text stringlengths 1 22.8M |
|---|
```c
/*++
version 3. Alternative licensing terms are available. Contact
info@minocacorp.com for details. See the LICENSE file at the root of this
project for complete licensing information.
Module Name:
memmap.c
Abstract:
This module implements support for returning the initial memory map on the
Raspberry Pi.
Author:
Chris Stevens 21-Dec-2014
Environment:
Firmware
--*/
//
// your_sha256_hash--- Includes
//
#include <uefifw.h>
#include "rpifw.h"
//
// your_sha256_hash Definitions
//
//
// ------------------------------------------------------ Data Type Definitions
//
//
// ----------------------------------------------- Internal Function Prototypes
//
//
// your_sha256_hash---- Globals
//
//
// your_sha256_hash-- Functions
//
EFI_STATUS
EfiPlatformGetInitialMemoryMap (
EFI_MEMORY_DESCRIPTOR **Map,
UINTN *MapSize
)
/*++
Routine Description:
This routine returns the initial platform memory map to the EFI core. The
core maintains this memory map. The memory map returned does not need to
take into account the firmware image itself or stack, the EFI core will
reserve those regions automatically.
Arguments:
Map - Supplies a pointer where the array of memory descriptors constituting
the initial memory map is returned on success. The EFI core will make
a copy of these descriptors, so they can be in read-only or
temporary memory.
MapSize - Supplies a pointer where the number of elements in the initial
memory map will be returned on success.
Return Value:
EFI status code.
--*/
{
return EfipBcm2709GetInitialMemoryMap(Map, MapSize);
}
//
// --------------------------------------------------------- Internal Functions
//
``` |
Abraham L. Harrison (March 4, 1867 – May 1, 1932) was an American baseball shortstop in the late 19th century, who played for predecessor teams to the Negro leagues. He played for several teams from 1885 to 1897, spending the majority of his career with the Cuban Giants.
References
External links
and Seamheads
1867 births
1932 deaths
Cuban Giants players
20th-century African-American people
Baseball infielders
Sportspeople from Norristown, Pennsylvania
Baseball players from Montgomery County, Pennsylvania |
Kalthoum Sarrai كلثوم السراي in Arabic (25 September 1962 – 19 January 2010), best known as Cathy Sarrai, was a Tunisian-born French television presenter, anchorwoman and television personality. She was known to many French and Belgian television viewers for her role in the French version of Super Nanny, which began airing on M6 on 1 February 2005.
Sarrai was born in Tunis, Tunisia, on 25 September 1962, as one of seven children. She moved to France in 1979, where she studied child psychology before pursuing a successful career as a television presenter. Sarrai also authored three books, including an autobiography.
She began appearing on the French version of Super Nanny in 2005. The show, in which she taught parents basic child care and parenting techniques, attracted 3.7 million viewers in Belgium and France, making her a familiar personality on M6.
Kalthoum Sarrai died in Paris on Tuesday 19 January 2010, of cancer at the age of 47. She was buried in Tunis.
References
External links
The death of the France’s Super Nanny - Cathy Sarraï
1962 births
2010 deaths
French television presenters
French psychologists
French women psychologists
Tunisian emigrants to France
French women writers
Tunisian writers
Writers from Tunis
Writers from Paris
French women television presenters |
Chandi Charitar Ukti Bilas or Chandi Charitar Ukat(i) Bilas (, pronunciation: ), also called Chandi Charitar 1 (ਚੰਡੀ ਚਰਿਤ੍ਰ (ਭਾਗ ੧)) or Chandi Charitar Part One is a heroic poetic composition, included in the 4th chapter of Dasam Granth, whose authorship is generally and traditionally attributed to Guru Gobind Singh.
Though it is based on Markandeya Purana, the direction and narration of whole story is totally independent of the Markandeya Purana.
Overview
The text follows the Bachitar Natak and is itself followed by the Chandi Charitar II.
The text states it is retelling the Markandeya Purana story, where Durga fights a shape shifting buffalo demon Mahishasura and slays the evil demon and his companions. The names Chandi and Chandika are also used to refer to the devi (goddess). It is based specifically on the Durga Saptasati chapter of the Markandeya Purana. Its story line is very similar to the Chandi Charitar II that follows it in the scripture.
The work contains 233 verses in total divided into 7 or 8 chapters.
Chandi stands for the embodiment of ferocious "shakti" or the female form of cosmic energy. Bilas comes from vilas which can also be described as chronicles/descriptive/heroics, Ukati means on, and Charitar means characteristics and function. So, Chandi Charitar Ukti Bilas means "Discussion on characteristics and functions of Chandi".
Ukat(i) bilas is divided into eight cantos, comprises 233 couplets and quatrains, employing seven different metres, with Savaiyya and Dohara predominating. In the former, the source of the story mentioned is Durga Saptasati, which is a portion of Markandeya Purana, from chapters 81 to 94.
The language of the composition is Braj. Ukti Bilas was composed at Anandpur Sahib, before 1698, the year when the Bichitra Natak was completed. The concluding lines of the last canto of Chandi Charitra Ukti Bilas as included in the Dasam Granth manuscript preserved at Patna, however, mention 1752 Bk / AD 1695 as the year of the composition of this work.
There are few more related compositions of Guru Gobind Singh i.e. Chandi Charitar 2 (self-composed but it is said to be based on Devi Bhagwat Puran skandh 5, chapters 2 to 35), Chandi di Var (self-composed), Chandi Charitar - Charitropakhyan - Charitar 1) (self-composed) and Ugardanti (self-composed).
Contents
The bani starts with ੴ ਵਾਹਿਗੁਰੂ ਜੀ ਕੀ ਫਤਹਿ॥ (The Lord is one and the Victory is of the Lord) and ends with ਇਤਿ ਸ੍ਰੀ੍ਰ ਮਾਰਕੰਡੇ ਪੁਰਾਨੇ ਸ੍ਰੀ ਚੰਡੀ ਚਰਿਤ੍ਰੋ ਉਕਤਿ ਬਿਲਾਸ ਦੇਵ ਸੁਰੇਸ ਸਹਿਤ ਜੈਕਾਰ ਸਬਦ ਕਰਾ ਅਸਟਮੋ ਧਿਆਇ ਸਮਾਪਤਮ ਸਤੁ ਸੁਭਮ ਸਤੁ॥੮॥(End of the Eighth Chapter of Chandi Charitar Ukati Bilas based on Markandeya Puran, All Deities and their King hailed to Chandi)
In the beginning, the author mentioned attributes of one whom he worshiped:
Definition of Chandi
First Twelve Lines are about Definition of the word chandi. After this basic explanation Author have explained the Character (Charitar) of Chandi:
Chandi means "the violent and impetuous one". In Gurmat, Chandi is attributed to intuitive and discerning mind called Vivek Budhi which fights with negativity.
Deh Siva Var Mohe
One of the most popular hymns in Sikhism is taken from Chandi Charitar Ukati Bilas:
References
Bibliography
Sri Dasam Granth Sahib: Questions and Answers: The book on Sri Dasam Granth Sahib
External links
https://www.deutsches-informationszentrum-sikhreligion.de/SriDasamGranth_de.php
Dasam Granth |
The Progressive League was a British organisation for social reform and the promotion of scientific humanism, founded in 1932 by H. G. Wells and C. E. M. Joad under the name "Federation of Progressive Societies and Individuals" (FPSI).
One of the first of a generation of non-governmental organisations, as influenced by Wells' idea of the "open conspiracy", the organisation had its heydey in the 1930s and 1940s, advancing liberal and humanistic approaches to many of the issues that animated the concerns of contemporary intellectuals and freethinkers. The organisation became quieter in the later part of the 20th century as numerous other organisations sprang up as specialised advocates for many of the same causes – many of which had originally spun-off from the League, such as the Marriage Law Reform Society. At the same time, within the humanist movement, other organisations such as the British Humanist Association became prominent as broad platform campaigners for social reform.
History
The "Great Conway Hall Plot"
In 1931 J. B. (Jack) Coates wrote to the Rationalist Press Association's (RPA) Literary Guide, advocating a form of scientific humanism, which he associated with Bertrand Russell, H. G. Wells and Julian Huxley:
The great work of the modern period, these eminent thinkers argue, is the framing of constructive moral and social policies. The special work of the modern Rationalists should be, therefore, to direct the modern world conscience so as to bring about that scientific world reconstruction which is the goal of the hopes of the scientific humanist.
His call produced a large response in subsequent issues of the Literary Guide. He was opposed by many, however, including the leading rationalist J. M. Robertson, but gained support from the veteran rationalists F. J. Gould, Archibald Robertson and especially C. E. M. Joad, who wanted Conway Hall to become the headquarters of "an association of progressive organizations with humanist aims."
In what became known within the movement as the "Great Conway Hall Plot", a group of nine RPA "modernisers", including Joad, Robertson, Coates and John A. Hobson, stood for the RPA Board on a "scientific humanism" platform. The plot failed and Robertson resigned from the Board in March 1932.
Federation of Progressive Societies and Individuals
In early 1932 the Conway Hall plotters met at Joad's house, where they decided to form an independent group, the Federation of Progressive Societies and Individuals. The Federation's first conference took place in France, at a chateau owned by Pryns Hopkins. Individual members were invited to a meeting in April 1932.
Meanwhile, on 20 August 1932 the New Statesman published a call from H. G. Wells for a Federation of X Societies, "open conspirators to change the world." It was suggested to Joad that he contact Wells, and on 11 September 1932 another conference took place, this time in England.
C. E. M. Joad was President of the Federation. The Vice-Presidents included Wells, A. S. Neill, Bertrand Russell, Barbara Wootton, Miles Malleson, David Low, Vera Brittain, Cyril Burt, Norman Haire, Aldous Huxley, Kingsley Martin, Harold Nicolson, Beverley Nichols, Olaf Stapledon, Geoffrey West, Rebecca West, Leonard Woolf and J. C. Flügel.
Joad announces the Federation
On 4 October 1932 The Guardian published a letter from Joad announcing the formation of the Federation. In his letter Joad noted the existence across the country of a huge number of groups of people of "advanced" opinion. However, they were
small; they preach only to the converted: their literature is read only by their members, and not always by them; and they are politically and socially completely impotent. The influence which they exert upon legislation is negligible, and the cerebrations of statesmen proceed to their indifferent ends unaffected by their activities.
According to Joad, progressive opinion had "crystallised" around a set of positions:
That the economic arrangements of the country should be planned and not haphazard; that war debts should be cancelled, tariff barriers removed, national armaments abolished, and armed force pooled in a collective international police controlled by the League of Nations; that the divorce laws should be changed out of all recognition, birth control information and appliances made available for all, the congenitally unfit sterilised; that the censorship should be abolished, Dora liquidated, Sunday rescued from that dead hand of the nineteenth century; that rural England, what is left of it, should be preserved; that national parks should be established and citizens be given access to mountains and moorlands, irrespective of the needs of “sportsmen”.
The Federation, Joad announced, had been formed out of agreement with these propositions. Joad's letter went on to note that this progressive agenda was not reflected by the "old-fashioned" media, but that "the times ... are serious":
Economic breakdown and international anarchy threaten to destroy civilisation, which, if it persists, seems increasingly likely to pass into the control of those who regard the traditional ideals of democracy - freedom and equality and the right of citizens to live their lives without moral, religious, or political interference - with amused contempt. If democracy were to founder, the intellectuals would be the first to go down in the wreckage. Either Communism or Fascism would give them short shrift, and social and civil liberties... would be swept down the drains of the Corporate or the Communist State as the discarded refuse of an outworn social structure.
Joad identified "vanity, the lack of discipline, the overdeveloped individualities of progressives" as obstacles to organisation, but "danger may effect union where common sense has failed."
Joad concluded: "it is precisely this danger which has called into being a Federation of Progressive Societies to give unity and cohesion to those woefully impotent forces."
Failure
Initially supported by the Fabian Nursery and the Promethean League, and briefly by Youth House, the FPSI soon found itself without any federated organisational members. Faced with this failure, Joad and J. C. Flügel (a Freudian psychoanalyst) proposed closing the organisation. However, at the urging of Jack Coates, the AGM voted to continue on an individual membership basis.
Some of those involved in the League, realising that it was not to become the umbrella for the left that it was intended to be, found their way back to the RPA and Archibald Robertson "remained active in the RPA for the rest of his life".
The name "Progressive League" was adopted in 1940.
After 1940
In 1946 a sub-committee of the League became the Marriage Law Reform Society.
By the 1980s, like many civil society organizations, the League was suffering from a gradual ageing of its membership, and a failure to attract new and younger members. Its events were advertised regularly in the New Statesman, but did not succeed in reversing a gradual decline.
In 2005 the organisation was wound up.
Journals
The League published Plan: For World Order and Progress from April 1934 to September 1939; Plan Bulletin from October 1939 to December 1941; Plan from January 1942 to June 1948; Plan: For Freedom and Progress from July 1948. Plan was published from 1990 to 2002, and the Progressive League Newsletter from 2002 to 2005.
Manifesto
The Progressive League provided a platform for the advocacy of ideas such as world government, Freudian psychology, sex, free love and nudism (hence it was nicknamed by opponents the "Federation for the Promotion of Sexual Intercourse").
Its programme was set out in a "Charter for Rationalists", published in 1932 in Joad's autobiography:
repeal of the divorce laws
repeal of discriminatory laws against homosexuality
diffusion of knowledge on birth control
legalisation of abortion
sterilisation of the feeble-minded
abolition of censorship on plays, films and books
abolition of all Sabbath restrictions
disendowment and disestablishment of the Church of England
conservation of the countryside, curbing urban development, creation of national parks
prohibition of exhibitions of performing animals
abolition of licensing restrictions
unilateral and complete disarmament
According to Tribe, the FPSI's official programme was:
World government
Socialisation
Worldwide education: "humanistic, scientific and cosmopolitan"
Individual freedom
Humanisation of criminal law and procedure
Control and optimal distribution of the world's population (including eugenics)
Town and country planning
Cooke comments: "the debt to H. G. Wells is enormous. The Federation's programme was essentially Wells's open conspiracy."
See also
Alexander George Craig
Humanitarian League, a similar group (1891-1919) which preceded the Progressive League
Humanists UK, which inherited many of the League's activities
References
Bibliography
Cooke, Bill (2003). The Blasphemy Depot: A Hundred Years of the Rationalist Press Association. London: RPA. .
Coupland, Philip (2000). "H. G. Wells's "Liberal Fascism" ", Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 35 (4), pp. 541-558. jch.sagepub.com
Forsyth, Dorothy (2002). "Notes on the History of the Progressive League", Ethical Record, Vol. 107 (8), October, pp. 3–7 (summary of a lecture to the Ethical Society, 17 March 2002).
Tribe, David (1967). 100 Years of Freethought. London: Elek.
Walter, Nicolas (1997). Humanism: What's in the Word. London: RPA/BHA/Secular Society Ltd.
External links
Archives of the Progressive League, 1936–2000
1930s in the United Kingdom
Defunct political organisations based in the United Kingdom
1932 establishments in the United Kingdom
2005 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Humanist associations |
All the World's a Stooge is a 1941 short subject directed by Del Lord starring American slapstick comedy team The Three Stooges (Moe Howard, Larry Fine and Curly Howard). It is the 55th entry in the series released by Columbia Pictures starring the comedians, who released 190 shorts for the studio between 1934 and 1959.
Plot
Wealthy Ajax Bullion (Emory Parnell) is up in arms when his eccentric wife (Lelah Tyler) who's over come with joy informs him that she wants to adopt a refugee, the latest socio-political movement. To top it off, he has a terrible toothache. His wife insists he goes to the dentist so she can prepare the nursery.
The Stooges are window washers who work on a scaffold outside of a tall building. Moe and Larry use a rope to pull a Curly back up to the scaffold. Moe then orders Curly to continue the job. He obliges but throws a bucket of water at an open window, and the water splashes all over the dentist's office. At nearly the same time, the dentist (Richard Fiske) arrives to see the mess. He then leaves after threatening to have them fired. It is then that Moe orders Larry and Curly to dry up the floor.
Mr. Bullion meets the inept window washers (whom he mistakes for interim dentists) when he enters the office demanding medical attention. They knock him out cold when he asks for anesthetic, then attempt to find the bad tooth. After pulling his bridge-work out completely ("you stripped his gears!", Larry comments), they try to put it back into his mouth with cement. However, the cement hardens before they have a chance to put the tooth back in, so they decide to blast. The dentist arrives back in his office as the dynamite is lit. He calls out to the Stooges, who notice him and run off. The dynamite goes off and Mr. Bullion wakes up, noticing that the pain in his tooth is gone. He heads back to his car and notices the Stooges hiding inside. He inquires as to what they are up to, and Moe says that they are "refugees." Mr. Bullion then has a very nasty idea to disabuse his wife of her philanthropic notion: pass these three nitwits off as refugee children.
Mrs. Bullion is naturally thrilled at the sight of the Stooges, who are dressed as toddlers. Moe and Curly are in large sailor suits, while Larry is dressed as a young girl in a dress with a large hair bow. Mr. Bullion calls them Johnny (Moe), Frankie (Curly), and Mabel (Larry). The Stooges then stay with the Bullions until Mrs. Bullion decides to have a party to introduce her wealthy friends to her new refugees.
Mrs. Bullion ends up regretting their adoption during the party in their honor — and Mr. Bullion is beginning to regret concocting this scheme to begin with. The festivities are interrupted when an angered Mr. Bullion chases after the Stooges with an axe out of the house.
Production notes
All the World's a Stooge was the last short to be filmed in 1940. Filmed on August 24–28, 1940, the title of the film parodies William Shakespeare's "All the world's a stage."
Adopting refugees from European countries was a common event amongst society people during World War II.
References
External links
All the World's a Stooge at threestooges.net
1941 films
Columbia Pictures short films
The Three Stooges films
American black-and-white films
Films directed by Del Lord
1941 comedy films
American slapstick comedy films
1940s English-language films
1940s American films |
Carry On is a song by Australian band Motor Ace and is the first single on the band's second studio album Shoot This (2002). "Carry On" peaked at number 13 on the ARIA Charts. Carry on placed 29th on Triple J's Hottest 100 of 2002 and was featured on Volume 10 of Hottest 100 CD and DVD released in 2003.
Track listing
"Carry On" - 4:14
"Opportunity" - 4:06
"Pieces" - 4:07
Charts
Popular culture
The song was used as the theme song for The Australian newspaper on television.
References
2002 singles
Motor Ace songs
Song recordings produced by Chris Sheldon
2002 songs |
The following is a list of colleges and universities founded or operated by the Benedictines within the United States.
Institutions
A closer look
Belmont Abbey College
Belmont Abbey College is a private liberal arts Catholic college located near Charlotte, North Carolina. It is also a Benedictine monastery.
Benedictine College
Benedictine College is a co-educational university.
Benedictine University at Lisle
Benedictine University at Lisle is a private Roman Catholic university.
Benedictine University at Springfield
A branch campus, Benedictine University at Springfield, formerly known as Springfield College in Illinois (SCI) or Springfield College, is focused on adult learners.
Benedictine University at Mesa
Is a branch campus in Mesa, Arizona. It is a co-educational liberal arts university and offers undergraduate and graduate degrees grounded in Benedictine values. It is the only Catholic liberal arts college in the Southwest.
College of Saint Benedict
The College of Saint Benedict (CSB), for women, and Saint John's University (SJU), for men, are partnered liberal arts colleges.
College of Saint Scholastica
The College of Saint Scholastica is a private college with its main campus located in Duluth.
Conception Seminary College
Conception Abbey is a monastery of the Swiss-American Congregation of the Benedictine Confederation.
Mount Angel Seminary
Mount Angel Seminary comprises a Graduate School of Theology, a College of Liberal Arts, and a Pre-Theology program for Seminarians.
Mount Marty College
Mount Marty College is an American academic community in the Roman Catholic Benedictine liberal arts tradition.
Saint Anselm College
Saint Anselm College is a nationally ranked, Catholic, Benedictine, liberal arts college.
Saint John's University
The College of Saint Benedict (CSB), for women, and Saint John's University (SJU), for men, are partnered liberal arts colleges.
Saint Joseph Seminary College
Saint Joseph Seminary College, also known as St. Ben or St. Ben's, is a private four-year seminary college.
Saint Leo University
Saint Leo University is a private, non-profit, Roman Catholic liberal arts university.
Saint Martin's University
Saint Martin's University (formerly Saint Martin's College) is a coeducational, Catholic, liberal arts university.
Saint Vincent College
Saint Vincent College is a four-year, coeducational, Roman Catholic, Benedictine, liberal arts college.
Thomas More University
Thomas More University, historically a liberal arts college, was founded in 1921 as the all-women's Villa Madonna College in Covington, Kentucky, across the Ohio River from Cincinnati, by Covington's Benedictine Sisters. The school became coeducational in 1945, and moved to a new campus in the nearby suburb of Crestview Hills, Kentucky in 1968, at which time it was renamed Thomas More College. It adopted its current name in 2018, shortly after Kentucky's higher education council granted it university status; this coincided with plans to add select postgraduate degree programs.
University of Mary
The University of Mary (abbreviated U-Mary) is a four-year Catholic university.
References
External links
The Association of Benedictine Colleges and Universities, founded in 1991
Lists of Catholic universities and colleges
Lists of universities and colleges in the United States |
Lieutenant Colonel John Francis Mant OBE (8 February 1897 – 19 November 1985) was an Australian solicitor.
He was born at Darling Point to solicitor William Hall Mant and Frances Gordon, née McCrae, a granddaughter of Georgiana McCrae. His godfather was A. B. Paterson. Mant attended Sydney Grammar School and from 1914 worked in Queensland as a station hand. He enlisted in the Australian Imperial Force on 11 April 1916 and sailed for England in May, attached to the Cyclist Training Battalion. He served in France with the 3rd Divisional Cyclist Company from December 1916 and then with the 1st Infantry Battalion from January 1917. Promoted lieutenant in February 1918 and mentioned in despatches in 1919, he remained in Britain after the war to study law at the University of Edinburgh before returning to Sydney, receiving his Bachelor of Law from the University of Sydney in 1924. His appointment with the AIF was formally terminated on 23 July 1920.
On 30 October 1924, Mant was admitted as a solicitor by the New South Wales Supreme Court and began working for Ellison, Rich & Son. In 1927 he became a partner with Frank A. Davenport & Mant, which established an expertise in insurance and liquor licensing. He married widowed clerk associate Helen Musgrave Dalziel on 29 October 1931 at Darling Point. He returned to active service for World War II on 17 March 1941, first with the Citizen Military Forces and then, from 28 July 1942, as a captain in the AIF. In September 1942 he was promoted major and in October 1943 lieutenant colonel, becoming chief legal officer of the First Australian Army from 1942 to 1943 and of the Second from 1944 to 1945. On 14 February 1946 he was moved to the Reserve of Officers.
Mant was also active politically as a founding member of the Liberal Party of Australia. He was the Liberal candidate for the safe Labor seats of West Sydney in 1946 and East Sydney in 1949, and served as chair of the Vaucluse branch of the party from 1950 to 1976. He was also chairman of the Wentworth Boy Scouts' Association from 1953 to 1973 and a founder of the Australian Outward Bound Memorial Foundation. A lifelong sportsman, he had done well at rowing at school and university and was a long-standing member of the Royal Sydney Golf Club, the Palm Beach Surf Life Saving Club and the Kosciusko Alpine Club; he and his wife swam every morning into their eighties.
Mant was a delegate to Commonwealth law conferences in London in 1955 and Ottawa in 1960, and was a founder of the Australian branch of the Commercial Law Association in 1965. He retired in 1984 after sixty years of legal practice, having been appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1978. He died at Vaucluse in 1985, survived by his wife, their daughter and son, and his stepson.
References
1897 births
1985 deaths
Australian solicitors
Officers of the Order of the British Empire |
Worbboden railway station () is a railway station in the municipality of Worb, in the Swiss canton of Bern. It is an intermediate stop on the gauge of Regionalverkehr Bern-Solothurn.
Services
The following services stop at Worbboden:
Bern S-Bahn: : service every fifteen minutes between and .
References
External links
Railway stations in the canton of Bern
Regionalverkehr Bern-Solothurn stations |
Tiger & Bunny (stylized in all caps) is a 2011 Japanese anime superhero television series produced by Sunrise and directed by Keiichi Sato. The screenplay was written by Masafumi Nishida with original character design by Masakazu Katsura. The series began its broadcast run in Japan on April 3, 2011 on Tokyo MX, followed by rebroadcasts on BS11 and MBS, and ended on September 17, 2011. Viz Media simulcast the series on Hulu and Anime News Network. It is set in a futuristic city where heroes fight crime while promoting corporate sponsors. The series focuses on the old-fashioned hero Kotetsu T. Kaburagi "Wild Tiger" and the rookie hero Barnaby Brooks Jr. "Bunny", who are forced to work together by their employers.
