up with thorough physiotherapy.
On field reduction is crucial for joint dislocations. As they are extremely common in sports events, managing them correctly at the game at the time of injury, can reduce long term issues. They require prompt evaluation, diagnosis, reduction, and postreduction management before the person can be evaluated at a medical facility.
After care
After a dislocation, injured joints are usually held in place by a splint (for straight joints like fingers and toes) or a bandage (for complex joints like shoulders). Additionally, the joint muscles, tendons and ligaments must also be strengthened. This is usually done through a course of physiotherapy, which will also help reduce the chances of repeated dislocations of the same joint.
For glenohumeral instability, the therapeutic program depends on specific characteristics of the instability pattern, severity, recurrence and direction with adaptations made based on the needs of the patient. In general, the therapeutic program should focus on restoration of strength, normalization of range of motion and optimization of flexibility and muscular performance. Throughout all stages of the rehabilitation program, it is important to take all related joints and structures into consideration.
Epidemiology
Each joint in the body can be dislocated, however, there are common sites where most dislocations occur. The following structures are the most common sites of joint dislocations:
Dislocated shoulder
Shoulder dislocations account for 45% of all dislocation visits to the emergency room. Anterior shoulder dislocation, the most common type of shoulder dislocation (96-98% of the time) occurs when the arm is in external rotation and abduction (away from the body) produces a force that displaces the humeral head anteriorly and downwardly. Vessel and nerve injuries during a shoulder dislocation is rare, but can cause many impairments and requires a longer recovery process. There is a 39% average rate of recurrence of anterior shoulder dislocation, with age, sex, hyperlaxity and greater tuberosity fractures being the key risk factors.
Knee: Patellar dislocation
Many different knee injuries can happen. Three percent of knee injuries are acute traumatic patellar dislocations. Because dislocations make the knee unstable, 15% of patellas will re-dislocate.
Patellar dislocations often occur when the knee is in full extension and sustains a trauma from the lateral to medial side.
Elbow: Posterior dislocation, 90% of all elbow dislocations
Wrist: Lunate and Perilunate dislocation most common
Finger: Interphalangeal (IP) or metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint dislocations
In the United States, men are most likely to sustain a finger dislocation with an incidence rate of 17.8 per 100,000 person-years. Women have an incidence rate of 4.65 per 100,000 person-years. The average age group that sustain a finger dislocation are between 15 and 19 years old.
Hip: Posterior and anterior dislocation of hip
Anterior dislocations are less common than posterior dislocations. 10% of all dislocations are anterior and this is broken down into superior and inferior types. Superior dislocations account for 10% of all anterior dislocations, and inferior dislocations account for 90%. 16-40 year old males are more likely to receive dislocations due to a car accident. When an individual receives a hip dislocation, there is an incidence rate of 95% that they will receive an injury to another part of their body as well. 46–84% of hip dislocations occur secondary to traffic accidents, the remaining percentage is due based on falls, industrial accidents or sporting injury.
Foot and Ankle:
Lisfranc injury is a dislocation or fracture-dislocation injury at the tarsometatarsal joints
Subtalar dislocation, or talocalcaneonavicular dislocation, is a simultaneous dislocation of the talar joints at the talocalcaneal and talonavicular levels. Subtalar dislocations without associated fractures represent about 1% of all traumatic injuries of the foot and 1-2 % of all dislocations, and they are associated with high energy trauma. Early closed reduction is recommended, otherwise open reduction without further delay.
Total talar dislocation is very rare and has very high rates of complications.
Ankle Sprains primarily occur as a result of tearing the ATFL (anterior talofibular ligament) in the Talocrural Joint. The ATFL tears most easily when the foot is in plantarflexion and inversion.
Ankle dislocation without fracture is rare.
Gallery
See also
Buddy wrapping
Major trauma
Physical therapy
Projectional radiography
Listhesis, olisthesis, or olisthy
References
External links
Contortion
Joints
Dislocations, sprains and strains
Emergency medical procedures |
Brunei and Qatar established diplomatic relations in 1991. Brunei has an embassy in Doha, and Qatar has an embassy in Bandar Seri Begawan.
History
Relations between the two countries has been established since 2 October 1991. Brunei opened its embassy in Qatar in 2001 while Qatar opened its embassy in Brunei in 2008.
Economic relations
Two memorandum of understanding such as cultural and education co-operation including two agreements on avoidance of double taxation and commercial and technical co-operation between both countries government has been signed to further strengthen ties between the two countries. There is also a co-operation in sport between the two countries. Currently, there are a small number of Bruneian expatriates in Qatar who are mainly engineers and technicians working with Qatargas and QatarEnergy.
Further reading
Kerjasama Brunei - Qatar pelbagai bidang (in Malay)
References
Qatar
Bilateral relations of Qatar |
Graf Zeppelin () may refer to:
People
Count Ferdinand Adolf Heinrich August Graf von Zeppelin (1838–1917), German officer, engineer, and founder of the Zeppelin airship company
Eberhard Moritz Adolph Albert Graf von Zeppelin (1842–1906), Count of Zeppelin
Amethé Gwendolen Marion Mackenzie Smeaton Gräfin von Zeppelin (born 1896), Countess of Zeppelin
Transportation and vehicles
LZ 127 Graf Zeppelin, a German rigid airship 1928–1937, named after Count Zeppelin
LZ 130 Graf Zeppelin II, the second airship of the Hindenburg class, 1938–1940, named after Count Zeppelin
Graf Zeppelin-class aircraft carriers, two German Kriegsmarine aircraft carriers laid down in the mid-1930s, named after Count Zeppelin
German aircraft carrier Graf Zeppelin, the first ship of this class
Other uses
Naval Air Wing 3 "Graf Zeppelin"
Graf Zeppelin Barracks, Calw, Germany
Graf Zeppelin (march), a musical composition by Carl Teike
See also
Zeppelin (disambiguation)
1930 Graf Zeppelin stamps
Zeppelin (surname) |
Bronx Skate Park (commonly known as Allerton Skate Park) is a skate park inside Bronx Park, a little north of Allerton Avenue, in The Bronx, New York City. The park includes a smooth skating surface, as well as being equipped with a quarter pipe, bank ramps with ledges, skate pyramid, and grind rails. , it is one of six skate parks in The Bronx run by NYC Parks.
Park history
The skate park was opened in June 2008, as part of a $1.4 million renovation of Bronx Park which also included a new synthetic turf soccer field. Prior to its construction, the nearest skate park was in Throggs Neck. The skate park was originally proposed by the manager of a nearby McDonald's restaurant three years earlier; he saw that local kids were skateboarding in the restaurant's parking lot, and worried for their safety. The renovation project led to Bronx Park being named "Park of the Month" for September 2009.
Future remodel
In 2014, local resident Ron Cicatelli suggested replacing the city-run facility with an improved area using private funding. Cicatelli called the current park "outdated", and "stuck in the Stone Age". He proposed replacing it with a new design by Steve Rodriguez. Rodriguez, known as "Mayor of NYC Skate Parks", had previously designed skate parks on the Lower East Side and on River Avenue in the south Bronx. The proposal was approved by Community Board 11, but , was pending approval by the parks department. According to Cicatelli, the redesign would make the park a "destination", and would be of benefit to local business by bringing in additional traffic from the train.
Recognition
In 2018, Vlad Gomez, co-founder of the Public Housing Skate Team, cited Allerton Skate Park as one of the two major skate parks in The Bronx.
References
External links
Ghetto Community's Atown Vibez, in-line skating video shot at Allerton Skate Park.
Skateparks in New York City
Parks in the Bronx
2008 establishments in New York City |
The Group of Eight (Go8) comprises Australia's most research intensive universities (in alphabetical order) - the University of Adelaide, the Australian National University, the University of Melbourne, Monash University, the University of New South Wales, the University of Queensland, the University of Sydney and the University of Western Australia. It is often compared to the Russell Group of pioneering research universities in the United Kingdom.
Overview
The Go8 universities are some of the largest and the oldest universities in Australia and are consistently the highest ranked of all Australian universities. Seven of the Go8 members are ranked in the world's top 100 universities and all Go8 members are ranked in the world's top 150 universities; in the Academic Ranking of World Universities, the Times Higher Education World University Rankings, the QS World University Rankings and the U.S. News & World Report. Go8 Universities feature in the top 50 for every broad subject area in the QS world university subject rankings. In addition, all Go8 Universities are in the QS top 100 for Engineering and Technology, Life Sciences and Medicine, Arts and Humanities, and Social Sciences and Management.
The Go8 educates 425,000 students; educating more than one quarter of all higher education students in Australia. It graduates some 110,000 graduates each year.
The Go8 undertakes 70 per cent of Australia's university research and their research funding from industry and other non-Government sources is twice that of the rest of the sector combined.
The Go8 receives 71 per cent of Australian Competitive Grant (Category 1) funding and had the largest proportion of research fields rated at 4 or 5 ('above' or 'well above' world standard) in the latest Excellence in Research for Australia (ERA) exercise, with 99 per cent of Go8 research is world class or above. Each year the Go8 spends some $6.5 billion on research – more than $2.4 billion of which is spent on Medical and Health Services research. Go8 universities educate more than half of Australia's doctors, dentists, vets and provide some 54 per cent of Australia's science graduates and more than 40 per cent of Australia's engineering graduates.
The Go8 Board, which consists of the vice-chancellors (who also serve as principals or presidents) of its eight member universities, meets five times a year. The current Chair of the Board is Professor Brian Schmidt, Vice-Chancellor and President of The Australian National University, appointed in 2023. Vicki Thomson is the Chief Executive of the Group of Eight, taking up the role in January 2015.
Members
Equals signs (=) denote tied rankings.
Map
Go8 law schools
Summary of schools
See also
Association of American Universities
C9 League
Golden triangle (universities)
Ivy League
Law schools in Australia
Universities in Australia
Regional Universities Network
Russell Group
Innovative Research Universities
Australian Technology Network
Notes
References
External links
Group of Eight official website
College and university associations and consortia in Australia |
Sainik Awasiya Mahavidyalaya Teghari Kailali (SAMT) is a school run under the Nepalese Army Welfare Fund. It is located in the Kailali district of Western Nepal. The present principal is Siddheshwar Pant (Prakash). The present liaison officer is Major Prebesh Dahal . It is the far western development region of Nepal. The school was established on 10 Chaitra 2068 BS by Commander in Chief Chhatraman Singh Gurung.
Ordinary
The Nepalese Army has established at least one military school in every state, with the principal objective of providing education to the children of the gross status of the army, Godawari Municipality of Kaliali district under the Sudurpashchim Province. Sainik Awasiya Mahavidyalaya, Teghari was established in the year 2067 BS.
References
Schools in Nepal
Military academies of Nepal
2008 establishments in Nepal
Buildings and structures in Kailali District |
Psagot Investment House () is an Israeli investment firm. Controlled by Rani Zim since 2021, the firm manages assets and capital totalling $24 billion. Psagot is located on Ahad Ha'am Street in Tel Aviv, in close proximity to the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange.
History
Psagot Investment House was established in 2003 through the merger of Psagot Mutual Funds and Psagot Ofek, a portfolio management company founded by Gabriella Ravid in 1990. In 2005, subsequent to the Bachar Reform, Bank Leumi finalized the sale of Psagot to York Capital Management, a New York-based investment firm. York Capital sold its stake in the company (76%) to Apax Partners in 2010. At $576 million, the Apax takeover of Psagot was Israel's largest private equity deal in 2010.
Under the direction of Roy Vermus as CEO beginning in 2006, Psagot grew to become Israel's largest investment firm through a series of strategic fund acquisitions. It acquired a provident fund managing NIS20 billion in assets from Prisma Investment House Ltd. in 2009 and made its first major pension fund acquisition in 2010 after outbidding a competitor for control of the Histadrut Leumit fund, which managed NIS6 billion in assets. In addition, Vermus shut down Psagot's underwriting unit. Forbes Israel ranked Vermus the fourth most influential young Israeli in 2008.
Altshuler Shaham sold the company to Value Capital controlled by Rani Zim in 2021 for 405m shekels.
Management
Yaniv Bender – Chief Business Officer
Daniel Levental – CEO Psagot Properties
Eyal Goren – CEO Psagot Mutual Funds
Yohan Kadoche – CEO Psagot Securities
Source:
ISA investigations
In 2003, when Psagot was still owned by Bank Leumi, the Israel Securities Authority launched an investigation into the firm's dealings for suspected violations of the Regulation of Investment Advice and Investment Portfolio Management Law (1995). The investigation went on for a year and culminated in a raid of Psagot's offices and the taking in of the firm's executives for questioning in late 2004. The impetus for the investigation was a Psagot fund having raised NIS1.7 billion in a single day. Psagot founder and general manager Gabriella Ravid resigned along with her deputy in late 2006. In 2008 Bank Leumi agreed to pay a fine of NIS25 million as part of a plea bargain agreement.
In 2010 police arrested three senior Psagot employees on charges that they were involved in manipulating the prices of government and corporate bonds in order to redound greater profits to the firm and inflate their bonuses in the years 2007–2009. An investigation conducted by the ISA concluded with Psagot agreeing to pay a fine of NIS150 million as part of a plea bargain. Psagot CEO at the time, Roy Vermus, was subsequently compelled to resign from the firm after the Supreme Court rejected an appeal he filed against his forced ouster from the company.
See also
Economy of Israel
Venture capital in Israel
References
External links
The Bachar Reform
Financial services companies established in 2003
Financial services companies of Israel
Investment companies of Israel
Insurance companies of Israel
Companies based in Tel Aviv |
The Galerie Konrad Fischer is a German contemporary art gallery. It was founded in 1967 by Dorothee and Konrad Fischer in Düsseldorf, in a disused alley in the center of the city.
History
The gallery's first exhibition presented the work of Carl Andre to European audiences. The gallery has focused on minimal art, conceptual art and arte povera since its founding.
The gallery has exhibited contemporary artists including Bernd and Hilla Becher, Wolfgang Laib, Jim Lambie, Sol LeWitt, Bruce Nauman, Manfred Pernice, Thomas Schütte, Gregor Schneider, Robert Smithson, and Paloma Varga Weisz. Artists who had their first solo exhibitions with him included Richard Long, Hanne Darboven, Lawrence Weiner and On Kawara.
During the 1970’s, the gallery expanded its operations, with spaces in Zurich and Rome (with the Italian art dealer Gian Enzo Sperone). Between 1975 and 1982, Konrad Fischer was a partner in Sperone Westwater Fischer, a New York gallery that later re-branded as Sperone Westwater.
In 2007 the gallery opened an additional space in Berlin. In 2019, it moved to a new space in an old transformer station.
The state of North Rhine-Westphalia acquired 250 works from the estate of the gallery's founders in 2014.
Artists
Konrad Fischer Galerie represents numerous living artists, including:
Carl Andre
Giovanni Anselmo
Guy Ben-Ner
Daniel Buren
Tony Cragg
Edith Dekyndt
Hans-Peter Feldmann
Candida Höfer
Gilbert & George
Wolfgang Laib
Jim Lambie
Richard Long
Bruce Nauman
Thomas Ruff
Gregor Schneider
Thomas Schütte
Paloma Varga Weisz
In addition, the gallery manages various artist estates, including:
Bernd and Hilla Becher
Marcel Broodthaers
Stanley Brouwn
Hanne Darboven
On Kawara
Jannis Kounellis
Sol Lewitt
Charlotte Posenenske
Robert Ryman
References
Art galleries established in 1967
Minimalism |
Secărică is a Romanian alcoholic beverage produced from caraway seed (secăreá in Romanian), sugar and alcohol.
Notes and references
Romanian spirits |
Zulu (stylized in all caps) is an American hardcore punk band formed in Los Angeles in 2019. Beginning as a solo project by multi–instrumentalist and principal vocalist Anaiah Lei, the band grew to also include Dez Yusuf (guitar), Braxton Marcellous (guitar) and Satchel Brown (bass). Zulu has released two EPs in addition to their 2023 debut album A New Tomorrow. In a 2023 article, Metal Hammer described them as the year's "most vital hardcore band".
History
Zulu was founded by Anaiah Lei in 2019. Lei became aware of heavy music because of his father, who was involved in the Los Angeles hardcore scene in the 1970s and 1980s, and introduced him to groups like T.S.O.L. and the Adolescents. At the age of five, he had begun to learn guitar. However, he soon discovered he preferred drums. He and his older brother Mikaiah formed garage punk band the Bots in 2007, in 2016 Lei began drumming in straight edge hardcore band Dare and in 2018 he began playing in rock band Culture Abuse. Zulu began as a solo project in 2019 due to Lei wishing to pursue vocals in an all black hardcore band however being unable to find anyone to form one with. Lei originally intended for the band's music to be sporadic and atypical powerviolence. Zulu's debut EP Our Day Will Come was released on October 18, 2019, on Bandcamp. The band played their first live performance in summer 2020, with Lei now accompanied by Christine Cadette (drums), Dez Yusuf (guitar), Braxton Marcellous (guitar) and Satchel Brown (bass). Zulu's second EP My People... Hold On was released on September 2, 2020.
On November 30, 2022, they announced the release of their debut album A New Tomorrow, and issued its lead single "Fakin' tha Funk (You Get Did)". On January 11, 2023, the album's second single "Where I'm From" was released, which featured Pierce Jordan of Soul Glo and Obioma Ugonna of Playytime. The single was accompanied by a music video which featured a cameo by Eric André. On June 14, 2023, they released a double single featuring a cover of "Wait and Bleed" by Slipknot, and a reworked version of their jazz-funk instrumental track "Shine Eternally" which features King Isis on vocals. Beginning on June 15, 2023, the band toured Europe alongside Speed. On 12 September, the band revealed in an Los Angeles Times interview that Cadette had departed.
Musical style
The band's music has been categorised by critics as powerviolence, metallic hardcore and hardcore punk, incorporating elements of beatdown hardcore, rhythm and blues, hip hop, reggae, dub, spoken word, slam metal, death metal, retro soul, jazz-rap and funk music. Their music is based around contrasting the extreme elements of hardcore with samples and passages from black music styles like soul, jazz and reggae. Treblezine writer Tom Morgan stated their sound is based in the sound of late-1990s hardcore bands like Disembodied, as well as that of death metal and powerviolence, upon which elements of hip hop, jazz and indigenous African music are incorporated.
Zulu's lyrics discuss progressive politics, particularly black pride. On Our Day Will Come, they sample speeches by both Nina Simone and Malcolm X, and on A New Tomorrow, the track "Créme de Cassis" is an interlude featuring black poet Alesia Miller, and the album's concluding lyrics are interpolated from Bob Marley's "Small Axe". Kerrang! writer Sam Law stated that "their music marks the intersection where the current hardcore movement and the energy of Black Lives Matter thrillingly meet." In particular, the band have discussed topics including racism, disenfranchisement, racial injustice and police brutality. The band's lyrics are also informed by the gang violence in Los Angeles, Lei's Rastafari faith as a youth and his current Islamic faith. Stereogum writer Tom Breihan stated that their lyrics can "be angry and defiant, but it can also be celebratory."
Revolver writer Eli Enis called them "one of the heaviest bands in contemporary hardcore", and the New York Times writer Hank Shteamer stated their music is "a visionary fusion of cathartic heaviness, hip-hop flow and artfully interwoven samples from classic R&B and reggae." Metal Hammer writer Stephen Hill stated their music is "the classic sound of punk rock, hardcore and powerviolence reimagined and rebred with both the liquid grooves and righteous protest polemic of the golden era of funk and soul."
Members
Current
Anaiah Lei – vocals, guitar, bass, drums (2019–present)
Dez Yusuf – guitar (2020–present)
Braxton Marcellous – guitar (2020–present)
Satchel Brown – bass (2020–present)
Former
Christine Cadette – drums, vocals (2020–2023)
Discography
Albums
A New Tomorrow (2023)
EPs
Our Day Will Come (2019)
My People... Hold On (2020)
Singles
"Fakin' Tha Funk (You Get Did)" (2022)
"Where I'm From" (2023)
"Wait and Bleed"/"Shine Eternally" (2023)
References
2019 establishments in California
African-American heavy metal musical groups
African-American punk rock musical groups
Hardcore punk groups from California
Musical groups established in 2019
Metalcore musical groups from California
Powerviolence groups |
The Zia-Majumdar family is a Bangladeshi political family that leads a major political party, the Bangladesh Nationalist Party. Members of the family - Ziaur Rahman served as army chief and later President of Bangladesh and Khaleda Zia as Prime Minister of Bangladesh, while several others have been members of the parliament.
Before marriage
Mandals of Mahishaban
Kakar Mandal was the great-grandson of Muminuddin Mandal (d. 1840), a powerful leader from the village of Mahishaban in Gabtali, Bogra. Muminuddin Mandal's influence was spread out across Gabtali, Sukhanpukur and other areas west of the Jamuna River.
Kamaluddin Mandal (born 1854): He was the only son of Kakar Mandal. He was a moulvi and local educationist who served as the principal of Bagbari Minor School. He moved from Mahishaban to Bagbari after marrying Begum Meherunnisa, the only child of Karim Bakhsh Taluqdar, son of Ala Mahmud Paikar, son of Rajab Mahmud Pramanik, son of Muhammad Aulad (Ahladi) Mandal. His wife's ancestors migrated from Iran to Balurghat, Ghoraghat during the Mughal period, and moved to Bogra during the reign of Emperor Aurangzeb.
Mahmud Mandal: Skin merchant.
Zahiruddin Mandal: Landlord.
Mazhabuddin Mandal
Moazzam Hossain Mandal: Engineer.
Mansur Rahman Mandal (died 1966): He was a chemist who specialised in paper and ink chemistry and worked for a government department at Writers' Building in Kolkata. He married Jahanara Khatun.
Rezaur Rahman Mandal, marine engineer
Mizanur Rahman Mandal, economist
Ziaur Rahman (see below)
Ahmad Kamal Mandal (d. 2017)
Khalilur Rahman Mandal (d. 2014): He was a pharmacist based in Maryland and had three daughters.
Major Muhammad Mamtazur Rahman Mandal: Medical officer for Pakistan Army
Mahfuzur Rahman Mandal: Income tax practitioner
Fatema Khatun: Married an SDO under the Maharaja of Cooch Behar
Rahima Khatun: Married detective Muhammad Shamsuddin.
Majumdars of Fulgazi
Murad Khan: He was a Pashtun merchant who arrived to Chittagong in the 17th century, but later moved to Sripur in Fulgazi due to devastating floods in Chittagong. He had four sons: Nahar Muhammad Khan, Tahir Muhammad Khan, Phul Muhammad Khan and Arif Muhammad Khan.
Phul Muhammad Khan (son of Murad Khan): He fought under Shamsher Ghazi against the Twipra Kingdom, and gained the title of Ghazi. The area came to be known as Phulgazi, or Fulgazi, after him.
Nahar Muhammad Khan (son of Murad Khan): He built a large reservoir in his palace in 1701. To the west of this reservoir, the family built a three-domed mosque which is now known as the Sripur Jami Mosque and continues to be used today. The Maharaja of Tripura signed a peace treaty with Shamsher Gazi and his forces which included Nahar and Phulgazi. The treaty mentioned that Nahar received 80 droṇ of revenue-free land, 14 zamindari mouzas and the title of Majumdar. These 14 mouzas make up the modern-day Fulgazi Union.
Azgar Ali Majumdar (eldest of the five sons of Nahar Muhammad Khan): He had five sons named Aqamat Ali Majumdar, Hashmat Ali Majumdar, Bashrat Ali Majumdar, Salamat Ali Majumdar and Mafizul Islam Majumdar
Aqamat Ali Majumdar (son of Azgar Ali Majumdar): He had no sons
Basharat Ali Majumdar (son of Azgar Ali Majumdar): He was a father of two
Hashmat Ali Majumdar (son of Azgar Ali Majumdar): He had five sons named Tufazzal Husayn Majumdar, Tabarak Husayn Majumdar, Muhammad Sadiq Majumdar, Vilayat Husayn Majumdar and Mazharul Husayn Majumdar
Mazharul Husayn Majumder (son of Hashmat Ali Majumdar): He was also known as Muzzammil Ali Majumdar and became a Sufi pir by the sobriquet of Pir Pagla Dervish (died November 1975).
Mafizul Ali Majumdar (son of Azgar Ali Majumdar): He died before marriage.
Salamat Ali Majumdar (son of Azgar Ali Majumdar): He had seven sons; most notably Muqaddas Ali Majumdar and Iskandar Ali Majumdar
Iskandar Ali Majumder (son of Salamat Ali Majumdar): He was a wealthy tea-businessman who married Begum Taiyaba and migrated to Dinajpur.
Shelina Islam: She married Muhammad Rafiqul Islam Chowdhury, was the former vice-chancellor of Islamic University, Bangladesh, professor of economics at the University of Rajshahi and treasurer of Pundra University of Science and Technology.
Muhammad Shahrin Islam Chowdhury (Tuhin), was a former parliamentarian (1996).
Khurshid Jahan (1939–2006), former Minister of Women and Children Affairs (2001–2006)
Khaleda Khanam Putul (see below)
Sayeed Iskander Majumdar (1953–2012), former parliamentarian (2001–2006) and founding chairman of Islamic TV
Shelima Rahman
Shamim Iskander Majumdar
Saiful Islam Duke
Members of the Majumder-Zia family
Ziaur Rahman (President of Bangladesh, 1979–1981; freedom fighter and military administrator).
Begum Khaleda Zia (wife of Ziaur Rahman; Prime Minister of Bangladesh, 1991–1996 and 2001–2006). She is daughter of Taiyaba Majumder and Iskandar Majumder.
Tarique Rahman (born 1965): eldest son of Ziaur Rahman and Khaleda Zia and Senior Vice-Chairman of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party
Dr. Zubaida Rahman: wife of Tarique Rahman and daughter of navy chief Mahbub Ali Khan.
Zaima Rahman: only daughter of Tarique Rahman and Dr. Zobaida Rahman.
Arafat Rahman (1969–2015): youngest son of Ziaur Rahman and Khaleda Zia and Former Chairman of the Development Committee of Bangladesh Cricket Board.
Sharmila Sithi: wife of Arafat Rahman.
Zahia Rahman: eldest daughter of Arafat Rahman and Sharmila Sithi.
Zaifa Rahman: youngest daughter of Arafat Rahman and Sharmila Sithi.
Sayeed Iskander - was a Bangladeshi politician and army major. He was a former member of parliament and brother of Khaleda Zia. He is son of Taiyaba Majumder and Iskandar Majumder.
Khurshida Jahan - was the Minister of Women's and Children's Affairs of Bangladesh from 2001 to 2006, serving under her sister, Prime Minister Khaleda Zia. She is daughter of Taiyaba Majumder and Iskandar Majumder.
Shahrin Islam Tuhin - is a Bangladeshi politician and former Member of Parliament and Nephew of Khaleda Zia.
Saiful Islam Duke - is a retired Lieutenant Commander of Bangladesh Navy. He is the nephew of Khaleda Zia.
See also
List of political families
References
Political families of Bangladesh
Bangladesh Nationalist Party |
Arthur Clare Cawley (21 November 1913 – 7 January 1993) was Professor of English Language and Medieval English Literature at the University of Leeds.
Personal life and education
Cawley was born in the Medway district of Kent on 21 November 1913.
In 1934, Cawley graduated from University College London in 1934. He married felow University College London postgraduate student Winifred Cozens in 1939. Winifred was a teacher and children's author.
Cawley died in Brisbane, Australia on 7 January 1993 at the age of 79.
Academic career
After a year in the Education Department at the University of Hull, Cawley returned to UCL in 1935 for three years as a part-time Lecturer during which time he completed his MA on John of Trevisa's version of Ralph Higden's Polychronicon.
In 1938, Cawley went to Harvard on a Commonwealth Fellowship and, on his return to England, joined the British Council. He went as Professor of English to Iași in Romania until the German invasion forced him to leave and he spent 1941 to 1945 in Egypt and in Benghazi, Libya. Finally, still with the British Council, he taught in Reykjavík, Iceland.
In 1946 Cawley returned to England and after a year at the University of Sheffield was appointed to a Lectureship at the University of Leeds in 1947. He completed his PhD in 1952. His thesis for the University of London was a scholarly edition of six of the thirty-six Wakefield Pageants.
In 1959 Cawley left Leeds to go to the Darnell Chair of English at the University of Queensland, Australia. He remained there for six years before returning to Leeds as Professor of English Language and Medieval English Literature in 1965. He retired from his chair in 1979 with the title Emeritus Professor. As of 2009, the university offered a post-graduate scholarship in his name.
A noted Mediaevalist, Cawley has commentated and edited numerous works including "Everyman", mediaeval miracle plays, the Canterbury Tales, and the Wakefield Mystery Plays.
References
1913 births
1993 deaths
Academics of the University of Leeds
British academics of English literature
Academic staff of the University of Queensland
Everyman
Alumni of University College London
Academics of University College London
Alumni of the University of Sheffield |
Mieczysław Rybarczyk (1 September 1941 – 29 July 1983) was a Polish professional tennis player.
Born in Warsaw, Rybarczyk was a member of the Poland Davis Cup team between 1965 and 1970, winning four singles and one doubles rubber. He won two singles rubbers in Poland's 3–2 triumph against Hungary in 1969, when he got the better of István Gulyás and Péter Szőke.
Rybarczyk played in the main draws of both the French Open and Wimbledon during his career. This includes a first round loss to Arthur Ashe at the 1970 French Open.
See also
List of Poland Davis Cup team representatives
References
External links
1941 births
1983 deaths
Polish male tennis players
Tennis players from Warsaw |
A. Venkatesh is an Indian film director and actor working in Tamil cinema. Beginning his career as an assistant, he directed his first film, Mahaprabhu, in 1996.
Career
Initially, he worked as an assistant to director K. Rajeshwar on Nyaya Tharasu (1989) and Idhaya Thamarai (1990). He assisted Pavithran on Vasanthakala Paravai (1991) and Suriyan (1992), then he was an associate director to director Shankar on Gentleman (1993) and Kadhalan (1994). During the shooting of the film Kadhalan, producer G. K. Reddy approached him to direct a film. In 1996, he made his directional debut through Mahaprabhu starring R. Sarathkumar, Sukanya and Vineetha. He has directed Vijay's movies including action film Selva (1996) and romance film Nilaave Vaa (1998). In 1999, he directed a drama film Pooparika Varugirom starring Sivaji Ganesan, Vikram Krishna and Malavika.
Following the death of director Thirupathisamy in 2001, Venkatesh was briefly announced as the new director of the film Velan featuring Vijay and Priyanka Chopra, but the project was later shelved.
He started directing action movies with Prashanth's Chocolate (2001), Vijay's Bhagavathi (2002), and Silambarasan's Dum (2003) and Kuthu (2004). These were followed by Sarathkumar's Aai (2004), Chanakya (2005) and Arjun's Vathiyar (2006).
During 2008, Venkatesh worked simultaneously on six productions, which were at different stages of completion. The Arjun-starrer Durai (2008) and Arun Vijay's Malai Malai (2009) were released first, while Sundar C's Vaadaa (2010) and Bharath's Killadi (2015) had delayed releases. Two further films, Prashanth's Petrol and Sarathkumar's Imaya Malai, were subsequently shelved mid-production.
He has also acted in various Tamil movies, notably Angadi Theru (2010). Venkatesh returned after a two-and-a-half year break with Nethra (2019). The filmmaker says the delay is because he had to fulfil commitments as an actor before he could get back to direction. The film is a psycho-thriller based on a true event which he was witness to at an airport in Canada.
Filmography
As director
As actor
Vasanthakala Paravai (1991)
Suriyan (1992) - Telegram Office clerk
Kadhalan(1994) - Cameo appearance ("Kadhalikum Pennin" song)
Nilaave Vaa (1998) - Christian who prays at Hindu temple
Angaadi Theru (2010) - Karungali
Sattapadi Kutram (2011) - Ekambaram
Mahaan Kanakku (2011)
Paagan (2012)
Azhagan Azhagi (2013) - Rathinavel
Naan Rajavaga Pogiren (2013) - Isakkimuthu Annachi
Summa Nachunu Irukku (2013)
Goli Soda (2014)
Touring Talkies (2015)
Rombha Nallavan Da Nee (2015)
Iravum Pagalum Varum (2015)
Pallikoodam Pogamale (2015)
Sivappu (2015)
Pagiri (2016)
Aandavan Kattalai (2016)
Thodari (2016)
Nisabdham (2017)
Kadugu (2017)
Onaaigal Jakkiradhai (2018)
Torchlight (2018)
Thodraa (2018)
Nethra (2019)
Asuran (2019)
Nungambakkam (2020)
Alti (2020)
Oh My Dog (2022)
Laththi (2022)
Rudhran (2023) as Ethiraj
Thuritham (2023)
Priyamudan Priya (2023)
Web series
References
External links
Tamil film directors
Living people
Film directors from Tamil Nadu
Male actors in Tamil cinema
20th-century Indian film directors
21st-century Indian film directors
1967 births |
```c++
#include <torch/csrc/jit/ir/alias_analysis.h>
#include <ATen/core/interned_strings.h>
#include <c10/util/flat_hash_map.h>
#include <c10/util/irange.h>
#include <torch/csrc/jit/api/function_impl.h>
#include <torch/csrc/jit/jit_log.h>
#include <torch/csrc/jit/passes/inliner.h>
#include <torch/csrc/jit/passes/utils/subgraph_utils.h>
#include <torch/csrc/jit/runtime/operator.h>
#include <fstream>
#include <iostream>
namespace torch::jit {
namespace {
c10::MaybeOwned<TypePtr> toSingleType(const AliasTypeSet& mut_types) {
return mut_types.size() == 1
? c10::MaybeOwned<TypePtr>::borrowed(mut_types[0])
: c10::MaybeOwned<TypePtr>::owned(c10::UnionType::create(mut_types));
}
// This class determines whether a type is mutable, and, if so, it maps
// the type to its "mutable equivalent" (see definition in
// `mapTypeToAliasTypeSet`). It uses a cache of TypePtrs to speed up these
// type lookups
class MutableTypePtrHelper {
public:
explicit MutableTypePtrHelper(
ska::flat_hash_map<TypePtr, AliasTypeSet>* mutable_type_cache)
: mutable_type_cache_(mutable_type_cache) {}
// Map any mutable type to a type such that all other types which the
// mutable type can alias will be mapped to the same type. For
// example, calling this method on `Optional[List[int]]` should be
// the same as calling this method on `List[int]`.
