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Vili (Civili) is one of the Zone H Bantu languages, grouped with the Kongo clade.
The language has a few thousand native speakers in spread along the coast between southern Gabon and Cabinda, most of them in the Republic of the Congo's Kouilou, Pointe-Noire and Niari departments.
The Vili people (singular Muvili, plural Bavili) were the population of the 17th- to 18th-century Kingdom of Loango in the same region.
References
External links
Vili at WolframAlpha
Languages of the Republic of the Congo
Languages of Gabon
Kongo language |
In the United States, each state and territory sets the age of consent either by statute or the common law applies, and there are several federal statutes related to protecting minors from sexual predators. Depending on the jurisdiction, the legal age of consent is between 16 and 18. In some places, civil and criminal laws within the same state conflict with each other.
Summary
History
While the unrestricted age of consent is between 16 and 18 in all U.S. states, the laws have widely varied across the country in the past. In 1880, the ages of consent were set at 10 or 12 in most states, with the exception of Delaware where it was 7. The ages of consent were raised across the U.S. during the late 19th century and the early 20th century. By 1920, 26 states had an age of consent at 16, 21 states had an age of consent at 18, and one state (Georgia) had an age of consent at 14. Small adjustments to these laws occurred after 1920. The last two states to raise their age of general consent from under 16 to 16 or higher were Georgia, which raised the age of consent from 14 to 16 in 1995, and Hawaii, which changed it from 14 to 16 in 2001.
Age-of-consent laws historically only applied when a female was younger than her male partner. By 2015 ages of consent were gender independent. Until the late 20th century many states had provisions requiring that the teenage girl must be of "chaste character" in order for the sexual conduct to be considered criminal. In 1998 Mississippi became the last state to remove the chastity provision from its code.
The laws were designed to prosecute persons much older than their victims rather than teenagers close in age; therefore prosecutors rarely pursued teenagers in relationships with other teenagers even though some laws made close-in-age teenage relationships illegal. After the 1995 Landry and Forrest study concluded that men aged 20 and older produced half of the teenage pregnancies of girls between 15 and 17, states began to more stringently enforce age-of-consent laws to combat teenage pregnancy in addition to preventing adults from taking advantage of minors.
A backlash among the public occurred when some teenagers engaging in close-in-age relationships received punishments perceived by the public to be disproportionate, and thus age-gap provisions were added to reduce or eliminate penalties if the two parties are close in age. Brittany Logino Smith and Glen A. Kercher of the Criminal Justice Center of Sam Houston State University wrote that these laws are often referred to as "Romeo and Juliet laws", though they defined Romeo and Juliet as only referring to an affirmative defense against prosecution. Previously some of these statutes only applied to heterosexual sex, leaving homosexual sex in the same age range open to prosecution.
On June 26, 2003, both heterosexual and homosexual sodomy became legal (between non-commercial, consenting adults in private) in all U.S. states, District of Columbia, and territories, under the U.S. Supreme Court decision Lawrence v. Texas. In State v. Limon (2005), the Kansas Supreme Court used Lawrence as a precedent to overturn the state's , which prescribed lesser penalties for heterosexual than homosexual acts of similar age of consent-related offenses.
Since 2005, states have been enacting Jessica's Law statutes, which provide for lengthy penalties (often a mandatory minimum sentence of 25 years in prison and lifetime electronic monitoring) for the most aggravated forms of child sexual abuse (usually of a child under age 12).
Federal laws
{Chapter 117, 18 U.S.C. 2422(b)} forbids the use of the United States Postal Service or other interstate or foreign means of communication, such as telephone calls or use of the internet, to persuade or entice a minor (defined as under 18 throughout the chapter) to be involved in a criminal sexual act. The act has to be illegal under state or federal law to be charged with a crime under 2422(b), and can even be applied to situations where both parties reside within the same state but use an instant messenger program whose servers are located in another state.
{Chapter 117, 18 U.S.C. 2423(a)} forbids transporting a minor (defined as under 18) in interstate or foreign commerce with the intent of engaging in criminal sexual acts in which a person can be charged. This subsection is ambiguous on its face and seems to apply only when the minor is transported across state or international lines to a place where the conduct is already illegal to begin with. The United States Department of Justice seems to agree with this interpretation.
{Chapter 117, 18 U.S.C. 2423(b)} forbids traveling in interstate or foreign commerce to engage in "illicit sexual conduct" with a minor; this is considered one form of sexual tourism. 2423(f) refers to Chapter 109A as its bright line for defining "illicit sexual conduct" as far as non-commercial sexual activity is concerned. For the purposes of age of consent, the only provision applicable is {Chapter 109A, 18 U.S.C. 2243(a)}. 2243(a) refers to situations where such younger person is under the age of 16 years, has attained 12 years of age, and the older person is more than 4 years older than the 12-to-15-year-old (children under 12 are handled under 18 U.S.C. 2241(c) under aggravated sexual abuse). So, the age is 12 years if one is within 4 years of the 12-to-15-year-old's age, 16 under all other circumstances. This law is also extraterritorial in nature to U.S. Citizens and Residents who travel outside of the United States.
Although legislation tends to reflect general societal attitudes regarding male versus female ages of consent, Richard Posner notes in his Guide to America's Sex Laws:
The U.S. Supreme Court has held that stricter rules for males do not violate the equal protection clause of the Constitution, on the theory that men lack the disincentives (associated with pregnancy) that women have, to engage in sexual activity, and the law may thus provide men with those disincentives in the form of criminal sanctions.
The Assimilative Crimes Act () incorporates local state criminal law when on federal reservations such as Bureau of Land Management property, military posts and shipyards, national parks, national forests, inter alia. Consequently, if an act is not punishable under any federal law (such as 18 U.S.C. 2243(a) mentioned above) then the local state's age-of-consent laws would apply to the crime.
The Protect Act § 503 of 1992 (codified at 18 U.S.C. § 2251 to 18 U.S.C. § 2260) makes it a federal crime to possess or create sexually explicit images of any person under 18 years of age regardless of consent. The non-commercial possession of an explicit picture or video clip of the person under the age of eighteen (such as a cell phone photograph of a naked sexual partner who is under the age of eighteen, or a picture of the photographer if they are under 18) may still constitute a serious federal child pornography felony. The sentence for a first time offender convicted of producing child pornography under 18 U.S.C. § 2251 (such as taking a suggestive cell phone picture of an otherwise legal sexual partner under the age of 18 without an intent to share or sell the picture), face fines and a statutory minimum of 15 years to 30 years maximum in prison. While mandatory minimum offenses do not apply to mere possession of child pornography, it is almost always the case that a person in possession of child pornography is also necessarily guilty of either receipt of child pornography, which carries a five-year mandatory minimum sentence, or production of child pornography, which carries a fifteen-year mandatory minimum sentence.
However, in Esquivel-Quintana v. Sessions, the Supreme Court held that in the context of statutory rape offenses that criminalize sexual intercourse based solely on the ages of the participants, the generic federal definition of "sexual abuse of a minor" requires the age of the victim to be less than 16.
Rules for U.S. military
Article 120b of the Uniform Code of Military Justice (), to which essentially only members of the United States Armed Services and enemy prisoners of war are subject, defines the age of consent as 16 years but allows an exemption for people who are married to minors 12–15 years old. There is also a mistake-in-age defense if the minor is over 12, but not if the minor is under 12. Within the United States, service members are subject to both the UCMJ and the applicable state law when "off-post". Depending upon the relevant status of forces agreement, United States service members are also subject to the local criminal laws of the host nation for acts committed off-post.
Washington, D.C.
The age of consent in Washington, D.C. (formally called the District of Columbia) is 16 with a close-in-age exemption for those within four years of age. However, sexual relations between people 18 or older and people under 18 are illegal if they are in a "significant relationship". According to the Code of the District of Columbia, a relationship is considered "significant" if one of the partners is:
"A parent, sibling, aunt, uncle, or grandparent, whether related by blood, marriage, domestic partnership, or adoption"
"A legal or de facto guardian or any person, more than 4 years older than the victim, who resides intermittently or permanently in the same dwelling as the victim"
"The person or the spouse, domestic partner, or paramour of the person who is charged with any duty or responsibility for the health, welfare, or supervision of the victim at the time of the act"
"Any employee or volunteer of a school, church, synagogue, mosque, or other religious institution, or an educational, social, recreational, athletic, musical, charitable, or youth facility, organization, or program, including a teacher, coach, counselor, clergy, youth leader, chorus director, bus driver, administrator, or support staff, or any other person in a position of trust with or authority over a child or a minor."
State laws
Each U.S. state has its own general age of consent. As of August 1, 2018, the age of consent in each state in the United States is either 16 years of age, 17 years of age, or 18 years of age. The most common age of consent is 16, which is a common age of consent in most other Western countries.
States where the age of consent is 16 (31): Alabama, Alaska, Arkansas, Connecticut, Georgia, Hawaii, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Vermont, Washington, and West Virginia.
States where the age of consent is 17 (7): Colorado, Illinois, Louisiana, Missouri, New York, Texas, and Wyoming.
States where the age of consent is 18 (12): Arizona, California, Delaware, Florida, Idaho, Kentucky, North Dakota, Oregon, Tennessee, Utah, Virginia, and Wisconsin.
These state laws are discussed in detail below. Most of these state laws refer to statutory rape using names other than "statutory rape" in particular. Such laws may refer to: "carnal knowledge of a minor", "child molestation", "corruption of a minor", "sexual misconduct", or "unlawful carnal knowledge". The laws of Georgia, Missouri, North Carolina, Mississippi, and Tennessee specifically refer to "statutory rape", with each state defining it differently. Nevada criminalizes "statutory sexual seduction" while Pennsylvania criminalizes "statutory sexual assault".
In most states there is not a single age in which a person may consent, but rather consent varies depending upon the minimum age of the younger party, the minimum age of the older party, or the differences in age. Some states have a single age of consent. Thirty U.S. states have age gap laws which make sexual activity legal if the ages of both participants are close to one another, and these laws are often referred to as "Romeo and Juliet laws". Other states have measures which reduce penalties if the two parties are close in age, and others provide an affirmative defense if the two parties are close in age. Even though state laws regarding the general age of consent and age gap laws differ, it is common for people in the United States to assume that sexual activity with someone under 18 is statutory rape.
In 2011 Smith and Kercher wrote "Because of the large number of potential statutory rape cases, it is said that many jurisdictions will "pick and choose" which cases they want to investigate and prosecute." In some states it is common to only prosecute the male in events where both parties in a heterosexual relationship are below the age of consent. Smith and Kercher wrote that there had been "large inconsistencies" among the decisions of prosecution and sentencing of these cases, and there had been accusations that minority males who have sex with minority girls resulting in pregnancy or who have sex with white girls have faced the brunt of enforcement.
Alabama
The age of consent in Alabama is 16. See Rape law in Alabama. From the articles of the Code of Alabama:
13A-6-70:
"(c) A person is deemed incapable of consent if he is: (1) Less than 16 years old..."
13A-6-67:
"(a) A person commits the crime of sexual abuse in the second degree if: ...
(2) He, being 19 years old or older, subjects another person to sexual contact who is less than 16 years old, but more than 12 years old."
13A-6-62:
"(a) A person commits the crime of rape in the second degree if:...
(1) Being 16 years old or older, he or she engages in sexual intercourse with a member of the opposite sex less than 16 and more than 12 years old; provided, however, the actor is at least two years older than the member of the opposite sex."
13A-6-64:
"(a) A person commits the crime of sodomy in the second degree if:...
(1) He, being 16 years old or older, engages in deviate sexual intercourse with another person less than 16 and more than 12 years old."
The State Legislature passed Act 2010-497 making it a crime for any school employee to have any sexual relations with a student under the age of 19. A school employee includes a teacher, school administrator, student teacher, safety or resource officer, coach, and other school employee. Age of the student and consent is not a defense. So thus, the age of consent of 16 cannot be used.
13A-6-81:
"A person commits the crime of a school employee engaging in a sex act or deviant sexual intercourse with a student under the age of 19 years if:
(a) He or she is a school employee and engages in a sex act or deviant sexual intercourse with a student, regardless of whether the student is male or female. Consent is not a defense to a charge under this section.
(b) As used in this section, sex act means sexual intercourse with any penetration, however slight; emission is not required.
(c) As used in this section, deviant sexual intercourse means any act of sexual gratification between persons not married to each other involving the sex organs of one person and the mouth or anus of another."
(d) The crime of a school employee engaging in a sex act or deviant sexual intercourse with a student is a Class B felony."
13A-6-82:
"A person commits the crime of a school employee having sexual contact with a student under the age of 19 years if:
(a) He or she is a school employee and engaging in sexual contact with a student, regardless of whether the student is male or female. Consent is not a defense to a charge under this section.
(b) As used in this section, sexual contact means any touching of the sexual or other intimate parts of a student, done for the purpose of gratifying the sexual desire of either party. The term includes soliciting or harassing a student to perform a sex act.
(c) The crime of a school employee having sexual contact with a student is a Class A misdemeanor."
Any individual convicted of these offenses, regardless if they received prison time or not, will have to register as a Sex Offender for the remainder of their life.
There was also a law which prohibited K-12 teachers from having sex with students under age 19, and violators could face prison time or get on the sex offender registry. In 2017, Alabama Circuit Judge Glenn Thompson, of Morgan County in the north of the state, ruled that this law was unconstitutional.
Alaska
The age of consent is 16, provided the older partner is not in a position of authority.
Alaska Statutes – Title 11. Criminal Law – Chapter 41. Offenses Against the Person – Sexual Abuse of a Minor
Section 436 in the First Degree (Unclassified Felony);
Section 436 in the Second Degree (Class B Felony); Section 438 in the Third Degree (Class C Felony); Section 440 : in the Fourth Degree (Class A misdemeanor)
AS 11.41.436. Sexual Abuse of a Minor in the Second Degree.
(a) An offender commits the crime of sexual abuse of a minor in the second degree if,
(1) being 17 years of age or older, the offender engages in sexual penetration with a person who is 13, 14, or 15 years of age and at least four years younger than the offender, or aids, induces, causes, or encourages a person who is 13, 14, or 15 years of age and at least four years younger than the offender to engage in sexual penetration with another person...
Sexual Abuse of a Minor in the ... :
Younger minor under 13 + Elder minor under 16 (more than 3 years between them) :
Sexual contact = 4th Degree & Sexual penetration = 2nd Degree
Younger minor under 13 + Elder minor above 16 :
pornography = 2nd Degree (younger under 16 vs. elder above 16 )
Sexual contact = 2nd Degree (for elder minor oneself or if (s)he helps another person)
Sexual penetration = 1st Degree (for elder minor oneself or if (s)he helps another person)
Younger minor aged 13, 14 or 15 + Elder minor above 17 (more than 4 years between them) :
Sexual contact = 3rd Degree
Sexual penetration = 2nd Degree (for elder minor oneself or if (s)he helps another person)
pornography = 2nd Degree (younger under 16 vs. elder above 16 )
Minor under 16 + partner above 18 (civil majority) if cohabitant with authority or position of authority :
Sexual contact = 2nd Degree & Sexual penetration = 1st Degree.
Minor under 18 + parent or guardian above 18 :
Sexual contact = 2nd Degree & Sexual penetration = 1st Degree
Indecent Exposure:
with masturbation, in front of minor under 16 = Indecent Exposure in the 1st Degree (Class C Felony)
simply, in front of minor under 16 = Indecent Exposure in the 2nd Degree (Class A misdemeanor)
simply, in front of above 16 = Indecent Exposure in the 2nd Degree (Class B misdemeanor).
Arizona
The age of consent in Arizona is 18. However, there exist in the legislation defenses to prosecution if the defendant is close-in-age to the minor or a spouse of the minor. Note: these are not close-in-age exceptions but defenses in court.
Arizona Revised Statute 13-1405(A)
(Defenses)
B. It is a defense to a prosecution pursuant to sections 13-1404 and 13–1405 in which the minor's lack of consent is based on incapacity to consent because the minor was fifteen, sixteen or seventeen years of age if at the time the defendant engaged in the conduct constituting the offense the defendant did not know and could not reasonably have known the age of the minor.
D. It is a defense to a prosecution pursuant to section 13-1404 or 13-1405 that the person was the spouse (legally married AND cohabiting) of the other person at the time of commission of the act ...
F. It is a defense to a prosecution pursuant to section 13-1405 if the minor is fifteen, sixteen or seventeen years of age, the defendant is under nineteen years of age or attending high school and is no more than twenty-four months older than the minor and the conduct is consensual.
Arkansas
The age of consent is 16, with some close-in-age exemptions.
Details: The minimum age is 16 for anyone age 20 or older. Under 20, the younger person must not be less than 14. However, there exists a "sexual indecency with a child" law that prohibits any person over age 18 from soliciting sexual activity from anyone under 15 (or believed to be under 15). This means that while sexual activity between a 14-year-old and an 18- or 19-year-old may be legal in and of itself, soliciting it could still be charged as a class D felony.
Sexual penetration (intercourse or "deviate sexual activity") between a major (18+) and a minor under 14 is a rape, punishable by a minimum 25-year sentence. Under 18, there is a defense for sexual contact if the younger (<14) minor is not more than 4 years younger if 12 or above, or not more than 3 years younger if under 12. For acts involving penetration, the exception is 3 years for all ages below 14.
Title 5 – Criminal Offenses. Subtitle 2 – Offenses Against The Person. Chapter 14 – Sexual Offenses. Subchapter 1 – General Provisions.
§ 5-14-103 – Rape.
(a) A person commits rape if he or she engages in sexual intercourse or deviate sexual activity with another person:
(1) By forcible compulsion;
(2) Who is incapable of consent because he or she is:
(A) Physically helpless;
(B) Mentally defective; or
(C) Mentally incapacitated;
(3) (A) Who is less than fourteen (14) years of age.
(B) It is an affirmative defense to a prosecution under subdivision (a)(3)(A) of this section that the actor was not more than three (3) years older than the victim; or
(4)
(A) Who is a minor and the actor is the victim's:
(i) Guardian;
(ii) Uncle, aunt, grandparent, step-grandparent, or grandparent by adoption;
(iii) Brother or sister of the whole or half blood or by adoption; or
(iv) Nephew, niece, or first cousin.
(B) It is an affirmative defense to a prosecution under subdivision (a)(4)(A) of this section that the actor was not more than three (3) years older than the victim.
(b) It is no defense to a prosecution under subdivisions (a)(3) or (4) of this section that the victim consented to the conduct.
(c) (1) Rape is a Class Y felony.
(2) Any person who pleads guilty or nolo contendere to or is found guilty of rape involving a victim who is less than fourteen (14) years of age shall be sentenced to a minimum term of imprisonment of twenty-five (25) years.
(d)
(1) A court may issue a permanent no contact order when:
(A) A defendant pleads guilty or nolo contendere; or
(B) All of the defendant's appeals have been exhausted and the defendant remains convicted.
(2) If a judicial officer has reason to believe that mental disease or defect of the defendant will or has become an issue in the case, the judicial officer shall enter such orders as are consistent with 5-2-305.
§ 5-14-126 – Sexual assault in the third degree.
(a) A person commits sexual assault in the third degree if the person:
(1) Engages in sexual intercourse or deviate sexual activity with another person who is not the actor's spouse, and the actor is:
(A) Employed with the Department of Correction, Department of Community Correction, Department of Human Services, or any city or county jail, and the victim is in the custody of the Department of Correction, Department of Community Correction, Department of Human Services, or any city or county jail;
(B) Employed or contracted with or otherwise providing services, supplies, or supervision to an agency maintaining custody of inmates, detainees, or juveniles, and the victim is in the custody of the Department of Correction, Department of Community Correction, Department of Human Services, or any city or county jail; or
(C) A mandated reporter under 12-18-402(b) or a member of the clergy and is in a position of trust or authority over the victim and uses the position of trust or authority to engage in sexual intercourse or deviate sexual activity; or
(2)
(A) Being a minor, engages in sexual intercourse or deviate sexual activity with another person who is:
(i) Less than fourteen (14) years of age; and
(ii) Not the person's spouse.
(B) It is an affirmative defense under this subdivision (a)(2) that the actor was not more than three (3) years older than the victim.
(b) It is no defense to a prosecution under this section that the victim consented to the conduct.
(c) Sexual assault in the third degree is a Class C felony.
§ 5-14-127 – Sexual assault in the fourth degree.
(a) A person commits sexual assault in the fourth degree if the person:
(1) Being twenty (20) years of age or older:
(A) Engages in sexual intercourse or deviate sexual activity with another person who is:
(i) Less than sixteen (16) years of age; and
(ii) Not the person's spouse; or
(B) Engages in sexual contact with another person who is:
(i) Less than sixteen (16) years of age; and
(ii) Not the person's spouse; or
(2) Engages in sexual contact with another person who is not the actor's spouse, and the actor is employed with the Department of Correction, Department of Community Correction, Department of Human Services, or any city or county jail, and the victim is in the custody of the Department of Correction, Department of Community Correction, Department of Human Services, or a city or county jail.
(b) (1) Sexual assault in the fourth degree under subdivisions (a)(1)(A) and (a)(2) of this section is a Class D felony.
(2) Sexual assault in the fourth degree under subdivision (a)(1)(B) of this section is a Class A misdemeanor if the person engages only in sexual contact with another person as described in subdivision (a)(1)(B) of this section.
§ 5-14-110 Sexual Indecency With a Child.
(a) A person commits sexual indecency with a child if:
(1) Being eighteen (18) years of age or older, the person solicits another person who is less than fifteen (15) years of age or who is represented to be less than fifteen (15) years of age to engage in:
(A) Sexual intercourse;
(B) Deviate sexual activity; or
(C) Sexual contact;
Title 9 - Family Law. Subtitle 3 - Minors. Chapter 27 - Juvenile Courts And Proceedings. Subchapter 3 - Arkansas Juvenile Code § 9-27-303:
(51) "Sexual abuse" means:
(A) By a person ten (10) years of age or older to a person younger than eighteen (18) years of age:
(i) Sexual intercourse, deviant sexual activity, or sexual contact by forcible compulsion;
(ii) Attempted sexual intercourse or deviant sexual activity or sexual contact by forcible compulsion;
(iii) Indecent exposure; or
(iv) Forcing the watching of pornography or live human sexual activity;
(B) By a person eighteen (18) years of age or older to a person who is younger than sixteen (16) years of age and is not his or her spouse:
(i) Sexual intercourse, deviant sexual activity, or sexual contact; or
(ii) Attempted sexual intercourse, deviant sexual activity, or sexual contact;
(C) By a caretaker to a person younger than eighteen (18) years of age:
(i) Sexual intercourse, deviant sexual activity, or sexual contact; or
(ii) Attempted sexual intercourse, deviant sexual activity, or sexual contact;
(iii) Forcing or encouraging the watching of pornography;
(iv) Forcing, permitting, or encouraging the watching of live sexual activity;
(v) Forcing listening to a phone sex line; or
(vi) An act of voyeurism;
(D) By a person younger than ten (10) years of age to a person younger than eighteen (18) years of age:
(i) Sexual intercourse, deviant sexual activity, or sexual contact by forcible compulsion; or
(ii) Attempted sexual intercourse, deviant sexual activity, or sexual contact by forcible compulsion;
(52)
(A) "Sexual contact" means any act of sexual gratification involving;
(i) Touching, directly or through clothing, of the sex organs, buttocks, or anus of a juvenile or the breast of a female juvenile;
(ii) Encouraging the juvenile to touch the offender in a sexual manner; or
(iii) Requesting the offender to touch the juvenile in a sexual manner.
(B) Evidence of sexual gratification may be inferred from the attendant circumstances surrounding the investigation of the specific complaint of child maltreatment.
(C) This section shall not permit normal, affectionate hugging to be construed as sexual contact;
California
The age of consent in California is 18.
In California, there is a crime of "Unlawful sexual intercourse", which is an act of sexual intercourse with a person under the age of 18 who is not the spouse of the person.
(CA Penal Code § 261.5 (a)) There are no exceptions; all sexual activity with a person under the age of 18 (and not their spouse) is a criminal offense. So if a 15-year-old willingly has sex with a 17-year-old, both have committed a crime, although it is only a misdemeanor.
The punishment is varied, depending on the ages of the perpetrator and the victim, and there are more severe penalties if there is a wider gap between the age of the perpetrator and the age of the victim:
Any person who commits the crime with a minor not more than 3 years younger or older than the perpetrator is guilty of a misdemeanor. (CA Penal Code § 261.5 (b))
Any person who commits the crime with a minor who is more than 3 years younger than the perpetrator is guilty of a misdemeanor or a felony. A misdemeanor conviction is punished by imprisonment in a county jail not exceeding one year. A felony conviction is punished by imprisonment in a county jail for 16 months, or two or three years, or in the state prison, depending on the person's criminal history. (CA Penal Code § 261.5 (c))
Any person 21 years of age or older who commits the crime with a minor under 14 years of age is guilty of a misdemeanor or a felony. A misdemeanor conviction is punished by imprisonment in a county jail not exceeding one year. A felony conviction is punished by imprisonment in a county jail for two, three or four years, or in the state prison, depending on the person's criminal history. (CA Penal Code § 261.5 (d))
There are also civil sanctions possible for a violation stated above. (CA Penal Code § 261.5 (e))
There are separate crimes for committing sodomy with minors. (CA Penal code § 286)
There are separate crimes for committing any lewd or lascivious act with a person under the age of 14. (CA Penal Code § 288)
History of California laws
The age of consent, at the time applying only when the girl is the younger party, was 10 when California introduced its penal code in 1850. In 1889 the age of consent was raised to 14. In 1897 the age of consent became 16. The age of consent in California has been 18 since 1913. Some media sources reported that the age of consent in California in the 1970s was 14 or 16 but in fact it was and has been 18.
In the 1990s Governor of California Pete Wilson stated that there was a trend of men in their mid-to-late 20s having sex with and impregnating teenage girls around 14 years of age and that the statutory rape laws needed to be enforced to prevent this.
In 2012 Kristin Olsen, a Republican member of the State Assembly of California, sponsored a bill that criminalizes sexual relations between K-12 teachers and students, including students over 18, as well as sexual text messages and other communications aimed at seducing a student. The bill was proposed after a 41-year-old teacher and 18-year-old high school student publicly announced that they were in a relationship. The bill was killed in committee by Democratic lawmakers concerned about the constitutionality of the proposed legislation.
By 2014 there had been civil court rulings in California stating that minors under 18 may consent to sexual activity, even though the age of consent is 18 under state criminal law.
Colorado
The age of consent in Colorado is 17; however, there exists in the legislation close-in-age exceptions, which allow those aged 15 and 16 to engage in acts with those less than ten years older and those less than 15 to engage in acts with those less than four years older. A 17-year-old may not, however, consent to sex with a person who is in a position of trust with respect to the person under the age of eighteen. C.R.S. 18-3-405.3.
C.R.S. 18-3-402(1) Any actor who knowingly inflicts sexual intrusion or sexual penetration on a victim commits sexual assault if: ...
(d) At the time of the commission of the act, the victim is less than fifteen years of age and the actor is at least four years older than the victim and is not the spouse of the victim; or
(e) At the time of the commission of the act, the victim is at least fifteen years of age but less than seventeen years of age and the actor is at least ten years older than the victim and is not the spouse of the victim;
Notwithstanding the age of consent, however, for purposes of child prostitution offenses in Colorado, a "child" means a person under the age of eighteen years. C.R.S. 18-7-401(2). Reasonable mistake of age, or similarity in age, is not a defense to these offenses. C.R.S. 18-7-407. All child prostitution offenses are class three felonies (class one felonies are capital offenses, class two felonies include second degree murder). So, while it is not a crime for a 17-year-old to have non-commercial sex with a 60-year-old in Colorado, it is a serious crime punishable by four to twelve years in prison for an 18-year-old to engage in any sexual act, or to present at a "place of prostitution" with an intent do so, for money or any other thing of value with a seventeen-year-old with the reasonable belief that the minor was under eighteen years old. C.R.S. 18-7-406. The same conduct, entered into with an eighteen-year-old and without a belief that the prostitute was under eighteen years of age, would be a misdemeanor. C.R.S. 18-7-205. Those under the age of eighteen are also children for the crime of inducing or coercing someone to have sex or to have sexual conduct with another for the voyeur's gratification, or to expose themselves to another for the voyeur's sexual gratification, C.R.S. 18-3-404(1.5), and the crime of trafficking in children, C.R.S. 18-3-502.
There is a marriage exception to both Colorado's statutory rape law, C.R.S. 18-3-402, the crime of sexual assault upon a child by a person in a position of trust, C.R.S. 18-3-405.3, and Colorado's child prostitution laws. However, while Colorado law does recognize common law marriages entered into when both spouses are eighteen years of age or older, it does not recognize common law marriages entered into in Colorado or elsewhere after September 1, 2006, when one spouse is under eighteen years of age. C.R.S. 14-2-109.5.
Connecticut
The general age of consent in Connecticut is 16. This applies in most relationships.
However, if any of the following apply, then the age of consent becomes 18:
Where one person is a guardian, or responsible for the general supervision, of the other. See C.G.S. § 53a-71(a)(4).
Where one person is an athletic coach or an intensive instructor (e.g. piano teacher) outside of a school setting, and the other is being coached or instructed. See C.G.S. § 53a-71(9)(B).
Where one person's professional, legal, occupational or volunteer status gives them a role of supervision, power, or authority, over the other's participation in a program or activity, and the older person is at least 20 years old. See C.G.S. § 53a-71(a)(4).
Connecticut recognizes that minors who are at least 13 can consent to sexual activity if (and only if) there is less than a 3-year age difference. For example:
A 13-year-old can consent to any 15-year-old.
A 14-year-old can consent to any 16-year-old.
A 15-year-old can consent to any 17-year-old.
A 14-year-old born on January 1 can consent to a 17-year-old born on February 1 as there is a 2-year-and-11-month difference, just under the 3-year difference.
However consensual, sexual intercourse within the 3-year age difference by a minor 13 through 17 years old may, upon a complaint, lead the Connecticut Superior Court to a "family with service needs" finding. See C.G.S. § 46b-120(7)(E). Such a finding would allow the Court to issue orders as it finds necessary in dealing with the matter.
Consensual sexual intercourse over the 3-year age difference (where the minor is 13 to 15 years old) would subject the older party to a charge of Sexual Assault, 2nd Degree, in violation of C.G.S. § 53a-71(a)(1). Any juvenile offender 14 years old or older has the case automatically transferred to the regular criminal docket of the Superior Court by operation of law, and thus stands before the court to be tried as an adult. See C.G.S. § 46b-127(a). A guilty verdict would result in conviction of a Class B felony sex offense, with a mandatory minimum of 9 months and maximum 20 years imprisonment. It would not matter if the older person did not know of the age difference, or if the younger person lied about age. However, if the offender is 17 years old or younger, has a clean record, and such sexual activity was consensual, Youthful Offender status (a pre-trial diversionary program that seals the court record and results in a dismissal of charges) may be granted. See C.G.S. § 54-76b to o.
Previously the Connecticut age gap was two years, not three. By 2007 there had been a proposal to increase the gap to four years to reduce the number of close-in-age statutory rape cases being prosecuted, but three years was selected as a compromise.
Connecticut also recognizes that minors under 13 are released from criminal liability as to consensual sexual activity if (and only if) there is less than a 2-year age difference. For example:
A 12-year-old can consent to any 13-year-old.
A 12-year-old cannot consent to any 14-year-old.
Consensual (between minors) sexual intercourse over the 2-year age difference (where the minor is under 13 years old) would subject the older minor to a charge of Sexual Assault, 1st Degree, in violation of C.G.S. § 53a-70(a)(2). A guilty verdict would result in conviction of a Class A felony sex offense, with a mandatory minimum of 5–10 years and maximum 25 years imprisonment. Any juvenile offender 14 years old or older has the case automatically transferred to the regular criminal docket of the Superior Court by operation of law, and thus stands before the court to be tried as an adult. However, the offender would have the same chance to apply for Youthful Offender status (see Sexual Assault, 2nd Degree above) provided the criteria are met.
Despite the age gap exceptions for sexual assault charges, subsection 2 of Section 53-21 (Injury or risk of injury to, or impairing morals of, children) criminalizes anyone who "has contact with the intimate parts, as defined in section 53a-65, of a child under the age of sixteen years or subjects a child under sixteen years of age to contact with the intimate parts of such person, in a sexual and indecent manner likely to impair the health or morals of such child". This is a class B felony, and there is no close in age exception, nor is there a requirement that the actor be over 18 years of age.
A juvenile offender 13 years old and younger would be charged as a "serious juvenile offender" under C.G.S. § 46b-120(12)(A). Because the charge is a sex offense, the juvenile prosecutor can request that the proceeding designated a "serious sexual offender prosecution". See C.G.S. § 46b-133d(b)-(f). Unless the juvenile waives the right to a trial by jury, the case proceeds to the regular criminal docket of the Superior Court, where the juvenile must face trial as an adult. If the juvenile agrees to the waiver, the case will proceed through the juvenile system with a bench trial.
Links to Statutes Cited (in numerical order)
C.G.S. § 46b-120
C.G.S. § 46b-127
C.G.S. § 46b-133d
C.G.S. § 53a-70
C.G.S. § 53a-71
C.G.S. § 54-76b to o
Delaware
The age of consent in Delaware is 18, but it is legal for teenagers aged 16 and 17 to engage in sexual intercourse as long as the older partner is younger than 30.
Title 11 § 761. Definitions generally applicable to sexual offences.
(j) A child who has not yet reached his or her sixteenth birthday is deemed unable to consent to a sexual act with a person more than 4 years older than said child. Children who have not yet reached their twelfth birthday are deemed unable to consent to a sexual act under any circumstances.
§ 770. Rape in the fourth degree; class C felony.
(a) A person is guilty of rape in the fourth degree when the person: ... 2) Intentionally engages in sexual intercourse with another person, and the victim has not yet reached that victim's eighteenth birthday, and the person is 30 years of age or older, except that such intercourse shall not be unlawful if the victim and person are married at the time of such intercourse.
However, in 2009 Senate Bill 185 amended the text of article 768 from anyone under 16 years to anyone under 18 years.
§ 768 Unlawful sexual contact in the second degree; class F felony.
A person is guilty of unlawful sexual contact in the second degree when the person intentionally has sexual contact with another person who is less than 18 years of age or causes the victim to have sexual contact with the person or a third person
Senate Bill 185
762(d)specifies a close-in-age "affirmative defense" for 12- to 15-year-olds.
(d) Teenage defendant. — As to sexual offenses in which the victim's age is an element of the offense because the victim has not yet reached that victim's sixteenth birthday, where the person committing the sexual act is no more than 4 years older than the victim, it is an affirmative defense that the victim consented to the act "knowingly" as defined in § 231 of this title. Sexual conduct pursuant to this section will not be a crime. This affirmative defense will not apply if the victim had not yet reached that victim's twelfth birthday at the time of the act.
It can reasonably be assumed that this defense would extend to 16- and 17-year-olds as well, but as the law is currently written it is unclear if 16- and 17-year-olds can freely consent with anyone under 30, or if charges may still apply under 768 (a class F felony) if they exceed the specified "4 year difference" affirmative defense.
Florida
The age of consent in Florida is 18, but close-in-age exemptions exist. By law, the exception permits a person 23 years of age or younger to engage in legal sexual activity with a minor aged 16 or 17.
794.05 Unlawful sexual activity with certain minors.--
(1) A person 24 years of age or older who engages in sexual activity with a person 16 or 17 years of age commits a felony of the second degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084. As used in this section, "sexual activity" means oral, anal, or vaginal penetration by, or union with, the sexual organ of another; however, sexual activity does not include an act done for a bona fide medical purpose
Florida code, Title XLVI, Chapter 794
The legal age for non-penetrative sexual contact is 16, and there are no close-in-age exceptions. If the offender is 18+ it is a 2nd degree felony, and if the offender is under 18 it is a 3rd degree felony.
A law passed in 2007, as amended, states that people convicted of certain sex crimes involving children may be removed from the sex offender list if they were no more than four years older than their victims, had only that offense on their records, and had victims aged 13–17.
Georgia
The age of consent in Georgia is 16 and there is no close-in-age exception, though the offenses are a misdemeanor rather than a felony in cases where the perpetrator is less than 19 years of age and is no more than 4 years older than the victim.
The crime of "statutory rape" makes it illegal for a perpetrator of any age to have sexual intercourse with someone under the age of 16 that they are not married to. This law specifies that a defendant cannot be convicted on the testimony of the victim alone; some other evidence must be present. This offense carries a minimum sentence of 1 year in prison, and a maximum of 20 years. If the offender is 21 years of age or older, the minimum is raised to 10 years in prison, and the offender is subject to sex offender sentencing guidelines. However, if the victim is 14 or 15 years old and the actor is age 18 or younger and within 4 years of the victim's age, the crime is reduced to a misdemeanor with a maximum sentence of 1 year in prison.
The crime "child molestation" makes it illegal for anyone to engage in "any immoral or indecent act to or in the presence of or with any child under the age of 16 years with the intent to arouse or satisfy the sexual desires of either the child or the person", as well as electronically transmit any depiction of such an act. It carries a minimum sentence of 5 years and a max of 20 years in prison for a first-time offender, as well as mandatory counseling and sex offender sentencing guidelines. For repeat offenders, the minimum 10 years and the maximum is life imprisonment. This crime has the same close-in-age exception as statutory rape stated above if the victim is 14 or 15 years old and the actor is 18 or younger and within 4 years of age.
A third applicable crime is "aggravated child molestation", which is any act of the previously mentioned child molestation that causes injuries to the victim, or involves an act of "sodomy" (defined under state law as any act of oral sex or anal sex). This crime carries a sentence of 25 years to life, and lifetime probation thereafter. However, if the victim is 13, 14 or 15 years old, the actor is 18 or younger and within 4 years of age, and the act committed was "sodomy" and did not cause injury, the crime is reduced to a misdemeanor. This exception was added after a landmark case, Wilson v. State of Georgia occurred in 2006 and caused lawmakers to think the statute should have a close-in-age exception. At the time because of the words of the law, a 17-year-old man was sentenced to 10 years in prison for having consensual oral sex with a 15-year-old girl.
In June 2005, a bill was proposed before the Georgia General Assembly to raise the age of consent from 16 to 18.
History of Georgia laws
Georgia was resistant to raising its age of consent in the Progressive Era. In 1894, the Georgia Supreme Court reversed the conviction of a man convicted of raping a 10-year-old girl because the age of consent in Georgia was 10 at the time. Nonetheless, the Court recommended raising the Georgia age of consent, saying "the age of consent in many States is higher than in this State, and should be made higher here; and a committee of ladies" is petitioning to do that.
As it turned out, Georgia's age of consent remained at 10 until 1918, and then it raised to 14. After the 1918 law changes, Georgia still had the lowest age of consent in the country, because all 47 other states had raised their ages of consent to 16 or 18. The Georgia age of consent remained at 14 until 1995, when a bill proposed by Steve Langford to make 16 the age of consent passed.
Hawaii
The age of consent in Hawaii is 16. There is a close-in-age exemption, which allows those aged 14 and 15 to consent to sex with those less than five years older.
For more on age of consent in other territories in the Pacific Ocean, see: Ages of consent in Oceania#United States
In the 1990s the age of consent was 14, the lowest in the United States. Avery Chumbley, a member of the Hawaiian Senate, had made efforts to raise the age of consent since 1996. The age of consent was changed to 16 by Act 1, House Bill 236, passed by the Legislature of Hawaii in 2001.