The series was mainly created by producer Masayuki Ozaki, who wanted to create a drama to appeal to several demographics by using several kinds of superheroes and balance the bond between the contrasting Kotetsu and Barnaby. Critical response to the anime praised its production values and portrayal of superheroes.
A one-shot manga drawn by Masakazu Katsura was published in Shueisha's Weekly Young Jump magazine on August 4, 2011 and the production of two films based on the series were announced during a special event on November, 2011. The first film, entitled Tiger & Bunny: The Beginning was released on September 22, 2012. The second film, Tiger & Bunny: The Rising, was released on February 8, 2014.
A second season by Bandai Namco Pictures was released on Netflix on April 8, 2022 as an original net animation.
Plot
The series takes place in "NC 1978" in a re-imagined version of New York City called Stern Bild City, where 45 years before, superpowered individuals known as "NEXT" (an acronym standing for Noted Entities with eXtraordinary Talents) started appearing. Some of them became superheroes. Each of the city's most famous superheroes work for a sponsor company and their uniforms also contain advertising for real-life companies. Their heroic activity is broadcast on the popular television show "Hero TV", where they accumulate points for each heroic feat accomplished (arresting criminals or saving civilians, for example) and the best ranked hero of the season is crowned "King of Heroes".
The story mainly focuses on veteran hero Kotetsu T. Kaburagi, a.k.a. Wild Tiger, who is assigned a new partner: a young man with the same power named Barnaby Brooks, Jr. However, Barnaby and Kotetsu have conflicting opinions on how a superhero should act as they investigate the murder of Barnaby's parents. In addition, the appearance of a homicidal vigilante NEXT named "Lunatic" makes the public question the place of heroes in the city.
While the story has a villain of the week structure, an overarching narrative focuses on the unsolved murder of Barnaby's parents. Although the series' first half sees Barnaby defeat the apparent murderer, thanks to Kotetsu, the second half reveals the true culprit is unknown. In the second half, Kotetsu becomes conflicted between his loyalty to Barnaby's quest and taking of his young daughter Kaede. Kotetsu learns his powers will eventually disappear leading him to abandon his job. Barnaby feels betrayed by Kotetsu, who does not tell him the true reason he's retiring. One of Barnaby's caretakers plans to take over the hero system. He brainwashes all the heroes to kill Kotetsu and creates a series of robots to replace them. With Kaede's help, Kotetsu helps most of their allies recover their memories. After their eventual victory, Kotetsu confesses the real reason for his retirement to his allies. Finally, Kotetsu decides to remain as a superhero even though his powers will become more limited.
Production
The series was co-created by producer Masayuki Ozaki and director Keiichi Sato. Sato wanted a story about heroes with mundane problems. Ozaki wanted to depict the "conflict and drama one sees when they've belonged to an organization for a while". The project idea came from watching a news item on the controversy over the competition swimsuits in the Beijing Olympics. He saw an interview that stated a specific swimsuit style would give swimmers a better chance at setting a record, but the athletes who had contracts with Japanese companies couldn't wear it. Taking the director's idea, they decided to make a story of heroes who have to bear the weight of sponsors and depict the conflict, drama, and cultures it entails.
Manga artist Masakazu Katsura was chosen as the series' artist due to his large amount of works involving superheroes most notably Zetman and Wingman as well as attractive female characters. Katsura was surprised upon being hired for such series. The team had character concepts when starting, their superpowers and animal motifs. However, their abilities and personalities were vague until Katsura started the designs. Once Katsura finished his sketches, the Sunrise staff came up with ideas for the their traits. The character Seymour became the hero name "Fire Emblem". However, this was not a direct reference to Nintendo's video games with the same name.
Most characters are depicted entirely through CG since their costumes were designed to show industry logos that would change over time. Blue Rose is the only character that is frequently hand drawn. Another reason was that they were mindful of the international market. People around the world are most used to seeing CG animation as the visual style because of Pixar and Disney. Due to this they thought CG had the most universality so they designed each hero in CG.
Marketing
Each of the heroes in the series is sponsored by fictional and non-fictional companies. These include large brands such as Pepsi and Bandai, others are Amazon.com.jp, SoftBank, UStream, Gyu-Kaku, and Domino's Pizza. The company logos are not visible in the manga adaptation nor the episodes on Netflix. In September 2011, Bandai's Tamashii Nations division released a series of figures under their S.H. Figuarts line. The first of these was a Wild Tiger action figure. The figure was a success, with most Japanese retailers/dealers being caught off guard and the figure selling out quickly. The next to be released was a Barnaby Brooks Jr. (a.k.a. Bunny) action figure, followed by figures of Rock Bison and Sky High. All of the figures feature diecast metal parts and sponsor logos printed on the armor, such as Softbank & Amazon.jp.
As for the idea of having commercials, the superheroes are corporate-sponsored and need to act as a spokesman for their sponsor, so it is something that is a very enticing idea to incorporate into the show. Specifically for the Bandai logo, Bandai is a real-life sponsor of the Tiger and Bunny series. While the series incorporates elements from the tokusatsu genre, it is primarily a drama.
Although Ozaki considered the series having 25 episodes to be too little, he wanted to tell the story of anime himself. While the main focus of the story was to tell the relationship between Kotetsu and Barnaby, the team faced difficulties to give all the other secondary characters proper screentime. Ozaki had already in mind the idea of giving Tiger & Bunny a sequel back in 2011. The usage of logos was thought ahead to properly make them work in English regions, especially with the company Viz Media. This has also led to directly to collect the series' episodes in Blu-ray volumes in order to appeal to the global market.
Writing
The writer was Masafumi Nishida. He learned of the project during the fall of 2009. At that time he was quite busy working on some other scripts, so initially, he refused to write for the show. However, the staff asked him to at least meet up with them, so he did. Sunrise told him they want to create an anime featuring older men that would excite the viewers. He had yet to write a scenario for an anime series back then, but the staff told him they had seen my stage plays. They asked if he could write something similar to those, with realistic conversations. Nishida thought it was really interesting and agreed to work. At that time he wanted to write a novel featuring sentai heroes from the perspective of their everyday lives. So he decided to run with this idea while writing for Tiger & Bunny. However, the hero genre has a lot of things that almost never change – for example, the red ranger is always the leader. So he thought it would be interesting to break those rules and create something new. In his novel, he wanted the pink ranger to be the red ranger's ex-girlfriend who is now going out with the blue ranger. Nishida also wanted to write about a hero who is taking care of his parents. He wanted to describe their everyday lives and family problems because he thinks that by showing the parts of them that were not really heroic he can make them even more appealing. This resulted in the creation of most of the heroes.
The staff was inspired by the superhero's stories and how they are handled by sponsors. There was a conflict with having a sponsor which delayed the development. Kotetsu was created to be a quirky anime main character due to their notable facial hair and his being far older in contrast to younger heroes. As a result, the series was created to appeal to an older audience. Furthermore, Bandai wanted to aim the series not only to a Japanese audience but a worldwide audience, so the setting is a Manhattan-like city, with the characters being racially diverse. Two main themes involving the leads involve Kotetsu's refusal to give up and his bond with Burnaby. There were problems with promoting Seymour, Fire Emblem, due to his homosexuality. Ozaki was proud of the series, due to being an original story despite calling it traditional. While Kotetsu and Barnaby bond for the series' entire run, there was an agreement to focus on a build-up during the first half.
The two main characters are Kotetsu T. Kaburagi and Barnaby Brooks Jr., who are respectively voiced by Hiroaki Hirata and Masakazu Morita in Japanese. According to the director, Kotetsu's image was created to make it easy for Hirata to play him. However, Hirata still faced difficulties in portraying such a character. This was mostly due to his easygoing personality which contrasted with the more serious one he related more to. Their recording mics were always next to each other, and, unlike Hirata, Morita found Kotetsu as a helpful character to play along with. Morita felt that Barnaby was too antisocial until the fifth episode where he felt his character was for the first time having real interactions to which Hirata said that Morita was struggling in early episodes. During the series' second half, Barnaby developed his character which made him more pleasant to voice. Hirata felt that Barnaby was the same, claiming that his personality was that of the tsundere archetype who is awkward at displaying his emotions. Meanwhile, Kotetsu was noted to try to remain like an older man as a result of his age. The development of the main duo was originally left up to the audience's expectation until Nishida wrote the movie The Rising where there would be more pressure in regards to an official break up.
Release
The anime by Sunrise aired in Japan between April 3, 2011 and September 17, 2011. It was also simulcast with English subtitles on various streaming sites such as Hulu, Viz Media and Anime News Network. The anime has been licensed by Viz Media in North America and Kazé distributed through Manga Entertainment in the United Kingdom. For the first thirteen episodes, the opening theme is by Unison Square Garden, while the ending theme is by Aobouzu. For episodes fourteen onwards, the opening theme is "Missing Link" by Novels, while the ending theme is "Mind Game" by Tamaki.
The series began broadcasting in the United States and Canada on Viz Media's online network, Neon Alley, on October 2, 2012. On October 15, 2017, the series began running on Netflix.
Another anime series made by some of the same Sunrise staff was announced on January 4, 2018. It is titled Double Decker! Doug & Kirill, and it premiered on September 30, 2018. Like Tiger & Bunny, the top 2 main characters of Double Decker! Doug & Kirill are a crime-fighting duo, one who is an experienced veteran and one who is an ambitious young rookie, but it does not take place in the same fictional universe as Tiger & Bunny.
On March 30, 2019, Nikkan Sports announced that a sequel to the original Tiger & Bunny series was currently in production. On April 2, 2020, the sequel was announced as Tiger & Bunny 2. Voice actors Hiroaki Hirata and Masakazu Morita returned to voice their respective characters. The anime was produced by studio Bandai Namco Pictures, with director Mitsuko Kase replacing director Keiichi Sato. The character designs were done by manga artist Masakazu Katsura. The sequel had 25 episodes, split into two cours. Its first 13 episodes premiered on April 8, 2022 on Netflix, and the remaining 12 episodes premiered on October 7, 2022. The opening theme is "kaleido proud fiesta" by Unison Square Garden, while the ending theme is "Aida" by ano.
Films
The production of two films based on the series was announced during a special event on November 13, 2011. The first film, titled Tiger & Bunny: The Beginning was released in Japan on September 22, 2012, also receiving screenings in the United States, the United Kingdom and other countries, and was released on Blu-ray-Disc and DVD on February 22, 2013. The first half of the film recaps the first few episodes whilst also introducing a new story. A second film, Tiger & Bunny: The Rising, is an entirely new work which was released on February 8, 2014. The second movie takes place about a year after the anime finale, sometime around the epilogue, with Kotetsu's identity now public, and Tiger & Bunny return to their team dynamic.
Related media
Manga
A one-shot manga drawn by Masakazu Katsura was released in Shueisha's Weekly Young Jump magazine on August 4, 2011, followed by a serialized manga series drawn by Hiroshi Ueda which began serialization in Miracle Jump magazine in October 2011. The manga, along with a 4-Panel Comic Anthology by various artists, has been licensed in North America by Viz Media and was released in 2013.
On March 12, 2022, two manga adaptations of the sequel series were announced. A manga adaptation written by Erika Yoshida and illustrated by Hiroshi Ueda titled Tiger & Bunny 2 The Comic began serialization in Shueisha's Tonari no Young Jump website on April 15, 2022. Another manga adaptation written and illustrated by Mizuki Sakakibara began serialization in Kadokawa Shoten's Comic Newtype website in April 2022.
Video games
A video game titled was developed by Namco Bandai Games for the PlayStation Portable for release on September 20, 2012. The game was announced by Sunrise producer Masayuki Ozaki on July 31, 2011. A second game, , was released by D3 Publisher for the PlayStation Portable on March 20, 2013. Kotetsu and Barnaby also appeared in a colllab for mobile game, Tales Of The Rays; alongside Blue Rose, Origami Cyclone, and Wind Wizard being costumes for Celsius (Tales Of Eternia), Kyle Dunamis (Tales Of Destiny 2), and Victor (Tales Of Xillia 2) respectively.
Stage play
A stage play titled Tiger & Bunny the Live ran at Tokyo's Zepp Diver City theater from August 24 to September 1, 2012 featuring the voice actors for main characters Kotetsu T. Kaburagi and Barnaby Brooks Jr. reprising their roles. It also featured two new characters, Brian Vai and Babel.
Live-action film
On October 9, 2015, Sunrise announced at their New York Comic Con panel that a live-action Hollywood film adaptation of Tiger & Bunny is in the works. The film will be produced by Ron Howard and Brian Grazer through their production company Imagine Entertainment and Global Road Entertainment, along with series producer Masayuki Ozaki from Bandai Namco Pictures and Sanford Climan and Annmarie Bailey through All Nippon Entertainment Works. Imagine's Erica Huggins will oversee the project.
Live-action TV series
It was announced that Namco-Bandai and SK Global are developing a live action Tiger and Bunny series with M. Raven Metzner serving as writer and show-runner.
Reception
Sales
The first Japanese Blu-ray volume opened as the week's fourth best selling animation Blu-ray and the fifth best selling Blu-ray overall, with 14,689 copies sold according to Oricon, and remained in the sales charts for an additional two weeks, selling a total of 19,656 copies. The DVD release of volume 1 also ranked in the charts, remaining for three weeks and selling a total of 2,521 copies. The second Blu-ray collection came second after Puella Magi Madoka Magica, remaining in the charts for two weeks. The third Blu-ray collection was the week's second best selling Blu-ray release, and the best selling anime release; first place overall being taken by Walt Disney Animation Studios' Tangled. The fourth Blu-ray collection also was the week's second best selling release, following Madoka Magica, staying in the charts for two weeks. The fifth Blu-ray collection also was the week's second best selling release after Madoka Magica and charted for two weeks. The sixth Blu-ray collection topped the charts of its week's release, being the best selling animated Blu-ray release, charting for two weeks. The seventh collection was the second best selling release after Persona 4: The Animation, also charting for two weeks. The eighth Blu-ray collection was the fourth best selling animation of its week's release, and sixth overall, once more charting for two weeks. The ninth and final collection topped the Blu-ray charts the week of its release, and charted for two weeks.
By the end of 2011, the second, third, and fourth Blu-ray collections were among the top 50 best-selling animation Blu-Rays discs. By its final volume, the combined total of the nine Blu-ray releases had sold 233,000 copies.
Critical response
The show's take on the superhero genre was singled out for praise by critics. Allen Moody of THEM Anime Reviews gave the series 4/5 stars, praising its ability to use familiar aspects of the genre in "novel ways". However, Moody states that the second half of the series would have benefitted from "a break or two"; especially regarding the last six episodes. IGNs Dale Bashir described the series as "unique", standing out because of its blend of Japanese and American superhero staples. In a retrospective review of anime from the 2010s, Lauren Orsini of Forbes described the anime as one of the best of 2011, describing it as a "love letter to the superhero genre" and enjoying its more optimistic tone compared to that of The Avengers. Similarly, Sage Ashford of Comic Book Resources described Tiger & Bunny as the fourth best superhero anime of the decade, pointing out that the heroes having real-life sponsors can be viewed as a commentary on modern-day superheroes. Echoing such statement, ComicsAlliances Tom Speelman described the anime as not only being "genuinely gripping and engaging", but also a "smart exploration" of not only the superhero genre—with Kotetsu's genuine desire to help people evoking the Golden Age of Comic Books, while Barnaby's backstory the Bronze Age—but also "reality TV and celebrity culture". Anime Network's Seb Reid described the shows as well-written and a "pleasure to watch", and similarly to Orsini, also reacted positively to its lighthearted tone, showing that superheroes don't need to "be dark and husky-voiced". Seid took note that the series improved as it progressed and revealed more about Barnaby's backstory and the mystery regarding his parents' death. The Fandom Posts Chris Beveridge also commended the series in its use of the superhero genre by putting a "Japanese take on it".
Kotetsu and Barbaby and the relationship between them was received positively. Charles Solomon of IndieWire noted that while the concept of a "mismatched duo" is not original, it is "infinitely recycable", something which Tiger & Bunny showcases through their relationship. Solomon also praised the English dub's voice actors for making the characters both believable and comedic. Orsini also took note of Kotetsu and Barnaby's relationship. Syfys Michelle Villanueva also commended the characters' relationship, stating that the show "excels with the Buddy Cop trope" and enjoyed the Kotetsu and Barnaby growing from reluctant teammates to best friends, as well as their banter. Beveridge also praised their relationship, finding it appropriately comedic, opinionating that both characters being adults enhances their relationship and the show, making it a "treat to watch".
Regarding Kotetsu, Beveridge described him as the "conscience" of the show. Reid praised Kotetsu's Japanese voice actor—Hiroaki Hirata—for giving depth to the character, and also enjoyed latter episodes showcasing Kotetsu's motivations and relationship with his family; his relationship with his daughter Kaede being described as touching. However, Barnaby was often seen as the least likable character as result of his antisocial personality which is why ComicsAlliance recommended fans to read the manga which is seen from his own point of view and helps understand him more.
Critics reacted positively to the supporting characters in the series; Seid described it as "driven by its characters", who are the "true strength" of the series. Moody found all of the supporting heroes and Lunatic entertaining, though admonished the fact Rock Bison and Fire Emblem do not get any episodes focusing on them. Speelman also described the characters as being one viewers "grow to love", singling out Dragon Kid. Reid also described her as one of his favorite characters. Beveridge singled out Lunatic for being a menacing villain and adding a challenge to the main characters, also taking note of Martinez's role during the half-way point of the series.
There was also comments in regards to production values. Solomon praised the action sequences, as did Moody including the handling of CGI. Beveridge also commended the action sequences and described them as "great". Theron Martin of Anime News Network commented that while some parts of the animation were poorly done, the series was still enjoyable.
References
External links
Official stage play website
Hulu's Streaming Site
2011 anime television series debuts
2011 manga
2012 anime films
2012 films
2012 video games
2014 anime films
2014 films
2022 anime ONAs
Adventure anime and manga
Animated films based on animated series
Anime with original screenplays
Bandai Namco franchises
Bandai Namco games
Bandai Namco Pictures
Comedy anime and manga
Japanese adult animated superhero television series
2010s Japanese-language films
Kadokawa Shoten manga
Mainichi Broadcasting System original programming
Masakazu Katsura
Muse Communication
Netflix original anime
PlayStation Portable games
PlayStation Portable-only games
Seinen manga
Shueisha manga
Sunrise (company)
Superheroes in anime and manga
Video games based on anime and manga
Video games developed in Japan
Visual novels
Viz Media anime
Viz Media manga |
Martha a Tena is a Czech music duo whose members are sisters Martha Elefteriadu and Tena Elefteriadu.
Martha Elefteriadu (born 12 September 1946 Bulkes, Yugoslavia) is a Czech singer of Greek origin, half of the duo Martha a Tena, together with her sister Tena.
Tena Elefteriadu, born as Partena Elefteriadu (born 16 April 1948) is a Czech singer of Greek origin, member of the duo Martha a Tena.
Personal life
Their family emigrated from Greece because of the Greek Civil War and settled in 1950 in former Czechoslovakia. Their mother died while they were children, so they grew up in orphanages, they went through 5 of them, including one in Ivančice.
Martha, after matura at a gymnasium (school) studied first general medicine, then changed major to psychology, and graduated from Charles University in Prague.
Tena has a son Marko Elefteriadis, a rapper who performs under stage name Ektor.
Career
At the end of the 1960s the sisters met a guitarist Aleš Sigmund from band Vulkán, who helped them create strong creative and musical foundations. Their first records are from 1968, in 1970 they released their first LP record with Panton Records Dál než slunce vstává. They quickly established themselves in Czech Pop music. They collaborated with many notable artists. Martha and Tena enchiched Czech culture with their southern temperament and Greek spontaneity.
Currently their repertoire is focused on Greek folk songs and they also teach Greek dances.
Martha occasionally hosts a radio show Noční Mikrofórum at Český Rozhlas Dvojka.
Discography
LP
Dál než slunce vstává – Panton 1970
Hrej dál – Panton 1972
Modré království – Panton 1973
Ať se múzy poperou – Panton 1975
Řecké prázdniny – Panton 1977
Kresby tuší – Panton 1980
A desky dál stárnou – Panton 1983
CD
Nejkrásnější řecké písně – Multisonic 1992
Martha a Tena The best of 1969–1982 – Panton 1993
Děti z Pirea – B.M.G. 1995
Kresby tuší – Martha Elefteriadu Supraphon 2000
Řecké prázdniny a největší hity – Supraphon 2001
Řecké slunce – B.M.B. 2001
Ať se múzy poperou – 24 hitů – Supraphon 2006
V rytmu řeckého tance – Popron 2006
Sources
Martha Elefteriadu: Málem z nás byly Maďarky interview in Deník (in Czech)
See also
Bratislavská lýra
Greeks in the Czech Republic
References
External links
List of works in National Library of the Czech Republic whose author or topic is Martha Elefteriadu
[/ Oficiál pages of Martha a Tena Elefteriadu]
řecké tance
řecké tance u nás
Martha Elefteriadu at czechmusic.net
English-language singers from the Czech Republic
Czech-language singers
Modern Greek-language singers
20th-century Czech women singers
Czech people of Greek descent
20th-century Greek women singers
Living people
Czech musical duos
Female musical duos
Sibling musical duos
21st-century Greek women singers
21st-century Czech women singers
Year of birth missing (living people)
People from Ivančice |
Green Glacier () is a glacier on the east side of Graham Land, Antarctica, long and wide, flowing from the plateau northeast between Dugerjav Peak and Rugate Ridge, and then east into Vaughan Inlet next north of Pirne Peak and south of the terminus of Hektoria Glacier.
It was surveyed by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) in 1955, and was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee for John R. Green, FIDS leader at Deception Island in 1950 and at the Argentine Islands in 1951.
References
Glaciers of Oscar II Coast |
Unione Sportiva Pistoiese 1921 is an Italian association football club, based in Pistoia, Tuscany. Currently, Pistoiese plays in Serie D. Originally founded on 21 April 1921 and later restored after bankruptcy, the team plays their home games in the Municipal Stadium of Pistoia named after Marcello Melani.
The singer-songwriter Francesco Guccini is probably the most famous tifoso of Pistoiese in Italy.
History
Since its inception la societá arancione (Orange Society) founded on April 21, 1921, has been characterized by its European inclinations, being the city historically a crossroads of historical-religious paths to and from the geographical areas of the Old Continent.
It is no coincidence that among the protagonists of the birth of l’Arancione you will find the Hungarians Árpád Hajós and János Nehadoma, with the jersey inspired by that of Holland, which, like the city of Pistoia, boasts a strong floriculture.
In 1927 Pistoiese won their first major honours winning the Arpinati Cup. After winning minor regional championships they were elected to play in the National Division in 1928.
Between 1929 and 1936 they participated in the campionato cadetto finishing first on a couple of occasions. US Pistoiese played their last championship in 1939–40.
Pistoiese Sports Union
Competitive football resumed in 1945 when a group of fans re-founded the team as Pistoiese Sports Union and was admitted to the Serie C. The following were to be characterized by a series of ups and downs between Serie C, Serie D, and the Promozione Championship, with a brief period in Serie B immediately after the Second World War, in which a third-place position was reached.
From 1946 to 1956–57, the team started that fluctuation between the leagues until Vannino Vannucci rose to the presidency in 1956–57 and Pistoiese became a Jewel in the Nile at a cost of 100 million lire.
In the 1958–59 championship, Pistoiese went 21 consecutive games without defeat, in this time amassing 36 points from a possible 42 (2 points for a win) and scoring 45 goals. Most memorable is the match against Empoli, a local rival and competitor for the promotion. The Arancione won 6–0. The final standing that season read 77 goals scored and 24 conceded. After 8 years, they had again reached Serie C.
In the 1960s, the team participated for ten consecutive seasons in Serie C.
U.S. Pistoiese
Pistoiese achieved prominence by rising to Serie B in the late 1970s with promotion to Serie A following in 1980. Under the presidency of Marcello Melani, who chose veterans like Marcello Lippi and Mario Frustalupi and promising young talents such as Paolo Benedetti, Pistoiese reached Serie A in just 6 years and made a reasonable start, reaching as high as 6th after a win at Fiorentina in Round 13. But a dismal freefall resulted in a last-place finish and relegation. Since 1980, the club has only managed two stretches in Serie B (1995–96 and 1999–2002). Melani left his post in 1980, followed by Lippi in 1981.