//
// Rules:
// - If the type is not mutable, return `nullopt`
// - If the type is a `Tuple`, that means that it's an immutable
// object that can itself contain mutable objects. We want to make
// sure that the mutable objects are correctly aliased, so we
// remove the immutable objects. (For example,
// `Tuple[int, Tensor]` would become `Tuple[Tensor]`, while
// `Tuple[int, str]` would be returned as `nullopt`.) This is a
// convenience that makes it easy to check if the `Tuple`
// contains only immutable objects, though it's not technically
// necessary
// - For any Tensor type (including Tensor types that are part of
// a larger container, e.g. `List[Tensor]`), return the
// "unshaped" version of that Tensor. An "unshaped" Tensor is a
// Tensor with shape information removed. For example, a Tensor
// of dimension 4 would map to the same type as a Tensor of
// dimension 1. This allows us to treat all subclasses of Tensor
// as a single, homogenous "Tensor" type.
std::optional<AliasTypeSet> mapTypeToAliasTypeSet(const TypePtr& type) {
if (mutable_type_cache_) {
const AliasTypeSet* result = mapTypeToBorrowedAliasTypeSet(type);
if (result) {
return *result;
}
}
return mapTypeToAliasTypeSetImpl(type);
}
const AliasTypeSet* mapTypeToBorrowedAliasTypeSet(const TypePtr& type) {
TORCH_INTERNAL_ASSERT_DEBUG_ONLY(mutable_type_cache_ != nullptr);
auto maybe_type_mapping = mutable_type_cache_->find(type);
if (maybe_type_mapping != mutable_type_cache_->end()) {
return &maybe_type_mapping->second;
}
auto mutable_types = mapTypeToAliasTypeSetImpl(type);
if (mutable_types) {
auto it =
mutable_type_cache_->emplace(type, std::move(*mutable_types)).first;
return &it->second;
} else {
return nullptr;
}
}
private:
std::optional<AliasTypeSet> mapTypeToAliasTypeSetImpl(const TypePtr& type) {
switch (type->kind()) {
case TypeKind::ListType:
case TypeKind::DictType:
case TypeKind::ClassType:
case TypeKind::TensorType:
// TODO: Look up cached contained types. this is kind of tricky
// because a `List[Optional[T]]` should still be
// `List[Optional[Unshaped(T)]]`, but
// `mapTypeToAliasTypeSet(Optional[T])` should be `T`
return AliasTypeSet{unshapedType(type)};
case TypeKind::UnionType: {
AliasTypeSet mutable_types;
for (const TypePtr& inner :
type->expectRef<UnionType>().containedTypes()) {
if (auto maybe_inner_types = mapTypeToAliasTypeSet(inner)) {
mutable_types.insert(
mutable_types.end(),
(*maybe_inner_types).begin(),
(*maybe_inner_types).end());
}
}
if (mutable_types.empty()) {
return std::nullopt;
}
return mutable_types;
}
case TypeKind::OptionalType: {
auto inner = type->castRaw<OptionalType>()->getElementType();
return mapTypeToAliasTypeSet(inner);
}
case TypeKind::AnyType:
return {AliasTypeSet{type}};
case TypeKind::FutureType: {
if (auto maybe_mut_types = mapTypeToAliasTypeSet(
type->castRaw<FutureType>()->getElementType())) {
return {AliasTypeSet{
FutureType::create(*toSingleType(*maybe_mut_types))}};
}
return std::nullopt;
}
case TypeKind::AwaitType: {
if (auto maybe_mut_types = mapTypeToAliasTypeSet(
type->castRaw<AwaitType>()->getElementType())) {
return {
AliasTypeSet{AwaitType::create(*toSingleType(*maybe_mut_types))}};
}
return std::nullopt;
}
case TypeKind::TupleType: {
std::vector<TypePtr> mutable_types;
for (const TypePtr& inner : type->expectRef<TupleType>().elements()) {
if (auto maybe_inner_types = mapTypeToAliasTypeSet(inner)) {
mutable_types.insert(
mutable_types.end(),
(*maybe_inner_types).begin(),
(*maybe_inner_types).end());
}
}
if (mutable_types.empty()) {
return std::nullopt;
}
return {AliasTypeSet{TupleType::create(mutable_types)}};
}
default:
return std::nullopt;
}
}
ska::flat_hash_map<TypePtr, AliasTypeSet>* mutable_type_cache_;
};
bool isMutableTypeImpl(
const TypePtr& type,
ska::flat_hash_map<TypePtr, AliasTypeSet>* mutable_type_cache) {
// Check common cases to avoid recursively constructing type in
// `mapTypeToAliasTypeSetPtrImpl`
auto kind = type->kind();
if (kind == TypeKind::TensorType || kind == TypeKind::ListType ||
kind == TypeKind::ClassType || kind == TypeKind::DictType) {
return true;
}
MutableTypePtrHelper helper(mutable_type_cache);
if (mutable_type_cache) {
return helper.mapTypeToBorrowedAliasTypeSet(type) != nullptr;
} else {
return helper.mapTypeToAliasTypeSet(type).has_value();
}
}
} // namespace
// Static `isMutableType` does not use cache of type -> mutable type equivalent
bool AliasDb::isMutableType(const TypePtr& type) {
return isMutableTypeImpl(type, nullptr);
}
bool AliasDb::isMutableType(const Value* v) {
return isMutableType(v->type());
}
// Make use of type -> mutable cache
bool AliasDb::isMutableTypeInternal(const TypePtr& type) const {
return isMutableTypeImpl(type, &mapped_mutable_types_);
}
bool AliasDb::isMutableTypeInternal(const Value* v) const {
return isMutableTypeInternal(v->type());
}
const AliasTypeSet* AliasDb::mapTypeToAliasTypeSetPtr(
const TypePtr& type) const {
MutableTypePtrHelper helper(&mapped_mutable_types_);
return helper.mapTypeToBorrowedAliasTypeSet(type);
}
AliasDb::~AliasDb() = default;
// Structure used during analysis to keep track of all writes at a high
// level. When the analysis is completed, this will be used to construct
// a more efficient WriteIndex
struct AliasDb::WriteRegistry {
void registerWrite(const Value* v, Node* n) {
writes_[n].emplace_back(v);
}
void registerWriteToAllContained(const Value* v, Node* n) {
containedWrites_[n].emplace_back(v);
}
void registerWriteToAllWildcards(Node* n) {
writesToAllWildcards_.insert(n);
}
std::unordered_map<Node*, std::vector<const Value*>> writes_;
std::unordered_map<Node*, std::vector<const Value*>> containedWrites_;
std::unordered_set<Node*> writesToAllWildcards_;
};
AliasDb::AliasDb(
std::shared_ptr<Graph> graph,
bool isFrozen,
bool descendFunctionCalls)
: graph_(std::move(graph)),
isFrozen_(isFrozen),
descend_function_calls_(descendFunctionCalls),
memoryDAGBuilder_(std::make_unique<MemoryDAGBuilder>()),
writeRegistry_(std::make_unique<AliasDb::WriteRegistry>()) {
analyze(graph_);
memoryDAG_ = std::move(*memoryDAGBuilder_).createMemoryDAG();
// NOLINTNEXTLINE(cppcoreguidelines-prefer-member-initializer)
memoryDAGBuilder_ = nullptr; // to make further access a hard error
memoryDAG_->setWildcards(
wildcards_, elementMap_, [&](const Value* v) -> Element* {
return getWildcard(v->type());
});
// Now we build up the various write indices based on information in the write
// registry that we populated during analysis
// Initialize the write index
writeIndex_ = TWriteIndex();
auto& writeIndex = *writeIndex_; // to make operator[] less ugly
// Build the write index
for (const auto& write : writeRegistry_->writes_) {
Node* node = write.first;
const std::vector<const Value*> writtenValues = write.second;
for (const Value* writtenValue : writtenValues) {
auto it = elementMap_.find(writtenValue);
TORCH_INTERNAL_ASSERT(
it != elementMap_.end(), "Tried to write to value not in MemoryDAG");
const auto& writtenMemoryLocations =
memoryDAG_->getMemoryLocations(it->second);
writeIndex[node] |= writtenMemoryLocations;
}
}
for (const auto& write : writeRegistry_->containedWrites_) {
Node* node = write.first;
const std::vector<const Value*>& writtenValues = write.second;
for (const Value* writtenValue : writtenValues) {
auto elem = elementMap_.at(writtenValue);
MemoryLocations writtenMemoryLocations;
memoryDAG_->collectAllContainedMemoryLocations(
elem, writtenMemoryLocations);
writeIndex[node] |= writtenMemoryLocations;
}
}
for (const auto& write : writeRegistry_->writesToAllWildcards_) {
for (const auto& pr : wildcardIndex_) {
writeIndex[write].set(pr.second->index);
}
}
// Now that we've built the write index, we can null out the WriteRegistry to
// make future access an error. In this way we prevent the index from getting
// out of sync (since we have no way of registering new writes)
// NOLINTNEXTLINE(cppcoreguidelines-prefer-member-initializer)
writeRegistry_ = nullptr;
// Initialize the write cache
buildWrittenToLocationsIndex();
GRAPH_DEBUG(toString());
}
bool AliasDb::isMutable(Node* n) const {
ValueSet vs;
for (const auto input : n->inputs()) {
vs.insert(input);
}
return writesToAlias(n, vs);
}
bool AliasDb::hasInputWriters(const Node* n) const {
for (const auto input : n->inputs()) {
if (hasWriters(input)) {
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
bool AliasDb::hasOutputWriters(const Node* n) const {
for (const auto output : n->outputs()) {
if (hasWriters(output)) {
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
bool AliasDb::hasWriters(const Node* n) const {
return hasInputWriters(n) || hasOutputWriters(n);
}
bool AliasDb::hasWriters(const Value* v) const {
if (v->mustBeNone()) {
return false;
}
auto it = elementMap_.find(v);
if (it == elementMap_.end()) {
return false;
}
const auto& el = it->second;
return writtenToLocationsIndex_->intersects(
memoryDAG_->getMemoryLocations(el));
}
void AliasDb::getWritesImpl(Node* n, MemoryLocations& ret) const {
if (writeIndex_->count(n)) {
const auto& writes = writeIndex_->at(n);
ret |= writes;
}
for (auto block : n->blocks()) {
for (auto node : block->nodes()) {
getWritesImpl(node, ret);
}
}
}
// Does `n` write to an alias of one of the values in `vs`?
bool AliasDb::writesToAlias(Node* n, const ValueSet& vs) const {
const auto writtenTo = getWrites(n);
if (writtenTo.empty()) {
return false;
}
MemoryLocations locs;
for (const auto v : vs) {
auto it = elementMap_.find(v);
if (it != elementMap_.end()) {
const auto& vlocs = memoryDAG_->getMemoryLocations(it->second);
if (writtenTo.intersects(vlocs)) {
return true;
}
}
}
return false;
}
MemoryLocations AliasDb::getWrites(Node* n) const {
MemoryLocations writes;
getWritesImpl(n, writes);
return writes;
}
void AliasDb::getReadsImpl(Node* n, MemoryLocations& ret) const {
for (const auto input : n->inputs()) {
auto it = elementMap_.find(input);
if (it != elementMap_.end()) {
auto el = it->second;
// Add all memory locations this element may alias and their contained
// elements
memoryDAG_->collectAllContainedMemoryLocations(el, ret);
}
}
for (auto block : n->blocks()) {
for (auto node : block->nodes()) {
getReadsImpl(node, ret);
}
}
}
MemoryLocations AliasDb::getReads(Node* n) const {
MemoryLocations reads;
getReadsImpl(n, reads);
return reads;
}
std::string AliasDb::getElementName(const Element* e) const {
if (e->values.empty()) {
// Not the most efficient way, but given the fact there are
// not too many types and even fewer of them will end up in
// `wildcardIndex_`, we should be fine with a linear search
// each time we hit a Wildcard leaf
for (const auto& ent : wildcardIndex_) {
if (ent.second == e) {
return std::string("WILDCARD for type ") + ent.first->str();
}
}
return "WILDCARD";
} else {
std::ostringstream ss;
if (e->values.size() == 1) {
ss << "%" << (*e->values.begin())->debugName();
return ss.str();
}
ss << "(";
for (const Value* v : e->values) {
ss << "%" << v->debugName() << ", ";
}
ss << ")";
return ss.str();
}
}
void AliasDb::dump() const {
std::cout << toString();
}
std::string AliasDb::toString() const {
std::stringstream ss{};
ss << "\n===1. GRAPH===\n";
ss << graph_->toString();
ss << "\n===2. ALIAS DB===\n";
for (const auto& ptrPair : elementMap_) {
const auto element = ptrPair.second;
int ct = 0;
if (!element->pointsTo.empty()) {
ss << getElementName(element) << " points to: ";
for (const auto pointedTo : element->pointsTo) {
if (ct > 0) {
ss << ", ";
}
++ct;
ss << getElementName(memoryDAG_->fromIndex(pointedTo));
}
ss << "\n";
}
ct = 0;
if (!element->containedElements.empty()) {
ss << getElementName(element) << " contains: ";
for (const auto contained : element->containedElements) {
ss << getElementName(memoryDAG_->fromIndex(contained));
if (ct > 0) {
ss << ", ";
}
++ct;
}
ss << "\n";
}
}
ss << "\n===3. Writes===\n";
for (const auto& pr : *writeIndex_) {
const auto node = pr.first;
const auto& values = pr.second;
ss << *node;
ss << " ";
for (const auto value : values) {
ss << getElementName(memoryDAG_->fromIndex(value)) << ", ";
}
ss << "\n";
}
ss << "\n";
return ss.str();
}
bool AliasDb::dumpToGraphvizFile(const char* filename) const {
std::ofstream dot_file(filename);
if (!dot_file.good()) {
std::cout << "Failed to create Graphviz file: '" << filename << "'\n";
return false;
}
dot_file << toGraphviz();
return true;
}
std::string AliasDb::toGraphviz() const {
std::stringstream dot;
// Local helper to generate a graphviz-friendly name encoding
// See also AliasDb::getElementName()
const auto name = [this](const Element* e) -> std::string {
if (e->values.empty()) {
for (const auto& ent : wildcardIndex_) {
if (ent.second == e) {
return std::string("\"WILDCARD for ") + ent.first->str() + "\"";
}
}
return "\"WILDCARD\"";
} else {
std::ostringstream ss;
if (e->values.size() == 1) {
ss << "\"\\%" << (*e->values.begin())->debugName() << "\"";
return ss.str();
}
ss << "\"(";
for (const Value* v : e->values) {
ss << "\\%" << v->debugName() << ", ";
}
ss << ")\"";
return ss.str();
}
};
// Include the textual representation for reference
dot << "/*\n";
dot << toString();
dot << "*/\n";
dot << "digraph alias_db {\n"
<< " rankdir=LR\n"
<< " node [shape=rect, color=gray];\n"
<< " edge [color=black];\n";
for (const auto& ptrPair : elementMap_) {
const auto element = ptrPair.second;
if (!element->pointsTo.empty()) {
for (const auto pointedTo : element->pointsTo) {
dot << " " << name(element) << " -> "
<< name(memoryDAG_->fromIndex(pointedTo)) << "\n";
}
}
if (!element->containedElements.empty()) {
for (const auto contained : element->containedElements) {
dot << " " << name(element) << " -> "
<< name(memoryDAG_->fromIndex(contained))
<< " [style=dashed, color=blue]\n";
}
}
}
dot << "}\n";
return dot.str();
}
void AliasDb::analyze(const std::shared_ptr<Graph>& graph) {
for (auto input : graph->inputs()) {
setWildcard(input);
}
analyze(graph->block());
}
void AliasDb::analyze(Block* block) {
for (auto node : block->nodes()) {
analyze(node);
}
}
void AliasDb::analyze(Node* node) {
analyzeImpl(node);
}
// Returns true if analysis was run using
// the registered analyzer.
bool AliasDb::tryRegisteredAnalysis(Node* node) {
const Operator& op = node->getOperator();
auto analysis = op.aliasAnalysisKind();
if (AliasAnalysisKind::PURE_FUNCTION == analysis) {
analyzeCreator(node);
return true;
}
return false;
}
// The basic strategy is:
// 1. Retrieve alias information for every input.
// 2. Use the node's schema's alias annotations to propgagate alias/write
// information to the outputs. For unschematized nodes, a special analyzer
// will have to be handwritten.
void AliasDb::analyzeImpl(Node* node) {
auto op = node->maybeOperator();
const bool hasSpecialCase = aliasAnalysisHasSpecialCaseFor(node->kind());
if (op) {
const auto analysis = op->aliasAnalysisKind();
const bool registeredAsSpecialCase =
analysis == AliasAnalysisKind::INTERNAL_SPECIAL_CASE;
if (C10_UNLIKELY(registeredAsSpecialCase && !hasSpecialCase)) {
TORCH_INTERNAL_ASSERT(
false,
"Op ",
node->kind().toDisplayString(),
" is registered with AliasAnalysisKind::INTERNAL_SPECIAL_CASE but doesn't have a special case.");
} else if (C10_UNLIKELY(!registeredAsSpecialCase && hasSpecialCase)) {
TORCH_INTERNAL_ASSERT(
false,
"Op ",
node->kind().toDisplayString(),
" has a special case and should be registered with AliasAnalysisKind::INTERNAL_SPECIAL_CASE but is registered with ",
c10::toString(analysis));
}
} else {
if (!hasSpecialCase) {
std::ostringstream oss;
for (const auto input : node->inputs()) {
oss << input->type()->str() << ", ";
}
oss << "\n\nCandidates:";
const auto& candidates = getAllOperatorsFor(node->kind());
for (const auto& candidate : candidates) {
oss << "\n\t" << candidate->schema();
}
TORCH_INTERNAL_ASSERT(
0,
"We don't have an op for ",
node->kind().toDisplayString(),
" but it isn't a special case. ",
"Argument types: ",
oss.str());
}
}
// These nodes are not schematized, so we need to handle them specially
switch (node->kind()) {
case prim::If:
return analyzeIf(node);
case prim::Loop:
return analyzeLoop(node);
case prim::FusionGroup:
case prim::CudaFusionGroup:
case prim::oneDNNFusionGroup:
case prim::FunctionalGraph:
case prim::DifferentiableGraph:
case prim::FallbackGraph:
return analyzeSubgraph(node);
case prim::fork:
return analyzeFork(node);
case aten::wait:
return analyzeWait(node);
case prim::awaitable:
case prim::awaitable_nowait:
return analyzeAwaitable(node);
case prim::awaitable_wait:
return analyzeAwaitableWait(node);
case prim::rpc_async:
case prim::rpc_sync:
case prim::rpc_remote:
return analyzeRpcAsync(node);
case aten::batch_norm:
return analyzeBatchNorm(node);
case aten::instance_norm:
return analyzeInstanceNorm(node);
case prim::GradOf:
return analyzeGradOf(node);
case prim::BroadcastMKLDNNTensors: {
makePointerTo(node->outputs().at(0), node->inputs().at(0));
makePointerTo(node->outputs().at(1), node->inputs().at(1));
return;
}
// TODO: think more about TensorExpr alias correctness
case prim::TensorExprGroup:
case prim::TensorExprDynamicGroup:
case prim::MKLDNNGroup:
case prim::ConstantMKLDNNTensor:
case prim::StaticSubgraph:
case prim::Constant:
case prim::AutogradZero:
case prim::AutogradAdd:
case prim::FusedConcat:
case prim::MMTreeReduce:
case prim::MMBatchSide:
case prim::BroadcastSizes:
case prim::ChunkSizes:
// this should never be seen outside of initial compilation
// but because of some dependencies with closure invoking alias
// db needs to be handled here
case prim::EmptyListLiteral:
case prim::Closure:
case prim::CreateObject:
case prim::tolist:
case prim::Uninitialized:
return analyzeCreator(node);
case prim::TupleConstruct:
case prim::DictConstruct:
case prim::ListConstruct:
return analyzeContainerConstruct(node);
case prim::TupleUnpack:
case prim::TupleIndex:
case prim::TupleSlice:
case prim::ListUnpack:
case prim::PythonOp:
case prim::GetAttr:
if (isFrozen_ && node->kind() == prim::GetAttr) {
auto& ty = node->input()->type();
if (ty->expectRef<ClassType>().is_module()) {
return analyzeCreator(node);
}
}
return analyzeExtractor(node);
case prim::unchecked_cast:
return makePointerTo(node->output(), node->input());
case prim::ConstantChunk:
return analyzeChunk(node);
case prim::BroadcastingChunk:
return analyzeBroadcastingChunk(node);
case prim::SetAttr:
return analyzeSetAttr(node);
case prim::profile_ivalue:
case prim::profile:
makePointerTo(node->output(), node->inputs().at(0));
return;
case prim::TypeCheck:
case prim::RequiresGradCheck: {
auto num_inputs = node->inputs().size();
for (const auto i : c10::irange(num_inputs)) {
makePointerTo(node->outputs().at(i), node->inputs().at(i));
}
return;
}
case prim::BailOut:
TORCH_INTERNAL_ASSERT(
node->inputs().at(0)->node()->kind() == prim::BailoutTemplate);
makePointerTo(node->output(), node->inputs().at(1));
return;
case prim::Guard:
makePointerTo(node->output(), node->inputs().at(0));
return;
case prim::CallFunction:
case prim::CallMethod: {
// TODO: this can be improved with summarizes of what the function does
// for now we assume the worst
if (!descend_function_calls_) {
return analyzeConservative(node);
}
auto g = tryToGraphFunction(node);
if (!g) {
return analyzeConservative(node);
}
// this is an unoptimized path - we copy the subgraph for each function
// call past the first - so we do not generally enable the recursive
// analysis. use cases for fine-grained alias analysis without inlining
// are very uncommon
auto graph = g->optimized_graph();
// alias analysis will use Value* as mappings for information,
// so for each analysis of a particular function call we need a new graph
// for all copies made, store them for duration of analysis so we do not
// run into lifetime issues with the graph
std::vector<std::shared_ptr<Graph>>& graphs =
function_call_copies_[graph.get()];
if (graphs.empty()) {
graphs.push_back(graph);
analyzeSubgraph(node, graph);
} else {
auto copied_graph = graph->copy();
graphs.push_back(copied_graph);
analyzeSubgraph(node, copied_graph);
}
return;
}
case prim::Enter:
case prim::Exit:
// TODO: this can be improved with summarizes of what the function does
// for now we assume the worst
// NB: update safeToChangeAliasingRelationship if changed
return analyzeConservative(node);
case prim::Print:
case prim::isinstance:
// These ops do nothing
return;
default:
if (tryRegisteredAnalysis(node)) {
return;
}
}
TORCH_INTERNAL_ASSERT(op, "We should have an op schema if we get to here");
const AliasAnalysisKind analysis = op->aliasAnalysisKind();
TORCH_INTERNAL_ASSERT(
analysis != AliasAnalysisKind::INTERNAL_SPECIAL_CASE &&
!aliasAnalysisHasSpecialCaseFor(node->kind()),
"Special cases should be handled already if we're here.");
if (node->kind().is_aten() || node->kind().is_prim() ||
node->kind().is_cuda()) {
// TODO There is nothing in the system that relies on aten:: and prim::
// ops using AliasAnalysisKind::FROM_SCHEMA or
// AliasAnalysisKind::INTERNAL_SPECIAL_CASE, but this is the intended
// behavior for all current ops and a good error check. We can consider
// lifting this constraint later if we have a use case for it.
TORCH_INTERNAL_ASSERT(
analysis == AliasAnalysisKind::FROM_SCHEMA ||
analysis == AliasAnalysisKind::CONSERVATIVE,
"aten:: and prim:: operators should use AliasAnalysisKind::FROM_SCHEMA or "
"AliasAnalysisKind::CONSERVATIVE(if really necessary), but ",
node->kind().toDisplayString(),
" doesn't. Note: Ideally, prim:: operators actually shouldn't have a schema ",
"and then use AliasAnalysisKind::INTERNAL_SPECIAL_CASE instead.");
}
if (analysis == AliasAnalysisKind::CONSERVATIVE) {
// TODO A previous implementation of alias analysis always accessed
// node->schema , which cause the schema caches in the Node class to be
// filled for the full graph. Unfortunately, our JIT passes started relying
// on that, so we need to keep doing this. Details: in
// caffe2/torch/onnx/utils.py, _jit_pass_onnx is called on an invalid JIT
// graph because we called _jit_pass_erase_number_types right before and
// ints are now Tensors instead. So if _jit_pass_onnx tries to look up
// operator schemas, it will crash. However, _jit_pass_constant_propagation,
// which is called before it, runs alias analysis and prefills the schema
// cache in the all Node instances so that _jit_pass_onnx doesn't look up
// operators to get the schemas anymore. We should fix this.
node->schema(); // fill the schema cache in the Node class
return analyzeConservative(node);
}
TORCH_INTERNAL_ASSERT(
analysis == AliasAnalysisKind::FROM_SCHEMA,
"AliasAnalysisKind::CONSERVATIVE/PURE_FUNCTION/INTERNAL_SPECIAL_CASE should already have been handled above");
const auto& schema = node->schema();
// Bind the schema's "formal" alias annotation to the actual values those
// schema arguments represent
std::unordered_map<Symbol, Value*> formalToActual;
for (const auto i : c10::irange(schema.arguments().size())) {
const at::AliasInfo* formal = schema.arguments()[i].alias_info();
const auto& actualValue = node->inputs().at(i);
// Skip if there's no alias annotation
if (!formal) {
continue;
}
// If this type cannot alias, continue. Can occur with a VarType schema
if (!isMutableTypeInternal(actualValue)) {
continue;
}
// Do sanity checks on the alias annotation
TORCH_INTERNAL_ASSERT(
formal->containedTypes().size() <= 1,
"Composite types for alias analysis not yet supported");
TORCH_INTERNAL_ASSERT(
!formal->isWildcardBefore(),
"Doesn't make sense for a input value to begin as a wildcard");
// This is a special case where we have alias info before [] but not after,
// such as `Tensor(a!)[]`
if (formal->containedTypes().size() == 1 && formal->beforeSets().empty()) {
// Use the first containedType in alias info.
formal = &(formal->containedTypes()[0]);
}
const auto& formalAlias = formal->beforeSet();
// skip if we've already bound this alias
if (formalToActual.count(formalAlias) != 0) {
continue;
}
// Bind the formal to the actual
formalToActual[formalAlias] = actualValue;
// Record writes
if (formal->isWrite()) {
registerWrite(actualValue, node);
}
// Now deal with sets after the '->'
if (formal->isWildcardAfter()) {
TORCH_INTERNAL_ASSERT(
formal->afterSets().size() == 1,
"If the after set contains a wildcard, "
"there should be no other alias sets specified.");
setWildcard(actualValue);
} else {
// We don't understand anything else in the after yet, so assert there's
// been no change.
TORCH_INTERNAL_ASSERT(formal->beforeSets() == formal->afterSets());
}
}
// Use the formal-actual mapping to give aliases to the outputs
for (const auto i : c10::irange(schema.returns().size())) {
const auto actual = node->outputs().at(i);
const at::AliasInfo* formal = schema.returns()[i].alias_info();
if (!formal) {
// This is a fresh tensor
giveFreshAlias(actual);
continue;
}
// If this type cannot alias, continue. Can occur with a VarType schema
if (!isMutableType(actual)) {
continue;
}
TORCH_INTERNAL_ASSERT(
formal->containedTypes().size() <= 1,
"Composite types for alias analysis not yet supported");
TORCH_INTERNAL_ASSERT(formal->beforeSets() == formal->afterSets());
if (formal->containedTypes().size() == 1 && formal->beforeSets().empty()) {
// Use the first containedType in alias info.
formal = &(formal->containedTypes()[0]);
}
if (formal->isWildcardBefore()) {
TORCH_INTERNAL_ASSERT(
formal->beforeSets().size() == 1,
"If an output is a wildcard, "
"there should be no other alias sets specified.");
setWildcard(actual);
continue;
}
bool inputs_has_alias = false;
for (const auto& formalAlias : formal->beforeSets()) {
if (formalToActual.count(formalAlias)) {
inputs_has_alias = true;
auto toAlias = formalToActual.at(formalAlias);
makePointerTo(actual, toAlias);
}
}
// If all the alias annotation that we encounter weren't in the inputs:
// e.g. foo(Tensor(a) self) -> Tensor(b)
// or foo(Tensor(a) self) -> Tensor(b|c)
// Otherwise it is the form of a|fresh, which we can ignore, taking the
// conservative assumption that the output must alias `a`, e.g
// aten::cuda(Tensor(a) self) -> Tensor(a|fresh)
if (!inputs_has_alias && !formal->beforeSets().empty()) {
giveFreshAlias(actual);
}
// Record writes
if (formal->isWrite()) {
registerWrite(actual, node);
}
}
}
// Register the fact that `n` writes to `v`.
void AliasDb::registerWrite(const Value* v, Node* n, bool writeToContained) {
if (!isMutableTypeInternal(v)) {
// don't need to register a write if the value isn't mutable
return;
}
if (writeToContained) {
writeRegistry_->registerWriteToAllContained(v, n);
} else {
writeRegistry_->registerWrite(v, n);
}
}
void AliasDb::analyzeIf(Node* node) {
// For if statements, the alias set of an output is the union of the
// alias sets generated by the if and else block
const auto trueBlock = node->blocks().at(0);
const auto falseBlock = node->blocks().at(1);
analyze(trueBlock);
analyze(falseBlock);
for (const auto i : c10::irange(node->outputs().size())) {
const auto nodeOutput = node->outputs()[i];
const auto trueOutput = trueBlock->outputs().at(i);
const auto falseOutput = falseBlock->outputs().at(i);
makePointerTo(nodeOutput, trueOutput);
makePointerTo(nodeOutput, falseOutput);
}
}
void AliasDb::analyzeLoop(Node* node) {
const auto bodyBlock = node->blocks().at(0);
const auto loopCarriedInputs = node->inputs().slice(2); // skip max, cond
const auto blockInputs = bodyBlock->inputs().slice(1); // skip trip
const auto blockOutputs = bodyBlock->outputs().slice(1); // skip trip
TORCH_INTERNAL_ASSERT(loopCarriedInputs.size() == blockInputs.size());
TORCH_INTERNAL_ASSERT(blockOutputs.size() == node->outputs().size());
// Run alias analysis on the loop body, iterating until the block output
// alias info converges. Copy node input aliases to block input
mapAliases(blockInputs, loopCarriedInputs);
// Populate block output alias info by analyzing the body
analyze(bodyBlock);
// Copy the alias info from the block output to the node output
mapAliases(node->outputs(), blockOutputs);
}
void AliasDb::analyzeGradOf(Node* node) {
const auto grad_of_block = node->blocks().at(0);
analyze(grad_of_block);
mapAliases(node->outputs(), grad_of_block->outputs());
}
void AliasDb::analyzeSubgraph(
Node* node,
const std::shared_ptr<Graph>& subgraph) {
const auto subgraphBlock = subgraph->block();
// CallFunction nodes have an extra first parameter
if (node->kind() == prim::CallFunction) {
mapAliases(subgraphBlock->inputs(), node->inputs().slice(1));
} else {
mapAliases(subgraphBlock->inputs(), node->inputs());
}
analyze(subgraphBlock);
// Note: the subgraph outputs and node outputs are NOT NECESSARILY the
// same length. Autodifferentiation maybe capture additional outputs in the
// subgraph block.
TORCH_INTERNAL_ASSERT(
subgraphBlock->outputs().size() >= node->outputs().size());
for (size_t i = 0; i < node->outputs().size(); i++) {
makePointerTo(node->outputs()[i], subgraphBlock->outputs()[i]);
}
}
void AliasDb::analyzeSubgraph(Node* node) {
const auto subgraph = node->g(attr::Subgraph);
return analyzeSubgraph(node, subgraph);
}
// For nodes that generate a fresh value from nothing
void AliasDb::analyzeCreator(Node* node) {
for (Value* output : node->outputs()) {
giveFreshAlias(output);
}
}
// For nodes that extract values from a composite type. Right now, this just
// gives up and creates wildcards for everything.
void AliasDb::analyzeExtractor(Node* node) {
for (const auto output : node->outputs()) {
setWildcard(output);
}
}
// For torch.chunk(), all returned tensors may alias the input tensor
void AliasDb::analyzeChunk(Node* node) {
for (auto output : node->outputs()) {
makePointerTo(output, node->input());
}
}
void AliasDb::analyzeFork(Node* node) {
for (const auto input : node->inputs()) {
setWildcard(input);
}
// Give the future that the fork emits a fresh value
for (const auto output : node->outputs()) {
giveFreshAlias(output);
}
}
void AliasDb::analyzeWait(Node* node) {
TORCH_INTERNAL_ASSERT(node->kind() == aten::wait);
for (const auto output : node->outputs()) {
setWildcard(output);
}
// the forked subgraph that `wait` is waiting on may write to any of its
// inputs. We don't have a reliable way of recovering the fork inputs, so
// for safety we just register a write to every wildcard.
writeRegistry_->registerWriteToAllWildcards(node);
}
void AliasDb::analyzeAwaitable(Node* node) {
for (const auto input : node->inputs()) {
setWildcard(input);
}
for (const auto output : node->outputs()) {
giveFreshAlias(output);
}
}
void AliasDb::analyzeAwaitableWait(Node* node) {
TORCH_INTERNAL_ASSERT(node->kind() == prim::awaitable_wait);
for (const auto output : node->outputs()) {
setWildcard(output);
}
// the awaitable subgraph that `wait` is waiting on may write to any of its
// inputs. We don't have a reliable way of recovering the awaitable inputs, so
// for safety we just register a write to every wildcard.
writeRegistry_->registerWriteToAllWildcards(node);
}
void AliasDb::analyzeRpcAsync(Node* node) {
for (const auto input : node->inputs()) {
setWildcard(input);
}
// Give the future that the rpc_async emits a fresh value
for (const auto output : node->outputs()) {
giveFreshAlias(output);
}
}
namespace {
std::optional<bool> getConstantBooleanInput(
Node* node,
const std::string& inputName) {
TORCH_INTERNAL_ASSERT(
node->hasNamedInput(inputName), inputName + " input is expected");
auto value = node->namedInput(inputName);
TORCH_INTERNAL_ASSERT(
value->type() == BoolType::get(),
inputName + "training input is expected to be a bool");
return constant_as<bool>(value);
}
} // namespace
// custom behavior for batch_norm because (a!)? annotations currently
// aren't supported, and because behavior differs depending on the value of
// training
void AliasDb::analyzeBatchNorm(Node* node) {
// we invoking freezing for inference, so we assume training will be folded to
// a constant false to avoid needing to invoke freezing multiple times in
// order to make batch norm weights constant
for (Value* output : node->outputs()) {
giveFreshAlias(output);
}
if (isFrozen_) {
return;
}
auto isTraining = getConstantBooleanInput(node, "training");
if (!isTraining.has_value() || *isTraining) {
TORCH_INTERNAL_ASSERT(
node->hasNamedInput("running_mean"), "running_mean input is expected");
auto runningMean = node->namedInput("running_mean");
TORCH_INTERNAL_ASSERT(
node->hasNamedInput("running_var"), "running_var input is expected");
auto runningVar = node->namedInput("running_var");
registerWrite(runningMean, node);
registerWrite(runningVar, node);
}
}
// custom behavior for instance_norm, because (a!)? annotations currently
// aren't supported, and because behavior differs depending on the value of
// use_input_stats
void AliasDb::analyzeInstanceNorm(Node* node) {
for (Value* output : node->outputs()) {
giveFreshAlias(output);
}
auto useInputStats = getConstantBooleanInput(node, "use_input_stats");
if (!useInputStats.has_value() || *useInputStats) {
TORCH_INTERNAL_ASSERT(
node->hasNamedInput("running_mean"), "running_mean input is expected");
auto runningMean = node->namedInput("running_mean");
TORCH_INTERNAL_ASSERT(
node->hasNamedInput("running_var"), "running_var input is expected");
auto runningVar = node->namedInput("running_var");
registerWrite(runningMean, node);
registerWrite(runningVar, node);
}
}
// SetAttr: writes to the `self` field
void AliasDb::analyzeSetAttr(Node* node) {
const auto self = node->inputs().at(0);
TORCH_INTERNAL_ASSERT(self->type()->kind() == TypeKind::ClassType);
registerWrite(self, node);
// Also the value being set must become a wildcard.
const auto newValue = node->inputs().at(1);
setWildcard(newValue);
}
// Used for anything where we do not have accurate alias summaries
// may write to any input and produce wildcards
void AliasDb::analyzeConservative(Node* node) {
for (const auto input : node->inputs()) {
if (!isMutableTypeInternal(input)) {
continue;
}
registerWrite(input, node, /*writeToContained=*/true);
setWildcard(input);
}
for (const auto output : node->outputs()) {
setWildcard(output);
}
}
bool AliasDb::functionalNonEscapingListUse(const Use& use) const {
Node* n = use.user;
size_t offset = use.offset;
Value* container = n->inputs().at(offset);
// only consider aten op uses of lists
if (!container->type()->cast<ListType>()) {
return false;
}
/*
in the general case, we consider any Value that enters another container as
entering the heap, and thus aliasing all other heap values of the same type.
the advantage of this approach are:
- there are many composite list/container ops that would be tricky to
schematize if we did something more complicated
- limits the size of the AliasDb, because a container of size 10 only contains
1 memory dag element instead of 10
- we do not need to worry about adding contained elements to the wildcard set
when a container escapes the graph.
The downside of this approach is we are unable to handle the common case of a
list constructed and passed into an aten op. Here, optimize for a set of
common ops where the output does not alias the list or the list elements
*/
// only used in output of graph - no further uses,
// so there will be no use of it where the contained element leaks
if (use.user->kind() == prim::Return) {
return use.user->owningBlock() == graph_->block();
}
switch (use.user->kind()) {
case aten::cat:
case aten::broadcast_tensors:
case aten::stack:
case aten::vstack:
case aten::hstack:
case aten::dstack:
return true;
}
auto op = use.user->maybeOperator();
if (op && op->aliasAnalysisKind() == AliasAnalysisKind::PURE_FUNCTION) {
return true;
}
return false;
}
bool AliasDb::functionalNonEscapingTupleUse(const Use& use) const {
Node* n = use.user;
size_t offset = use.offset;
Value* container = n->inputs().at(offset);
if (!container->type()->cast<TupleType>()) {
return false;
}
// TODO(T97387453): Cover more ops that do not let escape tuples' elements.
bool in_return_outputs = use.user->kind() == prim::Return;
bool not_in_nested_subgraph = use.user->owningBlock() == graph_->block();
return in_return_outputs && not_in_nested_subgraph;
}
// List or dict or tuple construct: create an aliasing element for the actual
// container, then mark all inputs as wildcards, since they've gone inside the
// container. Then, add the wildcard sets of appropriate type to the contained
// elements of the container.
void AliasDb::analyzeContainerConstruct(Node* node) {
TORCH_INTERNAL_ASSERT(
node->kind() == prim::ListConstruct ||
node->kind() == prim::DictConstruct ||
node->kind() == prim::TupleConstruct);
// tuples which contain immutable types are immutable
if (!isMutableTypeInternal(node->output())) {
return;
}
TORCH_INTERNAL_ASSERT(node->outputs().size() == 1);
auto container = node->output();
// optimization:
// if a list is only used once in an aten op, and the op output
// doesn't alias the input, then we can add all inputs to the list's
// contained elements instead of the wildcard set.
if (container->uses().size() == 1 &&
(functionalNonEscapingListUse(container->uses().at(0)) ||
functionalNonEscapingTupleUse(container->uses().at(0)))) {
giveFreshAlias(container, false);
for (Value* v : node->inputs()) {
addToContainedElements(v, container);
}
return;
}
giveFreshAlias(container);
auto container_elem = elementMap_.at(container);
for (auto input : node->inputs()) {
auto maybe_wildcard_elem = setWildcard(input);
if (maybe_wildcard_elem) {
memoryDAGBuilder_->addToContainedElements(
*maybe_wildcard_elem, container_elem);
}
}
}
// BroadcastingChunk: all inputs are broadcasted, and then individually chunked.
// This is an intermediate node used only in the graph fuser.
void AliasDb::analyzeBroadcastingChunk(Node* node) {
auto inputs = node->inputs();
auto outputs = node->outputs();
auto nchunks = node->i(attr::chunks);
for (const auto index : c10::irange(inputs.size())) {
// Each inputs[i] is aliased by exactly `nchunks` distinct output tensors:
// inputs[i] produces chunks outputs[i * nchunks + k] for k in [0..nchunks)
auto output_begin = outputs.begin() + index * nchunks;
for (auto it = output_begin; it != output_begin + nchunks; ++it) {
makePointerTo(*it, inputs.at(index));
}
}
}
bool AliasDb::nonAliasingValue(const Value* elem) const {
// these are values which can point to aliasing types in the graph,
// as with a None value pointing to an optional if node output,
// but will never alias themselves
return elem->mustBeNone() || elem->node()->kind() == prim::Uninitialized;
}
// Register the fact that `from` is a pointer to `to`
void AliasDb::makePointerTo(const Value* from, const Value* to) {
if (nonAliasingValue(from) || nonAliasingValue(to)) {
// if either value is guaranteed to be non-aliasing, we do not need to
// connect the two elements. however, it is invariant that aliasing types
// that are not wildcards have a memory dag element, so we create one if
// needed
giveFreshAlias(from);
giveFreshAlias(to);
return;
}
// The contained types of immutable type containers (`Optional`,
// `Tuple`, `Future`, and `Union`) are unified, so these types can be
// mutable or immutable and point to a type which is mutable or
// immutable. `Any` is mutable but can point to an immutable type
// through refinement
if (isMutableTypeInternal(from) != isMutableTypeInternal(to)) {
return;
}
// both immutable
if (!isMutableTypeInternal(from)) {
return;
}
if (from == to) {
return;
}
// At this point, we are dealing with two mutable types
auto from_el = getOrCreateElement(from);
auto to_el = getOrCreateElement(to);
memoryDAGBuilder_->makePointerTo(from_el, to_el);
}
void AliasDb::addToContainedElements(
const Value* inner,
const Value* container) {
if (!isMutableTypeInternal(inner)) {
return;
}
auto inner_el = getOrCreateElement(inner);
auto cont_el = getOrCreateElement(container);
memoryDAGBuilder_->addToContainedElements(inner_el, cont_el);
}
bool AliasDb::mayAlias(const Value* a, const Value* b) const {
if (!isMutableTypeInternal(a) || !isMutableTypeInternal(b)) {
return false;
}
return memoryDAG_->mayAlias(elementMap_.at(a), elementMap_.at(b));
}
bool AliasDb::mayAlias(const ValueSet& a, const ValueSet& b) const {
if (a.empty() || b.empty()) {
return false;
}
// Record all memory locations from group `a`
MemoryLocations aMemLocs;
for (const auto value : a) {
auto it = elementMap_.find(value);
if (it != elementMap_.end()) {
aMemLocs |= memoryDAG_->getMemoryLocations(it->second);
}
}
// If any of group `b`s memory locations overlap, return true.
for (const auto value : b) {
auto it = elementMap_.find(value);
if (it != elementMap_.end()) {
if (aMemLocs.intersects(memoryDAG_->getMemoryLocations(it->second))) {
return true;
}
}
}
// No overlap, so group `a` and `b` do not share a memory location
return false;
}
bool AliasDb::mayContainAlias(Value* a, Value* b) const {
if (!isMutableTypeInternal(a) || !isMutableTypeInternal(b)) {
return false;
}
return memoryDAG_->mayContainAlias(elementMap_.at(a), elementMap_.at(b));
}
std::vector<Element*> AliasDb::getElements(at::ArrayRef<Value*> vs) const {
std::vector<Element*> elements;
for (const auto& val : vs) {
if (isMutableTypeInternal(val)) {
elements.push_back(elementMap_.at(val));
}
}
return elements;
}
bool AliasDb::mayContainAlias(
const at::ArrayRef<Value*> a,
const at::ArrayRef<Value*> b) const {
auto a_elems = getElements(a);
return a_elems.empty() ? false
: memoryDAG_->mayContainAlias(a_elems, getElements(b));
}
bool AliasDb::mayContainAlias(Value* a, const at::ArrayRef<Value*> b) const {
if (!isMutableTypeInternal(a)) {
return false;
}
auto b_elems = getElements(b);
return b_elems.empty()
? false
: memoryDAG_->mayContainAlias(elementMap_.at(a), b_elems);
}
// Make each value in the `from` list point to its partner in the `to` list
void AliasDb::mapAliases(at::ArrayRef<Value*> from, at::ArrayRef<Value*> to) {
TORCH_INTERNAL_ASSERT(to.size() == from.size());
for (const auto i : c10::irange(to.size())) {
makePointerTo(from[i], to[i]);
}
}
// Should only be called from create_functional_graphs.