Hawaii first established age of consent for contact/penetration as 10/14 years old in 1869 which lasted until 1912. The legal status from 1913 to 1924 is unclear, but by 1925 it was set to the higher numbers of 12/16. In both sets of laws these penalties only penalized males contacting females. In 1974 the laws were changed to add the additional requirement that there was a "reckless infliction" of "serious" bodily harm. This requirement was removed in 1986 and the wording was changed to apply to persons of any gender, not only males.
Idaho
The age of consent in Idaho is 18.
If the victim is under the age of 16 and female, and the actor is male and age 18 or older, or if the female is age 16 or 17 and the male actor is at least 3 years older, any penetrative act (including intercourse, anal sex and oral sex) is considered Rape. Rape carries a minimum sentence of 1 year in prison, and a maximum of life.
If the victim is under the age of 16, any lewd or lascivious act (including any form of genital contact) done by an actor "with the intent of arousing, appealing to, or gratifying the lust or passions or sexual desires of such person, such minor child, or third party" is Lewd Conduct With Minor Child Under Sixteen. This law does not discriminate by the gender of the victim nor actor, and notably provides no exceptions based on the parties being close-in-age.
If the victim is age 16 or 17 and the actor is at least 5 years older, any lewd or lascivious act (including any form of genital contact) or any other form of sexual contact done by an actor "with the intent of arousing, appealing to, or gratifying the lust or passions or sexual desires of such person, such minor child, or third party" is Sexual Battery Of A Minor Child Sixteen Or Seventeen Years Of Age. Like Lewd Conduct above, this law does not discriminate by gender.
If the victim is under the age of 16, and the actor is age 18 or older, any sexual contact not amounting to the aforementioned Lewd Conduct is classified as Sexual Abuse Of A Child Under The Age Of Sixteen Years.
Illinois
Age of consent in Illinois is 17, and rises to 18 with someone who has a position of authority or trust over the victim. There is no close-in-age exception, crossing the age boundary is Criminal Sexual Assault.
Any sexual contact of minors between the ages of 9 and 16 is Criminal sexual abuse. When the victim is younger than 9 and the perpetrator 13 to 16, the crime becomes Aggravated Criminal Sexual Assault; when the victim is younger than 13 and the perpetrator 17 or older, it becomes Predatory criminal sexual assault of a child. Sex with a victim with severe intellectual disability at any age, or with a family or household member under 18, is Aggravated criminal sexual abuse, though penetration upgrades it to Aggravated Criminal Sexual Assault.
Although Illinois' minimum marriage age (with parental consent or court order) is 16, there is no statutory exception to the age of sexual consent.
History of Illinois laws
Bill 1139 was introduced in 2011 to decriminalize sexual relationships between children 13–16 years old and those fewer than five years older, but the bill failed to pass.
In 2011 a bill was proposed that would allow people who violated the age of consent laws and were close in age with their victims to petition a judge to be removed from the sex offender registry. This bill, HB 1139, was, written by Republican Party state representative Robert Pritchard. An editorial in the Chicago Sun-Times argued in favor of the bill. Emily McAsey, a Democratic state representative from Lockport, stated opposition to the idea, citing that she was "troubled" by the idea of a romantic relationship between a 14-year-old and an 18-year-old. Republican state representative Dennis Reboletti of Elmhurst stated that he did not believe judges should be able to reverse decisions made by prosecutors. The bill passed the Illinois House Judiciary II Committee 4–3 in February 2011 and moved to the Illinois Senate.
By 2012 Democratic state senator William Haine of Alton sponsored Senate Bill 3359 which included a provision that a person who had sex with a minor between 13 and 17 while he/she was fewer than five years older may petition to be removed from the sex offender registry after serving 10 years. Haine stated that he did not want "Romeo and Juliet" offenders to be on the sex offender registry.
Indiana
The age of consent in Indiana is 16. A close-in-age exception allows minors 14–15 years of age to legally consent to sex with a partner who is less than 18 years old.
With regard to sex with children 14 or older, Indiana law states the following:
Under certain aggravating circumstances, the offense increases to a Class B felony or to a Class A felony. The law allows the actor a defense to prosecution if the victim is currently or was previously married (the absolute minimum marriageable age in Indiana is 16), although this defense does not apply in the case of violence, threats or drugs. The law also allows a defense if the actor is within 4 years of age of the younger person and the two were in an ongoing dating/romantic relationship. This is not a close-in-age exception though, but merely a defense in court. The law also allows a mistake of age defense if the actor reasonably believed the victim was 16 or older.
The age limit rises to 18, according to IC35-42-4-7, if the actor is an adult who is the guardian, adoptive parent, adoptive grandparent, custodian, or stepparent of the minor; or a child care worker for the minor; or a military recruiter who is attempting to enlist over the minor.
Any person who engages in sexual intercourse with a child under 14 years of age commits a Class B felony, under IC 35-42-4-3 Child molesting. Under certain aggravating circumstances, the crime becomes a Class A felony.
Iowa
The age of consent in Iowa is 16, with a close-in-age exemption for those aged 14 and 15, who may engage in sexual acts with partners less than 4 years older.
Section 709.4 states: A person commits sexual abuse in the third degree when the person performs a sex act under any of the following circumstances ... 2(c) The other person is fourteen or fifteen years of age and any of the following are true ... (4) The person is four or more years older than the other person.
Section 709.15 forbids, amongst other things, sexual contact between a school employee and a "...person who is currently enrolled in or attending a public or nonpublic elementary or secondary school, or who was a student enrolled in or who attended a public or nonpublic elementary or secondary school within thirty days of any violation..." There exist similar laws for those who provide or purport to provide mental health services {§ 709.15}, officers in charge of offenders and juveniles {§ 709.16}.
Kansas
The age of consent in Kansas is 16. K.S.A. 21–5503, 21–5504, 21-5506 and 21-5507 prohibit sexual activity with minors aged 14 and 15. K.S.A. 21-5507 allows for a lesser penalty if the minor is 14 or 15 and the offender is under 19 years old. 21-5506 covers indecent liberties with a child and aggravated indecent liberties with a child. Aggravated indecent liberties with a child is sexual intercourse with a child who is 14 or more years of age but less than 16 years of age.
As per State v. Limon (2005) the previous Kansas age of consent law, which did not apply to homosexuals, was struck down by the Kansas Supreme Court due to 2003's Lawrence v. Texas decision.
Kentucky
The age of consent in Kentucky is 18. Consensual sex with persons at least age 16 but not yet 18 is permitted only if the actor is less than 10 years older than the younger party. Kentucky Revised Statutes (KRS) § 510.020 deems a person unable to consent if they are less than 16 years old, or if they are age 16 or 17 and the other party is at least 10 years older. (Prior to July 2018, consensual sex with a person at least age 16 was permissible regardless of the age difference.)
In addition to the basic law regarding consent, KRS has additional consent laws covering a variety of other situations:
Under KRS § 510.110(1)(d), it is "sexual abuse in the first degree" for "a person in a position of authority or position of special trust" (as defined in KRS § 532.045, including but not limited to parents, stepparents, foster parents, teachers, coaches, corrections personnel, religious leaders, and employers) to:
engage in sexual conduct with a person under 18, if the minor came into contact with the adult as a result of the adult's special position,
masturbate in the presence of said person under 18, or
masturbate while communicating by telephone, Internet, or other electronic means with any person known by the adult to be under 16 (regardless of whether the actor's position brought them into contact with the minor), and the minor can see or hear the adult masturbate.
Under KRS § 510.110(1)(c), the actions stated above (without the qualification of "position of authority ... or special trust") are also "sexual abuse in the first degree" when performed by anyone 21 or older if the other person is under 16.
Sexual abuse in the first degree is a Class D felony if the victim is 12 to 17 years old, and a Class C felony if the victim is under 12.
Under KRS § 510.120, it is "sexual abuse in the second degree", a Class A misdemeanor, for:
a person at least 18 but under 21 to subject a person under age 16 to sexual conduct (§ 510.120(1)(b)), or
personnel of correctional, juvenile justice, and detention facilities to engage in sexual conduct with adults (at least 18) who are under the supervision of an included facility (§ 510.120(1)(c)).
However, KRS § 510.120(2) provides a defense to prosecutions under § 510.120(1)(b) (where the actor is between ages 18 and 21) for sexual abuse in the second degree if the victim is at least 14 and the actor is less than 5 years older. Similarly, it is a defense to the Class B misdemeanor of "sexual abuse in the third degree" (KRS § 510.130), defined as subjecting another person to non-consensual sex, if the lack of consent was due solely to incapacity by age, the victim is 14 or 15 years old, and the actor is under 18.
Louisiana
The age of consent in Louisiana is 17.
§ 80. Felony carnal knowledge of a juvenile
A. Felony carnal knowledge of a juvenile is committed when:
(1) A person who is seventeen years of age or older has sexual intercourse, with consent, with a person who is thirteen years of age or older but less than seventeen years of age, when the victim is not the spouse of the offender and when the difference between the age of the victim and the age of the offender is four years or greater; or ...
Maine
The age of consent in Maine is 16. Teenagers aged 14 and 15 may engage in sexual intercourse with partners who are less than 5 years older.
§ 254. Sexual abuse of minors
1. A person is guilty of sexual abuse of a minor if:
A. The person engages in a sexual act with another person, not the actor's spouse, who is either 14 or 15 years of age and the actor is at least 5 years older than the other person.
Maryland
The age of consent in Maryland is 16.
If a victim is 14 or 15 and the offender at least 4 years older than the victim, that constitutes a sexual offense in the fourth degree. If the offender is at least 21 years old, and they engage in vaginal intercourse or other sexual acts (including oral and anal sex), that constitutes a sexual offense in the third degree.
If a victim is under 14 and the offender at least 4 years older, and they engage in a sex act (oral, anal and other sex acts, but not vaginal intercourse), that constitutes a sexual offense in the second degree. If they engage in vaginal intercourse, that constitutes rape in the second degree. If they have sexual contact (kissing, touching for sexual gratification), that constitutes a sexual offense in the third degree.
An additional violation is the crime of "sexual solicitation of minor". § 3-324. Under this statute, it is illegal to solicit any minor under 18 (or a law enforcement officer posing as a minor) by any means (in person, by agent, online, telephone, mail, writing etc.) to commit a rape or sexual offense in the second degree, sexual offense in the third degree, or prostitution.
Notes
Massachusetts
The age of consent in Massachusetts is 16.
Section 23 of Chapter 265 of the General Laws of Massachusetts states:
"Whoever unlawfully has sexual intercourse or unnatural sexual intercourse, and abuses a child under sixteen years of age shall ... be punished..." MGL 265-23
Section 35A of Chapter 272 states:
"Whoever commits any unnatural and lascivious act with a child under the age of sixteen shall be punished ... "
However, Chapter 272, Section 4 sets another age of consent at 18 when the victim is "of chaste life" and the perpetrator induces them to have "unlawful" sexual intercourse.
"Whoever induces any person under 18 years of age of chaste life to have unlawful sexual intercourse shall be punished." MGL 272-4
Michigan
The age of consent in Michigan is 16, unless one is an authority figure in which case the age of consent is 18. There is no close-in-age exemption.
750.520d Criminal sexual conduct in the third degree; felony.
Sec. 520d.
(1) A person is guilty of criminal sexual conduct in the third degree if the person engages in sexual penetration with another person and if any of the following circumstances exist:
(a) That other person is at least 13 years of age and under 16 years of age ...
In March 2012 the Michigan Senate passed a bill which was to prohibit sexual relations between students of any age and teachers. It passed 36–2.
Minnesota
The age of consent in Minnesota is 16.
If the actor is in a position of authority, the age of consent is 18. Children under age 16 are considered incapable of consent (but it is a lesser offense if the older party is less than 36 months older). If the younger party is 13, 14 or 15, the other person must be no more than 24 months older for acts of penetration, and 48 months older for sexual activity not amounting to penetration. The specifics of these laws are covered under Sections 609.34x of the Minnesota Criminal Code. Specifically sections 609.341 Definitions, 609.342 Criminal Sexual Conduct in the First Degree, 609.343 Criminal Sexual Conduct in the Second Degree, 609.344 Criminal Sexual Conduct in the Third Degree, 609.345 Criminal Sexual Conduct in the Fourth Degree, and 609.3451 Criminal Sexual Conduct in the Fifth Degree.
Mississippi
The age of consent in Mississippi is 16.
§ 97-3-65. Statutory rape; enhanced penalty for forcible sexual intercourse or statutory rape by administering certain substances.
(1)The crime of statutory rape is committed when:
(a) Any person seventeen (17) years of age or older has sexual intercourse with a child who:
(i) Is at least fourteen (14) but under sixteen (16) years of age;
(ii) Is thirty-six (36) or more months younger than the person; and
(iii) Is not the person's spouse
§ 97-3-95. Sexual battery.
(1) A person is guilty of sexual battery if he or she engages in sexual penetration with: ... (c) A child at least fourteen (14) but under sixteen (16) years of age, if the person is thirty-six (36) or more months older than the child ...
Missouri
The age of consent in Missouri is 17. There is a 4-year "close in age" exception for minors aged 14–16, but NO exception for those aged 13 or below.
Mistake as to the age of the victim may be a defense in some circumstances as defined in RSMo 566.020 .
Statutory rape and sodomy, RSMo §§ 566.032 and 566.062 involve a victim less than 14 years of age. Statutory rape and sodomy in the second degree, RSMo §§ 566.034 and 566.064 involve a victim less than 17 years of age and an accused who is 21 years of age or older. The crime of Child molestation in the fourth degree, RSMo § 566.071, occurs when a person, "being more than 4 years older than the child less than 17 years of age, subjects the child to sexual contact".
While the statutory titles are cast in terms of Rape and Sodomy, the statutes prohibit conduct that is described as "sexual intercourse" and "deviant sexual intercourse". Those terms are defined in RSMo § 566.010 .
Statutory rape, second degree, penalty.
−
566.034. 1. A person commits the crime of statutory rape in the second degree if being twenty-one years of age or older, he has sexual intercourse with another person who is less than seventeen years of age.
Statutory sodomy, second degree, penalty.
566.064. 1. A person commits the crime of statutory sodomy in the second degree if being twenty-one years of age or older, he has deviate sexual intercourse with another person who is less than seventeen years of age.
Child molestation, fourth degree, penalty.
566.071. 1. A person commits the offense of child molestation in the fourth degree if, being more than four years older than a child who is less than seventeen years of age, subjects the child to sexual contact.
2. The offense of child molestation in the fourth degree is a class E felony.
Child molestation, third degree, penalty
566.069. 1. A person commits the offense of child molestation in the third degree if he or she subjects a child who is less than fourteen years of age to sexual contact.
2. The offense of child molestation in the third degree is a class C felony, unless committed by the use of forcible compulsion, in which case it is a class B felony.
Montana
The age of consent in Montana is 16 per Montana Code Annotated (2019) section 45-5-625(c).
Nebraska
The age of consent in Nebraska is 16.
In addition Nebraska has a law prohibiting "lewdly inducing" a person under 17 to "carnally know" any other person.
28-319. Sexual assault; first degree; penalty.
(1) Any person who subjects another person to sexual penetration
(a) without the consent of the victim,
(b) who knew or should have known that the victim was mentally or physically incapable of resisting or appraising the nature of his or her conduct, or
(c) when the actor is nineteen years of age or older and the victim is at least twelve but less than sixteen years of age is guilty of sexual assault in the first degree.
(2) Sexual assault in the first degree is a Class II felony. The sentencing judge shall consider whether the actor caused serious personal injury to the victim in reaching a decision on the sentence.
(3) Any person who is found guilty of sexual assault in the first degree for a second time when the first conviction was pursuant to this section or any other state or federal law with essentially the same elements as this section shall be sentenced to a mandatory minimum term of twenty-five years in prison.
28-319.01. Sexual assault of a child; first degree; penalty.
(1) A person commits sexual assault of a child in the first degree:
(a) When he or she subjects another person under twelve years of age to sexual penetration and the actor is at least nineteen years of age or older; or
(b) When he or she subjects another person who is at least twelve years of age but less than sixteen years of age to sexual penetration and the actor is twenty-five years of age or older.
(2) Sexual assault of a child in the first degree is a Class IB felony with a mandatory minimum sentence of fifteen years in prison for the first offense.
(3) Any person who is found guilty of sexual assault of a child in the first degree under this section and who has previously been convicted
(a) under this section,
(b) under section 28-319 of first degree or attempted first degree sexual assault,
(c) under section 28-320.01 before July 14, 2006, of sexual assault of a child or attempted sexual assault of a child,
(d) under section 28-320.01 on or after July 14, 2006, of sexual assault of a child in the second or third degree or attempted sexual assault of a child in the second or third degree, or
(e) in any other state or federal court under laws with essentially the same elements as this section, section 28-319, or section 28-320.01 as it existed before, on, or after July 14, 2006, shall be guilty of a Class IB felony with a mandatory minimum sentence of twenty-five years in prison.
(4) In any prosecution under this section, the age of the actor shall be an essential element of the offense that must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt.
Nevada
The age of consent in Nevada is 16.
NRS 200.364 Definitions. As used in NRS 200.364 to 200.3774, inclusive, unless the context otherwise requires:
... 3."Statutory sexual seduction" means: (a) Ordinary sexual intercourse, anal intercourse, cunnilingus or fellatio committed by a person 18 years of age or older with a person under the age of 16 years; or (b) Any other sexual penetration committed by a person 18 years of age or older with a person under the age of 16 years with the intent of arousing, appealing to, or gratifying the lust or passions or sexual desires of either of the persons.
New Hampshire
The age of consent in New Hampshire is 16. Sexual penetration with a person at least 13 but younger than 16 years old is always illegal, but is only a misdemeanor if the age difference is under 4 years, and in that case the "offender" is not required to register as a sex offender. Sexual contact (without penetration) is legal between those 13–15 years of age and partners less than 5 years older. However, if the partner is acting "in loco parentis", e.g. as a teacher or a guardian, the minimum age is 18. NH Criminal code Section 632-A:3 and Section 632-A:2
Section 632-A:4
New Jersey
The age of consent in New Jersey is 16.
There is an exception. If the victim is less than 18 and the partner is a parent, guardian, sibling or any other person closer than a fourth cousin or has any type of authority over the victim (for example, a teacher) then the assailant may be charged with a crime. For instance, it's criminal for a manager of any age to have sex with a 16 or 17-year-old subordinate, even if the sex is consensual.
State law specifies (by not saying anything) that minors between 13 and 15 years old may, in general, engage in a consensual sexual relationship with someone up to four years older. Therefore, for example, it is legal for a 14-year-old male or female to engage in consensual sex with a person up to 18 years of age.
Specifically, NJ state law details three circumstances of sexual assault under which the age of consent is pertinent.
For aggravated sexual assault (a crime of the first degree), a person must have committed sexual penetration (that is, intercouse, oral or anal sex or something inserted) while either (1) the victim was under 13 or (2) the assailant exercised some legal or occupational authority over the victim who was between 13 and 15. (All other conditions for aggravated sexual assault do not impact the NJ age of consent.)
Simple sexual assault (a crime of the second degree) is defined in two ways, according to .
First, a person must have committed sexual contact (that is, intentional touching of intimate parts for sexual gratification) while the victim was under 13 and the assailant was over four years older. Or, second, a person must have committed sexual penetration (defined above under aggravated sexual assault) while not using force and either (1) the victim was 16 or 17 and one of the following conditions was true:
(a) the assailant was a third cousin or closer OR
(b) the assailant exercised some authority over the victim OR
(c) the assailant was a legal guardian in the household of the victim
or (2) the victim was between 13 and 15 and the assailant was over four years older. (All other conditions for simple sexual assault do not impact the NJ age of consent.)
In a period before 1979 the age of consent was raised to 16. In May 1979 the New Jersey Legislature passed a bill sponsored by Christopher Jackman, the assembly speaker, changed the age of consent to 13. This bill was scheduled to go into effect on September 1, 1979. By June 1979 there were reports Governor of New Jersey Brendan T. Byrne had refused to sign the bill into law. The coordinator for New Jersey Majority Women, Elizabeth Sadowski, asked for a postponement of this bill.
New Mexico
The age of consent for penetrative sexual activity in New Mexico is 16 with age gap, marital, and school employee provisions.
New Mexico Code > Chapter 30 > Article 9 > Section 30-9-11: Criminal sexual penetration.
This was also confirmed by the Supreme Court of New Mexico in Perez v State (1990), in which it was determined that mistake of age may be a potential defense to charges of criminal sexual penetration where the victim is over 13 years of age. The court stated; "The fact that knowledge of a child's age is not an essential element of the crime does not dispose of defendant's argument that mistake of fact may be raised as a defense. It simply means that the state does not have to prove defendant knew the victim was under the age of sixteen. Whether or not mistake of fact may be raised as a defense depends on whether the legislature intended the crime to be a strict liability offense or whether criminal intent is required."
In State v Samora (2016), the Supreme Court of New Mexico hold that "Unlike in Moore, where the victim was fourteen years old, whether J.Z. consented to sex with Defendant was legally relevant to the CSP-felony charge because sixteen-year-old J.Z. could have legally consented to sex with Defendant.".
The statutes of enticement of a child and criminal sexual communication with a child also apply in cases where the victim is younger than 16.
For non-penetrative contact, the minimum age specified is 13. This increases to 18 if the defendant is in a position of authority, and uses this authority to coerce the minor to submit.
30-6-3 stipulates the crime of "contributing to the delinquency of minor" for any act or omission of duty that causes or tends to cause the delinquency of any person under 18 years. It is a 4th degree felony, but not a sexual offense.
New York
The age of consent in New York is 17.
The offense will be more serious depending on relative ages, thus:
Sex with a person under 17 is a misdemeanor if the perpetrator is at least 16 (see infra). ("Sexual misconduct", NY Penal Law § 130.20.)
Sex with a person under 17 is a Class "E" felony if the perpetrator is at least 21. ("Rape in the third degree", NY Penal Law § 130.25; "Criminal sexual act in the third degree", NY Penal Law § 130.40.)
Sex with a person under 15 is a Class "D" violent felony if the perpetrator is at least 18. However, it is a defense to this charge if an 18-year-old perpetrator proves by a preponderance that he or she was less than four years older than the victim. This is not a defense to any other charge that might apply, i.e., Sexual misconduct, supra. ("Rape in the second degree", NY Penal Law § 130.30; "Criminal sexual act in the second degree", NY Penal Law § 130.45.)
Sex with a person under 13 is a Class "B" violent felony if the perpetrator is at least 18. ("Rape in the first degree", NY Penal Law § 130.35[4]; "Criminal sexual act in the first degree", NY Penal Law § 130.50[4].)
Sex with a person under 11 is a Class "B" violent felony if the perpetrator is at least 16. ("Rape in the first degree", NY Penal Law § 130.35[3]; "Criminal sexual act in the first degree", NY Penal Law § 130.50[3].)
"Sex", as used above, refers to the four conspicuous types of sexual acts, including "sexual intercourse", "oral sexual conduct" (both types), and "anal sexual conduct". The latter three acts were known by statute as "deviant sexual intercourse" prior to 2003.
Non-intercourse sexual activity is also regulated based on age. Non-intercourse sexual activity, called "sexual contact" is defined as "any touching of the sexual or other intimate parts of a person not married to the actor for the purpose of gratifying sexual desire of either party. It includes the touching of the actor by the victim, as well as the touching of the victim by the actor, whether directly or through clothing." (NY Penal Law § 130.00[3].) If the person is underage such "sexual contact" can constitute the crime of "sexual abuse".
"Sexual contact" with a person less than 17 but at least 14, by a perpetrator who is at least five years older than the victim is "Sexual abuse in the third degree", a class B misdemeanor. (NY Penal Law § 130.55.)
"Sexual contact" with a person less than 14 is "Sexual abuse in the second degree", a Class A misdemeanor, if the perpetrator is at least 16. (NY Penal Law § 130.60[2].)
"Sexual contact" with a person less than 11 is "Sexual abuse in the first degree", a class "D" violent felony, if the perpetrator is at least 16. (NY Penal Law § 130.65[3].)
Certain defenses
It is not a defense that the perpetrator believed the victim was older than is later proven. (NY Penal Law § 15.20[3]).
Legally recognized marriage is a defense. (NY Penal Law § 130.10[4].)
The only minimum age for a perpetrator of first degree rape/criminal sexual act with a victim under 11 (NY Penal Law §§ 130.35[3] & 130.50[3]), sexual abuse in the first and second degrees (NY Penal Law §§ 130.65[3] & 130.60[2]), and misdemeanor sexual misconduct (NY Penal Law § 130.20) is provided by the defense of infancy found at NY Penal Law § 30.00(1). That age is 16 years old. Someone under that age may be adjudicated a juvenile delinquent, but may not commit these crimes. On the other hand, someone who is 16 years old commits a crime by voluntarily having sex with anyone who cannot themselves legally consent to sex, including another 16-year-old, even if this "victim" is actually older. (People v. Bowman, 88 Misc. 2d 50; 387 N.Y.S.2d 982 [City Crim. Ct. 1976]; Matter of Jessie C., 164 A.D.2d 731; 565 N.Y.S.2d 941 [4 Dept., 1991].) In effect, mutual crimes are committed when two unmarried 16-year-old individuals voluntarily have sex with each other in New York State, each being the "victim" of the other.
Other crimes
It appears that the crime of "Predatory sexual assault against a child", a class A-II felony, effectively subsumes all instances of "statutory" first degree rape/criminal sexual act where the victim is under 13 (NY Penal Law §§ 130.35[4], 130.50[4]) and the perpetrator over 18. (NY Penal Law § 130.96.) Thus, any person who commits one of these lesser offenses would necessarily commit the greater offense of "Predatory sexual assault against a child." (See, People v. Lawrence,
81 A.D.3d 1326; 916 N.Y.S.2d 393 [4 Dept. 2011].)
There are other special offenses, namely "Course of sexual conduct against a child in the first degree" and "Course of sexual conduct against a child in the second degree" that punish sex with an underage person combined with an additional illegal sexual act during wide time periods. These do not subject a person to more punishment than the crimes listed above but provide only a gimmick for prosecutors to avoid the requirement that an individual sex act be specified in a rape indictment. (See, People v. Beauchamp, 74 N.Y.2d 639; 539 N.E.2d 1105 [1989].)
(Note that "violent felonies" are specified by NY Penal Law § 70.02. Actual "violence" is irrelevant.)
New York Penal Law Article 130
North Carolina
The age of consent in North Carolina is 16. However, certain exceptions to this general rule exist.
No employee of a K-12 school can have any sexual activity with any student at that school except when married to the person {§ 14‑27.7}; this is a felony unless the actor is less than 4 years older than the student and is not a teacher, administrator, student teacher, safety officer, or coach. This prohibition covers adults and students who were at the school at the same time, and continues in force as long as the younger person is a student at any K-12 school, regardless of age.
Any sexual intercourse with a person under 16 years of age is prohibited unless the defendant is less than 4 years older than the victim except when married to the person {§ 14‑27.2, 14‑27.4 & 14‑27.7A}.
§ 14‑27.7A. Statutory rape or sexual offense of person who is 13, 14, or 15 years old.
(a) A defendant is guilty of a Class B1 felony if the defendant engages in vaginal intercourse or a sexual act with another person who is 13, 14, or 15 years old and the defendant is at least six years older than the person, except when the defendant is lawfully married to the person.
(b) A defendant is guilty of a Class C felony if the defendant engages in vaginal intercourse or a sexual act with another person who is 13, 14, or 15 years old and the defendant is more than four but less than six years older than the person, except when the defendant is lawfully married to the person.
North Carolina General Statutes Chapter 14
North Dakota
The age of consent in North Dakota is 18, with a close-in-age exemption for minors aged 15–17 as long as the older partner is less than three years older.
12.1-20-03. Gross sexual imposition – Penalty.
1.A person who engages in a sexual act with another, or who causes another to engage in a sexual act, is guilty of an offense if ... the victim is less than fifteen years old
Section 12.1-20-05 of the code refers to sexual acts between adults and teenagers aged 15, 16 and 17:
12.1-20-05.Corruption or solicitation of minors.
An adult who engages in, solicits with the intent to engage in, or causes another to engage in a sexual act with a minor, is guilty of a class A misdemeanor if the victim is a minor fifteen years of age or older.
An adult who solicits with the intent to engage in a sexual act with a minor under age fifteen or engages in or causes another to engage in a sexual act when the adult is at least twenty-two years of age and the victim is a minor fifteen years of age or older, is guilty of a class C felony.
Under section 12.1-20-07. Sexual assault., an adult who has sexual contact with or causes someone else to have sexual contact with a person under the age of 18 is guilty of a class C felony if the adult is at least 22 years of age, or class A misdemeanor if the adult is aged 18–21.
In North Dakota law, "minor" refers to individuals under the age of 18 and "adult" refers to individuals aged 18 or older.
Ohio
The age of consent in Ohio is 16 as specified by Section 2907.04 of the Ohio Revised Code. However, there exists a close-in-age exception where a minor 13 or older can consent to sex as long as their partner is also at least 13 but less than 18 years old.
2907.04 Unlawful sexual conduct with minor.
(A) No person who is eighteen years of age or older shall engage in sexual conduct with another, who is not the spouse of the offender, when the offender knows the other person is thirteen years of age or older but less than sixteen years of age, or the offender is reckless in that regard.
(B) Whoever violates this section is guilty of unlawful sexual conduct with a minor.
(1) Except as otherwise provided in divisions (B)(2), (3), and (4) of this section, unlawful sexual conduct with a minor is a felony of the fourth degree.
(2) Except as otherwise provided in division (B)(4) of this section, if the offender is less than four years older than the other person, unlawful sexual conduct with a minor is a misdemeanor of the first degree.
(3) Except as otherwise provided in division (B)(4) of this section, if the offender is ten or more years older than the other person, unlawful sexual conduct with a minor is a felony of the third degree.
(4) If the offender previously has been convicted of or pleaded guilty to a violation of section 2907.02, 2907.03, or 2907.04 of the Revised Code or a violation of former section 2907.12 of the Revised Code, unlawful sexual conduct with a minor is a felony of the second degree.
Non-penetrative sexual contact is permitted between 13- to 15-year-olds and anyone less than 4 years older, even if the older person is 18 or older.
2907.06 Sexual imposition
(A) No person shall have sexual contact with another, not the spouse of the offender; cause another, not the spouse of the offender, to have sexual contact with the offender; or cause two or more other persons to have sexual contact when any of the following applies...
(4) "The other person, or one of the other persons, is thirteen years of age or older but less than sixteen years of age, whether or not the offender knows the age of such person, and the offender is at least eighteen years of age and four or more years older than such other person.
It is illegal for a person of any age to have sex with a child beneath 13 years of age who they are not married to.
2907.02 (A) 1. No person shall engage in sexual conduct with another who is not the spouse of the offender or who is the spouse of the offender but is living separate and apart from the offender when any of the following applies ...
(b) the other person is less than thirteen years of age, whether or not the offender knows the age of the other person
{§ 2907.02}.
However, the preceding statute, Section 2907.03, specifies that sexual conduct between anyone under 18 and a teacher, administrator, or coach of the school they attend, a cleric, or other person in authority, is punishable as a felony of the third degree.
2907.03 Sexual battery.
(A) No person shall engage in sexual conduct with another, not the spouse of the offender, when any of the following apply:
(5) The offender is the other person's natural or adoptive parent, or a stepparent, or guardian, custodian, or person in loco parentis of the other person.
(7) The offender is a teacher, administrator, coach, or other person in authority employed by or serving in a school for which the state board of education prescribes minimum standards pursuant to division (D) of section 3301.07 of the Revised Code, the other person is enrolled in or attends that school, and the offender is not enrolled in and does not attend that school.
(8) The other person is a minor, the offender is a teacher, administrator, coach, or other person in authority employed by or serving in an institution of higher education, and the other person is enrolled in or attends that institution.
(9) The other person is a minor, and the offender is the other person's athletic or other type of coach, is the other person's instructor, is the leader of a scouting troop of which the other person is a member, or is a person with temporary or occasional disciplinary control over the other person.
(12) The other person is a minor, the offender is a cleric, and the other person is a member of, or attends, the church or congregation served by the cleric. {§ 2907.03}
Ohio law also contains a rule against importuning, which means a perpetrator of any age sexually soliciting a minor over the internet if the minor is under the age of 13, or in the case of a perpetrator 18 years of age or older, sexually soliciting any minor who is 13–15 years of age AND at least 4 years younger than the 18+ aged person.{§ 2907.07}
Laws against "contributing to the unruliness or delinquency of a child" (§ 2919.24) and "interference with custody" (§ 2919.23) may be used against those who have sex with those who are 16 and 17 if a parent or guardian complains. These two crimes are not considered to be sexual offenses. In 1989 Donald Edgar Lukens was prosecuted under the misdemeanor charge "contributing to the delinquency and unruliness of a child" for having sex with a 16-year-old girl. At the time he was 58 years old, and he received a 30-day jail sentence.
Oklahoma
The age of consent in Oklahoma is 16. A close-in-age exemption applies if the minor was over the age of 14 and the actor was age 18 or younger.
An employee of a school system who has sexual conduct with a student of that school system aged between 16 and 19 may face criminal charges in Oklahoma: "Rape is an act of sexual intercourse involving vaginal or anal penetration accomplished with a male or female who is not the spouse of the perpetrator and who may be of the same or the opposite sex as the perpetrator under any of the following circumstances ... Where the victim is at least sixteen (16) years of age and is less than twenty (20) years of age and is a student, or under the legal custody or supervision of any public or private elementary or secondary school, junior high or high school, or public vocational school, and engages in sexual intercourse with a person who is eighteen (18) years of age or older and is an employee of the same school system" 21 O.S. § 1111 (OSCN 2020)
Oregon
The age of consent in Oregon is 18. Sexual offenses are defined under the Oregon Revised Statutes Chapter 163. With regards to age only, the following offenses are defined.
18: Consent for all laws. (ORS 163.345 – ORS 163–425)
Under 18: Defined as Sexual Abuse 3 (Class A Misdemeanor)
Under 16: Defined as Rape 3 / Sodomy 3 (Class C Felony)
Under 14: Defined as Rape 2 / Sodomy 2 (Class B Felony)
Under 12: Defined as Rape 1 / Sodomy 1 (Class A Felony)
Additionally, Oregon has a three-year rule defined under ORS 163.345. However, this does not apply to Rape 1, or Sodomy 1, effectively limiting the age to 12. However, a person within the three-year limit can still be charged with Sexual Misconduct (Class C Misdemeanor) under ORS 163.445, if the victim was under 15 years of age (163.345(3)).
Pennsylvania
The age of consent in Pennsylvania is 16 years of age for sexual consent. The age of consent was lowered from 16 to 14 in 1976 and was increased back to 16 in 1995. The statute in place between 1976 and 1995 defined statutory rape as a person 18 years or older having sex with a person not their spouse under 14 years old, bizarrely seeming to have set no age of consent as long as both parties were under 18, and have made it legal for 17 year olds to have sex with much younger children.
Under current Pennsylvania law, teenagers aged 13, 14 and 15 may or may not be able to legally engage in sexual activity with partners who are less than 4 years older. Such partners could not be prosecuted under statutory rape laws, but may be liable for other offenses, even when the sexual activity is consensual.
In December 2011 the Pennsylvania Legislature passed an amendment stating that an employee of a school who engages in sexual relations with any student or athletic player under the age of 18 may receive a third-degree felony charge. In 2014 Governor of Pennsylvania Tom Corbett signed into law an amendment making this law apply to athletic coaches who work outside of an educational setting. Historically Pennsylvania prosecutors were only allowed to issue misdemeanor charges such as corruption of minors against teachers and coaches who had sex with 16 and 17-year-old students. In addition to the corruption of minors charge, Pennsylvania prosecutors have also brought child endangerment charges against schoolteachers who had sex with 16 and 17-year-old students.
Pennsylvania legal codes
Under Pennsylvania law, a defendant is strictly liable for the offense of rape, a felony of the first degree, when the complainant is 12 or younger. Pennsylvania has enacted several other strict liability sexual offenses when the complainant is under 16, but 13 years old or older.
§ 3122.1. Statutory sexual assault.
Except as provided in section 3121 (relating to rape), a person commits a felony of the second degree when that person engages in sexual intercourse with a complainant under the age of 16 years and that person is four or more years older than the complainant and the complainant and the person are not married to each other.
§ 3125 Aggravated indecent assault
(7) the complainant is less than 13 years of age; or
(8) the complainant is less than 16 years of age and the person is four or more years older than the complainant and the complainant and the person are not married to each other.
(b) Aggravated indecent assault of a child.--A person commits aggravated indecent assault of a child when the person violates subsection (a)(1), (2), (3), (4), (5) or (6) and the complainant is less than 13 years of age.
§ 3123 Involuntary deviate sexual intercourse
(7) who is less than 16 years of age and the person is four or more years older than the complainant and the complainant and person are not married to each other.
When the alleged victim is 16 or older and less than 18 years of age, and the alleged offender is over the age of 18, the Commonwealth may charge the offense of corruption of minors or unlawful contact with a minor, even if the activity was consensual:
§ 6301 Corruption of minors.
(a) Offense defined.--
(1) Whoever, being of the age of 18 years and upwards, by any act corrupts or tends to corrupt the morals of any minor less than 18 years of age, or who aids, abets, entices or encourages any such minor in the commission of any crime, or who knowingly assists or encourages such minor in violating his or her parole or any order of court, commits a misdemeanor of the first degree.
The crime of corruption of minors is usually a crime that accompanies another "more serious" crime such as statutory rape or involuntary deviate sexual intercourse or accompanies some drug or alcohol use, possession or sale. Tending to corrupt like contributing to delinquency is a broad term involving conduct toward a child in an unlimited variety of ways which tends to produce or to encourage or to continue conduct of the child which would amount to delinquent conduct.
The question of whether consensual intercourse with a minor 16 years or older tends to corrupt the morals of that minor is a jury question to be decided by the "common sense of the community".
§ 6318. Unlawful contact with minor.
(a) Offense defined.--A person commits an offense if he is intentionally in contact with a minor, or a law enforcement officer acting in the performance of his duties who has assumed the identity of a minor, for the purpose of engaging in an activity prohibited under any of the following, and either the person initiating the contact or the person being contacted is within this Commonwealth:
(1) Any of the offenses enumerated in Chapter 31 (relating to sexual offenses).
(2) Open lewdness as defined in section 5901 (relating to open lewdness).
(3) Prostitution as defined in section 5902 (relating to prostitution and related offenses).
(4) Obscene and other sexual materials and performances as defined in section 5903 (relating to obscene and other sexual materials and performances).
(5) Sexual abuse of children as defined in section 6312 (relating to sexual abuse of children).
(6) Sexual exploitation of children as defined in section 6320 (relating to sexual exploitation of children).
There is also a corruption of minors statute against adults corrupting the morals of minors under 18 years of age. However, the corruption of minors statute only applies to perpetrators 18 years of age and older. In 2005 JoAnne Epps, a former prosecutor and Temple University Beasley School of Law dean of academic affairs, stated that the corruption of minors charge is considered to be a separate crime from that of statutory rape; she stated that the consideration of whether a minor is consenting to sexual activity is a separate issue from whether someone is corrupting the minor's morals.