A.C. Nuova Pistoiese 1988
In the 2005–06 Serie C1/B campaign, Pistoiese battled against relegation from Serie C1 with goals proving hard to come by, yet having one of the best defensive records in the division. A good end to the season brought the team to a 9th-place finish in Group A, which was three points ahead of the relegation playoff. Pistoiese finished 14th in Group B in the 2007–08 season and competed in a relegation play-off against Sangiovannese. They won by 4–0 aggregate and remained in Lega Pro Prima Divisione (former Serie C1).
The Tuscan club started the 2008–09 season with Roberto Miggiano as head coach, but disappointing results and a last-place position in the Lega Pro Prima Divisione table led the club to replace him with Salvatore Polverino later in October. However, results did not improve under new boss Polverino, prompting him to tender his resignation in February 2009. He was replaced by former Juventus star Moreno Torricelli, in his first stint as a professional head coach; under Torricelli's reign, Pistoiese managed to improve results and escape immediate relegation ending in 16th place. Nevertheless, Pistoiese lost a play-off against Foligno and was relegated to Lega Pro Seconda Divisione.
In the summer of 2009, Pistoiese was not permitted enrollment in Lega Pro Seconda Divisione due to inadequate finances.
Unione Sportiva Pistoiese 1921
On 13 August 2009 Unione Sportiva Pistoiese 1921 was created by Pistoia's mayor, Berti. The club was admitted to Tuscany's Eccellenza league and managed an excellent inaugural year, reaching the play-off for promotion, where it eventually lost to Mosciano.
In the 2010–11 season, it won Eccellenza Tuscany group A and was thus promoted to Serie D. Pistoiese managed to reacquire professional status after winning the Girone E of 2013–14 Serie D, thus ensuring a spot in the 2014–15 Lega Pro. In the next season reach once the national play-offs for Serie B.
In January 2021, the club was acquired by German entrepreneur Stefan Lehmann, the first foreign owner in Pistoiese history. Despite the new owner, the team relegated to Serie D after losing the tie against Imolese. In the following season (2022-23) Pistoiese fails to reach the first position (arriving second), thus not returning to Serie C.
Colors and badge
The team's colors are orange and blue.
Current squad
Former players
Massimiliano Allegri
Francesco Baiano
Mauro Bellugi
Sergio Brio
Mario Frustalupi
Francesco Guidolin
Adrian Madaschi
Nicola Legrottaglie
Marcello Lippi
Lido Vieri
Andrea Barzagli
Marco Parolo
Souleymane Coulibaly
Neuton
Former managers
Edmondo Fabbri
Marcello Lippi
References
External links
Official site
Football clubs in Tuscany
Pistoia
Association football clubs established in 1921
Italian football First Division clubs
Serie A clubs
Serie B clubs
Serie C clubs
Serie D clubs
Sport in Tuscany
1921 establishments in Italy
Phoenix clubs (association football)
1988 establishments in Italy
2009 establishments in Italy |
David Van Zandt is an American attorney, legal scholar, and academic administrator. He served as president of The New School from Jan. 2011 to Apr. 15, 2020. Earlier he served as Dean of Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law, from 1995 to 2011. He has taught courses in international financial markets, business associations, property, practical issues in business law, and legal realism. He is an expert in business associations, international business transactions, property law, jurisprudence, law and social science, and legal education.
Early life and education
Van Zandt was born in 1953 in Montgomery, N.J. and raised in New Jersey along with his three siblings. He graduated from Princeton University with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Sociology. In 1981, he earned a Juris Doctor from Yale Law School, where he served as managing editor for the Yale Law Journal. He earned his PhD in Sociology at the London School of Economics and Political Science.
Career
He clerked for Judge Pierre N. Leval in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York and Justice Harry Blackmun of the United States Supreme Court from 1982 to 1983. He also was an associate with Davis Polk & Wardwell in New York.
Van Zandt joined Northwestern University faculty in 1985 and became dean in 1995. He is the second longest-serving law dean in Northwestern history.
In 2011, Van Zandt was named the eighth president of the New School in New York City and served until April 2020.
David Van Zandt also serves as treasurer of the American Bar Foundation, director of AMR Research, and is a board member of both the American Law Deans Association and AMC Networks.
He is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations.
Personal life
In the late 1980s, he married Lisa Huestis. The couple have two children. They moved to Chicago when Van Zandt was offered a job as a professor at Northwestern Law. After being named the 8th president of the New School, Van Zandt and his family moved to New York at the beginning of 2011.
Selected works
"The Breadth of Life in the Law" (Cardozo Law Review 1992)
"An Alternative Theory of Practical Reason in Judicial Decisions" (Tulane Law Review 1991)
"Commonsense Reasoning, Social Change, and the Law" (Northwestern Law Review 1987, M. Perry & R. Levin eds. Cambridge University Press 1990)
"Neutralizing the Regulatory Burden: The Use of Equity Securities by Foreign Corporate Acquirers" (Yale Law Journal 1980)
See also
List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 2)
References
External links
David E. Van Zandt faculty page at Northwestern University School of Law
Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law faculty
Living people
American lawyers
Law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States
Yale Law School alumni
Princeton University alumni
Deans of law schools in the United States
Alumni of the London School of Economics
1953 births
Davis Polk & Wardwell lawyers |
For the British statesman, see George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston.
Commander Chambré George William Penn Curzon (18 October 1898 – 7 May 1976), known as George Curzon, was a Royal Navy commander, actor, and father of the present Earl Howe.
Curzon, born in Amersham, Buckinghamshire, England, was the only son of diplomat The Hon. Frederick Curzon-Howe (a son of The 3rd Earl Howe) and his wife, the actress Ellis Jeffreys. Curzon trained for the Navy at the Royal Naval College, Osborne, on the Isle of Wight, and first saw action in the First World War. He retired from the Navy as a lieutenant-commander, then served as a King's Messenger before turning to the West End stage in 1930.
Curzon then went to America and appeared on the New York stage in the play Parnell before entering films. He was given a minor role as a police constable in Basil Dean's Escape (1930). His first major role came in 1935 when he appeared as the title role in Sexton Blake and the Bearded Doctor. He reprised this role in Sexton Blake and the Mademoiselle (1935) and Sexton Blake and the Hooded Terror (1938). He appeared in several films directed by Alfred Hitchcock before he moved to the United States and Hollywood, most notably Young and Innocent, where he played a musician and murderer who was caught by his nervous eye-twitch, in a famous long crane shot devised by Hitchcock.
A brief interruption came to Curzon's acting career in 1939 when, after playing a minor role in Hitchcock's Jamaica Inn, he again enlisted in the Navy during World War II. He later starred in various other films from 1947 until 1965.
Curzon had two children from his second marriage, Frederick Richard Penn (b. 1951) and Emma Charlotte (b. 1953). His son succeeded to his kinsman's title of Earl Howe in 1984 (long after the death of Curzon himself in 1976) and his daughter was granted the rank of an earl's daughter a year later (i.e. Lady Emma).
Filmography
Escape (1930) as Constable
Chin Chin Chinaman (1931) as Colley
Murder at Covent Garden (1932) as Belmont
The Impassive Footman (1932) as Simpson
After the Ball (1932) as Peter Strange
Her First Affaire (1932) as Carey Merton
Strange Evidence (1933) as Stephen Relf
Trouble (1933) as Captain Vansittart
The Scotland Yard Mystery (1934) as Dr. Charles Masters
Java Head (1934) as Edward Dunsack
The Man Who Knew Too Much (1934) as Gibson
Lorna Doone (1934) as King James II
Widow's Might (1935) as Champion
Sexton Blake and the Bearded Doctor (1935) as Sexton Blake
Admirals All (1935) as Ping Hi
Two Hearts in Harmony (1935) as Lord Sheldon
Sexton Blake and the Mademoiselle (1935) as Sexton Blake
Mozart (1936) as Lorenzo Da Ponte
The White Angel (1936) as Mr. Sidney Herbert
Young and Innocent (1937) as Guy
Strange Boarders (1938) as Sir Charles
A Royal Divorce (1938) as Barras
Sexton Blake and the Hooded Terror (1938) as Sexton Blake
Q Planes (1939) as Jenkins
The Mind of Mr. Reeder (1939) as Welford
Jamaica Inn (1939) as Captain Murray
Jassy (1947) (uncredited)
Uncle Silas (1947) as Sleigh
The First Gentleman (1948) as Duke of York
That Dangerous Age (1949) as Selby
For Them That Trespass (1949) as Clark Hall
Sing Along with Me (1952) as Mr. Palmer
The Cruel Sea (1953) as Admiral At Party
Harry Black (1958) as Mr. Philip Tanner
Woman of Straw (1964) as Second Executive (uncredited)
Sources
Burke's Peerage & Gentry, 107th edition
References
External links
English male film actors
English male stage actors
Royal Navy officers
1898 births
1976 deaths
People educated at the Royal Naval College, Osborne
Royal Navy personnel of World War I
Royal Navy personnel of World War II
Actors from Amersham
20th-century English male actors
George
George
Male actors from Buckinghamshire |
Oukaïmeden (Berber language: Ukayemdan) is a ski resort in the Atlas mountains near the Toubkal mountain, about from Marrakesh, Morocco.
The skiing area is at an altitude of between and and has six ski lifts. There are some hotels and ski rental facilities nearby.
Oukaimeden has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate (Csb) with short but warm summers and long, chilly winters with a great amount of snowfall.
Oukaïmeden bouldering destination
Oukaïmeden is an international bouldering destination with thousands of boulders. There are roughly 1000 boulders documented. Oukaïmeden is known as a boulder destination since the 1970’s but its only after 2013 that it attracted international climbers. In the early years of bouldering in Oukaïmeden a handful of mainly local cimbers from the Club Alpine Francais (CAF) visited the area. It is also the CAF that is responsible for the establishment of some first boulder circuits in the area. The circuits are similar to the circuits that are used in the well known en established bouldering area of Fontainebleau in France. Most of these circuits have vanished. On some rocks you can discover a little paint and in some cases the actual number that is painted on is visible.
In 2013 the imik’simik association started to document the boulders in the area. Imik’simik published a online guidebook (link here) with approximately 1000 boulders. Since the vast potential of the area more first ascents are to be expected. The imik’simik association has put Oukaïmeden on the map by organizing bouldering trips to Oukaïmeden.
The United States Geological Survey (USGS) listed Oukaïmeden (as Oukaïmedene) on its Featured Story webpage as being 54 km WSW of the M 6.8 2023 Marrakesh-Safi earthquake.
See also
Oukaïmeden Observatory
References
External links
Overview of Oukaïmeden at PlentyofSnow.com
Official Website
Tourist attractions in Morocco
Ski areas and resorts in Morocco
Atlas Mountains
Geography of Marrakesh-Safi
Buildings and structures in Marrakesh-Safi |
Thursley, Hankley and Frensham Commons is a biological Site of Special Scientific Interest west of Godalming in Surrey. Thursley and Hankley Commons are Nature Conservation Review sites, Grade I. An area of is a local nature reserve called The Flashes and an area of is the Elstead Group of Commons, a nature reserve managed by the Surrey Wildlife Trust. Thursley Common is a national nature reserve. An area of is the Thursley & Ockley Bogs Ramsar site. The site is a Special Protection Area and part of the Thursley, Ash, Pirbright & Chobham Special Area of Conservation.
This site is of national importance for its invertebrates, birds and reptiles. It is mainly heathland but the valley mire on Thursley Common is one of the best in the country. Orthoptera include the nationally rare large marsh grasshopper. The site is one of the richest in southern England for birds and of outstanding importance for reptiles, such as the nationally rare sand lizard.
See also
Thursley Common
Hankley Common
Frensham Common
References
Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Surrey
National nature reserves in England
Nature Conservation Review sites
Ramsar sites in England
Special Areas of Conservation in England
Special Protection Areas in England |
The Princeton University Chapel is located on that university's main campus in Princeton, New Jersey, United States. It replaces an older chapel that burned down in 1920. Designed in 1921 by Ralph Adams Cram in his signature Collegiate Gothic style, it was built by the university between 1924 and 1928 at a cost of $2.3 million. The chapel was rededicated in an interfaith ceremony in 2002 following a major two-year restoration.
Its size and design evoke a small cathedral of the English Middle Ages. The only university chapel of its size at the time it was built was King's College Chapel at the University of Cambridge. The foundation is poured concrete, and the superstructure is sandstone and limestone. The main sanctuary consists of a narthex, a gallery, a nave, two transepts joined by a crossing, and an elevated choir.
The chapel's extensive iconography consists of stained glass, stonemasonry, and wood carvings. Among the stained glass are four "great windows", one facing each cardinal direction, and four "Christian epic" windows in the walls of the choir. The iconography was planned by Albert M. Friend, a faculty member in Princeton's Department of Art and Archaeology, with the goal of portraying, in one scholar's words, a "synthesis between Christian faith and modern thought."
The chapel seats almost 2,000 people. A nondenominational chapel, it hosts weekly ecumenical Christian services and daily Catholic Masses. It also hosts several annual special events, such as baccalaureate services and commencements.
History
Princeton University built the chapel to replace the Marquand Chapel, which stood between where the present chapel and McCosh Hall stand until it burned to the ground in 1920. The location for the new chapel was chosen for two reasons: symbolically, the new chapel would rise from the ashes of the old one, and practically, it would locate the new chapel centrally as the campus expanded eastward.
Ralph Adams Cram, the university's supervising architect, designed and oversaw construction of the new chapel. Cram sought to build a crown jewel for the Collegiate Gothic motif he had championed on the Princeton campus. The university's president, John Grier Hibben, also had a stake in the project: student hostility toward Princeton's brand of mainline Presbyterianism was on the rise. An ordained minister, Hibben hoped the new chapel's majesty would inspire students to attend services of their own volition. Cram, a convert to High Church Episcopalianism from Unitarianism, also lent support to this aim.
Cram designed the chapel with the assistance of Alexander Hoyle, a member of his firm. Albert M. Friend, a faculty member in Princeton's Department of Art and Archaeology, played a central role in planning the iconography. It was built by Matthews Construction Company, which worked on several projects on Princeton's campus. Among those who contributed to the design of stained glass windows were Charles Connick, Henry Lee Willet (of the studio that would become Willet Hauser), and Philadelphia-based stained glass artist Nicola d'Ascenzo.
The plans for the new chapel were made public in 1921. Hibben called replacing the Marquand Chapel "an immediate necessity"; nonetheless, the project encountered financial problems early on. The insurance money from the Marquand Chapel was insufficient, and fundraising for the chapel competed with an ongoing general capital campaign for the university. Ground was broken during Princeton's commencement ceremonies in June 1924, and in the following year Cram and Hibben laid the cornerstone. The construction received considerable media attention, as it promised to be the largest university chapel in the United States and the second largest in the world after King's College Chapel, Cambridge. The construction cost about $2.3 million and was completed in 1928. Hibben led the dedication ceremony on May 31 of that year, in an elaborate ceremony covered by TIME.
On March 13, 1960, less than six weeks after the first of the Greensboro sit-ins, Martin Luther King Jr., delivered a sermon at the chapel. In the sermon he called for universal brotherhood and a life of spiritual richness. A plaque on the interior south wall of the chapel's nave commemorates the occasion.
The chapel underwent a two-year, $10 million restoration between 2000 and 2002. Despite the complexity of the work, the chapel remained open throughout the restoration. The project earned a New Jersey Historic Preservation Award in 2002, and the stone work won the 2004 Tucker Award for Renovation and Restoration from Stone World magazine. At the time, two experts working on the stained glass restoration called it the largest such project that had ever been undertaken in the United States; too large for a single studio, it was divided among studios in Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and New York.
Following the restoration, the chapel was rededicated in an interfaith ceremony in which people belonging to Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, and Judaism gave prayers. Leading the ceremony, then-Dean of Religious Life Thomas Breidenthal said, "This edifice is unmistakably Christian, [but] this chapel is meant to belong to all of us."
Description
The chapel's Collegiate Gothic design evokes an English church of the Middle Ages, although several aspects of it, including the vault and its supports, recall French churches. The chapel is cruciform and is built on the scale of a large parish church or a small cathedral. The only precedent for a university chapel of this size was King's College Chapel, and only a small part of that chapel was used regularly. Stillwell cites Exeter Cathedral and the Octagon tower of Ely Cathedral as precedents for the architectural detail, but notes that the Princeton chapel's detail nonetheless differs significantly from these.
The foundation is made of poured concrete. When the chapel was built, the rest of the structure above the grade level was masonry, and the only metal reinforcement was some structural steel in the framing of the roof. During the 2000–2002 restoration, some pinnacles were reset with stainless steel anchors. The arches of the crossing were designed to support the addition of a central tower, but this option has not been exercised: in Bush and Kemeny's words, "Cram felt that Princeton already had enough towers."
Exterior
The chapel is approximately the size of a small medieval English cathedral. Measured on the exterior, it is long, wide at its transepts, and high. The exterior is constructed largely from Pennsylvania sandstone, with Indiana limestone used for the trim.
On the western end of the chapel is the narthex, which has entrances on the north, west, and south walls. An additional door on the chapel's north side opens onto the Hibben Garden, named in recognition of John Grier Hibben's role in the chapel's construction and dedication. The garden of evergreens was designed by H. Russell Butler, Jr. On the chapel's south side are an additional door at ground level to the east and an exterior pulpit, designed after one at Magdalen College, Oxford, and named Bright Pulpit, in honor of John Bright. The chapel is connected on its eastern side to Dickinson Hall by the Rothschild arch, symbolizing a connection between religion and scholarship. Cram resigned as Princeton's supervising architect over the inclusion of the arch, which he disliked; nonetheless, he participated in the chapel's 1928 dedication ceremony. Nearby is the Mather Sundial, a replica of the Turnbull Sundial in the courtyard of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. A statue of a pelican, a religious symbol associated with Corpus Christi, sits atop the sundial, which was presented to Princeton in 1907 by William Mather, then the governor of Victoria University of Manchester.
Each of the three narthex entrances sits below a tympanum. The model for the tympanum above the main, west entrance was designed and sculpted in clay by John Angel and stone carved by Edward Ardolino. Cram shared credit for the chapel's quality with Ardolino in particular, saying his stone carving was "the best of its kind." Ardolino is credited as executing all of the building's stone carving.
The tympanum above the west entrance depicts Jesus as described in the Book of Revelation, together with the four beasts and other relevant iconography. It resembles the tympanum of the Royal Portal of Chartres Cathedral. Beneath the figure of Christ is Princeton University's shield, illustrating the university's motto, Dei sub numine viget ("Under the power of God she flourishes"). The tympana above the north and south entrances depict the Annunciation and the Baptism of Christ, respectively. The latter was sculpted by Robert Baker.
The exterior iconography includes two notable whimsical elements. A downspout on the east wall features a relief of a bulldog head; a decades-old myth relates that Cram placed it there to recognize Yale University, whose mascot is the bulldog. (Cram was not a Yale alumnus and in fact did not attend college, so it is unclear what interest he might have had promoting Yale.) A sculptor who worked on the chapel during its construction placed small carvings of his face and Cram's at the bottoms of crockets flanking the main entrance; Cram is identifiable by his eyeglasses.
Interior
Measured in the interior, the chapel is long, wide at its transepts, and high at the crossing. Most of the interior is limestone, but the aisles and the central area of the choir are Aquia Creek sandstone. Sound-absorbing tile is mounted on parts of the wall and vault. Running west to east, the main sanctuary consists of a narthex, a gallery, a nave, two transepts joined by a crossing, and an elevated choir; it seats almost 2,000. The building's southeast corner houses a vestry.
Inscribed on the narthex wall facing the nave is "A Prayer for Princeton", which as of 2008 was still used in services at the chapel. Another inscription, from Psalm 100, refers to Westminster Choir College, which holds its commencement ceremonies in the chapel. Two staircases on the east and west of the narthex lead to an upper gallery, which looks out upon the nave.
Three doorways lead from the narthex into the nave, which is high and named for Hibben. It is divided into three vertical levels: an arcade at ground level, a triforium beneath the roofs of the aisles, and a clerestory. The configuration and its proportions are typical of English churches, but the nave's vaulted ceiling and the colonnettes supporting it recall French churches. The gallery above the narthex is at the level of the triforium. The aisles are narrower than in medieval churches and are used for passage rather than seating. The south aisle features five window bays, while the north has four; where the easternmost bay would be is the entrance to a side chapel called the Blessed Sacrament Chapel. The pews in the nave are constructed from wood originally intended for Civil War gun carriages; over 100 carvers spent more than a year producing the intricate carvings.
The northern transept is named for Henry Gurdon Marquand, the benefactor of the Marquand Chapel, which burned to the ground in 1920 and which the present chapel was built to replace. An American flag flown by the USS Princeton hangs from the transept's north wall. The southern transept is named for Chester Alwyn Braman, the first donor to the University Chapel Fund. A staircase leads from the Braman Transept to the Bright Pulpit.
The choir, named Milbank Choir for Elizabeth Milbank Anderson is elevated by several steps. An altar stands at the far east end. The altar and the choir stalls were built and carved by Irving and Casson, A. H. Davenport Company, in Sherwood Forest oak; Cram speculated that the wood may have dated from the time of Robin Hood. According to Stillwell, the woodwork "represents an outstanding example of American craftsmanship."
An oak made pulpit stands in front of the choir facing the nave. It originated in the north of France, probably in the mid-1500s. Its French Renaissance style suggests that it was made during the reign of Henry II. The lectern is also oak and dates from the 1600s. It had been used in a church near Avranches, France, for 200 years. A private individual purchased it shortly before the confiscation of church property during the French Revolution. It changed hands several times before Hibben obtained it for the chapel.
The chapel's organ has 7,897 pipes in 135 ranks and 109 stops. It was designed by Ernest M. Skinner and installed in 1928. Skinner invented the contra fagotto stop for the Princeton chapel organ in response to a request by Princeton's director of music. In 1990 the organ was dismantled and shipped to England for a major restoration by Mander Organs. Thomas Trotter gave the re-opening recital on the restored organ in 1992.
Iconography
The chapel's iconography consists of over of stained glass as well as stonework and wood carvings. Albert M. Friend, a faculty member in Princeton's Department of Art and Archaeology and an expert on medieval art, was the primary planner of the iconography, with the support and assistance of Hibben, Cram, and others. A devout Christian, Friend shared Hibben's goal of persuading Princeton students to choose lives of Christian observance and sought with the chapel's iconography, in Milliner's words, "to carefully dismantle materialist objections to Christian faith and to articulate Princeton's synthesis between Christian faith and modern thought." Kessler calls the stained glass "a summa of the heritage of Christianity up to the early twentieth century."
The stained glass windows of the nave's north and south aisles represent one aspect of this synthesis. The north windows depict Biblical figures and scenes, while the south windows contain images associated with human knowledge. The lower of these, at the triforium level, depict the teachings of Christ, while the six upper windows at the clerestory level depict influential figures in Philosophy, Theology, Chivalry, Poetry, Law, and Science, as read from east to west. The Science window faces a window due to Willet on the north wall with scenes from Genesis, symbolizing harmony between the Christian story of the Creation and the modern means of understanding it.
Four large stained glass windows are found in the main sanctuary.
The Great East Window, "The Love of Christ": Milbank Choir. Due to Charles Connick, it is richly decorated with scenes from the life of Christ, culminating with an image of the Crucifixion of Jesus in the great rose. The process of selecting the scenes for this window was contentious, pitting the preferences of the conservative Presbyterian Hibben and his colleagues against those of the Milbank family, the window's donors and liberal Episcopalians. The final compromise paired the Works of Mercy with Gospel scenes complementing each of them.
The Great West Window, "The Second Coming of Christ": the gallery. Due to Nicola d'Ascenzo of Philadelphia, this window epitomizes Friend's iconographical argument. To students who would complain of the burdens of religion in daily life, the window answers with John 10:10: "I am come that they might have life and that they might have it more abundantly."
The Great North Window, "Christ the Martyr": Marquand Transept. A verse from Mark 13:13, "He who shall endure to the end shall be saved", is carved below the window, declaring the theme. The lower part of the window shows historical Christians noted for their perseverance.
The Great South Window, "Christ the Teacher": Braman Transept. Here again the theme is declared by a Gospel verse, this time John 8:32, "And ye shall know the truth and the truth shall make you free." Noted Christian writers and teachers are depicted at the bottom with the seven liberal arts.