// The asserts are to guard against unintentional use.
// FIXME refactor aliasdb construction to be more robust to mutation so this
// hack isn't necessary.
void AliasDb::createValue(const Value* value) {
TORCH_INTERNAL_ASSERT(isMutableTypeInternal(value->type()));
auto new_elem = memoryDAG_->unsafeMakeFreshValue(value);
elementMap_[value] = new_elem;
}
void AliasDb::giveFreshAlias(
const Value* value,
bool add_wildcard_to_contained_elems) {
auto maybe_mut_types = mapTypeToAliasTypeSetPtr(value->type());
if (!maybe_mut_types) {
return;
}
if (elementMap_.count(value)) {
// Inside a loop, we may have given a fresh alias to this value already, so
// skip
return;
}
auto new_elem = memoryDAGBuilder_->makeFreshValue(value);
elementMap_[value] = new_elem;
if (add_wildcard_to_contained_elems) {
if (maybe_mut_types->size() > 1) {
pointUnionTypeElementToAllContainedTypes(new_elem, *maybe_mut_types);
} else {
addContainedTypesToFreshElement(new_elem, *maybe_mut_types);
}
}
}
Element* AliasDb::getOrCreateElement(const Value* value) {
if (!elementMap_.count(value)) {
giveFreshAlias(value);
}
return elementMap_.at(value);
}
void AliasDb::replaceWithNewValue(Value* existing, Value* new_value) {
TORCH_INTERNAL_ASSERT(
*unshapedType(existing->type()) == *unshapedType(new_value->type()),
"Types must be strictly equal if you are replacing aliasing information. ",
"Got existing: '",
existing->type()->repr_str(),
"', new_value: '",
new_value->type()->repr_str(),
"'");
if (!isMutableTypeInternal(existing)) {
return;
}
auto existing_elem = elementMap_.at(existing);
elementMap_[new_value] = existing_elem;
elementMap_.erase(existing);
existing_elem->values = {new_value};
}
void AliasDb::copyValue(Value* from, Value* to) {
TORCH_INTERNAL_ASSERT(
*unshapedType(from->type()) == *unshapedType(to->type()),
"Types must be strictly equal if you are copying aliasing information. ",
"Got from: '",
from->type()->repr_str(),
"', to: '",
to->type()->repr_str(),
"'");
if (!isMutableTypeInternal(to)) {
return;
}
auto origElem = elementMap_.at(from);
elementMap_[to] = origElem;
origElem->values.insert(to);
}
bool AliasDb::moveAfterTopologicallyValid(Node* n, Node* movePoint) {
return tryMove(n, movePoint, MoveSide::AFTER, /*dryRun=*/false);
}
bool AliasDb::couldMoveAfterTopologically(Node* n, Node* movePoint) {
return tryMove(n, movePoint, MoveSide::AFTER, /*dryRun=*/true);
}
bool AliasDb::moveBeforeTopologicallyValid(Node* n, Node* movePoint) {
// We have to distinguish the move side (instead of just moving after
// n->prev()). Consider the following example:
// If the dependency graph looks like
// n -> movePoint -> o
// then moveBefore(o) will end up with
// n, o, movePoint
// but moveAfter(n) will return false.
return tryMove(n, movePoint, MoveSide::BEFORE, /*dryRun=*/false);
}
bool AliasDb::couldMoveBeforeTopologically(Node* n, Node* movePoint) {
return tryMove(n, movePoint, MoveSide::BEFORE, /*dryRun=*/true);
}
bool AliasDb::hasWriters(const at::ArrayRef<Value*>& values) const {
return std::any_of(values.begin(), values.end(), [&](Value* value) {
return hasWriters(value);
});
}
bool AliasDb::escapesScope(const at::ArrayRef<Value*>& vs) const {
return mayContainAlias(graph_->inputs(), vs) ||
mayContainAlias(graph_->outputs(), vs) || mayAliasWildcard(vs);
}
// Correctness conditions:
// no values in either set can have writers, and values in both sets
// cannot escape the current graph scope. Values can escape the current scope
// by aliasing a graph output or input, or by aliasing the wildcard set.
bool AliasDb::safeToChangeAliasingRelationship(
const at::ArrayRef<Value*>& a,
const at::ArrayRef<Value*>& b) const {
if (hasWriters(a) || hasWriters(b)) {
return false;
}
return !(escapesScope(a) && escapesScope(b));
}
// Helper for topologically-safe node moves. See `tryMove()` for details.
class AliasDb::WorkingSet {
public:
explicit WorkingSet(Node* mover, const AliasDb& aliasDb)
: aliasDb_(aliasDb), mover_(mover) {
for (const auto user : getUsersSameBlock(mover_)) {
moverUsers_.insert(user);
}
moverWrites_ |= aliasDb_.getWrites(mover_);
moverReads_ |= aliasDb_.getReads(mover_);
}
// Add `n` to the working set
void add(Node* n) {
nodes_.push_back(n);
node_to_index_[n] = static_cast<int64_t>(nodes_.size()) - 1;
for (const auto user : getUsersSameBlock(n)) {
users_.insert(user);
}
writes_ |= aliasDb_.getWrites(n);
reads_ |= aliasDb_.getReads(n);
}
void eraseMover() {
mover_ = nullptr;
moverWrites_.clear();
moverReads_.clear();
moverUsers_.clear();
}
const std::vector<Node*>& dependentNodes() {
return nodes_;
}
// Does the working set depend on `n`?
bool dependsOn(Node* n) const {
if (!mover_ && nodes_.empty()) {
return false;
}
return hasDataDependency(n) || hasMutabilityDependency(n);
}
private:
bool hasDataDependency(Node* n) const {
if (!mover_ && nodes_.empty()) {
return false;
}
const Node* pivot = mover_ ? mover_ : nodes_.front();
if (n->isAfter(pivot)) {
return producesFor(n);
} else {
return consumesFrom(n);
}
}
bool hasMutabilityDependency(Node* n) const {
// Check that `n` does not write to anything used by the working set
const auto& nWrites = aliasDb_.getWrites(n);
if (reads_.intersects(nWrites)) {
return true;
}
if (mover_ && moverReads_.intersects(nWrites)) {
return true;
}
// Check that the working set doesn't write to anything that `n` uses.
const auto& nReads = aliasDb_.getReads(n);
if (writes_.intersects(nReads)) {
return true;
}
if (mover_ && moverWrites_.intersects(nReads)) {
return true;
}
return false;
}
// Does the working set produce any values consumed by `n`?
bool producesFor(Node* n) const {
// This equivalent to asking: does the total use-set of all the nodes in the
// working set include `n`?
if (mover_ && moverUsers_.count(n)) {
return true;
}
return users_.count(n) != 0;
}
// Does the working set consume any values produced by `n`?
bool consumesFrom(Node* n) const {
const auto users = getUsersSameBlock(n);
if (mover_ && users.count(mover_)) {
return true;
}
return std::any_of(users.begin(), users.end(), [&](Node* user) {
return node_to_index_.find(user) != node_to_index_.end();
});
}
// Get all users of outputs of `n`, in the same block as `n`.
// This means if there is an `if` node that uses an output of `n` in some
// inner sub-block, we will consider the whole `if` node a user of `n`.
std::unordered_set<Node*> getUsersSameBlock(Node* n) const {
std::unordered_set<Node*> users;
for (const auto output : n->outputs()) {
for (const auto& use : output->uses()) {
if (auto sameBlock = findSameBlock(use.user, n)) {
users.insert(sameBlock);
}
}
}
return users;
}
// Traverse `target`'s blockchain upward until we find a node that shares a
// block with `n`.
//
// If one can't be found (say, because `n` is an inner block and target is
// outside), then return nullptr. Since we can only reorder nodes within a
// block, `target` would be irrelevant.
static Node* findSameBlock(Node* target, Node* n) {
TORCH_INTERNAL_ASSERT(target->owningGraph() == n->owningGraph());
if (target->owningBlock() == n->owningBlock()) {
return target;
} else {
// This user is in a sub-block. Traverse the blockchain upward until
// we arrive at a node that shares a block with `this`
auto curNode = target;
while (curNode->owningBlock() != n->owningBlock()) {
curNode = curNode->owningBlock()->owningNode();
if (curNode == nullptr) {
return curNode;
}
}
return curNode;
}
}
// NOLINTNEXTLINE(cppcoreguidelines-avoid-const-or-ref-data-members)
const AliasDb& aliasDb_;
std::vector<Node*> nodes_;
// Extra data structure for nodes for faster look up
// Since the tryMove method is used a lot, we want to
// make it as fast as possible.
std::unordered_map<Node*, int64_t> node_to_index_;
// Mover dependencies. We track these separately since we may erase the mover
// from the working set.
Node* mover_;
MemoryLocations moverWrites_;
MemoryLocations moverReads_;
std::unordered_set<Node*> moverUsers_;
// users => # of working set nodes it uses
std::unordered_set<Node*> users_;
// Values written to by the working set => number of nodes writing to value
MemoryLocations writes_;
MemoryLocations reads_;
};
// Try to move `toMove` before/after `movePoint` while preserving value
// dependencies. Returns false iff such a move could not be made.
//
// If `dryRun` is set, don't actually execute the move, just check if the move
// is possible
//
// The basic approach is: have a "working set" that we are moving forward, one
// node at a time. When we can't move past a node (because it depends on the
// working set), then add it to the working set and keep moving until we hit
// `moveAfter`.
bool AliasDb::tryMove(
Node* toMove,
Node* movePoint,
MoveSide moveSide,
bool dryRun) {
if (toMove->owningBlock() != movePoint->owningBlock()) {
return false;
}
if (toMove == movePoint) {
return true;
}
// 1. Move from `this` toward movePoint, building up the working set of
// dependencies
WorkingSet workingSet(toMove, *this);
// NOLINTNEXTLINE(cppcoreguidelines-init-variables)
int direction;
if (toMove->isAfter(movePoint)) {
direction = kPrevDirection;
} else {
direction = kNextDirection;
}
auto curNode = toMove->next_in_graph[direction];
bool toMoveIsOnMoveSide =
(moveSide == MoveSide::BEFORE && toMove->isBefore(movePoint)) ||
(moveSide == MoveSide::AFTER && toMove->isAfter(movePoint));
if (toMoveIsOnMoveSide && curNode == movePoint) {
return true;
}
// it is never valid to move reorder a node with side effects
if (toMove->hasSideEffects() ||
(!toMoveIsOnMoveSide && movePoint->hasSideEffects())) {
return false;
}
// Move forward one node at a time
while (curNode != movePoint) {
// never valid to reorder around a node with side effects
if (curNode->hasSideEffects()) {
return false;
}
if (workingSet.dependsOn(curNode)) {
// If we can't move past this node, add it to the working set
workingSet.add(curNode);
}
curNode = curNode->next_in_graph[direction];
}
// 2. Decide whether we can move it all to `movePoint`.
// Say we are moving directly before movePoint and `toMove` starts before
// movePoint in the graph. The move looks like
//
// `toMove` `toMove` |
// <dependencies> -> `movePoint` | `toMove` and deps are split
// `movePoint` <dependencies> |
//
// Contrast with the case where `toMove` starts AFTER movePoint:
//
// `movePoint` <dependencies> |
// <dependencies> -> `toMove` | `toMove` and deps are together
// `toMove` `movePoint` |
//
// In the first case, we need to split `this` off from its dependencies, so we
// can move the dependencies below `movePoint` and keep `toMove` above.
const bool splitToMoveAndDeps =
(moveSide == MoveSide::BEFORE && toMove->isBefore(movePoint)) ||
(moveSide == MoveSide::AFTER && toMove->isAfter(movePoint));
if (splitToMoveAndDeps) {
// remove `this` from dependencies to be moved past `movePoint`
workingSet.eraseMover();
}
// Check if we can move the working set past the move point
if (workingSet.dependsOn(movePoint)) {
// if we can't, then there are intermediate dependencies between the
// `this` and `movePoint`, so we can't do the move
return false;
}
if (dryRun) {
return true;
}
// 3. Execute the move
TORCH_INTERNAL_ASSERT(curNode == movePoint);
if (splitToMoveAndDeps) {
// Move `toMove`
move(toMove, movePoint, moveSide);
// Then move all of its dependencies on the other side of `movePoint`
const auto reversed =
moveSide == MoveSide::BEFORE ? MoveSide::AFTER : MoveSide::BEFORE;
for (auto n : workingSet.dependentNodes()) {
move(n, curNode, reversed);
curNode = n;
}
} else {
// Just append/prepend everything to `movePoint`
move(toMove, curNode, moveSide);
curNode = toMove;
for (auto n : workingSet.dependentNodes()) {
move(n, curNode, moveSide);
curNode = n;
}
}
return true;
}
// Helper function so we can generalize `tryMove`
void AliasDb::move(Node* toMove, Node* movePoint, MoveSide moveSide) {
switch (moveSide) {
case MoveSide::BEFORE:
toMove->moveBefore(movePoint);
break;
case MoveSide::AFTER:
toMove->moveAfter(movePoint);
break;
}
}
bool AliasDb::writesToWildcard(Node* n) const {
if (!writeIndex_->count(n)) {
return false;
}
const auto& writes = writeIndex_->at(n);
// Are any of these memoryLocs a wildcard element?
for (const auto& pr : wildcardIndex_) {
const auto wildcardElement = pr.second;
if (writes.test(wildcardElement->index)) {
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
bool AliasDb::mayAliasWildcard(const Value* v) const {
if (auto e = getWildcard(v->type())) {
return memoryDAG_->mayAlias(elementMap_.at(v), e);
}
// There were no wildcards of this type, so return false.
return false;
}
bool AliasDb::mayAliasWildcard(const at::ArrayRef<Value*> vs) const {
return std::any_of(
vs.begin(), vs.end(), [&](Value* v) { return mayAliasWildcard(v); });
}
std::optional<Element*> AliasDb::tryGetOrCreateWildcard(const TypePtr& type) {
auto maybe_mut_types = mapTypeToAliasTypeSetPtr(type);
if (!maybe_mut_types) {
return std::nullopt;
}
auto mut_type = toSingleType(*maybe_mut_types);
auto existing_wildcard = wildcardIndex_.find(*mut_type);
if (existing_wildcard != wildcardIndex_.end()) {
return existing_wildcard->second;
}
auto wildcard_elem = memoryDAGBuilder_->makeFreshValue(nullptr);
wildcardIndex_.emplace(*std::move(mut_type), wildcard_elem);
if (maybe_mut_types->size() > 1) {
pointUnionTypeElementToAllContainedTypes(wildcard_elem, *maybe_mut_types);
} else {
addContainedTypesToFreshElement(wildcard_elem, *maybe_mut_types);
}
return wildcard_elem;
}
void AliasDb::pointUnionTypeElementToAllContainedTypes(
Element* container_elem,
const AliasTypeSet& mut_types) {
for (const auto& mut_type : mut_types) {
auto maybe_elem = tryGetOrCreateWildcard(mut_type);
if (maybe_elem) {
TORCH_INTERNAL_ASSERT(*maybe_elem != container_elem);
memoryDAGBuilder_->makePointerTo(container_elem, *maybe_elem);
}
}
}
void AliasDb::addContainedTypesToFreshElement(
Element* container_elem,
const AliasTypeSet& mut_types) {
for (const auto& mut_type : mut_types) {
for (const auto& contained : mut_type->containedTypes()) {
auto maybe_elem = tryGetOrCreateWildcard(contained);
if (maybe_elem) {
memoryDAGBuilder_->addToContainedElements(*maybe_elem, container_elem);
}
}
}
}
// Search the wildcard index for an element that corresponds to the given type.
// Const version returns nullptr
Element* AliasDb::getWildcard(const TypePtr& type) const {
auto maybe_mut_types = mapTypeToAliasTypeSetPtr(type);
if (!maybe_mut_types) {
return {};
}
if (maybe_mut_types->size() > 1) {
auto union_type = UnionType::create(*maybe_mut_types);
// Get a <TypePtr, Element*> pair where the TypePtr is this Union
// type and the Element is the corresponding Wildcard
auto maybe_union_pair = wildcardIndex_.find(union_type);
if (maybe_union_pair != wildcardIndex_.end()) {
return (*maybe_union_pair).second;
}
} else {
// Get a <TypePtr, Element*> pair where the TypePtr is the given
// type and the Element is the corresponding Wildcard
auto type_pair = wildcardIndex_.find((*maybe_mut_types)[0]);
if (type_pair != wildcardIndex_.end()) {
return type_pair->second;
}
}
return {};
}
// Register `v` as a wildcard value.
std::optional<Element*> AliasDb::setWildcard(const Value* v) {
std::optional<Element*> maybe_wildcardElement =
tryGetOrCreateWildcard(v->type());
if (!maybe_wildcardElement) {
return std::nullopt;
}
// Ensure that we create a corresponding Element for `v` still, as it is an
// invariant that all mutable values have an Element
getOrCreateElement(v);
wildcards_.insert(v);
return maybe_wildcardElement;
}
void AliasDb::buildWrittenToLocationsIndex() {
MemoryLocations ret;
for (const auto& pr : *writeIndex_) {
const auto& writtenLocs = pr.second;
ret |= writtenLocs;
}
writtenToLocationsIndex_ = ret;
}
void Lint(const AliasDb* db) {
bool failed = false;
std::stringstream ss;
// Every mutable value in the system has a corresponding element.
for (const auto& v : db->graph_->all_values) {
if (!db->isMutableTypeInternal(v)) {
continue;
}
auto it = db->elementMap_.find(v);
if (it == db->elementMap_.end()) {
failed = true;
ss << "Value %" << v->debugName() << " of type " << v->type()->repr_str()
<< " wasn't found in the element map.\n"
<< "It was defined in " << *v->node();
}
}
TORCH_INTERNAL_ASSERT(!failed, ss.str());
// Two checks that we want to add but can't until the mutation API is more
// fully developed.
// - Every mutable value in the aliasdb belongs to the graph
// - All container values have contained elements
}
} // namespace torch::jit
``` |
Jorge Enrique Rubio is a Cuban trainer in the sport of boxing. Rubio is presumed to be trainer of the Cuban national amateur boxing team but there is no actual proof he was. Rubio trains numerous professional fighters in Miami, Florida, including Gil Reyes, Juan Arroyo, and Stacey Reile. Rubio was announced as Amir Khan's trainer on July 26, 2008. After Khan's disastrous first-round KO defeat at the hands of relatively unknown Colombian Breidis Prescott, Khan and Rubio parted ways.
Rubio is currently the trainer of rising Cuban prospect Hairon Socarras and former Olympic Gold Medalist Luke Campbell.
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Cuban boxing trainers
Cuban male boxers |
Fastpoint Games was a developer of data-driven games for businesses in the fortune 500, and was the parent company of fantasy sports developer, RotoHog. Under the Fastpoint Games banner, the company had applied RotoHog's configurable game platform to use structured data to drive consumer engagement and help brands in markets like social media, entertainment, MMO, politics and regulated gaming to grow their audience, engage their users and monetize them.
On 7 January 2011, Fastpoint Games and Sony Online Entertainment announced the alpha launch of the Facebook game Fortune League. The casual strategy game is based on the world of EverQuest II (EQII). In Fortune League, players assess quests, hero performance, situational threats and the actions of other players in a live trade market and compensates leaders with points, cosmetic upgrades and prizes that can be used in the free-to-play and subscription versions of EQII. Fortune League integrates real-time performance data such as damages, deaths and healings directly from the MMO environment and uses them to form Hero Stats that drive the game. Therefore, player actions inside EQII will affect what happens in Fortune League and prizes from Fortune League will help users advance back in the EQII environment. Fastpoint Games CEO, Kelly Perdew, positions Fortune League as a new category of snackable data-driven games that will help MMO franchises acquire users and tap new revenue streams.
On 11 July 2011, Fortune League was sunsetted.
Between September 2009 and November 2010, the company has leveraged its technology platform to power games outside of the fantasy sports segment and launched games in the entertainment and casual games space. They have partnered with social media platforms including hi5, Facebook and MySpace, and released 58 games for 16 clients across 21 sports and entertainment seasons for marquee clients including US Weekly, NASCAR, ABC, Los Angeles Times, Go Daddy.com and Sports Illustrated online.
Weplay Acquired the assets of Fastpoint Games in May 2012, but the games and domains did not continue.
See also
RotoHog
Fantasy Sports
References
External links
Official Site
Fastpoint Games' Fantasy Sports Site - rotohog.com
Privately held companies based in Delaware
Companies established in 2006 |
```yaml
description: Example binding for a node using a PWM clock
compatible: "test-clock-control-pwm-clock"
include: base.yaml
properties:
clocks:
required: true
description: Clock phandle array
``` |
Cholent or Schalet () is a traditional slow-simmering Sabbath stew in Jewish cuisine that was developed by Ashkenazi Jews first in France and later Germany, and is first mentioned in the 12th century. It is related to and is thought to have been derived from hamin, a similar Sabbath stew that emerged in Spain among Sephardic Jews and made its way to France by way of Provence.
Etymology
Max Weinreich traces the etymology of cholent to the Latin present participle calentem (an accusative form of calēns), meaning "that which is hot" (as in calorie), via Old French (present participle of , from the verb , "to warm"). One widely quoted folk etymology derives the word from French ("hot") and ("slow"). Another folk etymology derives cholent (or ) from , which means "that rested [overnight]", referring to tradition of Jewish families placing their individual pots of cholent into the town baker's ovens that always stayed hot and slow-cooked the food overnight.
Another possible etymology is from Old French (hot lentils). This last proposed etymology is unlikely, as the "d" in chaudes is pronounced and not silent, and therefore too far from the pronunciation of tsholnt or tsholent (Old French is notable for its final consonants being pronounced and not silent as in the case of Modern French).
Background
Shabbat stews were developed over the centuries to conform with Jewish laws that prohibit cooking on the Sabbath. The pot is brought to a boil on Friday before the Sabbath begins, and sometimes kept on a blech or hotplate, or left in a slow oven or electric slow cooker, until the following day. Cholent originated as a barley porridge in ancient Judea known then and still today as "harisa". Over the centuries various Jewish diaspora communities created their own variations of the dish based on local food resources and neighborhood influence.
There are many variations of the dish, which is standard in both the Ashkenazi and Sephardi kitchens and among other communities. The basic ingredients of cholent are meat, potatoes, beans and barley though all shabbat stews contain some type of grain and meat or featured vegetable. Slow overnight cooking allows the flavors of the various ingredients to permeate and produces the characteristic taste of each local stew.
In traditional Ashkenazi, Sephardi, and Mizrahi families, stew is the hot main course of the midday Shabbat meal served on Saturdays typically after the morning synagogue services for practicing Jews. Secular Jewish families also serve stews like cholent or eat them in Israeli restaurants. For practicing Jews, lighting a fire and cooking food are among the activities prohibited on Shabbat by the written Torah. Therefore, cooked Shabbat food must be prepared before the onset of the Jewish Shabbat at sunset Friday night.
Cholent was first mentioned by name 1180 CE by R. Yitzhak ben Moshe of Vienna who says "I saw in France in the home of my teacher R. Yehuda bar Yitzhak that sometimes their cholent pots were buried. And on Shabbat before the meal, the servants light the fire near the cauldrons so that they warm well, and some remove them and bring them close to the fire".
History
The origins of cholent date back to the 11th century, when the Christian Reconquista of Al-Andalus or Islamic Spain, when culinary techniques from the Moorish period spread northwards into Europe through Provence. In the late 12th or early 13th century, the Sephardic Sabbath stew known as hamin became a part of the traditions of the Jews of France.
Among the French Ashkenazi Jewish population, the traditional stew was renamed tsholnt, cholent or schalet, likely from the old French for warm, chald or chalt (the antecedent of today's chaud), or from chald-de-lit ("warmth of the bed").
By the 13th century, the stew is described as having become widespread in Bohemia and Germany. Originally made with fava beans, the cholent of the French Ashkenazi was substituted with dried haricot beans from the Americas in the sixteenth century. Since then, white beans, red kidney beans, pinto beans and dried lima beans have all become common ingredients. Some Romanians add chickpeas in "a remnant of the Sephardic influence due to Ottoman control of the area".
Since European agriculture favoured bread wheat instead of durum, substitutions were made. In Germany, spelt became common in cholent, while in Eastern Europe, the grain of choice became barley. The usual choice of meat in cholent is beef, either flank or brisket, or, occasionally in Western and Central Europe, goose or duck.
In the mid-19th century, Polish cholent featured generous amounts of potato, while Hungarian cholent used no potato at all. German variations added root vegetables. Onions might be added fried or raw, alongside garlic. The stew might also be sweetened with honey, sugar or fruit, and spiced with cloves, paprika or bay leaves.
Diasporic dispersal
As the Jewish diaspora grew with Jewish migrations into Europe, North Africa, and elsewhere in the Middle East and Central Asia, Jewish diaspora communities developed their own variations of the dish based on the local climate, available ingredients and local influence. John Cooper in argues that shabbat stews like cholent would have spread from Jerusalem east towards Babylon and simultaneously across the Mediterranean by North Africa into Iberia and eventually Italy and France while Marks cites Persian, Yemen and Italian communities to predate Sephardim in Iberia.
Original diets
The most accessible foods to Jews living in Israel before the destruction of the Second Temple are likely to have been the Mediterranean Triad: grain, oil and wine, which were available at low cost and vast amounts. While both wheat and barley were grown in Israel, barley was more likely to supplement inland Palestine. Cooper argues wheat would have been twice as expensive as barley which could grow in rougher soils closer to Jerusalem. Barley could also be harvested earlier ensuring multiple crops in the same season.
Meats were considered "luxury" goods that few could afford except on special occasions like shabbat and other holidays. Lambs and goats would have been popular as they grazed in arid climates and provided supplementary products like wool and milk while cattle were more expensive to maintain and priced as sacrificial.
Iberia under the Moors: Meat/eggs
Chicken was likely domesticated in Southeast Asia and popularized in Ur around 2100 BCE though the Israelites would have been less likely to eat it due to association of Roman sacrifice. Until the 8th century, the upkeep for chickens meant they could only be raised in small numbers making them a delicacy few could afford outside of shabbat. Gentile "olla podrida" rose in popularity in the 13th century featuring a porridge with vegetables, spices and meat, usually cattle. 14th century famine in Northern Europe caused a rise in cattle prices near Western Europe and North Africa where most Jews were living under Moorish peace as Muslim Umayyad Empire was more tolerant of Abrahamic religions. This led to chicken replacing cattle as livestock and resulted in mass recipe changes to accommodate access of resources in Iberia and Northern Africa.
The increase in chicken led to a surplus of eggs as a renewable resource. "Huevos haminados" began to describe the long process of long roasting eggs in hamin pots overnight that produced a signature aroma. The concept of "re'ach nicho'ach" describes the direct line of spiritual connection of scents from the nose to the soul. giving the egg an extra spiritual strength for Jews. In Kabbalah, the eggs are even watched over by an angel.
Post Reconquista: Blech
The rise of the Spanish conquest of Iberia, known as the Reconquista, stretched from as early as the establishment of Christian Kingdom Austurius in the early 8th century until the surrendering of Granada in 1492 by the ruling Moorish Kingdom. Jews were faced with limited options after the Alhambra Decree expelled non-Christian religious practices or face expulsion. Jews who migrated west across the Mediterranean after the destruction of the 2nd Temple became known as "Sephardic" Jews (literally Spanish Jews) and often reintegrated themselves to well established Jewish communities in North Africa or even the Ottoman Empire where a new language called "ladino", a mix of Hebrew and Spanish, began to explode in popularity.
Jews "conversos" (converts) converted, either sincerely or as a ruse, began to mainstream Jewish practices into Iberian culture. Sephardim who remained religious learned to hide observation of shabbat by "hiding" or "concealing" their pots in the embers of household fires or underground ovens from their Christian neighbors. Hamin became known as adafina or dafina as local ingredients changed hamin's base to a rice and chicken dish to match local practices. Stews like "gallina al vinegreta" began to rise in popularity nationally around the same making the ingredients almost indistinguishable.
The slow warming of the embers inspired an extra layer of precaution to the prohibition of cooking on shabbat, the blech. The blech covers a fire or modern stovetops to prevent cooking while allowing heat to transfer from one item to another indirectly as a warm source without "kindling". Hamin, scheena and cholent all commonly use a blech pinpointing their distinctions to a similar time period. The unique cooking requirements of were later the inspiration for the invention of the slow cooker.
Columbian Exchange: Potatoes, tomatoes, harissa, beans
Even in ancient Israel, it is likely that vegetables supplemented stews with native vegetables like leek, garlic and onions which were more accessible to poorer communities like future Ashkenazi. Historians have little proof other than modern economic trends as there was little documentation in the original period and vegetables decompose making it harder to note from archaeological evidence.
After the Columbian Exchange, new vegetables like potatoes, tomatoes and beans rose in popularity. They offered more substantial nutrients at lower costs than meats but with more flavor than barley, wheat or rice. In the Maghreb, a South American hot chili pepper called "harissa" thrived in the regions soil. Slow cooking crushed wheat, tomatoes and harissa created a spicy sauce that added new flavors to classic rice dishes.
Beans from the New World rapidly replaced barley and rice used in North Africa and Europe. In Greece and Turkey, "avicas" substituted the rice in hamin with white beans and even smaller haricot beans left over from Shabbat's Friday night dinner.
Variations
Israel
In Israel, cholent has become a dish widely available in restaurants. In 2013, cholenterias, casual restaurants specializing in cholent, emerged in Bnei Brak and the Haredi neighborhoods of Jerusalem, and became the premier night hangout areas for Haredi men between their Torah study sessions. Soon afterwards, cholent dishes spread to restaurants in secular areas.
Sephardim in Tel Aviv originated "sofrito" made of beef, potatoes and various spices eaten at Friday night shabbat dinners and added to the main meal the next day.
Central and Eastern European
In Germany, the Netherlands, and other western European countries the special hot dish for the Shabbat lunch is known as , , or .
The Jewish people of Hungary adapted the Hungarian dish sólet to serve the same purpose as cholent. Sólet was likely modified by the Jewish people living in Pannonia when the Magyars arrived. This pork version of solet became so popular that it is sold across the country as a canned good in grocery stores.
In Italy, pasta is a common substitute for beans or rice in shabbat stews and is called "hamin macaron" when sampled in Iberia. The rise of Chassidism in the late 18th century popularized black beans in Eastern Europe as the Bal Shem Tov's favorite bean while Alastian Cholent in France featured lima beans.
North and South America
To honor the tradition of eggs in cholent, some American Jews long roast meatloaves for Friday night and place whole eggs to be peeled and eaten. The Kosher Cajun Cookbook features New Orleans style cajun food with kosher substitutes like gumbo and jambalaya. Puerto Rican hamin is considered a stewed "arroz con pollo."
Communal cooking
In the shtetls of Europe, religious neighborhoods in Jerusalem, and other cities in the Land of Israel before the advent of electricity and cooking gas, a pot with the assembled but uncooked ingredients was brought to the local baker before sunset on Fridays. The baker would put the pot with the cholent mixture in his oven, which was always kept fired, and families would come by to pick up their cooked cholent on Saturday mornings. The same practice was observed in Morocco, where black pots of s'hina (see Variations below) were placed overnight in bakers' ovens and then delivered by bakers' assistants to households on Shabbat morning. Jewish stews were characterized by flour paste used to seal pots to prevent cooking and tampering which could cause the meal to become treif.
See also
List of stews
Cassoulet
Cocido madrileño
Macaroni Hamin
Jewish cuisine
Ashkenazi Jewish cuisine
Sephardic Jewish cuisine
Israeli cuisine
Shabbat
Kashrut
Kosher foods
References
Bibliography
Ben Zeev, Miriam. Diaspora Judaism in Turmoil, 116/117 CE: Ancient Sources and Modern Insights. Dudley, MA: Peeters, 2005.
Brumberg-Kraus, Jonathan. Gastronomic Judaism as Culinary Midrash. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books, an imprint of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc., 2019.
Cohen, Jake. Jew-Ish : Reinvented Recipes from a Modern Mensch : a Cookbook. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2021.
Cooper, Alanna. “Bukharan Jews.” In Oxford Bibliographies. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2017 rev. 2021, https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199840731/obo-9780199840731-0146.xml#:~:text=Bukharan%20Jews%20(also%20known%20as,states%20of%20Uzbekistan%20and%20Tajikistan.
Cooper, John. Eat and Be Satisfied : a Social History of Jewish Food. Northvale, N.J: Jason Aronson, 1993.
Covert, Mildred L., and Sylvia P. Gerson. Kosher Cajun Cookbook. Gretna, La: Pelican Pub. Co., 1987.
Diner, Hasia R., Simone Cinotto, and Carlo Petrini. Global Jewish Foodways : a History. Edited by Hasia R. Diner and Simone Cinotto. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2018.
Dubov, Nissan Dovid. The Laws of Cooking on Shabbos. Brooklyn, NY: Sichos In English, 2001.
Elais and Gary. “Lamb Harissa & Gazelle’s Horns.” Santa Fe, NM: Made In Marrow, 2019, Made In Marrow's Meal 57: Lamb Harissa & Gazelle's Horns.
Ganzfried, Solomon ben Joseph, Hyman E. Goldin, Joseph ben Ephraim Karo, and Hyman E. Goldin. Code of Jewish Law = Kitzur Shulḥan Aruḥ : a Compilation of Jewish Laws and Customs. Annotated rev. ed. Rockaway Beach, N.Y: Hebrew Pub. Co., 1993.
Gavin, Paola. “Red Hot Chili Peppers.” In Tablet Magazine. New York, NY: Nextbook Inc., 2022.
Golstein, Rabbi Zalman. Going Kosher in 30 Days! : An Easy Step-By-Step Guide for the Rest of Us. Monsey, NY: Jewish Learning Group, 2013.
González-Salinero, Raúl. Military Service and the Integration of Jews into the Roman Empire.” Leiden and Boston, MA: The Brill Reference Library of Judaism, 2022.
Gross, Aaron S., Jody Elizabeth Myers, Jordan Rosenblum, Hasia R. Diner, and Jonathan Safran Foer. Feasting and Fasting : the History and Ethics of Jewish Food. Edited by Aaron S. Gross, Jody Elizabeth Myers, and Jordan Rosenblum. New York: New York University Press, 2019.
Gur, Janna. The Book of New Israeli Food : a Culinary Journey. 1st American ed. New York: Schocken Books, 2007.
Haber, Joel. "Chulent and Hamin: The Ultimate Jewish Comfort Food: Celebrating the Most Jewish Food With 12 International Recipes." In The Taste of Jewish Culture. San Francisco, CA: Word Press, 2022, https://www.tasteofjew.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Chulent-Hamin.pdf.
Haber, Joel “Ferik-Egyptian Hamin.” In The Taste of Jewish Culture. Jerusalem, Israel: Aish.com, 2022, https://aish.com/ferik-egyptian-hamin/.
Hackett, Conrad and Grim, Brian J. et al. “The Global Religious Landscape: A Report on the Size Distribution of the World’s Major Religious Groups as of 2010.” In The Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life. Washington D.C.: The Pew Research Center's Forum on Religion and Public Life, 2012.
Heschel, Abraham Joshua. The Sabbath : Its Meaning for Modern Man. New York, NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005.
Ibn al-Karīm, Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan, and Charles Perry. A Baghdad Cookery Book: the Book of Dishes (Kitāb Al-Ṭabīkh). Totnes: Prospect, 2005.
Johnson, George. “Scholars Debate Roots of Yiddish, Migration of Jews.” In The New York Times. New York, NY: The New York Times, October 29, 1996, https://www.nytimes.com/1996/10/29/science/scholars-debate-roots-of-yiddish-migration-of-jews.html .
Judah, Yehudah ibn Tibon and Abraham Zifroni. Sefer ha-Kuzari. Tel Aviv, Israel: Schoken Publishing House, 1970.
Kimiagarov, Amnun. Classic Central Asian (Bukharian) Jewish Cuisine and Customs. New York, NY: Alpha Translation & Publishing, 2010.
Karo, Joseph ben Ephraim, Moses ben Israel Isserles, and Yitsḥak ben Aharon. Shulḥan ʻarukh ... Krakow: Sons of Isaac Prustits, 1618.
Language and Culture Archive of Ashkenazic Jewry Digital Archive, Columbia University Libraries. New York, NY: Columbia University, 2022, Research Guides: Language and Culture Archive of Ashkenazic Jewry Digital Archive User Guide: Introduction.
Lebewohl, Sharon., and Rena. Bulkin. The 2nd Ave Deli Cookbook : Recipes and Memories from Abe Lebewohl’s Legendary New York Kitchen. New York: Villard, 1999.
Maimonides. The 613 Mitzvot or Sefer Hamitzvos. Translated by Berel Bell. Brooklyn, NY: Sichos in English, 2006.