Rhode Island
The age of consent in Rhode Island is 16. Sexual intercourse with a minor aged 14–15 by an actor 18 or older is third degree sexual assault, sexual intercourse with a minor under the age of 14 by an actor of any age is child molestation. However, there is a close-in-age exception that allows people aged 16–17 to have sex with a minor aged 14 or 15, but not younger.
§ 11-37-6 Third degree sexual assault. – A person is guilty of third degree sexual assault if he or she is over the age of eighteen (18) years and engaged in sexual penetration with another person over the age of fourteen (14) years and under the age of consent, sixteen (16) years of age.
§ 11-37-8.1 First degree child molestation sexual assault. – A person is guilty of first degree child molestation sexual assault if he or she engages in sexual penetration with a person fourteen (14) years of age or under.
Non-penetrative activity with minors 14 and younger constitutes second degree child molestation.
South Carolina
The age of consent in South Carolina is 16.
§ 16-3-651. Criminal sexual conduct: definitions ... (h) "Sexual battery" means sexual intercourse, cunnilingus, fellatio, anal intercourse, or any intrusion, however slight, of any part of a person's body or of any object into the genital or anal openings of another person's body, except when such intrusion is accomplished for medically recognized treatment or diagnostic purposes.
§ 16-3-655. Criminal sexual conduct with a minor
(A) A person is guilty of criminal sexual conduct with a minor in the first degree if:
(1) the actor engages in sexual battery with a victim who is less than eleven years of age; or
(2) the actor engages in sexual battery with a victim who is less than sixteen years of age and the actor has previously been convicted of, pled guilty or nolo contendere to, or adjudicated delinquent for an offense listed in Section 23-3-430(C) or has been ordered to be included in the sex offender registry pursuant to § 23-3-430(D).
(B) A person is guilty of criminal sexual conduct with a minor in the second degree if:
(1) the actor engages in sexual battery with a victim who is fourteen years of age or less but who is at least eleven years of age; or
(2) the actor engages in sexual battery with a victim who is at least fourteen years of age but who is less than sixteen years of age and the actor is in a position of familial, custodial, or official authority to coerce the victim to submit or is older than the victim. However, a person may not be convicted of a violation of the provisions of this item if he is eighteen years of age or less when he engages in consensual sexual conduct with another person who is at least fourteen years of age.
(C) A person is guilty of criminal sexual conduct with a minor in the third degree if the actor is over fourteen years of age and the actor wilfully and lewdly commits or attempts to commit a lewd or lascivious act upon or with the body, or its parts, of a child under sixteen years of age, with the intent of arousing, appealing to, or gratifying the lust, passions, or sexual desires of the actor or the child. However, a person may not be convicted of a violation of the provisions of this subsection if the person is eighteen years of age or less when the person engages in consensual lewd or lascivious conduct with another person who is at least fourteen years of age.
South Dakota
The age of consent in South Dakota is 16 and there is no close-in-age exemption, although if the perpetrator is within three years of age of the victim or is under 18 the penalties are reduced.
22-22-1. Rape defined—Degrees—Felony. Rape is an act of sexual penetration accomplished with any person under any of the following circumstances: ... (5)If the victim is thirteen years of age, but less than sixteen years of age, and the perpetrator is at least three years older than the victim.
22-22-7. Sexual contact with child under sixteen—Felony or misdemeanor. Any person, sixteen years of age or older, who knowingly engages in sexual contact with another person, other than that person's spouse if the other person is under the age of sixteen years is guilty of a Class 3 felony. If the actor is less than three years older than the other person, the actor is guilty of a Class 1 misdemeanor. If an adult has a previous conviction for a felony violation of this section, any subsequent felony conviction for a violation under this section, is a Class 2 felony. Notwithstanding § 23A-42-2, a charge brought pursuant to this section may be commenced at any time before the victim becomes age twenty-five or within seven years of the commission of the crime, whichever is longer.
22-22-7.3. Sexual contact with child under sixteen years of age—Violation as misdemeanor. Any person, younger than sixteen years of age, who knowingly engages in sexual contact with another person, other than his or her spouse, if such other person is younger than sixteen years of age, is guilty of a Class 1 misdemeanor.
Tennessee
The age of consent in Tennessee is 18. A close-in-age exemption allows minors aged 13–17 to engage in sexual penetration with partners less than 4 years older. Penalties differ depending on the age of the minor, as well as the age difference between the minor and the offender. (see Article 39-13-506. Statutory rape).
Aside from situations involving a position of authority, the only age limit for non-penetrative sexual contact appears to be 13.
Texas
The age of consent in Texas is 17. Though there is a specific law targeting "sexual performance", which requires a visual representation (like a video or a part in a play). A Texas court case decision, Ex parte Fujisaka, argued that these two laws, specifying different ages below which a sexual act may be considered a criminal act, are to be treated independently of each other.
Section 43.25(b) Sexual Performance by a Minor makes it a crime to employ, authorize, or induce a child younger than 18 years of age to engage in a sexual performance or to engage in sexual conduct without any requirement of performance. A parent or legal guardian or custodian of a child younger than 18 years of age commits an offense if he/she consents to the participation by the child in a sexual performance. When inducement is an element of 43.25(b), it is not required that there be a threat, promise of payment or other specific incentive or even verbal persuasion for the inducement to be proven.
Some confusion arises regarding the applicability of section 43.25 to mere "sexual conduct", due to the section title "sexual performance by a child" and other provisions that seem to suggest that the intention of this section is to criminalize commercial sexual performances by a minor. However, in John Perry DORNBUSCH, Appellant, v. The STATE of Texas as well as in Summers v. State, 11-92-057-CR, 845 S.W.2d 440 (1992), the decisions support the interpretation that section 43.25(b) is not limited to cases involving "sexual performance" as defined by section 43.25(a)(1).
Section 33.021 Online Solicitation of a Minor is a criminal offense that makes it illegal for someone 17 years and older to intentionally or knowingly communicate certain sexual content or try to induce or solicit a minor under 17 years of age, or any communication, language, or material, including a photographic or video image, that relates to or describes sexual conduct.
Section 21.12 Improper Relationship Between Educator and Student prohibits all sexual contact between an employee of a school (including educators)], and a student enrolled at the primary or secondary school or school district where said employee works (unless the student is the employee's spouse). No age is specified by the statute (thus, even if the student has reached the age of consent, it is still a violation), and violations are a second degree felony. People convicted under 21.12 do not have to register as sex offenders. The law exists to prevent scenarios where a teacher or employee coerces a student into a sexual relationship in exchange for higher grades or other favors.
In 2003, Helen Giddings, a Democratic member of the Texas House of Representatives, first authored the anti student-teacher sex bill but only intended for it to take effect if the student is 17 or younger. Warren Chisum of Pampa removed the maximum age from the bill. The bill was passed in 2003. Shortly after the law passed, a teacher engaged in sexual intercourse with her 18-year-old student, and a Texas court refused to indict her. In 2011 an amendment made it illegal for a teacher to having sexual relations with any student in the teacher's school district, not just the teacher's school. Afterwards, criminal prosecutions of teachers in relationships with students going to other schools in the same school district, including teachers of other educational levels, began occurring. In response to this law, Houston lawyer Dick DeGuerin stated "Unless there's real strong evidence of a teacher trading sex for grades or using improper influence, then it's a statute that is really open to abuse."
Utah
In Utah, the minimum age to consent to sexual conduct is 18. (All ages mentioned are "at the time of the act".) Under the Romeo & Juliet exception, it is legal for minors aged 16 and 17 to engage in consensual sexual conduct with partners who are less than 7 years older, and up to 10 years older if the older reasonably didn't know the minor's age.
76-5-401.2. Unlawful sexual conduct with a 16- or 17-year-old. Effective August 5, 2018:
Here "minor" means an individual who is 16 years of age or older, but younger than 18 years of age.
An individual commits unlawful sexual conduct with a minor if they are 10 or more years older, or seven or more years older but less than 10 years older and knew or reasonably should have known the age of the minor and (under circumstances not amounting to rape, object rape, forcible sodomy, forcible sexual abuse, aggravated sexual assault, unlawful sexual activity with a minor, or an attempt to commit any of those offenses):
(i) has sexual intercourse with the minor—a third-degree felony;
(ii) engages in any sexual act with the minor involving the genitals of one individual and the mouth or anus of another individual, regardless of the sex of either participant—a third-degree felony;
(iii) causes the penetration, however slight, of the genital or anal opening of the minor by any foreign object, substance, instrument, or device, including a part of the human body, with the intent to cause substantial emotional or bodily pain to any individual or with the intent to arouse or gratify the sexual desire of any individual, regardless of the sex of any participant—a third-degree felony; or
(iv) touches the anus, buttocks, pubic area, or any part of the genitals of the minor, or touches the breast of a female minor, or otherwise takes indecent liberties with the minor, with the intent to cause substantial emotional or bodily pain to any individual or with the intent to arouse or gratify the sexual desire of any individual regardless of the sex of any participant—a class A misdemeanor.
76-5-401.1. Sexual abuse of a minor. Effective August 5, 2018:
Here, a "minor" is an individual who is 14 years of age or older, but younger than 16 years of age.
An individual commits sexual abuse of a minor if the individual is four years or more older than the minor and (under circumstances not amounting to rape, object rape, forcible sodomy, aggravated sexual assault, unlawful sexual activity with a minor, or an attempt to commit any of those offenses) the individual touches the anus, buttocks, pubic area, or any part of the genitals of the minor, or touches the breast of a female minor, or otherwise takes indecent liberties with the minor, with the intent to cause substantial emotional or bodily pain to any individual or with the intent to arouse or gratify the sexual desire of any individual regardless of the sex of any participant. This is a class A misdemeanor.
76-5-401.3. Unlawful adolescent sexual activity. Effective September 5, 2017:
Here, "Adolescent" means a person in the transitional phase of human physical and psychological growth and development between childhood and adulthood who is 12 years of age or older, but under 18 years of age.
"Unlawful adolescent sexual activity" means sexual activity between adolescents under circumstances not amounting to rape, rape of a child, object rape, object rape of a child, forcible sodomy, sodomy on a child, aggravated sexual assault, sexual abuse of a child, or incest.
Unlawful adolescent sexual activity for Adolescents of various ages is:
17-year-old and a 12- or 13-year-old: third-degree felony
16-year-old and a 12-year-old: third-degree felony
16-year-old and a 13-year-old: class A misdemeanor
14 or 15-year-old and a 12-year-old: class A misdemeanor
17-year-old and a 14-year-old: class B misdemeanor
15-year-old and a 13-year-old: class B misdemeanor
12- or 13-year-old and a 12- or 13-year-old: class C misdemeanor
14-year-old and a 13-year-old: class C misdemeanor
Vermont
The age of consent in Vermont is 16.
Title 13 V.S.A. § 3252.
Sexual assault:
§ 3252(c) No person shall engage in a sexual act with a child who is under the age of 16, except:
where the persons are married to each other and the sexual act is consensual; or
where the person is less than 19 years old, the child is at least 15 years old, and the sexual act is consensual.
However it rises to 18 if the person is related to the minor or in a position of authority over him.
(d) No person shall engage in a sexual act with a child who is under the age of 18 and is entrusted to the actor's care by authority of law or is the actor's child, grandchild, foster child, adopted child, or stepchild.
Virginia
The age of consent in Virginia is 18, with a close-in-age exception that allows teenagers aged 15 to 17 to engage in sexual acts but only with a partner younger than 18.
The state code defines felony statutory rape as crimes against those under 15, while adults who have sex with minors over 15 can be prosecuted for a misdemeanor offense, "contributing to the delinquency of a minor."
The legal age for non-penetrative sexual contact is 15.
Section § 18.2-63 of the Code refers to minors younger than 15, while § 18.2-371 is about 15-, 16- and 17-year-olds.
Section 18.2-63 states in part:
If any person carnally knows, without the use of force, a child thirteen years of age or older but under fifteen years of age, such person shall be guilty of ... felony ... For the purposes of this section, (i) a child under the age of thirteen years shall not be considered a consenting child and (ii) "carnal knowledge" includes the acts of sexual intercourse, cunnilingus, fellatio, analingus, anal intercourse, and animate and inanimate object sexual penetration.
Consensual sex where one partner is 15, 16 or 17 and the other is over 18 is a class 1 misdemeanor.
§ 18.2-371. Causing or encouraging acts rendering children delinquent, abused, etc.; penalty; abandoned infant.
Any person 18 years of age or older, including the parent of any child, who (i) willfully contributes to, encourages, or causes any act, omission, or condition which renders a child delinquent, in need of services, in need of supervision, or abused or neglected as defined in § 16.1-228, or (ii) engages in consensual sexual intercourse with a child 15 or older not his spouse, child, or grandchild, shall be guilty of a Class 1 misdemeanor.
As of 2013 the state was attempting to prosecute a 47-year-old man who had oral sex with a 17-year-old girl with a "crimes against nature" law, an anti-sodomy which forbids people from engaging in anal and oral sex and makes these acts a felony offense. The 47-year-old had been convicted under a misdemeanor offense and his lawyers did not challenge that conviction. In addition, the man had to serve one year in prison and register as a sex offender due to the sodomy charge. In March 2013 the U.S. Court of Appeals overturned the sodomy conviction, saying it was unconstitutional according to the 2003 Lawrence v. Texas decision. Attorney General of Virginia Ken Cuccinelli asked the U.S. Supreme Court to do a rehearing, arguing that the state's sodomy laws may still constitutionally apply to 16- and 17-year-olds. In October of that year the Supreme Court denied the petition.
Washington
The age of consent in Washington is 16.
There are three exceptions for people close in age:
RCW 9A.44.079 "A person is guilty of rape of a child in the third degree when the person has sexual intercourse with another who is at least fourteen years old but less than sixteen years old and not married to the perpetrator and the perpetrator is at least forty-eight months older than the victim. Rape of a child in the third degree is a class C felony."
RCW 9A.44.076 "A person is guilty of rape of a child in the second degree when the person has sexual intercourse with another who is at least twelve years old but less than fourteen years old and not married to the perpetrator and the perpetrator is at least thirty-six months older than the victim. Rape of a child in the second degree is a class A felony."
RCW 9A.44.073 "A person is guilty of rape of a child in the first degree when the person has sexual intercourse with another who is less than twelve years old and not married to the perpetrator and the perpetrator is at least twenty-four months older than the victim. Rape of a child in the first degree is a class A felony."
These exceptions put simply, as per the Washington State Department of Health:Washington State will not prosecute [people] based on age if [they] have sex with:
Someone 16 and over (Chapter 9A.44 RCW).
Someone 14-15 if you are less than 4 years older (RCW 9A.44.79).
Someone 12-13 if you are less than 3 years older (RCW 9A.44.76)
Someone under 12 if you are less than 2 years older (RCW 9A.44.073)It is also illegal to engage in sexual acts with someone younger than 18 under three different sets of circumstances, enumerated in RCW 9A.44.096. Foster parents with their foster children; school teachers and school administration employees over their students (including, as interpreted by the Washington State Supreme Court, students up to age 21); The third set of circumstances require all of the following situations occur in tandem: The older person is 60 months (5 years) or older than the 16- or 17-year-old, the person is in a significant relationship as defined by RCW 9A.44.010, and such older person abuses the relationship to have sexual contact.
Several have reported that the immoral communication with a minor statute exists and places the age of consent at 18 due to the inability to "communicate" to 16- and 17-year-olds about sexual activity. These reports are incorrect. The Washington Court of Appeals, Division 1 decided in the case of State v. Danforth, 56 Wn. App. 133, 782 P.2d 1091 (1989) that such communication has to be for the purposes of committing an illegal act under RCW Chapter 9.68A. Danforth's conviction was overturned by that ruling. However, the Washington Supreme Court in the case of State v. McNallie, 120 Wn.2d 925, 846 P.2d 1358 (1993) overturned the scope of the Danforth ruling (though not the result; Danforth would have still had his conviction overturned under the McNallie standard), applying the communication statute to encompass all sexual misconduct with a minor, not just those under RCW Chapter 9.68A, which deal mostly with illegal child pornography and prostitution. In State v. Luther, the Court of Appeals concluded, that "the Legislature never intended that RCW 9.68A.090 proscribe communications about sexual conduct that would be legal if performed, and that conclusion makes it unnecessary to consider constitutional argument based on procedural due process."
Due to these cases, it is clear that communications with 16- and 17-year-olds just for general sexual activity is legal, as long as such conduct discussed is not about illegal conduct or would be illegal in real life (such as the teacher/student circumstance, the foster parent/foster child circumstance, the significant relationship abuse circumstance, or asking for illegal pictures or attempting to bring such younger people into prostitution).
History of sexting legislation in Washington
The following act affected laws around underage sexual activity (sexting), but the age of consent for sexual activity was unaffected. Child pornography laws in Washington were updated in 2019 under the Responsible Teen Communications Act (House Bill 1742), which stipulated that people under the age of 18 would not face charges for possessing nudes of themselves; possessing or distributing sexual images of another person aged 13 to 17 would be a misdemeanor; and possessing sexual images of anyone 12 or under would still be classed as a felony. A minor 13 to 17 selling sexual content of themselves is now a misdemeanor, and selling sexual content of another minor is a felony. Noel Frame sponsored the legislation; it was signed into law on April 24. Before the passage of the act, possession of any explicit images of anyone under 18 could be treated as a felony and/or require sex offender registration.
West Virginia
The age of consent in West Virginia is 16.
§ 61-8B-5. Sexual assault in the third degree.
(a) A person is guilty of sexual assault in the third degree when:
(2) The person, being sixteen years old or more, engages in sexual intercourse or sexual intrusion with another person who is less than sixteen years old and who is at least four years younger than the defendant and is not married to the defendant.
Wisconsin
The age of consent in Wisconsin is 18 and there is no close-in-age exception. There is, however, a marital exception which allows a person to have sex with a minor 16 or older if they are married to the minor. If the minor is below 16 both sexual intercourse and any sexual contact are a felony; sexual intercourse with a minor 16-17 by a perpetrator who is not married to the minor is a Class A misdemeanor. However, Wisconsin has a child enticement law that prohibits people of any age from taking people under 18 to a private area such as a room and exposing a sex organ to them or having the minor expose their sex organ to them. This is a Class B or C felony.
948.09 Sexual intercourse with a child age 16 or older.
Whoever has sexual intercourse with a child who is not the defendant's spouse and who has attained the age of 16 years is guilty of a Class A misdemeanor.
948.02 Sexual assault of a child. ( ... ) (2) Second degree sexual assault. Whoever has sexual contact or sexual intercourse with a person who has not attained the age of 16 years is guilty of a Class C felony.
If the minor is below 16 marriage to the minor by the accused is not a defense.
948.02(4) Marriage not a bar to prosecution. A defendant shall not be presumed to be incapable of violating this section because of marriage to the complainant.
Sexual intercourse with a child younger than 13 carries the highest penalties, it is a Class B felony. 948.02 (e) Whoever has sexual contact with a child who has not attained the age of 13 years is guilty of a class b felony.
Wisconsin law contains an unusual provision making it a Class F felony for a person responsible for a child under the age of 16 years such as a parent to not prevent their child from having sexual contact with another person if it was realistically possible for them to do so and they were aware that the other person intended to have sex with their child. (3) Failure to act. A person responsible for the welfare of a child who has not attained the age of 16 years is guilty of a Class F felony if that person has knowledge that another person intends to have, is having or has had sexual intercourse or sexual contact with the child, is physically and emotionally capable of taking action which will prevent the intercourse or contact from taking place or being repeated, fails to take that action and the failure to act exposes the child to an unreasonable risk that intercourse or contact may occur between the child and the other person or facilitates the intercourse or contact that does occur between the child and the other person.
Child Enticement. Section 948.07, Wisconsin Statutes, prohibits causing or enticing a child into any vehicle, building, room, or secluded place with the intent to: commit an act of first or second-degree sexual assault; cause the child to engage in prostitution; expose a sex organ to the child or cause the child to expose a sex organ; or take pictures or make audio recordings of the child engaging in sexually explicit conduct (Class BC felony).
Wyoming
The age of consent in Wyoming is 17.
In the cases of Pierson v. State and Moore v. State, the Wyoming Supreme Court held that sexual activity with minors aged 16 or 17 could be charged under Section 14-3-105 of Wyoming Statutes. That statute was repealed in 2007 and re-codified as Section 6-2-316, which provides, in pertinent part as follows:
6-2-316. Sexual abuse of a minor in the third degree.
(a) Except under circumstance constituting sexual abuse of a minor in the first or second degree as defined by W.S. 6-2-314 and 6-2-315, an actor commits the crime of sexual abuse of a minor in the third degree if: ... (iv) Being seventeen (17) years of age or older, the actor knowingly takes immodest, immoral or indecent liberties with a victim who is less than seventeen (17) years of age and the victim is at least four (4) years younger than the actor.
Territorial laws
American Samoa
It is an offense in American Samoa to engage in sexual acts with a person under the age of 16.
Guam
The age of consent in Guam is 16.
§ 25.25. Third Degree Criminal Sexual Conduct.
(a) A person is guilty of criminal sexual conduct in the third degree if
the person engages in sexual penetration with another person and if any of
the following circumstances exists:
(1) that other person is at least fourteen (14) years of age and
under sixteen (16) years of age
( ... )
Northern Mariana Islands
The age of consent in the Northern Mariana Islands is 16, according to Sections 1306–1309 of the Commonwealth Code. There is a close-in-age exemption permitting minors below age 16 to engage in sexual activity with those less than three years older. Under the same provisions, it is also illegal for any person aged 16 or older to aid, encourage, induce or cause minors under 13 to engage in any sexual contact with anyone else, or minors aged 13–15 and at least 3 years younger than the offender to engage in sexual penetration with another person.
The age of consent rises to 18 when the older partner – being age 18 or older – is the parent, stepparent, adopted parent, or legal guardian of the younger person, or when the older partner has or occupies a position of authority over the younger person. This does not apply for minors aged 16 or 17 as long as the older partner is less than three years older and is not the younger person's parent, stepparent, adopted parent or legal guardian. According to section 1317, a position of authority "means an employer, youth leader, scout leader, coach, teacher, counselor, school administrator, religious leader, doctor, nurse, psychologist, guardian ad litem, babysitter, or a substantially similar position, and a police officer or probation officer other than when the officer is exercising custodial control" over a person under 18.
According to Section 1310, affirmative defenses for the crimes outlined in Sections 1306–1309 exists for consensual activity between legal spouses and for cases where the defendant reasonably believed that a minor age 13 or older was of legal age.
Sections 1303 and 1304 of the Commonwealth Code also criminalize sexual activity with people aged 18 or 19, if they are "committed to the custody of the Department of Public
Health and Environmental Services under the Commonwealth's civil or criminal laws, and the offender is the legal guardian of the person".
Puerto Rico
The age of consent in Puerto Rico is 16.
Article 142.- Sexual Assault.- Any person who performs sexual penetration, whether vaginal, anal, oral-genital, digital or instrumental under any of the following circumstances shall incur a second degree felony:
(a) When the victim has not attained the age of sixteen (16) years at the time of the commission of the crime
( ... )
Article 144.- Lewd Acts.- Any person who without the intention to consummate the crime of sexual assault described in Article 142 submits another person to an act that tends to awaken, excite or satisfy the sexual passion or desire of the accused, under any of the following circumstances hereinbelow, shall incur a third degree felony.
(a) When the victim has not attained the age of sixteen (16) years at the time of the commission of the crime
( ... )
United States Virgin Islands
Paraphrasing Virgin Islands Code: V.I.C. § 1700–1709 Virgin Islands Code
and appeals records Francis vs. VI
NOTE: "mistake of fact as to the victim's age is not a defense". The age of consent is 18. There is however a close-in-age exemption that allows minors 16 and 17 years old to consent with someone no more than five years older than themselves and minors 13 to 15 years old to consent with one another, but not with anyone 16 or over.
Article § 1700. Aggravated rape in the first degree bans sexual intercourse or sodomy with a child under 13. Sexual acts with minors are aggravated by the use of force, intimidation, or the perpetrator's position of authority, and by the fact that the minor, being under 16 and not the perpetrator's spouse, is residing in the same household as the perpetrator.(see Article § 1700, Article § 1702, Article § 1708).
Other relevant articles of the criminal code are:
§ 1702. Rape in the second degree
(a) Any person over 18 years of age who perpetrates under circumstances not amounting to rape in the first degree, an act of sexual intercourse or sodomy with a person not the perpetrator's spouse who is at least 16 years but less than 18 years of age, and the perpetrator is 5 years or older than the victim, is guilty of rape in the second degree and shall be imprisoned not more than 10 years.
§ 1703. Rape in the third degree
Any person under 18 years of age but over 16 years of age who perpetrates an act of sexual intercourse or sodomy with a person not the perpetrator's spouse who is under 16 years of age but over 13 years of age, under circumstances not amounting to rape in the first degree, is guilty of rape in the third degree and shall be subject to the jurisdiction of the Family Division of the Superior Court
"Sexual contact", that is, non-penetrative sex, defined as "the intentional touching of a person's intimate parts, whether directly or through clothing, to arouse or to gratify the sexual desires of any person" is not permitted with children under 16, but a close-in-age exemption allows those aged at least 13 to engage in such acts with partners under 18.
§ 1708. Unlawful sexual contact in the first degree
A person who engages in sexual contact with a person not the perpetrator's spouse—
(..)(2) when the other person is under thirteen years of age;
§ 1709. Unlawful sexual contact in the second degree
A person over eighteen years of age who engages in sexual contact with a person not the perpetrator's spouse who is over thirteen but under sixteen years of age is guilty of unlawful sexual contact in the second degree and shall be imprisoned not more than 1 year
United States Minor Outlying Islands
Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Palmyra Atoll and Wake Island, are under the jurisdiction of the US Federal Government Department of the Interior, as part of the Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument. As such, all US Federal laws regarding age of consent would be applicable.
Midway Atoll is under the jurisdiction of the US Federal Government Department of the Interior (administered as a National Wildlife Refuge). As such, all US Federal laws regarding age of consent would be applicable.
See also
Adolescent sexuality in the United States
Age of consent
Age of consent reform
Ages of consent in Africa
Ages of consent in Asia
Ages of consent in Europe
Ages of consent in North America
Ages of consent in Oceania
Ages of consent in South America
Age of marriage in the United States
Child sexual abuse
Comprehensive sex education
Fantasy defense
Jailbait
Notes
References
Works cited
Smith, Brittany Logino and Glen A. Kercher. "Adolescent Sexual Behavior and the Law" (Archive). Crime Victims' Institute, Criminal Justice Center, Sam Houston State University. March 2011.
Further reading
Books
Cocca, Carolyn. Jailbait: The Politics of Statutory Rape Laws in the United States. SUNY Press, April 29, 2004. .
Chapter 1: Statutory Rape Laws in Historical Context (Archive)
See: p. 23: "Table 1.1.: Ages of Consent 1885–1999, and Age Spans in the Fifty States, 1999"
Odem, Mary E. Delinquent Daughters: Protecting and Policing Adolescent Female Sexuality in the United States, 1885–1920 (Gender & American culture). University of North Carolina Press, 1995. .
See: p. 14: "Table 1. Legal Ages of Consent in the United States, 1885 and 1920" in Chapter 1: 'White Slaves' and 'Vicious Men': The Age-of-Consent Campaign.
Watkins, Christine. Age of Consent, 1st Edition . Greenhaven Press, 2013. . See info page and fact sheet at Gale Cengage. List of articles:
Watchman, Kelsey. "The age of consent should be eighteen." - Originally from: Wacthman, Kelsey. "YES: This is not simply a moral issue." In: "Should age of consent be raised?" Winnipeg Free Press. June 14, 2009.
Appel, Jacob. "The Age of Consent Should Be Lowered". - Originally published in (Archive) the Huffington Post. March 18, 2010, Updated May 25, 2011.
Kempner, Martha. "Age of consent laws are confusing".
Smith, Brittany Logino and Glen A. Kercher. "Provisions for juvenile offenders are important in age of consent laws".
Baklo, Radley. "Judges should have sentencing discretion regarding age of consent laws".
Reports
Glosser, Asaph, Karen Gardiner, and Mike Fishman. "Statutory Rape: A Guide to State Laws and Reporting Requirements". The Lewin Group. Prepared for: Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). December 15, 2004.
Complete report, PDF version (Archive) hosted by the HHS. PDF version (Archive) hosted by The Lewin Group.
Report overview (Archive)
Magazine and newspaper articles
Noble, Kevin Maillard. "The Mysterious Age of Consent in Establishing Who Is an Adult" (Archive). The New York Times. May 28, 2012. Updated June 12, 2012.
Russell, Thaddeus. "How Young Is Too Young?" (Archive). The Daily Beast. October 1, 2009.
Journal articles
Stine, Emily J. "When Yes Means No, Legally: An Eighth Amendment Challenge to Classifying Consenting Teenagers as Sex Offenders" (Archive). DePaul Law Review. Volume 60, Issue 4, Article 7. Summer 2011. p. 1169-1228.
Sutherland, Kate. "From Jailbird to Jailbait: Age of Consent Law and the Construction of Teenage Sexualities" (Archive). William & Mary Journal of Women and the Law. Volume 9, Issue 3, Article 2. 2003. p. 313-349.
External links
Lowen, Linda. "Romeo and Juliet Laws – What They Mean For Teens". About.com.
"Federal Statutes Relating to Crimes Against Children". Federal Bureau of Investigation.
18 U.S. Code Chapter 110 - SEXUAL EXPLOITATION AND OTHER ABUSE OF CHILDREN
United States
Adolescent sexuality in the United States
Youth rights in the United States
United States legislation |
Thomas Hodges Mate (5 April 1810 – 22 July 1894) was an English-born Australian politician.
He was born at Canterbury, the son of Thomas Mate. He migrated to Sydney in 1833 and acquired a sheep and cattle farm on Tarcutta Creek. On 8 February 1836 he married Maria Bardwell, with whom he had seven children; a second marriage in 1882 to Florence Brown would produce a further daughter. In 1850 he settled in Albury, where he established a general store and later served as mayor and alderman. In 1860 he was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly for Hume, serving until his retirement in 1869. Mate died at Manly in 1894.
References
1810 births
1894 deaths
Members of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly
19th-century Australian politicians |
Ultrastructure (or ultra-structure) is the architecture of cells and biomaterials that is visible at higher magnifications than found on a standard optical light microscope. This traditionally meant the resolution and magnification range of a conventional transmission electron microscope (TEM) when viewing biological specimens such as cells, tissue, or organs. Ultrastructure can also be viewed with scanning electron microscopy and super-resolution microscopy, although TEM is a standard histology technique for viewing ultrastructure. Such cellular structures as organelles, which allow the cell to function properly within its specified environment, can be examined at the ultrastructural level.
Ultrastructure, along with molecular phylogeny, is a reliable phylogenetic way of classifying organisms. Features of ultrastructure are used industrially to control material properties and promote biocompatibility.
History
In 1931, German engineers Max Knoll and Ernst Ruska invented the first electron microscope. With the development and invention of this microscope, the range of observable structures that were able to be explored and analyzed increased immensely, as biologists became progressively interested in the submicroscopic organization of cells. This new area of research concerned itself with substructure, also known as the ultrastructure.
Applications
Many scientists use ultrastructural observations to study the following, including but not limited to:
Human Tumors
Chloroplasts
Bone
Platelets
Sperm
Biology
A common ultrastructural feature found in plant cells is the formation of calcium oxalate crystals. It has been theorized that these crystals function to store calcium within the cell until it is needed for growth or development.
Calcium oxalate crystals can also form in animals, and kidney stones are a form of these ultrastructural features. Theoretically, nanobacteria could be used to decrease the formation of calcium oxalate kidney stones.
Engineering
Controlling ultrastructure has engineering uses for controlling the behavior of cells. Cells respond readily to changes in their extracellular matrix (ECM), so manufacturing materials to mimic ECM allows for increased control over the cell cycle and protein expression.
Many cells, such as plants, produce calcium oxalate crystals, and these crystals are usually considered ultrastructural components of plant cells. Calcium oxalate is a material that is used to manufacture ceramic glazes [6], and it also has biomaterial properties. For culturing cells and tissue engineering, this crystal is found in fetal bovine serum, and is an important aspect of the extracellular matrix for culturing cells.
Ultrastructure is an important factor to consider when engineering dental implants. Since these devices interface directly with bone, their incorporation to surrounding tissue is necessary to optimal device function. It has been found that applying a load to a healing dental implant allows for increased osseointegration with facial bones. Analyzing the ultrastructure surrounding an implant is useful in determining how biocompatible it is and how the body reacts to it. One study found implanting granules of a biomaterial derived from pig bone caused the human body to incorporate the material into its ultrastructure and form new bone.
Hydroxyapatite is a biomaterial used to interface medical devices directly to bone by ultrastructure. Grafts can be created along with 𝛃-tricalcium phosphate, and it has been observed that surrounding bone tissue with incorporate the new material into its extracellular matrix. Hydroxyapatite is a highly biocompatible material, and its ultrastructural features, such as crystalline orientation, can be controlled carefully to ensure optimal biocompatibility. Proper crystal fiber orientation can make introduced minerals, like hydroxyapatite, more similar to the biological materials they intend to replace. Controlling ultrastructural features makes obtaining specific material properties possible.
References
External links
Electron microscopy
Cell anatomy |
Conquest of Mind is a book that describes practices and strategies for leading the spiritual life. Written by Eknath Easwaran, the strategies are intended to be usable within any major religious tradition, or outside of all traditions. The book was originally published in the United States in 1988. Multiple revised English-language editions have been published, and translations have also appeared in several other European and Asian languages. The book has been reviewed in newspapers<ref
name=ramanujachary04/> and magazines.<ref
name=coff89/><ref
name=quest89/>
Background
When Easwaran wrote Conquest of Mind in 1988, he had been teaching meditation in the US for almost 30 years, and had already published a book, Meditation (1978), that systematically explained the details of his method of meditation. This earlier book had briefly described the importance of training the mind as a key part of meditation.<ref
name=trainpm>The book that describes Easwaran's full 8-point program of spiritual disciplines, originally published as Meditation (1978), states that "Meditation is... a systematic technique for taking hold of and concentrating to the utmost degree our latent mental power. It consists in training the mind, especiallythe attention and will..." (pp. 9-10 in 1978 edition; p.20 in 2008 edition). The book has a section header called "training the mind" (p. 118 in 1978 edition; p. 119 in 2008 edition), and in explaining Point 6, entitled "training the senses," the book states that "training the senses means training the mind as well" (p. 162 in 1978 edition; p. 160 in 2008 edition).</ref><ref
name=trainmh>Similarly, another book that described Easwaran's 8-point program, originally published as the Mantram Handbook (1977), had a brief section that included statements such as "Control of the mind is something that has never occurred to most of us; to some it may even sound cold or rigid.... But when we learn to control the mind, to slow down its feverish pace, to welcome those thoughts we approve of and dismiss those that are negative, we will find what a sense of mastery this brings..... We can all have such control over the mind that calmness becomes our natural state...." (pp. 45-46 in 1977 edition; pp. 71-72 in 2008 edition). In later editions, these paragraphs were preceded by a section-header entitled "the well-trained mind" (p. 71 in 2008 edition).</ref> In Conquest of Mind, Easwaran provides a much more extensive discussion of how his program can be used to train the mind, and the importance of training the mind.
In his introduction to Conquest of Mind, Easwaran quotes the Buddha's statement that "All that we are... is the result of what we have thought." Therefore, Easwaran says, "nothing... can be more important than being able to choose the way we think." And so, he explains,
Later, he explains that "This is not a book about the Buddha or his teachings, yet I will mention him often in these pages [because] no one teaches more clearly that mastery of life depends on mastering the mind."
Topics covered
Each US edition of Conquest of Mind begins with an introduction. It is followed in the 1988 and 2010 US editions by five major parts, each divided into 14 chapters. The chapters in Part Four were omitted in the 2001 US edition.
Easwaran's introduction explains how he uses the words "meditation" and "mystic." He cautions that mixing instructions from different perspectives can result in confusion. "If you want to become a tennis champion, you don't take lessons from Vic Braden and Nick Bollettieri at the same time; they have utterly different approaches to the game. Meditation teachers have different approaches too. When Easwaran speaks of meditation, he means
In Easwaran's language, the "great mystics" — who he often uses as illustrative examples — are people who have attained this goal. "Mysticism," a word Easwaran regards as easily misunderstood, refers to "the conviction, born of personal experience, that there is a divine core in human personality which each of us can realize directly, and that making this discovery is the real goal of our lives."
Part One is entitled "Taking Charge of Your Thoughts." It consists of 4 chapters. Thinking in Freedom (ch. 1) uses the mastery of a skilled surfer or ballet dancer as an analogy for the type of mastery that Easwaran believes all people would like in the art of living. Such mastery is attainable by training the mind, he says, but it requires great practice. Living Skills (ch. 2) describes Easwaran's method of meditating on a passage, its benefits for being present-focused, and for reacting to other people freely, rather than compulsively. Training the Mind (ch. 3) urges readers to think of the various parts of their week, such as home and work, as exercise stations that each provide a special opportunity to train the mind, and reduce egoism.
In Juggling (ch. 4), Easwaran describes feats of juggling that he witnessed in San Francisco's Ghirardelli Square, stating that "what that young man learned to do with his body, you can learn to do with your mind." Mental juggling involves "likes and dislikes.... Can you change your likes at will?.... We need to learn to enjoy doing something we dislike or to enjoy not doing something we like, when it is in the long-term best interests of others or ourselves." Easwaran describes his own experiences in changing his eating habits, stating that he learned from Mahatma Gandhi that "training the palate is a powerful aid in training the mind."
Part Two, "Reshaping Your Life," also contains 4 chapters, entitled Learning to Swim, All Life Is Yoga, Tremendous Trifles, and The Forces of Life. They compare mental skill to swimming, and the mind to a lake; Describe strategies usable throughout the day for deepen meditation; Present examples of the "thousands of little occasions [on which] the mind is taught to be calm and kind: not instantaneously... but in the ordinary choices of the day"; and describe techniques for allying ourselves with an "upward drive to evolve into spiritual beings," rather than with past conditioning in narrow, selfish pursuits.
Part Three, "Strategies from the Buddha," contains two chapters. Obstacles and Opportunities describes how to overcome five obstacles identified by the Buddha: sensuality, ill will, laziness, restlessness, and fear/anxiety. Strategies for Freedom discusses five Buddhist "strategies for freedom," including using "a right thought to drive out one that is wrong," reflection, withdrawing attention, and going "to the root."
Part Four, entitled "Three Spiritual Strengths," contains 3 chapters. They are titled Determination, Detachment, and Discrimination, and describe tools and opportunities for developing each of these qualities, drawing on examples that range from Easwaran's own life to Teresa of Avila, Thérèse of Lisieux, Jacob Boehme, Mahatma Gandhi, Meister Eckhart, Charles Dickens, and space exploration.
Part Five, "Instructions in Meditation," contains a single chapter that describes Easwaran's eight-point program of passage meditation.