The doorway to the Blessed Sacrament Chapel on the north wall of the nave is topped by carvings of shields representing three Christian religious centers, Jerusalem, Rome, and Canterbury, and flanked by carvings representing the seven virtues and corresponding seven vices. The other door leaving the Blessed Sacrament Chapel is topped by carvings of shields representing three medieval universities, Oxford, Paris, and Salamanca, and flanked by carvings representing the seven liberal arts (the Trivium and the Quadrivium) and the seven gifts of the Holy Spirit.
Large stained glass windows due to Connick in the walls of the choir retell four "Christian epics": the Divine Comedy and Le Morte d'Arthur on the north wall and Paradise Lost and Pilgrim's Progress on the south wall. Milliner notes that images of historical and legendary people carved into the choir's woodwork "reflect the intended seating during a Chapel ceremony". Images of figures connected to music are carved into the front (west), where the choir would sit, and images of scholars are carved into the back (east), where faculty would sit. Behind the altar are carved images of eight religious figures: four Catholic saints to the north, and four leaders of Protestantism to the south. The epic windows reinforce the idea of a "Catholic north" and a "Protestant south": Catholics wrote the north epics and Protestants the south epics. In an ecumenical touch, the north and south are symbolically united by "The Love of Christ" in the Great East Window.
Stained glass windows telling the story of the Book of Job are set into the walls of the staircases between the narthex and the gallery. Friend was known for delivering popular lectures on Job, and Milliner speculates that Friend had these windows included to address the problem of evil. Connick designed the windows in consultation with Friend, but they were made by others after the former's death.
The chapel's iconography pays tribute in places to the other Abrahamic religions. Abraham himself is depicted in a stained glass window on the north side of the nave, together with a Star of David, a Christian cross, and a star and crescent. Other windows show Baruch Spinoza and Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi; both images were planned before the chapel was built.
In several places the chapel's iconography includes images of figures associated with Princeton University:
Jonathan Edwards, Princeton's third president: in the Theology window in the nave's south wall and again among the Protestant leaders carved into the woodwork in the choir behind the altar.
Joseph Henry, a professor and Trustee of Princeton: in the Science window in the nave's south wall.
James Madison, a 1771 graduate of Princeton and its first graduate student: in the Law window in the nave's south wall.
Adlai Stevenson II, a 1922 graduate of Princeton: in a dedicated stained glass window near the vestry.
John Witherspoon, Princeton's sixth president: in the Great South Window, among the Christian teachers.
Current use
The chapel operates within university's Office of Religious Life. It is overseen by the Dean of the Chapel. The current Dean of the Chapel is Alison Boden, who is also Dean of Religious Life at Princeton.
The Office of Religious Life calls the chapel "the home of regular religious services for many of the university's faith groups, including the 264-year-old ecumenical Christian worshiping community [...] that founded Princeton in 1746." Though the university was once closely associated with the Presbyterian Church, it has never been affiliated with any religious denomination. In keeping with this tradition, the chapel hosts ecumenical Christian services each Sunday. Catholic Mass is celebrated daily, Reconciliation is offered several days a week, and there is Eucharistic Adoration twice weekly.
The chapel also hosts several annual special events.
Opening Exercises: The ceremony marking the beginning of the university's academic year has been held in the chapel since 1929.
Service of Remembrance: On Alumni Day, the chapel hosts a service remembering members of the Princeton University community who died during the preceding calendar year.
Westminster Choir College: The nearby conservatory holds many major performances and ceremonies each year in the chapel. These events include the annual Evening of Readings and Carols in December and the Westminster commencement ceremonies in May.
Baccalaureate: Princeton University's graduating senior class attends an interfaith baccalaureate service in the chapel on the Sunday prior to Commencement.
The Princeton University Chapel Choir rehearses, provides music for the weekly service, and performs occasional concerts in the chapel.
Relative size
The Office of Religious Life calls the chapel the third-largest university chapel in the world. According to Milliner, Princeton's is the second-tallest by height of the nave at the crossing; the tallest is King's College Chapel at the University of Cambridge. The belltower of the Basilica of the Sacred Heart at the University of Notre Dame, the tower of the Duke University Chapel, the tower of the University of Chicago's Rockefeller Chapel, and the campanile of Valparaiso University in Indiana's Chapel of the Resurrection are all taller than Princeton's chapel, which does not have a tower or other appendages.
References
Works cited
Milliner, Matthew J. (2007). "The Princeton University Chapel". Pamphlet. The Educational Technologies Center of Princeton University. Hypertext; PDF.
External links
Official website
The Aquinas Institute: Catholic Campus Ministry at Princeton University, official website
Princeton University buildings
University and college chapels in the United States
Ralph Adams Cram church buildings
Churches completed in 1928
Churches in Princeton, New Jersey
Sandstone churches in the United States
Limestone churches in the United States
Historic district contributing properties in Mercer County, New Jersey |
Mekiši kod Kaštelira is a small village in Kaštelir-Labinci municipality in Istria County, Croatia.
Demographics
According to the 2021 census, its population was just 9. It was 21 in 2011.
References
Populated places in Istria County |
Paul Gordon Jarvis (1935 - 2013) was a leading ecologist and Professor of Forestry and Natural Resources at the University of Edinburgh from 1975 to 2001.
Education
Jarvis was educated at Oriel College, Oxford graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Botany. He went to graduate school at the University of Sheffield where he was awarded a PhD in 1960 for research on the growth and regeneration of Irish oak Quercus petraea. Funded by a NATO scholarship, he moved to Uppsala University where he was awarded a second doctorate in plant physiology in 1963.
Career and research
In 1964 he moved to Australia, where he did postdoctoral research at the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO). He returned to the United Kingdom in 1966, where he worked at the University of Aberdeen for nine years until 1975, and then at the University of Edinburgh for twenty six years where he was a Professor until his retirement in 2001.
Jarvis research interests were in plant ecology and plant physiology. He demonstrated the link between forests and the atmosphere using novel techniques for measuring leaf water potential and stomatal conductance. He is the author, co-author or editor of several textbooks and monographs including The carbon balance of forest biomes with Howard Griffiths.
Awards and honours
Jarvis was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1997. His certificate of election reads:
In 1978, Jarvis was a founding member of the influential peer reviewed scientific journal Plant, Cell & Environment with David Jennings a mycologist at the University of Liverpool; John Raven, a botanist at the University of Dundee; Harry Smith at the University of Nottingham and the publisher Bob Campbell at Blackwell Scientific publications. He served on the editorial board of Photosynthetica, was the President of the Society for Experimental Biology and a Commissioner of the Countryside Commission for Scotland. He was also an elected Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1979, the Royal Swedish Academy of Agriculture and Forestry, the Institute of Chartered Foresters and the Institute of Biology.
Personal life
Jarvis met his wife Margaret while they were both undergraduates at Oxford, they had three children.
References
1935 births
2013 deaths
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
British ecologists
Alumni of Oriel College, Oxford
Alumni of the University of Sheffield
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Agriculture and Forestry |
The Blond Bombers is a name used by several tag teams in professional wrestling. The first team to use the name was the combination of Rip Hawk and Swede Hanson. It was later used by Pat Patterson and Ray Stevens, who began teaming in 1965. Larry Latham and Wayne Farris used the name in the late 1970s in the Continental Wrestling Association and, from 1979 to 1980, Stanley Lane and Bryan St. John competed as the Blonde Bombers while wrestling in Championship Wrestling from Florida. In the early 2000s, the team of Tank and Chad Toland appeared as the Blond Bombers in Ohio Valley Wrestling before changing their team name upon entering World Wrestling Entertainment. Each incarnation held title belts together at least once. Patterson and Stevens were inducted as a team into the Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame in 2006.
History
Rip Hawk and Swede Hanson
After joining Jim Crockett Promotions in the early 1960s, Rip Hawk met Swede Hanson, who was competing as a singles wrestler. Hawk approached Jim Crockett, Sr. about forming a tag team with Hanson, and Crockett agreed. Both had blond hair and were powerful wrestlers, so they called themselves the Blond Bombers. They were managed by Gary Hart and later by Homer O'Dell. Hawk spoke for the team during interviews while Hanson stood silently beside him.
After teaming for several years, Hawk and Hanson won the Florida version of the NWA World Tag Team Championship by defeating Hiro Matsuda and Duke Keomuka on August 3, 1965. They also competed in Australia's World Championship Wrestling, where they won the IWA World Tag Team Championship in 1970.
Much of their success, however, came in Jim Crockett Promotions, where they were hated heel (villain) wrestlers. They won the NWA Atlantic Coast Tag Team Championship four times between 1968 and 1971. They feuded with several teams, including Johnny Weaver and George Becker as well as the pairing of Paul Jones and Nelson Royal. Jim Crockett Promotions also held matches in which heel teams faced other heel teams. The Blond Bombers faced such teams as the Anderson Brothers (Gene and Ole) or Brute Bernard and Skull Murphy These matches, known as "Battles of the Bullies", were unusual because heels almost always compete against faces (fan favorites).
Hanson had a heart attack in 1971, and Hawk was teamed with rookie wrestler Ric Flair. Hanson became a face upon his return to the ring, and he feuded with Hawk and faced him in a series of matches. They began wrestling in Texas, where they won the NWA Western States Tag Team Championship three times from 1976 to 1977. Hanson left the territory after their final reign, which ended the tag team combination. They were inducted as a team into the NWA Legends Hall of Heroes in 2007 by former manager Gary Hart.
Hanson died of sepsis on February 19, 2002. Hawk died on December 22, 2012. Gary Hart died following a heart attack on March 16, 2008.
Pat Patterson and Ray Stevens
While wrestling in Oregon, Pat Patterson heard many wrestlers tell him that he would be a natural fit as a tag team partner of Ray Stevens, who competed in San Francisco. Patterson moved to San Francisco and dyed his hair blond to match Stevens, who had used the nickname "The Blond Bomber" as a singles wrestler. They defeated the team of The Destroyer and Billy Red Lyons to win the San Francisco version of the AWA World Tag Team Championship on April 17, 1965. They held the belts for over a year and a half before dropping them to the Mongolian Stomper and Ciclon Negro in December 1966. They won the title back in a rematch the following month and held it for another three months. On April 8, 1967, they lost the belts to longtime rival Pepper Gomez and future World Wide Wrestling Federation Champion Pedro Morales. They continued to team together, however, until the end of the year, when Patterson left the area to compete in Japan.
When Patterson returned to the San Francisco area, he feuded with Stevens, who had become a face. This feud included Stevens and Peter Maivia defeating Patterson and Superstar Billy Graham to win the San Francisco version of the NWA World Tag Team Championship on January 23, 1971, and Patterson and Graham regaining the belts in a rematch the following month. Patterson and Stevens also competed in singles matches; Stevens defeated Patterson in a Texas Death match on July 11, 1970, to win the San Francisco version of the NWA United States Heavyweight Championship.
The pair were later reunited in the American Wrestling Association, where they won the AWA World Tag Team Championship on September 23, 1978. The following year, Patterson began competing primarily in the World Wrestling Federation, although he and Stevens continued to team occasionally in the AWA until late 1982. They were inducted into the Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame as a team in 2006 and have been described as the "single greatest tag team" of all time.
Patterson died of liver failure caused by a blood clot on December 2, 2020. Stevens died of a heart attack on May 3, 1996.
Larry Latham and Wayne Farris
Latham and Farris both made their wrestling debuts in 1976 and later signed with the Continental Wrestling Association (CWA). CWA owners Jerry Jarrett and Jerry Lawler paired Latham and Farris as a new incarnation of the Blond Bombers. Managed by Sergeant Danny Davis, the Bombers were the promotion's top heel tag team, Their first championship came on June 15, 1979, when they won an infamous match against Jerry Lawler and Bill Dundee in Tupelo, Mississippi. After the Blond Bombers controversially won the title, Lawler and Dundee attacked the new champions and fought with them in the concession stands. They soon dropped the belts to Robert Gibson and his real-life brother Ricky, but they regained them in a rematch later that summer. Meanwhile, the Fabulous Freebirds, who had been the region's number two heel tag team became faces and challenged the Bombers for the belts. They won the title from the Latham and Farris in September 1979, but the Bombers won a rematch to reclaim the championship.
After dropping the AWA Southern Tag Team Championship for a third and final time, the Blond Bombers began to challenge for the NWA Mid-America Tag Team Championship. They defeated George Gulas and Ken Lucas to win the belts on December 15, 1979. While holding the title, they continued to feud with Gulas. When they attacked him one day, his estranged partner Bobby Eaton rescued him; Gulas and Eaton reunited as The Jet Set and defeated the Bombers to win the championship. Latham and Farris regained the belts in a rematch against The Jet Set but later dropped them to Rocky Brewer and Pat Rose. The Blond Bombers had one last reign with the Mid-America belts, as they defeated Eaton and Great Togo in July 1980. They held the title until September 3, when they lost a match to Robert Gibson and Don Fargo. After losing the belts, Farris left to compete in Puerto Rico's World Wrestling Council. Upon returning to Tennessee, he found other partners and had two more reigns as an AWA Southern Tag Team Champion. Latham soon left Tennessee to compete in the World Wrestling Federation, where he held the WWF Tag Team Championship as Spot, a member of The Moondogs.
Latham died of a heart attack in the ring during Jerry Lawler's "birthday bash" show on November 29, 2003.
Stanley Lane and Bryan St. John
Stanley Lane, who had dubbed himself the "Nature Boy" in honor of his trainer, "Nature Boy" Ric Flair, debuted for Championship Wrestling from Florida in December 1978. He was soon paired with Bryan St. John, and the team dubbed themselves the Blonde Bombers. St. John had been feuding with Ray Stevens, and the Bombers continued this rivalry. Together, they challenged NWA Florida Tag Team Champions Stevens and Mike Graham for the title belts. On October 30, 1979, the heel duo of Lane and St. John defeated the champions to win the title. As a result, St. John claimed victory in his rivalry with Stevens. The following week, they defended the belts against Mr. Hito and Mr. Sakurada. Because of a controversial finish, the championship was vacated, and a tournament was held. St. John sustained a wrist injury, however, and the Bombers were unable to participate. Graham teamed with Steve Keirn to win the tournament on November 13 by defeating Hito and Sakurada.
When St. John recovered, he and Lane faced the new champions and defeated them for the title on November 25. They defended the title against several team and entered into a feud with the Brisco Brothers (Jack and Jerry), who had held the belts together on seven previous occasions. This rivalry also included a singles match between St. John and Jack Brisco, in which their partners were handcuffed together outside of the ring to prevent interference. In March 1980, Jack Brisco teamed with Jim Garvin to win the belts from the Bombers. Lane and St. John had one final reign with the championship after defeating Garvin and Keirn, who was substituting for Brisco, on June 7, 1980. That summer, the Brisco Brothers regained the belts, after which the Blonde Bombers parted ways. St. John soon retired, and Lane focused on building a career as a singles wrestler in Georgia before forming several other tag teams. Later in his career, he teamed with former rival Steve Keirn to form The Fabulous Ones; he was also a member of The Midnight Express and The Heavenly Bodies.
Tank Toland and Chad Toland
The Toland Brothers (Tank and Chad) also used the name in Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW), a developmental territory of World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). They won the OVW Southern Tag Team Championship on April 6, 2005, by defeating The Thrillseekers (Matt Cappotelli and Johnny Jeter). They held the belts for six months before dropping them to Seth Skyfire and Chet Jablonski. The Tolands later competed for WWE as The Dicks (James and Chad Dick), a team dressed as Chippendales dancers. They debuted in October 2005 and were released five months later.
Championships and accomplishments
Rip Hawk and Swede Hanson
Championship Wrestling from Florida
NWA World Tag Team Championship (Florida version) (1 time)
Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling
NWA Atlantic Coast Tag Team Championship (4 times)
NWA Western States Sports
NWA Western States Tag Team Championship (3 times)
World Championship Wrestling (Australia)
IWA World Tag Team Championship (1 time)
Pat Patterson and Ray Stevens
American Wrestling Association
AWA World Tag Team Championship (1 time)
AWA World Tag Team Championship (San Francisco version) (2 times)
Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame
Class of 2006
Larry Latham and Wayne Farris
American Wrestling Association
AWA Southern Tag Team Championship (3 times)
Continental Wrestling Association
NWA Mid-America Tag Team Championship (3 times)
Stanley Lane and Bryan St. John
Championship Wrestling from Florida
NWA Florida Tag Team Championship (3 times)
Chad Toland and Tank Toland
Ohio Valley Wrestling
OVW Southern Tag Team Championship (1 time)
References
External links
Championship Wrestling from Florida match information and news archives
Hawk and Hanson: The Blond Bombers – by Mike Mooneyham
Ray Stevens & Pat Patterson Hall of Fame biography
American Wrestling Association teams and stables
Jim Crockett Promotions teams and stables
World Championship Wrestling teams and stables
WWE teams and stables |
Boy Akba Diby (born 1945) is an Ivorian sprinter. He competed in the men's 4 × 100 metres relay at the 1968 Summer Olympics.
References
1945 births
Living people
Athletes (track and field) at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Ivorian male sprinters
Olympic athletes for Ivory Coast
Place of birth missing (living people) |
Fruit Salad is a type of "raspberry & pineapple flavour chew" according to its packaging. It is a chewy confectionery. Fruit Salad is manufactured by Barratt in Spain.
While still manufactured under Tangerine Confectionery, Fruit Salad chews were rebranded from Barratt to 'Candy Land' and the packaging, most notably the outer box, had been redesigned. They have since reverted back to the Barratt brand.
From 2019 the fruit salad sweet no longer contains gelatine and is suitable for vegetarians.
Nutrition facts
Nutritional Information
Per 100g - Energy 1680 kJ (395 kcal), Protein 0.8g, Carbohydrate 84.1g, Fat 6.1g.
Per Chew - Energy 50 kJ (10 kcal), Protein 0g, Carbohydrate 2.4g, Fat 0.2g.
Ingredients
Glucose syrup, sugar, hydrogenated vegetable fat, citric acid, emulsifier (soya lecithin), flavourings, colours (E104, E124, E122).
Each chew weighs 2.6g, and each pack contains 15 chews.
See also
Black Jack (confectionery)
Brand name confectionery
Yorkshire cuisine
British confectionery |
Daqing Radio and Television Tower () is a free standing telecommunications tower built in 1989 in Daqing, China. The tower is 260 m (853 ft) tall.
See also
Lattice tower
List of towers
References
Towers completed in 1989
Buildings and structures in Daqing
Towers in China
Lattice towers |
```c++
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at path_to_url
//
// See path_to_url for documentation.
//
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
#ifndef BOOST_INTERPROCESS_DETAIL_ADAPTIVE_NODE_POOL_HPP
#define BOOST_INTERPROCESS_DETAIL_ADAPTIVE_NODE_POOL_HPP
#ifndef BOOST_CONFIG_HPP
# include <boost/config.hpp>
#endif
#
#if defined(BOOST_HAS_PRAGMA_ONCE)
# pragma once
#endif
#include <boost/interprocess/detail/config_begin.hpp>
#include <boost/interprocess/detail/workaround.hpp>
#include <boost/interprocess/detail/utilities.hpp>
#include <boost/interprocess/detail/math_functions.hpp>
#include <boost/intrusive/set.hpp>
#include <boost/intrusive/slist.hpp>
#include <boost/interprocess/detail/type_traits.hpp>
#include <boost/interprocess/mem_algo/detail/mem_algo_common.hpp>
#include <boost/interprocess/allocators/detail/node_tools.hpp>
#include <boost/interprocess/allocators/detail/allocator_common.hpp>
#include <cstddef>
#include <boost/config/no_tr1/cmath.hpp>
#include <boost/container/detail/adaptive_node_pool_impl.hpp>
#include <boost/assert.hpp>
//!\file
//!Describes the real adaptive pool shared by many Interprocess pool allocators
namespace boost {
namespace interprocess {
namespace ipcdetail {
template< class SegmentManager
, std::size_t NodeSize
, std::size_t NodesPerBlock
, std::size_t MaxFreeBlocks
, unsigned char OverheadPercent
>
class private_adaptive_node_pool
: public boost::container::container_detail::private_adaptive_node_pool_impl
< typename SegmentManager::segment_manager_base_type
, ::boost::container::adaptive_pool_flag::size_ordered |
::boost::container::adaptive_pool_flag::address_ordered
>
{
typedef boost::container::container_detail::private_adaptive_node_pool_impl
< typename SegmentManager::segment_manager_base_type
, ::boost::container::adaptive_pool_flag::size_ordered |
::boost::container::adaptive_pool_flag::address_ordered
> base_t;
//Non-copyable
private_adaptive_node_pool();
private_adaptive_node_pool(const private_adaptive_node_pool &);
private_adaptive_node_pool &operator=(const private_adaptive_node_pool &);
public:
typedef SegmentManager segment_manager;
typedef typename base_t::size_type size_type;
static const size_type nodes_per_block = NodesPerBlock;
//Deprecated, use node_per_block
static const size_type nodes_per_chunk = NodesPerBlock;
//!Constructor from a segment manager. Never throws
private_adaptive_node_pool(segment_manager *segment_mngr)
: base_t(segment_mngr, NodeSize, NodesPerBlock, MaxFreeBlocks, OverheadPercent)
{}
//!Returns the segment manager. Never throws
segment_manager* get_segment_manager() const
{ return static_cast<segment_manager*>(base_t::get_segment_manager_base()); }
};
//!Pooled shared memory allocator using adaptive pool. Includes
//!a reference count but the class does not delete itself, this is
//!responsibility of user classes. Node size (NodeSize) and the number of
//!nodes allocated per block (NodesPerBlock) are known at compile time
template< class SegmentManager
, std::size_t NodeSize
, std::size_t NodesPerBlock
, std::size_t MaxFreeBlocks
, unsigned char OverheadPercent
>
class shared_adaptive_node_pool
: public ipcdetail::shared_pool_impl
< private_adaptive_node_pool
<SegmentManager, NodeSize, NodesPerBlock, MaxFreeBlocks, OverheadPercent>
>
{
typedef ipcdetail::shared_pool_impl
< private_adaptive_node_pool
<SegmentManager, NodeSize, NodesPerBlock, MaxFreeBlocks, OverheadPercent>
> base_t;
public:
shared_adaptive_node_pool(SegmentManager *segment_mgnr)
: base_t(segment_mgnr)
{}
};
} //namespace ipcdetail {
} //namespace interprocess {
} //namespace boost {
#include <boost/interprocess/detail/config_end.hpp>
#endif //#ifndef BOOST_INTERPROCESS_DETAIL_ADAPTIVE_NODE_POOL_HPP
``` |
Smithornis is a genus of birds in the family Calyptomenidae, the broadbills. The genus comprises three species native to Africa.
Before 1914 this genus was classified in the Old World flycatcher family, Muscicapidae, due to certain similarities. Closer examination of the morphology and anatomical features of these birds resulted in their being reclassified in the Eurylaimidae.
It is hypothesized that Smithornis is a monophyletic genus, well separated from other birds in the Eurylaimidae. The differentiation occurred as a result of a division and diversification between Asian and African broadbills.
Species
Etymology
Smithornis: Sir Andrew Smith (1797–1872), Scottish surgeon, zoologist, ethnologist, explorer in South Africa; ornis, ορνιθος ornithos “bird”
Physiology
The species in genus Smithornis lack the vocal ability that many other birds possess. This is due to the muscular anatomy of the main vocal organ, the syrinx. The muscle A1 is widened into a hammer shape and A2 is seen to be oblique. They lack a pessulus, which divides the tympaniform membranes and produces a song in other species of birds. They also lack intrinsic syringeal muscles which contract to change the song.
Behavior
Smithornis are known for the rare ability to make sound with their wings. The typical behavior includes a short circular flight off of the perch and back on again, the vibration of the wings producing the sound. This behavior is commonly seen in the early morning and late evening. The behavior may be related to courtship; the male produces the sound while flashing a white patch on its back when females are present. The sound is made by all species of Smithornis; in S. capensis both sexes perform the behavior, but in S. rufolateralis only the male does so.
One observation involved two individual S. capensis in which one individual flicked its wings, making the sound, while another was close by. They then alternated, taking turns performing the behavior. The behavior did not seem to be aggressive and was thought to be a courtship display.
It was previously assumed that the sound was produced by the long outer 9th and 10th major covert feathers. A recent study tested the assumption by using high-speed video and audio recordings, which indicated that coverts 6 and 7 were actually producing the sound.