Marks, Gil. Encyclopedia of Jewish Foods. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2010.
Nathan, Joan. Jewish Cooking in America. Expanded edition. New York: Alfred A. Knopf Inc., 1998.
Newhouse, Alana, Stephanie Butnick, Noah Fecks, Joana Avillez, and Gabriella Gershenson. The 100 Most Jewish Foods : a Highly Debatable List. Edited by Alana Newhouse, Stephanie Butnick, and Gabriella Gershenson. New York: Artisan, 2019.
Ottolenghi, Yotam., and Sami. Tamimi. Jerusalem : a Cookbook. 1st U.S. ed. Berkeley: Ten Speed Press, 2012.
Pintel-Ginsberg, Idit. The Angel and the Cholent : Food Representation from the Israel Folktale Archives. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 2021.
Pressman, Hannah. “What is the History of Ladino and its Alphabet”. In Stroum Center for Jewish Studies Newsletter. Seattle, WA: Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies at the University of Washington, 2020, What is the history of Ladino and its alphabet?.
Richardson, Peter and Amy Marie Fisher. Herod : King of the Jews and Friend of the Romans. Second edition. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2018.
Shor, Leanne. “This Bukharian Jewish Meaty Rice Dish is the Crockpot Meal You Need.” In JMore Baltimore Living. Baltimore, MD: Maryland Jewish Media, 2018, This Bukharian Jewish Meaty Rice Dish is the Crockpot Meal You Need.
Stavans, Ilan. Jewish Literature : a Very Short Introduction. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2021.
Stein, Lori and Ronald H. Isaacs. Let’s Eat : Jewish Food and Faith. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, 2018.
Tauber, Yanki. Beyond the Letter of Law: A Chassidic Companion to the Talmud’s Ethics of the Fathers. 1st edition. Brooklyn NY: Vaad Hanochos Hatmimim, 1994.
Yitzahk ben Moishe or “Zaruah” in his Mishnah Torah. Or Zaruah, part 2, Hilhot Erev Shabbat, 3b
Israeli cuisine
Shabbat food
Stews
Yiddish words and phrases
French cuisine
German cuisine
Ashkenazi Jewish cuisine |
James Forbes, 17th Lord Forbes (died 29 July 1804) was the son of James Forbes, 16th Lord Forbes.
In 1760, he married Catherine Innes and they had six children:
Mary Elizabeth Forbes (d. 1803)
Marjory Forbes (1761–1842)
James Ochoncar Forbes, 17th Lord Forbes (1765–1843)
Robert Allaster Cam Forbes, Captain Royal Navy (d. HMS Dryad, 1795)
Andrew Forbes (d. 1808)
William Forbes (d. 1792)
References
Year of birth missing
1804 deaths
Lords Forbes |
Joy Rides for Shut-Ins is the first studio album recorded by The Cavedogs.
Track listing
All songs written by The Cavedogs
"Tayter Country" – 2:16
"Leave Me Alone" – 3:37
"Bed of Nails" – 3:22
"Proud Land" – 3:44
"What In The World?" – 3:06
"Right On The Nail" – 4:33
"Step Down" – 3:37
"Baba Ghanooj" – 4:22
"Calm Him Down" – 3:52
"Taking Up Space" – 3:28
"La La La" – 2:37
"[Hidden Track]" – 0:24
Personnel
The Cavedogs – Producer, Engineer
Mike Denneen – Piano
Paul Hamingson – Engineer, Remix Assistant
Paul Q. Kolderie – Engineer
John Lupfer – Producer, Engineer
Michael McLaughlin – Photography
Suzanne Mueller – cellist (Baba Ghanooj)
Carl Plaster – Engineer
Mark Rivers – Bass, Drums, Keyboards, Vocals, Producer
Sean Slade – Engineer
Todd Spahr – Guitar, Vocals, Bells, Producer, Sleigh Bells
Ed Stasium – Producer, Engineer, Remixing
Brian Stevens – Bass, Harmonica, Vocals, Producer
Charts
Album
Billboard (North America)
Singles
Billboard (North America)
References
Cavedogs albums
1990 debut albums
Albums produced by Ed Stasium
Enigma Records albums |
Mertsalovka () is a rural locality () in Vyshnereutchansky Selsoviet Rural Settlement, Medvensky District, Kursk Oblast, Russia. Population:
Geography
The village is located in the Lyubach River basin (a left tributary of the Reut River in the Seym basin), from the Russia–Ukraine border, south-west of Kursk, south-west of the district center – the urban-type settlement Medvenka, from the selsoviet center – Verkhny Reutets.
Climate
Mertsalovka has a warm-summer humid continental climate (Dfb in the Köppen climate classification).
Transport
Mertsalovka is located from the federal route Crimea Highway (a part of the European route ), from the road of intermunicipal significance (M2 "Crimea Highway" – Gakhovo), from the nearest railway halt 439 km (railway line Lgov I — Kursk).
The rural locality is situated from Kursk Vostochny Airport, from Belgorod International Airport and from Voronezh Peter the Great Airport.
References
Notes
Sources
Rural localities in Medvensky District |
Farnham Manor is a grade II listed house in Farnham, Suffolk, England. It is timber-framed and dates from at least 1602 based on a year marked on plasterwork in the house.
References
Grade II listed buildings in Suffolk
Grade II listed houses
Timber framed buildings in England
Buildings and structures completed in 1602
East Suffolk (district) |
Dhondo Keshav Karve (18 April 1858 – 9 November 1962) (), popularly known as Maharshi Karve, was a social reformer in India in the field of women's welfare. He advocated widow remarriage and he himself married a widow. Karve was a pioneer in promoting widows' education. He founded the first women's university in India, the SNDT Women's University in 1916. The Government of India awarded him with the highest civilian award, the Bharat Ratna, in 1958, the year of his 100th birthday. He organized a conference against the practice of devdasi. He started 'Anath balikashram' an orphanage for girls. His intention was to give education to all women and make them stand on their own feet. Through his efforts, the first women university was set up in 20th century.
The appellation Maharshi, which the Indian public often assigned to Karve, means "a great sage".
Biography
Early life and education
Dhondo Keshav Karve was born on 18 April 1858, at Sheravali, in Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra. He belonged to a lower middle-class Chitpavan Brahmin family and his father's name was Keshav Bapunna Karve.
In 1884, he graduated with a degree in mathematics from Elphinstone College.
Career
During 1891–1914, Karve taught mathematics at Fergusson College in Pune, Maharashtra.
In 1929, he visited Europe, America and Japan. During these travels, he met Albert Einstein. During this world tour, he also raised funds for the university.
Autobiographical works
Karve wrote two autobiographical works: Ātmawrutta (1928) in Marathi, and Looking Back (1936) in English.
Depictions in popular culture
The Marathi play Himalayachi Saavli (हिमालयाची सावली) (literal meaning, "The Shadow of the Himalayas". Contextually it means, under the cover of Himalaya) by Vasant Kanetkar, published in 1972, is loosely based on the life of Karve. The character of Nanasaheb Bhanu is a composite character based on Karve and other Marathi social reformers of the late 19th and early 20th century. The play itself depicts the tension between Bhanu/Karve's public life as a social reformer and his family life due to the social backlash and economic hardships his children and wife had to endure.The Story of Dr. Karve is a 1958 documentary film directed by Neil Gokhale and Ram Gabale. It was produced by the Government of India's Films Division.
The 2001 film Dhyaas Parva'' (ध्यास पर्व) by Amol Palekar, based on the life of Karve's son Raghunath, also depicts the Karve family, and their social reformation projects. Taluka Dapoli, a research based initiative, made a documentary on life of Maharshi Dhondo Keshav Karve in 2017.
Awards and honours
1942 – awarded Doctor of Letters (D.Litt.) by Banaras Hindu University
1951 – awarded D.Litt. by Pune University
1954 – awarded D.Litt. by S.N.D.T. University
1955 – awarded Padma Vibhushan by the Government of India
1957 – awarded LL.D. by University of Mumbai
1958 – awarded Bharat Ratna, the highest civilian award of India, by the Government of India
In his honour, Karvenagar in Pune was named after him & Queen's Road in Mumbai (Bombay) was renamed to Maharshi Karve Road.
See also
Maharshi Karve Stree Shikshan Samstha
The new Brahmans; five Maharashtrian families. Essays on D.K. Karve by his son and Irawati Karve
References
Recipients of the Bharat Ratna
Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in literature & education
1858 births
1962 deaths
Hindu revivalists
Indian centenarians
Women's education in India
People from Ratnagiri district
Indian social reformers
19th-century Indian educators
20th-century Indian educators
Activists from Maharashtra
Educators from Maharashtra
People from Dapoli |
```go
/*
path_to_url
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
*/
package util
import (
"context"
"time"
"k8c.io/kubermatic/v2/pkg/kubernetes"
"k8c.io/kubermatic/v2/pkg/resources"
appsv1 "k8s.io/api/apps/v1"
apierrors "k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/api/errors"
"k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/util/wait"
ctrlruntimeclient "sigs.k8s.io/controller-runtime/pkg/client"
)
// WaitForDeploymentRollout queries k8s until a deployment with the supplied version exists and
// has been rolled out, or until the timeout is reached.
func WaitForDeploymentRollout(ctx context.Context, client ctrlruntimeclient.Client, deployment *appsv1.Deployment, version string, timeout time.Duration) error {
return wait.PollUntilContextTimeout(ctx, 1*time.Second, timeout, true, func(ctx context.Context) (bool, error) {
dep := &appsv1.Deployment{}
if err := client.Get(ctx, ctrlruntimeclient.ObjectKeyFromObject(deployment), dep); err != nil {
if apierrors.IsNotFound(err) {
return false, nil
}
return false, err
}
if dep.Labels[resources.VersionLabel] != version {
return false, nil
}
return kubernetes.IsDeploymentRolloutComplete(dep, 0)
})
}
``` |
Evalyn Cora Bates (1907–2010) was an American educator who helped found Goddard College in Plainfield, Vermont.
Born in Williamstown, Vermont, in 1916 to a Vermont subsistence farmer and his Vermont-born wife, Evalyn Cora Bates was the middle-born of five children. Her parents valued education and encouraged their children to express their views on politics, current affairs and other matters in family discussions. Bates attended the University of Vermont for a year, ultimately graduated from Goddard Junior College, which Royce S. “Tim” Pitkin ran as a division of Goddard Seminary in Barre, Vt. While there Bates worked as secretary to Pitkin, beginning a long and productive working relationship. A year after her graduation, Goddard Seminary closed its doors. When Goddard reincarnated as a four-year college in Plainfield in 1938, Bates was among those who worked to get the new enterprise off the ground. At the fledgling four-year college, she continued her studies and, in 1943, was one of the first two graduates of Goddard College, as we know it today. Her senior study was “Two Projects in Adult Education.”
Following her graduation from Goddard, she continued to work for the college, as President Pitkin's secretary. In 1957, she earned her master's degree at the University of Chicago. Her thesis, “Development of the Goddard College Adult Education Program,” proposed five possible program designs. She continued to work at Goddard and to develop the idea of an adult program at the college. In 1958, Bates was awarded a Fulbright Lectureship and spent eight months in Australia assisting in the adult education department of the University of New England.
From 1960 to 1962, while Director of Adult Education and Community Services at Goddard College, Bates finalized the plans for the Adult Degree Program. In August 1963, Goddard formally introduced the Adult Degree Program, a first in higher education. Bates directed the first ADP residency in 1963 and continued to work for Goddard until 1970. Goddard College's current low-residency model is based on the Adult Degree Program designed by Bates in 1963. On September 30, 2012, Goddard College President Barbara Vacarr presented Bates’ niece and surviving colleagues with a posthumous honorary doctorate degree to recognize Bates's contributions to higher education.
References
People from Plainfield, Vermont
Goddard College alumni
Goddard College faculty
American academic administrators
Founders of American schools and colleges
Women founders
Educators from Vermont
1907 births
2010 deaths
20th-century American philanthropists
American women academics
21st-century American women |
The Victoriana Stakes is a thoroughbred horse race run annually in early to mid August at Woodbine Racetrack in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. An Ontario Sire Stakes, it is a restricted race for fillies and mares, age three and older. Contested over a distance of miles (8.5 furlongs) on turf, it currently carries a purse of $115,000.
Inaugurated at Fort Erie Racetrack, it was raced there from 1975 through 1977 and again in 1994.
Records
Speed record:
Most wins:
2 - Christy's Mount (1977, 1979)
2 - Avenare (1980, 1981)
2 - Eternal Search (1982, 1983)
2 - Bold Ruritana (1994, 1996)
2 - Inish Glora (2003, 2004)
2 - Financingavailable (2006, 2007)
2 - Impossible Time (2010, 2011)
Most wins by an owner:
2 - D. H. Bunker (1977, 1979)
2 - Jim Dandy Stable (1982, 1983)
2 - Minshall Farms (1994, 1996)
2 - Robert Costigan (2003, 2004)
2 - K. K. Sangara (2006, 2007)
2 - Charles E. Fipke (2010, 2011)
Most wins by a jockey:
5 - Jim McAleney (1989, 1990, 1999, 2006, 2007)
Most wins by a trainer:
4 - Macdonald Benson (1990, 2000, 2003, 2004)
Winners of the Victoriana Stakes
References
The Victoriana Stakes at Pedigree query
2007 Victoriana Stakes at Woodbine Racetrack
The 2010 Victoriana Stakes at Woodbine Racetrack
Ontario Sire Stakes
Ungraded stakes races in Canada
Mile category horse races for fillies and mares
Recurring sporting events established in 1975
Woodbine Racetrack
1975 establishments in Ontario |
A Moreninha is a Brazilian telenovela produced and broadcast by TV Globo. It premiered on 25 October 1965 and ended on 10 December 1965, with a total of 35 episodes. It's the second "novela das sete" to be aired on the timeslot. It was created by Moysés Weltman and directed by Otávio Graça Mello.
Cast
References
TV Globo telenovelas
1965 Brazilian television series debuts
1965 Brazilian television series endings
1965 telenovelas
Portuguese-language telenovelas
Television shows based on Brazilian novels |
The 2011 World Series of Poker was the 42nd annual World Series of Poker (WSOP). The WSOP is the most prestigious poker tournament in the world with the winner of the Main Event considered to be the World Champion. It was held at the Rio All Suite Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas, Nevada between May 31 – July 19, 2011. There were 59 bracelet events, beginning with the WSOP National Circuit Championship and culminating in the $10,000 No Limit Hold'em Championship (also known as the "Main Event"). The November Nine concept returned for a fourth consecutive year, with the Main Event finalists returning on November 6, playing down to three that evening and then adjourning until November 8.
Coverage
The 2011 WSOP marked the first time that every event at the WSOP was covered nearly live. Due to the nature of the competition, live coverage was not allowed by the Nevada Gaming Commission. WSOP.com streamed 55 gold bracelet events on a five-minute delay via the internet. ESPN3 streamed the $25K Heads Up, $50K Poker Players Championship and the Main Event online.
ESPN also doubled the airtime given to the WSOP from prior years. For the first time ever, television coverage of the WSOP Main Event was "live" with a 30-minute delay. The "live" coverage of the WSOP Main Event ran for six consecutive days from July 14-19 and offered 32 additional hours of coverage, with Lon McEachern and David Tuchman handling the play-by-play commentary.
Poker PROductions, led by Mori Eskandani, produced the coverage of the 2011 WSOP, with the goal to enact changes that would put poker coverage on par with the coverage delivered for live sports. It was the first year for Poker PROductions producing the WSOP.
The final table of the WSOP Main Event was televised in its entirety on ESPN. As per Nevada Gaming Commission stipulations, play was broadcast with a 15-minute delay and the hole cards were not shown to the television audience until after the hand was over.
WSOP Circuit National Championship
Since 1970, the WSOP was held exclusively in Las Vegas, Nevada. In 2004, Harrah's Entertainment purchased the rights to the WSOP and almost immediately started to expand the name brand. After the purchase, Harrah's introduced Circuit Events around the country. These events were intended to build up hype for the WSOP. In 2011, they introduced WSOP Circuit National Championship.
The WSOP Circuit National Championship was an exclusive tournament, limited to 100 players who qualified through the circuit events. The winner of the championship was awarded a WSOP bracelet. The event, which took place from May 27 through May 29, was won by amateur player Sam Barnhart.
Player statistics
Through the first 57 events, the 2011 WSOP:
awarded $127,468,010 in prize money.
had 68,807 tournament entries.
had 98 countries represented.
had representation from all 50 U.S. states.
had a male participation percentage of 94.7%.
had one multiple bracelet winner.
The Main Event:
had 6,865 entrants.
had 85 countries represented.
had representation from all 50 U.S. states.
had a male participation percentage of 96.5%.
had 4,604 participants from the U.S.
had 2,265 participants from other countries.
Events
Main Event
The $10,000 No Limit Hold'em Championship began on July 7 with the first of four starting days. After reaching the final table of nine players on July 19, the remainder of the tournament was delayed until November 6.
The Main Event drew 6,865 players, creating a prize pool of $64,531,000. The top 693 finishers placed in the money, with first place paying $8,715,638. The Main Event was won by Pius Heinz.
There were 301 hands played at the final table, including 119 hands of heads-up play, which was the most in WSOP Main Event history.
Celebrities
Several celebrities also participated in the Main Event:
Day 1A: Jason Alexander, Vincent Van Patten
Day 1B: Sam Simon, Patrick Bruel
Day 1C: Paul Pierce, Brad Garrett, Petter Northug, Audley Harrison, Shane Warne, Ray Romano, Robert Iler
Day 1D: Jennifer Tilly, Shannon Elizabeth, Nelly, René Angélil, Mars Callahan, Colson Whitehead
Of these celebrities, Sam Simon (500th), Robert Iler (275th) and Mars Callahan (94th) finished in the money.
Performance of past champions
* Indicates a player who finished in the money.
Other notable high finishes
NB: This list is restricted to top 30 finishers with an existing Wikipedia entry.
November Nine
*Career statistics prior to the beginning of the 2011 Main Event.
Final table payouts
References
World Series of Poker
World Series of Poker |
Simharasi is a 2001 Telugu-language film directed by V. Samudra and produced by R. B. Choudary. It stars Rajasekhar and Sakshi Shivanand. It is a remake of the Tamil film Maayi.
Plot
Narasimharaju is a well-respected, do-gooder in a village. He considers women in the village as his sisters and even helps financially to conduct their weddings. He is a man who is ready to kill his father Irulandi when he learns that he had a second wife. But the father opts to kill himself rather than face his son and so, Narasimharaju brings his stepsister Lakshmi to live with him. A local MLA comes to Narasimharaju to obtain his support during the upcoming election, but he refuses and the MLA loses the election. But his son, who admires Narasimharaju, marries Lakshmi. Meanwhile, Bhuvaneswari, Narasimharaju's distant relative's daughter comes to the village from Bangalore and she initially misunderstands Narasimharaju by seeing his looks but later realizes her mistake after knowing about Narasimharaju's hard work and his help towards improving the village. Narasimharaju has built free hospital, day care center, college etc. to help the villagers. Bhuvaneshwari is attracted towards Narasimharaju and proposes him but Narasimharaju does not accept her love. But Bhuvana remains confident about marrying Narasimharaju following which he tells his flashback. Narasimharaju was born into a very poor family where his mother was infected by leprosy even before Narasimharaju's birth. Due to poor financial condition, his mother could not be treated in hospital and instead was kept alone in a room. She was not allowed to touch her son Narasimharaju fearing chances of the disease being spread. Narasimharaju has never seen his mother right from his childhood as she always stays in a closed room. When Narasimharaju was eight years old, his mother is further frustrated more as her disease prevents her to show her affection towards Narasimharaju and she drowns herself in a river. This shocks Narasimharaju and he decides not to marry any woman as he does not want any girl to touch his body which was even untouched by his beloved mother.
Narasimharaju convinces Bhuvaneshwari to marry someone else. Also, Narasimharaju discovers that his stepsister Lakshmi is being tortured by her husband and it was all a plan to take revenge on Narasimharaju for not supporting the local MLA during elections. Narasimharaju beats up Lakshmi's husband and says that he will never support criminal activities even if it impacts his family. On the day of Bhuvaneshwari's wedding, the bride groom's family misunderstands that Narasimharaju and Bhuvaneshwari are lovers seeing Narasimharaju's dhoti in her room and stops the marriage. Bhuvaneshwari's friend discloses the truth that Narasimharaju gave his dhoti to safeguard her when her dresses were washed away in water sometime back. Manorama who also belongs the village shouts at the groom's family for their cruel thoughts and she requests Narasimharaju to marry Bhuvaneshwari as that would be the right thing. Narasimharaju obeys Manorama's words as his mother's and marries Bhuvaneshwari.
Cast
Rajasekhar as Narasimharaju
Sakshi Shivanand as Rajeswari
Anandaraj as Vijayendra Prasad
Vindhya
Varsha
Vijayakumar
Giribabu
Brahmanandam as Ram brahmmam
M S Narayana as Loose basavayya
Achyuth as Hari Prasad
Venu Madhav
Manorama
Narra Venkateswara Rao
Kovai Sarala
Chalapathi Rao
Ponnambalam
Bandla Ganesh
Sai_Kiran
Soundtrack
Music was composed by S. A. Rajkumar and released on Aditya Music. Except for three new songs (Pedalante, Sathyabhama and Telusa), only two songs (Rani Rani and Amma Ane) from the original film Maayi was retained. Pedalante and Sathyabhama was remade from Rajkumar's own songs Pachcha Mannu and Kumbakonam Sandhai from Tamil film of same name. Telusa Nesthama was remade from Rajkumar's own song "Enakkoru Snehithi" from Priyamaanavale.
References
2001 films
2000s Telugu-language films
Telugu remakes of Tamil films
Films scored by S. A. Rajkumar
2001 directorial debut films
Films directed by V. Samudra
Super Good Films films |
Olen may refer to:
Places
Olen, Belgium, a municipality in the province of Antwerp, Belgium
Olen, Russia, a village in Tula Oblast, Russia
Ølen, a former municipality in the county of Rogaland, Norway
Ølensjøen, a village formerly within that municipality also known as "Ølen"
Ølen Church, in the village
Olën Park, a stadium in Potchefstroom, South Africa
People
Olen (poet) (c. 1000 BCE), a Greek poet of legend from Lycia
Helaine Olen (born mid-1960s), American journalist and author
Eric Olen (born 1980), American basketball coach
Lairenjam Olen (born 1973), Indian actor
Otto L. Olen (1867–1946), American politician from Wisconsin
Fred Olen Ray (born 1954), American filmmaker
Frederick Olen Mercer (1901–1966), US federal judge
Robert Olen Butler (born 1945), American fiction writer
Robert Olen Butler Prize, writing prize with winners selected by Butler
Olen Lovell Burrage (1930–2013), American businessman suspected of three murders
Olen Steinhauer (born 1970), American fiction writer
Olen Underwood (born 1942), an American football player
See also
Olene, a genus of moths |
Gahi is a village in Wallis and Futuna. It is located in Mua District on the southeast coast of Wallis Island on Gahi Bay. Its population according to the 2018 census was 249 people.
References
Populated places in Wallis and Futuna |
Read/write may refer to:
File system permissions
Read–write memory |
Zhdanivka urban hromada () is a hromada of Ukraine, located in Horlivka Raion, Donetsk Oblast. Its administrative center is the city Zhdanivka.
The hromada contains 5 settlements: 1 city (Zhdanivka), 1 urban-type settlement (Vilkhivka), 2 villages (Rozivka and Shevchenko), and 1 rural-type settlement (Molodiy Shakhtar).
See also
List of hromadas of Ukraine
References
Hromadas of Horlivka Raion
2020 establishments in Ukraine
States and territories established in 2020 |
Alvania subcalathus is a species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Rissoidae.
Description
The length of the shell varies between 2.5 mm and 4.3 mm.
Distribution
This species occurs in the Atlantic Ocean off the Canary Islands.
References
Gofas, S.; Le Renard, J.; Bouchet, P. (2001). Mollusca, in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 180–213 (l
External links
Rissoidae
Gastropods described in 1906 |
Lim Sun-Young (; Hanja: 林善永; born 21 March 1988) is a South Korean footballer who plays as a midfielder.
Club career
Lim was selected in the priority pick of the 2011 K-League Draft by Gwangju FC.
References
External links
1988 births
Living people
South Korean men's footballers
Gwangju FC players
Asan Mugunghwa FC players
Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors players
Seongnam FC players
FC Anyang players
K League 1 players
K League 2 players
Men's association football midfielders
Footballers from Gyeonggi Province |
The Fair of Albacete is celebrated from 7–17 September in the city of Albacete, Spain, to honor the Virgen de Los Llanos, which translates to Virgin of the Plains. It was declared a Fiesta of International Tourist Interest and takes place in the permanent fairground commonly known as 'the Pan' or 'the Circles' situated near the centre of the city. It has a bullfighting activity, and the city is reputed to quadruple its population during the festivities.
The first mentions of the annual fair date back to the first decade of the 1200s. Its importance grew throughout the subsequent centuries, which led the Catholic Monarchs to recognize it. The most famous instance of the fair was 6 March 1710 during the Spanish war of succession. The monarch of the Bourbon, Felipe V, gave the city the privilege of realizing an annual franc fair for a length of four days. Since then, the fair gradually grew to the ten-day period known today.
The fairground building was built in 1783. It has a 'pan' shape, and it is an example of Manchegan architecture built for a commercial goal. The body of the Pan has concentric rings that holds the commercial stands.
History
Testimonies from the 15th century were found mentioning a regular market held on Feria Street. The market lasted for 10 days, which started on 30 November and later on shifted to start on 28 August. This street still preserves its name, linking San Juan's Cathedral with Santa Catalina's plains, where the Fairground Building now stands.
In the 17th century, the market was moved outside the centre of the city, as there was significant commerce parallel to the parade every 8 September in the relevant places of Los Llanos. In 1672, near the chapel of the Virgin, a Franciscan convent was founded. In 1683, it was requested to king Carlos III that he declared the franc fair had to last for 3 days (7-9 September), and its location be established in the proximity of the convent near Los Llanos because it increases the chances of getting alms.
Even though this request was not fulfilled, on 6 March 1710, Philip V gave the city the privilege of a franc fair for 4 days (from 7 to 11 September). The city hall disposed that it should take place in the urban center, the Main Street, and the Main Square, while the traders could still go to the place of Los Llanos. Between 1710 and 1712, which is defined as the divided fair, it was celebrated 2 days in the place commanded by the city hall, and the rest near the Franciscan convent.
The attempts to take the fair back to Albacete drove the City Hall to buy a market building to build the Fairground Building, but this project never took place. In 1783, there was an agreement to build that building in the Plain of Santa Catalina, following the sketch of the Spanish architect Josef Ximenez. They were inaugurated on 7 September 1783 and completely finished the next year. From that time, the fair was held in the urban center of Albacete, with a few exceptions. Most notably, the fair did not take place during the years 1937 and 1938 due to the Spanish Civil War.
Alterations of the Fairground Building
At the time of its inauguration in 1783, the building, built over the course of 33 days, consisted only of the exterior walls and the interior circle. It was finished in the following year.
Among the alterations and ampliations which took place at the Fairground Building from its beginnings, there were several notable buildings.
In 1876, the columns of the central circles were replaced by iron ones.
Until 1877, there was a fountain for cattle in the center of the building. The fountain was removed and replaced by a kiosk.
In 1912, the modernist kiosk was built, which was restored and still exists today.
In 1944, major work was done to make the building bigger, adding a third circle to the Pan, the exposition room, and two more saloons at the entrance.
In 1974, the neoclassic façade was changed into white bricks, following the design of the architect Manuel Carrilero.
Between 2008 and 2010, for the 300th anniversary of the fair, major improvements were made to the fairgrounds and surrounding areas, including subterranean parking under the "Paseo." Another upgrade was a new iron gate, similar to the old one on the entrance of Los Jardinillos, in front of the Bullfighting ring.
Traditions
Opening Parade
The opening parade is the first event of the fair (La Feria). Its mission is to take the image of the Virgin of Los Llanos to the Recinto Ferial. It ends with the opening of the main gate (Puerta de Hierros) of the building. This opening has been carried out at night since 1909. Before 1909, it was performed in the morning.
The parade typically has about 100 floats, brass bands, and manchegas with various costumes. The parade starts on Avenida de España and finishes at the main gate of the Recinto Ferial when the mayor of the city opens the gate and fireworks are launched. In 2008, the fireworks were replaced by a light and sound spectacle. This commemorates the official opening of the fair. After that, the image of the Virgen de Los Llanos is taken to its chapel, where it resides for the next 10 days.
Floral offering
A floral offering has been organized by the Peña Templete since 1989. Almost 20,000 people participate in it on the first Sunday of the fair. The offering starts in the cathedral and ends at the gate of the Chapel inside the Recinto Ferial. On its balcony, the image of the Virgen is represented. The Fair has different parts:
The walk
At the beginning of the walk, several tombolas and games are installed. The Cáritas Tombola, traditionally managed by Cáritas, collects proceeds that are donated to charitable causes. Its origin lies in 1953 when it was created to build houses for working-class people.
Los Ejidos
Los Ejidos, the place surrounding the fairgrounds, is where cattle used to be sold. It lost that usage when machinery began consumption in the fields instead of animal labor. Now, the area hosts a music pavilion for free concerts, craftwork and toy stands, stalls for businesses, and other larger fair attractions.
The Inner Circle
The stands and pavilion located in Los Ejidos are still open until the early morning. At the end of the main walk of the Pan, there are several stands where different associations and commerce groups exhibit products from different parts of Castilla la Mancha. One of these popular products is the Miguelitos de la Roda, a puff pastry filled with custard and powdered sugar on top.
There is also a knife exhibition opened to the public with art pieces from the Albacete knife industry, displayed year-round at the Museum of Knives.
Until 2007, there was a toro de fuego of Barrax. The "toro" was a cart with firecrackers held by a person who walked the area. The spectacle was removed due to its potential danger.
Further reading
Albacete y su feria, ligadas en el tiempo. Portal de Noticias La Cerca (19-09-2007)
Varios autores. Libro del III centenario Feria de Albacete (número 1). Editora municipal. Albacete, 2007.
References
External links
Tres artículos sobre la historia de la Feria de Albacete, desglosada año a año.
Carteles de Feria desde 1901 hasta nuestros días
Fotos históricas de la Feria
Web sobre la Feria de Albacete en Albacity desde 2003
Web oficial de la Feria de Albacete
Web sobre el Centenario de la Feria
Albacete
Castilian culture
Fairs in Spain |
Girolamo Lagomarsini (16981773) was an Italian humanist and philologist. Born into a wealthy Genoese family in Spain, he studied classical literature in Arezzo and Rome. Later holding a chair at the Collegium Gregorianum he published a collection of Latin orations and conducted influential research on the text of the Roman author Cicero.
Biography
Girolamo Lagomarsini was born on 30 September 1698 at El Puerto de Santa María (Spain), of a wealthy Genoese family. In 1708 he went to Italy, and commenced his studies in the College of the Jesuits at Prato, in Tuscany. In 1721, he began to teach rhetoric at the college of Arezzo. Four years afterwards he went to Rome to complete his theological studies, after which he returned to his duties at Arezzo. In 1732 he was appointed to the chair of rhetoric at Florence, and in 1751 to that of Greek in the Collegium Gregorianum at Rome, which position he occupied until his death on 18 May 1773.
Works
Lagomarsini left several works on classical literature; he published Latin orations (1746) and epistles, a poem On the Origin of Springs, (De Origine Fontium, 1749), and other works.
From 1735 to 1744 he collected material for a new edition of Cicero, which, however, was never published. Barthold Georg Niebuhr was the first to make use of Lagomarsini's vast collection of various readings preserved in the Roman College. An industrious scholar, Lagomarsini collated all the manuscripts of Cicero accessible to him in Florence and elsewhere. In such a vast bulk of material there is much that is valuable, and yet a great deal is of little use to the modern scholar because of the indiscriminate way in which the material was gathered. Reading follows upon variant reading without any critical analysis of the text or any attempt at a new interpretation. To be sure, this is not so much a personal fault of Lagomarsini as a characteristic of the era in which he lived and worked. At that time the mere gathering of erudite material was considered to be valuable and a sense of discrimination had not yet been attained. Nonetheless, the variants collected by Lagomarsini stimulated questions concerning textual history, thus making a valuable contribution to the development of modern textual criticism.
Notes
Bibliography
1698 births
1773 deaths
Italian humanists
Italian classical scholars
Italian Jesuits |
Dobieszków is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Stryków, within Zgierz County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland.
The village has an approximate population of 130.
References
Villages in Zgierz County |
The Oakland Stompers were a soccer team based out of Oakland, California that played the 1978 season in the North American Soccer League (NASL). The Stompers played in the Western Division of the American Conference and finished the year with a 12–18 record, in third place and out of playoff contention.
Team history
At the end of the 1977 NASL season, Silicon Valley businessman (and former owner of the San Jose Earthquakes) Milan Mandarić bought the Connecticut Bicentennials and relocated them to Oakland. The club, renamed the Stompers, hired Mirko Stojanović as head coach and signed a 10-year lease at the Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum, previously home of the NASL's Oakland Clippers in 1967–68. The team signed Shep Messing for $100,000 making him the highest-paid American soccer player at the time.
The club drew 32,104 in their home opener against San Jose Earthquakes on April 2, 1978, with about half of those in attendance being supporters of the visiting team. After eight games and a record of 4-4, the team fired Stojanović and replaced him on an interim basis with Jack Hyde. Hyde was in turned replaced by Ken Bracewell who had previously coached the Denver Dynamos. In July, the team was averaging 12,200 fan in attendance, but ended the season in third place and with a slight dip in attendance 11,929 fans at seasons end. (The Coliseum was a lonely place in the summer of '78: the Stompers' co-tenants, baseball's Oakland Athletics, attracted just 7,218 fans per home date.)
Following the season, the team moved to Edmonton, Alberta where they was renamed the Edmonton Drillers.
Year-by-year
Honors
U.S. Soccer Hall of Fame
1997: Johnny Moore
Canada Soccer Hall of Fame
2008: Bruce Twamley
Indoor Soccer Hall of Fame
2019: Shep Messing
Coaches
Mirko Stojanović
Ken Bracewell
References
External links
Roster
Defunct soccer clubs in California
North American Soccer League (1968–1984) teams
Sports clubs and teams in Oakland, California
1978 establishments in California
1978 disestablishments in California
Soccer clubs in California
Oakland
Association football clubs disestablished in 1978
Association football clubs established in 1978 |
Kathleen Chandler (born September 19, 1932) is a former Democratic member of the Ohio House of Representatives, who represented the 68th District from 2003–2010.
External links
Profile on the Ohio Ladies Gallery website
Kent State University alumni
Living people
Members of the Ohio House of Representatives
Michigan State University alumni
People from Kent, Ohio
Women state legislators in Ohio
1932 births
21st-century American politicians
21st-century American women politicians |
```shell
#!/bin/bash
#Include utils
source ../utils/utils.sh
make-bare-remote-repo
clone-remote-to-exercise
git commit --allow-empty -m "Initial commit"
git tag v0.0
git push origin master
git push origin v0.0
echo "Hello" > hello.code
git add hello.code
git commit -m "Helo Volrd feature"
echo "HelloWrld?" > hello.code
echo "Unrelated stuff!" > other.code
git add -A
git commit -am "Finished HW feature"
echo "Hello World!" > hello.code
git commit -am "Really made the thingy done"
echo "println DEBUG" >> hello.code
git commit -am "debugging"
echo "4321pass" > private.secret
git add private.secret
git commit -m "important secret"
echo "# THE Hello World program" > README.md
git add README.md
git commit -m "Add doc - step 1"
echo "# THE Ultimate Hello World program" > README.md
git commit -am "Add doc - step 2"
echo "" >> README.md
echo "This program does exactly what it says" >> README.md
git commit -am "Add doc - step 3"
echo "does_it_work(hello.code)" > hello.test
git add hello.test
git commit -m "Test for feature hello world"
echo "does_it_work(hello.code);" > hello.test
git commit -am "I forgot a semicolon"
``` |
Castle Rock High School is a rural public high school in Castle Rock, Washington.
Academics
14% of Castle Rock students take an Advanced Placement (AP) exam, with 2% passing the AP exam. 18% of Castle Rock students are proficient in math and 55% are proficient in reading. Castle Rock is well below the state median both graduation rates and proficiency scores.
Castle Rock has a graduation rate of 80%.
Demographics
Castle Rock is a predominantly white high school, with 79% of its students considering themselves white. The two other most popular racial/ethinc groups are Hispanic and Two or more races.
47% of students are female, and 53% are male. 47% are economically disadvantaged, with 48% forming part of the free or reduced lunch programs.
Sports
Castle Rock is a member of the Washington Interscholastic Activities Association (WIAA) and competes in the Southwest Washington District 4 Trico 1A league. The Trico 1A consists of eight teams.
State championships
Baseball: 1988
Boys Basketball: 1932, 1969
Boys Track: 1983, 1985, 1990, 1991
Boys Wrestling: 1984, 1985
Football: 1988
Softball: 2007, 2010
Volleyball: 1987, 1993, 2013
State runners-up
Baseball: 1987
Boys Track: 1974, 1975, 1984
Boys Wrestling: 1981, 1982
Girls Basketball: 1982, 2013
Softball: 2008, 2009
Volleyball: 1983, 2008, 2011
Notable people
Benji Radach - mixed martial arts fighter
References
High schools in Cowlitz County, Washington
Schools accredited by the Northwest Accreditation Commission
Public high schools in Washington (state) |
Kevin Reese Coffman (born January 19, 1965) is a former pitcher in the MLB, where he played three seasons. He played with the Atlanta Braves from 1987 to 1988, where he went 2–6 with a 5.46 Earned Run Average. He played in MLB again in 1990, this time for the Chicago Cubs. He went 0–2 with an 11.29 Earned Run Average, and did not play another year.
External links
1965 births
Living people
Atlanta Braves players
Chicago Cubs players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Baseball players from Austin, Texas
Gulf Coast Braves players
Pulaski Braves players
Anderson Braves players
Sumter Braves players
Durham Bulls players
Greenville Braves players
Richmond Braves players
Winston-Salem Spirits players
Charlotte Knights players
Iowa Cubs players
Jackson Generals (Texas League) players
Arizona League Mariners players
Jacksonville Suns players
Rio Grande Valley White Wings players |
Qemal Stafa may refer to:
Qemal Stafa, World War II Albanian hero
Qemal Stafa Stadium, a football stadium in Tirana Albania, named after Qemal Stafa
Qemal Stafa High School, a high school named after Qemal Stafa |
L'Illusion comique is a comedic play written by Pierre Corneille in 1636. In its use of meta-theatricality (plays-within-the-play), it is far ahead of its time. It was first performed at the Hôtel de Bourgogne in 1636 and published in 1639.