Reception
Reviews have appeared in
The Hindu,<ref
name=ramanujachary04></ref>
B. C. Catholic,
and the Bulletin of Monastic Interreligious Dialogue.<ref
name=coff89></ref>
The Quest,<ref
name=quest89> (ejournal), LCCN 94660549 sn 88002619</ref> Conquest of Mind was listed in The Times of India as one of 3 "best books."<ref
name=toi99></ref>
The Hindu wrote that Easwaran "gives a simple perspective on how to still the mind." and his "ideas are down to earth and his writings unpretentious":
Later, The Hindu reviewed the Telugu translation of Conquest of Mind. The reviewer, N. C. Ramanujachary, wrote that Easwaran "draws many ideas from the Buddha, throughout the book, but carefully analyses and establishes the continued relevance of his teachings." Ramanujachary stated that
In The B.C. Catholic, Paul Matthew St. Pierre wrote that Conquest of Mind "addresses issues of mind control... as it pertains to [finding] one's true spiritual self and avoiding getting caught by the forces of secularism, mediatization, narcissism, and self-interest within the world." He stated that
To St. Pierre, "The paradox in Easwaran's discussion is that, to avoid giving over the mind to the world, one must... transcend the way of thinking that is given over to the world and start thinking for oneself, and in the company of Jesus, St. Francis of Assisi, the Buddha, Sri Krishna, the Sufi mystic Jalaluddin Rumi, and many others."
The Quest wrote that the author "has a wonderfully easy style of writing," that Conquest of Mind "offers clear guidance for training the mind," and that "there probably is no better meditation teacher" than the author.
In the Bulletin of Monastic Interreligious Dialogue, Pascaline Coff wrote that the book is "an interreligious gift to all," a "very successful effort to present the art of training the mind to respond to life’s challenges and discover the True Self in the process—not just a transformation but transfiguration whereby one is love." She added that
Editions
The original edition was published by in 1988 by Nilgiri Press, which also published two subsequent US editions. Two English-language editions have also been published in India, and non-English editions have been published in
Dutch, Indonesian, Korean, Marathi, Portuguese, Spanish, and Telugu.
The US editions are:
, (217 pages)
, (174 pages)
, (183 pages)
The Indian English-language editions are:
(217 pages)
, (183 pages)
A section of the book was excerpted in Yoga International.
References
1988 non-fiction books
2010 non-fiction books
American non-fiction books
Books about spirituality
Works by Eknath Easwaran |
The bust of Pedro Domingo Murillo is installed in Mexico City's American Park, in Mexico. The sculpture commemorates the bicentennial of the Bolivian revolution.
References
External links
Busts in Mexico
Monuments and memorials in Mexico City
Outdoor sculptures in Mexico City
Sculptures of men in Mexico
Polanco, Mexico City |
```c++
/// Source : path_to_url
/// Author : liuyubobobo
/// Time : 2020-04-11
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;
/// Memory Search
/// Time Complexity: O(nlogn + n^2)
/// Space Complexity: O(n^2)
class Solution {
public:
int maxSatisfaction(vector<int>& satisfaction) {
sort(satisfaction.begin(), satisfaction.end());
int n = satisfaction.size();
vector<vector<int>> dp(n, vector<int>(n + 1, INT_MIN));
return max(0, dfs(satisfaction, 0, 1, dp));
}
private:
int dfs(const vector<int>& v, int index, int t, vector<vector<int>>& dp){
if(index == v.size()) return 0;
if(dp[index][t] != INT_MIN) return dp[index][t];
return dp[index][t] = max(t * v[index] + dfs(v, index + 1, t + 1, dp),
dfs(v, index + 1, t, dp));
}
};
int main() {
vector<int> nums1 = {-1,-8,0,5,-9};
cout << Solution().maxSatisfaction(nums1) << endl;
return 0;
}
``` |
Denny Flynn (born April 21, 1951) is an American former professional rodeo cowboy who specialized in bull riding. He is from Charleston, Arkansas.
Career
In 1969, Flynn won the Arkansas High School All-Around rodeo title. He earned his Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association (PRCA) card in 1973. In 1975, in Salt Lake City, Utah, he was gored by a bull. The horn penetrated ten inches into his body, missing his heart by a half-inch. He rode to the hospital in a truck holding his wound in his hands. In 1979, in Palestine, Illinois, Flynn rode Steiner's Red Lightning for a score of 98 out of 100. This broke the previous record for roughstock competition, and is now the second-highest ever recorded ride score in PRCA history for a roughstock event. He qualified for the National Finals Rodeo (NFR) ten times, winning the event average three times. In 1981, he suffered a concussion on his sixth ride, but managed to ride 9 of 10 bulls to win the championship. In 1983, he broke an ankle on his ninth bull ride. He needed to ride a tenth bull to win, so he rode it with his broken ankle.
Honors
2002 PBR Ring of Honor
2010 ProRodeo Hall of Fame
2010 Rodeo Hall of Fame of the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum
2017 Bull Riding Hall of Fame
2019 Arkansas Sports Hall of Fame
Retirement
He retired at the age of 34 in 1985. When Red Lightning retired in 1987, Flynn rode one more ceremonial ride on the bull that almost killed him in Salt Lake City.
References
ProRodeo Hall of Fame inductees
Professional Bull Riders: Heroes and Legends
Bull riders
Sportspeople from Arkansas
Bull Riding Hall of Fame inductees |
HGA can stand for:
Hammel, Green and Abrahamson, an architecture firm
Handweavers Guild of America
Holy Guardian Angel, a religious term
High-gain antenna, for radio
Human granulocytic anaplasmosis, a disease
Hargeisa Airport
Human Genetics Alert, originally Campaign Against Human Genetic Engineering |
```haskell
{-
From: Wolfgang Drotschmann <drotschm@athene.informatik.uni-bonn.de>
Resent-Date: Thu, 15 May 1997 17:23:09 +0100
I'm still using the old ghc-2.01. In one program I ran into a problem
I couldn't fix. But I played around with it, I found a small little
script which reproduces it very well:
panic! (the `impossible' happened):
tlist
-}
module TcFail where
type State = ([Int] Bool)
``` |
The 2010 Carfax 400 was a NASCAR Sprint Cup Series stock car race that was held on August 15, 2010 at Michigan International Speedway in Brooklyn, Michigan. Contested over 200 laps, it was the twenty-third race of the 2010 Sprint Cup Series season. The race was won by Kevin Harvick for the Richard Childress Racing team. Denny Hamlin finished second, and Carl Edwards, who started twenty-fourth, clinched third.
Pole position driver Kasey Kahne maintained his lead into the first corner to begin the race, but Jimmie Johnson, who started in the second position on the grid, took the lead before the first lap was over. Afterward, Greg Biffle became the leader, and would eventually lead to the race high of 66 laps. Tony Stewart led after the final pit stops, ahead of Hamlin and Harvick. Harvick helped Hamlin to become the leader, but with twelve laps left, Harvick gained on Hamlin and claimed the first position with eleven laps remaining. Harvick maintained his position to claim his first Sprint Cup victory at Michigan International Speedway.
There were five cautions and nineteen lead changes among nine different drivers throughout the course of the race, Harvick's third win of the season. The result maintained the first position in the Drivers' Championship and clinched him a position in the Chase. He remained 293 points ahead of second place driver Jeff Gordon and 353 ahead of Denny Hamlin. Chevrolet maintained its lead in the Manufacturers' Championship, thirty points ahead of Toyota and sixty-one ahead of Ford, with thirteen races remaining in the season. A total of 105,000 people attended the race, while 4.917 million watched it on television.
Race report
Background
Michigan International Speedway is one of six superspeedways to hold NASCAR races; the others are Daytona International Speedway, Auto Club Speedway, Indianapolis Motor Speedway, Pocono Raceway and Talladega Superspeedway. The standard track at Michigan International Speedway is a four-turn superspeedway that is long. The track's turns are banked at eighteen degrees, while the front stretch, the location of the finish line, is banked at twelve degrees. The back stretch, has a five degree banking. Michigan International Speedway had a seating capacity of 119,500 people for the race.
One team chose to replace their regular driver with a substitute. Prior to the first practice session, Extenze decided to cancel their sponsorship with Front Row Motorsports, prompting the team to replace Kevin Conway with Tony Raines. During the week leading up to the race, Gordon's wife gave birth to their son, Leo Benjamin Gordon. Gordon said that he was not planning to retire until his son could see him in victory lane.
Before the race, Kevin Harvick led the Drivers' Championship with 3,210 points, and Jeff Gordon stood in second with 3,025 points. Jeff Burton was third in the Drivers' Championship with 2,895 points, Kurt Busch was fourth with 2,892 points, and Jimmie Johnson was in fifth with 2,882 points. In the Manufacturers' Championship, Chevrolet was leading with 158 points, twenty-seven points ahead of their rival Toyota. Ford, with 102 points, was nine points ahead of Dodge in the battle for third. Brian Vickers was the race's defending champion.
Practice and qualifying
Three practice sessions were held before the Sunday race—one on Friday and two on Saturday. The first session lasted 90 minutes. The Saturday morning session lasted 45 minutes, and the final practice session was 60 minutes in length. During the first practice session, Jeff Burton was quickest with a time of 38.479, ahead of Juan Pablo Montoya and Kevin Harvick in second and third. Carl Edwards followed in the fourth position, ahead of Greg Biffle in fifth. In the Saturday morning session, Biffle was quickest, ahead of Ryan Newman and Kasey Kahne in second and third. Burton and Kurt Busch followed in the fourth and fifth positions. In the final practice session for the race, Jimmie Johnson was quickest with a time of 38.742. David Ragan followed in second, ahead of Jeff Gordon and Harvick in third and fourth. Biffle, who was quickest in second practice, only managed fifth quickest.
Denny Hamlin, who won at Michigan International Speedway in the spring, was having a difficult time trying to improve the car handling of the race car he won with. Hamlin said, "It's going all right. We were about like we were here in [June] as far as speed. We're a little bit slow on speed as far as qualifying, but we feel like the race stuff is pretty competitive." His teammate Kyle Busch was also struggling, adding, "Our [car] was loose off. We jumped back and forth in practice from tight to loose. We picked up from practice, but we couldn't rotate the center like I wanted to."
During qualifying, forty-seven cars were entered, but only forty-three will be able to race because of NASCAR's qualifying procedure. Kasey Kahne clinched his eighteenth career pole position, with a time of 38.465. After his qualifying run, Kahne commented, "[Turns] 1 and 2 were really strong. Coming to the green, I felt like I was a little bit free, and it was the same through 1 and 2, but I got through there really good and carried a lot of speed down the backstretch. Then, when I got to Turn 3, I couldn't get it to turn enough, so I kind of just floored it and actually used up a lot of the racetrack, went up the track a little bit loose off [the corner] and definitely didn't have as good a 3 and 4 as I would have liked. At that point, I thought I probably gave the pole away, but we were able to still hang on just from the speed that we had in 1 and 2." He was joined on the front row of the grid by Jimmie Johnson. Clint Bowyer qualified third, Tony Stewart took fourth, and Montoya started fifth, after being scored ninth in the final practice session. The four drivers that did not qualify were J. J. Yeley, Scott Riggs, Casey Mears, and Mike Bliss.
Race summary
The race, the twenty-third out of a total of thirty-six in the season, began at 1 p.m. EDT and was televised live in the United States on ESPN. Conditions were partly cloudy with a high of . Pastor Doug Bradshaw began pre-race ceremonies by giving the invocation. Next, Virgin Records recording artists Saving Abel performed the national anthem, and Virginia Craig and Evander Holyfield gave the command for drivers to start their engines.
Kasey Kahne held the lead going through the first corner but was passed by Jimmie Johnson before the second lap. Tony Stewart then passed Kahne for the second position. Five laps later, Greg Biffle emerged in third. By lap ten, Johnson had built a 1.7-second lead over Stewart, who was passed by Biffle for second. Biffle caught Johnson by lap 14, but he did not snatch the lead until lap 15. On lap 18, Stewart took second place from Johnson, as Kevin Harvick emerged in fourth. Harvick moved into third after passing Johnson on the next lap. On lap 23, Michael McDowell and P. J. Jones drove to the garage, followed by Joe Nemechek two laps later. On lap 28, Harvick began closing in on Biffle, but before he could pass him, the first caution was called because Kurt Busch's engine had failed. On lap 39, Biffle led the drivers in the restart. Juan Pablo Montoya moved to fifth after passing Clint Bowyer on the next lap. Johnson reclaimed third position on lap 41 but was passed by Harvick after five laps. By lap 48, Harvick had caught and passed Stewart for the second position, and by lap 55, Harvick had caught Biffle. Five laps later, light rain falling in turn three (the turn following the back stretch) prompted the second caution. On lap 61, teams made their pit stops for fuel and tires. Biffle remained the leader when the green flag waved on lap 66.
On lap 70, Joey Logano collided with Paul Menard, and both sustained minor damage. After starting thirty-sixth, Jeff Gordon moved into the tenth position by lap 73. Eleven laps later, Stewart took the lead from Biffle. On lap 92, Harvick passed Biffle to claim the second position. Gordon passed Johnson for seventh as Montoya and David Reutimann began a run of green flag pit stops on lap 98. They were followed by Johnson, Kyle Busch, and Denny Hamlin two laps later. When Stewart went to pit the next lap, Harvick became the leader. Stewart reclaimed the lead on lap 103. Seven laps later, Bowyer passed Kahne for the fourth position, and Harvick moved into the first position.
On lap 116, Gordon emerged in fourth while Harvick held a 1.5-second lead over Stewart. Ten laps later, Gordon moved into the third position. By lap 129, Harvick had a 6.45-second lead over Biffle, who had passed Stewart for second. On lap 137, green flag pit stops began for the second time. Two laps later, Biffle made his pit stop. Harvick stayed on the track for another lap before pitting fast enough to hold off Biffle, therefore remaining the leader at the conclusion of the pit stops. On lap 148, Logano and Ryan Newman collided, causing Newman's car to turn sideways, causing the third caution flag to be waved. On lap 152, Harvick led the drivers to the green flag. Two laps later, the fourth caution came out because Jeff Gordon and Jeff Burton sustained damage to their race cars. Most drivers made a pit stop for fuel only, but Elliott Sadler stayed on track to lead the race. Sadler led on the restart, but Martin Truex Jr. and David Ragan passed him on the following lap, relegating him to third position.
On lap 166, Ragan passed Truex Jr. for the lead. The next lap, Stewart emerged in the first position as the fifth caution came out because of debris on the track. On lap 169, Stewart, Harvick, Regan Smith, Scott Speed, and Hamlin stayed out on the track while the rest of the field made pit stops. Stewart led on the restart, followed by Harvick. On lap 174, Hamlin passed Harvick for the second position and Biffle moved into fourth. Harvick helped Hamlin into the lead four laps later, but passed him for the lead on lap 189. By lap 193, Harvick had a 1.35-second lead over Hamlin. Carl Edwards passed Stewart for third on the next lap. Kevin Harvick crossed the finish line in first to take his third win of the season. Denny Hamlin followed in second, ahead of Edwards in third, Biffle in fourth, and Matt Kenseth in fifth. The race had five cautions and ten lead changes among five different drivers.
Post-race
Kevin Harvick appeared in victory lane after his victory lap to start celebrating his third win of the season, and his first Sprint Cup win at Michigan International Speedway, in front of a crowd of 105,000 people. "Our cars had run good here before, but I hadn't. The last couple of times we've really committed ourselves to driving in different spots on the race track and doing different things from inside the car and trying to manage the practice as well as we can to not fool ourselves," said Harvick of his triumph.
Although Denny Hamlin was leading the race near the end, Harvick passed him with eleven laps left. Hamlin, who finished second, said, "He would catch me getting into turn three, I would pull away in three and four. He was quite a bit better than me in one and two. So it was kind of split. It's pretty much all we had. Obviously the fastest car won today. So it was at least good to see that." In the subsequent press conference, Harvick stated, "A lot of the places we would classify as places we don't run good, we've ran as good at those places this year as we do at the short tracks, road courses, the places you can typically count on us running good." Richard Childress, the owner of Richard Childress Racing, expressed his enjoyment of winning the race after reminiscing about one of his other victories at the track:
Harvick spoke about the difficulty of winning at the track, saying "It's just a lot of years of getting beat by people running up there to be honest with you. I never really could figure it out. So probably end of last year ... I went home and watched some tapes of Dale [Earnhardt] Jr., some of his previous races here, because he always seemed to have a good handle on running the top groove. It was just more of a rhythm thing and some things that I needed to change in my approach to run up there. For us, I think the biggest change was not only the race cars being good, but just the approach to where we ran on the race track during the race and making that commitment. It worked out for us today." The race result left Harvick leading the Driver's Championship with 3,400 points, assuring him a position in the Chase for the Sprint Cup. Jeff Gordon, who finished twenty-seventh, was second on 3,107, sixty points ahead of Hamlin and eighty-seven ahead of Tony Stewart. Jimmie Johnson was fifth with 3,014 points. Chevrolet maintained their lead in the Manufacturers' Championship with 167 points. Toyota placed second with 147 points, and Ford followed with 106 points, ten ahead of Dodge in fourth. 4.917 million people watched the race on television. The race took two hours, forty-six minutes and thirty-eight seconds to complete, and the margin of victory was 1.731 seconds.
Results
Qualifying
Race results
Standings after the race
Drivers' Championship standings
Manufacturers' Championship standings
Note: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings.
* This driver clinched a position in the Chase for the Sprint Cup.
References
Carfax 400
Carfax 400
NASCAR races at Michigan International Speedway |
Villa Jacini is a large rural palace located on Via Conte Stefano Jacini the frazione of Zuccone Robasacco, within the town limits of Triuggio, Province of Monza and Brianza, region of Lombardy, Italy.
History
The location was notable since 1289 by the presence of a chapel or small church, still present on the property as the chapel of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Zuccone San Giovanni led to the construction of a rural palace of lodge, later also known as Villa Sacro Cuore, Villa Zuccone Jacini, or Villa Zuccone Rubasacco.
A request to build an oratory at the site was made in 1571, by Battista Fedele to the archbishop of Milan, Carlo Borromeo. The property came into hands of the Cardinal Angelo Maria Durini (1725-1796) who used the property as a hunting lodge.
The land then became property of Michele Bussi, a merchant of Milan, who was the great-grandfather of the Countess Carolina Jacini, widow of Cavi. The family commissioned a refurbishment of the property by the architect Marquis Antonio Citterio (1853-1936), pupil of Camillo Boito. He designed two advancing wings and more theatrical facades with statues and gardens. Decorative door and window frames, twirling chimneys, and wrought-iron balconies give the small property an air of elegance. The entrance is through a bifurcated staircase.
The interiors were decorated in the late 19th-century with trompe-l'oeil and stucco. Photographs from the 19th-century document sumptuous decoration and artwork with carved wooden ceilings in the main salon. A Palazzo Jacini is located in Casalbuttano in the province of Cremona.
The property and surrounding park is in private hands.
References
Villas in the Province of Monza and Brianza
Gardens in Lombardy |
Chai Biao (; born 10 October 1990) is a Chinese professional badminton player. Chai has concentrated on men's doubles for the majority of his senior career in badminton. His most successful partnership was with Hong Wei: together they reached the year end tournament BWF Superseries Finals in 2014 and 2015. As Hong has since retired, Chai's current partner in men's doubles is Wang Zekang.
Career
Chai was born in Yanfeng District of Hengyang City in 1990. At the age of 7, he learned badminton from the senior coach of the Badminton Institute in the City Sports School. Due to progressing quickly, he was transported to Hunan Badminton Team for professional training for four years later. He has won the National Junior Championship. In 2007, he was enter the national badminton team, and at that year in the early of July, he competed at the Asian Junior Championships and won the boys' doubles title. In November, Chai won a gold in the mixed team event and a silver in the boys' doubles event at the World Junior Championships. In 2008, Chai repeat his success at the World Junior Championships in Pune, India, by winning two golds in the mixed doubles and team event and a silver in the boys' doubles event. Chai was a bronze medalist at the Asia Championships in the men's doubles event in 2009 and 2012.
Achievements
BWF World Championships
Men's doubles
Asian Championships
Men's doubles
East Asian Games
Men's doubles
BWF World Junior Championships
Boys' doubles
Mixed doubles
Asian Junior Championships
Boys' doubles
BWF Superseries
The BWF Superseries, which was launched on 14 December 2006 and implemented in 2007, was a series of elite badminton tournaments, sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF). BWF Superseries levels were Superseries and Superseries Premier. A season of Superseries consisted of twelve tournaments around the world that had been introduced since 2011. Successful players were invited to the Superseries Finals, which were held at the end of each year.
Men's doubles
BWF Superseries Finals tournament
BWF Superseries Premier tournament
BWF Superseries tournament
BWF Grand Prix
The BWF Grand Prix had two levels, the Grand Prix and Grand Prix Gold. It was a series of badminton tournaments sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF) and played between 2007 and 2017.
Men's doubles
Mixed doubles
BWF Grand Prix Gold tournament
BWF Grand Prix tournament
Record against selected opponents
Men's doubles results with Guo Zhendong against Superseries Finals finalists, World Championships semifinalists, and Olympic quarterfinalists.
Cai Yun & Fu Haifeng 1–2
Liu Xiaolong & Qiu Zihan 2–0
Fang Chieh-min & Lee Sheng-mu 2–0
Mathias Boe & Carsten Mogensen 0–5
Mads Conrad-Petersen & Jonas Rasmussen 3–1
Mads Conrad-Petersen & Mads Pieler Kolding 1–0
Muhammad Ahsan & Bona Septano 4–1
Hendra Aprida Gunawan & Alvent Yulianto 0–2
Markis Kido & Hendra Setiawan 1–1
Angga Pratama & Ryan Agung Saputra 2–1
Hiroyuki Endo & Kenichi Hayakawa 0–1
Hirokatsu Hashimoto & Noriyasu Hirata 4–0
Goh V Shem & Lim Khim Wah 0–1
Hoon Thien How & Tan Wee Kiong 0–1
Koo Kien Keat & Tan Boon Heong 0–1
Vladimir Ivanov & Ivan Sozonov 1–1
Cho Gun-woo & Shin Baek-cheol 0–1
Jung Jae-sung & Lee Yong-dae 2–1
Ko Sung-hyun & Yoo Yeon-seong 2–1
Bodin Isara & Maneepong Jongjit 2–0
Howard Bach & Tony Gunawan 0–2
References
External links
1990 births
Living people
People from Hengyang
Badminton players from Hunan
Chinese male badminton players
Badminton players at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Badminton players at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic badminton players for China |
Black Water is a 2007 Australian horror film written and directed by Andrew Traucki and David Nerlich. The film, an international co-production of Australia and the United Kingdom, is set in the mangrove swamps of northern Australia, and stars Diana Glenn, Maeve Dermody and Andy Rodoreda. Inspired by the true story of a crocodile attack in Australia's Northern Territory in December 2003, a pregnant woman, along with her boyfriend and her sister, take a boat tour of a mangrove swamp, where they are terrorized by a ferocious saltwater crocodile.
Plot
While on vacation, Grace, her husband Adam, and Grace's younger sister Lee decide to visit a crocodile show. The next day Grace takes a pregnancy test and it is positive, but does not tell her husband. They head to "Black Water Barry's" fishing tour on a whim to take a boat ride into the mangrove swamp to try some fishing.
Once they arrive at the docks, their tour guide Barry is not available, but Jim, another guide, offers to take them instead. Jim arms himself with a revolver and they set off. After failing to catch any fish on the usual route, Jim suggests going deeper into the swamps. While in a small clearing, Lee spots something through her camera and alerts Grace, but later finds nothing.
Suddenly, the boat capsizes, dumping the occupants into the water. Jim is killed underwater, and Adam realizes that a crocodile has attacked them. He helps Grace into a nearby tree and searches the water for Lee, who got tangled up in ropes underneath the boat. Grace sees the beast nearby and convinces Adam to come back. Lee frees herself, but the beast swims after her. She manages to climb atop the boat, but the beast thrashes the boat in an attempt to throw her off. Adam and Grace distract it and it swims away. Realizing they can use the boat's ropes to pull Lee to safety, they attempt to execute this plan, only for the boat to get stuck. A hesitant Lee is forced to swim across and makes it, despite panicking halfway across. The girls suggest waiting for help, but Adam claims no one saw them leave, so Grace tries climbing the trees back to the mainland. However, she is forced to climb back after finding pieces of a corpse. An impatient Adam goes for the boat. He successfully overturns it, but the beast kills him. The girls make numerous attempts to continue his plan, only to be thwarted at every turn, and eventually, the boat floats away out of safe reach.
The next day, they decide to find the boat and the beast confronts them. The beast attacks them, forcing them back to their original tree, though Grace suffers a nasty bite to her thigh in the process. Because of heavy bleeding, her condition worsens over time. A boat comes past and they shout, but it cannot hear them due to its propeller. Lee tries once again to reach the boat and is successful, but the beast suddenly attacks, leaping into the boat. Lee floats unconscious to a very small island alongside Jim's body. She patches herself up and takes his revolver, but finds the gun jammed with mud, so she cleans and unjams it.
She tries to lure the beast in using Jim's detached arm as bait, holding the pistol ready to fire at it. It shows itself and attacks, but her gun jams again. She flees with the beast close behind. It launches a sneak attack when she stops, but Lee manages to get the gun working and kills it. The threat averted, she makes her way back to Grace, who has died from her injuries. Lee, devastated, mourns her sister as she places her on the boat and paddles out of the mangrove.
Cast
Maeve Dermody as Lee
Diana Glenn as Grace
Andy Rodoreda as Adam
Ben Oxenbould as Jim
Fiona Press as Pat
Production
The location representing the vast mangroves system in northern Australia was actually in the directors' home town of Sydney, 25 minutes from the Central business district In a small suburb called Oatley. They also spent a week in Darwin shooting footage of real saltwater crocodiles that were transplanted into the location along with the actors, with the directing team doing their own CG special effects to achieve this.
Release
World Premiere – opening London FrightFest Film Festival, London, 23 August 2007.
Other festivals:
Montreal World Film Festival,
Fantasy Filmfest, (Germany),
Melbourne Underground Film Festival
Commercial premiere 4 January in UK. Distributor, The Works UK
North American distributor Grindstone Entertainment Group
Reception
Black Water received positive reviews from critics. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film received an approval rating of 80% based on 20 reviews, with an average rating of 5.93/10. Critics praised the lack of CGI commonly used in this type of film, as well as the tense plotting and suspense built from it. Neil Smith of Total Film Magazine also praised the ending stating it was "a conclusion that refreshingly refutes the genre rulebook."
Awards
Box office
Black Water performed well financially and grossed $1,271,556 worldwide.
Sequel
In February 2018, a sequel titled Black Water: Abyss was announced to be in development. Andrew Traucki was hired to serve as director and producer after serving as co-writer/co-director on the first installment. Described as a survival horror-thriller film, co-written by John Ridley and Sarah Smith, the plot was stated to revolve around a couple who explore a remote cave system alongside their friends only to be pursued and preyed upon by a number of killer crocodiles. Produced by Michael Robertson, the studios stated that the movie would use practical effects and real animal footage.
Black Water: Abyss was released on 4 July 2020 in the UK and on 30 July 2020 in Australia.
See also
Cinema of Australia
List of Australian films
List of killer crocodile films
References
External links
2007 films
Australian natural horror films
Australian horror films
2007 horror films
Films about crocodilians
British horror films
2000s survival films
Films set in the Northern Territory
Films shot in the Northern Territory
Films shot in New South Wales
Films set on boats
Films set in swamps
2000s English-language films
Films directed by Andrew Traucki
2000s British films
Sony Pictures direct-to-video films
English-language horror films |
Katrin Kliehm (born 17 May 1981) is a German football defender. She currently plays for 1. FFC Frankfurt, and has been capped 5 times for the German national team.
References
1981 births
Living people
German women's footballers
Germany women's international footballers
1. FFC Frankfurt players
German footballers needing infoboxes
Women's association football defenders
Place of birth missing (living people) |
Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Podberyozkin (; born 21 June 1992) is a Russian professional football player who plays for FC SKA-Khabarovsk. He primarily plays as an attacking midfielder though he has also played as a winger, wide midfielder or central midfielder.
Club career
He made his Russian Premier League debut for FC Lokomotiv Moscow on 22 April 2012 in a game against FC Rubin Kazan.
Podberyozkin signed for Krasnodar on 31 December 2015.
On 5 January 2018 he joined FC Rubin Kazan on loan.
On 29 May 2018 he moved to Rubin on a permanent basis, signing a 3-year contract.
On 18 August 2020 he returned to FC Ural Yekaterinburg.
Career statistics
Club
References
External links
1992 births
Footballers from Moscow
Living people
Russian men's footballers
Russia men's youth international footballers
Russia men's under-21 international footballers
Men's association football midfielders
FC Lokomotiv Moscow players
FC Khimki players
FC Ural Yekaterinburg players
FC Krasnodar players
FC Rubin Kazan players
FC SKA-Khabarovsk players
Russian Premier League players
Russian Second League players |
```shell
Debugging `ssh` client issues
Useful ssh client optimizations
Setting up password-free authentication
Getting the connection speed from the terminal
Make use of `netstat`
``` |
Proteuxoa florescens is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in the Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia.
The wingspan is about 40 mm. Adults have light and dark brown patterned forewings, each with a dark comma mark and pale brown hindwings.
External links
Australian Faunal Directory
Australian Insects
Image at Flickr
Image
Proteuxoa
Moths of Australia
Moths described in 1857 |
HMS Wizard was a built by the White shipyard for the Royal Navy, and launched on 26 February 1895. In 1910, she was reconstructed with only two funnels. She is believed to be the only destroyer fitted with in turning screws. She was sold in 1920.
Construction and design
On 7 November 1893, the British Admiralty placed an order for three "27-knotter" torpedo boat destroyers (Wizard, and ) with the shipbuilder J. Samuel White under the 1893–1894 shipbuilding programme for the Royal Navy, with delivery of the three ships to be completed by April 1895. In total, the 1893–1894 programme ordered 36 destroyers from 14 shipbuilders as a follow-on to the six prototype "26-knotter" destroyers ordered under the 1892–1893 programme.
The Admiralty did not specify a standard design for destroyers, laying down broad requirements, including a trial speed of , a "turtleback" forecastle and specified armament, which was to vary depending on whether the ship was to be used in the torpedo boat or gunboat role. As a torpedo boat, the planned armament was a single QF 12 pounder 12 cwt ( calibre) gun on a platform on the ship's conning tower (in practice the platform was also used as the ship's bridge), together with a secondary gun armament of three 6-pounder guns, and two 18 inch (450 mm) torpedo tubes. As a gunboat, one of the torpedo tubes could be removed to accommodate a further two six-pounders.
The three White-built destroyers were long overall and between perpendiculars, with a beam of and a draught of . Displacement was light and full load. Three Water-tube boilers of White's own design fed steam to 2 four-cylinder triple-expansion steam engines, rated at . Three funnels were fitted. Uniquely for early destroyers, Wizards propellers rotated inwards, which was found to give the ship particularly poor handling.
Wizard was laid down at White's Cowes, Isle of Wight shipyard on 3 April 1894 as Yard number 947 and was launched on 27 February 1895. The three Wight-built destroyers had difficulty meeting their required contract speed of 27 knots, and Wizard was not accepted into service until July 1899.
Operational service
Wizard served as tender to , the shore establishment near Portsmouth. In early December 1901, under the command of Lieutenant and Commander Frederick Hare Hallowes, she was damaged in a collision with a tug at Portsmouth, and her crew was transferred to the destroyer during repairs. She was paid off at Portsmouth on 13 May 1902 to be strengthened. Lieutenant Henry Wilcox Osborn was appointed in command on 11 June 1902, and she took part in the fleet review held at Spithead on 16 August 1902 for the coronation of King Edward VII. Lieutenant Robert Wilberforce Myburgh was appointed in command on 1 October 1902, but only two weeks later she was damaged in a collision with German liner Kronprinz Wilhelm, taking place in Southampton water. Lieutenant Myburgh and the crew were temporarily posted to from 12 October while the ship went in for repairs, but were back aboard Wizard the following month when she was recommissioned on 8 November for service in the Portsmouth instructional flotilla.
Wizard was refitted by White's in 1904–1904. In 1908, Wizard was docked at Sheerness Dockyard in order to carry out a survey to determine if the ship's condition was good enough to warrant carrying out a refit to support further service, with the results confirming that the ship was worth the cost of a thorough refit. The refit was completed in April 1909, with the ship rejoining the Nore destroyer flotilla. In 1910 she had two of her funnels trunked together, making Wizard a two-funneled ship.
In November 1909, Wizard together with the scout cruiser escorted the depot ship and ten C-class submarines from Portsmouth to Dundee in Scotland, where the submarines were to be permanently based. On 3 September 1910, Wizard was at anchor near the Sunk Lightvessel in the Thames Estuary when she was rammed by a torpedo boat, with her hull holed near the engine room. Wizard was taken into Sheerness Dockyard for inspection of the damage and repair.
On 30 August 1912 the Admiralty directed all destroyers were to be grouped into classes designated by letters based on contract speed and appearance. After 30 September 1913, as a 27-knotter, Wizard was assigned to the .
In February 1913, Wizard was not part of an active flotilla, but was attached as a tender to the stone frigate (or shore establishment) the gunnery school at Portsmouth, with a nucleus crew, although she was listed as in full commission by May 1913.
Wizard was part of the Portsmouth Local Defence Flotilla by June 1915. She remained part of the Portsmouth Local Defence Flotilla in March 1917.
In January 1920, Wizard was listed as for sale, and was sold on 20 May 1920 to Ward for scrapping at their Milford Haven yard.
Pennant numbers
Notes
Citations
References
Conflict-class destroyers
Ships built on the Isle of Wight
1895 ships
A-class destroyers (1913)
World War I destroyers of the United Kingdom |
KBK is an Indian graphic news agency founded by Kul Bushan Kumar (1928–2003), from whom it got its name. It is considered "the vanguard of cartography and graphic journalism in India".
KBK was founded in the early 1950s, and its founder Kul Bushan Kumar had a postgraduate degree in geography. Kumar noticed that newspapers and journals then often carried inaccurate geographic representations. He is said to have prepared detailed maps during the India-China War of 1962, leading editor M. Chalapathi Rau to write that only he "could provide a correct picture of the war".
References
News agencies based in India |
The Newspaper () is a 2020 Sri Lankan Sinhala drama thriller film co-directed by Sarath Kothalawala and Kumara Thirimadura. It is produced by Bandula Gunawardane along with Ravindra Guruge and H.D. Premasiri. It stars both directors Kothalawala and Thirimadura in lead roles where Gihan Fernando, Dharmapriya Dias and Pubudu Chathuranga made supportive roles. Music composed by Gayathri Khemadasa.
A special screening of the film was held at the Savoy Premier Hall in Wellawatte on 29 June 2020. A special screening will be held on the 24 July 2020 at 4 pm at the Wilmax Cinema Hall in Anuradhapura. A special screening and dialogue of the film was held on the 3 September 2020 at the Savoy Premiere (Roxy) Cinema Hall, Wellawatte.
Plot
Guna is a kind hearted man who lives a righteous life with his mother without burdening the country. Their lives are turned upside down by misinformation published on a newspaper. Guna and his family members are branded as terrorists by the villagers who read the newspaper. The villagers deciding to take the law into their own hands break Guna's limbs, sets fire to his house and drives his family out of the village. After this incident Guna is relegated to a homemade wheel chair and lives a poverty stricken life. Amongst the villagers he is only supported by his friend Luvis.
One day Guna comes across a piece of a news paper article at a market stall which declares his brother was unjustly blamed for the bombing of an army bus. Guna shows the piece of paper to his mother and the other villagers to free the family from the unjust abuse and hatred targeted towards them by the villagers. When shown the article, the villagers and the village council member mock Guna since the title of the newspaper is missing. Heeding to his mother's insistence, with the idea of getting the story published on the front page, Guna and Luvis come to Colombo. Throughout the course of their journey they become entangled by several obstacles, where every newspaper they visit refuses to correct the wrong news. Meanwhile, a young journalist Tharushi helps them in many ways, in the meantime, Luvis is put in jail after slapping editor in chief, Senarath Iddamalgoda of a certain newspaper company.
After getting bail, they again go to the newspaper company where Tharushi works, where they are told to get police clearance if they want their story published. Guna and Luvis come across a roberry and helps the Police to catch the robber. Afterwards the news spreads quickly to the gang leader, who starts a plan to frame and kill Guna and Luvis. Meanwhile, under the pressure of the Police chief, the newspaper editor agrees to publish the corrected story about Guna's brother. On their return journey back to their village, Guna is too slow and misses Luvis to catch the train at the Fort Station. Guna tells Luvis, that he will catch the next train. So Luvis gets on to the train headed back to the village. At the station Guna stumbles across an envelope packed with drugs, whilst Guna innocently tries to find the owner of the envelope he is shot and killed presumably by a gang member with the envelope still in his hand. When Luvis returns to the village, he comes across the dead body of Guna's mother, so he buries the body placing the corrected paper article on top of the grave. The next day, the headline of the newspaper cites a death of a drug dealer at the Fort, which was actually the death of innocent Guna.
Cast
Awards
The film received positive reviews from critics. The DVD of the film was released in the last week of December 2020 at the Sarasavi Bookshop premises at the One Galle Face Shopping Complex, Colombo. The film won the second best film in the Asian Cinema Competition at the 2022 Bengaluru International Film Festival (BIFFes). In May 2022, the film won the award for the Best Director at the 23rd Rainbow Film Festival in London.
The film has been nominated for the award for "Best Indian sub continental Film" among films from South Asian countries at the Indian Film Festival of Melbourne. In September 2022, Thirimadura and Kothalawala were awarded joint Best Actors at the 18th Kazan International Film Festival.
References
External links
ජනපති-අගමැති වෙනුවෙන් ද නිවුස් පේපර් විශේෂ දැක්මක්
"ද නිවුස් පේපර් " චිත්රපටය මුවාවෙන් බන්දුල ප්රමෝට් වෙනවා - කැෆේ
ද නිවුස් පේපර්
සිසු පඬුරු
ද නිවුස් පේපර් සිනමාපටය අපේක්ෂකත්ව ප්රවර්ධන කටයුත්තක්ද?
“ද නිවුස් පේපර්“ චිත්රපටය ජනපති, අගමැති නරඹයි
2020s Sinhala-language films
2020 films
Sri Lankan drama films
2020 drama films |
Copley Place is an enclosed shopping mall within the mixed-use Copley Square in the Back Bay neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts, United States. It features direct indoor connections to several nearby destinations including four office towers, and the Boston Marriott Copley Place and Sheraton Boston hotels. The mall is connected to the Prudential Center shopping mall via a skybridge over Huntington Avenue.
The mall currently features Neiman Marcus and Saks Fifth Avenue.
In November 2019, the online business news website MassLive rated Copley Place as fourth, and the immediately adjacent Prudential Center as fifth best among 40 malls and shopping centers in Massachusetts.
Description
The bi-level indoors mall is noted for its upscale fashion stores, including Ralph Lauren, Christian Dior, John Varvatos, Michael Kors, Tory Burch, Victorinox Swiss Army, Porsche Design, Tiffany & Co., Jimmy Choo, David Yurman, Louis Vuitton, Salvatore Ferragamo, Saint Laurent, Ermenegildo Zegna, Burberry, Furla, and Gucci. Above, the third level provides access to a lobby, reception desk, and the bases of the four office towers.