Gallery
References
Bird genera
Taxa named by Charles Lucien Bonaparte
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot |
Louis Till (February 7, 1922 – July 2, 1945) was an African American GI during World War II. After enlisting in the United States Army following trial for domestic violence against his estranged wife Mamie Till, and having chosen military service over jail time, Louis Till was Court-Martialed on two counts of rape and one count of murder during the Italian Campaign. He was found guilty and was executed by hanging at Aversa. Louis Till was the estranged father of Emmett Till, whose murder in August 1955 at the age of 14 galvanized the civil rights movement. The circumstances of Louis Till's death remained largely unknown until they were revealed after the highly controversial acquittal of his son's murderers ten years later. Till's guilt would be called into question many years later via an analysis by John Edgar Wideman. In a book documenting every court martial and execution of GIs in North Africa and Europe during World War II, United States Army Colonel French MacLean called Wideman's research and conclusions into question. According to Colonel MacLean, even though justice was not done to Emmett Till's murderers, the documents kept on the case by Judge Advocate General's Corps suggest that justice was in fact done to Private Louis Till.
Early life
Louis Till grew up an orphan in New Madrid, Missouri. As a young man he worked at the Argo Corn Company and was an amateur boxer.
At age 17, Till began courting Mamie Carthan, a girl of the same age. Her parents disapproved, thinking the charismatic Till was "too sophisticated" for their daughter. At her mother's insistence, Mamie broke off their courtship, but the persistent Till won out, and they married on October 14, 1940 when both were 18. Their only child, Emmett Louis Till, was born on July 25, 1941. Mamie left her husband soon after learning that he had been unfaithful. Louis, enraged, choked her to unconsciousness, to which she responded by throwing scalding water at him. Eventually Mamie obtained a restraining order against him. After he repeatedly violated this order, a judge forced Till to choose between enlistment in the United States Army and imprisonment. Choosing the former, he enlisted in 1943.
Criminal charges and death
While serving in the Italian Campaign, Till learned to speak the Neapolitan dialect of the Italian language fluently.
On 19 July 1944, Till was arrested by Military Police, who suspected him and two fellow soldiers of the murder of Anna Zanchi, an Italian woman, and the rape of two others in Civitavecchia. Pvt. James Thomas, Jr., was granted immunity in exchange for testimony against Pvts. McMurray and Till. Thomas testified that Till and McMurray took 20 minutes to plan the home invasion and had sex with the two women. Military Police investigators had found an envelope at the crime scene addressed to Pvt. McMurray. Under interrogation, Pvt. McMurray confessed and stated that Till said, "Everybody follow me: If anybody turns back I'll blast him." McMurray also testified that he begged Till not to shoot, but that Till had fired a shot into the house which killed Zanchi.
On 17 February 1945, the Court Martial of Privates Till and McMurray began before a panel of seven military judges at Livorno. Both soldiers, who raised no objection to a joint trial, stood accused of one count of murder and two counts of carnal knowledge, both of which violated the 92nd Article of War. 2nd Lieutenant Mervin R. Samuel appeared for the prosecution as Trial Judge Advocate, while First Lieutenant John W. Wynn appeared as Defense Counsel for both soldiers.
Fellow African-American GI Private James Thomas, Jr. testified for the prosecution and described witnessing the 27 June 1944 assault, armed robbery, and attempted murder of United States Navy sailor James E. Carter. Private Thomas identified Till as Carter's assailant and alleged that Till had shouted, "I'm going to kill the motherfucking son of a bitch!" Till allegedly attempted to shoot Carter with his own side arm. Carter managed, however, to jump into a jeep and flee the scene after the gun jammed. According to Pvt. Thomas, the shot that later killed Anna Zanchi had been fired from the M1911 pistol that Louis Till had stolen that morning from the U.S. Navy Serviceman.
Italian witness John Masi testified about witnessing the home invasion and assault against all three women on the evening following the sailor's assault. He testified that Louis Till had fired the shot that killed Anna Zanchi and had told him personally, "Get in the house, or I'll blow your head off!" Both surviving rape victims also gave evidence, but stated that their assailants wore masks and they accordingly declined to identify them as the defendants. Pvt. Thomas did, however, identify Louis Till as having fired the shot that killed Anna Zanchi.
Despite being informed of their right to do so, both soldiers elected not to give evidence in their own defense. As their defense counsel, Lt. Wynn objected to the introduction into evidence of Private McMurray's confession, alleging that it had been made involuntarily. The objection was overruled by Law Member Colonel Roger W. Whitman, who instructed the jury, however, that the confession could only be used as evidence against Private McMurray.
Lt. Wynn also objected in vain to the fact that Pvt. Louis Till's involvement was only established by the uncorroborated testimony of an alleged accomplice. After this objection was also overruled by Col. Whitman, the United States military jury voted unanimously to convict both defendants and sentenced them to death by hanging.
As was the usual practice within the United States Army during the Italian Campaign, both defendants were transferred to the United States Army Disciplinary Training Center near Aversa to await review of their trial and sentencing by the Judge Advocate General's Corps.
On 18 April 1945, Col. Claudius O. Wolfe ruled that the trial record was sufficient to support a verdict of guilty. Regarding the two surviving victims inability to recognize their attackers, Col. Wolfe wrote, "The place, time, and circumstances were such as to exclude reasonable doubt as to their identity."
In support of similarly confirming the verdict and sentences, the Judge Advocate General's Corps cited the relevant passage of A Manual for Courts-Martial, U.S. Army, "A conviction may be based on uncorroborated testimony of an accomplice, but such testimony is of doubtful integrity and is to be considered with great caution."
Private Louis Till was hanged immediately following his co-defendant Private Fred A. McMurray at Aversa July 2, 1945. Multiple photographs were taken to document before, during, and after both executions and are still in existence.
Before his execution, Till had been imprisoned alongside highly influential American free verse poet Ezra Pound, who was imprisoned for treason and collaboration with both the Nazis and Italian Fascists. Till is accordingly mentioned in lines 171–173 of Canto 74 of Pound's Pisan Cantos:
"Pisa, in the 23rd year of the effort in sight of the Tower
And Till was hung yesterday
for murder and rape with trimmings".
While Pound and Till had met briefly at the MTO DTC near Pisa, the American poet was taking artistic license, as Pvt. Till was actually hanged at Aversa.
U.S. Army Chaplain William O. Strother, an African-American Methodist minister, presided over the funerals of both soldiers at the U.S. Military Cemetery in Naples. Telegram were dispatched by the War Department to notify both soldiers' next of kin. Despite her later statements that the U.S. Army told her nothing, the War Department telegram sent to Mamie Till read, according to Col. French Maclean, that her husband's cause of death was, "Judicial Asphixiation (sic) due to his own willful misconduct in Italy." In 1948, Private Till's remains were moved to the Oise-Aisne American Cemetery Plot E.
According to Colonel French Maclean, "The Army returned Louis Till's silver ring, bearing the initials 'LT', to his estranged wife in Chicago. In 1955, she let her son Emmett take the ring to visit relatives in Mississippi, where he was soon murdered, resulting in a civil rights case that gained lasting national attention. Authorities identified Emmett's mutilated body, in part, through the distinctive ring."
Aftermath
The reasons for Pvt. Louis Till's death were not revealed to his family; Mamie Till's attempts to learn more were comprehensively blocked by the United States Army bureaucracy. The full details of Louis Till's criminal charges and execution emerged only ten years later. On August 28, 1955, 14-year-old Emmett Till was murdered in Mississippi, after allegedly making advances towards Carolyn Bryant, a local white woman. (Years later, a historian claimed that Bryant disclosed to him that she had fabricated testimony that Till made verbal or physical advances towards her in the store. However, the family of Bryant has disputed this claim.) Her husband and brother-in-law abducted Till and tortured him to death, then threw his body into the Tallahatchie River. Both were arrested a few days later, charged with and tried for first-degree murder, but were acquitted by an all-white jury in September 1955.
In October 1955, after the murder trial and extremely controversial acquittal gained international media attention, U.S. Senators from Mississippi James Eastland and John C. Stennis uncovered details about Pvt. Louis Till's court-martial and execution and leaked them to media sources sympathetic to continued segregation. In November 1955, a Leflore County grand jury declined to return an indictment against Emmett Till's two killers for kidnapping, despite a recent magazine interview in which they both had freely admitted to being guilty of that very offense.
In the pro-Segregationist media, various editorials claimed that the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and the "Yankee" media had lied about the record of Emmett Till's father. Many of these editorials specifically cited an article in Life Magazine, which presented Louis Till as having been killed in action while fighting for his country in France. According to historians, Life magazine was an exception rather than the rule, and no other "northern" media had praised Pvt. Till or embellished his war record; additionally, Life later published a retraction. However, the impression was left among some southerners that the erroneous Life article was representative of the Northern media in general. Several other Southern editorials went so far as to smear Emmett Till by association with his father's crimes. They even alleged that Emmett Till had attempted to commit sexual assault, after the fashion of his father and thereby justified his murder as an act of vigilantism.
Debate over trial and sentencing
In 2016, notable African-American novelist and essayist John Edgar Wideman explored the circumstances leading to and including the military conviction of Louis Till. In the partly fictional book Writing to Save a Life – The Louis Till File, Wideman examines the trial record and compares it to the trial of Emmett's killers, calling both "a farce", and expresses the belief that the leak of Mr. Till's military records during 1955 was an intentional effort to further demonize Emmett Till and retroactively justify the acquittal of his murderers. Wideman expresses the viewpoint that Louis Till may have been punished for the "Crime of being (Black)", rather than for committing any real crimes, citing the disproportionate punishment of African-American soldiers for rape as well as laws in the United States that defined all sexual encounters between African-American men and white women as rape.
Wideman's analysis of Till's murder trial alleged one of its witness insisted that the killer was a white person before recanting their statement, and in Till's rape trial, both victims said that they were assaulted in darkness and could not identify their attackers, declining to label Till or his co-defendant as suspects. Wideman believed that their execution, due to these inconsistencies, was racially motivated.
Ollie Gordon, one of Emmett Till's cousins, was recorded visiting Louis Till's grave in France for the final episode of the ABC documentary series Let the World See, which aired in January 2022. Referencing Wideman's analysis of Till's murder and rape trails, she said "He's laying in this less than honorable area for a crime that we're still not sure that he committed."
United States Army Colonel French Maclean, who also tracked down and examined the case file and sentencing documents, has a very different opinion. In a book documenting the court martial proceedings and executions of every one of the World War II GIs who, like Pvt. Till, lie buried in the Oise-Aisne American Cemetery Plot E, Col. MacLean wrote, "From the manner in which Private Louis Till spoke and the way he carried himself, you might think he was a small time gangster from Chicago. Fear was Till's game. He terrorized his wife, terrorized his fellow soldiers and terrorised local Italians who did not cooperate with him. Unfortunately for Private Till, one of his co-conspirators was not afraid of him and agreed to testify against the tough guy from the Windy City in return for a recommendation of clemency in his own case."
See also
Capital punishment by the United States military
Capital punishment in the United States
List of people executed by the United States military
References
1922 births
1945 deaths
20th-century executions by the United States military
20th-century executions of American people
African-American United States Army personnel
African Americans in World War II
American people executed for murder
American people convicted of rape
American people convicted of war crimes
Executed African-American people
Executed military personnel
Executed people from Missouri
Murder in Italy
Rape in Italy
People convicted of murder by the United States military
People executed by the United States military by hanging
People executed for war crimes
People from New Madrid, Missouri
Till family
United States Army soldiers
United States Army personnel of World War II
United States Army personnel who were court-martialed
Violence against women in Italy
Violence against women in the United States
War crimes by the United States during World War II
Wartime sexual violence in World War II |
Natallia Stanislavauna Kareiva (; born 14 November 1985) is a Belarusian runner who specializes in the middle distance events.
Kareiva received a two-year ban from the sport for doping after her biological passport showed abnormalities. The ban was set for the periods from August 2014 to 2016 and all her performances from 28 July 2010 up to that period were erased.
Achievements
References
1985 births
Living people
Doping cases in athletics
Belarusian sportspeople in doping cases
Belarusian female middle-distance runners
Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for Belarus
People from Lida
Competitors at the 2007 Summer Universiade
Sportspeople from Grodno Region |
Blastobasis aedes is a moth in the family Blastobasidae. It is found in Costa Rica.
The length of the forewings is 4.9–6.8 mm. The forewings are pale brown intermixed with a few brown scales. The hindwings are translucent pale brown or translucent pale brown, gradually darkening towards the apex.
Etymology
The specific name is derived from Latin aedes (meaning a building).
References
Moths described in 2013
Blastobasis
Moths of Central America |
Gmina Jaktorów is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Grodzisk Mazowiecki County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. Its seat is the village of Jaktorów, which lies approximately west of Grodzisk Mazowiecki and south-west of Warsaw.
The gmina covers an area of , and as of 2006 its total population is 10,090.
Villages
Gmina Jaktorów contains the villages and settlements of Bieganów, Budy Michałowskie, Budy Zosine, Budy-Grzybek, Chylice, Chylice-Kolonia, Chylice-Osada, Grabnik, Grądy, Henryszew, Jaktorów, Jaktorów-Kolonia, Jaktorów-Osada, Kołaczek, Mariampol, Maruna, Międzyborów, Sade Budy and Stare Budy.
Neighbouring gminas
Gmina Jaktorów is bordered by the town of Żyrardów and by the gminas of Baranów, Grodzisk Mazowiecki, Radziejowice and Wiskitki.
References
Polish official population figures 2006
Jaktorow
Grodzisk Mazowiecki County |
Disepalum is a genus of plants in the family Annonaceae and tribe Annoneae.
Species have been recorded from southern China, Indo-China and Malesia.
Species
Plants of the World Online currently includes:
Disepalum aciculare D.M.Johnson
Disepalum acuminatissimum Boerl. & Koord.-Schum.
Disepalum anomalum Hook.f. - type species
Disepalum coronatum Becc.
Disepalum longipes King
Disepalum petelotii (Merr.) D.M.Johnson
Disepalum plagioneurum (Diels) D.M.Johnson
Disepalum platypetalum Merr.
Disepalum pulchrum (King) J.Sinclair
References
External links
Annonaceae genera
Annonaceae
Taxa named by Joseph Dalton Hooker |
```lua
cflags{'-Wall'}
pkg.hdrs = copy('$outdir/include', '$srcdir', {'bzlib.h'})
lib('libbz2.a', {
'blocksort.c',
'huffman.c',
'crctable.c',
'randtable.c',
'compress.c',
'decompress.c',
'bzlib.c'
})
exe('bzip2', {'bzip2.c', 'libbz2.a'})
file('bin/bzip2', '755', '$outdir/bzip2')
man{'bzip2.1'}
sym('bin/bzcat', 'bzip2')
fetch 'git'
``` |
Francisc Zavoda (14 April 1927 – July 2011), also known as Zavoda I, was a Romanian footballer. He was the older brother of Vasile Zavoda who was also an International footballer and they played together at Steaua București.
Career as football player
Zavoda played as striker for Phoenix Baia Mare (1947–1948), CFR București (1948–1949) and then Steaua București (1950–1960). He played a total of 200 games in Divizia A and scored 43 goals. He was champion of Romania in five occasions and won four Romanian Cups. He won eight caps for Romania. He was also part of Romania's squad at the 1952 Summer Olympics, but he did not play in any matches.
Career as coach
Zavoda was assistant coach at Steaua București (1964–1966) and ASA Târgu Mureş (1979–1980) and head coach at Progresul Brăila (1983).
Honours
Club
Steaua București
Romanian League (5): 1951, 1952, 1953, 1956, 1959–60
Romanian Cup (4): 1950, 1951, 1952, 1955
References
External links
1927 births
2011 deaths
People from Bistrița-Năsăud County
Romanian men's footballers
Romania men's international footballers
Liga I players
Liga II players
CS Minaur Baia Mare (football) players
FC Rapid București players
FC Steaua București players
Men's association football forwards
Romanian football managers
FC Steaua București non-playing staff
AFC Dacia Unirea Brăila managers
Olympic footballers for Romania
Footballers at the 1952 Summer Olympics |
Raymond Otis Whitley (December 5, 1901 – February 21, 1979) was a country and western singer and actor.
Career
Singing and live performance
Whitley was born in Atlanta, Georgia, United States. He began his singing career in New York City in 1930. He had traveled to New York where he became a construction worker on the Empire State Building and the George Washington Bridge. While working as a steelworker, he heard of an audition at a local radio station. He was hired as a pop singer and learned a few chords on a guitar to back himself. Soon he was backed by professional musicians, including the Frank Luther Trio. He formed "The Range Ramblers" and began to broadcast on WMCA. He then traveled with the World's Championship Rodeo organization, under the ownership of Colonel Johnson, renaming his band "Ray Whitley and The Six Bar Cowboys." Whitley was skilled in the use of the stockwhip and could remove a cigarette from a man's lips with a single stroke, using either hand.
Whitley recorded for several record labels, including Okeh, Apollo Records and Decca.
Development of the Gibson SJ-200
In 1937, Whitley had worked with Gibson on the production of the Gibson SJ-200 acoustic guitar, which was initially known as the "Super Jumbo". Whitley used his own time and money to design a guitar, which he took to Gibson. He explained the features and merits of the instrument, suggesting that by presenting them to other stars of the day, would result in really putting the Gibson name on the musical instrument map. As a result, Whitley was the first performer to own a Gibson SJ-200. The first SJ-200, custom built by Gibson for Whitley, is on display in the Country Music Hall of Fame Museum. The SJ-200 has since become an American icon, and has been played by hundreds of different guitarists over the years.
Motion pictures
In 1937, Ray Whitley was signed by RKO Radio Pictures as a specialty performer in the studio's "B" westerns starring George O'Brien, and O'Brien's successor Tim Holt. RKO also gave Whitley a starring series of his own: 18 two-reel musical short subjects, produced between 1937 and 1942.
In the late 1950s, Whitley made appearances on the Roy Rogers TV specials, he also appeared in the feature film Giant starring Elizabeth Taylor, Rock Hudson, and James Dean.
Whitley wrote the original western tune Back in the Saddle Again. The song was first performed by the author, Ray Whitley, in the western movie Border G-Man, in which he played the part of "Luke Jones.” Gene Autry heard it and bought the song for a reported $200, making it his theme song. Whitley and Autry changed the order of the verse and chorus, and made a very slight change in the melody, resulting in the present popular version. It is one of the most recognized and recorded Western music tunes in history.
Death and legacy
Ray Whitley died on February 21, 1979, while en route to a fishing trip to Mexico with his son-in-law, Hal Bracken.
Ray Whitley's original Gibson SJ-200 is on display at the Country Music Hall of Fame in Nashville Tennessee. He was inducted into the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1981 and, in 1996, Whitley was inducted into the Western Music Association Hall of Fame.
Instruments
Ray Whitley also endorsed another Gibson made guitar, sold by the mail order house Montgomery Ward, under the house brand "Recording King." This highly esteemed guitar was marketed only in 1939, and featured the signature of Mr. Whitley on the headstock. 235 of these were made in mahogany, and 235 in rosewood. One of these instruments was the preferred guitar of American composer John Fahey, who recorded extensively on the instrument from 1969 until the mid-1970s. Fahey destroyed the guitar during a fight with his girl friend and replaced it with a Martin D-76.
Gibson Shipping Ledgers show the following totals for the Montgomery Ward – Recording King Ray Whitley Jumbo Models:
Total of 147 – RK Ray Whitley Model No. 1027 (Rosewood back & sides, "bat wing" shaped bridge)
Total of 170 – RK Ray Whitley Model No. 1028 (Mahogany back & sides, plain rectangle-style bridge)
Breaks down like this:
143 No. 1027s shipped in 1939
Only 4 No. 1027s shipped in 1940
115 No. 1028s were shipped in 1939
55 No. 1028s shipped in 1940
First shipment of 1027s – January 23, 1939 – Last: February 27, 1940,
First shipment of 1028s – June 23, 1939 – Last: June 13, 1940
Filmography
Feature films, featuring Ray Whitley
Short subjects, starring Ray Whitley and His Six Bar Cowboys
All produced and released by RKO Radio Pictures
References
Bibliography
The Guinness Who's Who Of Country Music. Guinness Publishing, 1993.
External links
1901 births
1979 deaths
American male singer-songwriters
American country singer-songwriters
Vee-Jay Records artists
20th-century American male actors
20th-century American singer-songwriters
Male Western (genre) film actors
20th-century American male singers |
German Flood Service Medal may refer to:
German Flood Service Medal (2002)
German Flood Service Medal (2013) |
In geometry, a central triangle is a triangle in the plane of the reference triangle. The trilinear coordinates of its vertices relative to the reference triangle are expressible in a certain cyclical way in terms of two functions having the same degree of homogeneity. At least one of the two functions must be a triangle center function. The excentral triangle is an example of a central triangle. The central triangles have been classified into three types based on the properties of the two functions.
Definition
Triangle center function
A triangle center function is a real valued function of three real variables having the following properties:
Homogeneity property: for some constant and for all . The constant is the degree of homogeneity of the function
Bisymmetry property:
Central triangles of Type 1
Let and be two triangle center functions, not both identically zero functions, having the same degree of homogeneity. Let be the side lengths of the reference triangle . An -central triangle of Type 1 is a triangle the trilinear coordinates of whose vertices have the following form:
Central triangles of Type 2
Let be a triangle center function and be a function function satisfying the homogeneity property and having the same degree of homogeneity as but not satisfying the bisymmetry property. An -central triangle of Type 2 is a triangle the trilinear coordinates of whose vertices have the following form:
Central triangles of Type 3
Let be a triangle center function. An -central triangle of Type 3 is a triangle the trilinear coordinates of whose vertices have the following form:
This is a degenerate triangle in the sense that the points are collinear.
Special cases
If , the -central triangle of Type 1 degenerates to the triangle center . All central triangles of both Type 1 and Type 2 relative to an equilateral triangle degenerate to a point.
Examples
Type 1
The excentral triangle of triangle is a central triangle of Type 1. This is obtained by taking
Let be a triangle center defined by the triangle center function Then the cevian triangle of is a -central triangle of Type 1.
Let be a triangle center defined by the triangle center function Then the anticevian triangle of is a -central triangle of Type 1.
The Lucas central triangle is the -central triangle with where is twice the area of triangle ABC and
Type 2
Let be a triangle center. The pedal and antipedal triangles of are central triangles of Type 2.
Yff Central Triangle
References
Triangle geometry |
A match is a tool for starting a fire. Typically, matches are made of small wooden sticks or stiff paper. One end is coated with a material that can be ignited by friction generated by striking the match against a suitable surface. Wooden matches are packaged in matchboxes, and paper matches are partially cut into rows and stapled into matchbooks. The coated end of a match, known as the match "head", consists of a bead of active ingredients and binder, often colored for easier inspection. There are two main types of matches: safety matches, which can be struck only against a specially prepared surface, and strike-anywhere matches, for which any suitably frictional surface can be used.
Etymology
Historically, the term match referred to lengths of cord (later cambric) impregnated with chemicals, and allowed to burn continuously. These were used to light fires and fire guns (see matchlock) and cannons (see linstock) and to detonate explosive devices such as dynamite sticks. Such matches were characterised by their burning speed i.e. quick match and slow match. Depending on its formulation, a slow match burns at a rate of around 30 cm (1 ft) per hour and a quick match at per minute.
The modern equivalent of a match (in the sense of a burnable cord) is the simple fuse such as a visco fuse, still used in pyrotechnics to obtain a controlled time delay before ignition. The original meaning of the word still persists in some pyrotechnics terms, such as black match (a black-powder-impregnated fuse) and Bengal match (a firework akin to sparklers producing a relatively long-burning, colored flame). However, when friction matches became commonplace, the term match came to refer mainly to these.
The word match derives from Old French mèche, referring to the wick of a candle.
History
Early matches
A note in the text Cho Keng Lu, written in 1366, describes a sulfur match, small sticks of pinewood impregnated with sulfur, used in China by "impoverished court ladies" in AD 577 during the conquest of Northern Qi. During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (AD 907–960), a book called the Records of the Unworldly and the Strange written by Chinese author Tao Gu in about 950 stated:
If there occurs an emergency at night it may take some time to make a light to light a lamp. But an ingenious man devised the system of impregnating little sticks of pinewood with sulfur and storing them ready for use. At the slightest touch of fire, they burst into flame. One gets a little flame like an ear of corn. This marvelous thing was formerly called a "light-bringing slave", but afterward when it became an article of commerce its name was changed to 'fire inch-stick'.
Another text, Wu Lin Chiu Shih, dated from 1270 AD, lists sulfur matches as something that was sold in the markets of Hangzhou, around the time of Marco Polo's visit. The matches were known as fa chu or tshui erh.