Corneille wrote this piece at the age of 29 and had already written seven other plays. L'Illusion comique marks a turning point in his career. This piece can be regarded as the end of an apprenticeship during which the author demonstrates his literary prowess. In this work, Corneille makes use of all theatre genres: the first act is a prologue that is inspired by the pastoral style, and the next three acts are an imperfect comedy with the farcical character Matamore at the center. The fourth and fifth acts evolve into a tragicomedy with their episodes of rivalry, imprisonment, and even death. L'Illusion comique is therefore a summary of a theatrical universe, and it is in this play that Corneille shows his mastery of theatre as a whole.
Plot summary
Act I. The first act begins at the entrance to a grotto where Pridamant and Dorante are trying to discover the cause of the disappearance of Clindor, Pridamant's son. Dorante wants to introduce Pridamant to a magician who can help. This magician, Alcandre, correctly determines the reasons why Pridamant has come to him and tells him that he can show him his son through a device. Alcandre asks Dorante to leave. After Dorante leaves, Alcandre tells Pridamant that his son is living the life of a picaro since his disappearance and that he is now in the service of a captain of soldiers in the region of Bordeaux.
Act II. At the beginning of Act II, Alcandre and Pridamant are looking at the magician's instrument and are able to see Clindor and his master Matamore. Clindor is listening to Matamore brag about his impossible feats while waiting for the arrival of Isabelle, who appears accompanied by her official servant. Clindor and Matamore hide themselves; and Adraste approaches Isabelle. She rejects his advances but this does not keep him from asking her father for permission to marry her. After his departure, Matamore and Clindor come out of hiding and Matamore leaves when a page arrives to tell him that he has pressing affairs elsewhere. Alone with Clindor, Isabelle reaffirms her love for him. She flees when Adraste returns. Clindor also leaves, and Adraste begins to suspect that Clindor is his rival. Isabelle's servant, Lyse, tells Adraste he should go and spy on the two of them. Alone, Lyse reveals that she is in love with Clindor and hopes to get revenge on her mistress by sending Adraste. Alcandre tries to reassure Pridamant that all will be well for his son.
Act III. The third act begins with the reproaches of Isabelle's father, Géronte, who wants her to marry Adraste. Alone, Géronte decides to force her to do his will. He then dismisses Matamore, who vows revenge. Lyse appears and Clindor tries to seduce her, pretending that he only loves Isabelle for her money. He leaves, and Lyse hesitates before continuing with her plot against the lovers. Matamore arrives on stage and hides himself when Isabelle and Clindor appear. Clindor and Isabelle try to kiss, when Adraste arrives with Géronte and his valets. Matamore flees, Clindor attacks Adraste, but Adraste strikes back. The final image is of Pridamant, who believes his son is dead.
Act IV. Act IV opens with Isabelle's tragic monologue. Adraste is dead, Clindor is hurt and also sentenced to death. Isabelle vows that she will die. She is rejoined by Lyse who makes fun of her and then reassures her: Isabelle and Clindor can flee that night with Lyse and the jailer, who is now Lyse's lover. Isabelle goes to prepare her affairs, and Lyse admits that she didn't resent Clindor so much as to want his death. Isabelle runs across Matamore who has been in hiding for several days. She and Lyse make fun of him and chase him off. The jailer arrives to let them know that all is ready. They liberate Clindor from prison. Alcandre assures Pridamant that the foursome will find great fortune.
Act V. Alcandre asks Pridamant to stay near him, as the young heroes arrive, completely changed. Isabelle appears at night, dressed as a princess in a palace garden to tell Lyse that her husband has a lover's meeting with Princess Rosine. Clindor arrives, and mistaking Rosine for Isabelle, declares his love for her. Isabelle reproaches him for his infidelities and reminds him that she left everything in order to follow him. Clindor reaffirms his love for her, but Isabelle threatens suicide. Clindor renounces Rosine just as Rosine arrives. Isabelle watches from the shadows as Clindor resists her advances. Suddenly, Prince Florilame's men enter and kill both Rosine and Clindor. Isabelle is taken to the prince, who is in love with her. Pridamant is beside himself, when Alcandre begins laughing. He reveals Clindor and the other characters alive and in the process of dividing money. Clindor and his friends have become actors and what Pridamant observed was their performance of the final act of a tragedy. The play ends with Alcandre's apology explaining the virtue of becoming an actor.
Characters
Alcandre, a magician.
Pridamant, father of Clindor.
Dorante, friend of Pridamant.
Matamore, a captain.
Clindor, son of Pridamant, lover of Isabelle.
Isabelle, lover of Clindor.
Adraste, in love with Isabelle.
Géronte, Isabelle's father.
Lise, Isabelle's servant, in love with Clindor.
Rosine, an English princess.
Florilame, the husband of Rosine.
Interpretation
Structure
L'Illusion comique plays with the idea of theatre within the theatre and has many layers of representation:
The first level is the entire play with its share of conflicts, complications, and dénouements.
The second level is the scene between Alcandre and Pridamant, who are actors and spectators at the same time
The third level is that of the young lovers, Clindor and Isabelle, and their adventures
The fourth level is that of the play that is performed by Clindor and Isabelle in the final act
"The theatre of the world"
The complex structure of the play, based on a mise en abyme and a play on appearances is designed to confuse the reader. The game of illusions is found in the Baroque idea that life is a theatre; and Corneille exploits this idea by mixing the real life of Clindor and the role that he plays. Disguise and changing identity are marks of the Baroque in this play. The grotto can also be interpreted as a metaphor for the theatre and its spectators.
Instability
The linearity of the story is broken several times, and numerous digressions interrupt actions that overlap and are often incomplete. The principal story is interlaced with many subplots. The inconsistency of the plot is reinforced by the amorous inconsistency of the characters. This instability is present again at the end when Pridamant and the reader cannot distinguish between reality and fiction.
Disregard of the three unities
Corneille seems to disregard the three unities of classical theatre:
the entanglement of the plots breaks the unity of action;
two years pass between the end of act IV and the beginning of act V, which breaks the unity of time ;
the unity of place is in question: the first act is in Alcandre's grotto in Touraine, the three middle acts are in Bordeaux, and the final act is in Paris
L'Illusion comique was written during a period of transition from the Baroque to the Classical, and it can be seen as both a homage to the Baroque theatre as well as a satire of the same.
Other elements
Classicism
Although this piece is primarily Baroque, certain passages seem to follow the traditional lines of classical tragedy. In spite of the legerity of the plot concerning the lovers, the theme of death appears several times. Of course, there is the false death of Clindor which plunges the play into the atmosphere of tragedy; like Pridamant, the spectator is faced with emotions of terror and pity which are the two great theatrical sentiments according to Aristotle. However, the two passages that are the most classical in nature are the monologues of Isabelle (Act IV, scene 1) and of Clindor (Act IV, scene 7. Devastated by the judgment against her lover, Isabelle imagines her own death like the heroine of a tragedy. Moreover, she is not satisfied to follow Clindor in death; she also hopes to punish her father. As for Clindor, he uses his memory of Isabelle in order to overcome his fear of death. He exclaims: "I die glorious because I die for you!" For a moment, he falls back into despair, but ultimately, love allows him to transcend his thoughts and fears of death.
The Commedia dell'arte
The Commedia dell'arte is the principal source for the new theatre of the 17th century by bringing together a popular technique with the aesthetic development of the Renaissance in Italy. The Commedia dell'arte concerns itself mostly with the verbal and physical dexterity of the actors and relies heavily on improvisation. The character of Matamore is directly borrowed from this tradition as well as the juxtaposition of characters from several social classes. Matamore can be compared to Sganarelle, the valet of Don Juan.
The pastoral tradition
Pastoral theatre takes place in an idealized setting according to the ancient model of Arcadia. The first act of L'Illusion comique borrows several elements from the pastoral, including the grotto and the magician.
The "Tragi-comedy"
A tragicomedy uses characters that are relatively close to everyday life who are confronted with situations where emotions get in the way of actions. The mixture of death (tragedy) and marriage (comedy) is one manifestation of this.
Adaptations
The play has enjoyed renewed popularity in recent years, since Tony Kushner adapted it as The Illusion.
The Comédie Française commissioned an adaptation in modern dress from the actor/director Mathieu Amalric and that film débuted on French television in 2010. Among other changes, Matamore has become the designer of a shooter video game, while the final act takes place in a night club.
Ranjit Bolt's translation was dramatized and broadcast on BBC Radio 3 on 25 September 2011 directed by Peter Kavanagh with original music composed and performed by Russell Taylor and Steve Cooke. The cast included: Richard Johnson as Alcandre, Michael Maloney as Clindor, John Sessions as Matamore, Hattie Morahan as Isabelle, Benjamin Whitrow as Géronte, Pip Torrens as Adraste, Rosie Fellner as Lyse, Paul Moriarty as Pridamant, Simon Bubb as Dorante and Victoria Inez-Hardy as Empress/Queen.
In 2012, a new adaptation of the play opened at Under St. Mark's in New York City. The production was adapted and directed by Kevin P. Joyce, and transposes the play from 17th century France to Turn-of-the-20th Century Louisiana, specifically the Atchafalaya Basin (Alcandre's lair), the Garden District (Isabelle's home) and a showboat (the Fifth Act). The role of Alcandre was rewritten for a woman and modeled after Marie Laveau. The production was directed by Mr. Joyce and featured Christopher Fayne as Pridamant, Rebeca Radozskowicz as Alcandre (understudied by Juanita Pearl Johnson), Matt Alford as Clindor, Alexandra Scardapane as Isabelle, Maisie Salinger as Lyse, Chris Lemieux as Matamore, Jesse Keitel as Adraste, Evan Pearson as Geronte, Andrew Meyer as Dorante/Jailer and Joshua Wise as the Page. It also featured music by PJ Rassmussen, designs by Justin West, Matsy Stintson, George Scholes Robson V, Vincent Coviello & Brian McManimon, as well as fight choreography by Brian Walters. The production received positive reviews from audiences but no reviews were publicly published due to the play's limited run.
The end credits of Illusion (2004 film) cite the play as its inspiration.
References
Hutier, Jean-Benoît, "L'illusion comique" (1635–1636), Pierre Corneille, Paris, Hatier, 2001.
Chapiro, Marc, L'illusion comique, Paris, PUF, 1940.
Margeat, Danielle, L'illusion comique, Corneille, Paris, Bordas, 1990.
Fumaroli, Marc, Héros et Orateurs : rhétorique et dramaturgie cornéliennes, Genève, Droz, 1990.
Kintzler, Catherine, "L'Illusion de Corneille : l'optique philosophique et le temps de comprendre", article en ligne, 2006.
Biet, Christian, "L’avenir des illusions ou le théâtre et l’illusion perdue", Littératures classiques n° 44, 2002, p. 175-214.
Forestier, Georges, Le Théâtre dans le théâtre sur la scène française au XVIIe siècle, Paris et Genève : Droz, 1988.
Cornud-Peyron Mireille, "L'illusion comique", Pierre Corneille : résumé analytique, commentaire critique, documents complémentaires, Paris : Nathan, 1992.
Martin Fanny, "L'Illusion comique", Corneille : livret pédagogique, Paris : Hachette éducation, 2003.
Richard Annie, "L'Illusion comique" de Corneille et le baroque: étude d'une œuvre dans son milieu, Paris : Hatier, 1972.
Weiss Frédéric, L'illusion comique, Corneille: dossier pédagogique, Paris : Larousse, 1999.
Dällenbach Lucien, Le Récit spéculaire. Essais sur la mise en abyme, Paris : Seuil, 1977.
Vuillemin, Jean-Claude, "Illusions comiques et dramaturgie baroque: Corneille, Rotrou et quelques autres", Papers on French Seventeenth-Century Literature, 2001, p. 307-325.
Vialleton Jean-Yves, Lecture du jeune Corneille "L'Illusion comique" et "Le Cid", Rennes : Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2001.
Mannoni Octave, : Ressources en ligne et bibliographie.
External links
L'Illusion comique and commentary in French
Gallica online text.
Gallica bibliography of Corneille.
1636 plays
Plays by Pierre Corneille
Tragicomedy plays |
Wada taluka is a taluka in the Palghar district of Maharashtra.
Palghar district
On 1 August 2014, the talukas of Mokhada, Jawahar, Talasari, Vikramgad, Wada, Dahanu, Palghar and Vasai were separated from the erstwhile Thane district to form a new district Palghar.
References
Talukas in Maharashtra
Talukas in Palghar district |
```html
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<title>NVIDIA(R) PhysX(R) SDK 3.4 API Reference: Class Members - Functions</title>
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<li class="current"><a href="functions_func.html"><span>Functions</span></a></li>
<li><a href="functions_vars.html"><span>Variables</span></a></li>
<li><a href="functions_type.html"><span>Typedefs</span></a></li>
<li><a href="functions_enum.html"><span>Enumerations</span></a></li>
<li><a href="functions_eval.html"><span>Enumerator</span></a></li>
<li><a href="functions_rela.html"><span>Related Functions</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="tabs">
<ul>
<li><a href="functions_func.html#index_a"><span>a</span></a></li>
<li><a href="functions_func_0x62.html#index_b"><span>b</span></a></li>
<li><a href="functions_func_0x63.html#index_c"><span>c</span></a></li>
<li><a href="functions_func_0x64.html#index_d"><span>d</span></a></li>
<li><a href="functions_func_0x65.html#index_e"><span>e</span></a></li>
<li><a href="functions_func_0x66.html#index_f"><span>f</span></a></li>
<li><a href="functions_func_0x67.html#index_g"><span>g</span></a></li>
<li><a href="functions_func_0x68.html#index_h"><span>h</span></a></li>
<li><a href="functions_func_0x69.html#index_i"><span>i</span></a></li>
<li><a href="functions_func_0x6c.html#index_l"><span>l</span></a></li>
<li><a href="functions_func_0x6d.html#index_m"><span>m</span></a></li>
<li><a href="functions_func_0x6e.html#index_n"><span>n</span></a></li>
<li><a href="functions_func_0x6f.html#index_o"><span>o</span></a></li>
<li><a href="functions_func_0x70.html#index_p"><span>p</span></a></li>
<li><a href="functions_func_0x72.html#index_r"><span>r</span></a></li>
<li class="current"><a href="functions_func_0x73.html#index_s"><span>s</span></a></li>
<li><a href="functions_func_0x74.html#index_t"><span>t</span></a></li>
<li><a href="functions_func_0x75.html#index_u"><span>u</span></a></li>
<li><a href="functions_func_0x76.html#index_v"><span>v</span></a></li>
<li><a href="functions_func_0x77.html#index_w"><span>w</span></a></li>
<li><a href="functions_func_0x7a.html#index_z"><span>z</span></a></li>
<li><a href="functions_func_0x7e.html#index_~"><span>~</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="contents">
<p>
<h3><a class="anchor" name="index_s">- s -</a></h3><ul>
<li>save()
: <a class="el" href="classPxClothFabricCooker.html#6d9657cf26e9eece0d0fe66dfaf5f12a">PxClothFabricCooker</a>
<li>saveCells()
: <a class="el" href="classPxHeightField.html#d509e93fd7d7fc43726160540faeb610">PxHeightField</a>
<li>scale()
: <a class="el" href="classPxMat44.html#00550660a7488827dd9fe2b1520bba90">PxMat44</a>
<li>scaleFast()
: <a class="el" href="group__foundation.html#ge942e76eff12ad0827a6d3870afb9bc9">PxBounds3</a>
<li>scaleInertia()
: <a class="el" href="classPxMassProperties.html#4ba3bf338320c9f0bf558b5d3a9046bd">PxMassProperties</a>
<li>scaleRestlengths()
: <a class="el" href="classPxClothFabric.html#56084286b66bf374e3fe37fbd097a83b">PxClothFabric</a>
<li>scaleSafe()
: <a class="el" href="group__foundation.html#g34f70075ac4a52e2d7fb8afc03afc6e2">PxBounds3</a>
<li>sceneQueriesUpdate()
: <a class="el" href="classPxScene.html#a2b103c61cc84c1df17b82266a17413f">PxScene</a>
<li>seek()
: <a class="el" href="classPxDefaultMemoryInputData.html#7344d413c8bdf97731fd63d06ba26b54">PxDefaultMemoryInputData</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxDefaultFileInputData.html#234ab504e8d281b6e0319e40dcac7c4d">PxDefaultFileInputData</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxInputData.html#c80d55021a6bae02a1cc64d27a98c575">PxInputData</a>
<li>seekRead()
: <a class="el" href="classPxFileBuf.html#e706ac6909e4fe16db22cbe1ca2dc53d">PxFileBuf</a>
<li>seekWrite()
: <a class="el" href="classPxFileBuf.html#7fab04894cb6b2c4440e87ca33d66340">PxFileBuf</a>
<li>serializeCollectionToBinary()
: <a class="el" href="classPxSerialization.html#1d6242bea0c7513bfbfb24670e5cfb03">PxSerialization</a>
<li>serializeCollectionToXml()
: <a class="el" href="classPxSerialization.html#cbb99dac3e71e78338ab3eec4ab0ab75">PxSerialization</a>
<li>set()
: <a class="el" href="structPxExtendedVec3.html#16e7d8daf70ae2dc2c9553f92e1e74e3">PxExtendedVec3</a>
, <a class="el" href="group__foundation.html#gf9d14cf14cd5e1a4c3849f323d4a5c71">PxFlags< enumtype, storagetype ></a>
<li>setAckermannGeometryData()
: <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleDriveSimData4W.html#5a0a4baf4721c3b213258978ed7003fb">PxVehicleDriveSimData4W</a>
<li>setActorFlag()
: <a class="el" href="classPxActor.html#e24ff3f3ed0cb2a138b382fd0720b94f">PxActor</a>
<li>setActorFlags()
: <a class="el" href="classPxActor.html#f60720e190324e8ff36281a2360c6043">PxActor</a>
<li>setActors()
: <a class="el" href="classPxConstraint.html#ad3f1f8c8e4220238c8fcb00c440e701">PxConstraint</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxJoint.html#e3f3bbd628f77104c438a16a1e9bff2f">PxJoint</a>
<li>setAnalogAccel()
: <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleDrive4WRawInputData.html#f9c058df3af57913173e106fd51645d9">PxVehicleDrive4WRawInputData</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleDriveTankRawInputData.html#1af6a6d1b1fb77d0bcc7e5af1e350a14">PxVehicleDriveTankRawInputData</a>
<li>setAnalogBrake()
: <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleDrive4WRawInputData.html#96d32688f239c2f9379616c6fbbde422">PxVehicleDrive4WRawInputData</a>
<li>setAnalogHandbrake()
: <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleDrive4WRawInputData.html#b2541ef77142c3fc2b4c8a2ce197f512">PxVehicleDrive4WRawInputData</a>
<li>setAnalogInput()
: <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleDriveDynData.html#702f9f3b98ba914cb313383aef4b45d5">PxVehicleDriveDynData</a>
<li>setAnalogLeftBrake()
: <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleDriveTankRawInputData.html#b1694ab536feae168670452b88804d08">PxVehicleDriveTankRawInputData</a>
<li>setAnalogLeftThrust()
: <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleDriveTankRawInputData.html#5e456c1b780b26b900d47afe0c0509ef">PxVehicleDriveTankRawInputData</a>
<li>setAnalogRightBrake()
: <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleDriveTankRawInputData.html#ba110cc558497adbe79c2abb3d45504c">PxVehicleDriveTankRawInputData</a>
<li>setAnalogRightThrust()
: <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleDriveTankRawInputData.html#1dacc730a946b0e23d57968a22d9ff72">PxVehicleDriveTankRawInputData</a>
<li>setAnalogSteer()
: <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleDrive4WRawInputData.html#55b3e0151ca011438b5de595741e0ccf">PxVehicleDrive4WRawInputData</a>
<li>setAngularDamping()
: <a class="el" href="classPxRigidDynamic.html#5435556860f16008b2c88ae6c36025dd">PxRigidDynamic</a>
<li>setAngularDragCoefficient()
: <a class="el" href="classPxCloth.html#39a4c1f5258832f51940aaf9a44aa10f">PxCloth</a>
<li>setAngularInertiaScale()
: <a class="el" href="classPxCloth.html#5deea84f3f38b4b98f358e56acff221e">PxCloth</a>
<li>setAngularVelocity()
: <a class="el" href="classPxRigidBody.html#d49850630db14af26e019d2550ecfd27">PxRigidBody</a>
<li>setAntiRollBarData()
: <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleWheelsSimData.html#e8706a8f39a630ba469414fb814fe206">PxVehicleWheelsSimData</a>
<li>setAutoBoxData()
: <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleDriveSimData.html#c7128888b46d993ff574d7eb3078e36d">PxVehicleDriveSimData</a>
<li>setAutoBoxSwitchTime()
: <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleDriveDynData.html#0de28a83d795f037d4042f0a5601087b">PxVehicleDriveDynData</a>
<li>setBaseFlag()
: <a class="el" href="classPxBase.html#1dd20bb574075df904e1878f2e771ef9">PxBase</a>
<li>setBaseFlags()
: <a class="el" href="classPxBase.html#fb391b692c561df0a54c413785e4ebd0">PxBase</a>
<li>setBit()
: <a class="el" href="classPxBitAndDataT.html#4f9b369d7f1da505910cb6b6b900d95f">PxBitAndDataT< storageType, bitMask ></a>
<li>setBounceThresholdVelocity()
: <a class="el" href="classPxScene.html#1e102ec1b29dea3b588b7507561e656e">PxScene</a>
<li>setBrakeTorque()
: <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleNoDrive.html#3150f58d865082068a1bf7c674cec010">PxVehicleNoDrive</a>
<li>setBreakForce()
: <a class="el" href="classPxConstraint.html#dc0b069b41e76b7c017632cfc24f08d3">PxConstraint</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxJoint.html#1cfe86fe5c8131cea1b9b5ff9df7a014">PxJoint</a>
<li>setBroadPhaseCallback()
: <a class="el" href="classPxScene.html#c1110386fc2ffad70aa771aabc51d026">PxScene</a>
<li>setCCDContactModifyCallback()
: <a class="el" href="classPxScene.html#593d339e0fd64e47fa3b68016ce723ec">PxScene</a>
<li>setCCDMaxPasses()
: <a class="el" href="classPxScene.html#ed46505d6eac63a508c7a2d7e39cd5fb">PxScene</a>
<li>setCentrifugalInertiaScale()
: <a class="el" href="classPxCloth.html#4c765fceb26e3c72c0b1c526ea5773f6">PxCloth</a>
<li>setChassisMass()
: <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleWheelsSimData.html#c022268fa66b80edb6bb9b078923ba99">PxVehicleWheelsSimData</a>
<li>setChildPose()
: <a class="el" href="classPxArticulationJoint.html#1ede77555b69f0f137d1d20c8a8ea69c">PxArticulationJoint</a>
<li>setClientBehaviorFlags()
: <a class="el" href="classPxActor.html#d7b70236ed41524eda4c92636922d599">PxActor</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxScene.html#6f61e48083f63f6fac343a3b1d8b2ddc">PxScene</a>
<li>setClimbingMode()
: <a class="el" href="classPxCapsuleController.html#256d6b281406c5bd1fa30dbc99e5a2df">PxCapsuleController</a>
<li>setClothFlag()
: <a class="el" href="classPxCloth.html#3d3ee58e3b3960efb9d1e22422806c9d">PxCloth</a>
<li>setClothFlags()
: <a class="el" href="classPxCloth.html#6bc462eec7ba57909611c047a40003b6">PxCloth</a>
<li>setClothInterCollisionDistance()
: <a class="el" href="classPxScene.html#b42513ab6ce4137698565ca8629eea1c">PxScene</a>
<li>setClothInterCollisionNbIterations()
: <a class="el" href="classPxScene.html#7197a1ce70671bfc81e6f3088920ac16">PxScene</a>
<li>setClothInterCollisionStiffness()
: <a class="el" href="classPxScene.html#85444db1420db29be5c0b748197b4fed">PxScene</a>
<li>setClutchData()
: <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleDriveSimData.html#0edff168e18a4d5c923460cb0ee3fe8b">PxVehicleDriveSimData</a>
<li>setCMassLocalPose()
: <a class="el" href="classPxRigidBody.html#b152773926fe7b222d61e982c3cb6adf">PxRigidBody</a>
<li>setCollisionMassScale()
: <a class="el" href="classPxCloth.html#64d468f1f5bab0e2cfabcb02b9fe9f0b">PxCloth</a>
<li>setCollisionPlanes()
: <a class="el" href="classPxCloth.html#c9fb679ec22ccad7ba5ea9b2397873d6">PxCloth</a>
<li>setCollisionSpheres()
: <a class="el" href="classPxCloth.html#d4bde7978010861d13207ba2dcd36b7a">PxCloth</a>
<li>setCollisionTriangles()
: <a class="el" href="classPxCloth.html#62d56093aa47f45a263c62721bd12530">PxCloth</a>
<li>setCompletionTask()
: <a class="el" href="classphysx_1_1PxGpuTask.html#70580dd1b3cfde44c4cbb66064cdab4c">physx::PxGpuTask</a>
<li>setConstraintFlag()
: <a class="el" href="classPxJoint.html#5bbf2a4196e036d711eea9bd5e542ce9">PxJoint</a>
<li>setConstraintFlags()
: <a class="el" href="classPxJoint.html#857ea5abc40d94b0e1537b566a9d45bf">PxJoint</a>
<li>setConstraintFunctions()
: <a class="el" href="classPxConstraint.html#3fb6da793a10be50c30bb8e3fb175d68">PxConstraint</a>
<li>setContactModifyCallback()
: <a class="el" href="classPxScene.html#eec3367a4461c1ab2e552acdb8c0609e">PxScene</a>
<li>setContactOffset()
: <a class="el" href="classPxShape.html#07c638b68e14de5e284a03dbcc128d27">PxShape</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxController.html#6bf15ba0b66b3f271fdb2f2c6cb8c68b">PxController</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxCloth.html#04c2915cae434276ab7b60dcffa6f096">PxCloth</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxParticleBase.html#1daf9cb4e5b4a0abbfee215c144582e4">PxParticleBase</a>
<li>setContactReportThreshold()
: <a class="el" href="classPxRigidDynamic.html#bfd510964f2287e81fe76a1a9e1725b5">PxRigidDynamic</a>
<li>setContextId()
: <a class="el" href="classphysx_1_1PxBaseTask.html#0fa6ca56b758ea6b8be5c3acc8e89364">physx::PxBaseTask</a>
<li>setContinuation()
: <a class="el" href="classphysx_1_1PxLightCpuTask.html#56ef764508a2bbc98d82bb6dbb09fa3e">physx::PxLightCpuTask</a>
<li>setCpuDispatcher()
: <a class="el" href="classphysx_1_1PxTaskManager.html#c391319b63678f793dc6800b5ecda801">physx::PxTaskManager</a>
<li>setCurrentGear()
: <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleDriveDynData.html#a7f0d12794afa5fcfa1b5ede6bd2539d">PxVehicleDriveDynData</a>
<li>setDamping()
: <a class="el" href="classPxArticulationJoint.html#e9a7c940a51ae6df5e7e2370692a1f4b">PxArticulationJoint</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxDistanceJoint.html#1fcc6660ac4544d477582057ebff39de">PxDistanceJoint</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxParticleBase.html#8fb190deeb6744368762b296d8819eeb">PxParticleBase</a>
<li>setDampingCoefficient()
: <a class="el" href="classPxCloth.html#6d636bc91871e6cde3535c72bfbc2f53">PxCloth</a>
<li>setDebugRenderingFlags()
: <a class="el" href="classPxControllerManager.html#6748551f35cb6eee1048e810f09fb9b9">PxControllerManager</a>
<li>setDiffData()
: <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleDriveSimData4W.html#6a0bd7a643cdba6571de4470ddb8533b">PxVehicleDriveSimData4W</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleDriveSimDataNW.html#ff36d113c311cc254834efe8cc3d3964">PxVehicleDriveSimDataNW</a>
<li>setDigitalAccel()
: <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleDrive4WRawInputData.html#39a229c2fbc12f23ab146a6ce6b014ee">PxVehicleDrive4WRawInputData</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleDriveTankRawInputData.html#ba1a38302de5b91b35c83d79053fc564">PxVehicleDriveTankRawInputData</a>
<li>setDigitalBrake()
: <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleDrive4WRawInputData.html#a5a7c8943c3ad9b20901988388614505">PxVehicleDrive4WRawInputData</a>
<li>setDigitalHandbrake()
: <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleDrive4WRawInputData.html#d63aa0083730fbafb77e60b76fc9c985">PxVehicleDrive4WRawInputData</a>
<li>setDigitalLeftBrake()
: <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleDriveTankRawInputData.html#96183c87242fda2d2ed1ca56fb24977d">PxVehicleDriveTankRawInputData</a>
<li>setDigitalLeftThrust()
: <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleDriveTankRawInputData.html#e5379f5da9762716cf7d567af369ed1e">PxVehicleDriveTankRawInputData</a>
<li>setDigitalRightBrake()
: <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleDriveTankRawInputData.html#d98a22d3fcdbaf1f2731e3072d3315c6">PxVehicleDriveTankRawInputData</a>
<li>setDigitalRightThrust()
: <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleDriveTankRawInputData.html#a4981fac8d036a4616ba2980f757e3ab">PxVehicleDriveTankRawInputData</a>
<li>setDigitalSteerLeft()
: <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleDrive4WRawInputData.html#c0bee2d84b744b13af694bf34384bb76">PxVehicleDrive4WRawInputData</a>
<li>setDigitalSteerRight()
: <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleDrive4WRawInputData.html#a4654bf9fa296e6e2fe3433cc1a79918">PxVehicleDrive4WRawInputData</a>
<li>setDistanceJointFlag()
: <a class="el" href="classPxDistanceJoint.html#ec3a1147c1d87db4fdf4573f9f190bfa">PxDistanceJoint</a>
<li>setDistanceJointFlags()
: <a class="el" href="classPxDistanceJoint.html#7ecea55140d9946b94279b1730507062">PxDistanceJoint</a>
<li>setDominanceGroup()
: <a class="el" href="classPxActor.html#614c46687cf76eb219ce47927fc90824">PxActor</a>
<li>setDominanceGroupPair()
: <a class="el" href="classPxScene.html#b6d9e986e6af967d2bd60a63a0b550c4">PxScene</a>
<li>setDownRatios()
: <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleAutoBoxData.html#a2353fe51236e4d02924eff9bccd94b2">PxVehicleAutoBoxData</a>
<li>setDragCoefficient()
: <a class="el" href="classPxCloth.html#e985ceb77e39016e6945b1bfbf51cd36">PxCloth</a>
<li>setDrive()
: <a class="el" href="classPxD6Joint.html#85811f1770be8ff4ea79b4e49b313599">PxD6Joint</a>
<li>setDriveForceLimit()
: <a class="el" href="classPxRevoluteJoint.html#2c51c5a515957c48e7a82d78947a1b0f">PxRevoluteJoint</a>
<li>setDriveGearRatio()
: <a class="el" href="classPxRevoluteJoint.html#b5bd3ea301323d7e8ef6b1db08b8834c">PxRevoluteJoint</a>
<li>setDriveModel()
: <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleDriveTank.html#dc228416d792c11e78d41028bf24fad6">PxVehicleDriveTank</a>
<li>setDrivenWheel()
: <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleDifferentialNWData.html#c8976b0853cae0c7baf95603aa1909f9">PxVehicleDifferentialNWData</a>
<li>setDrivenWheelStatus()
: <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleDifferentialNWData.html#9041277bd53d21ad9992365185f9a06e">PxVehicleDifferentialNWData</a>
<li>setDrivePosition()
: <a class="el" href="classPxD6Joint.html#22471ee961a299903402b10d786d36c7">PxD6Joint</a>
<li>setDriveTorque()
: <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleNoDrive.html#2cee320c1b39eb72f8350e63ae5fd749">PxVehicleNoDrive</a>
<li>setDriveType()
: <a class="el" href="classPxArticulationJoint.html#d9ca201e90b380133e8913fb756a52e2">PxArticulationJoint</a>
<li>setDriveVelocity()
: <a class="el" href="classPxD6Joint.html#f23b422a5ed89350c0f04664ae2351cc">PxD6Joint</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxRevoluteJoint.html#3b468f55536921dd3f505883df1aa661">PxRevoluteJoint</a>
<li>setDynamicFriction()
: <a class="el" href="classPxContactSet.html#360344f51cce5d01c69701e3dcc3747b">PxContactSet</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxMaterial.html#971a4c6a385310c28aaeaa1f5ead78e9">PxMaterial</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxParticleBase.html#d95b342c529785ca7e126605804ccfbb">PxParticleBase</a>
<li>setDynamicTreeRebuildRateHint()
: <a class="el" href="classPxScene.html#bf2322887ca4db2fdea0229a44e2892c">PxScene</a>
<li>setEmpty()
: <a class="el" href="group__foundation.html#g9e31f59de4ce4f4ad1f1e51c401ac5fd">PxBounds3</a>
<li>setEndianMode()
: <a class="el" href="classPxFileBuf.html#f72ea9fc1222848db164855a3d8f8b70">PxFileBuf</a>
<li>setEngineData()
: <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleDriveSimData.html#7bc4349466a64ab5b50f8e0a847e1a2f">PxVehicleDriveSimData</a>
<li>setEngineRotationSpeed()
: <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleDriveDynData.html#881b76d5ad721e3e48fa68466e3dbee6">PxVehicleDriveDynData</a>
<li>setErrorLevel()
: <a class="el" href="classPxFoundation.html#ac16a599bd1ffc725f849703e7eb5696">PxFoundation</a>
<li>setExternalAcceleration()
: <a class="el" href="classPxCloth.html#e13130b689712c14e2c98f4d98d5fd1a">PxCloth</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxParticleBase.html#b43431b492105e432f1f5eb33fabd0c4">PxParticleBase</a>
<li>setExternalCompliance()
: <a class="el" href="classPxArticulationJoint.html#cba73835e3bdfb85a362e59ba979a959">PxArticulationJoint</a>
<li>setExternalDriveIterations()
: <a class="el" href="classPxArticulation.html#767fb3ec58b891bcd8dd0d769a5789cf">PxArticulation</a>
<li>setFilterShaderData()
: <a class="el" href="classPxScene.html#5ab05d2a2c908d98aed4ca642c5f394d">PxScene</a>
<li>setFlag()
: <a class="el" href="classPxConstraint.html#95488eea1d5847d3d1408c3d5cdf2576">PxConstraint</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxMaterial.html#3dbcd175e805766442291c1285eafe8c">PxMaterial</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxScene.html#6610c08a5a92c894dcac9d658e48b7de">PxScene</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxShape.html#3c879df184ef40514589c5aa3d1f2a33">PxShape</a>
<li>setFlags()
: <a class="el" href="classPxConstraint.html#2d697724814976973b1de9e303e15b3f">PxConstraint</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxMaterial.html#452856bae712ad60a281ec45a4bd69a9">PxMaterial</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxShape.html#fc179cb4b2146af98c76623d2fc0db6e">PxShape</a>
<li>setFootPosition()
: <a class="el" href="classPxController.html#b09889972859bf03168d1d48434094ff">PxController</a>
<li>setFrictionCoefficient()
: <a class="el" href="classPxCloth.html#11c07c5b385688e921d950f50ccf8e24">PxCloth</a>
<li>setFrictionCombineMode()
: <a class="el" href="classPxMaterial.html#15c32fcd28a63a02caad0247dd2e9835">PxMaterial</a>
<li>setFrictionType()
: <a class="el" href="classPxScene.html#9ff7784b4d51acf2d56b9462e256b58b">PxScene</a>
<li>setGearChange()
: <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleDriveDynData.html#ea22183763d8431279917949fb5be912">PxVehicleDriveDynData</a>
<li>setGearDown()
: <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleDriveDynData.html#0e31ae1c0d74b575ac10494e94fb325c">PxVehicleDriveDynData</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleDrive4WRawInputData.html#5849bbe5d93b0a6178fe05413fd2f38e">PxVehicleDrive4WRawInputData</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleDriveTankRawInputData.html#4ff7609f917b69e7bc329540b2c3aaa2">PxVehicleDriveTankRawInputData</a>
<li>setGearRatio()
: <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleGearsData.html#3e3deb6f0ea5abe0eb4602adb0d3291d">PxVehicleGearsData</a>
<li>setGearsData()
: <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleDriveSimData.html#6596d7535d54f6a43a6575b8f4c51748">PxVehicleDriveSimData</a>
<li>setGearSwitchTime()
: <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleDriveDynData.html#8a42ae9182f4e9375b94a19787dafa30">PxVehicleDriveDynData</a>