The mall is connected directly to the Prudential Center shopping mall via a skybridge over Huntington Avenue. Another skybridge connects to the Westin at Copley Place hotel (and a few small shops), by crossing Huntington Avenue at a different location. A Marriott hotel anchors one end of Copley Place, and the Neiman Marcus department store anchors the other end. The mall is also connected to the Back Bay MBTA/Amtrak station via a pedestrian tunnel crossing beneath Dartmouth Street.
The property is managed by Simon Property Group, which acquired it in the 2002 breakup of the then Dutch-owned Urban Shopping Centers, Inc.
History
The structure was the first major project designed by Howard Elkus, then of The Architects' Collaborative. At the time, it was Boston's largest urban mixed-use development project, financed by the Pritzker family of Chicago. It was built in 1983 directly above the Massachusetts Turnpike and Huntington Avenue highway interchange ramps, which had been constructed in 1964 on the site of the former South End Armory. The Armory building had been completed in 1890, and was razed to make room for the Mass Pike right-of-way. Later, as a principal of Elkus Manfredi Architects, Elkus would lead several major renovations of the mall, and a proposed expansion.
In 2011, plans for a addition of retail space to the facility and a expansion of its Neiman Marcus anchor were approved by the Boston Redevelopment Authority. By February 2013, the project was awaiting final design plans. In October 2016, Simon Properties announced indefinite postponement of its $500-million project to build a 52-story luxury residential tower, and drastic scaling back of plans to expand the Copley Place mall, citing concerns about rising costs and competition from other Boston luxury towers already under construction.
Upon its opening, the indoor mall featured as its centerpiece a high sculptural fountain designed by Boston artist Dimitri Hadzi. The artwork was composed of multiple abstract granite and travertine marble shapes, with a waterfall cascading down it into a shallow pool at the bottom, surrounded by marble benches. A proposed renovation which would eliminate the water feature prompted commentary opposing its demolition in 2013. , the fountain had been completely removed, and the location and status of its sculptural components were unknown to the general public.
From its opening, the mall has been marketed as a high-end luxury retail location. Over time, the mix of stores changed in response to sweeping changes affecting the US retailing market. For example, a sizable Rizzoli Bookstore was located opposite the elevators behind the central water feature, but it had closed by the year 2000. Other stores which have moved out include Stoddard's (fine cutlery and personal care tools) and Williams Sonoma (kitchenware and food ingredients). , almost all of the stores sell fashionable clothing, shoes, or accessories.
The mall had also housed one of the few major-chain-owned movie theaters within Boston city limits, but the Loews Copley Place Cinemas was closed in January 2005. It was replaced by Barneys New York men's clothing, which closed in 2019. Barney's became a new Saks Fifth Avenue Men's Store, on August 14, 2020.
Major tenants
Anchors
Restaurants
Legal Sea Foods
Au Bon Pain
Hotels
Marriott Copley Place
Westin Copley Place Boston
Offices (in Copley Place Towers)
The Bridgespan Group is headquartered in 2 Copley Place
The Boston Regional Office of the US Census Bureau is in Suite 301 of 4 Copley Place.
The online furniture retailer Wayfair has its headquarters in 4 Copley Place.
Canada and Germany maintain Consulates-General for the New England region in Suites 400 and 500, respectively, of 3 Copley Place.
Gallery
References
External links
Official site
Landmarks in Back Bay, Boston
Simon Property Group
Shopping malls in Massachusetts
Buildings and structures in Boston
Shopping malls established in 1983 |
Koriukivka (, ) is a small city in Chernihiv Oblast (province) of Ukraine. It was founded in 1657, over 350 years ago, and it is the administrative center of Koriukivka Raion. The city hosts the administration of Koriukivka urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. The population in 2021 is estimated to be
History
During the reign of the Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky in 1657, who was in search of free land for the nobility class and the settlers from the Right-Bank of Ukraine. A search headed by the Cossack Omel'yanov Karukoyu found the eventual site and deemed it fit for a small settlement due to the thick protection of the surrounding forests.
The city later suffered heavy losses during the Second World War and is a site of the World War II massacre. Koriukivka was almost totally burned, the population that lived there was exterminated, with the Germans killing around 6,700 people and burning 1,290 homes. The destruction of Koriukivka together with its inhabitants is the largest single "reprisal raid" war crime of the Nazi occupation during World War II.
Geography
The city rests on the Brech river, a tributary of the Snov. The local climate is moderate, with adequate moisture. The average annual rainfall is 614 mm, including the warm period - 439 mm. The average annual temperature - 6,1C. The absolute maximum temperature is 37C, but at least – 35C.
Economy
Modern Koriukivka is one of the most promising cities within Chernihiv Oblast. There are a number of companies, the largest two of which is the corporation "Koriukivka factory of Technical Papers" (built on the sugar-refinery site burned during the Great Patriotic War or World War II) and the state enterprise "Koriukivka Forestry" production.
The city also has many successful and developing small businesses. With a registered list of small businesses, 73 entrepreneurial activities involving 639 individuals. The city has 100 commercial enterprises, of which 26 are Consumer Cooperatives.
Many investors find Koriukivka an attractive site due to the presence of large tracts of forests, silica sand, clay and peat.
Historically, the city has had great and old industrial traditions. In the mid-nineteenth century, the foreign entrepreneur Karl Rauch founded a distillery and sugar factory. In 1871, the Koriukivka sugar factory employed 600 people. The plant produced a season of sugar worth more than 5.5 million. Rubles. And in 1901 manufacturer LI Brodsky expanded the sugar-refinery, employing about 1,000 workers. In 1882 the Koriukivka sugar production was awarded the gold medal from the All-Russia Exhibition in Moscow, and after 18 years they received the highest award of the World Exhibition in Paris.
Education
Koryukovka has a gymnasium, two secondary schools of the third degree, two secondary schools with which there are 1850 pupils, an arts school, a sports school and two kindergartens with over 400 children.
Media
The district newspaper is called "Mayak" and there is a small radio-station that operates district-wide.
Infrastructure
Koriukivka city is the center of the Koryukovka district within the Chernihiv region, located 100 km from the regional center Chernhiv city - in the northern territory. The city is also located at the intersection of highways of regional and local importance, in which there is a bus connection to the regional center and the neighboring district center: Snovsk, Mena, Semenivka and to other settlements in the area. The Koryukovka area has five public roads of local significance, all of which are paved (T - 25 – 12; T - 25 – 19; T - 25 – 32; T - 25 – 34 and T - 25 - 36).
The city planning structure is complicated with what is locally called a "multibeam-form" with similar districts spread around the various connecting roads. The area is built up unevenly, with most of the density in the city center. Here, in addition to a quarter of the low- and multi-building, many service centers, schools, administrative, cultural, educational and medical facilities are located here as well. In the apartment buildings near the center there has developed an addition set of daily service institutions (preschool, school, shopping, etc.).
In terms of the engineering arrangements within Koriukivka, many districts are significantly different. Thus, in the downtown area and the two-story building area north of the center, many buildings are equipped with various engineering accomplishments, however in the western and eastern parts of the city many areas are not completely covered by the water supply system.
The city has a central district hospital with 220 beds, a pharmacy, two cultural centers with 800 seats, two libraries, a historical museum, and a stadium named "Avangard".
Sister cities
Kazlų Rūda, Lithuania
References
External links
Official website
The murder of the Jews of Koriukivka during World War II, at Yad Vashem website.
Cities in Chernihiv Oblast
Cities of district significance in Ukraine
Chernigov Governorate
Holocaust locations in Ukraine
Koriukivka Raion |
Clarence Lamar Burpee (12 September 1894 - 6 October 1956) was a United States Army general who commanded the 2nd Military Railway Service during World War II.
After service in the United States Marine Corps during World War I, Burpee was a superintendent of terminals with the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad. During World War II he was commissioned in the United States Army, and commanded the 703rd Railway Grand Division in the North African campaign and the Italian campaign. He then commanded the 2nd Military Railway Service, which supported the campaigns in northwest Europe.
Early life
Clarence Lamar Burpee was born in Jackson, Georgia, on 12 September 1894, the second of the four children of James Arthur Burpee and his wife Katherine Milledge Smith. His father died when he was just eight years old.
World War I
During World War I, Burpee enlisted in the United States Marine Corps on 4 July 1918. He gave his occupation as "yard master". After basic training at the Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island, he joined the 15th Marine Regiment in August. The following month it sailed to France, but saw no action before the war ended. He was promoted to corporal on 8 January 1919, and returned to the United States in August. He was honorably discharged on 13 August 1919.
Between the two world wars, Burpee served as the superintendent of terminals with the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad in Jacksonville, Florida.
World War II
In July 1941, Burpee was commissioned as a lieutenant colonel in the engineer reserve. He was called to active duty with the rank of colonel in June 1942. He assumed command of the 703rd Railway Grand Division, which landed at Casablanca in North Africa on 18 November, just ten days after the commencement of Operation Torch. The 703rd Railway Grand Division moved on to Italy, where it opened the first railway line from Salerno on 5 October. He became the director of military railways in Italy, in which role he was responsible for all American railway units supporting the Italian campaign.
Burpee returned to the United States in November 1943 to become the general manager of the 2nd Military Railway Service. He was promoted to brigadier general in February 1944. The 2nd Military Railway Service arrived in the UK in March 1944, and Burpee landed on Utah Beach in late June. He moved his headquarters to Paris in September 1944, and Brussels in February 1945. By the end of the year, the 2nd Military Railway Service had eighteen railway operating battalion, four shop battalions, five mobile workshop units, and ten hospital train maintenance crews. These were controlled by five railway grand divisions, and had a total of 17,526 men.
He left active duty after the war ended, but was promoted to the substantive rank of brigadier general in May 1947. For his services he was awarded the Army Distinguished Service Medal and the Legion of Merit.
Death and legacy
Burpee, who never married, died in Jacksonville on 6 October 1956, and was buried in Evergreen Cemetery there. The Clarence L. Burpee United States Army Reserve Center in Jacksonville was named in his honor in 1957.
Notes
References
External links
Generals of World War II
1894 births
1956 deaths
People from Jackson, Georgia
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
United States Army generals
United States Marine Corps personnel of World War I
United States Army generals of World War II |
Insider, previously named Business Insider (BI), is a New York City-based multinational financial and business news website founded in 2007. Since 2015, a majority stake in Business Insiders parent company Insider Inc. has been owned by the German publishing house Axel Springer. It operates several international editions, including one in the United Kingdom.
Insider publishes original reporting and aggregates material from other outlets. it maintained a liberal policy on the use of anonymous sources. It has also published native advertising and granted sponsors editorial control of its content. The outlet has been nominated for several awards, but has also been criticized for using factually incorrect clickbait headlines to attract viewership.
In 2015, Axel Springer SE acquired 88 percent of the stake in Insider Inc. for $343 million (€306 million), implying a total valuation of $442 million. In February 2021, the brand was renamed simply Insider.
History
Business Insider was launched in 2007 and is based in Manhattan. Founded by DoubleClick's former CEO Kevin P. Ryan, Dwight Merriman, and Henry Blodget, the site began as a consolidation of industry vertical blogs, the first of them being Silicon Alley Insider (launched May 16, 2007) and Clusterstock (launched March 20, 2008). In addition to providing and analyzing business news, the site aggregates news stories on various subjects. It started a UK edition in November 2014, and a Singapore bureau in September 2020. BIs parent company is Insider Inc.
After Axel Springer SE purchased Business Insider in 2015, a substantial portion of its staff left the company. According to a CNN report, some staff who exited complained that "traffic took precedence over enterprise reporting". In 2017, Business Insider launched BI Prime subscription, the service which placed some of its articles behind paywall. In 2018, staff members were asked to sign a confidentiality agreement that included a nondisparagement clause requiring them not to criticize the site during or after their employment.
Early in 2020, CEO Henry Blodget convened a meeting in which he announced plans for the website to acquire 1 million subscribers, 1 billion unique visitors per month, and over 1,000 newsroom employees. The parent companies of Business Insider and eMarketer merged in 2020 in connection with the proposed purchase of Axel Springer by KKR, an American private equity firm. In October 2020, BIs parent company purchased a majority position in Morning Brew, a newsletter.
In 2022, Insider won the Pulitzer Prize for Illustrated Reporting and Commentary, its first ever Pulitzer Prize, for its illustrated report "How I escaped a Chinese internment camp". The piece, composed as a series of comics that told the story of one woman's experience escaping China's Uyghur genocide, was created by illustrator Fahmida Azim alongside art director Anthony Del Col, writer Josh Adams, and editor Walt Hickey.
Finances
Business Insider first reported a profit in the fourth quarter of 2010. , it had 45 full-time employees. Its target audience at the time was limited to "investors and financial professionals". In June 2012, it had 5.4 million unique visitors. , Jeff Bezos was a Business Insider investor; his investment company Bezos Expeditions held approximately 3 percent of the company as of its acquisition in 2015.
In 2015, Axel Springer SE acquired 88 percent of the stake in Insider Inc. for $343 million (€306 million), implying a total valuation of $442 million.
Divisions
Business Insider operates a paid division titled BI Intelligence, established in 2013.
In July 2015, Business Insider began the technology website Tech Insider, with a staff of 40 people working primarily from the company's existing New York headquarters, but originally separated from the main Business Insider newsroom. However, Tech Insider was eventually folded into the Business Insider website.
In October 2016, Business Insider started Markets Insider as a joint venture with Finanzen.net, another Axel Springer company.
Bias, reliability, and editorial policy
Glenn Greenwald has critiqued the reliability of Business Insider, along with that of publications including The Wall Street Journal, Yahoo! News, and Slate. In 2010, Business Insider falsely reported that New York Governor David Paterson was slated to resign; BI had earlier reported a false story alleging that Steve Jobs experienced a heart attack.
In April 2011, Blodget sent out a notice inviting publicists to "contribute directly" to Business Insider. , Business Insider allowed the use of anonymous sources "at any time for any reason", a practice which many media outlets prefer to avoid or at least indicate why a source is not identified. According to the World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers, Business Insider gave SAP "limited editorial control" over the content of its "Future of Business" section . The website publishes a mix of original reporting and aggregation of other outlets' content. Business Insider has also published native advertising.
Reception
In January 2009, the Clusterstock section appeared in Times list of 25 best financial blogs, and the Silicon Alley Insider section was listed in PC Magazines list of its "favorite blogs of 2009". 2009 also saw Business Insiders selection as an official Webby honoree for Best Business Blog.
In 2012, Business Insider was named to the Inc. 500. In 2013, the publication was once again nominated in the Blog-Business category at the Webby Awards. In January 2014, The New York Times reported that Business Insider web traffic was comparable to that of The Wall Street Journal. In 2017, Digiday included imprint Insider as a candidate in two separate categories—"Best New Vertical" and "Best Use of Instagram"—at their annual Publishing Awards.
The website has faced criticism for what critics consider its clickbait-style headlines. A 2013 profile of Blodget and Business Insider in The New Yorker suggested that Business Insider, because it republishes material from other outlets, may not always be accurate.
In 2022, Insider won the Pulitzer Prize for Illustrated Reporting and Commentary for its reporting on the Uyghur genocide.
References
Works cited
External links
2007 establishments in New York City
Axel Springer SE
American financial news websites
Business magazines published in the United States
Financial services companies established in 2007
Magazines established in 2007
Magazines published in New York City
Pulitzer Prize for Commentary winners |
Kidtown is an unincorporated community in Clay County, West Virginia, United States.
References
Unincorporated communities in West Virginia
Unincorporated communities in Clay County, West Virginia
Charleston, West Virginia metropolitan area |
The Saint: Wrong Number is a 1990 TV film featuring Simon Dutton as Simon Templar, the crimefighter also known as The Saint. It was one of a series of Saint films produced in Australia and broadcast as part of the syndicated series Mystery Wheel of Adventure.
Plot
Simon Templar spends a weekend in Berlin with a girlfriend, and he ends up with a chance to prevent missiles getting into the hands of terrorists.
Cast
Simon Dutton as Simon Templar
Günther Maria Halmer as Otto Schmidt (as Günther-Maria Halmer)
Arielle Dombasle as Stella Moreau
Vince Edwards as General Daniel T. Donovan
Production
This movie was one of six 100-minute TV films, all starring Simon Dutton made for London Weekend Television (LWT) in the United Kingdom, it was postponed due to poor ratings, but went out as part of The Mystery Wheel of Adventure in the United States:
The Saint: The Brazilian Connection (2 September 1989)
The Saint: The Blue Dulac (9 September 1989)
The Saint: The Software Murders (4 August 1990)
The Saint in Australia (14 July 1990)
The Saint: The Big Bang (28 July 1990)
Broadcast
The film was postponed for broadcasting on 14 July 1990 and on 7 July 1990, and finally broadcast on 21 July 1990.
External links
1990 films
1990 television films
1990s English-language films |
Christopher Potter (1750–1817) was an English manufacturer and contractor, best known for introducing into France the method of printing on porcelain and glass.
Early life
Christopher Potter was born in 1750 the first son of George and Betty Potter. He was baptised on 1 January 1751; his elder sister, Philliss, was baptised in 1749 and buried in 1751; his younger sister, Mary, baptised in February 1752; and a brother, George baptised in November of the same year. Nothing is known of Christopher's education. His father George was a maker of Archel dye at the Falcon Steps, Southwark between 1749 and 1755. When Christopher was four years old his father purchased the White House, Bethnal Green, a madhouse, from Eleanor Wright the widow of the original owner. The family appear to have moved to live there since George and Betty appear in various records in day-to-day management of the madhouse. There was a later suggestion that, in addition to running the madhouse, Betty Potter kept "a common boarding house, on Bethnal Green" and that their son Christopher "usually" ran "Errands, for" his "Mother's Boarders, for hire." It is possible that one of the adjacent properties was used in this way for part of the Potter's occupation of the madhouse. His father also, at some time, set up an archel dye factory on adjacent land. Trade directories list him as an Archel maker at Bethnal Green from 1768 and going into partnership with Joseph Dent from 1771. In the year after Christopher's mother Betty's death in August 1762, his father took a partner, James Stratton, in the madhouse business. Following his father's death in October 1771 it appears that Christopher sold his interest in the madhouse to Stratton but retained his partnership in the Archel dye factory. He married Sarah Mills on 16 January 1773 and settled in Bethnal Green at some distance removed from both madhouse and factory. Whilst at Bethnal Green, the couple had two children, Sarah Maria, born November 1774, and Thomas Mills, born January 1776. His Bethnal Green house was put up for sale in July 1778 but by then the family had already moved to their new home, Great Barns, an estate near Ely, Cambridgeshire, nine hundred acres of which he devoted to growing woad. At first his property was cultivated by "woadmen", who were accustomed to hiring fields for two years; but then he employed his own agricultural labourers, which he considered an innovation. In 1780 the family took a house in Parliament Street, Westminster where, on 29 March 1782, their third child George Thomas was born.
Political career
He was appointed Sheriff of Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire in 1778. On 10 January 1778, Lord North, the Prime Minister wrote to John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich, First Lord of the Admiralty, describing Christopher Potter as “… a gentleman of business and of very fair character in the City, and a good friend to Government upon all occasions…”
In 1780, he unsuccessfully contested the parliamentary representation of Cambridge. In 1781, he was returned for Colchester but on petition was unseated for corrupt practices.
During the final years of the American War of Independence, Potter was one of the principal victualling contractors for the British Army and the principal supplier of Ship's bisket (bread), flour and many other provisions to the British Navy. Together with his partner Aaron Moody, he established the first steam-powered corn mill and bakery in the world in 1781 at Chapel Mill, Southampton.
In 1783, at the end of the war, Potter set up a chain of bakeries in London to supply the city with cheap bread, much to the consternation of the Baker's Company. He must have overstretched himself for on 15 April 1783, he was declared bankrupt, and all of his properties were sold off to help clear his debts
In 1784 Potter had the support of Richard Rigby, and he was again returned for the Colchester seat, but the election was declared void, and had to be re-run. Potter then lost. It has been suggested that his candidature seems to have laid the ground for the passing of an act disqualifying government contractors, but that seems unlikely as Clerks Act, which restricted anyone holding a government contract from sitting as an MP, was passed in 1782.
In France
In 1788 Potter left England to make a new career in France. Settling in Paris, Potter in 1789 established potteries there, and assumed credit for the introduction of transfer printing on porcelain and glass to France, acknowledging that the discovery of the technique had been made in England some 20 years before. Backed by a favourable report from two members of the Academy of Sciences and by Sylvan Bailly, the mayor of Paris, he petitioned the National Assembly for a seven years' patent, promising to give a fourth of the profits to the poor, and to teach his process to French apprentices. No action was taken on his petition, but he enjoyed for years a virtual monopoly. He also reopened the Chantilly porcelain works, which had been closed through the emigration of the Condé family; he there employed five hundred men, and produced nine thousand dozen plates a month. He opened further potteries at Montereau and Forges-les-Eaux. In the autumn of 1793, when the English in France were arrested as hostages for Toulon, he was imprisoned at Beauvais and Chantilly.
In 1796 he was the bearer to Lord Malmesbury at Paris of an offer from Barras to conclude peace, for a bribe of £500,000. At the industrial exhibition of 1798 on the Champ de Mars, the first held in Paris, he was awarded one of the twelve major prizes for white pottery. At the exhibition of 1802 he was one of the twenty-five gold medallists who dined with Napoleon Bonaparte. By this time he had given up all his factories except that at Montereau, which lasted through the 19th century.
John Goldworth Alger, writing in the Dictionary of National Biography, stated that no specimen remains of Potter's ordinary ware. The Victoria and Albert Museum, however, has Chantilly porcelain it identifies with the Potter period. In the Sèvres Museum there was a cup, ornamented with designs of flowers and butterflies, with his initials, surmounted by Prince of Wales's feathers. In 1811 he advocated the cultivation of woad in France, citing his Cambridgeshire experience, and between 1794 and 1812 he took out five patents for agricultural and manufacturing processes, some of them in association with his son, Thomas Mille Potter.
Death
In March 1815, when Napoleon Bonaparte returned from the island of Elba, Potter, already weakened by age and infirmities, wanted to leave France temporarily. He retired to England, where his infirmities only increased. His eldest son Thomas Mills Potter, with whom he had collaborated on his later French patents, died on 19 December 1815 at Nonsuch Park, the home of their family friend Samuel Farmer.
On 16 June 1817 Potter failed to attend Westminster court for a Lawsuit initiated by Charles Brunsdon, a London merchant, for a debt of £1,200. He was arrested by the sheriff and held in Westminster Gaol. On 14 July at a Hearing at the Court of Common Pleas he was committed to the Fleet Prison where he died on 18 November 1817. He was buried at St Matthew's, Bethnal Green on
24 November 1817 Obituaries noted that 'he could calculate by memory alone with a promptitude that astonished the beholder, and at the same time with a degree of precision, that could only be equalled by the slow and painful operations of the counting-house' and 'He possessed an extensive memory .... His researches in mechanical and chemical science, if not profound, rendered the common powers of both prompt and useful for various purposes to which he skilfully applied them. He was too eccentric and speculative to hoard a fortune; and in that respect may be likened to the man who heapeth up riches and cannot tell who shall gather them.'
References
1817 deaths
English businesspeople
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies
British MPs 1780–1784
British MPs 1784–1790
1750 births |
The Mennonite Christian Fellowship churches, or just Fellowship churches, are an Amish Mennonite constituency within the conservative Anabaptist faith and tradition. The group is theologically and historically similar to the Beachy Amish Mennonite constituency. They are somewhat closer in thought to the Conservative Mennonites in matters of doctrine and conservatism.
The constituency originated from several congregations separating from the Old Order Amish in the 1950s and 1960s. The congregations resembled the more conservative end of the Beachy Amish Mennonite constituency at that time. The two groups shared fellowship to the extent that these churches were incorporated into the Beachy affiliation. In 1977, however, some of the ordained men in these churches expressed concern about perceived worldly trends among the Beachys. They met with other ordained Beachy men, to address concerns that included members baptized without a true Christian conversion, worldly fads in clothing and lifestyle, and churches conglomerating in communities instead of spreading out. After this meeting, the concerned men decided to withdraw from the Beachys and organize the Mennonite Christian Fellowship. In 1978, these churches started holding their own annual Minister's Meetings. In 2006, the Fellowship churches had 1,518 members in 34 congregations, located mostly in the United States.
The Mennonite Christian Fellowship publishes a monthly newsletter entitled The Fellowship Contributor.
There are mission outreaches in Honduras and Nicaragua.
Notes
References
Mennonite Church Directory. 2007. Harrisonburg, VA: Christian Light Publications.
Miller, A.A. (ed). 2004. The Origin of the Fellowship Churches. Renick, WV: Yoders’ Select Books.
Miller, D (ed). 2005. Amish Mennonite Directory 2005. Millersburg, OH: Abana Books.
Yoder, Elmer S. 1987. The Beachy Amish Mennonite Fellowship Churches. Sugarcreek, OH: Schlabach Printers.
External links
Mennonite Christian Fellowship in Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online (GAMEO)
Pilgrim Ministry: Mennonite Christian Fellowship churches
Mennonitism in the United States
Christian organizations established in 1978 |
Seize the Rainbow is an album by American jazz guitarist Sonny Sharrock which was recorded in 1987 and released on the Enemy label.
Critical reception
Cadence Magazine gave Seize the Rainbow a positive review, finding Sharrock to be in exceptionally melodic form and finally accompanied by sidemen who are just as good on a record that may be his "most accessible effort yet", even though some of Sharrock's more experimental solos also work well with his band. In The Village Voice, Robert Christgau said he continues to develop as a gifted melodist with music that is "as accessible as good jazz-rock gets" despite some moments of "signature chaos". He gave the record an "A" and deemed it "uncommonly beautiful and direct without flirting with the saccharine or the simplistic". In his list for the Pazz & Jop critics poll, Christgau named it the tenth best album of the year.
In a retrospective four-star review, AllMusic editor Steve Huey said, "Even if it isn't quite as evocative as the solo sound paintings of Guitar, Seize the Rainbow does place Sharrock's playing in one of its most accessible settings, and it's perhaps the best starting point for rock fans wondering what the fuss is about".
Track listing
Personnel
Adapted from the Seize the Rainbow liner notes.
Musicians
Pheeroan akLaff – drums
Melvin Gibbs – bass guitar
Sonny Sharrock – guitar, production
Abe Speller – percussion, drums
Production and additional personnel
Bill Laswell – co-producer, 6-string bass (7)
Robert Musso – mixing
References
External links
1987 albums
Sonny Sharrock albums
Enemy Records albums
Albums produced by Bill Laswell |
The 1975 All England Championships was a badminton tournament held at Wembley Arena, London, England, from 19–23 March 1975.
Final results
Men's singles
Section 1
Section 2
Women's singles
Section 1
Section 2
References
All England Open Badminton Championships
All England
All England Open Badminton Championships in London
All England Badminton Championships
All England Badminton Championships
All England Badminton Championships |
Jens Andersen Beldenak, called the Bald, was a Danish bishop. He was born in the village of Brøndum, the Limfjord, and died 20 January 1537. Historians generally considered him a controversial figure due to his being a contrarian in addition to a quarrelsome character. Aside from his position in the church, he was an important figure in the court of King Christian II due to his legal expertise. Particularly, Beldenak was credited for transforming Sweden from electoral to a hereditary kingdom.
Background
Jens Andersen Beldenak was the son of a poor shoemaker. He was only taught in a convent school but he later studied in Cologne and Rome, where he also worked in the papal office. When he returned to Denmark, he was employed at the King John's office and soon distinguished himself for his sharp intellect, his eloquence and his legal knowledge and in 1501 became bishop of the Diocese of Funen, where he soon fell into a long-standing conflict with the nobility. Beldenak was the only bishop in Denmark who did not belong to the nobility.
King Christian II hired him often on diplomatic missions and in 1503 he was the envoy to the peace meeting in Lübeck, where he exceeded his instructions by promising compensation to Lübeck for mobilizing ships during the war. Partly because of this action the king accused him in 1517, who demanded a large indemnity, and he was followed several years in prison.
He however managed to regain the king's confidence and traveled to Sweden 1520-1521. He could, through their legal knowledge, the single Privy Council in the Grey Friar's Abbey in Stockholm, to recognize the King Christian's succession to the crown of Sweden. During this period, he instructed the council lords regarding the provisions of the Swedish law for royal elections. The existing rule - based on St. Erik's law - mandated that the king should be elected by the council in case the dead king had several sons. Beldenak's claim was that King Christian II was the rightful heir because he was elected during his father's reign.
Beldenak's role in the king's accession gained him favor and position in the royal court. He took part, for instance, in the sentencing of Sten Sture the Younger and other individuals accused of heresy. As a reward for his service, he received episcopal chair to the murdered Bishop Mattias in Strangnas. He became a member of the government after King Christian's departure and helped steer Swedish policy thereafter. He was also involved in combating of Gustav Vasa, leading the liberation struggle. He participated in the Battle of Brunnbäck Ferry (April 1521). Then he pulled even with Didrik Slagheck, he returned to Denmark and was imprisoned there at Hammershus on Bornholm. He regained his diocese in 1523 by virtue of King Frederick's order but still had a strained relationship to the nobility until 1529 when he withdrew his diocese to Knut Gyldenstierne against an annual maintenance and yard Kjærstrup on Taasinge.
After some indiscreet comments about the king, he was sentenced in 1530 to honor loss. In 1533 he was transferred to Kjærstrup by Daniel Rantzau, was abducted and beaten to Holstein. After six months in captivity, he was bought free of any relatives in Lübeck, where he spent his last days.
Jens Andersen Beldenak are depicted in the altarpiece of the church Faaborg.
References
External links
Andersen, Jens in Carl Frederik Bricka's, "Dansk biografisk Lexikon" (1. edition, 1887)
Jens Andersen Beldenak, "Nordisk familjebok" (1904–1926)
1537 deaths
16th-century Danish Lutheran clergy
16th-century Lutheran bishops
Danish Lutheran bishops
Year of birth unknown
Bishops of Strängnäs |
A Winch machine or winch dyeing machine is a type of dyeing machine suitable for piece dyeing. A winch is a simple machine. It is equipped with a winch to guide the fabric from the vat. It has a straight front and a curved back. Long lengths are pulled over the winch and sewn together to form an endless rope. The winch dyeing machine allows fabric ropes pulled from the front and dropping back into the dye liquor. The winch or beck dyeing machine is one of the oldest forms.
Principle and parameters
Winch machine is a high liquor dyeing machine operating at 1:20 (MLR) and a maximum temperature of 98 degrees Celsius. In a winch dyeing, the fabric remains in movement while the dye liquor stays stationary similar to a jigger but with lesser stress on the materials. Hence, suitable for delicate textures and fabric types such as knitted fabrics. Chemicals and dyes dosed in the front portion that travels and get mixed in the entire vat. According to the size of the machine many numbers of ropes are dyed together by playing several cycles in the dye liquor.
See also
Batch dyeing
Color of clothing
Cold pad batch
References
Textile machinery
Textile finishing machines |
The Saratoga Cup was an American Thoroughbred horse race open to horses of either sex age three and older although geldings were not eligible from 1865 through 1918. Between 1865 and 1955 it was hosted by Saratoga Race Course, in Saratoga Springs, New York with the exception of 1943 through 1945 when wartime restrictions were in place and the race was held at Belmont Park in Elmont, New York.
The race was not run from 1887 to 1890, from 1892 to 1900, in 1908, 1911, 1912, from 1956 to 1962, and from 1964 to 1993. The 75 editions of the race were contested at four different distances:
1865–1886 : miles
1891 : 2 miles
1901: 1 miles
1902–1955 : miles
"The seventy-sixth running Saratoga Cup"
In 1963, track owner/operator New York Racing Association held a one-time only commemorative event they called "The seventy-sixth running Saratoga Cup 'The Centennial Season Running.'" It was run at a distance of 1 5/8 miles and was won by Fitz Eugene Dixon, Jr.'s three-year-old gelding, Will I Rule.
Historical notes
During his Hall of Fame career James E. "Sunny Jim" Fitzsimmons won numerous top races more than five times each including the Belmont Stakes. With ten wins, the Saratoga Cup was most and the race was also among his most memorable as the 1914 edition marked his first important major race win as a trainer.
Exterminator, the 1918 Kentucky Derby winner and a U. S. Racing Hall of Fame inductee, won this race four years in row from 1919 to 1922. In his 1920 win, Exterminator set a world record of 2:56 4/5 for miles on dirt. Exterminator's owner Willis Sharpe Kilmer was a notoriously difficult employer and for each of the four wins, Exterminator had a different jockey and a different trainer.
In 1875 a very rare event in horse racing occurred when Preakness and Springbok together set a new American record for the 2 1/4 mile distance in winning the Saratoga Cup in a dead heat.
There were three walkovers in the 75-year history of the Saratoga Cup. Long-distance races were declining in popularity and by the 1920s the number of entrants was regularly only four or five horses. As such, the first walkover came in 1921 when Exterminator's dominance in racing scared away the competition. The second occurred in 1940 and was unique in that it involved two horses, Isolater and Fenelon. Both horses were owned by the powerful Belair Sud Stable who declared Isolater to win. The third time there was a walkover happened in 1946 with Ethel Jacob's Stymie. The future U. S. Racing Hall of Fame inductee had won the 1945 edition of the Saratoga Cup with ease in a year when it was held at Belmont Park. Stymie's continued dominance in racing saw his competition avoiding him in the race's return to Saratoga in 1946.
The 1911–1912 statewide shutdown of horse racing
On June 11, 1908, the Republican controlled New York Legislature under Governor Charles Evans Hughes passed the Hart–Agnew anti-betting legislation. The owners of Saratoga Race Course, and other racing facilities in New York State, struggled to stay in business without income from betting. In spite of strong opposition by prominent owners such as August Belmont Jr. and Harry Payne Whitney, reform legislators were not happy when they learned that betting was still going on at racetracks between individuals and they had further restrictive legislation passed by the New York Legislature in 1910. The Agnew–Perkins Law, a series of four bills and recorded as the Executive Liability Act, made it possible for racetrack owners and members of its board of directors to be fined and imprisoned if anyone was found betting, even privately, anywhere on their premises. After a 1911 amendment to the law that would limit the liability of owners and directors was defeated in the Legislature, every racetrack in New York State shut down. As a result, the Saratoga Cup was not run in 1911 and 1912.
A February 21, 1913 ruling by the New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division saw horse racing return in 1913. However, it was too late for some racing facilities and financial difficulties meant that Brighton Beach Race Course, Gravesend Race Track and Sheepshead Bay Race Track never reopened.
Records
Speed record:
1 miles – 2:55 flat : Reigh Count (1928)
2 miles – 3:56 : Preakness & Springbok (1875) Dead heat
Most wins:
Exterminator (1919, 1920, 1921, 1922)
Most wins by a jockey:
3 – James Butwell (1909, 1915, 1917)
3 – James Stout (1936, 1939, 1940)
Most wins by a trainer:
10 – James E. Fitzsimmons (1914, 1929, 1930, 1934, 1936, 1939, 1940, 1951, 1952, 1954)
Most wins by an owner:
4 – David McDaniel (1872, 1873, 1874, 1875)
4 – Willis Sharpe Kilmer (1919, 1920, 1921, 1922)
Winners
References
Open long distance horse races
Discontinued horse races in New York (state)
Saratoga Race Course
Recurring sporting events established in 1865
Recurring sporting events disestablished in 1955
1865 establishments in New York (state)
1955 disestablishments in New York (state) |
The Another Way Movement (; MOCA) is a political party in Panama, recognized by the Electoral Tribunal of Panama on 29 June 2022. The leader of the party is former presidential candidate Ricardo Lombana. The party has 46,615 adherents (June 2022).
The movement emerged as an independent political group seeking Lombana's presidential candidacy through free candidacy in the 2019 elections, however they came in third place behind the Democratic Revolutionary Party (PRD) and Democratic Change.
After the elections, the movement aimed to become a political party, arguing that the electoral rules favored the parties and there were disadvantages in the free application. On November 19, 2019, the group formally requested before the Electoral Court its intention to become a political party. It was recognized as a party in formation on February 10, 2020 and after the constitutive convention of May 22, 2022, it was recognized as a political party by the court on June 29, 2022.
The party seeks Lombana's participation in the 2024 presidential elections, and they also consider themselves an anti-corruption party.
References
Political parties established in 2022
Political parties in Panama |
Common names: burrowing snakes
Plectrurus is a genus of nonvenomous shield tail snakes endemic to the Western Ghats of South India. Currently, four species are recognized. They inhabit high elevation montane Shola forests and are usually found under fallen logs and rocks. Some species are rare while some are quite common in their range.
Description
Small snakes, they do not exceed 43 cm (17 in).
An ocular shield covers the eye. The eyes are small, diameter not more than half the length of the ocular shield. The tail is laterally compressed. The terminal scute also is laterally compressed, with two superposed points. The points are simple, bifid, or trifid.
Species
) Not including the nominate subspecies
T) Type species
References
External links
Uropeltidae
Snake genera
Taxa named by Auguste Duméril |
State Highway 4 is the shortest of New Zealand's eight national highways. It runs north-south across rugged hill country, forming a short cut between two points on State Highway 3 thereby avoiding Taranaki and the coasts of the North and South Taranaki Bights. Distances are measured from north to south.
For most of its length SH4 is a two-lane single carriageway, with at-grade intersections and property accesses, both in rural and urban areas. The NZ Transport Agency (NZTA) classifies SH 4 as a primary collector road, except between National Park (SH 47) and Tohunga Junction (SH 49) where it is classified an arterial road.
Route
The highway commences from a junction on SH 3 11 km south of Te Kuiti. It heads south-southeast, climbing initially, then descending along the winding valleys of the Ōhura and Ongarue Rivers, two tributaries of the Whanganui. The Ongarue joins the Whanganui close to Taumarunui, and here the highway turns east briefly, ascending the Whanganui's valley before turning south to skirt the North Island Volcanic Plateau. The peaks of the plateau's volcanoes are clearly visible from the highway, especially that of the southernmost, Ruapehu.
At Horopito the highway veers southwest briefly, following a tributary of the Mangawhero River until it joins with this river near Raetihi. The highway continues to descend the Mangawhero's valley to within 40 km of its mouth, then heads west across rolling hill country to the valley of the Whanganui River, which it follows for the last 15 km of its journey into Whanganui.
Major junctions
See also
List of New Zealand state highways
List of roads and highways, for notable or famous roads worldwide
References
External links
New Zealand Transport Agency
4 |
```c
/* $OpenBSD: weak.c,v 1.3 2012/12/05 23:20:08 deraadt Exp $ */
/*
* Public domain. 2002, Federico Schwindt <fgsch@openbsd.org>.
*/
#include <sys/types.h>
#include "defs.h"
int
weak_func()
{
return (WEAK_REF);
}
__weak_alias(func,weak_func);
``` |
Willingen is an Ortsgemeinde – a community belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde – in the Westerwaldkreis in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.
Geography
The community lies in the Westerwald between Siegen and Limburg on the boundary with Hesse. Within the community rises the Nister, which after flowing 64 km empties into the Sieg. Likewise within the community is the Westerwald's highest mountain, the Fuchskaute. Willingen belongs to the Verbandsgemeinde of Rennerod, a kind of collective municipality. Its seat is in the like-named town.
History
In 1413, Willingen had its first documentary mention as Wildungen.
Politics
The municipal council is made up of 8 council members who were elected in a majority vote in a municipal election on 13 June 2004.