Chemical matches
Before the use of matches, fires were sometimes lit using a burning glass (a lens) to focus the sun on tinder, a method that could only work on sunny days. Another more common method was igniting tinder with sparks produced by striking flint and steel, or by sharply increasing air pressure in a fire piston. Early work had been done by alchemist Hennig Brand, who discovered the flammable nature of phosphorus in 1669. Others, including Robert Boyle and his assistant, Ambrose Godfrey, continued these experiments in the 1680s with phosphorus and sulfur, but their efforts did not produce practical and inexpensive methods for generating fires.
A number of different ways were employed in order to light smoking tobacco: One was the use of a spill – a thin object something like a thin candle, a rolled paper or a straw, which would be lit from a nearby, already existing flame and then used to light the cigar or pipe – most often kept near the fireplace in a spill vase. Another method saw the use of a striker, a tool that looked like scissors, but with flint on one "blade" and steel on the other. These would then be rubbed together, ultimately producing sparks. If neither of these two was available, one could also use ember tongs to pick up a coal from a fire and light the tobacco directly.
The first modern, self-igniting match was invented in 1805 by Jean Chancel, assistant to Professor Louis Jacques Thénard of Paris. The head of the match consisted of a mixture of potassium chlorate, sulfur, gum arabic and sugar. The match was ignited by dipping its tip in a small asbestos bottle filled with sulfuric acid. This kind of match was quite expensive, however, and its use was also relatively dangerous, so Chancel's matches never really became widely adopted or in commonplace use.
This approach to match making was further refined in the following decades, culminating with the 'Promethean match' that was patented by Samuel Jones of London in 1828. His match consisted of a small glass capsule containing a chemical composition of sulfuric acid colored with indigo and coated on the exterior with potassium chlorate, all of which was wrapped up in rolls of paper. The immediate ignition of this particular form of a match was achieved by crushing the capsule with a pair of pliers, mixing and releasing the ingredients in order for it to become alight.
In London, similar matches meant for lighting cigars were introduced in 1849 by Heurtner who had a shop called the Lighthouse in the Strand. One version that he sold was called "Euperion" (sometimes "Empyrion") which was popular for kitchen use and nicknamed as "Hugh Perry", while another meant for outdoor use was called a "Vesuvian" or "flamer". The head was large and contained niter, charcoal and wood dust, and had a phosphorus tip. The handle was large and made of hardwood so as to burn vigorously and last for a while. Some even had glass stems. Both Vesuvians and Prometheans had a bulb of sulfuric acid at the tip which had to be broken to start the reaction.
Samuel Jones introduced fuzees for lighting cigars and pipes in 1832. A similar invention was patented in 1839 by John Hucks Stevens in America.
In 1832, William Newton patented the "wax vesta" in England. It consisted of a wax stem that embedded cotton threads and had a tip of phosphorus. Variants known as "candle matches" were made by Savaresse and Merckel in 1836. John Hucks Stevens also patented a safety version of the friction match in 1839.
Friction matches
Chemical matches were unable to make the leap into mass production, due to the expense, their cumbersome nature and inherent danger. An alternative method was to produce the ignition through friction produced by rubbing two rough surfaces together. An early example was made by François Derosne in 1816. His crude match was called a briquet phosphorique and it used a sulfur-tipped match to scrape inside a tube coated internally with phosphorus. It was both inconvenient and unsafe.
The first successful friction match was invented in 1826 by John Walker, an English chemist and druggist from Stockton-on-Tees, County Durham. He developed a keen interest in trying to find a means of obtaining fire easily. Several chemical mixtures were already known which would ignite by a sudden explosion, but it had not been found possible to transmit the flame to a slow-burning substance like wood. While Walker was preparing a lighting mixture on one occasion, a match which had been dipped in it took fire by an accidental friction upon the hearth. He at once appreciated the practical value of the discovery, and started making friction matches. They consisted of wooden splints or sticks of cardboard coated with sulfur and tipped with a mixture of sulfide of antimony, chlorate of potash, and gum. The treatment with sulfur helped the splints to catch fire, and the odor was improved by the addition of camphor. The price of a box of 50 matches was one shilling. With each box was supplied a piece of sandpaper, folded double, through which the match had to be drawn to ignite it. Walker did not name the matches "Congreves" in honour of the inventor and rocket pioneer Sir William Congreve, as it is sometimes stated. The congreves were the invention of Charles Sauria, a French chemistry student at the time. Walker did not divulge the exact composition of his matches. Between 1827 and 1829, Walker made about 168 sales of his matches. It was however dangerous and flaming balls sometimes fell to the floor burning carpets and dresses, leading to their ban in France and Germany. Walker either refused or neglected to patent his invention.
In 1829, Scots inventor Sir Isaac Holden invented an improved version of Walker's match and demonstrated it to his class at Castle Academy in Reading, Berkshire. Holden did not patent his invention and claimed that one of his pupils wrote to his father Samuel Jones, a chemist in London who commercialised his process. A version of Holden's match was patented by Samuel Jones, and these were sold as lucifer matches. These early matches had a number of problems an initial violent reaction, an unsteady flame, and unpleasant odor and fumes. Lucifers could ignite explosively, sometimes throwing sparks a considerable distance. Lucifers were manufactured in the United States by Ezekial Byam.
The term "lucifer" persisted as slang for a match into the 20th century. For example, the song Pack Up Your Troubles includes the line “while you’ve a lucifer to light your fag”. Matches are still called “lucifers” in Dutch.
Lucifers were quickly replaced after 1830 by matches made according to the process devised by Frenchman Charles Sauria, who substituted white phosphorus for the antimony sulfide. These new phosphorus matches had to be kept in airtight metal boxes but became popular and went by the name of loco foco ("crazy fire") in the United States, from which was derived the name of a political party. The earliest American patent for the phosphorus friction match was granted in 1836 to Alonzo Dwight Phillips of Springfield, Massachusetts.
From 1830 to 1890, the composition of these matches remained largely unchanged, although some improvements were made. In 1843 William Ashgard replaced the sulfur with beeswax, reducing the pungency of the fumes. This was replaced by paraffin in 1862 by Charles W. Smith, resulting in what were called "parlor matches". From 1870 the end of the splint was fireproofed by impregnation with fire-retardant chemicals such as alum, sodium silicate, and other salts resulting in what was commonly called a "drunkard's match" that prevented the accidental burning of the user's fingers. Other advances were made for the mass manufacture of matches. Early matches were made from blocks of woods with cuts separating the splints but leaving their bases attached. Later versions were made in the form of thin combs. The splints would be broken away from the comb when required.
A noiseless match was invented in 1836 by the Hungarian János Irinyi, who was a student of chemistry. An unsuccessful experiment by his professor, Meissner, gave Irinyi the idea to replace potassium chlorate with lead dioxide in the head of the phosphorus match. He liquefied phosphorus in warm water and shook it in a glass vial, until the two liquids emulsified. He mixed the phosphorus with lead dioxide and gum arabic, poured the paste-like mass into a jar, and dipped the pine sticks into the mixture and let them dry. When he tried them that evening, all of them lit evenly. He sold the invention and production rights for these noiseless matches to István Rómer, a Hungarian pharmacist living in Vienna, for 60 florins (about 22.5 oz t of silver). As a match manufacturer, Rómer became rich, and Irinyi went on to publish articles and a textbook on chemistry, and founded several match factories.
Replacement of white phosphorus
Those involved in the manufacture of the new phosphorus matches were afflicted with phossy jaw and other bone disorders, and there was enough white phosphorus in one pack to kill a person. Deaths and suicides from eating the heads of matches became frequent. The earliest report of phosphorus necrosis was made in 1845 by Lorinser in Vienna, and a New York surgeon published a pamphlet with notes on nine cases.
The conditions of working-class women at the Bryant & May factories led to the London matchgirls strike of 1888. The strike was focused on the severe health complications of working with white phosphorus, such as phossy jaw. Social activist Annie Besant published an article in her halfpenny weekly paper The Link on 23 June 1888. A strike fund was set up and some newspapers collected donations from readers. The women and girls also solicited contributions. Members of the Fabian Society, including George Bernard Shaw, Sidney Webb, and Graham Wallas, were involved in the distribution of the cash collected. The strike and negative publicity led to changes being made to limit the health effects of the inhalation of white phosphorus.
Attempts were made to reduce the ill-effects on workers through the introduction of inspections and regulations. Anton Schrötter von Kristelli discovered in 1850 that heating white phosphorus at 250 °C in an inert atmosphere produced a red allotropic form, which did not fume in contact with air. It was suggested that this would make a suitable substitute in match manufacture although it was slightly more expensive. Two French chemists, Henri Savene and Emile David Cahen, proved in 1898 that the addition of phosphorus sesquisulfide meant that the substance was not poisonous, that it could be used in a "strike-anywhere" match, and that the match heads were not explosive.
British company Albright and Wilson was the first company to produce phosphorus sesquisulfide matches commercially. The company developed a safe means of making commercial quantities of phosphorus sesquisulfide in 1899 and started selling it to match manufacturers. However, white phosphorus continued to be used, and its serious effects led many countries to ban its use. Finland prohibited the use of white phosphorus in 1872, followed by Denmark in 1874, France in 1897, Switzerland in 1898, and the Netherlands in 1901. An agreement, the Berne Convention, was reached at Bern, Switzerland, in September 1906, which banned the use of white phosphorus in matches. This required each country to pass laws prohibiting the use of white phosphorus in matches. The United Kingdom passed a law in 1908 prohibiting its use in matches after 31 December 1910. The United States did not pass a law, but instead placed a "punitive tax" in 1913 on white phosphorus–based matches, one so high as to render their manufacture financially impractical, and Canada banned them in 1914. India and Japan banned them in 1919; China followed, banning them in 1925.
In 1901 Albright and Wilson started making phosphorus sesquisulfide at their Niagara Falls, New York plant for the US market, but American manufacturers continued to use white phosphorus matches. The Niagara Falls plant made them until 1910, when the United States Congress forbade the shipment of white phosphorus matches in interstate commerce.
Safety matches
The dangers of white phosphorus in the manufacture of matches led to the development of the "hygienic" or "safety match". The major innovation in its development was the use of red phosphorus, not on the head of the match but instead on a specially designed striking surface.
Arthur Albright developed the industrial process for large-scale manufacture of red phosphorus after Schrötter's discoveries became known. By 1851, his company was producing the substance by heating white phosphorus in a sealed pot at a specific temperature. He exhibited his red phosphorus in 1851, at The Great Exhibition held at The Crystal Palace in London.
The idea of creating a specially designed striking surface was developed in 1844 by the Swede Gustaf Erik Pasch. Pasch patented the use of red phosphorus in the striking surface. He found that this could ignite heads that did not need to contain white phosphorus. Johan Edvard Lundström and his younger brother Carl Frans Lundström (1823–1917) started a large-scale match industry in Jönköping, Sweden around 1847, but the improved safety match was not introduced until around 1850–55. The Lundström brothers had obtained a sample of red phosphorus matches from Arthur Albright at The Great Exhibition, but had misplaced it and therefore they did not try the matches until just before the Paris Exhibition of 1855 when they found that the matches were still usable. In 1858 their company produced around 12 million matchboxes.
The safety of true "safety matches" is derived from the separation of the reactive ingredients between a match head on the end of a paraffin-impregnated splint and the special striking surface (in addition to the safety aspect of replacing the white phosphorus with red phosphorus). The idea for separating the chemicals had been introduced in 1859 in the form of two-headed matches known in France as Allumettes Androgynes. These were sticks with one end made of potassium chlorate and the other of red phosphorus. They had to be broken and the heads rubbed together. There was however a risk of the heads rubbing each other accidentally in their box. Such dangers were removed when the striking surface was moved to the outside of the box. The development of a specialized matchbook with both matches and a striking surface occurred in the 1890s with the American Joshua Pusey, who sold his patent to the Diamond Match Company.
The striking surface on modern matchboxes is typically composed of 25% powdered glass or other abrasive material, 50% red phosphorus, 5% neutralizer, 4% carbon black, and 16% binder; and the match head is typically composed of 45–55% potassium chlorate, with a little sulfur and starch, a neutralizer (ZnO or ), 20–40% of siliceous filler, diatomite, and glue. Safety matches ignite due to the extreme reactivity of phosphorus with the potassium chlorate in the match head. When the match is struck the phosphorus and chlorate mix in a small amount forming something akin to the explosive Armstrong's mixture which ignites due to the friction.
The Swedes long held a virtual worldwide monopoly on safety matches, with the industry mainly situated in Jönköping, by 1903 called Jönköpings & Vulcans Tändsticksfabriks AB. In France, they sold the rights to their safety match patent to Coigent Père & Fils of Lyon, but Coigent contested the payment in the French courts, on the basis that the invention was known in Vienna before the Lundström brothers patented it. The British match manufacturer Bryant and May visited Jönköping in 1858 to try to obtain a supply of safety matches, but it was unsuccessful. In 1862 it established its own factory and bought the rights for the British safety match patent from the Lundström brothers.
Varieties of matches today
Friction matches made with white phosphorus as well as those made from phosphorus sesquisulfide can be struck on any suitable surface. They have remained particularly popular in the United States, even when safety matches had become common in Europe, and are still widely used today around the world, including in many developing countries, for such uses as camping, outdoor activities, emergency/survival situations, and stocking homemade survival kits. However, strike-anywhere matches are banned on all kinds of aircraft under the "dangerous goods" classification U.N. 1331, Matches, strike-anywhere.
Safety matches are classified as dangerous goods, "U.N. 1944, Matches, safety". They are not universally forbidden on aircraft; however, they must be declared as dangerous goods and individual airlines or countries may impose tighter restrictions.
Storm matches, also known as lifeboat matches or flare matches, are often included in survival kits. They have a strikeable tip similar to a normal match, but the combustible compound – including an oxidiser – continues down the length of the stick, coating half or more of the entire matchstick. The match also has a waterproof coating (which often makes the match more difficult to light), and often storm matches are longer than standard matches. As a result of the combustible coating, storm matches burn strongly even in strong winds, and can even spontaneously re-ignite after being briefly immersed in water.
Hobbyist collection
The hobby of collecting match-related items, such as matchcovers and matchbox labels, is known as phillumeny.
See also
Firelighting
Ivar Kreuger
Lighter
London matchgirls strike of 1888
Permanent match
Swedish Match
"The Little Match Girl", a fairy tale
The Safety Matches, a 1969 novel
Vesta case
White phosphorus munitions
References
Bibliography
Threlfall, Richard E. (1951). The Story of 100 Years of Phosphorus Making: 1851–1951. Oldbury: Albright & Wilson Ltd.
Further reading
Beaver, Patrick (1985). The Match Makers: The Story of Bryant & May. London: Henry Melland Limited. ISBN 0-907929-11-7
Emsley, John (2000). The Shocking History of Phosphorus: A Biography of the Devil's Element. Basingstoke: Macmillan Publishing. ISBN 0-333-76638-5
Steele, H. Thomas (1987). Close Cover Before Striking: The Golden Age of Matchbook Art. Abeville Press
External links
"Making 125,000 Matches An Hour", August 1946, Popular Science article on the modern mass production of wooden stem matches
library.thinkquest.org/23062/match.htm
"Lighting a Match", Royal Institution video on the ignition process
Chemistry of Matches, Graphics and Video
Camping equipment
Chinese inventions
English inventions
Firelighting
German inventions
Hungarian inventions
Scottish inventions |
Oberea sinense is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Maurice Pic in 1902.
References
Beetles described in 1902
sinense |
Haines Mill, also known as the Haines Mill Museum, is an historic grist mill located in South Whitehall Township, Lehigh County, Pennsylvania. Built sometime around 1840, it is a four-story, stone building with a slate covered gambrel roof, and is three bays by three bays, by .
History and architectural features
The interior of this mill was rebuilt after a fire in 1908. A three-story brick addition was built in 1930, with a lean-to roof. A cupola sits atop the main roof.
Haines Mill remained in full operation until 1957. Today, Haines Mill is operated as a partnership between the County of Lehigh, which owns and maintains the site, and the Lehigh County Historical Society, which provides public tours.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981.
Gallery
References
External links
Lehigh County Historical Society - Haines Mill and other Society museums
Grinding mills on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
Industrial buildings completed in 1908
Museums in Lehigh County, Pennsylvania
Mill museums in Pennsylvania
Grinding mills in Pennsylvania
National Register of Historic Places in Lehigh County, Pennsylvania
1908 establishments in Pennsylvania |
Group 6 of the 2019 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualifying competition consisted of six teams: Sweden, Belgium, Turkey, Hungary, Cyprus, and Malta. The composition of the nine groups in the qualifying group stage was decided by the draw held on 26 January 2017, with the teams seeded according to their coefficient ranking.
The group was played in home-and-away round-robin format between 27 March 2017 and 16 October 2018. The group winners qualified directly for the final tournament, while the runners-up advanced to the play-offs if they were one of the four best runners-up among all nine groups (not counting results against the sixth-placed team).
Standings
Matches
Times are CET/CEST, as listed by UEFA (local times, if different, are in parentheses).
Goalscorers
Notes
References
External links
Under-21 Standings: 2017–19 qualifying, UEFA.com
Group 6 |
FC Volgar-Astrakhan Astrakhan () was a Russian football team from Astrakhan. It played in the Russian Second Division in the 2012–13 season.
Volgar-Astrakhan was the reserves team of FC Volgar Astrakhan.
External links
Official site
Association football clubs established in 1996
1996 establishments in Russia
Association football clubs disestablished in 2013
2013 disestablishments in Russia
Defunct football clubs in Russia
Sport in Astrakhan
FC Volgar Astrakhan |
Bhakkar District (), is a district in the province of Punjab, Pakistan. The district was created out of parts of Mianwali in 1982, and has the city of Bhakkar as its headquarters. Part of its area consists of a riverine tract along the Indus, called Kaccha, while most of the district area lies in the desolate plain of the Thal Desert. The main languages spoken in the district are Saraiki (81.79%), Punjabi (9.21%), Urdu (6.14%), and Pashto (2.63%).
It is located in the west of the Punjab province, Bhakkar district is bordered by Layyah to its south, Jhang to its south east, Dera Ismail Khan to its west, Khushab to its north east, and Mianwali to its north.
Administration
The district is administratively divided into four Tehsils and 64 Union Councils:
Bhakkar
Darya Khan
Kaloorkot
Mankera
Khansar Union Council is one of the major Union Councils in Bhakkar. Mari Shah Sakhira Union Council is very close to Bhakkar District boundary.
Demography
At the time of the 2017 census the district had a population of 1,647,852, of which 843,056 were males and 804,669 females. Rural population is 1,388,198 while the urban population is 259,654. The literacy rate was 51.82%. Muslims made up almost the entire population with 99.89%.
At the time of the 2017 census, 79.97% of the population spoke Saraiki, 10.18% Punjabi, 7.14% Urdu and 2.33% Pashto as their first language.
Education
According to the census held in 2017, the literacy rate of Bhakkar is about 55%. There are 19 colleges, and 1300 primary, elementary, secondary, and higher secondary schools.
Notable people
Rasheed Akbar Khan Nawani (politician)
Muhammad Sana Ullah Khan Masti Khel (politician)
Inamullah Niazi (politician)
Lekh Raj Batra, a distinguished mycologist and linguist
See also
References
External links
Districts of Punjab, Pakistan
1981 establishments in Pakistan |
Isanthrene melas is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Pieter Cramer in 1775. It is found in Brazil.
References
Moths described in 1775
Euchromiina
Arctiinae of South America
Taxa named by Pieter Cramer |
Diogo Veloso, or Diego Belloso in the Spanish historical accounts, (1558, Amarante, Portugal – 1599, Cambodia) was a Portuguese adventurer active in Southeast Asia in the last quarter of 16th century, acting sometimes in the service of the Spanish Governor of the Spanish East Indies (within the Cambodian–Spanish War) and sometimes as a freelancer. He and Spanish Blas Ruiz were the first Europeans to ever set foot in Laos.
Veloso's journey to Laos started in Cambodia. In Cambodia, Veloso met and befriended King Satha of Lovek and Ruiz of Spain. When Lovek was invaded by Ayutthaya, Satha was overthrown by his son and other nobles who allowed Ayutthaya to take control, forcing Veloso to flee to Portuguese Malacca, the place where he began his adventure in Southeast Asia. Eventually Veloso returned with Ruiz, who had fled to Spanish Philippines, to Lovek. When they arrived they learned Satha had fled to Lan Xang, an empire centered in modern-day Laos and consisting of Isan, Stung Treng, and small areas of Southern China and Vietnam.
Veloso and Ruiz decided to journey to Laos and bring back Satha to restore his reign over Lovek. They arrived in Vientiane, Lan Xang's administrative capital, in the summer of 1596. They were met with a procession showing off the city's immense wealth consisting of Asian elephants, gold, jewels, silk, exotic snakes, bouquets of tropical flowers, chanting monks, Buddhist treasures and relics, music, and beautiful women. Veloso and Ruiz were also received with a great feast. But while they were in Vientiane they learned Satha had died from an illness he caught on his way from Cambodia to Laos. Saddened and angered by the news, Veloso and Ruiz returned to Lovek and started a rebellion to put one of Satha's political allies on the throne and free Cambodia from Ayutthaya. They managed to drive out Ayutthaya forces from parts of Cambodia and create a new state but led the new Cambodian state into a brief period of chaos.
Eventually Veloso returned to Malacca.
Bibliography
See also
Cambodian–Spanish War
Pedro Ordóñez de Ceballos
Antonio de Morga
Spanish East Indies
Portuguese discoveries
External links
History of Cambodian-Portuguese relations.
Explorers of Asia
Portuguese explorers
16th-century explorers
History of Laos
16th-century Portuguese people
People from Amarante, Portugal |
Almanac is a live album by the jazz ensemble of the same name, featuring pianist Mike Nock, saxophonist and flutist Bennie Maupin, double bassist Cecil McBee, and drummer Eddie Marshall. The group's sole release, it was recorded in 1967 at Columbia University in New York City, and was issued in 1977 by Paul Bley's Improvising Artists label.
Reception
In a review for AllMusic, Scott Yanow noted that "there is enough adventure in the music to hold on to one's interest."
Bill Hart of The Vinyl Press described Almanac as "a stunning album that draws its power from the strength of its performers, compositions that are melodic but adventurous and a recording that is so good that it qualifies as 'demo' material." He commented: "This is a top flight entry into less straight-ahead jazz that can be enjoyed by those just venturing into deeper jazz waters as well as experienced listeners of post-bop styles."
A reviewer for Gramophone called the music "fine," and stated that the album "explores a musical territory between the Miles Davis band of that time and the sort of music Bley had been making for three or so years."
Track listing
"Almanac" composed by Bennie Maupin. Remaining tracks composed by Mike Nock.
"Specific Gravity One" – 6:22
"Symbiosis" – 5:32
"Emotivations" – 4:10
"Almanac" – 6:13
"Hallucinogen" – 3:42
"Double Split" – 3:45
"J.C. Dudley" – 2:52
Personnel
Mike Nock – piano
Bennie Maupin – flute, tenor saxophone
Cecil McBee – double bass
Eddie Marshall – drums
References
1977 live albums
Bennie Maupin live albums
Cecil McBee live albums
Improvising Artists Records live albums |
Feeler may refer to:
Music
Feeler (Pete Murray album), 2003
Feeler (Marcella Detroit album), 1996
Feeler (Toadies album), 2010
The Feelers, a New Zealand rock band
Other
Antenna (biology)
Feeler fish
Feeler gauge
The Feeler, a 2011 sculpture at Üsküdar University, İstanbul |
The Udaya Film Awards is the most prominent award ceremony for Kannada films presented annually by Udaya TV, a Kannada-language division of the Sun Network, from the south-Indian state of Karnataka. The awards ceremony has been instituted to honour both artistic and technical excellence in the Kannada language film industry. Held since 1998, the ceremony was discontinued for over 6 years and made its comeback in 2006. The sponsors have been made by Knockout and Sun Feast before and currently by Vivel Active.
Best Actor
The Udaya Film Award for Best Male Actor has been awarded since 1998.
Best Actress
The Udaya Film Award for Best Female Actor has been awarded since 1998.
Best Director
The Udaya Film Award for Best Director has been awarded since 1998.
Best Film
The Udaya Film Award for Best Film has been awarded since 1998.
Best Supporting Actor
The Udaya Film Award for Best Supporting Male Actor has been awarded since 2006.
Best Supporting Actress
The Udaya Film Award for Best Supporting Female Actor has been awarded since 1997.
Best Music Director
The Udaya Film Award for Best Music Director has been awarded since 2006.
Best Male Playback Singer
The Udaya Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer has been awarded since 2006.
Best Female Playback Singer
The Udaya Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer has been awarded since 2006.