<li>setGearUp()
: <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleDriveDynData.html#fd97592ae5714d45c494957808fa7020">PxVehicleDriveDynData</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleDrive4WRawInputData.html#dd91327bf12c6c5578e20d9df82d0432">PxVehicleDrive4WRawInputData</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleDriveTankRawInputData.html#0093f8a955f714617b1269a652f0c709">PxVehicleDriveTankRawInputData</a>
<li>setGeometry()
: <a class="el" href="classPxShape.html#c6112e8c0ee9803eb3436bbaf673d98a">PxShape</a>
<li>setGlobalPose()
: <a class="el" href="classPxRigidActor.html#26994d9594ed9a04bd412bdeb2a55f3e">PxRigidActor</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxCloth.html#e5b64a8e0ff184cf5ef76a5c6dd52ede">PxCloth</a>
<li>setGpuDispatcher()
: <a class="el" href="classphysx_1_1PxTaskManager.html#2222879a9e1f258c3d46579f56d65275">physx::PxTaskManager</a>
<li>setGravity()
: <a class="el" href="classPxScene.html#575ed34c73adbd61892d728a688479f3">PxScene</a>
<li>setGridSize()
: <a class="el" href="classPxParticleBase.html#f484aea29669a33f8bf78465d2d2f8b4">PxParticleBase</a>
<li>setHalfForwardExtent()
: <a class="el" href="classPxBoxController.html#cae44a6bab0ca9da6d47b84345d03e61">PxBoxController</a>
<li>setHalfHeight()
: <a class="el" href="classPxBoxController.html#f959bc51b41f2c00156cd28bd19fc240">PxBoxController</a>
<li>setHalfSideExtent()
: <a class="el" href="classPxBoxController.html#f1b0b85810c79821ddb61cb42d0ef730">PxBoxController</a>
<li>setHeight()
: <a class="el" href="classPxCapsuleController.html#8068e1a64b40a6c6a96bd30ba1db0883">PxCapsuleController</a>
<li>setHighForwardSpeedSubStepCount()
: <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleWheelsSimData.html#d959b05b234cf8b132d3e0a62072641a">PxVehicleWheelsSimData</a>
<li>setIncrementalRebuildRate()
: <a class="el" href="classPxSpatialIndex.html#c1d1711a3dc99f9bb244ca0d2ea78f5f">PxSpatialIndex</a>
<li>setInertiaScale()
: <a class="el" href="classPxCloth.html#ae66828d50e4ee25ed06a5abdf87bb5c">PxCloth</a>
<li>setInternalCompliance()
: <a class="el" href="classPxArticulationJoint.html#023d58f64e1e29a984beb935ca2a4f54">PxArticulationJoint</a>
<li>setInternalDriveIterations()
: <a class="el" href="classPxArticulation.html#cda14790e09cb759007038d35885065a">PxArticulation</a>
<li>setInvInertiaScale0()
: <a class="el" href="classPxContactSet.html#e145d9eec7403316390478f401837dcf">PxContactSet</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxJoint.html#97cc4d817e404177af4c2a598bb944c3">PxJoint</a>
<li>setInvInertiaScale1()
: <a class="el" href="classPxContactSet.html#74a22b5ae3140aba546b66415427a7d5">PxContactSet</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxJoint.html#d733659ee380ebf04a5d1d50fcf46222">PxJoint</a>
<li>setInvMassScale0()
: <a class="el" href="classPxContactSet.html#74648acc75bce20cfd555e76298b514f">PxContactSet</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxJoint.html#df8d09205b60811980a2202f1265562b">PxJoint</a>
<li>setInvMassScale1()
: <a class="el" href="classPxContactSet.html#d77be76292fb196ff129d70c372c5d97">PxContactSet</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxJoint.html#2f5f6c66b5e6933f8578a880a4a957ad">PxJoint</a>
<li>setKinematicTarget()
: <a class="el" href="classPxRigidDynamic.html#4464d188e7a1e94582c9cf35da9bbc93">PxRigidDynamic</a>
<li>setLatency()
: <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleAutoBoxData.html#b58a308ce4750594e3335d953d70281c">PxVehicleAutoBoxData</a>
<li>setLimit()
: <a class="el" href="classPxPrismaticJoint.html#7831c090d462d38eb7ba8e2fd25bc751">PxPrismaticJoint</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxRevoluteJoint.html#d28e13ae7149b0a09f8b5a9d8beaae60">PxRevoluteJoint</a>
<li>setLimitCone()
: <a class="el" href="classPxSphericalJoint.html#7ca415d2d986e63c5d5fa86dde583e6c">PxSphericalJoint</a>
<li>setLimits()
: <a class="el" href="classPxScene.html#1c9025d9a26efa7b90c8c75cb7126b92">PxScene</a>
<li>setLinearDamping()
: <a class="el" href="classPxRigidDynamic.html#003953e985ace5966375acb0674f7b0b">PxRigidDynamic</a>
<li>setLinearDragCoefficient()
: <a class="el" href="classPxCloth.html#04fcc059b87d0011a1fc01979ea47bd2">PxCloth</a>
<li>setLinearInertiaScale()
: <a class="el" href="classPxCloth.html#a7ea423a0eca321e2b6aebd436792832">PxCloth</a>
<li>setLinearLimit()
: <a class="el" href="classPxD6Joint.html#8ceb03a43499c3f85a01ba00eea0c034">PxD6Joint</a>
<li>setLinearVelocity()
: <a class="el" href="classPxRigidBody.html#0aed51d5ddcf81b09a104ad7f0f30c05">PxRigidBody</a>
<li>setLocalPose()
: <a class="el" href="classPxShape.html#9f32c7cea3b5701de3f815cd64c978df">PxShape</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxJoint.html#7bb7f7676c3660945356ef6e726c48b3">PxJoint</a>
<li>setLowForwardSpeedSubStepCount()
: <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleWheelsSimData.html#0fd598dcbca75814aab13fb002cac976">PxVehicleWheelsSimData</a>
<li>setMass()
: <a class="el" href="classPxRigidBody.html#8a697a7a4b9bdd2c83a68e84b9bc3a35">PxRigidBody</a>
<li>setMassAndPreserveNaturalFrequency()
: <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleSuspensionData.html#2bec1ac8b8808407d0af0accfcc21e57">PxVehicleSuspensionData</a>
<li>setMassAndUpdateInertia()
: <a class="el" href="classPxRigidBodyExt.html#b8f6af57a0fde875c41e5d747dec49fb">PxRigidBodyExt</a>
<li>setMassSpaceInertiaTensor()
: <a class="el" href="classPxRigidBody.html#755d0c8a8d1dd8b29e59d50a6dfda5fd">PxRigidBody</a>
<li>setMaterials()
: <a class="el" href="classPxShape.html#14fbf4de00134d17b85194487d68ff30">PxShape</a>
<li>setMaxAngularVelocity()
: <a class="el" href="classPxRigidDynamic.html#d90b8ba1636cfef0e3e2386bc21dc3f1">PxRigidDynamic</a>
<li>setMaxContactImpulse()
: <a class="el" href="classPxRigidBody.html#1a3bbe100e644995742f80f19ea8f250">PxRigidBody</a>
<li>setMaxDepenetrationVelocity()
: <a class="el" href="classPxRigidBody.html#261ce18fdc6cb81c0bfb46590db0867d">PxRigidBody</a>
<li>setMaxDistance()
: <a class="el" href="classPxDistanceJoint.html#a1f0551bbf0f5cac9878e41525d67e9a">PxDistanceJoint</a>
<li>setMaximal()
: <a class="el" href="group__foundation.html#g125e6c8496174f5aee6b53c2ecd9ba75">PxBounds3</a>
<li>setMaxImpulse()
: <a class="el" href="classPxContactSet.html#145d98e983e46057f0fa57903f671c06">PxContactSet</a>
<li>setMaxMotionDistance()
: <a class="el" href="classPxParticleBase.html#0e768c7a7e0375b870078d45c890721e">PxParticleBase</a>
<li>setMaxNbDynamicShapes()
: <a class="el" href="classPxVolumeCache.html#30048238aa971768c4bf24c56d186d7c">PxVolumeCache</a>
<li>setMaxNbStaticShapes()
: <a class="el" href="classPxVolumeCache.html#7c239abc1d93b2dea0cec7ae68d93319">PxVolumeCache</a>
<li>setMaxProjectionIterations()
: <a class="el" href="classPxArticulation.html#4154ccfb1afad6e3b8145a67e7f580bd">PxArticulation</a>
<li>setMetaData()
: <a class="el" href="classPxBinaryConverter.html#475c6a6dc11b63b3570f2fc5d21b5c0e">PxBinaryConverter</a>
<li>setMinCCDAdvanceCoefficient()
: <a class="el" href="classPxRigidBody.html#c6f4fe582726801cb09c2381de0c144d">PxRigidBody</a>
<li>setMinDistance()
: <a class="el" href="classPxDistanceJoint.html#1b58a39c6c0fa2cca1ea52a8da949e9b">PxDistanceJoint</a>
<li>setMinLongSlipDenominator()
: <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleWheelsSimData.html#940016ddd052f0c763a21fe776fdcc9d">PxVehicleWheelsSimData</a>
<li>setMinResponseThreshold()
: <a class="el" href="classPxConstraint.html#9ddd5450fca029d9574b5c854b77d3d6">PxConstraint</a>
<li>setMinusInfinity()
: <a class="el" href="structPxExtendedVec3.html#a69612b215b58d3cdafb51f66a622a7b">PxExtendedVec3</a>
<li>setMotion()
: <a class="el" href="classPxD6Joint.html#6253223e558ef6c3fd22a4d558dee97d">PxD6Joint</a>
<li>setMotionConstraintConfig()
: <a class="el" href="classPxCloth.html#161c0d634e0650187b0f737873bcca17">PxCloth</a>
<li>setMotionConstraints()
: <a class="el" href="classPxCloth.html#0ccf1ef6c461898826b66f285e8c9f6a">PxCloth</a>
<li>setName()
: <a class="el" href="classPxActor.html#fdcfb185892a5c8311fd0d825b0ce758">PxActor</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxArticulation.html#1efa57c3102cb6258ee90ac70a3c2657">PxArticulation</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxShape.html#51a289ac174c48ccc8d0b09d3fd90508">PxShape</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxJoint.html#79fbf86820e6ac2b1e5aedf13478e3c4">PxJoint</a>
<li>setNbContactDataBlocks()
: <a class="el" href="classPxScene.html#148be23880c4e2d67f9f772066a9f966">PxScene</a>
<li>setNonWalkableMode()
: <a class="el" href="classPxController.html#8f30123d5e7d45c6fdb1992cf8c748ef">PxController</a>
<li>setNormal()
: <a class="el" href="classPxContactSet.html#fdc45b285e1aaedd29690571b2098daa">PxContactSet</a>
<li>setOverlapRecoveryModule()
: <a class="el" href="classPxControllerManager.html#7b82dfa1f30ab934fa287f1e3aabf3cf">PxControllerManager</a>
<li>setOwnerClient()
: <a class="el" href="classPxActor.html#9bb8613863cf1d73e4d0c0227f25bc6e">PxActor</a>
<li>setParams()
: <a class="el" href="classPxCooking.html#febe112057bd03660dd78dee384d5321">PxCooking</a>
<li>setParentPose()
: <a class="el" href="classPxArticulationJoint.html#8dd529f6924fa777f99c1d646ef3bca6">PxArticulationJoint</a>
<li>setParticleAccelerations()
: <a class="el" href="classPxCloth.html#4f41c83d95eef0f7ed3894920cb7556d">PxCloth</a>
<li>setParticleBaseFlag()
: <a class="el" href="classPxParticleBase.html#4445c7746cfd5cbcda51173d0cf5c93a">PxParticleBase</a>
<li>setParticleMass()
: <a class="el" href="classPxParticleBase.html#80881666e5ee6743b6ac2c1f8723ce19">PxParticleBase</a>
<li>setParticleReadDataFlag()
: <a class="el" href="classPxParticleBase.html#9fbba67f740bc2b915ce0eb8d5c1b099">PxParticleBase</a>
<li>setParticles()
: <a class="el" href="classPxCloth.html#45c9ddfe6fdadcb99dc26c41eea2afb9">PxCloth</a>
<li>setPlusInfinity()
: <a class="el" href="structPxExtendedVec3.html#6b892692e4990c404ba6170cd3da5d13">PxExtendedVec3</a>
<li>setPoint()
: <a class="el" href="classPxContactSet.html#21cfe31aa14065c8b3ee6390c312e178">PxContactSet</a>
<li>setPosition()
: <a class="el" href="classPxController.html#2687b4fabb77f2998ce31bffccc74a78">PxController</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxMat44.html#54b4c7e35d3ac0e4639dedba56d39e71">PxMat44</a>
<li>setPositions()
: <a class="el" href="classPxParticleBase.html#4fba51bed2ec1b3445885916350b10d5">PxParticleBase</a>
<li>setPreciseSweeps()
: <a class="el" href="classPxControllerManager.html#aa88f335b64ec33775ec73fb532c920f">PxControllerManager</a>
<li>setPreventVerticalSlidingAgainstCeiling()
: <a class="el" href="classPxControllerManager.html#aa9553cd92772fcfc583aff5678f7ef0">PxControllerManager</a>
<li>setPrismaticJointFlag()
: <a class="el" href="classPxPrismaticJoint.html#6d20577d885f919eeee64e9daba76679">PxPrismaticJoint</a>
<li>setPrismaticJointFlags()
: <a class="el" href="classPxPrismaticJoint.html#0041ced8b6962072214dc81032ed2a2d">PxPrismaticJoint</a>
<li>setProjectionAngularTolerance()
: <a class="el" href="classPxFixedJoint.html#cb90411048d18e7e09aa3f1e4ece7609">PxFixedJoint</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxD6Joint.html#ba8db764141f62a0a160a0752e7e65d7">PxD6Joint</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxPrismaticJoint.html#f1a04172a838d1a1ee741d7471f4d62d">PxPrismaticJoint</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxRevoluteJoint.html#3b088a58542f57366da55fa0fcf56f25">PxRevoluteJoint</a>
<li>setProjectionLinearTolerance()
: <a class="el" href="classPxD6Joint.html#acb253ce8a5aad477afd96f1202d4b61">PxD6Joint</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxFixedJoint.html#45f16f6dc31f103ea8bef435b6bd0e5f">PxFixedJoint</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxPrismaticJoint.html#01d904a1fd7a2394c44ee39efcbdd6f2">PxPrismaticJoint</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxRevoluteJoint.html#3f96f9a0b8a5464a25452bb5aea51184">PxRevoluteJoint</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxSphericalJoint.html#73173f0db2281377b91fe3b58b22001d">PxSphericalJoint</a>
<li>setProjectionPlane()
: <a class="el" href="classPxParticleBase.html#59216c6fd900d478cd1e75b0a34b37af">PxParticleBase</a>
<li>setQueryFilterData()
: <a class="el" href="classPxShape.html#c98191c26e55ecebfd9eb4553c969fab">PxShape</a>
<li>setRadius()
: <a class="el" href="classPxCapsuleController.html#a568af92bc897e9242c063d50c71cfd2">PxCapsuleController</a>
<li>setReportAllocationNames()
: <a class="el" href="classPxFoundation.html#10a9bd2dc04b64b17a6bb624872b565d">PxFoundation</a>
<li>setReportMode()
: <a class="el" href="classPxBinaryConverter.html#ba26eda3b46071eca65fa38cabee2a09">PxBinaryConverter</a>
<li>setRestitution()
: <a class="el" href="classPxContactSet.html#2c1f31f9201c804d6310ec0129cc0cea">PxContactSet</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxMaterial.html#9038f690c180b962a7543734f44ec0f1">PxMaterial</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxParticleBase.html#7dc8dc59b5032d7e4ebd9d901df20a3d">PxParticleBase</a>
<li>setRestitutionCombineMode()
: <a class="el" href="classPxMaterial.html#8f9930b0e18a932e428a061891e4683f">PxMaterial</a>
<li>setRestOffset()
: <a class="el" href="classPxShape.html#413afb25b39a7a0cf0981aa01c6d7f8b">PxShape</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxCloth.html#b613c92ba9a4d334536c9d97d87a13df">PxCloth</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxParticleBase.html#9c5759758c6fcaf61759dacea5d4653d">PxParticleBase</a>
<li>setRestOffsets()
: <a class="el" href="classPxParticleBase.html#4b193d290509a4442ed0110580a16447">PxParticleBase</a>
<li>setRestParticleDistance()
: <a class="el" href="classPxParticleFluid.html#6f649af954b4fda3c6a72e689637e07f">PxParticleFluid</a>
<li>setRestPositions()
: <a class="el" href="classPxCloth.html#0184c7d7f20110fdee01b1c485bb7a63">PxCloth</a>
<li>setRevoluteJointFlag()
: <a class="el" href="classPxRevoluteJoint.html#794f81a2e8668928669e2d89a15e2558">PxRevoluteJoint</a>
<li>setRevoluteJointFlags()
: <a class="el" href="classPxRevoluteJoint.html#10854c64ba8d56db2b7bddc26118393e">PxRevoluteJoint</a>
<li>setRigidBodyFlag()
: <a class="el" href="classPxRigidBody.html#9b23b890404b1010bf0b67a225bd22e7">PxRigidBody</a>
<li>setRigidBodyFlags()
: <a class="el" href="classPxRigidBody.html#9e6f3afd71605e037a5de47955d941e0">PxRigidBody</a>
<li>setRigidDynamicLockFlag()
: <a class="el" href="classPxRigidDynamic.html#7cf3e84117da3ec5b499262a3a9f5521">PxRigidDynamic</a>
<li>setRigidDynamicLockFlags()
: <a class="el" href="classPxRigidDynamic.html#16f9f0dfeae6e7877bcebca80df42c92">PxRigidDynamic</a>
<li>setRunProfiled()
: <a class="el" href="classPxDefaultCpuDispatcher.html#ccb465b8fcfd7f5e257e2e6f042703f1">PxDefaultCpuDispatcher</a>
<li>setScenePvdFlag()
: <a class="el" href="classPxPvdSceneClient.html#3b5e6327978fbe7a39fd53478da0c588">PxPvdSceneClient</a>
<li>setScenePvdFlags()
: <a class="el" href="classPxPvdSceneClient.html#74a77b0f48b6d0f9394ed7daa9c2c957">PxPvdSceneClient</a>
<li>setSceneQueryFilterData()
: <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleWheelsSimData.html#be8c9e522970df21292a0e8dfa5e2463">PxVehicleWheelsSimData</a>
<li>setSceneQueryUpdateMode()
: <a class="el" href="classPxScene.html#8b689efc2353e9c57abf0182cb3f7dfd">PxScene</a>
<li>setSelfCollisionDistance()
: <a class="el" href="classPxCloth.html#8a9395c7ef65990a78a8654eedd70eef">PxCloth</a>
<li>setSelfCollisionIndices()
: <a class="el" href="classPxCloth.html#3d1655d3a49678ac120e60e5f5d0cb74">PxCloth</a>
<li>setSelfCollisionStiffness()
: <a class="el" href="classPxCloth.html#444689a873e29404153b54e06c7f21f6">PxCloth</a>
<li>setSeparation()
: <a class="el" href="classPxContactSet.html#dd1b219393a21fdbb6e6db51400aa900">PxContactSet</a>
<li>setSeparationConstraints()
: <a class="el" href="classPxCloth.html#8cdc9a3c9faebf80d20e6e821c83834b">PxCloth</a>
<li>setSeparationTolerance()
: <a class="el" href="classPxArticulation.html#284072a943c7e9caa992c513e0855aaf">PxArticulation</a>
<li>setSimulationEventCallback()
: <a class="el" href="classPxScene.html#88f5438bf61cf5c3f767d8b515c51d31">PxScene</a>
<li>setSimulationFilterData()
: <a class="el" href="classPxShape.html#a0c62176ed01c9fb14c26ad7c393963c">PxShape</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxCloth.html#b25c6eba3fdd622cf24bb768b9c9010a">PxCloth</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxParticleBase.html#c9babb704b6400ee1a11b1d17439b362">PxParticleBase</a>
<li>setSleepLinearVelocity()
: <a class="el" href="classPxCloth.html#f333884779888e3cbb11033877fe0638">PxCloth</a>
<li>setSleepThreshold()
: <a class="el" href="classPxArticulation.html#e7e4735b8c23aaf5f41d829208cccce6">PxArticulation</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxRigidDynamic.html#c087213f7360a202eaccfab26e97e644">PxRigidDynamic</a>
<li>setSlopeLimit()
: <a class="el" href="classPxController.html#5e3a554fe03319301360df65122f22c8">PxController</a>
<li>setSolverBatchSize()
: <a class="el" href="classPxScene.html#ad9cc8bf329f4de4b407436f5cd38c98">PxScene</a>
<li>setSolverFrequency()
: <a class="el" href="classPxCloth.html#f5d725608c3f0cd3a7c3b67743e14aac">PxCloth</a>
<li>setSolverIterationCounts()
: <a class="el" href="classPxArticulation.html#f31eb23f85c5a8516612cad455d4fef3">PxArticulation</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxRigidDynamic.html#fa68d947962bc2d0f8862caaf3e8b304">PxRigidDynamic</a>
<li>setSphericalJointFlag()
: <a class="el" href="classPxSphericalJoint.html#0cff21b619ff48b2ca974df7f0e38ebb">PxSphericalJoint</a>
<li>setSphericalJointFlags()
: <a class="el" href="classPxSphericalJoint.html#3f3dd6934d09d6bc1605e53c15e45ab7">PxSphericalJoint</a>
<li>setStabilizationThreshold()
: <a class="el" href="classPxRigidDynamic.html#59fb22d9402497cffe1b5e54d9ecd62f">PxRigidDynamic</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxArticulation.html#259748392f6223dc218d1e1ba8ee9944">PxArticulation</a>
<li>setStaticFriction()
: <a class="el" href="classPxContactSet.html#8c585855a8936d762520b1d1471bf3fe">PxContactSet</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxMaterial.html#0384706084d22fe2ec745bc81d54ef14">PxMaterial</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxParticleBase.html#3fb596178c017ed1c536c152e4fba358">PxParticleBase</a>
<li>setSteerAngle()
: <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleNoDrive.html#362899ae429c39a05703223bb8fdba0f">PxVehicleNoDrive</a>
<li>setStepOffset()
: <a class="el" href="classPxController.html#6cad9ee5c32ccbf80ec47465a07dcdc3">PxController</a>
<li>setStiffness()
: <a class="el" href="classPxArticulationJoint.html#e00f55560d4d4b78a20d97b20e39dafb">PxArticulationJoint</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxDistanceJoint.html#2ac2f3e6b8afe91d7b39e34e34310e28">PxDistanceJoint</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxParticleFluid.html#334f8a10e7d00c29f3989b906b429fc5">PxParticleFluid</a>
<li>setStiffnessFrequency()
: <a class="el" href="classPxCloth.html#3a353d83924d66f611186e0d8a046c63">PxCloth</a>
<li>setStretchConfig()
: <a class="el" href="classPxCloth.html#287124c7b4d26640849b8dd3489fff0d">PxCloth</a>
<li>setSubStepCount()
: <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleWheelsSimData.html#cbe6956ae50dfadcd9264ed9830da207">PxVehicleWheelsSimData</a>
<li>setSuspensionData()
: <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleWheelsSimData.html#2d919fecb713d371d2624e3b5b37053b">PxVehicleWheelsSimData</a>
<li>setSuspForceAppPointOffset()
: <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleWheelsSimData.html#cd51a38c9e5cf37b1c0b5feed7b03c04">PxVehicleWheelsSimData</a>
<li>setSuspTravelDirection()
: <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleWheelsSimData.html#13bf7c0a8e2765fa34146c7518950329">PxVehicleWheelsSimData</a>
<li>setSwingLimit()
: <a class="el" href="classPxD6Joint.html#72a1f48dffd418d278ec9beb110a9236">PxD6Joint</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxArticulationJoint.html#12544e79ee2ef6ff061e6a3a9e1e65c8">PxArticulationJoint</a>
<li>setSwingLimitContactDistance()
: <a class="el" href="classPxArticulationJoint.html#909101d144f45f8fd8fbf1e2f01f9072">PxArticulationJoint</a>
<li>setSwingLimitEnabled()
: <a class="el" href="classPxArticulationJoint.html#c8f06505ec2b8bd187124008f428ce1e">PxArticulationJoint</a>
<li>setTangentialDamping()
: <a class="el" href="classPxArticulationJoint.html#9ba1951c929b003bf57dcea26756bf9f">PxArticulationJoint</a>
<li>setTangentialStiffness()
: <a class="el" href="classPxArticulationJoint.html#df1f03b5945c8db6103f6529736af5a8">PxArticulationJoint</a>
<li>setTargetGear()
: <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleDriveDynData.html#568663354ffa23f4b6f8d9a0194ea0e6">PxVehicleDriveDynData</a>
<li>setTargetOrientation()
: <a class="el" href="classPxArticulationJoint.html#c6f12118dc05485815cbe08df956b05c">PxArticulationJoint</a>
<li>setTargetPose()
: <a class="el" href="classPxCloth.html#ba7f7ca016a260f8bed962764814ade3">PxCloth</a>
<li>setTargetVelocity()
: <a class="el" href="classPxContactSet.html#2e374d99ff72fcf410a070ee3bf17abb">PxContactSet</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxArticulationJoint.html#469427827733f35ba286f88b0e48984d">PxArticulationJoint</a>
<li>setTessellation()
: <a class="el" href="classPxControllerManager.html#801c7a25dc888d307bfee0e119e43724">PxControllerManager</a>
<li>setTessFlag()
: <a class="el" href="structPxHeightFieldSample.html#82ee14c99624ff3ace22e8408eea9935">PxHeightFieldSample</a>
<li>setTetherConfig()
: <a class="el" href="classPxCloth.html#b6f7f3f91fe4f2ed5e2620605c4723ff">PxCloth</a>
<li>setThresholdLongSpeed()
: <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleWheelsSimData.html#6b0a3e4cfee1def7c49905e193250e50">PxVehicleWheelsSimData</a>
<li>setTireData()
: <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleWheelsSimData.html#cfc01818dd853e393bf3d9ea4370441c">PxVehicleWheelsSimData</a>
<li>setTireForceAppPointOffset()
: <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleWheelsSimData.html#7914e9b4cbf6a5bbfce66d46f601b440">PxVehicleWheelsSimData</a>
<li>setTireForceShaderData()
: <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleWheelsDynData.html#25312456167dbd6611450a593444928e">PxVehicleWheelsDynData</a>
<li>setTireForceShaderFunction()
: <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleWheelsDynData.html#1d7405c9aeb529ca1a2bf945edd3d83f">PxVehicleWheelsDynData</a>
<li>setTireLoadFilterData()
: <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleWheelsSimData.html#f0b5eb7ae77c271ce3ba1604c8dad3b3">PxVehicleWheelsSimData</a>
<li>setToDefault()
: <a class="el" href="structPxBVH33MidphaseDesc.html#032c13ce0350dea8512f56b66f5a2744">PxBVH33MidphaseDesc</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxMidphaseDesc.html#c941c94835e494ae0dcc3f774ac16240">PxMidphaseDesc</a>
, <a class="el" href="group__physics.html#ge673c050f15b0fc912860adbb3394e34">PxSceneLimits</a>
, <a class="el" href="group__character.html#gf2f271a2e1d38f619d345bd89f737412">PxBoxControllerDesc</a>
, <a class="el" href="structPxBVH34MidphaseDesc.html#c0848cd6f8b3b771e5e5761df2f6b033">PxBVH34MidphaseDesc</a>
, <a class="el" href="group__cooking.html#g6e86954b2426aae207489af9928d45e3">PxConvexMeshDesc</a>
, <a class="el" href="group__cooking.html#g3efcaf703b329270eed5b0890b0c5304">PxClothMeshDesc</a>
, <a class="el" href="group__geomutils.html#gd6110ba2e5505fb809d3c3ebeb82e2f5">PxSimpleTriangleMesh</a>
, <a class="el" href="group__particles.html#g565e686111afbbdaf07c2bd8b149efb6">PxParticleCreationData</a>
, <a class="el" href="group__geomutils.html#gdd7ec6c255262ddceeb7e04600bc47b5">PxHeightFieldDesc</a>
, <a class="el" href="group__cooking.html#gfd882da42844238f9a91e5754694391e">PxTriangleMeshDesc</a>
, <a class="el" href="group__cloth.html#g2a75f18d35312c00faeacf1e144af741">PxClothFabricDesc</a>
, <a class="el" href="structPxFilterData.html#d6d40431c37145235eaceea47f57b9b5">PxFilterData</a>
, <a class="el" href="group__character.html#g48c1aa8996f7a4686f65cf517fb466e5">PxCapsuleControllerDesc</a>
, <a class="el" href="group__physics.html#ga7375184ba494172fa7677dae44bd9a8">PxSceneDesc</a>
<li>setTolerance()
: <a class="el" href="classPxDistanceJoint.html#a4897db1805eea28a241867aaeb01d70">PxDistanceJoint</a>
<li>setToRestState()
: <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleDrive4W.html#37811fb8cf89260d45276a97b767acce">PxVehicleDrive4W</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleDriveNW.html#a66886e48cb1b6e635e804ee8267e5b3">PxVehicleDriveNW</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleWheels.html#38cf9474ad2c23ba3c21766fac251339">PxVehicleWheels</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleDrive.html#a5fdf730d2b90e2fdbd2dd34d2a01765">PxVehicleDrive</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleDriveTank.html#dbbad11dfa6fb32b6d209ddabf8f9132">PxVehicleDriveTank</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleWheelsDynData.html#b760ac444b65311796ccf5a3bb3fafff">PxVehicleWheelsDynData</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleDriveDynData.html#395909ff575722b78041d67a42fb62f3">PxVehicleDriveDynData</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleNoDrive.html#284e8e6ff3c1617b8c39bab3edc217c7">PxVehicleNoDrive</a>
<li>setTwistLimit()
: <a class="el" href="classPxArticulationJoint.html#e3fc7d9b7c327b897a0a33c1844f03c4">PxArticulationJoint</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxD6Joint.html#6461182921ceab095997f58891fb4adc">PxD6Joint</a>
<li>setTwistLimitContactDistance()
: <a class="el" href="classPxArticulationJoint.html#f9c9a92beaf042f7ad7bb3bf95c34b96">PxArticulationJoint</a>
<li>setTwistLimitEnabled()
: <a class="el" href="classPxArticulationJoint.html#b0d113b6b62dc07cd06c4d6341ce0608">PxArticulationJoint</a>
<li>setTypePairFriction()
: <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleDrivableSurfaceToTireFrictionPairs.html#23b36296b4be7a569f4e97e6849c1ad8">PxVehicleDrivableSurfaceToTireFrictionPairs</a>
<li>setup()
: <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleDriveTank.html#1cd437995b8664b4d6005a0f636ab318">PxVehicleDriveTank</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleDrive4W.html#d6740fedd4d8d026f8750e7bd601b76a">PxVehicleDrive4W</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleNoDrive.html#837924c936c8b6608b691e48e80fcab4">PxVehicleNoDrive</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleDrivableSurfaceToTireFrictionPairs.html#7104485ac201ef952d8b164982ac222f">PxVehicleDrivableSurfaceToTireFrictionPairs</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleWheels.html#ed5b450123f32286b847b52dbb961a5c">PxVehicleWheels</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleDrive.html#02bbb8b1aad17272d533b7b3a41f016f">PxVehicleDrive</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleDriveNW.html#72f85747311561f991aa94a525f38b22">PxVehicleDriveNW</a>
<li>setUpDirection()
: <a class="el" href="classPxController.html#3393ba5043c3534712d8f362a9872cfc">PxController</a>
<li>setUpRatios()
: <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleAutoBoxData.html#8fadedab89e26a913b7c24b312ccf106">PxVehicleAutoBoxData</a>
<li>setUseAutoGears()
: <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleDriveDynData.html#3a7a66f713691e6c1ce0f97e1dd2d80a">PxVehicleDriveDynData</a>
<li>setUserData()
: <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleWheelsDynData.html#506628156f9502e0dc6ccc11e3fa75d7">PxVehicleWheelsDynData</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxController.html#2b6c1841bafa53877baa3dca8543c9ca">PxController</a>
<li>setUserMemory()
: <a class="el" href="classPxBatchQuery.html#ca7ccdab697074ae572c7d0baf9af3c2">PxBatchQuery</a>
<li>setVelocities()
: <a class="el" href="classPxParticleBase.html#f73716656e6d6efef3a5650f9e04ffe3">PxParticleBase</a>
<li>setVirtualParticles()
: <a class="el" href="classPxCloth.html#16ef3c8f9e199f38f84ca0b1529209e5">PxCloth</a>
<li>setViscosity()
: <a class="el" href="classPxParticleFluid.html#51e95f09eeb9730130fb2c139bd2be4c">PxParticleFluid</a>
<li>setVisualizationCullingBox()
: <a class="el" href="classPxScene.html#b562ba2df953188a7e2b99f7ddcda5dc">PxScene</a>
<li>setVisualizationParameter()
: <a class="el" href="classPxScene.html#4055d302466a1f5cd9d481028b66b20a">PxScene</a>
<li>setWakeCounter()
: <a class="el" href="classPxRigidDynamic.html#0f7de8c56c76461555219b2b98d5147a">PxRigidDynamic</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxCloth.html#cfd45f2a5c3c1dde4bc84e8a6acab096">PxCloth</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxArticulation.html#aef04ee0fba882eb8212f6baa5dde0b2">PxArticulation</a>
<li>setWheelCentreOffset()
: <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleWheelsSimData.html#7f5a27dafbbf58ad01c0172e03349d24">PxVehicleWheelsSimData</a>
<li>setWheelData()
: <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleWheelsSimData.html#26ac23021422b9ed70773bb1976f076c">PxVehicleWheelsSimData</a>
<li>setWheelEnabledState()
: <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleWheelsSimData.html#de28e7cf0fbb267d3ca0b6abd151e601">PxVehicleWheelsSimData</a>
<li>setWheelRotationAngle()
: <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleWheelsDynData.html#129ab9f993d414c469f002314307dd7e">PxVehicleWheelsDynData</a>
<li>setWheelRotationSpeed()
: <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleWheelsDynData.html#ef9282166f0b158d978b7ae8e8c28153">PxVehicleWheelsDynData</a>
<li>setWheelShapeMapping()
: <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleWheelsSimData.html#07988e7e4bfd905ae1dd182ef3a1cab1">PxVehicleWheelsSimData</a>
<li>setWindDrag()
: <a class="el" href="classPxCloth.html#41d1bc3cbe1f01737a49bd4d489afb54">PxCloth</a>
<li>setWindLift()
: <a class="el" href="classPxCloth.html#2c43cb034276d6be1ac72b3219ebd21c">PxCloth</a>
<li>setWindVelocity()
: <a class="el" href="classPxCloth.html#88764e4c775cf251cd8011d9b1a6fd8e">PxCloth</a>
<li>setZero()
: <a class="el" href="classPxVec4.html#9277eee047f78d606c60d57c8726b1f1">PxVec4</a>
<li>shiftOrigin()
: <a class="el" href="classPxScene.html#3cb2b6b3b72cefb94fa9e64ca09660f6">PxScene</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxControllerManager.html#6cbb06688c15bed0838ee051127905f8">PxControllerManager</a>
<li>simulate()
: <a class="el" href="classPxScene.html#9a9cacecc3b0f6adaf2f3d2168c2aff5">PxScene</a>
<li>size()
: <a class="el" href="classPxContactSet.html#63434463f6bea994645e3dcbdc2cf2d0">PxContactSet</a>
<li>sphere()
: <a class="el" href="classPxGeometryHolder.html#725211588eba5f168eb9266a25e0b59b">PxGeometryHolder</a>
<li>startAfter()
: <a class="el" href="classphysx_1_1PxTask.html#5ea294d819b903a507efe1358f86b8cd">physx::PxTask</a>
<li>startGearChange()
: <a class="el" href="classPxVehicleDriveDynData.html#2ba2789e69500d31d1acf2f6e11545cf">PxVehicleDriveDynData</a>
<li>startGroup()
: <a class="el" href="classphysx_1_1PxGpuDispatcher.html#86f6db8b18cf8380967890d694e3df8e">physx::PxGpuDispatcher</a>
<li>startSimulation()
: <a class="el" href="classphysx_1_1PxGpuDispatcher.html#091cb121a38ddf39fcab51f5118a15d2">physx::PxGpuDispatcher</a>
, <a class="el" href="classphysx_1_1PxTaskManager.html#ab9b613b731eb4cc5007db33fc801017">physx::PxTaskManager</a>
<li>statusChange()
: <a class="el" href="classPxSimulationFilterCallback.html#0ba6a20106fd9ef3eca10099be8017da">PxSimulationFilterCallback</a>
<li>stopSimulation()
: <a class="el" href="classphysx_1_1PxTaskManager.html#6008ca7efcd7fa4a77d10f0606e3f17a">physx::PxTaskManager</a>
, <a class="el" href="classphysx_1_1PxGpuDispatcher.html#b46896dea09105e1f5fc1d19a98f2b1b">physx::PxGpuDispatcher</a>
<li>storeAny()
: <a class="el" href="classPxGeometryHolder.html#7f4cab3419580e1d985858d1f5ffb653">PxGeometryHolder</a>
<li>storeByte()
: <a class="el" href="classPxFileBuf.html#a050d73be42f3e7179374c5e91841392">PxFileBuf</a>
<li>storeDouble()
: <a class="el" href="classPxFileBuf.html#24b58be8fbcfdb159411494cc6ff89c9">PxFileBuf</a>
<li>storeDword()
: <a class="el" href="classPxFileBuf.html#c4522927d2ddb0af751443de8292cf84">PxFileBuf</a>
<li>storeFloat()
: <a class="el" href="classPxFileBuf.html#598346fa996f55e3e195cb5b5df86faa">PxFileBuf</a>
<li>storeWord()
: <a class="el" href="classPxFileBuf.html#b37c7194f8a6728802b75f487b878499">PxFileBuf</a>
<li>stride()
: <a class="el" href="classPxStrideIterator.html#27661ae2f477495396544cdc0cd2cf9b">PxStrideIterator< T ></a>
<li>submitNamedTask()
: <a class="el" href="classphysx_1_1PxTaskManager.html#f1a81608f80d92d19520aa9dba2dca23">physx::PxTaskManager</a>
<li>submitTask()
: <a class="el" href="classphysx_1_1PxGpuDispatcher.html#5ffc5d0c124afbcad0b6fcf1080af5ee">physx::PxGpuDispatcher</a>
, <a class="el" href="classphysx_1_1PxCpuDispatcher.html#0030e67bed850b70d6725775e5c3ce3c">physx::PxCpuDispatcher</a>
<li>submitted()
: <a class="el" href="classphysx_1_1PxTask.html#2a0a6f83fcd05069f594631272faa8ae">physx::PxTask</a>
<li>submitUnnamedTask()
: <a class="el" href="classphysx_1_1PxTaskManager.html#2f942d2ad1ea34dd74e7127cd72e20ae">physx::PxTaskManager</a>
<li>sum()
: <a class="el" href="classPxMassProperties.html#63e7875cb60efa35150002e56fcfa43f">PxMassProperties</a>
<li>swap2Bytes()
: <a class="el" href="classPxFileBuf.html#8f7aef54d065c1251bc729c32e898a9a">PxFileBuf</a>
<li>swap4Bytes()
: <a class="el" href="classPxFileBuf.html#d3bec920f93f851d420875d3572db866">PxFileBuf</a>
<li>swap8Bytes()
: <a class="el" href="classPxFileBuf.html#c26c76c0c790270716291cab5e29599f">PxFileBuf</a>
<li>sweep()
: <a class="el" href="classPxMeshQuery.html#e35a79d58b3c90dbaefe7d204bbfc9b5">PxMeshQuery</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxShapeExt.html#9fb19195f3ac80b6ab55fd0aa7a41cf3">PxShapeExt</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxBatchQuery.html#bf15206e4dcf2238db75f47565078b49">PxBatchQuery</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxGeometryQuery.html#574970e722f882778a250c51f77b5b85">PxGeometryQuery</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxScene.html#9b07b2a98e64105a06e97ffaeba2a63d">PxScene</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxSpatialIndex.html#fa49a33803f4f392d2908287c41bfeab">PxSpatialIndex</a>
, <a class="el" href="classPxVolumeCache.html#86eb361338891b14b27f9d4594b15df8">PxVolumeCache</a>
<li>sweepAny()
: <a class="el" href="classPxSceneQueryExt.html#e1f498d024c8072f1d5036ca34412f84">PxSceneQueryExt</a>
<li>sweepMultiple()
: <a class="el" href="classPxSceneQueryExt.html#2e55cf2e513a120d96e594e516d3e62c">PxSceneQueryExt</a>
<li>sweepSingle()
: <a class="el" href="classPxSceneQueryExt.html#eda6bdd24336f093a8bd7bc76aa82ad8">PxSceneQueryExt</a>
</ul>
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Racism in North America and the state of race relations there are described in this article. Racism manifests itself in different ways and severities throughout North America depending on the country. Colonial processes shaped the continent culturally, demographically, religiously, economically, and linguistically. Racism was part of that process and is exemplified throughout North America today but varies regionally.