Economy and infrastructure
Although Willingen is a very small village, there are big firms, such as the Rompf coffin factory. There are a “homeland café” (Heimatcafé), an electrical installation and specialist shop, a tire business and a metalworking firm.
Transport
Right near the community, Bundesstraßen 54, linking Limburg an der Lahn with Siegen, and 414, leading from Hohenroth to Hachenburg, cross each other. The nearest Autobahn interchange is Haiger/Burbach on the A 45 (Dortmund–Frankfurt am Main), some 10 km away. The nearest InterCityExpress stop is the railway station at Montabaur on the Cologne-Frankfurt high-speed rail line.
References
External links
Willingen in the collective municipality’s Web pages
Municipalities in Rhineland-Palatinate
Westerwaldkreis |
Star Sonata is a space-themed massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMO) by American studio Star Sonata LLC released in 2004 that combines elements of action games and real-time strategy games such as real-time ship-to-ship combat and galactic conquest.
The game offers complex and involved commerce, construction and team systems. The goal for players in Star Sonata is to bring their team to domination and claim the seat of Emperor. Star Sonata belongs to the space opera genre established in computer gaming by Galactic Empire and Elite.
The game is free to download and play for an unlimited period of time with game-play restrictions.
Gameplay
Star Sonata is a space trading game, where players explore space and trade goods from one space station to another for economic gain. Players also control automated ships through programmed command sequences in order to patrol areas, assist in combat or engage in trade of commodities even while a player is offline. At higher levels, players build custom space stations on planets and moons to extract resources. Items can be manufactured on player-controlled space stations and bought from colonies on planets with ancient ruins.
Unlike many MMORPGs, combat in Star Sonata is in real-time and requires manual aiming. This results in a wide variety of combat tactics, such as dodging to evade enemy fire, using combat aids to deploy drones, boost shields or overload weapons, and maneuvering around terrain elements such as planets and asteroids which block attacks. Star Sonata also has an open PvP system in which players can attack other players near their skill level.
Conquest
Teams of players may claim ownership of galaxies by building space stations on planets in order to control territory, exploit planetary resources and build colonies for trade and population expansion. By expanding their empires, teams compete to achieve a score in the top five with a sufficient percentage of the population of the universe, which enables them to make a claim for the Emperor's throne. If successful, their team leader will be crowned the Emperor of the Universe.
Universe resets
A unique feature of Star Sonata is that the game's universe is randomized every few months in a Universe reset. This allows for the game to remain fresh for long-time players and for new players to have a chance to claim a star system for themselves. A reset triggers economic changes as supply and demand shifts for different items and resources in the new procedurally-generated universe of star systems.
Character advancement
Character development is based on gaining levels through meeting fixed experience point requirements. Experience is earned by killing computer-controlled enemies and completing in-game missions. Players also earn skill points which can be spent on a variety of skills. Some skill sets are mutually exclusive, requiring the player to choose a particular focus for the character, such as a fighting style, space station management, or freight transport. Some other skills are also available to all players but require special commodities and/or
prerequisite such as Hull Expansion.
Development
Developer Adam Miller said he designed Star Sonata "out of a nostalgic childhood dream of space adventure." After three years in development and a public beta, Star Sonata was released in October 2004. Development continued from 2004 to 2011, with features and content zones being added every few months.
In a January 2008 interview, Owner Jeff Landauer stated that 12,132 unique characters had logged in to play in the last 2 days and 11 hours. Landauer has also reported that the number of paying players increased from 300 in August 2005 to 854 in July 2008.
After beta sign-ups in August 2011, Star Sonata 2 was released on November 12, 2011 with an upgraded client supporting 3D graphics and user interface improvements. In July 2012, Landauer Games announced a major increase in paid staff for continued development and additions to Star Sonata.
Reception
In 2004, Star Sonata was reviewed by GameZone which gave the game an overall rating of 7.7/10, noting that the game offered "interesting options for controlling your own AI fleets and space stations." In 2005, the independent video game site Game Tunnel recommended the game for those who "enjoy exploring, conflict, and building a name for yourself" while noting that the game's PvP conflict "can badly affect new players" who are too weak to fight back. The updated Star Sonata 2, released in 2011, was one of 3 role-playing games listed on GameSpy’s 101 Free PC Games of 2012.
See also
References
External links
The official Star Sonata homepage
The official Wiki
2004 video games
Massively multiplayer online role-playing games
Space trading and combat simulators
Video games developed in the United States
Windows games
Windows-only games
Space massively multiplayer online role-playing games |
Van Coevorden is one of the oldest aristocratic families from the Netherlands.
History
The family was already noble from earliest times ("Uradel"). The family's history began with Hendrik van Borculo, who in 1231 married Eufemia, a daughter of the lord of Coevorden, a municipality in the Drenthe province. Their grandson, Reinolt, started to call himself van Coeverden, after his grandmother. From this time onwards till the 17th century, the family played an important role in the region.
Reinolt's descendants still carry this name and belong to the Dutch nobility. In 1814 three member of the family were given the title Jonkheer. In 1991, 1992, 1993, and 2009 several members of the family were given the title of baron, near the end of 2018 another family member acquired the title of baron.
Coat of arms
The coat of arms of the family is in gold 3 red eagles (2:1). The family's motto is En Dieu mon espérence et mon epée à ma défence. (In God my hope and my sword to the defense).
Literature
Detlev Schwennicke, Europäische Stammtafeln Band XXVII (2012) Tafel 82.
Surnames
Dutch noble families
Barons of the Netherlands |
The Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad (CC&C) was a railroad that ran from Cleveland to Columbus in the U.S. state of Ohio in the United States. Chartered in 1836, it was moribund for the first 10 years of its existence. Its charter was revived and amended in 1845, and construction on the line began in November 1847. Construction was completed and the line opened for regular business in February 1851. The CC&C absorbed a small bankrupt railroad in 1861, and in May 1868 merged with the Bellefontaine Railway to form the Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati and Indianapolis Railway.
First charter and failure to build
Early proposals
The first railroad from Lake Erie to Columbus was proposed in 1831. Intended to run from Sandusky on the lake south to Dayton, with a branch to Columbus, no action was taken on this project. On February 8, 1832, the Ohio General Assembly granted a charter to the Columbus, Marion, and Sandusky Railroad. This line was authorized to have its terminus in Columbus and run through the towns of Delaware, Marion, and Upper Sandusky before connecting with the Mad River and Lake Erie Railroad. No construction ever began on this railroad, either.
First charter of the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad
The Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad (CC&C) was chartered by the state of Ohio on March 14, 1836, and authorized to construct a railroad from Cleveland to Cincinnati, passing through the cities of Columbus and Wilmington. The charter required that construction begin within three years, and that the road be completed no later than 10 years after the start of construction. The incorporators of the new CC&C included John A. Bryan and others from Franklin County, as well as investors from Clark, Clinton, Cuyahoga, Delaware, Greene, Hamilton, Holmes, Knox, Lorain, Madison, Medina, Richland, and Wayne counties, met to plan the railroad. Fundraising failed, no construction occurred, and the charter lapsed.
Revived charter and fund-raising
Revival of the charter
In 1844, John W. Allen, Philo Scoville, and five other Cleveland business and civic leaders sought to revive the CC&C charter. They succeeded in persuading the Ohio General Assembly to do so on March 12, 1845. The new charter specified that the railroad must construct a line between Cleveland and Columbus, and was permitted (but not required) to build a line from Columbus to Cincinnati. The railroad also had the right to connect to any other railroad in the state.
A group of railroad investors met in Columbus on May 1, 1845, to discuss the organization of the railroad. This group included William Dennison Jr., Lincoln Goodale, and Joseph Ridgway of Franklin County, and Irad Kelley, brother of Alfred Kelley, from Cuyahoga County. A temporary board of directors was elected, which included William Dennison Jr., Truman P. Handy, and Samuel Medary. The board agreed to open the corporate books and begin selling stock on June 3. Shares worth more than $25,000 ($ in dollars) were sold, allowing the company to be organized under the terms of its charter.
The board determined that, with the Columbus and Xenia Railroad soon to begin construction from Columbus to Cincinnati, the CC&C should not attempt to build a line from Cleveland to Cincinnati. Constructing the line from Cleveland only to Columbus was considered more feasible. An early estimate pegged the cost of construction at $1.5 million ($ in dollars).
The first permanent board of directors of the CC&C was elected on October 11, 1845. The board consisted of Samuel Medary, Robert E. Neil, William Neil, and William Starling Sullivant of Columbus and John W. Allen, Richard Hilliard, Henry B. Payne, Peter M. Waddell, and John M. Woolsey of Cleveland. Allen was elected president by the board, and William Neil the treasurer. Albert G. Lawrence, a non-board member, was elected secretary. Clevelanders predominated on the board because it was assumed that construction would begin in that city. The remainder of the board was from Columbus. By not picking board members from points between the two cities, the board hoped to avoid any appearance of a conflict of interest in choosing the route.
Survey and failure to raise funds
A survey party began examining possible routes for the railroad at the end of October 1845, and by November 15 a second survey group was in the field as well. The board of directors settled on a route in August 1846, although it admitted that there were no funds to begin construction. President Allen then claimed in November 1846 that the company not only had enough money to begin construction on the first of track but that work would also begin on December 1, 1846.
The CC&C attempted to sell stock to raise the necessary funds to begin construction. Shares worth $50,000 ($ in dollars) were sold by January 1847, far below expectations. The officers of the railroad told the board on April 3 that they could not raise funds anywhere in the state. The company resurveyed and restudied the proposed route with an eye toward cutting costs. The CC&C had so little funds on hand that by April 15 it was $3,913 ($ in dollars) in debt. The railroad and its backers publicly admitted the project was likely dead. The city of Cleveland donated $200,000 ($ in dollars) worth of city bonds to the railroad in April 1847 to help save it, but the company found that market conditions were so poor the bonds could not be sold. The board put any further expenditures on indefinite hold in May.
Appointment of Alfred Kelley
Financier Edmund Dwight, representing the wealthy Dwight family of Massachusetts and New York, visited the city in August 1847. The Dwights and Kelleys had invested in a bank in Cleveland, and the Dwights were strongly interested in Ohio railroads. Edmund Dwight told the board that improved investor confidence was needed to raise funds, and this required that the board seek a new leader who could ensure the efficient and timely construction of a well-built railroad. Allen resigned the presidency, and the board elected Alfred Kelley and Leonard Case Jr. to the board of directors. Kelley was appointed president on August 13. Kelly was well known throughout the state as the "father of the Ohio and Erie Canal", and was one of the most dominant commercial, financial, and political people in Ohio in the first half of the 1800s. He was also one of the ablest bankers and financiers in the state.
Kelley immediately began speaking with his colleagues in the banking and finance fields, and by early September 1847 indicated to the board that a favorable response had been found among investors in New York City. Kelley ordered of the line, beginning at Cleveland, to begin construction as a test of new construction methods and railroad technology. To ensure that the new charter did not lapse, on September 30, 1847, Kelley and other members of the board of directors went to Cleveland's Scranton Flats and ceremoniously filled a wheelbarrow with earth to symbolize the start of construction. The company hired an old man to work five days a week, continuously digging this trench, in order to prove to the state that construction was "ongoing". The railroad announced in late November 1847 that of line from Cleveland to Berea would be built. This contract was let to J.A. Ackley and Leander Ransom on December 1, although it is unclear how much (if any) of this track was constructed.
Kelley also began to raise substantial funds. He began his tenure as president by urging the board of directors (composed of wealthy Ohioans) to show faith in the business by purchasing company bonds. By September 15, 1847, the board had invested $100,000 ($ in dollars) in the CC&C. Board member Leonard Case later invested an additional $500,000 ($ in dollars). Kelley was a former resident of Cleveland, and promoted the railroad heavily in that city. By April 15, 1848, investors in Cleveland had purchased $100,000 ($ in dollars) in company bonds, with pledges to purchase another $100,000 when the company asked. Kelley delivered a rousing one-hour speech in Cleveland in early August 1848, after which another $73,000 ($ in dollars) in stock was sold.
Construction of the line
Resurvey and construction report
Kelley, who had extensive experience with route surveying and knew the topography of the state extremely well, ordered the routes resurveyed again, a process which began in October 1847 and ended about the end of January 1848. Engineers Frederick Harbach and John Childe issued a new report to the board of directors on August 19, 1848. They confirmed that the two most-favored routes in 1846 were still the best, although several changes were identified which greatly improved them both. The engineers' preferred route (known as the Western Route), began in Cleveland and was long, with a ruling gradient of just 0.28 percent. The proposed temporary southern terminus of the line would be in Columbus, where the CC&C would connect with the Columbus & Xenia Railroad.
The estimated cost of construction and equipment was $2.567 million ($ in dollars). These costs included the construction of 13 fuel-and-water way stations, the construction of a passenger and freight depot in Cleveland, the construction of a roundhouse with locomotive and rolling stock repair shops in Cleveland, the construction of a roundhouse in Columbus, and enough equipment to run two passenger trains and one to three freight trains a day between Cleveland and Columbus. The track gauge was set to .
Beginning of construction
On September 29, 1848, the railroad announced that it would build the line as a single project. This was different from the approach most railroads took at the time. It was more common for a company to raise only enough funds to construct one segment of the road, and then open operations on that segment before beginning the fundraising needed to work on the next segment. Sometimes years could pass between the construction of segments. The CC&C, however, decided to grade, construct the track bed, and lay rail over the entire length of the line in one intense burst of activity. The contract for construction was awarded to the firm of Stone, Harbach, and Witt on November 1. Harbach was one of the two engineers who had resurveyed the line in late 1847 and early 1848. Amasa Stone had worked with Harbach and another railroad engineer, Stillman Witt, while building railroad bridges in New England. Kelley knew Stone well from his visits selling bonds back east. Kelley reached out to Stone, Harbach, and Witt, and asked them to build the railroad. Stone, Harbach, and Witt formed a company in late 1848 to do so, and agreed to take a portion of their pay in the form of railroad stock.
Kelley personally traveled to the United Kingdom in 1848 where he contracted with Sir John Guest & Co. of Wales for T rails weighing . The of rail purchased was sufficient to lay half the road. By the end of March 1849, the company had also signed contracts to purchase locomotives and rolling stock.
By the middle of May 1849, more than 1,000 men were at work grading the CC&C line and rail for the track had arrived in Quebec from the United Kingdom, awaiting shipment across Lake Erie to Cleveland. The city of Cleveland purchased $200,000 in railroad stock on May 27, 1849. Work was progressing so swiftly that railroad officials told the press in early June that as much as of the line might be operation by January 1, 1850. The rails did not arrive in Cleveland until July 1849, however, and this significantly delayed completion of the first portion of track.
As expected, construction began in Cleveland and moved south. Bath Street was regraded and lowered about in order to reduce the grade between Lake Street and the Lake Erie shore. By May 1849, the track bed had been constructed across Scranton Flats and two-thirds of the rail laid. The company was ready to begin grading of the line on the east side of the river as well as erection of the roundhouse. The company was also at work constructing three bridges in the city. The first of these was an iron bridge carrying the main line over the Ohio & Erie Canal. The second was a wooden bridge carrying the main line over the Cuyahoga River. This bridge connected the Scranton Flats with the east bank of the river at Canal and Vineyard Streets (now Canal Street and Lockwood Drive). The third was a wooden bridge carrying a spur of the main line over the Cuyahoga River. This bridge connected the Scranton Flats with the Columbus Peninsula at Columbus Road and Leonard Street. During June 1849, work also began on a large engine house on the south end of the Columbus Peninsula, near the Columbus Road Bridge. This facility was constructed by the Cuyahoga Steam Furnace Company, which had entered into an agreement with the CC&C to build and operate a locomotive repair shop for the railroad. The railroad also erected a temporary depot adjacent to the New England Hotel at corner of Superior and Merwin Streets. It purchased the Bethel Church building adjacent to the hotel (on the square bordered by Superior, Vineyard, and James Streets) for use as an engine house.
Some 3,000 to 4,000 men were at work on the line at the end of July, completing the grading, constructing the track bed, and beginning to lay rail. With the cost of the main line appearing to hold steady at $2.5 million ($ in dollars), Kelley personally went to New York City and sold another $400,000 ($ in dollars) in bonds to keep the work going. He sold another $100,000 ($ in dollars) in bonds to Ohio investors the same month.
Opening of the first track
The first of CC&C track, between Cleveland and Wellington, Ohio, opened about September 1, 1849. The northern terminus of the road was at a depot on the shore of Lake Erie at E. River and Bath Streets. Between St. Clair and Vineyard Streets, the road ran along the east side of Spring Street, which was widened by to accommodate the tracks. It crossed the Ohio & Erie Canal and the Cuyahoga River to reach the Scranton Flats. The locomotive repair shops were located at the south end of Columbus Road on the Columbus Peninsula. The line traveled south through the flats, and ascended the heights by following the valley of Walworth Run.
On September 13, 1849, the railroad leased from the city of Cleveland land on the shore of Lake Erie. This land was bordered by Bath Street (now Front Street) on the south, W. 9th Street in the east, and the Cuyahoga River in the west, and extended north to the lake. The railroad intended to use the area as the terminus of the main line, and to put a coal yard, dock, freight depot, passenger station, and warehouse there.
On November 1, Clevelanders welcomed the first locomotive ever to visit the city. Built by the Cuyahoga Steam Furnace Company of Cleveland, the , $7,000 ($ in dollars) locomotive pulled a work train of several flatcars for use in building the line. The roundhouse in Cleveland at the foot of Water Street (now W. 9th Street). and another of track opened in November 1849. Passenger cars began arriving in December from the Springfield Car and Engine Co. of Springfield, Massachusetts. By the end of the year, the railroad had received of rails.
Completing the line
Alfred Kelley was reelected president of the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad in January 1850. By this time, the company had graded two-thirds of the line between Wellington and Columbus, and all grading was expected to be finished by December 1. The company anticipated laying track on the line beginning in the spring, after track bed construction was finished.
A train carrying Kelley and several board members toured the completed of track in mid-March 1850, and another of track were laid by the end of April. Another of rail arrived in the first week of May.
The railroad began operations between Cleveland and Wellington on May 16, 1850. The first train carried three freight cars. Passenger service to Wellington opened on May 27.
With the company in need of more rail, Kelley traveled to New York City in late May, where he sold enough bonds to pay for the necessary iron. By the end of May, three-quarters of the line was graded and half the line's bridges erected. Track was laid on about of the road, pushing the line past Wellington. Kelley traveled to the United Kingdom, returning in mid-June having purchased another of rail. By this time, a second locomotive (again built by the Cuyahoga Steam Furnace Co.) had gone into operation on the line between Cleveland and Wellington, and a third locomotive (built by the Lowell Machine Shop in Lowell, Massachusetts) was due for delivery. With the addition of the third engine, the company began running twice-daily passenger trains between Cleveland and Wellington on July 10, 1850. By late August, the railroad was south of Wellington.
The CC&C reached Shelby, Ohio, on November 12, 1850, about 10 days later than expected. Freight and passenger service began the following day. Shelby gave the CC&C connections to the Mansfield and Sandusky City Railroad (which opened in 1846) and the Mansfield and Newark Railroad.
The CC&C received another of rail by the close of 1850, with only of track left to lay as of early December. With less track to complete, layoffs left just 250 men at work on the line. Production of rolling stock was at its peak, with the railroad receiving two locomotives and 20 cars per month. Although winter weather was hindering work, the road had just of track left to lay by the end of the year, and work crews were laying of track each day.
The railroad received another of rail in 1851. By mid-January of that year, only of track remained incomplete, and the Cuyahoga Steam Furnace works had delivered its sixth locomotive to the CC&C. Bad weather delayed additional work, and only of track were laid by January 31. An additional to of track were laid by February 12, with this track being laid from Columbus northward. With all bridges now complete, the incomplete track lay south of the town of Cardington to a point east of Delaware. Improved weather allowed work crews to lay track more quickly in early February, so that only of track were unfinished by February 16.
The final spike
The Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad was completed on February 18, 1851. At 7 A.M. on February 18, Alfred Kelley and a party consisting of the railroad's directors, Columbus mayor Lorenzo English, and a number of other business and civic leaders departed on a special northbound train from Columbus. Kelley and Mayor English each laid a final rail on the line. Kelley drove the last spike at noon. The party then reboarded the train and, after a salutary cannonade, proceeded to Cleveland. The train gave three whistles as it entered the city, which was returned by a three-cannon salute.
Celebratory excursion train
The CC&C began freight and passenger operations on February 21, 1851. To celebrate the event, Kelley invited Ohio Governor Reuben Wood, the entire Ohio General Assembly, the mayors and city councils of Cincinnati and Columbus, and numerous other local politicians and business leaders to travel at the railroad's expense on a four-day excursion trip from Columbus to Cleveland and back. The excursion train and its 425 passengers left Columbus on February 21 shortly after 8 A.M., its departure announced by a single cannon shot. The train stopped for lunch in Shelby, where officials of the Mad River and Lake Erie Railroad and the Mansfield and Sandusky City Railroad as well as elected leaders of towns and villages along these railroads boarded the train. The train reached Cleveland at dusk, welcomed by a cannon shot.
At 10 A.M. on February 22, three companies of Cleveland militia and the entire city fire department paraded in front of the excursionists, who were seated on a grandstand erected on Cleveland's Public Square. Governor Wood, Cleveland mayor William Case, Cincinnati politician George E. Pugh, Cleveland politician Samuel Starkweather, Ohio state senator Henry B. Payne, and Cleveland and Pittsburgh Railroad (C&P) president Cyrus Prentiss all spoke. Alfred Kelley was introduced, but did not speak. After the event, the excursionists boarded a C&P train and traveled to Hudson, Ohio, where they were served dinner. The C&P train left Hudson at 9 P.M., and Cleveland firefighters welcomed the travelers back to Cleveland with a torchlight parade.
The excursion train left Cleveland for Columbus at 8 A.M. on February 24, its departure saluted by another cannon shot. The train stopped in Shelby for lunch, after which the officials of Mad River and Lake Erie and the Mansfield and Sandusky City railroads, as well as elected leaders of towns and villages along these lines, left the train. The excursionists were treated to yet another dinner after the train reached Columbus.
The completion of the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad created the first direct rail link between Cleveland and Cincinnati.
Operational history of the line
Early operations
At the beginning of 1851, the CC&C began to erect a permanent passenger depot at its terminus on Bath Street. The building was not large enough to serve all passengers, so through passengers used the Bath Street station and passengers terminating their travels in Cleveland continued to use the temporary depot next to the New England Hotel. The Bath Street depot opened on May 29, 1851. Although it was initially used only by the CC&C, the depot had been constructed as a cooperative effort by the CC&C, C&P, and the Cleveland, Painesville and Ashtabula Railroad (CP&A).
In March, the CC&C began work on a spur to serve the town of Delaware and connect the line with the Springfield, Mt. Vernon, and Pittsburg Railroad. This spur, known as the "Delaware Curves", was completed in 1853.
Amasa Stone was appointed superintendent of the road on April 7, 1851, and initiated thrice-daily express train passenger service on April 16.
In August 1851, the railroad began building a pier which extended into Lake Erie and a warehouse erected on the pier. By this time, the CC&C had 11 locomotives in freight and passenger operation on the line each day.
On December 1, 1852, the CC&C entered into a contract with the CP&A under which the CC&C would operate both railroads as a single line. This contract was superseded by a new agreement on April 1, 1855, which merely gave each railroad trackage rights on the other's line.
Expansion: 1853 to 1860
Collaboration between the CC&C and CP&A extended to more than just a depot. The CP&A's line initially did not extend west of E. 33rd Street in Cleveland. That railroad relied on the CC&C for repair facilities for its locomotives and cars. In the summer of 1853, the CP&A extended its Cleveland tracks to the Bath Street station. That year the two railroads jointly erected and operated a car repair shop northwest of the intersection of Lake Street (now Lakeside Avenue) and Alba Street (later known as Depot Street, now E. 26th Street). The construction of passenger rolling stock began at these shops in late 1853. The two railroads also began sharing locomotives. The two roads jointly owned 89 locomotives in September 1853, with another nine on order from the Cuyahoga Steam Furnace Co. and the Taunton Locomotive Manufacturing Company. More than half the locomotives owned by the CC&C and CP&A were built by the Cuyahoga Steam Furnace Co. To accommodate the need for locomotive construction and maintenance, the firm rapidly expanded its works on Columbus Road beginning in August 1852. Business "boomed", with the company making two locomotives a month there.
The CC&C made other improvements and changes in 1853 as well. Business on the line was so good that the CC&C began to double-track its line. By the end of the year, it double-tracked the entire between Cleveland and Grafton. The railroad also began construction of several new piers into Lake Erie, and the erection of a new freight depot on Front Street (formerly Bath Street). Having extensively filled in some of the lake east of its facilities, the railroad began grading this area in October 1855 in order to begin construction of a new engine house and machine shop. On July 1, 1853, the CC&C signed an agreement with the C&X and Little Miami Railroad (which connected Cincinnati to Springfield), which gave the CC&C trackage rights on both lines as well as through service.
Double-tracking of the railroad continued in 1854 and 1855. The CC&C added of double-track between Galion and Crestline in 1854, and of second track completed between Crestline and Greenwich in 1855. About this time, the CC&C also invested heavily in the bonds of the Columbus, Piqua and Indiana Railroad, a line connecting Columbus and Union City, Ohio, via Urbana, Piqua, and Covington.
The CC&C entered into a working consolidation with the Indianapolis, Pittsburgh and Cleveland Railroad (IP&C) of Indiana on April 1, 1856. This railroad was chartered in 1848 and completed in 1851. It extended from Indianapolis, Indiana, northwest to Madison and Muncie before heading due east to the border of Ohio. Its terminus was in the border towns of Union City, Indiana/Union City, Ohio. A sister railroad, the Bellefontaine and Indiana Railroad (B&I), was chartered in 1848 and was completed in July 1853. This road ran northeast from Union City through Sidney, Bellefontaine, and Marion to Crestline, where it connected with the CC&C. The B&I had entered into a joint operating agreement IP&C on March 14, 1856, and the CC&C's working consolidation gave it access to the important industrial and agricultural heart of Indiana.
The CC&C entered into another trackage rights contract in July 1856. Under this agreement, the Cleveland and Toledo Railroad agreed to pay the CC&C
$86,000 ($ in dollars) annually for 20 years. In return the C&T gained trackage rights over the CC&C line between Grafton and Cleveland. The CC&C also leased its engine house at Superior and Vineyard to the C&T the following September.
The company made a number of other operating changes in 1856 as well. It repaired the ice-damaged freight bridge over the Cuyahoga River in February, and in early November the railroad agreed to change its fixed-span bridges into draw span bridges. Conversion of the CC&C freight bridge was complete by November 15, and work on the main line bridge commenced shortly thereafter.
Mergers: 1860 to 1868
By 1861, the CC&C had added miles of double track to its main line, leaving just of single track. The railroad had also added of siding, and owned 22 locomotives, 74 flatcars, 297 freight cars, 93 livestock cars, and 31 passenger cars.
On January 1, 1862, the CC&C purchased a portion of the bankrupt Springfield, Mt. Vernon, and Pittsburgh Railroad from its creditors. This added another of track between the towns of Delaware and Springfield, Ohio.
The CC&C opened a new freight depot on Merwin Street in Cleveland in January 1863. Two months later, it opened a new engine house and machine shop on Merwin Street. These latter improvements cost $80,000 ($ in dollars).
On April 29, 1865, the locomotive CC&C Nashville pulled Abraham Lincoln's funeral train from Cleveland to Columbus.
The CC&C had also provided one of the nine cars that made up the train. The train had left Erie, Pennsylvania, pulled by the locomotive William Case, owned by the Cleveland, Painesville and Ashtabula Railroad. The CP&A locomotive Idaho traveled 10 minutes ahead, acting as a "pilot train" to ensure there were no problems on the track. The William Case arrived in Cleveland on April 28 at precisely 7 A.M. The CC&C's Nashville departed for Columbus just after midnight on April 29. The CC&C locomotive Louisville acted as the pilot train in front of the funeral cortege, also traveling 10 minutes ahead. The Nashville arrived in Columbus at 7:30 AM. The funeral train left Columbus at 8 P.M. on April 29, pulled by a locomotive from the Columbus and Indianapolis Central Railroad.
A merger in 1864 intertwined the CC&C with the Bellefontaine railroads. The CC&C had invested heavily in Bellefontaine and Indiana Railroad (B&I) bonds. Then, on September 27, 1864, the Ohio-based B&I and the Indiana-based IP&C merged to form the Bellefontaine Railway.
On May 16, 1868, the CC&C merged with the Bellefontaine Railway to form the Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati and Indianapolis Railway. The Bellefontaine Railway added miles of main track ( in Ohio) to the merged railroad. The merger brought of siding into the new railroad as well.
At the time of the merger, The CC&C was one of the few financially successful railroads in Ohio.
U.S. and Ohio Supreme Court cases
From time to time between 1848 and 1900, the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad and its successors deposited rubble and earth on the shore of Lake Erie. Over time, the railroad
reclaimed of land between W. 9th Street and the Cuyahoga River. The railroad built coal docks, a rail yard, and warehouses on this reclaimed land. Other railroads with lakeshore properties did the same.
In 1893, the city of Cleveland sued the Cleveland & Pittsburgh Railroad, the CC&C, and other railways in state court, arguing that this reclaimed land belonged to city. It also sought to break the lease with the CC&C for the original Front Street property and seize the land for its own use. The case was heard by the Circuit Court of Cuyahoga County, but was removed to the U.S. Circuit Court for the Northern District of Ohio. The federal court held in the city's favor. In July 1906, the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit found that the case had been removed in error and remanded the case back to the state courts. The Circuit Court of Cuyahoga County heard the case again, and ruled against the city in 1909. The case, now known as Cleveland & Pittsburg Railway Company v. City of Cleveland, went to the Supreme Court of Ohio, which split 3-to-3 on October 22, 1912, and did not overturn the circuit court's ruling. The railroad appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States, which in
found no grounds for federal jurisdiction.
The city of Cleveland, in possession of the land, now sought to prevent the CC&C and other railroads from continuing to reclaim land in Lake Erie. The state of Ohio successfully intervened, taking the lead in the case in order to protect its rights. The Circuit Court of Cuyahoga County found in the railroads' favor, however. The city appealed to the Court of Appeals for Cuyahoga County, which affirmed the judgment of the circuit court. The city appealed to the Supreme Court of Ohio. In February 1916, the high court held in
that state law was silent on the matter of a leaseholder improving their riparian property by reclaiming land, and therefore upheld the judgment of the circuit court.
In response to the ruling in State of Ohio v. Cleveland & Pittsburgh Railway Company, the Ohio General Assembly enacted the Fleming Act in 1917. This legislation made the common law public trust doctrine part of Ohio statutory law. It also clarified that the state held title to reclaimed land under the public trust doctrine.
Description of the line
The headquarters of the CC&C were in Cleveland, Ohio.
As constructed, the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad had of main track. The line had 20 stations, which included a main (freight and passenger) station in Cleveland. Beginning in Columbus, the 19 stations along the line included Worthington, Delaware, Ashley, Cardington, Gilead Station (near Edison), Galion, Crestline, Shelby, Mansfield, Salem (at Shiloh), Greenwich, New London, Rochester, Wellington Station (at what is now Wellington), La Grange Station (at what is now LaGrange), Grafton, Olmstead (now Olmsted Falls), Berea, Rockport (then in Rockport Township, the Bellaire–Puritas neighborhood of Cleveland). The station in Columbus was co-owned by the CC&C and the C&X. There were only nine bridges on the main line. Seven of these were originally constructed of wood, and the other two of iron.
The total cost of original construction of the main line was about $3 million ($ in dollars).
The 1862 purchase of a portion of the Springfield, Mt. Vernon, and Pittsburgh Railroad added a single-track branch to the CC&C. This track ran southwest from the town of Delaware to Springfield, a town then located about northwest of Dayton.
References
Notes
Citations
Bibliography
Companies affiliated with the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis Railway
Defunct Ohio railroads
Predecessors of the New York Central Railroad
Railway companies established in 1836
Railway companies disestablished in 1868
4 ft 10 in gauge railways in the United States
1836 establishments in Ohio
Rail transportation in Cleveland |
The First cabinet of Steingrímur Hermannsson in Iceland was formed 26 May 1983.
Cabinets
Inaugural cabinet: 26 May 1983 – 16 October 1985
First reshuffle: 16 October 1985 – 24 January 1986
Albert Sigurður Guðmundsson replaced Sverrir Hermannsson as Minister of Industry. Matthías Bjarnason replaced Matthías Árni Mathiesen as Minister of Commerce. Ragnhildur Helgadóttir replaced Matthías Bjarnason as Minister of Health and Social Security. Sverrir Hermannsson replaced Ragnhildur Helgadóttir as Minister of Education, Science and Culture. Þorsteinn Pálsson replaced Albert Sigurður Guðmundsson as Minister of Finance and Matthías Árni Mathiesen as Minister of Statistics Iceland.
Second reshuffle: 24 January 1986 – 24 March 1987
Matthías Árni Mathiesen replaced Geir Hallgrímsson as Minister for Foreign Affairs.
Third reshuffle: 24 March 1987 – 8 July 1987
Þorsteinn Pálsson replaced Albert Sigurður Guðmundsson as Minister of Industry.
See also
Government of Iceland
Cabinet of Iceland
References
Steingrimur Hermannsson, First cabinet of
Steingrimur Hermannsson, First cabinet of
Steingrimur Hermannsson, First cabinet of
Cabinets established in 1983
Cabinets disestablished in 1987
Independence Party (Iceland)
Progressive Party (Iceland) |
Traffic Safety, , is a book authored by Leonard Evans, published in 2004 by the Science Serving Society of Bloomfield Hills, Michigan.
The book uses the methods of science to examine the deaths, injuries, and property damage from traffic crashes. It is more focused on public policy and countermeasures than the author's 1991 book Traffic Safety and the Driver. Results derived from many disciplines, including psychology, sociology, medicine, epidemiology, criminology, biomechanics, economics, physics, and engineering are synthesized into easily understood relationships.
Chapter headings
Traffic Safety is organized as follows:
Introduction
Data sources
Overview of traffic fatalities
Vehicle mass and size
Environment, roadway, and vehicle
Gender, age, and alcohol effects on survival
Older drivers
Driver performance
Driver behavior
Alcohol
Occupant protection
Airbag benefits, airbag costs
Measures to improve traffic safety
How you can reduce your risk
The dramatic failure of US safety policy
Conclusions
See also
Traffic Safety and the Driver
References
Further reading
Automotive safety
Handbooks and manuals
2004 non-fiction books |
Nitzana () is an educational youth village and community settlement in southern Israel. Located in the western Negev desert, adjacent to the Egyptian border, it falls under the jurisdiction of Ramat HaNegev Regional Council. In it had a population of .
Ancient Nitzana (3rd c. BC-7th c. AD)
Ancient Nitzana was founded by the Nabataeans in the 3rd century BC. There are traces of a large first century BC building with a monumental staircase. The settlement was a trading post on the Eilat to Gaza route. In the early 2nd century AD the emperor Hadrian diverted this trade from Elat to Damascus. Despite this loss Nitzana grew under Byzantine rule. In the late 3rd century AD the fort was enlarged with stables for horses and camels. In the 4th century a church was built attached to the north end of the fort. It was dedicated to SS Sergius and Baccus. In the 7th century a second church, dedicated to the Virgin Mary was built 60m south east of the fort.
The tax register for 587-9 AD indicates that the town had 1,500 inhabitants, with 116 houses. This was a time of prosperity with the route from Gaza to Elat reopened and pilgrim traffic to Saint Catherine's Monastery. A find of late Byzantine papyri has given much detail of the life of the town.
Following the arrival of Islam the town went into a slow decline and by the 8th century it had ceased to exist.
Modern village
The modern village was founded in 1987 by Aryeh Eliav, a former member of the Knesset for several left-wing parties, and was named after the Nabatean city. It also gives its name to the Nitzana Border Crossing, formerly Auja al-Hafir. It was the site of Operation Volcano in 1955, an Israeli raid against Egyptian positions. On 18 June 2012 an Israeli was killed in a terrorist attack near the village.
See also
Nitzanei Sinai, a nearby community settlement.
References
Community settlements
Youth villages in Israel
Populated places established in 1987
1987 establishments in Israel
Populated places in Southern District (Israel) |
Matveyevsky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-five in Orenburg Oblast, Russia. It is located in the northwest of the oblast. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Matveyevka. Population: 12,267 (2010 Census); The population of Matveyevka accounts for 24.8% of the district's total population.
References
Notes
Sources
Districts of Orenburg Oblast
States and territories established in 1935 |
Zilitene is a community located in the Zambezi Region of Namibia. As of 2006, Zilitene has a population of approximately 800 people within 167 households. Zilitene also has a community forest.
Zilitene is east of Windhoek, the capital city of Namibia.
References
External links
Populated places in the Zambezi Region |
Jim Harvey was an American designer of firearms, cartridges, and fishing lures, based out of Lakeville, Connecticut.
Among his firearms innovations, Harvey invented the .224 Harvey Kay-Chuck handgun cartridge, a wildcat cartridge based on the .22 Hornet, modified to fire in revolvers, a predecessor of the .22 Remington Jet.
Harvey at one point designed shotgun shells for revolvers, and modifying the barrels to remove the rifling and produce better patterning. However, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms clarified that these smoothbore handguns were illegal under the 1934 National Firearms Act.
References
Firearm designers
People from Lakeville, Connecticut |
Michael Little (born November 12, 1987), better known as Mike Little, is an American professional ice hockey defenseman. He is currently playing for SønderjyskE of the Metal Ligaen in Denmark.
Playing career
Following his four-year NCAA career at American International College, Little spent time in the ECHL (with the Reading Royals, Stockton Thunder and the Florida Everblades) and in the AHL with the Norfolk Admirals, the Charlotte Checkers and the Springfield Falcons.
The 2014-15 ECHL season saw him haul in 53 points in 60 games for the Florida Everblades. For his efforts, he was named to the All-ECHL First Team and received All-ECHL Defenseman of the Year honors.
On June 2, 2015, the Iserlohn Roosters of the Deutsche Eishockey Liga, Germany's elite ice hockey league, signed Little to a try-out contract for the 2015–16 season. Upon completion of the pre-season with the Roosters, and despite positive reviews, Little was not extended to a season long contract and was released from Iserlohn on September 7, 2015. Little was quickly signed in the neighbouring Austrian Hockey League to a one-year contract with the Graz 99ers on September 10. In mid-November 2015, he agreed on a short-term deal with the Kassel Huskies of the German second division DEL2 and had his contract extended until the end of the 2015-16 season later that month. He made a total of 47 appearances for the Kassel team, scoring 16 goals, while dishing out 35 assists, and helped the Huskies win the DEL2 championship.
Little then moved to Germany's top-tier Deutsche Eishockey Liga (DEL), signing with Krefeld Pinguine for the 2016–17 season on April 26, 2016. He appeared in 51 games, however, was unable to prevent the team from finishing last. Little left the club on March 3, 2017, after it was revealed he would not be offered a new contract.