Best Cinematographer
References
External links
Indian film awards
Kannada cinema
Lifetime achievement awards
1997 establishments in Karnataka
Karnataka awards |
The 2016–17 Toto Cup Al was the 32nd season of the third-important football tournament in Israel since its introduction and the 11th tournament involving Israeli Premier League clubs only.
The competition is held in two stages. First, fourteen Premier League teams were divided into three groups, five teams in groups A and B and four teams in group C, the teams playing against each other once. The best three teams from groups A and B and the best two teams from group C will advance to the quarter-finals, which will be played over two-legged ties. The semi-finals and the final are then played as one-legged matches in a neutral venue.
Hapoel Be'er Sheva won the cup by defeating Hapoel Kiryat Shmona 4–1 in the final.
Group stage
Groups were allocated according to geographic distribution of the clubs, with the northern clubs allocated to Group A (include team from Kfar Saba), In Group B allocated the three teams from Tel Aviv, one team from Petah Tikva and one more team from Ra'anana, the rest of the teams In Group C .
The matches started July 30th.
Group A
Group B
Group C
Knockout rounds
All times are in Israel Standard Time
Quarter-finals
Semi-finals
Final
References
External links
Official website
Al
Toto Cup Al
Toto Cup Al |
Edward Arthur Howsin (26 July 1838 – 27 February 1921) was an English first-class cricketer active 1862–63 who played for Nottinghamshire. He was born in North Muskham; died in Boscombe.
References
1838 births
1921 deaths
English cricketers
Nottinghamshire cricketers
North v South cricketers
Gentlemen of the South cricketers |
```javascript
const assert = require('assert');
const { bucketPut } = require('../../../lib/api/bucketPut');
const bucketPutWebsite = require('../../../lib/api/bucketPutWebsite');
const bucketGetWebsite = require('../../../lib/api/bucketGetWebsite');
const { cleanup,
DummyRequestLogger,
makeAuthInfo }
= require('../helpers');
const log = new DummyRequestLogger();
const authInfo = makeAuthInfo('accessKey1');
const bucketName = 'bucketGetWebsiteTestBucket';
const testBucketPutRequest = {
bucketName,
headers: { host: `${bucketName}.s3.amazonaws.com` },
url: '/',
actionImplicitDenies: false,
};
function _makeWebsiteRequest(xml) {
const request = {
bucketName,
headers: {
host: `${bucketName}.s3.amazonaws.com`,
},
url: '/?website',
query: { website: '' },
actionImplicitDenies: false,
};
if (xml) {
request.post = xml;
}
return request;
}
const testGetWebsiteRequest = _makeWebsiteRequest();
function _comparePutGetXml(sampleXml, done) {
const fullXml = '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ' +
'standalone="yes"?><WebsiteConfiguration ' +
'xmlns="path_to_url">' +
`${sampleXml}</WebsiteConfiguration>`;
const testPutWebsiteRequest = _makeWebsiteRequest(fullXml);
bucketPutWebsite(authInfo, testPutWebsiteRequest, log, err => {
if (err) {
process.stdout.write(`Err putting website config ${err}`);
return done(err);
}
return bucketGetWebsite(authInfo, testGetWebsiteRequest, log,
(err, res) => {
assert.strictEqual(err, null, `Unexpected err ${err}`);
assert.strictEqual(res, fullXml);
done();
});
});
}
describe('getBucketWebsite API', () => {
beforeEach(done => {
cleanup();
bucketPut(authInfo, testBucketPutRequest, log, done);
});
afterEach(() => cleanup());
it('should return same IndexDocument XML as uploaded', done => {
const sampleXml =
'<IndexDocument><Suffix>index.html</Suffix></IndexDocument>';
_comparePutGetXml(sampleXml, done);
});
it('should return same ErrorDocument XML as uploaded', done => {
const sampleXml =
'<IndexDocument><Suffix>index.html</Suffix></IndexDocument>' +
'<ErrorDocument><Key>error.html</Key></ErrorDocument>';
_comparePutGetXml(sampleXml, done);
});
it('should return same RedirectAllRequestsTo as uploaded', done => {
const sampleXml =
'<RedirectAllRequestsTo>' +
'<HostName>test</HostName>' +
'<Protocol>http</Protocol>' +
'</RedirectAllRequestsTo>';
_comparePutGetXml(sampleXml, done);
});
it('should return same RoutingRules as uploaded', done => {
const sampleXml =
'<IndexDocument><Suffix>index.html</Suffix></IndexDocument>' +
'<RoutingRules><RoutingRule>' +
'<Condition><KeyPrefixEquals>docs/</KeyPrefixEquals></Condition>' +
'<Redirect><HostName>test</HostName></Redirect>' +
'</RoutingRule><RoutingRule>' +
'<Condition>' +
'<HttpErrorCodeReturnedEquals>404</HttpErrorCodeReturnedEquals>' +
'</Condition>' +
'<Redirect><HttpRedirectCode>303</HttpRedirectCode></Redirect>' +
'</RoutingRule></RoutingRules>';
_comparePutGetXml(sampleXml, done);
});
});
``` |
This is a list of the six members of the European Parliament for Malta in the 2019 to 2024 session.
List
Party representation
References
Malta
List
2019 |
Cobbtown is a city in Tattnall County, Georgia, United States. The population was 311 at the 2000 census.
History
A variant name was "Corsica". The Georgia General Assembly incorporated the place as the "Town of Cobbtown" in 1905.
Geography
Cobbtown is located at (32.281376, -82.138288).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all of it land.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 311 people, 139 households, and 91 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 178 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 86.82% White, 9.65% African-American, 0.32% Native American, 3.22% from other races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.54% of the population.
There were 139 households, out of which 23.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.2% were married couples living together, 13.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.5% were non-families. 31.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 20.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.24 and the average family size was 2.78.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 21.2% under the age of 18, 7.7% from 18 to 24, 22.2% from 25 to 44, 22.5% from 45 to 64, and 26.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 76.3 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $23,571, and the median income for a family was $31,250. Males had a median income of $25,982 versus $16,875 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,646. About 10.5% of families and 12.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.0% of those under age 18 and 23.1% of those age 65 or over.
On January 7,2021, Randall "King Kernel" Williams was unanimously appointed Mayor of Cobbtown. Other Aliases: Prince of Popcorn, Marquees of Maize, Gong of Grits, Earl of Ears, Squire of Stalks, Heir of Husks, Sultan of Style, Count of Cream, Master of Meal, Pharaoh of Flakes, Knight of Nubbins, Duke of Dazzle, Viscount of Vision, and the Barron of bushels. His inbred sons, Wilhelm Holdcrook and Josef Gaysir have been continuously fighting for the keys to the Kerndom
References
Cities in Georgia (U.S. state)
Cities in Tattnall County, Georgia |
St. Andrew's Episcopal Church is a historic church at 1231 Washington Boulevard in Stamford, Connecticut. Built in 1860 and consecrated on May 8, 1861, Saint Andrew's Church was originally a mission of St. John's Church Stamford until its incorporation as a parish on June 12, 1865. Saint Andrew's was the first free church in the diocese where parishioners did not have to pay a pew rental fee. St. Andrew's was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 as St. Andrew's Protestant Episcopal Church. Its church and parish hall are fine examples of Gothic architecture designed by Henry Hudson Holly.
Current use
St. Andrew's Episcopal Church is an active Anglo-Catholic parish in the Episcopal Diocese of Connecticut. Mass is celebrated on weekdays Monday through Friday according to the Anglican Missal.
Sunday services include a Low Mass followed by a Sung Mass. All services at St. Andrew's Church are celebrated in traditional language, facing eastward. Music for services comes from both The Hymnal 1982 and Lift Every Voice and Sing II: An African American Hymnal.
Clergy
Francis Windsor Brathwaite (1865–1906)
John Dolby Skene (1906–1920)
Harley Wright Smith (1920–1927)
Kenneth Ripley [last name illegible] 1936
Percy Major Binnington (1941–1956)
Richard Johnson (1956–1964)
Norman Catir (1964–1970)
Thomas George Peterson (1970–1974)
Mark Anthony DeWolf (1975–1998)
Richard Alton (2007–2014)
Bartlett W. Gage (2014–current)
See also
St. Andrew's Episcopal Church
National Register of Historic Places listings in Stamford, Connecticut
References
External links
St Andrew's Church, Stamford
Anglo-Catholic church buildings in the United States
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Connecticut
Episcopal church buildings in Connecticut
Churches in Stamford, Connecticut
National Register of Historic Places in Fairfield County, Connecticut |
Wansleben may refer to:
Johann Michael Vansleb (1635–1679), German theologian, linguist and Egypt traveller
Wanzleben, a town in the Börde (district), in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany
Wansleben am See, a German municipality in the Mansfeld-Südharz district
Wansleben, a subcamp of the Buchenwald concentration camp |
Oronero (English: Black Gold) is an album by Italian singer-songwriter Giorgia, released on 28 October 2016 by the record label Michroponica, and distributed by Sony Music. The album contains fifteen tracks, of which ten are co-written by Giorgia, plus numerous collaborations with Italian and international artists. The writers include the Italians Tony Maiello, Daniele Rea and Pacifico, as well as international collaborations with Allan Rich and Jud Friedman, who had written for Whitney Houston.
Track listing
"Oronero" (Emanuel Lo) – 3:32
"Danza" (lyrics: Giorgia; music: Bryce Fox, Pete Napp, Matta Iarad, Felicia Barton) – 3:16
"Scelgo ancora te" (lyrics: Giorgia; music: James Morales, Matthew Morales, Julio David Rodriguez, Jana Ashley) – 3:26
"Credo" (lyrics: Tony Maiello; music: Tony Maiello, Daniele Rea, Domenico Abate, Enrico Palmosi) – 2:56
"Per non pensarti" (lyrics: Giorgia; music: Lucie Silvas, Tommy Lee James, Andrew Dorff) – 3:30
"Vanità" (lyrics: Giorgia; music: Emma Rohan, Jez Ashurst) – 3:02
"Posso farcela" (Giorgia) – 3:16
"Come acrobati" (Emanuel Lo) – 3:13
"Mutevole" (lyrics: Giorgia; music: Alessandro Barocchi, Marco Petriaggi) – 3:43
"Tolto e dato" (Emanuel Lo) – 3:29
"Amore quanto basta" (lyrics: Giorgia; music: Emanuel Lo) – 3:35
"Sempre si cambia" (Gino Pacifico) – 3:34
"Grande maestro" (lyrics: Giorgia; music: Michele Canova Iorfida, Sophie Hintze, Nikki Fiores) – 2:54
"Regina di notte" (lyrics: Giorgia; music: Michele Canova Iorfida, Allan Rich, Jud Friedman, Giorgia) – 2:50
"Non fa niente" (Giorgia) – 2:57
Charts
References
2016 albums
Giorgia (singer) albums |
```c++
/*
========================================================================
Name : pjsuaContainer.cpp
Author : nanang
Description :
========================================================================
*/
// [[[ begin generated region: do not modify [Generated System Includes]
#include <barsread.h>
#include <eikimage.h>
#include <eikenv.h>
#include <stringloader.h>
#include <eiklabel.h>
#include <aknviewappui.h>
#include <eikappui.h>
#include <akniconutils.h>
#include <pjsua.mbg>
#include <pjsua.rsg>
// ]]] end generated region [Generated System Includes]
// [[[ begin generated region: do not modify [Generated User Includes]
#include "pjsuaContainer.h"
#include "pjsuaContainerView.h"
#include "pjsua.hrh"
// ]]] end generated region [Generated User Includes]
#include <eikmenub.h>
// [[[ begin generated region: do not modify [Generated Constants]
_LIT( KpjsuaFile, "\\resource\\apps\\pjsua.mbm" );
// ]]] end generated region [Generated Constants]
/**
* First phase of Symbian two-phase construction. Should not
* contain any code that could leave.
*/
CPjsuaContainer::CPjsuaContainer()
{
// [[[ begin generated region: do not modify [Generated Contents]
iImage1 = NULL;
iLabel1 = NULL;
// ]]] end generated region [Generated Contents]
}
/**
* Destroy child controls.
*/
CPjsuaContainer::~CPjsuaContainer()
{
// [[[ begin generated region: do not modify [Generated Contents]
delete iImage1;
iImage1 = NULL;
delete iLabel1;
iLabel1 = NULL;
// ]]] end generated region [Generated Contents]
}
/**
* Construct the control (first phase).
* Creates an instance and initializes it.
* Instance is not left on cleanup stack.
* @param aRect bounding rectangle
* @param aParent owning parent, or NULL
* @param aCommandObserver command observer
* @return initialized instance of CPjsuaContainer
*/
CPjsuaContainer* CPjsuaContainer::NewL(
const TRect& aRect,
const CCoeControl* aParent,
MEikCommandObserver* aCommandObserver )
{
CPjsuaContainer* self = CPjsuaContainer::NewLC(
aRect,
aParent,
aCommandObserver );
CleanupStack::Pop( self );
return self;
}
/**
* Construct the control (first phase).
* Creates an instance and initializes it.
* Instance is left on cleanup stack.
* @param aRect The rectangle for this window
* @param aParent owning parent, or NULL
* @param aCommandObserver command observer
* @return new instance of CPjsuaContainer
*/
CPjsuaContainer* CPjsuaContainer::NewLC(
const TRect& aRect,
const CCoeControl* aParent,
MEikCommandObserver* aCommandObserver )
{
CPjsuaContainer* self = new ( ELeave ) CPjsuaContainer();
CleanupStack::PushL( self );
self->ConstructL( aRect, aParent, aCommandObserver );
return self;
}
/**
* Construct the control (second phase).
* Creates a window to contain the controls and activates it.
* @param aRect bounding rectangle
* @param aCommandObserver command observer
* @param aParent owning parent, or NULL
*/
void CPjsuaContainer::ConstructL(
const TRect& aRect,
const CCoeControl* aParent,
MEikCommandObserver* aCommandObserver )
{
if ( aParent == NULL )
{
CreateWindowL();
}
else
{
SetContainerWindowL( *aParent );
}
iFocusControl = NULL;
iCommandObserver = aCommandObserver;
InitializeControlsL();
SetRect( aRect );
// Full screen
SetExtentToWholeScreen();
// Set label color
//iLabel1->OverrideColorL( EColorLabelText, KRgbWhite );
//iLabel1->OverrideColorL(EColorControlBackground, KRgbBlack )
iLabel1->SetEmphasis( CEikLabel::EFullEmphasis);
iLabel1->OverrideColorL( EColorLabelHighlightFullEmphasis, KRgbBlack );
iLabel1->OverrideColorL( EColorLabelTextEmphasis, KRgbWhite );
// Set label font
CFont* fontUsed;
_LIT(f,"Arial");
TFontSpec* fontSpec = new TFontSpec(f, 105);
TFontStyle* fontStyle = new TFontStyle();
fontStyle->SetPosture(EPostureUpright);
fontStyle->SetStrokeWeight(EStrokeWeightNormal);
fontSpec->iFontStyle = *fontStyle;
fontUsed = iCoeEnv->CreateScreenFontL(*fontSpec);
iLabel1->SetFont(fontUsed);
iLabel1->SetAlignment( EHCenterVCenter );
ActivateL();
// [[[ begin generated region: do not modify [Post-ActivateL initializations]
// ]]] end generated region [Post-ActivateL initializations]
}
/**
* Return the number of controls in the container (override)
* @return count
*/
TInt CPjsuaContainer::CountComponentControls() const
{
return ( int ) ELastControl;
}
/**
* Get the control with the given index (override)
* @param aIndex Control index [0...n) (limited by #CountComponentControls)
* @return Pointer to control
*/
CCoeControl* CPjsuaContainer::ComponentControl( TInt aIndex ) const
{
// [[[ begin generated region: do not modify [Generated Contents]
switch ( aIndex )
{
case EImage1:
return iImage1;
case ELabel1:
return iLabel1;
}
// ]]] end generated region [Generated Contents]
// handle any user controls here...
return NULL;
}
/**
* Handle resizing of the container. This implementation will lay out
* full-sized controls like list boxes for any screen size, and will layout
* labels, editors, etc. to the size they were given in the UI designer.
* This code will need to be modified to adjust arbitrary controls to
* any screen size.
*/
void CPjsuaContainer::SizeChanged()
{
CCoeControl::SizeChanged();
LayoutControls();
// Align the image
int x = (Size().iWidth - iImage1->Size().iWidth) / 2;
int y = (Size().iHeight - iImage1->Size().iHeight) / 2;
iImage1->SetPosition(TPoint(x, y));
// Align the label
iLabel1->SetExtent(TPoint(0, Size().iHeight - iLabel1->Size().iHeight),
TSize(Size().iWidth, iLabel1->Size().iHeight));
// [[[ begin generated region: do not modify [Generated Contents]
// ]]] end generated region [Generated Contents]
}
// [[[ begin generated function: do not modify
/**
* Layout components as specified in the UI Designer
*/
void CPjsuaContainer::LayoutControls()
{
iImage1->SetExtent( TPoint( 0, 0 ), TSize( 99, 111 ) );
iLabel1->SetExtent( TPoint( 0, 196 ), TSize( 241, 27 ) );
}
// ]]] end generated function
/**
* Handle key events.
*/
TKeyResponse CPjsuaContainer::OfferKeyEventL(
const TKeyEvent& aKeyEvent,
TEventCode aType )
{
// [[[ begin generated region: do not modify [Generated Contents]
// ]]] end generated region [Generated Contents]
if ( iFocusControl != NULL
&& iFocusControl->OfferKeyEventL( aKeyEvent, aType ) == EKeyWasConsumed )
{
return EKeyWasConsumed;
}
return CCoeControl::OfferKeyEventL( aKeyEvent, aType );
}
// [[[ begin generated function: do not modify
/**
* Initialize each control upon creation.
*/
void CPjsuaContainer::InitializeControlsL()
{
iImage1 = new ( ELeave ) CEikImage;
{
CFbsBitmap *bitmap, *mask;
AknIconUtils::CreateIconL( bitmap, mask,
KpjsuaFile, EMbmPjsuaPjsua, -1 );
AknIconUtils::SetSize( bitmap, TSize( 99, 111 ), EAspectRatioPreserved );
iImage1->SetPicture( bitmap );
}
iImage1->SetAlignment( EHCenterVTop );
iLabel1 = new ( ELeave ) CEikLabel;
iLabel1->SetContainerWindowL( *this );
{
TResourceReader reader;
iEikonEnv->CreateResourceReaderLC( reader, R_PJSUA_CONTAINER_LABEL1 );
iLabel1->ConstructFromResourceL( reader );
CleanupStack::PopAndDestroy(); // reader internal state
}
}
// ]]] end generated function
/**
* Handle global resource changes, such as scalable UI or skin events (override)
*/
void CPjsuaContainer::HandleResourceChange( TInt aType )
{
CCoeControl::HandleResourceChange( aType );
SetRect( iAvkonViewAppUi->View( TUid::Uid( EPjsuaContainerViewId ) )->ClientRect() );
// [[[ begin generated region: do not modify [Generated Contents]
// ]]] end generated region [Generated Contents]
}
/**
* Draw container contents.
*/
void CPjsuaContainer::Draw( const TRect& aRect ) const
{
// [[[ begin generated region: do not modify [Generated Contents]
CWindowGc& gc = SystemGc();
gc.SetPenStyle( CGraphicsContext::ENullPen );
TRgb backColor( 0,0,0 );
gc.SetBrushColor( backColor );
gc.SetBrushStyle( CGraphicsContext::ESolidBrush );
gc.DrawRect( aRect );
// ]]] end generated region [Generated Contents]
}
void CPjsuaContainer::PutMessageL( const char * msg )
{
if (!iLabel1)
return;
TPtrC8 ptr(reinterpret_cast<const TUint8*>(msg));
HBufC* buffer = HBufC::NewLC(ptr.Length());
buffer->Des().Copy(ptr);
iLabel1->SetTextL(*buffer);
iLabel1->DrawNow();
CleanupStack::PopAndDestroy(buffer);
}
``` |
Engler is a surname of German origin. Notable people named Engler include:
Adolf Engler (1844–1930), German botanist
Bernd Engler (born 1954), German Anglicist, president of the University of Tübingen
Chris Engler (born 1959), American basketball player
Claire Engler (born 2001), American actress
Daniel Engler (born 1977), American wrestling referee
Hartmut Engler (born 1961), German singer, musician group Pur
Henry Engler (born 1946), Uruguayan neuroscientist
John Engler (born 1948), American politician and businessman, Governor of Michigan
Karl Engler (1842–1925), German chemist, academic and politician
Kevin P. Engler (born 1959), American politician
Michael Engler, American television director
Robert Engler (1922–2007), American political scientist
Selli Engler (1899–1972), German journalist
Steven Engler (born 1962), Canadian religion scholar
Steven Engler (Minnesota politician) (born 1949), American farmer and politician
Tina Engler (born 1972), American author
Yves Engler (born 1979), Canadian political activist
German-language surnames
Ethnonymic surnames |
Podboč () is a small village in the Municipality of Poljčane in northeastern Slovenia. It lies on the right bank of the Dravinja River, below the northern slopes of Mount Boč. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. It is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Drava Statistical Region.
References
External links
Podboč on Geopedia
Populated places in the Municipality of Poljčane |
The World Para Nordic Skiing Championships, known before 30 November 2016 as the IPC Biathlon and Cross-Country Skiing World Championships, along with the Winter Paralympic Games, are the most prestigious level of international competition in Paralympic nordic skiing.
On 30 November 2016, the International Paralympic Committee, which serves as the international federation for 10 disability sports, including Nordic skiing, adopted the "World Para" brand for all 10 sports. The world championship events in all of these sports were immediately rebranded as "World Para" championships.
Championships
See also
Biathlon at the Winter Paralympics
Cross-country skiing at the Winter Paralympics
Biathlon World Championships
FIS Nordic World Ski Championships
References
External links
World Para Nordic Skiing
Para
Para
Para
Para biathlon
Nordic Skiing
Recurring sporting events established in 1974 |
James Keane (born September 26, 1952) is an American film and television actor. He is known for playing the role of Willis Thomas Bell in the American drama television series The Paper Chase.
Early life and education
Keane was born in Buffalo, New York. He graduated from the American Academy of Dramatic Arts.
Career
Keane began his career in 1975, appearing in the film Three Days of the Condor playing a store clerk. Between acting jobs, he was an elevator operator at the Sherry-Netherland hotel in New York, where he met film director, Francis Ford Coppola. Keane thought that he might get a role in The Godfather Part II until he realized that shooting was to be in Sicily.
In 1978 Keane joined the cast of the new CBS drama television series The Paper Chase as the law student Willis Thomas Bell. He also appeared in the 1979 film Apocalypse Now, and was hired to overdub some of Marlon Brando’s lines in the television miniseries of The Godfather. Keane appeared in the 1982 film 48 Hrs. (as Detective Van Zant, and the 1990 film Dick Tracy as Dick Tracy's second-in-command Pat Patton.
Filmography
Film
Television
References
External links
Rotten Tomatoes profile
1952 births
Living people
Actors from Buffalo, New York
Male actors from New York (state)
American male film actors
American male television actors
American male voice actors
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
American Academy of Dramatic Arts alumni
Harvard Law School alumni |
The Caixa Económica de Cabo Verde is a Cape Verdean commercial bank. Its headquarters are at Avenida Cidade de Lisboa in Praia. It was established in 1928 as Caixa Económica Postal. In 1985 it was transformed into an autonomous financial institution named Caixa Económica de Cabo Verde. In 1993 it became a limited liability company.
See also
List of companies in Cape Verde
References
External links
Caixa Económica de Cabo Verde's Official website
Banks of Cape Verde
Companies based in Praia
1920s establishments in Cape Verde |
Papel Pampa is a town in the La Paz Department, Bolivia.
References
Instituto Nacional de Estadistica de Bolivia
Populated places in La Paz Department (Bolivia) |
Tire Kingdom is a large American tire store chain located primarily in the southern part of the United States. In 2000, it became a subsidiary of TBC Corporation.
Background
Tire Kingdom was founded by Chuck Curcio in Florida in 1972, starting with a location in a farmer's market in West Palm Beach, Florida. Business grew rapidly and the organization started opening stores throughout Florida and by the late 1980s had expanded through most major markets in the State, with 34 locations by 1984, and 67 locations by late 1988. Curcio became well known for his irreverent late night parties, usually featuring him in outlandish costumes such as Crocket from Miami Vice. In subsequent years the company expanded to Georgia, Louisiana, Vermont, Ohio, New Hampshire, the Carolinas, and the United States Virgin Islands.