Canada
In a 2013 survey of 80 countries by the World Values Survey, Canada was ranked among the most racially tolerant societies in the world. In 2021, the Social Progress Index ranked Canada 6th in the world for overall tolerance and inclusion.
Canadian author and journalist Terry Glavin claims that white Canadians consider themselves to be mostly free of racial prejudice, perceiving the country to be a "more inclusive society" than its direct neighbor the United States, a notion that has come under criticism. For instance, Galvin cites the treatment of the Aboriginal population in Canada as evidence of Canada's own racist tendencies. These perceptions of inclusion and "colour-blindness" have also been challenged in recent years by scholars such as Constance Backhouse stating that white supremacy is still prevalent in the country's legal system, with blatant racism created and enforced through the law. According to one commentator, Canadian "racism contributes to a self-perpetuating cycle of criminalization and imprisonment". In addition, throughout Canada's history there have been laws and regulations that have negatively affected a wide variety of races, religions, and groups of persons.
Canadian law uses the term "visible minority" to refer to people of colour (but not aboriginal Canadians), introduced by the Employment Equity Act of 1995. However, the UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination stated this term may be considered objectionable by certain minorities and recommended an evaluation of this term. In response, the Canadian government made efforts to evaluate how this term is used in Canadian society through commissioning of scholars and open workshops.
In 2020, Canadian university students attracted media attention by sharing on Instagram their experiences of racism on campuses. According to Ethnic and Racial studies, Henry and Tator argued that in context of the Canadian universities, they have denied the role of racism in Canadian society and are resistant in the decision of changes which hinders incorporation and equity for students who are aboriginal.
Mexico
Racism in Mexico has a long history. Historically, Mexicans who were more genetically Spanish and thus lighter skin tones, had absolute control over dark-skinned Indigenous people. That is evidenced in the Spanish colonial casta system. Generally, white Mexicans have made up the majority of Mexico's upper class and as such often feel a sense of superiority over the Amerindian population, most of whom have a low income. In Mexico, people who are darker-skinned or of indigenous descent make up the majority of the working classes, and lighter-skinned Mexicans of Spanish descent typically make up the majority of the upper class. However, there are notable exceptions as most of the poor in rural Northern Mexico are white, and in Southern Mexico, particularly in the states of Yucatán and Chiapas, Amerindians and Mestizos make up a large part of the upper class.
In Mexico, the most common racism is used towards Mexican families, underlies multiple relational and individual conflicts. Most racist feelings in Mexico are sourced in differentiation from Indians although the indigenous people were inhabitants of the ancient territories before they were conquered by the Spaniards.
Trinidad and Tobago
The island nation of Trinidad and Tobago is a place of tension between Afro-Caribbeans and Indo-Caribbeans. Around 39% of Trinidadians are of African descent, 40% are of Indian descent and a small population is of European descent. Africans usually live in urban areas, notably the East–West Corridor, and Indians usually live in the rural areas surrounding the sugar cane plantations.
According to W. Chris Johnson, in 1973, a secret wing of Trinidad and Tobago's police administration went to war against an equally-shadowy group of youthful people called the National United Freedom Fighters. On September 13, 1973, Beverly Jones, a soldier of the NUFF was killed in a firefight with Trinidad and Tobago's force. Revolutionary young girls and women like Jennifer, Althea, and Beverley Jones battled gender violence and racism that assembled both with and against anti-imperialist movements in which black men in tradition "set the agenda and stole the show."
United States
Racism in the United States has been a major issue ever since the era of colonialism and slavery. There were 12.5 million individuals abducted from Africa and transported to the Americas via the transatlantic slave trade between 1525 and 1866. Only 10.7 million people made it through the terrifying two-month voyage. Legally sanctioned racism imposed a heavy burden on Native Americans, African Americans, Latino Americans, Americans from less-developed parts of Europe, and Asian Americans. European Americans were privileged by law in matters of literacy, immigration, voting rights, citizenship, land acquisition, and criminal procedure over periods of time which extended from the 17th century to the 1960s. However, numerous European ethnic groups, including Jews, Irish, Southern European and Eastern European Americans, as well as immigrants from elsewhere, faced xenophobic exclusion and other forms of racism in American society.
Major racially structured institutions included slavery, Indian Wars, Native American reservations, segregation, residential schools (for Native Americans), and internment camps (for Japanese Americans). Formal racial discrimination was largely banned in the mid-20th century and came to be perceived as being socially unacceptable and/or morally repugnant as well, but racial politics remains a major phenomenon. Historical racism continues to be reflected in socio-economic inequality. Racial stratification continues to occur in employment, housing, education, lending, and government.
As in most countries, many people in the US continue to have prejudice against other races. In the view of a network of scores of US civil rights and human rights organizations, "Discrimination permeates all aspects of life in the United States, and it extends to all communities of color." Discrimination against African Americans and Latin Americans is widely acknowledged. Members of every major American ethnic and religious minority have perceived discrimination in their dealings with other minority racial and religious groups. Using US Department of Justice statistics to show social justice inequalities, the index found that blacks were more than twice as likely as whites to experience intimidation and violence during police encounters and were Three times more likely to be detained upon arrest. It turned out to be three times more likely. It is said that in 2020, black people were 93% more likely to be victims of hate crime.
The legal scholar Charles Lawrence, speaking about the American political elite, said that its "cultural belief system has influenced all of us; we are all racists." The pgilosopher Cornel West has stated that "racism is an integral element within the very fabric of American culture and society. It is embedded in the country's first collective definition, enunciated in its subsequent laws, and imbued in its dominant way of life."
Since Puerto Rico is a territory, rather than a state, the island is entitled to receive only certain "fundamental" constitutional protections, which is a source of their differential treatment. Holding the status as residents of an incorporated territory, they are limited to certain rights, are unable to vote in federal elections, and are excluded from certain federal entitlements and welfare programs under the Fourteenth Amendment. Furthermore, they hold zero representation in all branches of federal government, which proposes the application of a heightened judicial view under the equal protection doctrine. The US Supreme Court holds the view that the US Congress may treat Puerto Rico unequally as long as it does so on a rational basis for its actions. Federal courts have relied on that upholding and Puerto Rico's unincorporated territorial status and the resulting systematic inequality to deny plaintiff's equal protection lawsuits.
See also
Racism in South America
References
Works cited
North America |
Adrian Tan Gim Hai (4 February 1966 – 8 July 2023) was a Singaporean lawyer and author. Known for writing the Teenage Textbook series of books in the 1980s, he was the 27th president of the Law Society of Singapore and a partner at TSMP Law Corporation.
Early life and education
Tan was born in Singapore to an ethnic Chinese family of Hainanese descent. His parents were both teachers, and he grew up in a Housing Development Board (HDB) flat.
As a child, Tan attended the Anglo-Chinese School and Hwa Chong Junior College. Tan was later conscripted into the army as a writer for Pioneer, the MINDEF magazine. After his A-levels, he was offered a teaching scholarship to study English at the University of East Anglia. He turned down the scholarship to study law at the National University of Singapore (NUS). While in university, Tan represented NUS as a debater in international competitions and televised debates in Singapore. He later completed a second, joint-honours degree in computer science and psychology from the Open University in 2004, while working as a lawyer.
Career
While an undergraduate law student at NUS, Tan wrote the novels The Teenage Textbook (1988) and The Teenage Workbook (1989), which became bestsellers that sold over 50,000 copies. The Teenage Textbook was also made into a stage play by The Necessary Stage in 1997; a film in 1998, which topped the box office in Singapore for four weeks; a 2017 musical titled The Teenage Textbook Musical; and a 2021 TV series on Channel 5. In 2015, The Teenage Textbook was listed by The Business Times as one of the top 10 English Singapore books from 1965 to 2015. Tan also was a consultant for the Channel 5 television legal drama The Pupil. Tan was invited to a National Library Board festival but later boycotted it over the board's decision to withdraw from its libraries children's books that depicted same-sex families.
After graduating from NUS with a Bachelor of Laws degree, Tan began his legal career in 1991 at Drew and Napier, a large Singaporean firm. He initially practiced conveyancing law, but switched over to litigation thereafter, where he worked under Davinder Singh. In 1999, Tan left Drew for a two-year stint as general counsel of a technology firm, following which he returned to Drew. Eventually, after 22 years at Drew, Tan left to work for Stamford Law (now Morgan Lewis Stamford) in 2013. In 2018, Tan resigned from Stamford to work at TSMP Law. Tan practiced litigation, and specialised in intellectual property, information technology, real estate, and shareholder oppression disputes. He was also the honorary counsel of the Singapore Association of the Visually Handicapped, where he advocated for voting rights for the blind. He was also a member of the boards of the Law Society Pro Bono Services, Maxwell Chambers, and Arts House Limited, and was a member of the Speak Good English Movement committee.
From 2013 to 2021, Tan was a member of the Law Society Council, serving as treasurer in 2016 and vice president in 2017. In 2022, he was appointed president. As president of the law society, he was known for his public outreach on legal issues, such as the HDB's ban on cats, the 2022 bar exam cheating scandal, and Richard Branson's comments on the death penalty in Singapore. Tan gave his only Opening of the Legal Year speech as Law Society president in 2023, where he addressed attrition rates in the legal profession.
Personal life and death
Tan was married without any children. He was diagnosed with cancer in March 2022, and died on 8 July 2023, at age 57.
Notable cases
Wee Shuo Woon v HT S.R.L. [2017] SGCA 23
Turf Club Auto Emporium Pte Ltd v Yeo Boong Hua [2018] SGCA 44
Singsung Pte Ltd v LG 26 Electronics Pte Ltd (trading as L S Electrical Trading) [2016] SGCA 33
Y.E.S. F&B Group Pte Ltd v Soup Restaurant Singapore Pte Ltd (formerly known as Soup Restaurant (Causeway Point) Pte Ltd) [2015] SGCA 55
Acted as counsel in proceedings concerning Gilstead Court, Thomson View, and Shunfu Ville collective sales.
Publications
"Dear Adam, Help!" (1988, Hotspot Books),
The Teenage Textbook (1988, Hotspot Books),
The Teenage Workbook (1989, Hotspot Books),
"What Practice Has Taught Me" in The Practice Of Law (2011, LexisNexis),
References
External links
Adrian Tan at TSMP Law Corporation
Internet Movie Database profile of The Teenage Textbook Movie
The World According to Adrian Tan – Inkpot Interview
1966 births
Hainanese people
2023 deaths
20th-century Singaporean lawyers
21st-century Singaporean lawyers
Anglo-Chinese School alumni
Deaths from cancer in Singapore
National University of Singapore alumni
Singaporean people of Chinese descent
20th-century Singaporean writers
21st-century Singaporean writers |
Pauropodidae is a family of pauropods. It contains over 20 genera and 650 species, as well as the only known fossil pauropod, Eopauropus. Like most adult pauropods in the order Tetramerocerata, most adults in this family have 9 pairs of legs, but adults in one genus, Cauvetauropus, have only 8 pairs of legs, and female adults in another genus, Decapauropus, have either 9 or 10 pairs of legs. The first pauropod discovered with more than 9 pairs of legs was the species D. cuenoti, first described with 10 pairs in 1931.
References
External links
Myriapod families
Taxa named by John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury |
KHS can stand for:
Businesses
KHS GmbH, a German manufacturer of packaging and bottling machinery
KHS Bicycles, an American and Taiwan-based bicycle manufacturer
KHS Musical Instruments, a Taiwan-based musical instrument manufacturer
Schools
Kagman High School, a public (government) school in Saipan, Saipan, CNMI, US
Kaiserslautern High School, a Department of Defense operated international school in Kaiserslautern, Germany
Keira High School, in North Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
Kents Hill School, an independent college-preparatory school in Kents Hill, Maine, USA
Kingsley High School (Michigan), a public high school in Kingsley, Michigan
Kingston High School (New York), a comprehensive four-year school in Kingston, New York
Kingswood House School, a prep school in Epsom, England
Kirkwood High School, a public secondary school in Kirkwood, Missouri
Kong Hwa School, a primary school in Singapore
Kurtköy High School, a secondary public anatolian school in Pendik, Turkey
Societies
Kasturba Health Society, in Sevagram, Wardha, Maharashtra, India
Kentucky Historical Society
Other uses
Knight of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre, a chivalric order (KHS)
Khasab Airport, in Khasab, Oman, which goes by the IATA code of KHS
Karate High School, a pop-punk/post-hardcore band from San Francisco, California, USA
Kurt Hugo Schneider, American musician and producer, also credited as KHS
Potassium hydrosulfide, chemical formula KHS |
Wilbert King (February 16, 1915 - 1965) was an American professional basketball and baseball player. King played in the Negro leagues from 1944 to 1947 with the New York Black Yankees, Cleveland Buckeyes, Chicago American Giants, and Homestead Grays. He played in the National Basketball League for the Detroit Gems in the 1946–47 season and averaged 8.2 points per game.
References
External links
and Seamheads
1915 births
1965 deaths
American men's basketball players
Basketball players from Detroit
Detroit Gems players
Guards (basketball)
Harlem Globetrotters players
Pershing High School alumni
Chicago American Giants players
Cleveland Buckeyes players
Homestead Grays players
New York Black Yankees players
Baseball second basemen
Baseball players from Alabama
20th-century African-American sportspeople |
Mihovljan is a village and municipality in Krapina-Zagorje County in Croatia. According to the 2011 census, the area has a population of 1,938, the absolute majority of whom are Croats.
References
Populated places in Krapina-Zagorje County
Municipalities of Croatia |
The 1940 Idaho gubernatorial election was held on November 5. Democratic nominee Chase Clark defeated incumbent Republican C. A. Bottolfsen with 50.48% of the vote.
The next election in 1942 was a rematch, also close, with different results.
Primary elections
Primary elections were held on August 13, 1940.
Democratic primary
Candidates
Chase Clark, Idaho Falls mayor
J. W. Taylor, attorney general
James Barnes, Hansen farmer, former county commissioner
Republican primary
Candidates
C. A. Bottolfsen, Arco, incumbent governor
Thomas McDougall, Boise attorney
General election
Candidates
Chase A. Clark, Democratic
C. A. Bottolfsen, Republican
Results
References
1940
Idaho
Gubernatorial
November 1940 events
1940 in Idaho
United States gubernatorial elections in the 1940s |
Zleszyn is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bedlno, within Kutno County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately east of Kutno and north of the regional capital Łódź.
References
Zleszyn |
Colobothea distincta is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Pascoe in 1866. It is known from Mexico and Colombia.
References
distincta
Beetles described in 1866 |
The cuneiform sign za is a common use sign in the Amarna letters and the Epic of Gilgamesh. It is used syllabically for ṣa, za, and ZA (ZA as parts of personal names, places, or common words, etc.), and alphabetically for "ṣ" (s), "z", or "a". (All the 4 vowels, a, e, i, o are interchangeable.)
In the 14th century BC Amarna letters, "za" is used in the spelling of the word for "mayor" (city, city-state administrator), Akkadian hazannu. For example, in EA 144 (from Zimreddi of Sidon), obverse, line 5: "man-hazzanu", Lú-Ha-za-nu. Za has a fairly high usage in the vassal states sub-corpus of the Amarna letters.
Epic of Gilgamesh use
For the Epic of Gilgamesh, the following usage is found in Tablets I-XII: ṣa-(79 times); za-(32); ZA-(15 times).
Symbol
—Cuneiform sign ZA
Borger (2003): 851
Borger (1981):
HZL: 366
phonetic values
Sumerian: ZA
Akkadian: za, sà, ṣa
Hittite:
References
Held, Schmalstieg, Gertz, 1987. Beginning Hittite. Warren H. Held, Jr, William R. Schmalstieg, Janet E. Gertz, c. 1987, Slavica Publishers, Inc. w/ Glossaries, Sign List, Indexes, etc., 218 pages.
Moran, William L. 1987, 1992. The Amarna Letters. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. 393 pages.(softcover, )
Parpola, 1971. The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I through Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, and Glossary-(pp. 119–145), 165 pages.
Rainey, 1970. El Amarna Tablets, 359-379, Anson F. Rainey, (AOAT 8, Alter Orient Altes Testament 8)
Cuneiform signs |
The Honda U3-X is an experimental self-balancing one-wheeled personal transporter shown in 2009.
History
It was unveiled by Honda's CEO on September 24, 2009, and it was announced that it would be shown at the 2009 Tokyo Motor Show. Time magazine called it one of the 50 best inventions of 2009.
In April 2010, Honda engineers did a short demonstration of two of the devices in Times Square, New York City.
In May 2010, Honda representatives demonstrated the U3-X at the Honda Collection Hall in Motegi, Tochigi, Japan
Honda presented the Honda UNI-CUB, a successor to this device at Osaka Motor Show 2013.
Design and operation
Honda developed the U3-X with technology originally developed for ASIMO the bipedal human robot project. Honda states that the "U" stands for unicycle and for universal. It weighs and travels at , a similar speed to the Toyota Winglet.
Honda U3-X is a compact experimental device that fits comfortably between the rider's legs, to provide free movement in all directions just as in human walking - forward, backward, side-to-side, and diagonally. It uses Honda Omni-Traction (HOT) drive system to permit it to move in any lateral direction. The system uses multiple small diameter motorised wheels connected inline to form one large diameter wheel. Rotating the large diameter wheel moves the U3-X forward and backward, while rotating the small diameter wheels moves it side-to-side. Combining these movements causes the U3-X to move diagonally.
It has not been announced yet whether the vehicle will be offered for public sale. The price is not announced yet.
Specifications
Honda stated the U3-X key specifications as follows:
Length
Width (stowed)
Height (stowed)
Weight <
Top speed
Drive system: Omni Traction Drive System
Battery type: Lithium-ion battery
Operation time: ≈ 1 hour
See also
Toyota Winglet
Segway PT
References
Further reading
External links
Honda U3-X Personal Mobility Device in NY, indoor and outdoor demonstrations, April 2010.
U3-X
Electric concept cars
Robotics at Honda
One-wheeled balancing robots
Personal transporters |
Flying horses are horses that fly.
Flying horses or flying horse or variation, may refer to:
Carousel, a fairground ride also sometimes known as "flying horses"
Gansu Flying Horse, a Han dynasty Chinese bronze statue
Lipizzan, an Austrian breed of horses renowned for their "airs above the ground"
Places and facilities
Flying Horse Walk, a shopping arcade in Nottingham City Centre, Nottingham, England, UK
Flying Horse Inn, a pub in Nottingham, England, UK
Flying Horses Carousel, a merry-go-round on Martha's Vineyard Island, Massachusetts
Music
The Flying Horse Big Band, a band at the University of Central Florida
Flying Horse Records, the jazz music label of the University of Central Florida
Flying Horse: the Dawn of a Man, an EP by the heavy metal band Velvet Moonlight
"Flying Horse" (song), a song from the eponymous EP by the heavy metal band Velvet Moonlight
"Flying Horses", a song by Dispatch on the album Silent Steeples
Flying Hórses, the stage name of Canadian musician Jade Bergeron
Other uses
Flying Horse Royal Lager, a beer produced by the United Breweries Group
See also
List of winged horses
Tianma, East Asian mythological sky-treading horse
Winged horse (disambiguation)
Pegasus (disambiguation)
Horse (disambiguation) |
Messenger is the English surname of the following people:
Charles A. Messenger (1855–?), British-Australian rower
Chas Messenger (Charles William Messenger, 1914–2008), British cyclist
Gordon Messenger (1962), retired senior Royal Marines officer who served as Vice-Chief of the Defence Staff
Herbert "Dally" Messenger, Australia rugby footballer
James Messenger, English World Champion Sculler
Lillian Rozell Messenger (1843-1921; pen name, "Zena Clifton"), American poet
Melinda Messenger, British TV personality and model
Rob Messenger, Australian Politician
Ruth Messenger (1884 – 1964), American historian
Wally Messenger, Australians rugby league footballer
Occupational surnames
English-language occupational surnames |
"Chans" (Swedish for Chance) is a song by Swedish alternative rock band Kent. It was released in November 2000. The single has the song Chans, one of two completely new songs from the b-side compilation album B-Sidor 95-00. The second track is an official remix of 747. It was made by the producer of the two new songs; Nåid (also known as Martin Landquist). The sleeve has photos taken by Jonas Linell on the arctic Norwegian island of Svalbard.
Track listing
Charts
References
External links
Chans at Discogs
2000 singles
Kent (band) songs
2000 songs
RCA Victor singles
Songs written by Joakim Berg |
In IETF specifications, a Uniform Resource Characteristic (URC) is a string of characters representing the metadata of a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI), a string identifying a Web resource. URC metadata was envisioned to include sufficient information to support persistent identifiers, such as mapping a Uniform Resource Name (URN) to a current Uniform Resource Locator (URL). URCs were proposed as a specification in the mid-1990s, but were never adopted.
The use of a URC would allow the location of a Web resource to be obtained from its standard name, via the use of a resolving service. It was also to be possible to obtain a URC from a URN by the use of a resolving service. The design goals of URCs were that they should be simple to use, easy to extend, and compatible with a wide range of technological systems. The URC syntax was intended to be easily understood by both humans and software.
History
The term "URC" was first coined as Uniform Resource Citation in 1992 by John Kunze within the IETF URI working group as a small package of metadata elements (which became the ERC) to accompany a hypertext link and meant to help users decide if the link might be interesting. The working group later changed the acronym expansion to Uniform Resource Characteristic, intended to provide a standardized representation of document properties, such as owner, encoding, access restrictions or cost.
The group discussed URCs around 1994/1995, but it never produced a final standard and URCs were never widely adopted in practice. Even so, the concepts on which URCs were based influenced subsequent technologies such as the Dublin Core and Resource Description Framework.
References
External links
IETF URC working group charter
History of the Internet
Technical specifications
URI schemes |
Toyota Variable Induction System, or T-VIS, is a variable intake system designed by Toyota to improve the low-end performance of multi-valve engines.
T-VIS is intended to improve the low-end torque of high-performance, four-stroke internal combustion engines - by changing the geometry of the intake manifold according to the engine rotation speed. The system uses two separate intake runners per cylinder, one being equipped with a butterfly valve that can either open or close the runner. All valves are attached to a common shaft which is rotated by a vacuum actuator outside the manifold. T-VIS does not actually keep one of the intake valves from opening or seal off the port for one valve.
The engine control unit (ECU) allows vacuum into the actuator by powering a solenoid valve when the engine rotation speed is low. At higher engine speeds (e.g. 4,200 rpm), vacuum is cut off and a spring inside the actuator causes the butterfly valve to fully open. The idea behind the system is that in the lower engine speed band, the speed of the intake air will be increased because the intake runner cross section per cylinder is smaller. However, when engine speed increases, the second runner is opened, decreasing airflow speed, but increasing the airflow volume, better matching the engine's airflow needs at higher revolutions and improving top end power. With modified engines it may be desirable to have the T-VIS open earlier than stock, because modifications that improve an engine's power output may do so by increasing airflow per engine revolution, resulting in a high airflow at a lower rpm.
In addition to providing more air at higher engine speeds, the system also creates a swirl in the combustion chamber at lower rpms. The swirl makes for more efficient combustion, and is due to the asymmetric nature of the airflow with one intake runner closed.
Applications:
1982.08-1990 1G-GEU/1G-GE
1983-1989 4A-GE
1986-1989 3S-GE (Both Rev 1 and Rev 2 of the 1st Generation 3S-GE)
1986-1993/95 3S-GTE (through 1995 in US market, 1993 everywhere else; 1st & 2nd generation motors only)
References
See also
Acoustic Control Induction System
Variable length intake manifold
Engine technology
Toyota |
Björt Ólafsdóttir is an Icelandic politician who represented Bright Future in the Althing 2013-17 and is its current chairperson. She served as the Minister for the Environment and Natural Resources of Iceland from January to November 2017.
Bright Future was formed to contest the 2013 Icelandic parliamentary election, which is when Björt entered the Althing as one of the new party's six MPs. She was elected chairperson of her party on 25 November 2017, after the previous chair Óttarr Proppé resigned following the results of the 2017 election, in which Bright Future lost every seat it held.
In March 2015 she joined the protest #FreeTheNipple on Twitter, which was directed against censorship on women's bodies and sexism. She joined the protest by posting a picture of her naked breast.
Ministerial career
Following parliamentary elections in 2016, a new coalition government with Björt as Minister of Environment was formed in January 2017 comprising the Independence Party, the Reform Party and Bright Future, which lasted until the parliamentary elections in October 2017. It continued as a caretaker government during the government negotiations in November.
References
1983 births
Living people
Bjort Olafsdottir
Bjort Olafsdottir
Bjort Olafsdottir
Bjort Olafsdottir |
Felice Chiusano (28 March 1922 – 3 February 1990) was one of the singers of Quartetto Cetra, a popular Italian vocal quartet.
Biography
Chiusano was born in Fondi, in the province of Latina, a region in Lazio.
He was a self-taught guitarist. Later on, he learned to play the drums. He left his native village before his twentieth birthday and moved to Rome. After work, he performed in local clubs as a singer and guitarist.
He successfully auditioned for EIAR, the Italian national radio broadcasting company, and worked as a singer for radio orchestras.
In 1941, he replaced Enrico Gentile in the line-up of Quartetto Ritmo, a vocal quartet soon to be renamed Quartetto Cetra.
Felice Chiusano was known as the "bald head" of Quartetto Cetra. He was famous for his sense of humour and jokes.
During the 1970s and 1980s, as Quartetto Cetra gradually scaled back their public appearances, he also worked in the organization of shows and cultural events.
Chiusano died in Milan in 1990.
1922 births
1990 deaths
People from the Province of Latina
20th-century Italian male singers
Italian jazz guitarists
Italian jazz drummers
Male jazz musicians
Quartetto Ritmo members
Quartetto Cetra members
Italian drummers |
Lewis County Schools may refer to several school districts in the United States:
Lewis County Schools (Kentucky)
Lewis County Schools (West Virginia) |
The Girl Who Loved Tom Gordon (1999) is a psychological horror novel by American writer Stephen King. In 2004, a pop-up book adaptation was released with design by Kees Moerbeek and illustration by Alan Dingman. A film adaptation to be produced by Chris Romero was announced in 2019.
Plot summary
The story is set in motion by a family hiking trip, during which Trisha's brother, Pete, and mother constantly squabble about the mother's divorce from their father, as well as other topics. Trisha falls back to avoid listening and is therefore unable to find her family again after she wanders off the trail to take a bathroom break. Trying to catch up by attempting a shortcut, she slips and falls down a steep embankment and ends up hopelessly lost, heading deeper into the heart of the forest. She is left with a bottle of water, two Twinkies, a boiled egg, celery sticks, a tuna sandwich, a bottle of Surge, a poncho, a Game Boy, and a Walkman. She listens to her Walkman to keep her mood up, either to learn of news of the search for her, or to listen to the baseball game featuring her favorite player, and "heartthrob", Tom Gordon.
As she starts to take steps to survive by conserving what little food she has with her while consuming edible flora, Trisha's family return to their car without her and call the police to start a search. The rescuers search in the area around the path, but not as far as Trisha has gone. The girl decides to follow a creek because of what she read in Little House on the Prairie (though it soon turns into a swamp-like river), rationalizing that all bodies of water lead eventually to inhabited areas.
As the cops stop searching for the night, she huddles up underneath a tree to rest. Eventually, a combination of fear, hunger, and thirst causes Trisha to hallucinate. She imagines several people from her life, as well as her hero, Tom Gordon, appearing to her. It's left unclear whether increasingly obvious signs of supernatural events in the woods are also hallucinations.
Hours and soon days begin to pass, with Trisha wandering further into the woods. Eventually, Trisha begins to believe that she is headed for a confrontation with the God of the Lost, a wasp-faced evil entity who is hunting her down. Her trial becomes a test of a 9-year-old girl's ability to maintain sanity in the face of seemingly certain death. Wracked with pneumonia and near death, she comes upon a road, but just as she discovers signs of civilization, she's confronted by a bear, which she interprets as the God of the Lost in disguise. Facing down her fear, she realizes it's the bottom of the ninth, and she must close the game. In imitation of Tom Gordon, she takes a pitcher's stance and throws her Walkman like a baseball, hitting the bear in the face, and startling it enough to make it back away. A hunter, who has come upon the confrontation between girl and beast, frightens the animal away and takes Trisha to safety, but Trisha knows that she earned her rescue.
Trisha wakes up in a hospital room. She finds her divorced parents and older brother waiting near her bedside. A nurse tells the girl's family that they must leave so that Trisha can rest because "her numbers are up and we don't want that". Her father is the last to leave. Before he does Trisha asks him to hand her a Red Sox hat (autographed by Tom Gordon) and she points towards the sky, just as Tom Gordon does when he closes a game.
Film adaptation
Although George A. Romero was attached to write and direct a film adaptation, plans for it stalled in October 2005 before his death.
In August 2019, the project was revived, with Romero's production company still attached. Involved parties with the new production include Chris Romero as producer, It producer Roy Lee, Jon Berg of Vertigo Entertainment and Ryan Silbert of Origin Story. The production company is Sanibel Films, the production company of Chris Romero and her late husband George Romero. As of the announcement on August 21, 2019, a writer or director had yet to be announced. Andrew Childs serves as executive producer. On November 16, 2020, it was announced that Lynne Ramsay had been picked to direct the film.
References
1999 American novels
1990s horror novels
American horror novels
Novels by Stephen King
Novels set in forests
Novels set in Maine
Novels set in New Hampshire
Third-person narrative novels |
The Cordova pleco (Hypostomus cordovae) is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it is known from Argentina. It occurs in areas with strong currents, well-oxygenated waters, and a substrate primarily composed of sandstone boulders, although patches of sand and pebbles are often present.
The water in which H. cordovae can be found typically has a temperature of 20.7 to 31.4 °C (69.3 to 88.5 °F), a turbidity of 1.29 to 75.1 NTU, a pH of 7.8 to 8.8, an oxygen concentration of 6.9 to 11.2 mg/L, and a conductivity of 4.530 to 77 μS/cm.
H. cordovae reaches 24.8 cm (9.8 inches) SL and is believed to be a facultative air-breather. Its specific epithet, cordovae, presumably refers to the province of Córdoba in Argentina.
References
Hypostominae
Fish described in 1880 |
Norman C. Stone (April 28, 1939 – April 2, 2021) was an American psychotherapist, philanthropist, vintner and a collector of modern and contemporary art.
Biography
Stone, son of Chicago businessman and self-help book author W. Clement Stone, was born in Evanston, Illinois. He holds a B.A. in economics from Stanford University and a doctorate from the Wright Institute Graduate School of Social-clinical Psychology in Berkeley, California.
Stone served as a staff psychologist at the mental health center in 1980 for the Bayview Hunters Point Foundation for Community Improvement in San Francisco, counseling patients for schizophrenia, crack addiction and depression.
Stone studied painting at the San Francisco Art Institute before attending the Wright Institute. Under the tutelage of Thea Westreich Art Advisory Services in New York., Stone began actively collecting contemporary art in the mid 1980s. Since that time, he and his now-deceased wife, Norah Sharpe Stone, have acquired major pieces from important contemporary artists such as Jan de Cock, Robert Gober, Jeff Koons, Cady Noland, Richard Prince, Richard Serra, Keith Tyson and Christopher Wool. The Stones’ collection also features works from such seminal artists as Andy Warhol, Marcel Duchamp, Hans Bellmer and Tony Conrad.
The collection is divided among the Stones’ primary residence in San Francisco and their Napa Valley wine estate, Stonescape. The latter property has a art cave designed by Brooklyn architectural firm Bade Stageberg Cox, as well as a pool and pavilion conceptualized by James Turrell, an artist noted for his famed Skyspaces and executed by Jim Jennings. The landscape was designed by Tom Leader.
Stone is president of the W. Clement and Jessie V. Stone Foundation as well as a trustee of the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art. Both he and wife Norah are members of the National Committee of the Whitney Museum in New York, and the Tate International Council in London. He is a co-founder of the Nueva School in Hillsborough, California.
Stonescape is located in the Diamond Mountain District AVA of the Napa Valley appellation. Since the 1990s, the property has produced Merlot wines under the Azalea Springs label. The Stones replanted their vineyards in 2002 with premium cabernet sauvignon vines producing wine under the AZS label. Stone is a member of the Napa Valley Vintners, a non-profit trade association.
He died on April 2, 2021, in San Francisco.
References
External links
Napa Valley Vintners
1939 births
Living people
American winemakers
Wine merchants
American art collectors |
Şevkefza Sultan (; 12 December 1820 - 17 September 1889; meaning "one who cheers up" in Persian), also known as Şevkefza Kadın, was a consort of Sultan Abdulmejid I of the Ottoman Empire. She held the position of Valide Sultan from 30 May 1876 to 31 August 1876, when her son Şehzade Murad ascended the throne as Murad V.
Early life
Of Circassian origin, Şevkefza Kadın was born on 12 December 1820 and she was presented at the age of seven during the reign of Sultan Mahmud II, by the first imam, Zeynelabidin Efendi. She served the Sultan for seven or eight years as a dancer in his presence. She was then attached to the entourage of the one of Sultan's consort Nurtab Kadın.
She has been described as a woman of extraordinary beauty, of medium height, curvy, with black eyes and hair, and very kindly, but not very intelligent, very influenced and devoid of cunning. Abdülmejid fell in love with her beauty and married her in 1839.
Marriage
Şevkefza married Abdulmejid in on 1 August 1839. She was given the title of "BaşIkbal". On 21 September 1840, a year after the marriage, she gave birth to her first child, a son, Şehzade Mehmed Murad (later Murad V). On 20 October 1842, she gave birth to her second child, a daughter, Aliye Sultan in the Old Beşiktaş Palace. The princess died at the age of two on 10 July 1845.
In 1843, she was elevated to the title of "Fourth Kadın", In 1845 to the title of "Third Kadın", and in 1849, to the title of "Second Kadın". Charles White, who visited Istanbul in 1843, said following about her:
During her tenure as a consort she became jealous of Serfiraz Hanim, another consort who had great influence on the sultan, and destroyed her reputation by spreading the rumor that she was having a forbidden adulterous affair with a palace guard.
Upon Abdülmejid's death in 1861, she attempted to put their son Murad on the throne as he had wished, bypassing the rightful heir, Abdülmejid's younger half-brother, Abdülaziz. According to the chronicles of her ladies-in-waiting, the attempt was not a her idea, because she was devoted to her son but lacked the courage and cunning to devise such a plan, and was instead instigated by Servetseza Kadin, Abdülmejid's First Consort who loved Murad as a herself son, and her handmaid Nakşifend Kalfa. The attempt failed and all three were hated by Pertevniyal Sultan, Abdülaziz's mother, who denied them any request during his reign.
As Valide Sultan
On 30 May 1876, her son Murad ascended the throne as Murad V and she became the Valide Sultan. According to many, she was involved in the events that led to Abdülaziz's deposition.
Her son appointed her reported chief ally, Damat Nuri Pasha, as Lord Pasha, after which Şevkefza and Damat were to have confiscated all the gold coins and jewelry hidden away by Abdülaziz and his mother, the former valide sultan Pertevniyal Sultan, in the harem of Dolmabahçe Palace. The sealed apartments of Pertevniyal were opened and from them eight chests of gold and four chests of debentures were removed. Eight porters were needed to lift each one of the chests with gold. It was said these eight chests contained 5,120 okkas of gold.
Life in imprisonment
After reigning for ninety three days, Murad was deposed on 31 August 1876 for mental problem, and he and his family were imprisoned in the Çırağan Palace. This made Şevkefza the Valide Sultan with the shortest reign in history. The woman, very devoted to her son and fearing for him, kept protective amulets, talismans and charms in her room with written prayers and supplications for her son's safety.
It is said that Şevkefza was never reconciled to Murad's deposition and that she would have given her life without hesitation to give him back the throne. On the night of the Ali Suavi incident, in 1877, when Murad's partisans tried to reinstate him on the throne, Şevkefza encouraged him to play his part. But Murad was too nervous and upset to head the conspiracy. Given his lack of leadership, the conspiracy never stood a chance of succeeding.
Death
In 1889, a swelling on Şevkefza's neck suddenly began to grow. Her illness lasted some three months, with periods of intense fever. Rifat Pasha made every effort to bring her illness under control, but despite all treatment he was not able to save her. She died on 17 September 1889 at the Çırağan Palace, Ortaköy, Istanbul, and was buried in the mausoleum of the new ladies at the Yeni Mosque.
Issue
In literature and popular culture
Şevkefza is a character in Hıfzı Topuz's historical novel Abdülmecit: İmparatorluk Çökerken Sarayda 22 Yıl: Roman (2009).
In the 2012 movie The Sultan's Women Şevkefza Kadın is portrayed by Turkish actress Ayşegül Siray.
See also
Kadın (title)
Valide sultan
List of consorts of the Ottoman sultans
List of mothers of the Ottoman sultans
Ottoman family tree
Ottoman Imperial Harem
References
Sources
1820s births
1889 deaths
19th-century Ottoman royalty
Georgians from the Ottoman Empire
Valide sultan
Consorts of Abdulmejid I |
The Olde Wine Shades is one of London's oldest public houses, having been built in 1663 in Martin Lane there is an oft quoted claim that it somehow survived the Great Fire of 1666. Its origins were as a Merchants house, which had a tunnel river entrance like many larger riverside properties in London at the time. The tunnel was sealed after bomb damage during the Blitz in 1940, but its entrance is still visible today. The architectural and historic significance of the Olde Wine Shades is recognised in its status as a grade II listed building.
El Vino was purchased by Davy's Wine Merchants in 2015 and it had a major refurbishment in the summer of 2017, restoring many original features and allowing the cellar bar area to be opened to the public once again.
Martha Grimes named one of her Richard Jury novels after the pub.
See also
List of buildings that survived the Great Fire of London
References
External links
The Olde Wine Shades – official web site
Grade II listed pubs in the City of London
1663 establishments in England |
The Thief's Journal (Journal du voleur, published in 1949) is a novel by Jean Genet. It is a part-fact, part-fiction autobiography that charts the author's progress through Europe in a depoliticized 1930s, wearing nothing but rags and enduring hunger, contempt, fatigue and vice. The main character encounters bars, dives, flophouses, robbery, prison and expulsion in Spain, Italy, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Nazi Germany and Belgium.