Awards and honors
References
External links
1987 births
Living people
American men's ice hockey defensemen
American International Yellow Jackets men's ice hockey players
Charlotte Checkers (2010–) players
Florida Everblades players
Graz 99ers players
Kassel Huskies players
Krefeld Pinguine players
Norfolk Admirals players
Reading Royals players
Springfield Falcons players
Stockton Thunder players
SønderjyskE Ishockey players
People from Enfield, Connecticut
Sportspeople from Hartford County, Connecticut |
Kusunoki Masasue (Japanese: 楠木正季, died July 5, 1336) was a samurai warlord during the Nanboku-chō period, and the younger brother of Kusunoki Masashige. He died alongside his brother as part of the Battle of Minatogawa on July 5, 1336. He is famous for his last words Shichishō Hōkoku! (七生報國; "Would that I had seven lives to give for my country!").
Life
Relatively little is known about Masasue compared to his much more famous older brother. Masasue fought alongside his Masahige throughout the Kenmu campaigns, including at the sieges of Akasaka and Chihaya castles, but other than his name, almost nothing is recorded about him in historical chronicles until his death at the Battle of Minatogawa.
When Masashige was ordered by Emperor Go-Daigo to make a stand against the forces of Ashikaga Takauji at the Battle of Minatogawa in July 1336, Masasue went with him and perished in the battle. According to the war chronicle Taiheki, just before their deaths, Masashige turned to Masasue and said, "It is said that one's last thought in this life determines the goodness or evil of one's next incarnation. Into which of the nine levels of existence would you like to be reborn?" To which Masasue laughed and replied, "It is my wish to be reborn again and again for seven lives into this same existence in order to destroy the enemies of the court!" Masashige then expressed his agreement with this sentiment. This statement would later be encapsulated in the four-character slogan shichishō hōkoku (七生報國; "Would that I had seven lives to give for my country!").
References
1336 deaths
Year of birth unknown
Samurai
People of Nanboku-chō-period Japan
14th-century Japanese people |
The Voice: Ahla Sawt is the Arabic version of Dutch show The Voice of Holland created by John de Mol and produced by Talpa Media Group. The first season of MENA's version of The Voice debuted on 14 September 2012 and was broadcast worldwide from Beirut, Lebanon via MBC 1, a pan-Arabian television station. Through an agreement, the show was also simulcast via LBCI's channels. The first two season's main host was Egyptian actor Mohammad Kareem and Arwa Gouda. Nadine Wilson Njeim hosted from backstage.
The format of The Voice: Ahla Sawt has three stages, which are the blind auditions, the battle rounds, and the live performances. In the blind auditions, each contestant will be allowed to sing for 90 seconds with each of the coaches having their backs to the singer. When a coach wants a singer on their team, the coach presses a red button that results in the chair being turned around to reveal who the singer is to that coach and the singer joining their team. If two or more coaches turn around for that singer, the singer gets to decide which team they want to join. Each coach will have to select 12 singers to form their team from a group of 100 contestants.
Once the blind auditions finish, the battle rounds will begin where the coaches will pair two singers on each team to compete against each other singing the same song on stage. The coaches will then have to decide which contestant will stay and which will be eliminated. After a series of eliminations, live performances will occur where the public can decide which singer will represent the Arab World as "The Voice".
The winner of season 1 of The Voice Ahla Sawt was Murad Bouriki from Team Assi who received the highest number of votes beating out Yousra Mahnouch, Farid Ghannam, and Qusai Hatem.
Due to the high ratings and big popularity the series got in the Arab World, MBC renewed the show for a second season which aired in 2013. All 4 coaches of season 1 came back for season 2. The second season premiered on Saturday, 28 December 2013.
The Voice: Ahla Sawt seasons 1 and 2 were produced by Sony Pictures Television Arabia for MBC and Season 3 was produced by Talpa Middle East.
In season two, during an intense finale which drew millions of viewers across the Middle East & North Africa, guest star Ricky Martin took the stage to perform his new songs "Adrenalina" and "Come With Me". Iraq's Sattar Saad from Team Kadim won the title after receiving the highest number of votes beating out Iraq's Simor Jalal, Egypt's Wahm and Syria's Hala Al Kaseer.
All four coaches once again returned for season three of The Voice Ahla Sawt, which started airing on MBC on 26 September 2015. On 26 December 2015, the winner of season three was Jordan's Nedaa Sharara from Team Sherine who beat out Lebanon's Christine Said from Team Kadim, Iraq's Ali Yousef from Team Assi, and Tunisia's Hamza Fadlaoui from Team Saber.
In 2015, a spin-off of the show featuring children as contestants debuted under the title The Voice Kids – Ahla Sawt.
In 2018, there was a change in the judging panel. The season 4 judges were Elissa, Mohamed Hamaki, Assi El Helani (who had not been replaced since season 1) and Ahlam. The title was won by Iraqi contestant Doumou' Tahseen from Team Ahlam.
The first episode of the fifth season was broadcast on 21 September 2019. In addition to previous coaches Ahlam and Hamaki, the season saw two new coaches: Moroccan singer Samira Said and Lebanese popstar Ragheb Alama, the latter of whom had the winner team this season.
The Voice coaches
Coaches' timeline
Kadim Al Sahir – Iraqi composer-musician, singer and poet
Sherine – Egyptian pop star and actress
Assi El Helani – Lebanese singer
Saber Rebaï – Tunisian composer-musician
Elissa – Lebanese singer
Ahlam – Emirati singer
Mohamed Hamaki – Egyptian singer
Ragheb Alama – Lebanese singer
Samira Said – Moroccan pop singer
Series overview
Color key
Team Kadim
Team Sherine
Team Saber
Team Assi
Team Mohamed
Team Ahlam
Team Elissa
Team Ragheb
Team Samira
The Voice finalists
Color key
– Winning coach and their team.
Winners are in bold, finalists in finale listed first, eliminated artists are in small font.
References
External links
Arab world
2012 Lebanese television series debuts
2010s Lebanese television series
Lebanese Broadcasting Corporation International original programming |
Meloidogyne artiellia, the British root-knot nematode, is a plant pathogenic nematode, infecting barley and chickpea. It is also an invasive species.
See also
List of barley diseases
List of chickpea diseases
References
Franklin, M.T. A British root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne artiellia n.sp. J Helminthol. 1961; Suppl 1961:85-92. No abstract available.
External links
Nemaplex, University of California - Meloidogyne artiellia
Tylenchida
Agricultural pest nematodes
Barley diseases
Pulse crop diseases
Nematodes described in 1961 |
Yaksa or Yaksha may refer to:
Yaksa (band), Chinese rock band
Yaksha (Sanskrit Yakṣa), a nature-spirit in Hinduism, Jainism, and Buddhism
Yaksha Kingdom, an ancient kingdom in Indian epic literature
Yakkha (disambiguation), also called "Yaksa-sh"
Albazin, a village in Russia that was once named Yagsi (Yaksa in Manchu)
See also
Yakusa
Yakshini, also called Yaksis
Yak (disambiguation)
Yaxa, an automobile make |
Hapoel Bnei Ashdod () is an Israeli football club based in Ashdod. The club was formed in 2015 by Hapoel Ashdod supporters headed by former Hapoel Ashdod chairman Ya'akov Shitrit, as a resurrection of their old club, which was merged with Maccabi Ironi Ashdod to form F.C. Ashdod.
Origins and formation
In 1998, Hapoel Ashdod and rival club Maccabi Ironi Ashdod were in debts and in decline and in order to save both football clubs, they were merged to form F.C. Ashdod. However, former supporters of Hapoel Ashdod were dissatisfied with the merger and set up a new club, Hapoel Namal Ashdod. The new club collapsed in 2004 due to financial difficulties.
In 2015, two separate initiatives were set to re-establish Hapoel Ashdod, one headed by former Hapoel Ashdod and Hapoel Namal Ashdod chairman, Ya'akov Shitrit, and the other headed by fans group named "1957 Reds". Shitrit's group was affiliated with the Hapoel organization, and was registered with the IFA as Hapoel Bnei Ashdod.
History
On 18 September 2015 the club played it first official match, beating F.C. Be'er Sheva Haim Levy 3–2 in the first round of the State Cup. Initially, the club was coached by former Maccabi Kiryat Gat player Nir Hazut but Hazut quit before the beginning of the season and was replaced by Ami Jerbi. However, Jerbi left in November 2015 and was replaced by Avi Malul, which left himself in February 2016 and was replaced by Adam Shushan.
Honours
Cups
External links
Hapoel Bnei Ashdod Israel Football Association
References
Ashdod
Hapoel Ashdod F.C.
Ashdod
Association football clubs established in 2015
2015 establishments in Israel |
Asclepias variegata, commonly called the redring milkweed or white milkweed, is a plant in the family Apocynaceae. It is native to eastern North America, where it is found in Canada and the United States. It is most common in the Southeastern United States, and becomes rare in the northern edge of its range.
Its natural habitat is forest openings and savannas, often in sandy soils.
It produces small white flowers with purplish centers that area crowded into round, terminal clusters. It flowers in early summer.
Conservation status in the United States
It is endangered in the states of New York, and Pennsylvania. It is listed as a special concern species and believed extirpated in Connecticut.
References
External links
variegata |
Lucy Maurity Burle (born February 21, 1955 in Rio de Janeiro) is a former international freestyle and butterfly swimmer from Brazil, who competed at one Summer Olympics for her native country.
She was at the 1971 Pan American Games, in Cali, where she won two bronze medals, in the 100-metre butterfly (breaking the South American record), and in the 4×100-metre freestyle. She also finished 4th in the 100-metre freestyle; 5th in the 200-metre freestyle, breaking the Brazilian record; and 5th in the 4×100-metre medley.
At the 1972 Summer Olympics, in Munich, she swam the 100-metre and 200-metre freestyle, not reaching the finals.
Participated at the inaugural World Aquatics Championships in 1973 Belgrade, where she finished 13th in the 100-metre freestyle, and 18th in the 200-metre freestyle. She also finished 12th the 4×100-metre medley, along with Valéria Borges, Jaqueline Mross and Cristina Teixeira.
Between 1972 and 1974, she broke three times the South American record in the 100-metre freestyle.
She was at the 1975 World Aquatics Championships in Cali. She swam in the 4×100-metre medley, where the Brazil's relay, composed by Christiane Paquelet, Flávia Nadalutti, Lucy Burle and Cristina Teixeira, finished 12th with a time of 4:38.75. In the 100-metre freestyle, she finished 19th, with a time of 1:01.72.
She was at the 1975 Pan American Games, in Mexico City, where she won two bronze medals in the 4×100-metre freestyle and 4×100-metre medley. She also finished 7th in the 100-metre freestyle.
References
1955 births
Living people
Swimmers at the 1971 Pan American Games
Swimmers at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 1975 Pan American Games
Olympic swimmers for Brazil
Swimmers from Rio de Janeiro (city)
Pan American Games bronze medalists for Brazil
Pan American Games medalists in swimming
Medalists at the 1971 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1975 Pan American Games
Brazilian female freestyle swimmers |
The Battle of Buenavista was a battle of the Tacna and Arica campaign of the War of the Pacific on April 18, 1880, between a Chilean cavalry detachment led by Commander José Francisco Vergara, and the forces of Colonel Gregorio Albarracín in the , Tacna Province, Peru.
Background
On April 1, 1880, the Battle of Locumba took place, in which a Chilean cavalry detachment led by Dublé Almeyda was unexpectedly attacked by Gregorio Albarracín. Dublé Almeyda and three soldiers managed to mount and escape towards Moquegua, leaving eight Chileans dead and the rest prisoners, who were sent to Tacna and then La Paz.
Due to the disaster at Locumba, Dublé was tried in a court-martial before being acquitted. This motivated the mobilization of a Chilean column, of about 600 soldiers under the command of Commander José Francisco Vergara, with the aim of confronting Albarracín, who was arming the populations of the interior against the Chileans.
On April 10, the Chileans went looking for Gregorio Albarracín, but didn't find him at Locumba.
Albarracin withdrew towards Mirave, some 30 kilometers into the valley, and from there headed south towards the Rio Sama Valley .
The Battle
Albarracín gathered the residents of Sama to confront Vergara, and on April 18, 1880, the Battle of Buenavista took place, in the same valley of the Sama River. Albarracín attacked a Chilean outpost led by Ensign Souper, who withdrew from the valley, to return with 450 men under the command of Tomás Yávar. Then Albarracín withdrew to Tacna, leaving the sameños in the valley, those who, without weapons, were decimated in the grasslands of Sama. The battle caused the loss of 100 men, and 35 prisoners. Albarracín managed to withdraw to Tacna with only 30 men.
Just 3 kilometers south of Buenavista, the Chilean army would be concentrated a few weeks later, in the so-called Las Yaras camp, prior to the Battle of Tacna.
References
Gonzalo Bulnes (1914). Guerra del Pacífico. De Tarapacá a Lima. Valparaíso, Chile: Sociedad Imprenta y Litografía Universo, p. 239.
Pascual Ahumada Moreno (1886). [War of the Pacific, complete compilation of all the official documents, correspondence and other publications referring to the war that have come to light in the press of Chile, Peru and Bolivia, containing important unpublished documents.] Chapter II. Valparaíso, Chile:
Academia de Historia Militar (1980). Historia del Ejército de Chile. Chapter 5. El ejército en la guerra del Pacífico. Ocupación de Antofagasta y Campaña de Tarapacá.
Battles involving Chile
Battles involving Peru
Battles of the War of the Pacific
History of Tacna Region
Conflicts in 1880
1880 in Peru
April 1880 events |
Leutnant Friedrich von Mallinckrodt (15 August 1894 – 2 August 1941) was a German World War I test pilot and flying ace credited with six aerial victories.
Biography
Early life
Friedrich von Mallinckrodt was born on 15 August 1894 in Essen, the German Empire.
Military service
Friedrich von Mallinckrodt served in the infantry in the 70th Regiment of Foot, in which he enlisted before the war. In May 1915, he was commissioned as a Leutnant. On July 6, 1915 he transferred to the Luftstreitkräfte. On December 12, 1915, he was the pilot on the first test flight of the Junkers J 1, the world's first all-metal aircraft.
After training, beginning in January 1916, he served in the 5th Kagohl, a tactical bomber wing. By April 1916, he was transferred to an ad hoc fighter unit, Kampfeinsitzerkommando Sivry (Combat Single-Seater Command Sivry). While near Verdun on 30 April, he claimed his first enemy aircraft shot down; the victory went unconfirmed. On 10 September, he was posted to a fighter squadron, Jagdstaffel 6. He would not score his first official victory until 28 October 1916, when he downed a Caudron over Villeselve. Once returned to Jasta 6, he had another unconfirmed victory on 30 December 1916.
Mallinckrodt scored his second confirmed win, over a Sopwith 1 1/2 Strutter on 4 January 1917. His combat career was interrupted by a brief stint as an instructor at the Jastaschule at Valenciennes. He then transferred to another fighter squadron, Jagdstaffel 20. In March 1917, he got four confirmed victories in an eight-day stretch, to bring his total tally to six. On 30 April, he was wounded for the fifth time; this one was severe enough to remove him from combat duty. After recovery, he was assigned to the Technical Commission of the Luftstreitkräfte for the remainder of the war.
Friedrich Mallinckrodt was awarded the Knight's Cross of the House Order of Hohenzollern. As German medals were awarded in a progressive fashion, this meant that he almost certainly won both classes of the Iron Cross. Also, five wounds should have qualified him for the Wound Badge.
Later life
Following WWI, Mallinckrodt was employed by Fokker as a test pilot. He began an affair with Anthony Fokker's wife Elisabeth "Tetta" von Morgen, precipitating Fokker to divorce her, effective October 11, 1923. Mallinckrodt and Tetta were married in Berlin on December 18, 1923, but their marriage lasted only two years.
During the Second World War he served as a Major at the Luftwaffe Air Force Test Center at Rechlin–Lärz Airfield. He died in a plane crash August 2, 1941 northeast of Rechlin and was buried in the Stahnsdorf South-Western Cemetery.
References
Franks, Norman; Bailey, Frank W.; Guest, Russell. Above the Lines: The Aces and Fighter Units of the German Air Service, Naval Air Service and Flanders Marine Corps, 1914–1918. Grub Street, 1993. , .
1894 births
1941 deaths
Burials at Stahnsdorf South-Western Cemetery
German World War I flying aces
Military personnel from Essen
Luftwaffe personnel killed in World War II |
The Insignia Towers are a pair of 41-story residential skyscrapers on a common podium in the Denny Regrade neighborhood of Seattle, Washington.
Canadian developer Embassy Development bought the redevelopment site in 2007 and gained initial planning approval. However, the project was cancelled due to the late-2000s recession. By 2012, market fundamentals had improved, and Bosa Development, another Canadian developer, began planning construction.
The project was delivered in 2015 (south tower) and 2016 (north tower).
References
External links
Residential skyscrapers in Seattle
Twin towers
Residential buildings completed in 2016
2016 establishments in Washington (state) |
Kosta Iliev () is a former Bulgarian basketball player, who played for Khimik Vidin, CSKA and Bulgaria.
He is currently employed by FIBA as sports director at FIBA Europe, and is charged with the development of 3x3 basketball, a discipline which is highly tipped to become an Olympic sport by 2016.
References
Bulgarian men's basketball players
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people) |
Euday Louis Bowman (November 9, 1886 – May 26, 1949) was an American pianist and composer of ragtime and blues who represented the style of Texas Ragtime. He is chiefly remembered as the composer of the highly popular "Twelfth Street Rag", a ragtime composition from 1914 out of a series of rags that Bowman wrote during or after a period in which he worked as a pianist in bordellos of Kansas City. These pieces, including "Sixth Street Rag", "Tenth Street Rag", "Eleventh Street Rag" and "Twelfth Street Rag," were named after streets of Fort Worth's redlight district.
Biography
Euday Bowman was the paternal descendant of an early 18th-century German immigrant named Baumann. Three of Bowman's relatives fought in the American Revolution, including two cousins and one direct ancestor. Though several books list Bowman's birth year according to a tradition as 1887, official records show his birthdate as November 9, 1886. He was born and lived in what was then a village in Tarrant County, TX. The area, originally named Bowman Springs (according to some sources Bowman Spring) after his grandfather, Isaac Gatewood Bowman (1820-1907), was renamed Webb around 1895. The origin of the Webb name is unknown. It is now a suburb in the southeast area of Arlington. Bowman's parents divorced when he was young and his mother moved the family to Fort Worth. Both his mother and sister were piano teachers.
A contemporary of Bowman, the ragtime pianist and composer Brun Campbell, published erroneous remarks about Bowman that were subsequently spread in other published narratives. Contrary to Campbell's claims, Bowman did not lose a leg and did not die without heirs. In fact, when Brun wrote that, 24 claimants were involved in a lawsuit establishing the legitimate heirs. Although many sources indicate Bowman lost a leg when he tried to hop a train, that event happened to his cousin and resulted in a lawsuit ultimately decided by the Texas Supreme Court.
In his teens and early twenties, Bowman traveled around as pianist, and was also an arranger for popular orchestras. He lived together with his sister, Miss Mary M. Bowman, who wrote a part of Twelfth Street Rag. Bowman sold the copyright to the song for just $100. Many years later he regained the copyright, having lost out on the royalties earned by the publisher through the many successful interpretations of that rag by artists like Louis Armstrong (1927), Bennie Moten (1927), Duke Ellington (1931), and Pee Wee Hunt (1948). Other works of his include Petticoat Lane Rag, Colorado Blues, Kansas City Blues, Fort Worth Blues, Tipperary Blues, Shamrock Rag, White Lily Dreams, and Old Glory On Its Way.
Claim of Royalties
Euday had no children, so the royalties went to his sister. Upon her death one year later, Ed G. Max was appointed temporary administrator for her estate. His siblings, Charlotte Goldman and husband and Harry Loyd Max, filed their opposition to Mary Bowman's will, and alleged that they, with Ed G. Max, their brother, were nephews and niece of Mary M. Bowman and were all and the only heirs to her estate. An intervention was filed by Forrest Campbell and twenty-one others, asserting they were cousins of Mary M. Bowman, and children of deceased cousins of Mary M. Bowman, and were the only heirs of deceased Mary M. Bowman. The cousins ultimately prevailed.
Euday Bowman's work is not public domain. Royalties remained distributed among hundreds of descendants of the cousins until 2013, when two descendants bought out the others via private auction.
See also
List of ragtime composers
References
External links
Note: Brun Campbell is often cited as an authority on Euday Bowman. He is no relation to Euday's Campbell cousins, and his account of Euday's life differs significantly from the Campbell family stories.
Brun Campbell about Euday L. Bowman
1887 births
1949 deaths
20th-century American pianists
Musicians from Fort Worth, Texas
Ragtime composers
Ragtime pianists |
Ilyas Khoja (died 1368) was Khan in Transoxiana (1363) and Khan of Moghulistan from 1363 to 1368. He was the son of Tughlugh Timur.
Biography
In 1363, Tughlugh Timur, who had recently taken control of Transoxiana and had executed many of its local leaders, appointed Ilyas Khoja as its ruler. The ruthlessness with which the Moghuls ruled the region caused many to oppose them, including of the Qara'unas and Amir Timur of the Barlas. Together they faced an army of Moghuls and local tribes loyal to Ilyas Khoja, and defeated them at the .>Shortly afterwards, Tughlugh Timur died and Ilyas Khoja left for Moghulistan to take power.
In 1365, Ilyas Khoja returned to Transoxiana. In May, he defeated Amir Husayn and Timur at the battle of Tashkent, but when he arrived before the gates of Samarkand its inhabitants refused to let him enter, and the subsequent siege was disastrous. A plague among the horses deprived the Moghuls of their power, and they were forced to leave Transoxiana again.
In 1368, Ilyas Khoja died. The Dughlat amir Qamar ud-Din then usurped the khanship; he was probably responsible for Ilyas Khoja's death. Much of the khan's family was murdered, but his brother Khizr Khoja, who would eventually regain Moghulistan for the line of Chagatai Khan, was safely hidden.
References
1368 deaths
Mongol Empire Muslims
14th-century monarchs in Asia
Year of birth unknown
Chagatai khans |
Giovanni Battista Bracelli may refer to:
Giovanni Battista Bracelli (bishop) (d. 1590), an Italian bishop;
Giovanni Battista Braccelli (fl. 1616–1649), the name of one or more Italian painters. |
Carlos Marqués-Marcet (Barcelona, 1983) is a Spanish film director, screenwriter and film editor best known for his first fictional film 10,000 km.
Biography
Carlos Marqués-Marcet studied Audiovisual Communication at Universitat Pompeu Fabra, in Barcelona, where he had his degree in 2006. His fourth short film Udols was awarded as the best short film of the year 2008 by Cahiers du Cinéma.
In 2008 he flew to Los Angeles (California) to attend a master in Film Direction at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA).
His first fictional film was 10,000 km, made in Barcelona in 2014. This film won a lot of awards in some film festivals, as Málaga Film Festival, Goya Awards (best new director) or Gaudí Awards (best director), among others.
Filmography
Short films
Amunt i avall (2006, "Up and down")
Fora de joc (2007, "Offsides")
Udols (2008, "Howls")
I'll be alone (2010)
5456 Miles away (2010)
Say goodnight (2011)
The yellow ribbon (2012)
Mateix lloc, mateixa hora (2012, "Same place, same hour")
Non fiction
De pizarros y atahualpas (2009, "About Pizarros and Atahualpas")
El día que la conocimos (2012, "The day we met her")
Films
10,000 km (2014)
13 dies d'octubre (2015, "13 days of October")
Terra ferma / Tierra firme (2017, "Anchor and Hope")
Els dies que vindran (2019, "The Days to Come")
La mort de Guillem (2020, "The death of Guillem")
Awards and nominations
Notes
External links
Carlos Marqués-Marcet at Vimeo
Spanish film directors
1983 births
Living people
21st-century Spanish screenwriters
Film directors from Catalonia |
Sanjari Balod is one of the 90 Legislative Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh state in India. It is in Balod district.
Members of Legislative Assembly
Election results
2018
See also
List of constituencies of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly
Balod district
Raipur
References
Balod district
Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh |
I Can't Sleep () is a 1994 French drama film written and directed by Claire Denis. It was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1994 Cannes Film Festival. The film was loosely inspired by the murders committed by Thierry Paulin.
Plot
Daiga (Yekaterina Golubeva), a woman from Lithuania, immigrates to Paris with little money but hopes to secure herself a job as an actor. When her plans fall through, she begins work as a maid in the hotel of a friend of her great-aunt.
At the same time Theo (Alex Descas) is embroiled in a fight with his wife, as he wants to leave for Martinique with their young son while she wants to remain in Paris. He is infrequently visited by his brother, Camille.
Meanwhile, the city is on edge because of a series of violent murders that have targeted elderly women living alone. The murders are being committed by Camille and his lover. The two live in the hotel run by Daiga's employer.
Eventually Daiga begins to follow Camille around. She figures out that he is the murderer after spotting a police sketch of his face. After breaking into his room, she finds a bag of cash and steals it, leaving abruptly to go back to Lithuania.
Camille is spotted by police after one of his victims recovers enough to give a description of him. Theo is brought to the police station for questioning but insists that, far from having anything to do with the murders, he remained unaware of what his brother was doing the entire time.
Cast
Yekaterina Golubeva as Daiga
Richard Courcet as Camille
Vincent Dupont as Raphael
Laurent Grévill as le docteur
Alex Descas as Theo
Irina Grjebina as Mina
Tolsty as Vasily
Line Renaud as Ninon
Béatrice Dalle as Mona
Sophie Simon as Alice
Patrick Grandperret as Abel
Didier Flamand as The Detective
Reception
The film received generally positive reviews from critics, garnering a 75% fresh score on Rotten Tomatoes.
References
External links
1994 films
1994 drama films
1990s French-language films
Films directed by Claire Denis
Transgender-related films
Films set in Paris
French drama films
1990s French films |
George Cabot Lodge II (born July 7, 1927) is an American professor and former politician. In 1962, he was the Republican nominee for a special election to succeed John F. Kennedy in the United States Senate, but was defeated by Ted Kennedy. He was the son of Henry Cabot Lodge Jr., who lost reelection to the Senate in 1952 to John F. Kennedy. His father was also the vice presidential nominee for the Republican party in 1960, an election won yet again by Kennedy.
Early life
Lodge was born on July 7, 1927. His father was Henry Cabot Lodge Jr., a United States Senator from Massachusetts, U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations and South Vietnam, and the Republican nominee for Vice President in 1960. After finishing high school at Groton School, Lodge served in the U.S. Navy from 1945–1946, and then entered Harvard College, graduating cum laude in 1950. While at Harvard, he was a member of the Krokodiloes.
Career
Lodge was a political reporter and columnist at the Boston Herald prior to entering federal civil service. In 1954, Lodge became Director of Information at the U.S. Department of Labor. In 1958, he was appointed Assistant Secretary of Labor for International Affairs by Dwight D. Eisenhower, and was re-appointed by John F. Kennedy in 1961. He was the United States Delegate to the International Labour Organization, and was elected chairman of the organization's Governing Body in 1960.
He later entered politics, and was the 1962 U.S. Senate candidate from Massachusetts against Ted Kennedy, marking the third time in history that the Lodges faced the Kennedys in a Massachusetts election. Previously, Lodge's father was the incumbent 1952 U.S. Senate candidate from Massachusetts against John F. Kennedy for the same seat. Additionally, Lodge's patrilineal great-grandfather Henry Cabot Lodge was re-elected for the same Senate seat as the incumbent 1916 U.S. Senate candidate against the Kennedy brothers' maternal grandfather, John F. Fitzgerald.
In 1961, Lodge became a member of the Harvard Business School faculty, leaving to run for office in 1962, before returning the following year. He remained at Harvard until his retirement in 1997, when he became Professor Emeritus. He conducted research, published articles, and received honorary fellowships and distinctions in the latter parts of his career.
Personal life
Lodge met his first wife, the late Nancy Kunhardt, daughter of author Dorothy Kunhardt, while she was studying at the Harvard Graduate School of Education, and they married in 1949. They have three sons and three daughters. One of their daughters, also named Nancy, is a published children's author and professor of art history.
Archives and records
George Cabot Lodge papers at Baker Library Special Collections, Harvard Business School
Ancestry
References
Bibliography
Incomplete
Books
External links
Profile — Harvard Business School
George Cabot Lodge papers at Baker Library Special Collections, Harvard Business School
1927 births
Living people
Cabot family
Groton School alumni
Harvard College alumni
Harvard Business School faculty
Massachusetts Republicans
Military personnel from Massachusetts
United States Navy personnel of World War II
Gardiner family
Lodge family |
Bossée () is a commune in the Indre-et-Loire department in central France.
Population
The inhabitants are called bosséens.
See also
Communes of the Indre-et-Loire department
References
Communes of Indre-et-Loire |
Dumb blonde is a deprecating stereotype of women with blond hair.
Dumb Blonde may also refer to:
"Dumb Blonde" (Dolly Parton song), 1966
Dum Blonde", a song by Emily Blue from the 2018 album *69
"Dumb Blonde" (Avril Lavigne song), 2019
See also
"Another Dumb Blonde", a 2000 song by American singer Hoku |
The parallelogram of forces is a method for solving (or visualizing) the results of applying two forces to an object.
When more than two forces are involved, the geometry is no longer parallelogrammatic, but the same principles apply. Forces, being vectors are observed to obey the laws of vector addition, and so the overall (resultant) force due to the application of a number of forces can be found geometrically by drawing vector arrows for each force. For example, see Figure 1. This construction has the same result as moving F2 so its tail coincides with the head of F1, and taking the net force as the vector joining the tail of F1 to the head of F2. This procedure can be repeated to add F3 to the resultant F1 + F2, and so forth.
Newton's proof
Preliminary: the parallelogram of velocity
Suppose a particle moves at a uniform rate along a line from A to B (Figure 2) in a given time (say, one second), while in the same time, the line AB moves uniformly from its position at AB to a position at DC, remaining parallel to its original orientation throughout. Accounting for both motions, the particle traces the line AC. Because a displacement in a given time is a measure of velocity, the length of AB is a measure of the particle's velocity along AB, the length of AD is a measure of the line's velocity along AD, and the length of AC is a measure of the particle's velocity along AC. The particle's motion is the same as if it had moved with a single velocity along AC.
Newton's proof of the parallelogram of force
Suppose two forces act on a particle at the origin (the "tails" of the vectors) of Figure 1. Let the lengths of the vectors F1 and F2 represent the velocities the two forces could produce in the particle by acting for a given time, and let the direction of each represent the direction in which they act. Each force acts independently and will produce its particular velocity whether the other force acts or not. At the end of the given time, the particle has both velocities. By the above proof, they are equivalent to a single velocity, Fnet. By Newton's second law, this vector is also a measure of the force which would produce that velocity, thus the two forces are equivalent to a single force.
Bernoulli's proof for perpendicular vectors
We model forces as Euclidean vectors or members of . Our first assumption is that the resultant of two forces is in fact another force, so that for any two forces there is another force .
Our final assumption is that the resultant of two forces doesn't change when rotated. If is any rotation (any orthogonal map for the usual vector space structure of with ), then for all forces
Consider two perpendicular forces of length and of length , with being the length of .
Let and , where is the rotation between and , so . Under the invariance of the rotation, we get
Similarly, consider two more forces and . Let be the rotation from to : , which by inspection makes .
Applying these two equations
Since and both lie along , their lengths are equal
which implies that has length , which is the length of . Thus for the case where and are perpendicular, . However, when combining our two sets of auxiliary forces we used the associativity of . Using this additional assumption, we will form an additional proof below.
Algebraic proof of the parallelogram of force
We model forces as Euclidean vectors or members of . Our first assumption is that the resultant of two forces is in fact another force, so that for any two forces there is another force . We assume commutativity, as these are forces being applied concurrently, so the order shouldn't matter .
Consider the map
If is associative, then this map will be linear. Since it also sends to and to , it must also be the identity map. Thus must be equivalent to the normal vector addition operator.
Controversy
The mathematical proof of the parallelogram of force is not generally accepted to be mathematically valid. Various proofs were developed (chiefly Duchayla's and Poisson's), and these also caused objections. That the parallelogram of force was true was not questioned, but why it was true. Today the parallelogram of force is accepted as an empirical fact, non-reducible to Newton's first principles.
See also
Newton's Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, Axioms or Laws of Motion, Corollary I, at Wikisource
Vector (geometric)
Net force
References
Force
Vector calculus |
Stanislav Hristov () (born 28 September 1990) is a Bulgarian footballer, who plays as a defender.
External links
1990 births
Living people
Bulgarian men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
FC Spartak Varna players
First Professional Football League (Bulgaria) players |
Hessel E. Yntema (1891-1966) was a law professor and scholar. Yntema founded The American Journal of Comparative Law in 1952 and ran the journal until his death. His final position was professor emeritus at the University of Michigan. In 1961 the book Twentieth Century Comparative and Conflicts Law: Legal Essays in Honor of Hessel E. Yntema was published, consisting of 38 essays from his peers. In addition to his professorship, Yntema served as the vice-president of the International Academy of Comparative Law.
References
1891 births
1966 deaths
University of Michigan Law School faculty
Comparative law
20th-century American lawyers |
Richard Robinson Boon (January 10, 1878 – May 3, 1961) known as Dickie Boon was a Canadian ice hockey forward and manager. He played for the Montreal Hockey Club (Montreal HC) of the Canadian Amateur Hockey League (CAHL) and the Montreal Wanderers of the Federal Amateur Hockey League (FAHL) in the early 1900s. He was a player on two Stanley Cup winning teams and managed the Wanderers to four Cup titles. Boon was uncle to Lucille Wheeler-Vaughan, Canadian and world ski champion.
Early life
Born in Belleville, Ontario, he was one of seven children, four boys and three girls. Boon moved with his family to Montreal, where he became involved in several sports in his youth. He was a proficient speed skater, winning the 1892 Junior Amateur Championship. He was also involved in rowing and canoeing. The family home was on the present site of the Windsor train station in Montreal.
Hockey career
In 1894, at the age of 16, Boon began playing organized hockey with the "Young Crystals" at the old Crystal Rink in Montreal with another Hall of Famer, Mike Grant. In 1897, he joined the Monarch Hockey Club. In 1900 he joined the Montreal Hockey Club of the Montreal Amateur Athletic Association's junior club. The following year he was promoted to the senior team. He played the position of cover point, similar to today's defenceman. Considered to be 'fast and wiry', Boon is credited with being the first player to use the poke check, which he used to great success in stopping opposing forwards.
Boon was the captain of the two-time Stanley Cup-winning Montreal HC teams of 1902 and 1903 which had several other future Hall of Famers including Jimmy Gardner, Tommy Phillips and Jack Marshall. He was effective despite being the smallest player on the team. Like many other members of the team dubbed the "Little Men of Iron", Boon left Montreal HC in December 1903 to found the Montreal Wanderers in the new Federal Amateur Hockey League (FAHL). He played with the club until 1905. At that point, professionalism was taking hold in hockey and Boon dropped out of playing hockey after the objections of his parents to him becoming a professional. He then turned to management of the Wanderers and he managed the club until 1916. He led the Wanderers to four Stanley Cup titles in 1906, 1907, 1908, and 1910 as Manager. Although Boon was a multiple winner of the Stanley Cup, he was not happy with it interfering in the season of play. In 1903, he was quoted as saying: "The Cup is far from beneficial to the game, it is detrimental."
In 1910, Boon, along with Jimmy Gardner was instrumental in setting up the National Hockey Association (NHA) (predecessor of today's National Hockey League (NHL)) when the Wanderers were refused entry into the new Canadian Hockey Association (CHA), along with Renfrew. Gardner, Boon and Ambrose O'Brien conceived of founding the NHA on the spot, after the CHA had met to expel the Wanderers and in the same hotel, the Windsor Hotel in Montreal. The NHA would be innovative in making professional hockey more business-like.
In 1924, Boon was approached by James Strachan, former owner of the Wanderers and part-owner of the new Montreal Hockey Club franchise entering the National Hockey League to negotiate the use of the name "Wanderers" for the new team. The negotiations were unsuccessful and the team was instead nameless, until the nickname "Maroons" came into use, after the colour of their sweaters.
After hockey
After retiring from playing hockey, Boon became a co-founder of the Boon-Strachan Coal business, and he took up curling and golf. He was a long-time member of the Outremont Curling Club and the Club's Boon Trophy was named after him. In 1954, he was named one of Montreal's outstanding sportsmen by the Sportsmen's Association of Montreal.
He died at his Outremont, Quebec, home on May 3, 1961, after being in poor health for several months. He had continued to curl until 1959, when he was injured in a golf cart accident that fractured his pelvis. He continued playing golf until the fall of 1960 not long before his death. Boon was survived by his widow Kathleen Fitzgerald. He was later buried at Mount Royal Cemetery in Montreal.
Career statistics
Source: Hockey Hall of Fame
Awards and achievements
1952 – Inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame
1954 – Named one of Montreal's outstanding sportsmen by the Sportsmen's Association of Montreal
References
Notes
Bibliography
External links
1878 births
1961 deaths
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Montreal Hockey Club players
Montreal Wanderers players
Ice hockey people from Belleville, Ontario
Stanley Cup champions
Burials at Mount Royal Cemetery |
WACR-FM (105.3 FM) is a radio station licensed to Columbus Air Force Base, United States. The station is currently owned by URBan Radio Broadcasting, through licensee GTR Licenses, LLC, and broadcasts an Urban Adult Contemporary format.
History
The station went on the air as WWZQ on 1986-10-01. On 1998-05-22, the station changed its call sign to WWKZ, on 2005-07-20 to the current WACR-FM,
References
External links
ACR-FM
Urban adult contemporary radio stations in the United States
Urban Radio Broadcasting radio stations |
Following is a list of senators of Yvelines, people who have represented the department of Yvelines in the Senate of France.
The department was created in 1978 as part of a reorganization of the former departments of Seine and Seine-et-Oise.
Fifth Republic
Senators for Yvelines under the French Fifth Republic were:
References
Sources
Lists of members of the Senate (France) by department |
IFB may refer to:
Illinois Farm Bureau
Independent Fundamental Baptist, Independent Baptist Christian congregations
Institute of Forest Biodiversity, Indian research agency
International Freedom Battalion in the Syrian Civil War started in 2011
Interruptible foldback (or interruptible feedback), electronic monitoring in TV and filmmaking
Instituto Federal de Brasília (Federal Institute of Brasília), an institute of technology in Brazil
Irish Film Board (now Fís Éireann/Screen Ireland), Irish film production agency
IFB Home Appliances, India
Independent Forward Bloc, a political party in Mauritius
Invitation for bid, a formal letter for generating competing proposals |
Miloslav Vlček (born 1 February 1961) is a Czech politician who was the Member of the Czech Chamber of Deputies (MP) from 1996 to 2010. Between the years 2006 and 2010, he served as the President of the Chamber of Deputies. He resigned the presidentship in April 2010, due to his involvement in a financial scandal.
References
External links
Official Chamber of Deputies website
Personal website
1961 births
Living people
People from Konice
Czech Social Democratic Party MPs
Presidents of the Chamber of Deputies (Czech Republic)
Members of the Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic (1996–1998)
Members of the Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic (1998–2002)
Members of the Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic (2002–2006)
Members of the Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic (2006–2010)
Mendel University Brno alumni |
Nowy Dwór is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Jelcz-Laskowice, within Oława County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. It lies approximately south-east of Jelcz-Laskowice, north-east of Oława, and south-east of the regional capital Wrocław.