The novel is structured around a series of homosexual love affairs and male prostitution between the author/anti-hero and various criminals, con artists, pimps, and a detective.
A common theme is the inversion of ideals: betrayal is the ultimate form of devotion, petty delinquency is brazen heroism, and confinement is freedom.
Under the inspiration of Being and Nothingness, the novel is dedicated to Jean-Paul Sartre and "Castor" ("beaver"), i.e. Simone de Beauvoir. Sartre wrote his essay "Saint Genet", influenced by this work, in 1952.
Genet appropriates Christian language and concepts to pursue an alternative form of "sainthood" with its own trinity of "virtues" – homosexuality, theft, and betrayal. Each burglary is set up as quasi-religious ritual, and the narrator describes his self-preparation for his crimes like that of a monk in a vigil of prayer, readying himself for a "holy" life. He establishes a "constructed reader," a fictional personification of the bourgeois values of the late 1940s, against which to measure his deviance from the "norms" of society.
References
1949 French novels
El Raval
Novels with gay themes
Novels by Jean Genet
Novels set in Barcelona
1940s LGBT novels
Novels about prostitution
French LGBT novels |
The Billboard Hot Latin Songs and Latin Airplay are charts that rank the best-performing Latin songs in the United States and are both published weekly by Billboard magazine. The Hot Latin Songs ranks the best-performing Spanish-language songs in the country based digital downloads, streaming, and airplay from all radio stations. The Latin Airplay chart ranks the most-played songs on Spanish-language radio stations in the United States.
Chart history
Weeks at number one
Songs
Artists
References
United States Latin Songs
2019
2019 in Latin music |
The Khazar Lankaran 2012–13 season is Khazar Lankaran's eighth Azerbaijan Premier League season. Khazar Lankaran finished in 8th place in the league, after competing in the Relegation Championship during the second half of the season. They also reached the final of the Azerbaijan Cup, eventually losing to Neftchi Baku on penalties after a 0–0 draw. They competed in the 2012–13 UEFA Europa League, getting knocked out by Lech Poznań of Poland at the second qualifying round stage having previously defeated Nõmme Kalju of Estonia, 4–2, in the first qualifying round. Khazar started the season under Yunis Huseinov, until he resigned on 31 October 2012. Erik Roqueta Capilla was appointed as their caretaker manager on 1 November 2012. On 14 November 2012, Carles Martorell Baqués was appointed as the club's permanent manager, replacing caretaker manager Erik Roqueta Capilla. Baqués resigned as manager on 26 February 2013. On 8 March 2013 John Toshack was announced as the new manager, taking over from 15 March 2013.
Squad
(captain)
Transfers
Summer
In:
Out:
.
Winter
In:
Out:
Competitions
Azerbaijan Premier League
Results summary
Results by round
Results
League table
Note 1: The match was originally played on 2 December 2012 but suspended in 54th minute at 1-1 due to fog. The remaining minutes were played the next day.
Azerbaijan Premier League Relegation Group
Results summary
Results by round
Results
Table
Azerbaijan Cup
Europa League
First qualifying round
Second qualifying round
Squad statistics
Appearances and goals
|-
|colspan="14"|Players who appeared for Khazar no longer at the club:
|}
Goal scorers
Disciplinary record
Team kit
These are the 2012–13 Khazar Lankaran kits.
|
|
References
External links
Khazar Lankaran at Soccerway.com
Khazar
Khazar Lankaran FK seasons |
Robert Wilson (born October 9, 1939) is an American rower. He competed in the men's eight event at the 1960 Summer Olympics.
References
1939 births
Living people
American male rowers
Olympic rowers for the United States
Rowers at the 1960 Summer Olympics
People from Ridley Park, Pennsylvania
Sportspeople from Delaware County, Pennsylvania |
The Garden of the Gods Wilderness is a parcel of land listed as a Wilderness Area of the United States. It is located within the Shawnee National Forest in Hardin, Pope, Saline, and Gallatin counties in the U.S. state of Illinois. The nearest town of any size is Equality.
Geology
During the Carboniferous period (circa 300 million years before the present), local geological conditions laid down a thick bed of gray sandstone in what is now southern Illinois. This bed of sandstone was later uplifted, and the Garden of the Gods is part of an uplifted sandstone plateau. Unlike much of Illinois, this plateau was never covered by glaciers; the furthest advance of ice sheets during the Illinoian glaciation stopped just north of Garden of the Gods.
The morphology of Garden of the Gods is much steeper and rockier than in much of Illinois. Comparatively dramatic erosion patterns have created hoodoos and other unusual sandstone formations, as well as scenic overlooks such as Buzzards Point from which raptors, scavenger birds, and humans can look out over the Shawnee National Forest.
Several of the hoodoos have evocative names, including Anvil Rock, Camel Rock, and Table Rock.
As with other wilderness areas within Shawnee National Forest, the Garden of the Gods Wilderness is made of second-growth forested areas that were used, until the land acquisitions of the 1930s, as agriculture land.
History
Shawnee National Forest was created in 1939. In 1990, Congressman Glenn Poshard sponsored and Congress passed the Illinois Wilderness Act, which set aside seven separate parcels of land within this National Forest as relatively small wilderness areas. The Garden of the Gods Wilderness, one of these parcels, is a roadless parcel of land within the national forest.
A tongue of non-wilderness land provides a route for a paved road from Buzzards Point to a hiking, campsite, and public-use location in the southeastern corner of Saline County. From this location, hiking trails provide access to much of the Wilderness, making Garden of the Gods the most-visited wilderness area in Illinois. The trails and overlooks are often utilized by visitors during the fall color season. Garden of the Gods Wilderness is served by the River to River Trail.
In 2016, 300 million quarters were minted that featured an image of a hoodoo from the Garden of the Gods Wilderness. An image of Camel Rock was struck on one set of quarters as part of the U.S. Mint's 56-image America the Beautiful series.
References
External links
United States Forest Service | Shawnee National Forest
Shawnee National Forest | Garden of the Gods Recreation Area
IUCN Category Ib
Protected areas established in 1990
1990 establishments in Illinois
Protected areas of Gallatin County, Illinois
Protected areas of Hardin County, Illinois
Protected areas of Pope County, Illinois
Protected areas of Saline County, Illinois
Wilderness areas of Illinois
Shawnee National Forest
Hiking trails in Illinois |
Flashlight Brown were a Canadian punk rock band, originally from Guelph. They were formed in 1996. At the time they were just known as Flashlight. The band's most known lineup consisted of guitarist/vocalist Matt Hughes, bassist Fil Bucchino, drummer Tim Thomson, and guitarist Mike Conroy. They're known for singles "Ready To Roll" and "I'm A Human", as well as their cover of "Save It for Later". Their music received some airtime on radio and TV stations in Canada (such as MuchMusic) and has been featured in Rugrats Go Wild, Smallville, and Sky High.
Biography
Early years (1996-2001)
Bucchino, Hughes, and Thomson formed a band, then simply called "Flashlight", out of boredom and frustration and quickly moved from the small college town of Guelph to the much larger Toronto, Ontario. At first, they were unable to get the attention of nightclub owners, so they devised a fictitious talent agency, called the Harry Wells Booking Agency, which would "represent" them. With the agency as their intermediate, they quickly gained enough recognition to go on tour.
They began touring across Canada in a van. In 1997, they managed to release a self-titled debut album with guitarist Tristan O'Malley through the Quebec-based Stomp Records, which they would follow up with the Running Season LP two years later with Marky Buffone through Double A Records. During this time they also managed to film a video for their song "Sonia Bianchi", which received air time on MuchMusic.
By 2001, the band had established a national touring schedule and had added the word "Brown" to their name, after some pressure from a 1970s funk band called "Flashlight". They then released another self-titled album under the new name, with guitarist Mikey Conroy through Union 2112 (the new version of Stomp, which had recently merged with 2112 Records).
Major label years (2002-2007)
Midway through their 2002 tour, the band was contacted by Rob Cavallo (of Green Day fame), a man who was admired by the band members. Cavallo flew the band to Los Angeles, originally to record a two-song demo, but this quickly turned into a record deal with Hollywood Records. In April 2003, the band released their major label debut, My Degeneration, an album they deemed to be a "culmination of a 6 year career of living on the edge between a dream and despair". The album featured many re-recorded, old favourites along with some new material.
In 2003, the band played over 200 dates in North America. They played various popular festivals such as Warped Tour, Lollapalooza and Snow Jam. In early 2004, they appeared on The Toronto Show.
In 2005, it was announced that they would be recording a new album with Hollywood Records called Blue. The album was completed in early 2006 and the band released two songs, "Save It for Later" (which was later included on the soundtrack for Sky High) and "I'm a Human" (later included on Smallville), on their website. In April, the album was then released in advance on iTunes. The album's release date was then set for June 6.
In April 2006, it was announced by Matt Hughes on the Flashlight Brown forums that Mike Conroy would be leaving the band for personal reasons. Bart Doroz, formerly of The Getaway, was brought in to replace him on guitar.
When June came around, Blue's release was delayed for undisclosed reasons. The nature of the delay has still been left to speculation, however, in early July the band's website went down and redirected to their Myspace page, which had the following message posted:
"Hi all. Due to extreme differences of opinion, we are no longer with Hollywood Records. These circumstances have forced us to cancel all our summer touring. Apologies to all, especially to those who have been patiently waiting for the release of a record that is 3 years overdue. The record will come out soon and we will let you know when it becomes available in your country. Thanks for being there for us and we can't wait to play again in your hometown."
On October 30, 2006, the band announced on their MySpace that the album would be released the next day, Halloween, in Canada. A video for the song "Sicker" was later filmed. In a generally favourable review, Chart magazine wrote, "It's the kind of pop-rock that isn't merely catchy, it's rewarding after repeated listens." Exclaim!'''s review was more negative, saying, "While the energy and enthusiasm put forth on tracks such as "Sicker", "Get Out Of My Car" and "Party By Myself" is admirable, there’s a distinct stench of immaturity here that detracts from the overall product."
Inactivity and other projects (2007-present)
The band performed for MTV Canada sometime in early 2007, and, shortly afterwards. went inactive. On March 5, 2011, the band played a show with Ian D'Sa from Billy Talent on guitar at the Horseshoe Tavern in Toronto, before going inactive again.
In 2019, Bucchino produced a documentary titled "Obsessed With Olive Oil", which follows "a former punk rock musician turned olive oil expert on his annual quest to Italy in search of exceptional extra virgin olive oils that will change your life and transform your dish." Bucchino currently operates his own line of extra virgin olive oil under "Abandoned Grove".
From 2018 to 2021, Hughes uploaded the entire discography, including rarities from early in the band's career, to his YouTube channel.
Discography
Studio albums and EPs:flashlight. (1997, Stomp Records)Running Season (1999, Double A Records)Flashlight Brown (2001, Union 2112 Records)FlashlightBrown MadCaddies (Split EP with Mad Caddies) (2002, Double A)All That Glitters Is Mold (EP) (2002, Double A)My Degeneration (2003, Hollywood Records)Blue (2006, Hollywood)
RaritiesSoft Acoustic Hits (2018)Playdead (2018)Lanni (2018)Fuck Hollywood (2018)
Personnel
Final lineup
Fil Bucchino – bass, vocals (1996-2007, 2011)
Bart Doroz – lead guitar (2006-2007)
Matt Hughes – lead vocals, guitar (1996-2007, 2011)
Tim Thomson – drums (1996-2007, 2011)
Former members
Mike Conroy – lead guitar (2000-2006)
Marky Buffone - lead guitar (1999-2000)
Tristan O'Malley - lead guitar, vocals (1996-1999)
Additional information
The band recorded a cover of The Clash's "Should I Stay or Should I Go" for the Rugrats Go Wild! soundtrack, but the track was replaced with "Ready To Roll" instead. The band then released this song online on a secret page of their website. Although the website is accessible through the Wayback Machine, clicking the download link redirects to a “404 Not Found” page, meaning the cover is lost media.
The band recorded a cover of The Beat's "Save It For Later". This cover is part of the Sky High soundtrack and was later included as a Japan-only bonus track on their album Blue''.
References
Musical groups established in 1996
Musical groups from Guelph
Canadian pop punk groups
Hollywood Records artists
1996 establishments in Ontario |
```kotlin
package de.westnordost.streetcomplete.data.osm.edits
import de.westnordost.streetcomplete.data.osm.geometry.ElementGeometry
import de.westnordost.streetcomplete.data.osm.mapdata.ElementKey
import de.westnordost.streetcomplete.data.osm.mapdata.MapDataUpdates
import de.westnordost.streetcomplete.data.preferences.Preferences
import de.westnordost.streetcomplete.util.Listeners
import de.westnordost.streetcomplete.util.ktx.nowAsEpochMilliseconds
import de.westnordost.streetcomplete.util.logs.Log
class ElementEditsController(
private val editsDB: ElementEditsDao,
private val editElementsDB: EditElementsDao,
private val elementIdProviderDB: ElementIdProviderDao,
private val prefs: Preferences
) : ElementEditsSource, AddElementEditsController {
/* Must be a singleton because there is a listener that should respond to a change in the
* database table */
private val listeners = Listeners<ElementEditsSource.Listener>()
/* ----------------------- Unsynced edits and syncing them -------------------------------- */
/** Add new unsynced edit to the to-be-uploaded queue */
override fun add(
type: ElementEditType,
geometry: ElementGeometry,
source: String,
action: ElementEditAction,
isNearUserLocation: Boolean
) {
Log.d(TAG, "Add ${type.name} for ${action.elementKeys.joinToString()}")
add(ElementEdit(0, type, geometry, source, nowAsEpochMilliseconds(), false, action, isNearUserLocation))
}
override fun get(id: Long): ElementEdit? =
editsDB.get(id)
override fun getAll(): List<ElementEdit> =
editsDB.getAll()
override fun getAllUnsynced(): List<ElementEdit> =
editsDB.getAllUnsynced()
fun getOldestUnsynced(): ElementEdit? =
editsDB.getOldestUnsynced()
fun getIdProvider(id: Long): ElementIdProvider =
elementIdProviderDB.get(id)
/** Delete old synced (aka uploaded) edits older than the given timestamp. Used to clear
* the undo history */
fun deleteSyncedOlderThan(timestamp: Long): Int {
val deletedCount: Int
val deleteEdits: List<ElementEdit>
synchronized(this) {
deleteEdits = editsDB.getSyncedOlderThan(timestamp)
if (deleteEdits.isEmpty()) return 0
val ids = deleteEdits.map { it.id }
deletedCount = editsDB.deleteAll(ids)
editElementsDB.deleteAll(ids)
}
onDeletedEdits(deleteEdits)
/* must be deleted after the callback because the callback might want to get the id provider
for that edit */
elementIdProviderDB.deleteAll(deleteEdits.map { it.id })
return deletedCount
}
override fun getUnsyncedCount(): Int =
editsDB.getUnsyncedCount()
override fun getPositiveUnsyncedCount(): Int {
val unsynced = editsDB.getAllUnsynced().map { it.action }
return unsynced.filter { it !is IsRevertAction }.size - unsynced.filter { it is IsRevertAction }.size
}
fun markSynced(edit: ElementEdit, elementUpdates: MapDataUpdates) {
val idUpdatesMap = elementUpdates.idUpdates.associate {
ElementKey(it.elementType, it.oldElementId) to it.newElementId
}
val syncSuccess: Boolean
synchronized(this) {
val editIdsToUpdate = elementUpdates.idUpdates.flatMapTo(HashSet()) {
editElementsDB.getAllByElement(it.elementType, it.oldElementId)
}
for (id in editIdsToUpdate) {
val oldEdit = editsDB.get(id) ?: continue
val updatedEdit = oldEdit.copy(action = oldEdit.action.idsUpdatesApplied(idUpdatesMap))
editsDB.put(updatedEdit)
// must clear first because the element ids associated with this id are different now
editElementsDB.delete(id)
editElementsDB.put(id, updatedEdit.action.elementKeys)
}
syncSuccess = editsDB.markSynced(edit.id)
}
if (syncSuccess) onSyncedEdit(edit.copy(isSynced = true))
elementIdProviderDB.updateIds(elementUpdates.idUpdates)
}
fun markSyncFailed(edit: ElementEdit) {
delete(edit)
}
/* ----------------------- Undoable edits and undoing them -------------------------------- */
/** Undo edit with the given id. If unsynced yet, will delete the edit if it is undoable. If
* already synced, will add a revert of that edit as a new edit, if possible */
fun undo(edit: ElementEdit): Boolean {
if (edit.isSynced) {
// already uploaded
val action = edit.action
if (action !is IsActionRevertable) return false
// first create the revert action, as ElementIdProvider will be deleted when deleting the edit
val reverted = action.createReverted(getIdProvider(edit.id))
Log.d(TAG, "Add revert ${edit.type.name} for ${edit.action.elementKeys.joinToString()}")
// need to delete the original edit from history because this should not be undoable anymore
delete(edit)
// ... and add a new revert to the queue
add(ElementEdit(0, edit.type, edit.originalGeometry, edit.source, nowAsEpochMilliseconds(), false, reverted, edit.isNearUserLocation))
} else {
// not uploaded yet
Log.d(TAG, "Undo ${edit.type.name} for ${edit.action.elementKeys.joinToString()}")
delete(edit)
}
return true
}
/* ------------------------------------ add/sync/delete ------------------------------------- */
private fun add(edit: ElementEdit) {
synchronized(this) {
editsDB.put(edit)
editElementsDB.put(edit.id, edit.action.elementKeys)
val createdElementsCount = edit.action.newElementsCount
elementIdProviderDB.assign(
edit.id,
createdElementsCount.nodes,
createdElementsCount.ways,
createdElementsCount.relations
)
}
onAddedEdit(edit)
}
private fun delete(edit: ElementEdit) {
val edits = mutableListOf<ElementEdit>()
val ids: List<Long>
synchronized(this) {
edits.addAll(getEditsBasedOnElementsCreatedByEdit(edit))
ids = edits.map { it.id }
editsDB.deleteAll(ids)
editElementsDB.deleteAll(ids)
}
onDeletedEdits(edits)
/* must be deleted after the callback because the callback might want to get the id provider
for that edit */
elementIdProviderDB.deleteAll(ids)
}
private fun getEditsBasedOnElementsCreatedByEdit(edit: ElementEdit): List<ElementEdit> {
val result = mutableListOf<ElementEdit>()
val createdElementKeys = elementIdProviderDB.get(edit.id).getAll()
val editsBasedOnThese = createdElementKeys
.flatMapTo(HashSet()) { editElementsDB.getAllByElement(it.type, it.id) }
.mapNotNull { editsDB.get(it) }
.filter { it.id != edit.id }
// deep first
for (e in editsBasedOnThese) {
result += getEditsBasedOnElementsCreatedByEdit(e)
}
result += edit
return result
}
/* ------------------------------------ Listeners ------------------------------------------- */
override fun addListener(listener: ElementEditsSource.Listener) {
listeners.add(listener)
}
override fun removeListener(listener: ElementEditsSource.Listener) {
listeners.remove(listener)
}
private fun onAddedEdit(edit: ElementEdit) {
prefs.lastEditTime = nowAsEpochMilliseconds()
listeners.forEach { it.onAddedEdit(edit) }
}
private fun onSyncedEdit(edit: ElementEdit) {
listeners.forEach { it.onSyncedEdit(edit) }
}
private fun onDeletedEdits(edits: List<ElementEdit>) {
listeners.forEach { it.onDeletedEdits(edits) }
}
companion object {
private const val TAG = "ElementEditsController"
}
}
``` |
Joanne Vanish Creighton (born 1942) is an American academic who served as the 16th President of Mount Holyoke College in South Hadley, Massachusetts, from 1996 to 2010. On August 10, 2011, the Haverford College Board of Managers named her interim President of Haverford College, replacing Stephen G. Emerson, who resigned.
Background
Creighton was born in Marinette, Wisconsin. She graduated Phi Beta Kappa from the University of Wisconsin–Madison. She has a Master of Arts in Teaching from the Harvard Graduate School of Education, and a Ph.D. in English literature from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
Creighton taught at Wayne State University from 1968 to 1985 and became dean of the College of Arts and Sciences at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro in 1985. She then served as the vice president for academic affairs and provost and professor of English from 1990 to 1994 at Wesleyan University and was Wesleyan's interim president from 1994 to 1995.
Mount Holyoke College
Creighton joined Mount Holyoke College as president in 1996. She was chosen, in part, due to her history as an advocate for the tradition of American liberal arts colleges (Creighton has commented that such an education is "at its best, revolutionary. It transforms students; it awakens them to a fuller life of the mind.") As president, Creighton initiated the Plans for Mount Holyoke for 2003 and 2010 which "led to the creation of three new interdisciplinary centers: the Weissman Center for Leadership and the Liberal Arts, the McCulloch Center for Global Initiatives, and the Center for the Environment." This involvement would later be credited as leading to the further development of Mount Holyoke: "it is a testament to the cohesive sense of purpose articulated in two strategic plans, shared across the institution, and so carefully nurtured by Joanne Creighton's artful leadership."
While at Mount Holyoke, Creighton also became involved with Women's Education Worldwide, an alliance of institutions of higher education whose goal is to advance women's education around the globe. This international initiative was founded in 2003 by Mount Holyoke and Smith Colleges, two of the original Seven Sisters (colleges) of U.S. higher education.
Creighton handled the widely publicized suspension of Professor Joseph J. Ellis, a historian who admitted lying to students about having served in Vietnam. He was suspended from the college for a year.
On February 25, 2009, Creighton announced that she would step down as president at the end of the 2009—2010 academic year. On May 6, 2010, Leslie Anne Miller (Board of Trustees) announced that the New Residence Hall would thereby be named Creighton Hall (colloquially known as "NoJo" and "SoJo" or "NoJoJo" and "SoJoJo" halls, in reference to the president's common nickname among students, JoJo).
Women's colleges
Creighton has written extensively on the subject of women's colleges. She suggests a link in a 21 May 2007 article for The Boston Globe between Drew Gilpin Faust's (a woman's college graduate) new role as Harvard University's first female president and the continuing importance of women's colleges. She also compares women's colleges to Virginia Woolf's, A Room of One's Own. This article was taken from a longer paper, "A Tradition of Their Own or, If a Woman Can Now Be President of Harvard, Why Do We Still Need Women's Colleges?" delivered at the Harvard Graduate School of Education on April 16, 2007.
Haverford College
On August 10, 2011, Haverford College announced that Creighton would serve as its Interim President.
Scholarship
The author of four books of literary criticism on William Faulkner, Joyce Carol Oates, and Margaret Drabble, Creighton has also written a number of book reviews as well as op-eds and articles on issues facing higher education and women's colleges. In 2018 she published a memoir.
Select works
The Educational Odyssey of a Woman College President (2018),
Joyce Carol Oates: Novels of the Middle Years (1992)
Margaret Drabble (1985)
Joyce Carol Oates (1979)
William Faulkner's Craft of Revision: The Snopes Trilogy, the Unvanquished and Go Down Moses (1977)
Letters, Speeches, and Articles by Joanne V. Creighton
Notes
External links
Mount Holyoke College appoints Joanne Creighton President
UNCG Oral Histories Joanne V. Creighton
Harvard Graduate School of Education alumni
Wayne State University faculty
Wesleyan University faculty
Mount Holyoke College faculty
Presidents and Principals of Mount Holyoke College
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
University of Michigan College of Literature, Science, and the Arts alumni
Living people
1942 births
People from Marinette, Wisconsin
Presidents of Haverford College
Women heads of universities and colleges |
Julius Gustaaf Arnout Koenders (1 March 1886 – 17 November 1957) was a Surinamese teacher and fervent activist for Sranan Tongo. As a teacher, he was forced to use the Dutch language thus denying the children their own language. He was an early advocate of Sranan and Creole culture.
Writer
In 1943, the women's organisation Pohama asked Koenders to help them. Pohama consisted of about 20 women who wanted to strengthen the education of their children and make them proud of their own heritage. Pohama organised cultural evenings in theatre Thalia in Paramaribo, and was known for their 1 July event to remember the emancipation of slavery in Suriname. Koenders wrote his first publication for them called Foe memre wi afo [In memory of our forefathers] about the Creole language, and went to write much more for the organisation.
Even though most of his literary work consisted of translations of existing work into Sranan Tongo, Koenders was influential in inspiring the next generation like Eddy Bruma and Trefossa.
Koenders also wrote articles in Dutch about education in De schakel tussen school en huis (The bridge between school and home) using the pseudonym Kris Kras. The magazine was published every two weeks and was bundled with Dagblad Suriname.
Foetoe-boi
Foetoe-boi was a monthly periodical he published with the association Pohama from May 1946 to April 1956, and was the editor responsible for it, though other authors were involved. It was published in both Sranan Tongo and Dutch, with many articles based on his own ideals. The cultural association Wie Eegie Sanie which was founded in 1951 by Eddy Bruma would continue Koenders' pioneering work after Foetoe-boi stopped.
Other publications
(1 July 1863 – 1943)
(To commemorate our ancestors, 1943)
(60 beautiful and well-known songs in Sranan, 1944)
(Ask me, I will answer you about the human body, 1945)
About Koenders:
Op zoek naar Papa Koenders (2019)
References
External links
J.G.A. Koenders at Digital Library for Dutch Literature (in Dutch)
1886 births
1957 deaths
Dutch male writers
People from Paramaribo
Surinamese male writers
Surinamese activists
Writers in Sranan Tongo |
Fowlie is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Brenda Fowlie (born 1953), Canadian journalist and politician
Heather Fowlie (born 1965), Canadian curler
(1929-1993), American botanist
Wallace Fowlie (1908–1998), American writer and professor of literature
References |
Henry Koewing "Hal" Schenck is an American mathematician, known for his work in algebraic geometry and commutative algebra. He holds the Rosemary Kopel Brown Eminent Scholars Chair in mathematics at Auburn University.
Education
Schenck attended Carnegie Mellon University for his undergraduate degree. After receiving his BS degree in 1986, he spent 4 years serving in the United States Army, leaving the service as a captain. He then went on to Cornell University for his graduate work. After an MS in 1994, he completed his PhD in mathematics in 1997. His thesis was titled Homological Methods in the Theory of Splines, and was advised by Michael Stillman.
Career
Following completion of his PhD, Schenck held postdoctoral appointments at Northeastern University, then at Harvard University. He moved to Texas A&M University as an assistant professor in 2001, and was promoted to associate professor there. In 2007, he moved to the University of Illinois, where he was promoted to full professor in 2012. In 2017, he moved to Iowa State University, where he served as chair of the Department of Mathematics. He was appointed as the Rosemary Kopel Brown Eminent Scholars Chair in Mathematics at Auburn University in 2019.
Schenck has been (with Catherine Yan) one of the editors-in-chief of Advances in Applied Mathematics since 2018. He was a founding editor (with Jim Coykendall) of the Journal of Commutative Algebra.
Awards and honors
Schenck was elected as a fellow of the American Mathematical Society in 2020 for "contributions to research and exposition in applications of algebraic geometry and for service to the profession."
Books
References
External links
Living people
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
Algebraic geometers
Carnegie Mellon University alumni
Cornell University alumni
Texas A&M University faculty
University of Illinois faculty
Iowa State University faculty
Auburn University faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)
Fellows of the American Mathematical Society |
The following list is the electoral history of Tulsi Gabbard. Tulsi Gabbard previously served as a member of the Hawaii House of Representatives, the Honolulu City Council, and is a former member of the United States House of Representatives.
Hawaii House of Representatives elections (2002)
Honolulu City Council elections (2010)
United States House of Representatives elections
2012
2014
2016
2018
References
Gabbard, Tulsi
Tulsi Gabbard
Gabbard, Tulsi |
is a weekly shōnen manga anthology published on Wednesdays in Japan by Kodansha, first published on March 17, 1959. The magazine is mainly read by an older audience, with a significant portion of its readership falling under the male high school or college student demographic. According to circulation figures accumulated by the Japanese Magazine Publishers Association, the magazine's circulation has dropped in every quarter since records were first collected in April–June 2008. This is, however, not an isolated occurrence as digital media continues to be on the rise.
It is one of the best-selling manga magazines. By March 2008, the magazine had 2,942 issues, having sold 4.55billion copies, with an average weekly circulation of . At an average issue price of ($), the magazine had generated approximately () in sales revenue by March 2008. In addition, about compiled tankōbon volumes had been sold by March 2008.
Jason Thompson stated that it is "more down-to-earth, as well as just a tad more guy-oriented" compared to Weekly Shōnen Jump and likened this magazine to "more like something you'd find in the guys' locker room."
Features
Series
There are currently 26 manga titles being serialized in Weekly Shōnen Magazine. Out of them, Ahiru no Sora is on hiatus.
Circulation
Magazine Pocket
, or , is an online web comic site run by Kodansha and tied in to their Weekly Shōnen Magazine line. It runs original manga created for the site as well as manga moved from one of the print magazines related to Weekly Shōnen Magazine. It opened on August 3, 2015.
Reception
The Weekly Shōnen Magazine achieved success in the 1970s and subsequently had increased sales. As a result, it became the top-selling manga magazine in Japan of its period, appearing popular amongst many otaku. But the position was later occupied by Weekly Shōnen Jump, when this competitor was born in 1968, knocking Shōnen Magazine off the top spot. Shōnen Jump had begun to circulate and dominate the manga magazine market. This started from the 1970s and continued throughout the 1990s, owed mainly to Akira Toriyama's Dragon Ball.
In the middle of the 1990s, Shōnen Jump suffered the loss of Dragon Ball, as the franchise had come to an end in 1996, and thus lost much of its readership. Shōnen Magazine had now made a comeback in October 1997, regaining its original position as the top-selling manga magazine of its day until this was brokered in 2002. Currently, the two magazines have competed closely in terms of market circulation. Sales of the two magazines now remain very close. Circulation has dropped below two million. In a rare event due to the closeness of the two magazine's founding dates, Weekly Shōnen Magazine and Weekly Shōnen Sunday released a special combined issue on March 19, 2008. In addition, other commemorative events, merchandise, and manga crossovers were planned for the following year as part of the celebrations.
Others include Shōnen Magazine, published by Kobunsha of the same Kodansha group. Shōnen Magazine famously serialized Tetsujin 28-go, the first mecha anime from July 1956 to May 1966.
See also
List of manga magazines
Shonen Magz, Indonesian version
Sunday vs Magazine: Shūketsu! Chōjō Daikessen (video game)
References
External links
Weekly manga magazines published in Japan
Magazines established in 1959
Kodansha magazines
1959 establishments in Japan
Shōnen manga magazines |
Ağaçlı is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Ceyhan, Adana Province, Turkey. Its population is 85 (2022).
References
Neighbourhoods in Ceyhan District |
This is the list of plays of various Assamese mobile theatre groups, popularly known as Bhraymaman theatres, for the season 2011–2012. The unique culture of Assam, the mobile theatres providing entertainment in both urban and rural areas of the state and has a record turnover of Rs 10 cr annually, beating the common notion of theatre artists not being paid well.
Season 2019-20 Kohinoor Theatre.
Entry for first time in theatre industry by Kohinoor Theatre. A talented Assamese film and theatre Actress Sharmistha Chakraborty,who played the role "Droupadi" from drama 'Droupadir Vastraharan'. She is known Droupadi of Kohinoor. Her popularity is an inspiration theatre industry. From then, she is continue in Assamese mobile theatre industry.
List of Plays
References
External links
NSD takes 'Mobile theatre of Assam' as its case study
Bhraymaman theatre --Assamese mobile theatre industry
Kohinoor Theatre (2019–20)
Droupadir Vastraharan -Champak Sarah
Boroxa Jetiya Naame - Rajdweep
Mor Tejot tumar naam - Avijeet bhattacharya
Starring - Sharmistha Chakraborty, Arup baishya, Debojeet mazumdar
Assamese Mobile plays 2011
Culture of Assam
Assam-related lists |
BGSU Firelands is a satellite campus of Bowling Green State University in Huron, Ohio. BGSU Firelands is located near the shores of Lake Erie in Huron, Ohio, about east of Bowling Green, Ohio. It is a separate college of the Bowling Green State University system. BGSU Firelands has been a regional campus of BGSU since 1968, when the first building (now Foundation Hall) at the Huron location was opened. Before that, classes were held in Sandusky High School until this building was completed. The campus practices open admissions. BGSU Firelands had over 2,100 students enrolled as of fall 2019, 40% of whom were dual-enrolled high school students.
Campus
Facilities
BGSU Firelands has four buildings: Foundation Hall, George Mylander Hall (formerly the West Building), the North Building and the newest addition completed in 2003, The Cedar Point Center. The Cedar Point Center hosts an array of cutting edge educational technology tools for teaching or conferencing onsite and/or from a distance, via satellite and broadband communications modes.
The Allied Health construction project was constructed during the 2014-15 academic year and includes the addition of more laboratory spaces for the health field degree programs offered at BGSU Firelands. This addition opened in the spring of 2016.
Some off-site classes are held in Sandusky, Norwalk, and Elyria.
McBride Arboretum
BGSU Firelands is also the site of the McBride Arboretum (named in honor of Dr. James McBride, the college's first dean), a natural spot that was carefully thought out, designed and implemented to showcase the plants, trees and grasses that are a part of the natural setting of the Firelands region. The latest addition to the Arboretum was donated by Deering family of Erie County and is an all-weather deck built along one of the many small bodies of water in the Arboretum, which is long, on which students and the public can enjoy nature. The Arboretum is managed for BGSU Firelands by Erie MetroParks.
References
External links
Bowling Green State University
Public universities and colleges in Ohio
Universities and colleges established in 1968
Education in Erie County, Ohio
Buildings and structures in Erie County, Ohio |
Petar Ivanov (born 25 August 1958) is a Bulgarian wrestler. He competed in the men's freestyle +100 kg at the 1980 Summer Olympics.
References
1958 births
Living people
Bulgarian male sport wrestlers
Olympic wrestlers for Bulgaria
Wrestlers at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Burgas
European Wrestling Champions
European Wrestling Championships medalists |
Dennis Janke (born April 13, 1950 in Cleveland, Ohio) is an American comic book artist who was active in the industry from the mid-1980s to the mid-2000s, primarily as an inker. He is most well known for his work on the DC Comics character Superman, particularly his nine-year run as inker on Superman: The Man of Steel.
A freelancer, Janke worked for both DC and Marvel Comics during his career, penciling covers and stories here and there, but mostly focusing on "finish inking" over other artists' pencils. Janke has worked extensively with pencilers Jon Bogdanove and Jerry Ordway, and is a co-creator (with artist Ordway) of Bertron (who created Doomsday), and Mr. Z (best known from the Superman story "Time and Time Again"). With Mark Gruenwald and Paul Neary, Janke co-created Armadillo.
In his career, Janke has also worked on dozens of independent comic books and underground comix, including his own self-published series, Flaming Baloney (published with James R. Blevins c. 1975).
Biography
Education
Janke earned his BFA from the Cleveland Institute of Art.
Career
Janke's first published work was a 1974 illustration in DC Comics' House of Mystery, but his professional career took off a decade later when he was hired to ink Paul Neary on Marvel's Captain America, which he did for two years.
Moving over to DC Comics in 1987, Janke inked the final nine issues of Electric Warrior over Jim Baikie's pencils. Next, he inked the four-issue mini-series The Phantom, pencilled by Joe Orlando and written by Peter David. Around the same time he became the regular inker on The Adventures of Superman and Superman, mostly inking Jerry Ordway's pencils. He then spent nine years as the inker of Superman: The Man of Steel, mostly over Jon Bogdanove. (Bogdanove and Janke also illustrated many covers for the Steel solo title during this period.) As inker on Superman: The Man of Steel, Janke contributed to, and benefited from the success of, the best-selling 1992-1993 "The Death of Superman" story arc.
Janke's final major run as an inker was for The Spectre in 2002–2003 (over Norm Breyfogle's pencils). Since 2003, Janke's published comics credits have been rare.
Janke is currently at work on a graphic novel.
Personal life
Janke is an amateur poet. He lives in Maine, in a house he was able to pay for with royalties from his work on "The Death of Superman."
Bibliography
As writer
(with James R. Blevins) (as Z. Capistance) "Stargazer," Witzend #12 (Wonderful Publishing Company, 1982) — also art
(with Jerry Ordway) Adventures of Superman #484 (DC Comics, Nov. 1991) — also inks
(with Roger Stern) Action Comics #671 (DC Comics, Nov. 1991) — also inks
(with Louise Simonson) Superman: The Man of Steel #6 (DC Comics, Dec. 1991) — also inks
(with Louise Simonson) "Doomsday for the Fifth Dimension," Action Comics Annual #6 (DC Comics, 1994) — also pencils and Inks
As penciler
Adventures of Superman #496 (DC Comics, Nov. 1992) — also co-plot and inks
"Gangbuster of Suicide Slum," The Legacy of Superman #1 (DC Comics, Mar. 1993)
"Prologue: Communion," Doomsday Annual #1 (DC Comics, 1995) — also inks
"Epilogue: Requiem," Doomsday Annual #1 (DC Comics, 1995) — also inks
As inker
Captain America (Marvel Comics, 1984-1986)
Masters of the Universe #1–5 (Star Comics, 1986–1987)
Electric Warrior #11–18 (DC Comics, 1987)
The Phantom limited series (DC Comics, 1988)
The Adventures of Superman (DC Comics, 1988–1989)
Superman (DC Comics, 1989–1991, 1993)
"Circle of Fear," Spelljammer #6 (DC Comics/TSR, Feb. 1991)
Superman: The Man of Steel (DC Comics, 1991-1999)
"Underworld Unleashed" limited series (DC Comics, Nov.–Dec. 1995)
Superman's Nemesis: Lex Luthor limited series (DC Comics, Mar.–June 1999)
Domination Factor: Avengers limited series (Marvel Comics, Nov. 1999–Feb. 2000)
Batman: The Doom That Came to Gotham limited series (DC Comics, Nov. 2000–Jan. 2001)
The Spectre (DC Comics, 2002-2003)
Human Defense Corps issues #4-6 (DC Comics, Oct.–Dec. 2003)
Further reading
Thompson, Don & Maggie. Comic-Book Superstars: Who is Who Among Comics Creators (Iola, Wis.: Krause Publications, 1993), p. 102.
References
External links
Janke page at Inspiration for the Spirit
Comics inkers
American comics artists
1950 births
Living people
Cleveland Institute of Art alumni
Artists from Maine
Artists from Cleveland
DC Comics people |
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