References
Villages in Oława County |
Centrodera is the genus of the Lepturinae subfamily in long-horned beetle family. Beetles of this genus are distributed in North America, most of them are found only in United States.
Species list
Genus include:
Centrodera autumnata Leech, 1963
Centrodera dayi Leech, 1963
Centrodera decolorata (Harris, 1841)
Centrodera minima Linsley & Chemsak, 1972
Centrodera nevadica LeConte, 1873
Centrodera oculata Casey, 1913
Centrodera osburni Knull, 1947
Centrodera quadrimaculata (Champlain & Knull, 1922)
Centrodera spurca (LeConte, 1857)
Centrodera sublineata LeConte, 1862
Centrodera tenera Casey, 1913
References
Lepturinae
Taxa named by John Lawrence LeConte |
Tyrone Gyle Howe (born 2 April 1971, Newtownards, Northern Ireland) formerly played in rugby union on the wing for University of St Andrews RFC, Ulster, Ireland and the British & Irish Lions.
Howe was brought up in Dromore and attended Banbridge Academy. He played for Oxford University in The Varsity Match against Cambridge in 1994 and 1995, captaining the team in 1995.
An injury resulted in a three-year absence from rugby, until he rejoined Ulster for the 1999-2000 season. On 10 June 2000, he made his senior international debut for Ireland against the United States. It was Ireland's largest win, the final score finishing 83–3. He also toured with the 2001 British & Irish Lions. In total, Howe won 14 caps for Ireland.
Howe retired from professional rugby at the end of the 2005-06 season. In 2005 he was elected to Banbridge District Council as an Ulster Unionist Party candidate. In 2007 he resigned from the council citing work commitments. Howe now regularly appears on Sky Sports rugby coverage as a commentator and analyst, previously he has worked for Setanta Sports.
He taught at Uppingham School in Rutland for nine years and in September 2019 became headmaster of Shiplake College.
References
External links
Sporting Heroes
British & Irish Lions rugby union players from Ireland
Irish rugby union players
Ireland international rugby union players
Ulster Rugby players
Dungannon RFC players
1971 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Newtownards
Members of Banbridge District Council
Ulster Unionist Party councillors
Irish rugby union commentators
Alumni of the University of St Andrews
University of St Andrews RFC players
People educated at Banbridge Academy
Rugby union wings
People from Dromore, County Down
Broadcasters from County Down
2003 Rugby World Cup players |
Badalti Duniya is a Bollywood film. It was released in 1943.
References
External links
1943 films
1940s Hindi-language films
Indian black-and-white films |
Hyllisia albostictica is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1955.
References
albostictica
Beetles described in 1955
Taxa named by Stephan von Breuning (entomologist) |
Isorropus funeralis is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by George Hamilton Kenrick in 1914. It is found on Madagascar.
References
Lithosiini
Moths described in 1914 |
In musical set theory, an interval class (often abbreviated: ic), also known as unordered pitch-class interval, interval distance, undirected interval, or "(even completely incorrectly) as 'interval mod 6'" (; ), is the shortest distance in pitch class space between two unordered pitch classes. For example, the interval class between pitch classes 4 and 9 is 5 because 9 − 4 = 5 is less than 4 − 9 = −5 ≡ 7 (mod 12). See modular arithmetic for more on modulo 12. The largest interval class is 6 since any greater interval n may be reduced to 12 − n.
Use of interval classes
The concept of interval class accounts for octave, enharmonic, and inversional equivalency. Consider, for instance, the following passage:
(To hear a MIDI realization, click the following:
In the example above, all four labeled pitch-pairs, or dyads, share a common "intervallic color." In atonal theory, this similarity is denoted by interval class—ic 5, in this case. Tonal theory, however, classifies the four intervals differently: interval 1 as perfect fifth; 2, perfect twelfth; 3, diminished sixth; and 4, perfect fourth.
Notation of interval classes
The unordered pitch class interval i(a, b) may be defined as
where i is an ordered pitch-class interval .
While notating unordered intervals with parentheses, as in the example directly above, is perhaps the standard, some theorists, including Robert , prefer to use braces, as in i{a, b}. Both notations are considered acceptable.
Table of interval class equivalencies
See also
Pitch interval
Similarity relation
Sources
Further reading
Friedmann, Michael (1990). Ear Training for Twentieth-Century Music. New Haven: Yale University Press. (cloth) (pbk)
Musical set theory |
Mirond Lake is a lake in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. It lies in low-relief forested terrain of the Canadian Shield. The climate is sub-arctic.
Location
Mirond Lake is at .
The lake is accessible by road north from the Hanson Lake Road (Saskatchewan Highway 106).
It is about long and wide at its widest point.
Mirond Lake is joined to Pelican Lake to the west by a narrow stretch of water that gives its name to the community of Pelican Narrows on its north shore.
Attitti Lake to the east drains through Waskwei Lake and Wunehikun Bay into Mirond Lake.
Pelican and Mirond lakes are near the high point of the Flin Flon Plain, which slopes gently to the south down to about at Deschambault Lake and Amisk Lake.
Mirond lake is the headwaters of the Sturgeon-Weir River, a tributary to Cumberland Lake.
This in turn drains into the Saskatchewan River System.
The Sturgeon-Wier leaves the end of the lake through a rock-walled channel containing a section of rapids, then flows more slowly through a series of long, narrow lakes.
The river drains a large system of lakes between latitudes 54°30' and 55°30' and longitudes 102° and 103°, including Deschambault Lake, Wood Lake, Pelican Lake and Mirond Lake.
It empties into Beaver Lake, about northwest of The Pas, Manitoba.
The river is about long from Mirond Lake to Beaver Lake.
Above Scoop Rapids, about half way along the river, the drainage area is about .
Etymology
The name "mi-rond" is French and means "half round", or "half moon" according to Sir John Richardson.
It describes the shape of the lake.
Peter Pond, a poor speller, showed the lake as "Mineront" in his maps drawn around 1785.
Other variants were used later, such as Merion.
Sir John Franklin on his overland expedition of 1819-22 wrote "Miron" as "Heron", and this was copied by several other map makers.
The name Mirond is standard now.
The Cree give the twin lakes of Pelican and Mirond the name Opawikoschikun Sakuhikuna, or "fear lakes", referring to a massacre that took place there around 1730.
The Cree name for the narrows is Opawikoscikcan, meaning "fear narrows".
Climate
The lake is in the subarctic climate zone.
The annual average temperature is .
The warmest month is July, when the average temperature is and the coldest is January, with .
Environment
The landscape has areas of glaciolacustrine silts and clays or sandy glacial till, with many outcrops of Precambrian rocks that have been scoured by glacial ice.
There are large areas of peatland in the poorly drained areas, and elsewhere the land is forested.
Black spruce (picea mariana) is common but not dominant, and other trees include white spruce (picea glauca), trembling aspen (populus tremuloides), jack pine (pinus banksiana) and balsam fir (abies balsamea).
The lake has lodges with cabins and campgrounds for fishing and hunting.
A Saskatchewan live release record for northern pike was set at Mirond Lake in 2008, with a specimen.
See also
List of lakes of Saskatchewan
References
Lakes of Saskatchewan |
The Bledisloe Cup is an annual rugby union competition originally staged between the national teams of Australia's Wallabies and New Zealand's All Blacks that has been contested since the 1930s. The frequency that the competition is held has varied, as has the number of matches played in each tournament, but it currently consists of an annual three-match series, reduced to a two-match series in World Cup years, with two of the matches counting towards The Rugby Championship. New Zealand have had the most success, winning the trophy in 2023 for the 51st time and 21st in succession (excluding the disputed inaugural competition in 1931), while Australia have won the trophy 12 times.
History
Semantics plays a role in the issue when was the inaugural Bledisloe Cup match played. The Australian Rugby Union (ARU) contend that the one-off 1931 match played at Eden Park was first. The only record of a match taking place is recorded in the minutes of a New Zealand union management meeting several days later that Lord Bledisloe wished to present a cup for the All Blacks and Wallabies competition. The New Zealand Rugby Union (NZRU) believe that the first match was when New Zealand toured Australia in 1932.
Between 1931 and 1981, the Bledisloe Cup was contested irregularly in the course of rugby tours between the two countries, with New Zealand winning it nineteen times and Australia four times. In 1949, Australia won the competition for the first time on New Zealand soil. The trophy itself was apparently 'lost' during this period and reportedly rediscovered in a Melbourne store room. It was contested annually from 1982 to 1995, sometimes as a series of three matches (two in 1995) and other times in a single match. During these years, New Zealand won the trophy eleven times and Australia three times.
Since 1996, the cup has been contested as part of the annual Tri Nations tournament. Until 1998, the cup was contested in a three-match series consisting of the two Tri Nations matches between the two sides and a third match. New Zealand won the series in 1996 and 1997, and Australia won it in 1998.
In 1996, and from 1999 through 2005, the third match was not played; during these years, Australia and New Zealand played each other twice as part of the Tri Nations for the cup. If the two teams won one game each, or if both games were drawn, the cup was retained by its current holder. The non-holder needed to win the two games 2–0 or 1–0 (with a draw) to regain the cup. A criticism of this system was that, with the two sides being very well matched in ability level, it was very common for the teams to win one game each and many rugby fans were dissatisfied with one team keeping the cup in the years when the series was tied at 1–1 (1999, 2000, 2002, 2004).
In 2006, the Tri Nations series was extended so that each team played each other three times, meaning a return of the three-game contest for the Bledisloe Cup. However, the cup reverted to the two-game contest in 2007 because the Tri Nations was abbreviated that year to minimise interference with the teams' preparations for the World Cup.
The three-match format for the Bledisloe Cup continued in 2012, with the first two matches taking place as part of the 2012 Rugby Championship.
Neutral venues
Hong Kong
In 2008 the Bledisloe Cup was contested over an unprecedented four matches, with three games each played in Australia and New Zealand, followed by a fourth (and potentially deciding) game in Hong Kong, in an effort to promote the game in Asia. This was the first time Australia and New Zealand had played in a third country outside the Rugby World Cup. The Hong Kong match drew a crowd of 39,000 to see the All Blacks defeat the Wallabies 19–14 (despite New Zealand having already won the Bledisloe Cup for 2008), generating a reported £5.5 million and proving to be a financial success for the two unions. A fourth match was again set in Hong Kong in 2010, but failed to attract sufficient ticket sales.
Japan
The capital Tokyo hosted a fourth Bledisloe Test match on 31 October 2009. Each team expected to clear at least A$3.8 million/NZ$5 million from the Tokyo match.
On 27 October 2018, Bledisloe Cup returned to Japan for the second time and was hosted in Yokohama with the purpose of promoting and preparing for 2019 Rugby World Cup. All Blacks beating Wallabies 37–20 in the third test to sweep the series. The attendance figures was around 46,000 which became the record for a rugby test match in Japan. The relatively poor ticket sales included about 10% arrived via giveaways because of clashing with the fixture between Japan and World XV a day before in Osaka and lack of competitiveness of Wallabies contributing to dead rubber match of the series.
United States
Before the first match in Hong Kong, the two countries' rugby federations were considering taking Cup matches to the United States and Japan in 2009 and 2010. However, the proposed match in the United States did not come to fruition.
Future proposals
Behind the push from World Rugby with their League of Nations concept, only one match result would count for League of Nations points but the new season schedule must be able to accommodate a second Test each year in the new format. The gate receipts from Bledisloe Cup match ups are critical to both Rugby Australia and New Zealand Rugby Union and both nations are firm in their belief that one home match is mandatory. The third Bledisloe, which has long been a cash cow for both nations, could cease to exist. Any cash lost from forfeiting that match would be compensated by A$18 million per year in League of Nations broadcast revenue.
Results
Matches and statistics
Match stats
.
Venues
.
In Australia
In New Zealand
Media coverage
In Australia, the Bledisloe Cup was televised between 1992 and 1995 by Network Ten. Since 1996, paid service Fox Sports has televised it jointly with (free to air) Seven Network between 1996 and 2010, Nine Network (2011–2012), Network Ten (2013–2020) and since 2021 the Nine Network has held full broadcast rights alongside its paid streaming arm Stan Sport.
See also
History of rugby union matches between Australia and New Zealand
Laurie O'Reilly Cup
Rugby union trophies and awards
Notes
References
History of rugby union matches between Australia and New Zealand
International rugby union competitions hosted by Australia
International rugby union competitions hosted by New Zealand
1931 establishments in Australia
1931 establishments in New Zealand
The Rugby Championship trophies
Recurring sporting events established in 1931 |
Illizi (; Berber: ⵉⵍⵉⵣⵉ, Ilizi) is a town and commune, coextensive with Illizi District, situated in the south-eastern part of Algeria, and capital of Illizi Province. According to the 2008 census it is the largest commune by population in the province, with a population of 17,252, up from 10,163 in 1998, and an annual population growth rate of 5.5%, the highest in the province. It is one of the gates to the Tassili N'Ajjer National Park with caves situated under the sands containing prehistoric drawings dating from 6000 years BC. There is a hotel and two camping sites, as well as many local tourist agencies.
Climate
Illizi has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh), with long, extremely hot summers and short, very warm winters. The town is virtually rainless throughout the year as the average annual rainfall is around 10 mm (0.39 in), and summers are especially dry. The sky is always clear over Illizi all year long and the relative humidity is very low.
<div style="width:85%;">
Transport
Illizi lies on the N3 national highway, which leads north to In Amenas and Touggourt and south to Djanet.
The town is served by Takhamalt Airport, with flights to Ghardaïa and Ouargla.
Economy
The commune of Illizi includes five villages generating their own solar energy as part of a project to introduce solar energy to Algeria: Tihahiout, Ifni, Imehrou, Oued Semen, and Tamadjert.
Education
8.4% of the population has a tertiary education (the highest rate in the province), and another 15.7% has completed secondary education. The overall literacy rate is 78.1%, and is 85.2% among males and 69.0% among females.
Localities
The commune is composed of eight localities:
Centre Ville
Afara
Imehrou
Oued Semen
Aharhar
Tarat
Tamadjert
Fadnoune
See also
Illizi Province
References
External links
www.fjexpeditions.com
Communes of Illizi Province
Tuareg
Province seats of Algeria
Illizi Province |
John Hungerford Pollen (22 September 1858–1925) was an English Jesuit, known as a historian of the Protestant Reformation.
Life
John Hungerford Pollen was the son of John Hungerford Pollen and Maria Margaret Pollen. The third of ten children, he was born in London in 1858. His father was professor of fine arts at the Catholic University in Dublin. Pollen junior was educated at The Oratory School in Birmingham, and then London University.
Pollen entered the Society of Jesus in 1877 and was ordained in 1891. In 1895 he was assigned the task of creating a history of the Society in England. Pollen became involved in historical research and archives. His research took him through England, France, and Italy. By 1920 he held the title of Keeper of the Archives.
He was one of the group of Jesuit historians restoring the reputation of Robert Persons. He was influential in the history of the term Counter-Reformation, accepting for the Catholic side the appellation for the period of Catholic reform centred on the Council of Trent, but at the same time offering an interpretation that made it less reactive, in relation to the Protestant Reformation. These ideas were put forth in the 1908 Catholic Encyclopedia article he wrote on the subject. Pollen was also a contributor to The Month, and the Dublin Review.
Pollen was vice-postulator for the beatification of the English Martyrs.
He was a correspondent of Georg Cantor, from 1896 and a founding member with Joseph Stanislaus Hansom of the Catholic Record Society in 1904.
Works
Acts of the English Martyrs (1891)
Life of Father John Morris (1886)
Papal Negotiations with Mary, Queen of Scots (1901)
Unpublished Documents Relating to the English Martyrs (1908)
The Bedingfield Papers (1909)
A Jesuit Challenge: Edmund Campion's Debates at the Tower of London in 1581 (1914; edited with Joseph Rickaby)
The English Catholics in the Reign of Queen Elizabeth (1920)
Notes
External links
New Catholic Dictionary
1858 births
1925 deaths
20th-century English Jesuits
19th-century English Jesuits
British historians of religion
Reformation historians
19th-century British historians
20th-century English historians
English male non-fiction writers
19th-century English writers
19th-century English male writers
Contributors to the Catholic Encyclopedia
John Hungerford |
Jacobo Campos Piñeiro (born 15 March 1981 in Vigo, Galicia) is a Spanish former footballer who played mainly as a left midfielder.
Honours
Celta
UEFA Intertoto Cup: 2000
Spain U17
UEFA–CAF Meridian Cup: 1999
External links
Celta de Vigo biography
1981 births
Living people
Spanish men's footballers
Footballers from Vigo
Men's association football midfielders
La Liga players
Segunda División players
Segunda División B players
Tercera División players
RC Celta Fortuna players
Pontevedra CF footballers
SD Compostela footballers
RC Celta de Vigo players
CD Leganés players
UD Salamanca players
Real Oviedo players
CF Badalona players
Coruxo FC players
Spain men's youth international footballers |
In Orange () is a 2004 Dutch drama family film. In Orange received a Golden Film after it had sold 100,000 cinema tickets in the Netherlands. The film also received international awards at film festivals in Hamburg, Isfahan, Kristiansand, Los Angeles, Poznań, and Rimouski.
Cast
Yannick van de Velde - Remco van Leeuwen
Wendy van Dijk - Sylvia van Leeuwen
Thomas Acda - Erik van Leeuwen
Peter Blok - Arend Te Pas
Dionicho Muskiet - Winston Mijnals
Valérie Dupont - Lisa van Leeuw
Maaike Polder - Anneke
Sterre Herstel - Suzan van Leeuwen
Porgy Franssen - Dokter Vlieberg
Pepijn Gunneweg - hulp in de winkel
Ton Kas - rechercheur
Pim Muda - rechercheur
References
External links
2000s Dutch-language films
Dutch children's films
Dutch sports drama films
Dutch association football films
Films set in the Netherlands
2000s sports drama films
2004 films
2004 drama films |
```java
/*
* or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
* distributed with this work for additional information
* regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
* "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
* specific language governing permissions and limitations
*/
package org.apache.weex.ui.view.listview;
import android.annotation.SuppressLint;
import android.annotation.TargetApi;
import android.content.Context;
import android.os.Build;
import android.support.annotation.Nullable;
import android.support.v7.widget.GridLayoutManager;
import android.support.v7.widget.LinearLayoutManager;
import android.support.v7.widget.OrientationHelper;
import android.support.v7.widget.RecyclerView;
import android.support.v7.widget.StaggeredGridLayoutManager;
import android.view.MotionEvent;
import org.apache.weex.common.Constants;
import org.apache.weex.common.WXThread;
import org.apache.weex.ui.view.gesture.WXGesture;
import org.apache.weex.ui.view.gesture.WXGestureObservable;
public class WXRecyclerView extends RecyclerView implements WXGestureObservable {
public static final int TYPE_LINEAR_LAYOUT = 1;
public static final int TYPE_GRID_LAYOUT = 2;
public static final int TYPE_STAGGERED_GRID_LAYOUT = 3;
private WXGesture mGesture;
private boolean scrollable = true;
private boolean hasTouch = false;
public WXRecyclerView(Context context) {
super(context);
}
public boolean isScrollable() {
return scrollable;
}
public void setScrollable(boolean scrollable) {
this.scrollable = scrollable;
}
public void initView(Context context, int type,int orientation) {
initView(context,type, Constants.Value.COLUMN_COUNT_NORMAL,Constants.Value.COLUMN_GAP_NORMAL,orientation);
}
/**
*
* @param context
* @param type
* @param orientation should be {@link OrientationHelper#HORIZONTAL} or {@link OrientationHelper#VERTICAL}
*/
@TargetApi(Build.VERSION_CODES.JELLY_BEAN)
public void initView(Context context, int type, int columnCount, float columnGap, int orientation) {
if (type == TYPE_GRID_LAYOUT) {
setLayoutManager(new GridLayoutManager(context, columnCount,orientation,false));
} else if (type == TYPE_STAGGERED_GRID_LAYOUT) {
setLayoutManager(new ExtendedStaggeredGridLayoutManager(columnCount, orientation));
} else if (type == TYPE_LINEAR_LAYOUT) {
setLayoutManager(new ExtendedLinearLayoutManager(context,orientation,false));
}
}
@Override
public void registerGestureListener(@Nullable WXGesture wxGesture) {
mGesture = wxGesture;
}
@Override
public WXGesture getGestureListener() {
return mGesture;
}
@SuppressLint("ClickableViewAccessibility")
@Override
public boolean onTouchEvent(MotionEvent event) {
if(!scrollable) {
return true;
}
return super.onTouchEvent(event);
}
@Override
public boolean dispatchTouchEvent(MotionEvent event) {
hasTouch = true;
boolean result = super.dispatchTouchEvent(event);
if (mGesture != null) {
result |= mGesture.onTouch(this, event);
}
return result;
}
public void scrollTo(boolean smooth, int position, final int offset, final int orientation){
if (!smooth) {
RecyclerView.LayoutManager layoutManager = getLayoutManager();
if (layoutManager instanceof LinearLayoutManager) {
//GridLayoutManager is also instance of LinearLayoutManager
((LinearLayoutManager) layoutManager).scrollToPositionWithOffset(position, -offset);
} else if (layoutManager instanceof StaggeredGridLayoutManager) {
((StaggeredGridLayoutManager) layoutManager).scrollToPositionWithOffset(position, -offset);
}
//Any else?
} else {
smoothScrollToPosition(position);
if (offset != 0) {
setOnSmoothScrollEndListener(new ExtendedLinearLayoutManager.OnSmoothScrollEndListener() {
@Override
public void onStop() {
post(WXThread.secure(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
if (orientation == Constants.Orientation.VERTICAL) {
smoothScrollBy(0, offset);
} else {
smoothScrollBy(offset, 0);
}
}
}));
}
});
}
}
}
public void setOnSmoothScrollEndListener(final ExtendedLinearLayoutManager.OnSmoothScrollEndListener onSmoothScrollEndListener){
addOnScrollListener(new RecyclerView.OnScrollListener() {
@Override
public void onScrollStateChanged(RecyclerView recyclerView, int newState) {
if (newState == RecyclerView.SCROLL_STATE_IDLE) {
recyclerView.removeOnScrollListener(this);
if(onSmoothScrollEndListener != null){
onSmoothScrollEndListener.onStop();
}
}
}
});
}
}
``` |
```javascript
/*global angular*/
(function () {
angular
.module('simplAdmin.orders')
.controller('OrderListCtrl', ['orderService', 'translateService', OrderListCtrl]);
function OrderListCtrl(orderService, translateService) {
var vm = this;
vm.translate = translateService;
vm.tableStateRef = {};
vm.orders = [];
orderService.getOrderStatus().then(function (result) {
vm.orderStatus = result.data;
});
vm.getOrders = function getOrders(tableState) {
vm.isLoading = true;
vm.tableStateRef = tableState;
orderService.getOrdersForGrid(tableState).then(function (result) {
vm.orders = result.data.items;
tableState.pagination.numberOfPages = result.data.numberOfPages;
tableState.pagination.totalItemCount = result.data.totalRecord;
vm.isLoading = false;
});
};
vm.getOrdersExport = function getOrdersExport() {
orderService.getOrdersExport(vm.tableStateRef);
};
vm.getOrderLinesExport = function getOrderLinesExport() {
orderService.getOrderLinesExport(vm.tableStateRef);
};
}
})();
``` |
Aqtash District is a district in Kunduz Province, Afghanistan. It was not part of the 399 or 407 district sets, but is recognized in the 422 district set as a temporary district. It was split from Khanabad District in late 2015 after a visit from Ashraf Ghani, the president of Afghanistan. In 2019, only two polling centers were open in the district, with 277 votes cast.
Geography
Aqtash is bordered by Dasht-e-Archi District to the north, Baharak District and Bangi District to the east, Khanabad District to the south, and Kunduz District to the west. Kunduz District holds the provincial capital of Kunduz, and Baharak and Bangi are located in Takhar Province. The Khanabad River forms Aqtash's southern border.
History
Aqtash District was established in 2015 by Ashraf Ghani after he visited Kunduz Province. Gurtipa District and Calbad District were also created. A large operation was conducted to clear the district of militants in 2016, with dozens of villages cleared.
In the 2018 election, only two polling centers were open in Aqtash, and the district governor declined to provide further details other than "turnout was good". Earlier that year, an operation was taken to clear the district and succeeded. However, as soon as security forces left, the Taliban returned to the district. An operation was launched in 2017, causing 50 militant casualties. Later, in June 2019, a bastion was stormed in the district and 19 detainees were set free.
A large operation was taken by the government in early 2020, killing many insurgents and their commanders across Kunduz Province, including Aqtash. Over 10,000 people were displaced as a result of the fighting in Aqtash, or about 1472 families.
References
Districts of Kunduz Province |
The men's 10 metre air rifle competition at the 2000 Summer Olympics was held on 18 September.
Records
Prior to this competition, the existing world and Olympic records were as follows.
Qualification round
DNS Did not start – Q Qualified for final
Final
OR Olympic record
References
Sources
Shooting at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Men's events at the 2000 Summer Olympics |
Crystal Ann Williams is an American university president, educator, and poet. Williams is the current President of Rhode Island School of Design. She was raised in both Detroit, and in Madrid, Spain. She has earned degrees at New York University (BFA), and Cornell University (MFA).
Career
Williams' poems have been widely anthologized, appearing in The American Poetry Review, Ploughshares, 5AM, The Crab Orchard Review, The Sun, Ms. Magazine, The Indiana Review, Callaloo, and many other publications. Additionally, Williams has performed her poems in venues throughout the country, including as a member of the 1995 Nuyorican Poets Café National Poetry Slam Team.
Williams has received grants and fellowships from the Oregon Arts Commission, the Money for Women also known as the Barbara Deming Memorial Fund, and the MacDowell Arts Colony.
Education
Williams began teaching at Reed College as a professor of English, becoming dean for institutional diversity from 2011 to 2013. From 2013 to 2017, Williams worked at Bates College as the associate vice president for strategic initiatives and as a professor of English. In 2017, Williams came to Boston University where she first worked as the inaugural associate provost for diversity and inclusion before transferring into a broader role as vice president and associate provost for community and inclusion.
In 2021, it was announced that Williams was leaving her position as vice president and associate provost for community and inclusion at Boston University to become Rhode Island School of Design's 18th president. Williams became its first Black president on April 1, 2022.
Bibliography
Kin, Michigan State University Press, 2000.
Lunatic, Michigan State University Press, 2002.
Troubled Tongues, Lotus Press, 2009.
Detroit as Barn, University of Washington Press, 2014.
References
External links
Crystal Williams - Interview & Poetry - April 2010
Rhode Island School of Design names 18th president - The Boston Globe - December 16, 2021
1970 births
Living people
Cornell University alumni
New York University alumni
Presidents of the Rhode Island School of Design
African-American poets
African-American academic administrators
Writers from Detroit
African-American women academic administrators
Women heads of universities and colleges
21st-century African-American academics
21st-century American academics |
Aşağı Kürkəndi is a village and municipality in the Salyan Rayon of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 1,314.
References
Populated places in Salyan District (Azerbaijan) |
Makan Konatè (born 10 November 1991) is a Malian professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Indonesian club Barito Putera.
Club career
Persib Bandung
In November 2013, he signed with Persib. On 2 February 2014, Konaté made his league debut by starting in a 1–0 win against Sriwijaya. And he also scored his first goal for the team, he scored in the 82nd minute from the penalty at the Jalak Harupat Stadium, With this result, Persib won their first win in the 2014 Indonesia Super League competition. On 10 June 2014, Konaté scored his first two goals for the club in a 3–1 win over PS Barito Putera. On 10 October 2014, he scored Persib's opening goal in a 3–2 away win over Mitra Kukar. On 4 November 2014, Konaté scored the winning goal for Persib against Arema in the 112nd minute, the score ended 3–1 until the second half of extra time was over, while bringing Persib to the final match. He was part of the team that won the 2014 Indonesia Super League, In this match, Persib managed to beat Persipura Jayapura through a penalty shootout (5–3). On November 20, 2014, he signed a two-year contract with Persib.
2015 season
On 4 April 2015, Konaté made his debut of the new league season match against Semen Padang at Jalak Harupat Stadium. On 7 April 2015, Konaté scored his first league goals of the season in a 3–0 win over Persipasi Bandung Raya. In this season, Konate only made 2 appearances and scored 1 goal. This is because this season was officially discontinued by PSSI on 2 May 2015 due to a ban by Imam Nahrawi, Minister of Youth and Sports Affairs, against PSSI to run any football competition.
T-Team
In January 2016, he joins Malaysia Super League team based in Kuala Terengganu, T-Team.
Sriwijaya FC
In December 2017, he moved to Indonesia from Malaysia to join and play for Indonesia club Sriwijaya of the Liga 1 after he was sold by T-Team. He came to Indonesia along with Rahmad Darmawan who was known as his coach when he played for the Malaysia Premier League club T-Team for two seasons.
Arema
On 15 July 2018, Konaté was signed for Arema to play in Liga 1 in the 2018 season. He made his league debut on 21 July 2018 in a match against Sriwijaya at the Gelora Sriwijaya Stadium, Palembang. On 27 July 2018, Konaté scored his first goal for Arema in a 4–3 loss against Mitra Kukar at the Aji Imbut Stadium. On 11 August 2018, Konaté scored his first two goals for the club in a 2–2 draw over Borneo Samarinda. On 9 December 2018, Arema exercised an option to extend Konaté's contract to the January 2020.
On 3 February 2019, Konaté made his debut of 2018–19 Piala Indonesia 2nd Leg match against Persita Tangerang. He also scored the opening goal in the 24th minute; the score ended 3–0 with an aggregate of 7–1. With this result, Arema qualified for the round of 16 of the Piala Indonesia. On 13 March 2019, Konaté scored his first goal of the pre-season President's Cup, the opening goal against Persita Tangerang in a 6–1 win in the 2019 Indonesia President's Cup. On 29 June 2019, Konaté scored his first Liga 1 goal of the season for Arema in a 2–1 loss against Persikabo 1973. On 16 July 2019, he scored hattrick in a 4–1 win against Badak Lampung at Kanjuruhan Stadium, this is the first hat-trick in his career as a footballer. On 15 August 2019, he scored one goal and assisted another as Arema won 4–0 against rival Persebaya Surabaya at Kanjuruhan. In January 2020, Konaté officially did not renew his contract with Arema for the 2020 season, this was because the team failed to agree on the contract value requested by him, so he chose to leave. He contributed with 16 goals and 11 assists during 2019 Liga 1 with Arema.
Persebaya Surabaya
On 16 January 2020, Konaté moved to Surabaya and signed one-year contract with Persebaya Surabaya. Konaté made his Persebaya debut in a pre-season friendly against Malaysia Super League club Sabah on 8 February 2020. On 29 February 2020, Konaté made his league debut in a 1–1 draw over 2018 Liga 3 champion Persik Kediri at Gelora Bung Tomo Stadium. In December 2020, Konaté officially left Persebaya, he admitted that he could not wait for the certainty of the continuation of the 2020 Liga 1, the league was officially discontinued due to the COVID-19 pandemic. He only made two appearances with the club during 2020 Liga 1, however, while at Persebaya, he managed to achieve an achievement in the pre-season 2020 East Java Governor Cup, he succeeded in bringing Persebaya to champions and won the best player award.
Terengganu
On 27 January 2021, Konaté signed a one-year contract with Malaysia Super League club Terengganu on a free transfer, along with David da Silva. He made his league debut for Terengganu when he was part of the starting lineup of a 2021 Malaysia Super League match against UiTM on 6 March 2021, in which Terengganu won. On 16 April 2021, Konaté scored his first league goal for Terengganu in a 1–0 victory over Kuala Lumpur City at the Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin Stadium.
While he had a good season in his second year overseas with 20 appearances and one goals, Konate decided to return Indonesia at the end of the contract year.
Persija Jakarta
On 29 December 2021, Konaté return to Indonesia and signed one-year contract with Persija Jakarta for the 2021–22 Liga 1. On 11 January 2022, Konaté made his league debut by starting in a 1–2 loss against 2013 ISL champion Persipura Jayapura. And he also scored his first goal for the team, he scored in the 94th minute at Kapten I Wayan Dipta Stadium. On 14 February 2022, Konaté scored a brace for the club in a 3–3 draw over Persebaya Surabaya. and scored another brace for the club in a 0–4 win over Persikabo 1973 on 13 March 2022.
On 16 June 2022, Konaté officially left Persija Jakarta. He has said goodbye by writing an emotional message on his personal Instagram account, Konaté appeared 14 times with Persija in the 2021–2022 season. He has proven himself to be a midfielder who is still blessed with a goal-scoring instinct. Konaté scored seven goals and two assists. However, he joined Persija only lasted half a season.
RANS Nusantara
Konaté was signed for RANS Nusantara to play in Liga 1 in the 2022–23 season. He made his league debut on 23 July 2022 in a match against PSIS Semarang and he also scored his first goal for the team, he scored in the 85th minute at Jatidiri Stadium. On 10 September 2022, he scored RANS's opening goal in a 1–1 draw over Persik Kediri. His form in December saw him score two further goals in loses against Persis Solo (6–1), and loses against Persita Tangerang (4–1).
On 25 January 2023, he scored in a 4–4 draw over Bali United.
International career
He was part of the Mali U-17 and Mali U-19.
Personal life
Konaté is a devout Muslim who observes the Islamic month of Ramadan, frequently attends the Mosque and performs Sujud after scoring goals.
Honours
Stade Malien
Malian Première Division: 2009–10
Persib Bandung
Indonesia Super League: 2014
President's Cup: 2015
Sriwijaya
East Kalimantan Governor Cup: 2018
Arema
President's Cup: 2019
Persebaya Surabaya
East Java Governor Cup: 2020
Individual
East Kalimantan Governor Cup Best Player: 2018
Liga 1 Team of the Season: 2019
East Java Governor Cup Best Player: 2020
Indonesian Soccer Awards: Best 11 2019
Indonesian Soccer Awards: Best Midfielder 2019
References
External links
1991 births
Living people
Footballers from Bamako
Malian Muslims
Malian men's footballers
Stade Malien players
Al Akhdar SC players
Malian expatriate men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Malian expatriate sportspeople in Libya
Malian expatriate sportspeople in Indonesia
Malian expatriate sportspeople in Malaysia
Expatriate men's footballers in Indonesia
Expatriate men's footballers in Libya
Expatriate men's footballers in Malaysia
Liga 1 (Indonesia) players
Malaysia Super League players
PSPS Riau players
PS Barito Putera players
Persib Bandung players
Arema F.C. players
Terengganu F.C. II players
Terengganu FC players
Sriwijaya F.C. players
Persebaya Surabaya players
Persija Jakarta players
RANS Nusantara F.C. players
21st-century Malian people |
The 2010 Meineke Car Care Bowl was the ninth edition of the college football bowl game, and was played at Bank of America Stadium in Charlotte, North Carolina. The game started at 12:00 PM US EST on Friday, December 31, 2010, and featured the South Florida Bulls of the Big East Conference against the Clemson Tigers of the ACC. The bowl was telecasted on ESPN and ESPN3. This game was the last game of the series to be called the "Meineke Car Care Bowl", as the bowl organizers terminated their title sponsorship agreement with the parent company of Meineke, effective in 2011.
Teams
South Florida
For the third straight season South Florida entered its bowl game with a 7–5 record. The 2010 Meineke Car Care Bowl marked the 6th straight season that the Bulls played in the postseason. After some struggles early on, the Bulls took off late. They won four of their final six, including an overtime victory at Miami, and nearly knocked off league champion Connecticut. This was South Florida's second appearance in the Meineke Car Care Bowl. They were a 14–0 loser to NC State in the 2005 game, the school's first ever bowl appearance.
Clemson
The Tigers came into the game with a 6–6 record following a 2009 season in which they were the ACC Atlantic Division Champions. Clemson ranked No. 9 nationally in scoring defense, allowing just 17.75 points per game, but lost three of their final five, including the season finale to rival South Carolina. This was the Tigers first appearance in the Meineke Car Care Bowl.
Notes
The bowl game marked the first ever meeting between the two schools.
References
Meineke Car Care Bowl
Duke's Mayo Bowl
Clemson Tigers football bowl games
South Florida Bulls football bowl games
Meineke Car Care Bowl
December 2010 sports events in the United States |
Ashvin Raja is an Indian actor who has appeared in Tamil language films. He is the son of film producer Late V. Swaminathan of Lakshmi Movie Makers. He is best known for his performances in Boss Engira Bhaskaran and Kumki
Personal life
Ashvin Raja is the son of producer Swaminathan, who owns the production house, Lakshmi Movie Makers. He had also done cameos in some of the movies produced by him. V. Swaminathan died on 10 August 2020 due to COVID-19. He had been undergoing treatment in a private hospital in Chennai after testing positive for Coronavirus. He became the first person from Tamil film industry to have died of COVID-19. Ashwin, married his girlfriend Vidyashree on 24 June 2020. She is a practising doctor.
Career
Ashvin made his film debut portraying the student Paalpandi in Rajesh's comedy film Boss Engira Bhaskaran (2010). His performance in Prabhu Solomon's Kumki (2012) as an elephant herder alongside Vikram Prabhu and Thambi Ramaiah was also well received by film critics, and had allotted sixty six days to the film for the shoot. The success of Kumki led to him being referred to "Kumki Ashwin" henceforth. In 2013, he was seen in smaller roles notably featuring in Thillu Mullu and Naiyaandi alongside Dhanush. He acted in horror movie like Maharani Kottai (2015) and comedy Narathan (2016). He shared in an interview that he wouldn't hesitate to do a negative role. In 2019, he was seen in Jyothika's Jackpot and Harish Kalyan starrer Dhanusu Raasi Neyargale.
Filmography
References
Indian male film actors
Living people
Tamil comedians
1989 births
Indian male comedians
Male actors in Tamil cinema |
Pages of Treasures (Traditional Chinese: Click入黃金屋) is a TVB modern drama series broadcast in December 2008.
Synopsis
Fong Hok-Man (Paul Chun) works in a bookstore and lives by the principles that knowledge is power. He has 3 children, 2 sons - Sum-Ming (Wayne Lai) and Sum-Ching (Eric Suen) and a daughter, Sum-Mei (Lily Ho). Sum Ming is not good in his studies and did not further his education at the tertiary level. However, Sum-Ching is very smart and chose to further his studies in IT at a university in United States. To fund his studies, Sum Ming works hard in Mauritius for better pay.
The two brothers now decide to return to Hong Kong. Coincidentally, they both end up working in the same commercial building, Sum-Ming as a security guard while Sum-Ching works as a Senior network Security Engineer. Hok-Man is afraid that the brothers' different job levels will cause a rift in their relationship.
Sum Ming starts to fall for Yuen Wai-Chung (Sonija Kwok), who owns a clay model shop. Hok-Man tries to help Sum Ming launch a better career by buying a bookstore for him to manage. Sum-Ching, who already has a girlfriend, Abbie Lui Yuen-Yee (Shirley Yeung), starts to fall for his colleague, Chui Hei-Man (Vivien Yeo).
Cast
The Fong family
The Lui family
Other cast
Awards and nominations
TVB Anniversary Awards (2009)
Best Drama
Most Improved Actress (Sharon Chan)
Viewership ratings
References
External links
TVB.com Pages of Treasures - Official Website
TVB Review Blog Pages of Treasures - Episode Summaries and Screen Captures
TVB dramas
2008 Hong Kong television series debuts
2009 Hong Kong television series endings |
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