Acquisition by Michelin Group
Curcio sold Tire Kingdom to the Michelin group in a deal that closed in early 1989. In 1993, an investment group headed by Goldman Sachs took control, with Curcio returning as part of the team. Curcio stepped down in 1996, and TBC Corporation purchased the company in the middle of 2000 for a reported $45 million. TBC Corporation also owns the Big O Tires, National Tire & Battery, and Merchant Tire chains, each of which have separate branding and generally separate territories.
On April 3, 2015, TBC Corporation announced that all Tire Kingdom locations outside of Florida would be rebranded under the National Tire & Battery brand.
On May 22, 2023 TBC announced the sale of all remaining Tire Kingdom and NTB company owned locations to Mavis Discount Tire
References
External links
TBC Corporation
American companies established in 1972
Retail companies established in 1972
Automotive part retailers of the United States
Automotive repair shops of the United States
2000 mergers and acquisitions
Companies based in Palm Beach County, Florida
1972 establishments in Florida |
UB-145 was a German Type UB III submarine or U-boat built for the German Imperial Navy () during World War I. Incomplete at the end of the war, she was surrendered to the Allies at Harwich on 27 March 1919, and then taken to Chatham Dockyard as a potential subject for experimental work, but was never so-employed. She was sold to M. Lynch & Sons on 22 July 1920 for £2,000, and towed to Rochester, Kent. After being stripped of any reusable material, the hulk was dumped in shallow water in the Medway estuary, along with those of UB-144 and UB-150. The remains of all three - partly broken up in-situ during 1939–45, with one significantly better preserved than the other two - remain visible, but it is unclear which wreck is which.
Construction
She was built by AG Weser of Bremen and following just under a year of construction, launched at Kiel in October 1918. UB-145 carried 10 torpedoes and was armed with a deck gun. UB-145 would have carried a crew of up to 3 officer and 31 men and had a cruising range of . UB-145 had a displacement of while surfaced and when submerged. Her engines would have enabled her to travel at when surfaced and when submerged.
References
Notes
Citations
Bibliography
German Type UB III submarines
World War I submarines of Germany
1918 ships
Ships built in Bremen (state) |
The Welsh Language Society (, also often abbreviated to Cymdeithas yr Iaith or just Cymdeithas in English) is a direct action pressure group in Wales campaigning for the right of Welsh people to use the Welsh language in every aspect of their lives. The chair of the Welsh Language Society since October 2023 is Joseff Gnagbo.
History
1960s
The Society was established in name on 4 August 1962 at Pontarddulais in South Wales, but did not have a constitution until 18 May 1963. The formation was at least partly inspired by the annual BBC Wales Radio Lecture given on 13 February 1962 by Saunders Lewis and entitled Tynged yr iaith (The fate of the language). Historian John Davies has said that the lecture was "the catalyst" for the formation of the Welsh Language Society, and the start of a period of direct-action agitation to enhance the status of the Welsh language. Its direct effect on the formation of the Society is described in a history of that society.
The Society's first public protest took place in February 1963 in Aberystwyth town centre, where members pasted posters on the post office in an attempt to be arrested and go to trial. When it became apparent that they would not be arrested for the posters, they then moved to Pont Trefechan in Aberystwyth, where around seventy members and supporters held a sit-in blocking road traffic for half an hour.
The first campaigns were for official status for the language, with a call for Welsh-language tax returns, schools, electoral forms, post office signs, birth certificates and so on. This was done through the formation of 'cells', the first operating in Bangor in April 1963 by Owain Owain who also founded and edited the Society's only publication, Tafod y Ddraig ('The Dragon's Tongue') and designed the logo.
In 1968 a sit-in was held at the news and television studio and the newsroom department of the BBC at Broadway, Cardiff, by members of the Society. The sit-in was calling for the BBC to use more Welsh.
1970s and 1980s
The society believes in direct action, and in the course of its campaigns over a thousand people have appeared before the courts for their part in various campaigns, many receiving prison sentences, making it Britain's largest protest group since the suffragettes – in terms of fines and the numbers sent to prison. Typical actions include painting slogans on buildings owned by businesses, and other minor criminal damage.
At the beginning of the 1970s, the society began to campaign for a Welsh-language radio and television service. Radio Cymru was established in 1977, but in 1979 the Conservative government under Margaret Thatcher announced that it would not keep its election promise to establish a separate Welsh-language television channel. Some protesters refused to buy television licences and others climbed up television masts and invaded television studios.
There was much damage to radio and television transmitters:
Blaenplwyf transmitter was damaged on Monday 7 February 1977, costing £25,000, Dyfed–Powys Police arrested the leader at his home at Cenarth; there was another break-in on Monday 19 November 1979, which included John Rowlands and Geraint H. Jenkins
Waltham was turned off from 10pm on Thursday 2 November 1978; the group had broken into The Wrekin on the same night, but had turned off the wrong switch
Midhurst was damaged on Thursday 8 February 1979, BBC1 restored by Friday but BBC2 took three more days; it caused £15,700 of damage; 23 year old Hywel Pennar, a student at St David's Lampeter, was jailed for 9 months; he was the son of Pennar Davies, the Principal from 1959–79 of Swansea Theological College
Sudbury in Suffolk was damaged on Thursday 15 March 1979 with £20,000 of damage
The government reversed its position and a Welsh-language TV channel, S4C, was launched in 1982.
2000s
On 24 July 2004 (five weeks after launching), Radio Carmarthenshire's studios in Narberth were invaded by eleven activists from the Welsh Language Society. They were protesting against Radio Carmarthenshire's decision to limit the amount of its Welsh-language programming. The offices and studios were stormed during a live broadcast, taking Radio Carmarthenshire and Pembrokeshire off-air for fifteen minutes. According to Keri Jones (who later branded the members of the group as "terrorists"), his head of sales was injured, and needed hospital treatment for a fractured wrist sustained during the scuffles which ensued. Police arrested eleven activists, and subsequently released them pending further enquiries. The chair of the movement Steffan Cravos was later found not guilty of causing grievous bodily harm.
The society claimed that 50% of the population in Carmarthenshire speak Welsh as a first language, but less than 5% of Radio Carmarthenshire's output was in Welsh. As a result of complaints and pressure from the society and individuals, the United Kingdom's broadcasting watchdog Ofcom issued Radio Carmarthenshire with a 'yellow card' warning in late 2004; any further claims of the station not conforming to its licence agreement would result in the station being severely reprimanded by Ofcom.
Response to the 2011 Census results
Following the 2011 Census results, the group held a series of rallies across Wales. In the first rally in in December 2012, the group published its (Living Manifesto) which outlined tens of policies designed to strengthen the language. The society launched the "" (I want to live in Welsh) slogan at the same rally.
On 6 February 2013 and 4 July 2013, deputations of the society met First Minister Carwyn Jones to press for urgent policy changes in light of the Census results.
A revised version of the was published in July 2013, following a public consultation and an extraordinary general meeting when a number of amendments to the manifesto were adopted.
In August 2013, the group wrote to the First Minister Carwyn Jones, giving him six months to state his intention to deliver six policy changes for the benefit of the language:
(Welsh-medium Education for All)
(Financial Fairness for the Welsh language)
(Internal Government in Welsh)
(Language Standards to Create Clear Rights)
(A Planning System for the benefit of our Communities)
(Welsh as central to Sustainable Development)
Carwyn Jones had made no such statement of intent by 1 February 2014, and the group started a direct action campaign and held a series of protests across the country.
Ongoing campaigns
In 2015, the society began calling for Welsh medium education to be extended to every school pupil in Wales, to 'give them the ability to communicate and work' in the language. This call was supported by the linguist David Crystal and academic Christine James. These calls include a call for an Education Act for Welsh language education for all.
Sustainable communities; a property act to help tackle the housing crisis and second home issue.
The devolution of broadcasting to Wales.
Successful campaigns
According to the language group's website, its campaigns have contributed to securing the following policy changes for the language:
1960s – Bilingual road signs
1970s – Welsh-language television channel campaign and establishment of S4C, the world's only Welsh-language television channel, in 1982.
1993 – Welsh Language Act 1993 enacted, requiring public bodies to offer limited Welsh-language services
2000s – Campaign for new Welsh Language Act and official status for the language under the Welsh Language (Wales) Measure 2011
2011 – Welsh-medium higher education college, , established
Campaign areas
The principal campaigns can be divided into four major areas:
(Rights to the Welsh language)
At the beginning of the 21st century, the society started a campaign for a new Welsh Language Act. The Welsh Language Act 1993 declared that Welsh should be treated on an equal basis with English, but the society argued that this fell short of what is needed.
In 2007, the society published its own Welsh Language Measure, draft legislation which would amongst other things establish official status for the Welsh language and rights to use it, and establish the office of the Welsh Language Commissioner.
In 2011, based in large part on the society's proposals, the National Assembly for Wales passed the Welsh Language (Wales) Measure 2011, which established the Welsh language as an official language of Wales, and introduced the Welsh Language Commissioner.
(Sustainable Communities)
This group leads on a number of matters, including housing and planning policy. Since the 1980s the group has called for a Property Act to increase the number of communities where Welsh is the main language of the area as well as tackling income inequality and environmental problems.
On 11 March 2014, the group published its own draft "Property and Planning Bill for the benefit of our communities (Wales) 2014" which would enshrine the six main principles of its proposal for a Property Act as well as establishing the Welsh language as a statutory material consideration in the planning system.
(Digital Future)
This group campaigns for rights to see and hear the language. This includes campaigns for investment in and S4C, as well as the presence of the Welsh language online.
(Education Group)
Welsh medium education is available in most areas of Wales in the primary and secondary stages of school education. Welsh second-language GCSEs are compulsory in English medium education. This group demands improvements and also massive expansion in further (college) and higher (university) education. This mainly includes a Welsh language federal college, which would be a multi-sited college that provides courses and resources in the medium of Welsh.
Current volunteers and staff
Current board of movement-
Chair- Robat Idris
Vice-chairperson of campaigns- Ifan Jones
Vice-chairperson of communication- Osian Rhys
Vice-chairperson of administrative duties- Mai Roberts
Treasurer- Danny Grehan
Officer of raising money and Membership- Bethan Ruth
Officer of commercial and goods- Mirain Owen
Officer of Digital- Llinos Anwyl
Officer of design- Carwyn Hedd
Editor of Y Tafod- Mared Llywelyn Williams
Officer of learners – Heledd Owen
International deputy- Joseff Gnagbo
Chair of education- Mabli Siriol
Vice-chairperson of education-
Chair of the Sustainable Communities Group- Jeff Smith
Vice-chairperson of the Sustainable Communities Group-
Chair of the Digital Futures Group- Carl Morris
Vice-chairperson of the Digital Futures Group- Mirain Owen
Chair of Right to the Welsh Language – Aled Powell
Vice-chairperson of Right to the Welsh Language
Chair of Health and Well Being Group- Gwerfyl Roberts
The society is a largely voluntary movement, which also employs five full-time members of staff, one at its head office in Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, one in its Caernarfon office, two in its Cardiff office and one in the Llanfihangel-ar-Arth office.
List of chairpersons
1962–1963 – Tedi Millward and John Davies (secretaries)
1963–1965 – John Daniel
1965–1966 – Cynog Dafis
1966–1967 – Emyr Llywelyn first and then Gareth Miles
1967–1968 – Gareth Miles
1968–1971 – Dafydd Iwan
1971–1973 – Gronw ab Islwyn
1973–1974 – Emyr Hywel
1974–1975 – Ffred Ffransis
1975–1977 – Wynfford James
1977–1979 – Rhodri Williams
1979–1981 – Wayne Williams
1981–1982 – Meri Huws
1982–1984 – Angharad Tomos
1984–1985 – Karl Davies
1985–1987 – Toni Schiavone
1987–1989 – Helen Prosser
1989–1990 – Sian Howys
1990–1993 – Alun Llwyd
1993–1994 – Aled Davies
1994–1996 – Rocet Arwel Jones
1996–1998 – Gareth Kiff
1998–1999 – Branwen Niclas
1999–2001 –
2001–2002 – Branwen Brian Evans and Aled Davies (co-chairs)
2002–2004 – Huw Lewis
2004–2006 – Steffan Cravos
2006–2007 – Steffan Cravos
2007–2008 – Hywel Griffiths
2008–2010 – Menna Machreth
2010–2013 – Bethan Williams
2013–2014 – Robin Farrar
2014–2016 – Jamie Bevan
2016–2018 – Heledd Gwyndaf
2018–2019 – Osian Rhys
2019–2020 – Bethan Ruth
2020–2022 – Mabli Siriol
2022–2023 – Robat Idris
present – Joseff Gnagbo
Notable members, former members and supporters
John Davies
Tedi Millward
Gareth Miles
Meic Stephens
Owain Owain
Emyr Llewelyn
Ned Thomas
Meredydd Evans
Pennar Davies
Eirian Llwyd
R. Tudur Jones
Bobi Jones
Ffred Ffransis
Meinir Ffransis
Meirion Pennar
Meri Huws
Steve Eaves
Bryn Fôn
Steffan Cravos
Gwenno Teifi
Jamie Bevan
See also
List of movements in Wales
Barn (Welsh magazine)
, an equivalent campaign in Scotland, founded in 1981
Dyfodol I'r Iaith
Golwg
Records of the Welsh Language Society at the National Library of Wales
Further reading
Dafydd Iwan and Arfon Gwylim interviewed by Rob Gibson, in Burnett, Ray (ed.), Calgacus 3, Spring 1976, pp. 18 – 21,
References
External links
Cymdeithas yr Iaith website
Cymdeithas yr Iaith website
Documents on the founding of the Society
Welsh nationalism
Society
Political advocacy groups in Wales
Organizations established in 1962
1962 establishments in Wales
Celtic language advocacy organizations
Campaigns and movements in Wales |
The Maritime Academy of Music (MAM) was a Canadian music conservatory in Halifax, Nova Scotia that offered courses in higher education in music during the first half of the 20th century. The school's primarary facilities were located on Henry Street, but it also utilized other buildings in various parts of the city. In addition to courses in music, the school also offered classes in ballet and Scottish highland dance. The school worked in partnership with Dalhousie University through which the academy granted 2 year licentiate diplomas and 4 year Bachelor of Music degrees.
History
The MAM was founded in 1934 by organist and conductor Harry Dean who was the school's sole director. Dean had been the director of the Halifax Conservatory of Music (HCM) since 1906. He left the HCM after a disagreement with that school's board of directors, taking many of their students and faculty to start the MAM. Under his leadership the school grew to be the biggest music school in Halifax, with more than 1000 pupils. In 1935, Canada's first courses in the psychology of music were taught there by Cyril O'Brien.
In 1954 the HCM bought the assets of the MAM and the two schools merged to form the Maritime Conservatory of Music (now Maritime Conservatory of Performing Arts).
References
Educational institutions established in 1934
Educational institutions disestablished in 1954
Music schools in Canada
Schools in Halifax, Nova Scotia
1934 establishments in Nova Scotia
1954 disestablishments in Nova Scotia |
Butterley is a village in the English county of Derbyshire near to Ripley. The area is dominated by the now disused site of the Butterley Company and the Butterley Reservoir. It is the headquarters of the Midland Railway – Butterley, located at the site of the Butterley Railway Station.
The B6179 travels through the village with Swanwick to the north and Ripley to the south. The A610 Ripley Bypass passes through the area.
The Derbyshire Constabulary and Derbyshire Fire and Rescue Service headquarters are located at Butterley Hall.
Notable residents
Sir James Outram, hero of the Indian Mutiny, was born at Butterley Hall in 1803.
Harry Storer Sr., goalkeeper for Arsenal F.C. and Liverpool F.C., was born here in 1870.
William Storer, professional cricketer for Derbyshire, was born here in 1867.
See also
Butterley Company
Butterley Hall
Butterley Tunnel
Listed buildings in Ripley, Derbyshire
Butterley Reservoir
References
External links
Villages in Derbyshire
Geography of Amber Valley |
Ferenc Mayer (born 7 January 1908 at Nagyvarad, Romania, died November 9, 2000 at Hattenville, Normandy, France ), also known as François Mayer or Ferenc Mayer, was a Hungarian footballer who played as goalkeeper.
Career
Mayer played in Ligue 1 with Cercle Athlétique de Paris from 1932 to 1934. He took penalties for the club. He then played two seasons at Stade Malherbe de Caen. Later, while at Racing Club de Strasbourg, he took part in the final of the 1936-1937 Coupe de France.
He also played for the Hungary national football team (amateur team).
Between 1944 and 1946, he was the coach of Stade Malherbe de Caen.
Notes and references
External links
1908 births
2000 deaths
Hungarian men's footballers
CA Paris-Charenton players
Stade Malherbe Caen players
RC Strasbourg Alsace players
Hungarian football managers
Stade Malherbe Caen managers
Hungarian people of German descent
Men's association football goalkeepers
Naturalized citizens of France |
A whole note (American) or semibreve (British) in musical notation is a single note equivalent to or lasting as long as two half notes or four quarter notes.
Description
The whole note or semibreve has a note head in the shape of a hollow oval—like a half note (or minim)—but with no note stem (see Figure 1). Since it is equal to four quarter notes, it occupies the entire length of a measure in time.
Other notes are multiples or fractions of the whole note. For example, a double whole note (or breve) lasts twice the duration of the whole note, a half note lasts one half the duration, and a quarter note (or crotchet) lasts one quarter the duration.
A related symbol is the whole rest (or semibreve rest), which signifies a rest for the duration of a whole note. Whole rests are drawn as filled-in rectangles generally hanging under the second line from the top of a musical staff, though they may occasionally be put under a different line (or ledger line) in more complicated polyphonic passages, or when two instruments or vocalists are written on one staff.
The whole note may also be used to denote a whole measure in music of free rhythm, such as Anglican chant, irrespective of the time of the measure.
History
The whole note symbol is first found in music notation from the late thirteenth century . It derives from the round, stemless of mensural notation, hence the origin of the British name.
Nomenclature
The British term is taken from Italian semibreve, itself built upon Latin semi- "half" and brevis "short." The American whole note is a calque of the German . Some languages derive the name of the note from its round shape, such as Catalan rodona, French ronde, and Spanish redonda. The Greek name means "whole". The Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese names mean "whole note".
See also
List of musical symbols
References
Note values |
HMS Chippawa, or Chippeway (slang var.), was the mercantile schooner Chippawa, built and launched in 1810. The British brought her into service as HM Schooner Chippawa, sometimes recorded as Chippeway.
The United States later captured her at the Battle of Lake Erie, and brought her into service, as USS Chippewa. A storm drove her aground in October 1813, where a British force burned her in December.
Career
The small merchant schooner Chippawa, built in Chippawa, Ontario, Canada, in 1810, was under the command of her builder Captain Anderson Martin or perhaps his brother Capt. Budd Martin, and trading on the Great Lakes. At the outbreak of the War of 1812 she was ferrying supplies and furs. The British initially armed Chippawa with two guns, and brought her into the Provincial Marine under the command of Lieutenant Rollette. During the one-month armistice in August 1812, Chippawa carried General Isaac Brock on Lake Erie.
She was armed with only one gun and under the command of Master's Mate J. Campbell when on 10 September 1813 the American sloop captured her during the Battle of Lake Erie. The Americans concentrated their fire on the larger British vessels and Chippawa came under fire when she went to help them. The Americans then captured her and Little Belt while they were trying to escape. Her only casualty was Campbell, who was slightly wounded in the action.
The Americans took her into service as USS Chippewa, under the command of Acting Midshipman Robert S. Tatem. She then carried the baggage of the 27th and 28th regiments of Infantry from Put-in-Bay, Ohio.
Fate
A storm on 12 October drove Chippewa ashore near Buffalo. A later storm on 25–26 October drove Little Belt, Trippe, and ashore too at Buffalo. All efforts to refloat them failed, and on 30 December the British landing party that captured the Navy yard at Black Rock, New York (now a neighborhood of Buffalo), burned them during the Battle of Buffalo.
Notes
Citations
References
DANFS - Chippewa (I):
Mansfield, John Brandt (1899) History of the Great lakes .... (J. H. Beers & co.) {note; Mansfield errs in several details about the schooner 'Chippawa'.}
Mills, James Cooke (1913) Oliver Hazard Perry and the battle of Lake Erie. (J. Phelps).
Slocum, Charles Elihu (1905) History of the Maumee River basin from the earliest account to its organization into counties. (Published by the author).
Schooners of the Royal Navy
War of 1812 ships of the United Kingdom
Ships built in Ontario
1810 ships
Vessels captured by the United States Navy
Schooners of the United States Navy
Great Lakes ships
Provincial Marine
War of 1812 ships of the United States |
Mathematicians in Love is a science fiction novel by American writer Rudy Rucker.
Plot summary
Bela and Paul are working towards their Ph.Ds under the direction of a mad math genius named Roland Haut, they invent a para-computer called "GoBubble" that predicts the future. They are both involved in a love triangle with Alma.
Reception
Publishers Weekly in their review said that "Rucker cleverly pulls off a romantic comedy about mathematicians in love" and that "While most of the mathematical flights may stun hapless mathophobes, Rucker's wild characters, off-the-wall situations and wicked political riffs prove that writing SF spoofs, like Bela's rock music avocation, "beats the hell out of publishing a math paper." Carl Hays in his review for Booklist said that "in a riotously twisting plot, complete with hypertunnels, alien shellfish from a parallel universe, and an improbable resolution to the threesome’s romantic dilemma, Rucker pulls out all the stops for one of his most entertaining yarns to date."
References
External links
Rudy Rucker's notes
2006 American novels
2006 science fiction novels
Novels by Rudy Rucker
American romance novels
Tor Books books |
The St. Francis Xavier Cathedral also called Agartala Cathedral Is a Church that serves as the episcopal seat of the diocese of Agartala which is located in the city of Agartala in the state of Tripura in the north part of the Asian country of India.
Initiated in October 2010, with a plan that consisted of a planned construction for three years, which was completed two years later, in September of the year 2015, partly due to the special characteristics to resist earthquakes which involved additional work in the construction of the foundations. The church was officially blessed and dedicated by Cardinal Patrick D'Rozario in April 2017.
The church is contemporary in style influenced by local forms, especially on the deck
The interior of the church is a nave with side aisles and balconies at the top and an apse at the end of the nave in which the main altar is located. Behind the apse is the sacristy.
See also
Roman Catholicism in India
References
Roman Catholic cathedrals in India
Churches in Agartala
Roman Catholic churches completed in 2015 |
"Renegades of Funk" is a song written by Afrika Bambaataa, Arthur Baker, John Miller & John Robie and recorded by Afrika Bambaataa & Soulsonic Force. Released in 1983 as a single on the Tommy Boy label, it was also included on the 1986 album Planet Rock: The Album. The song is an eclectic fusion of electronic music and heavy percussion, with politically fused hip hop lyrics that draw a connection between past revolutionaries and bohemians to present-day street artists. It was produced and mixed by Arthur Baker and John Robie. Mastering was by Herb Powers Jr..
The song was used by the Toronto Raptors as its entrance song during home games in 2006. It is also featured as a track on the radio in the video game Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Stories. In 1985, the song was used in "The Maze", an episode in the first season of the television police drama Miami Vice. It was remade by Rage Against the Machine and released as a single in 2001. "Weird Al" Yankovic included Rage Against the Machine's version in his polka medley "Angry White Boy Polka" from his 2003 album Poodle Hat.
Track listing
Artist - Afrika Bambaataa & Soul Sonic Force
12" Single (1983) – Tommy Boy (TB 839)
A1 - "Renegades Of Funk" (Vocal) – 6:44
A2 - "Renegades Chant" - 7:40
B1 - "Renegades Of Funk" (Instrumental) – 6:20
CD Maxi-Single (1993) – Tommy Boy (TBCD 839)
1 - "Renegades Of Funk" (Vocal) – 6:44
2 - "Renegades Chant" - 7:40
3 - "Renegades Of Funk" (Instrumental) – 6:20
Rage Against the Machine cover
In 2000, American rock band Rage Against the Machine recorded the song for their cover album Renegades. In addition to lyrics by Afrika Bambaataa, it features a percussion interpolation of the Incredible Bongo Band's piece "Apache" and riffs from the Cheap Trick song "Gonna Raise Hell".
The group played the song live for the first time at its reunion show at Coachella 2007. This version of the song was the intro music to "The Big Mad Morning Show" on 92.1 The Beat in Tulsa, Oklahoma.
The music video directed by Steven Murashige was a montage of film stock-footage clips, as the band had broken up when the video was released. The montage consists mostly of funk and hip-hop music and events of the Civil Rights movements, interspersed with live footage of the Los Angeles Phantom Street Artist Joey Krebs spray-painting his infamous Outline Silhouettes of Figures mixed with media stills of individuals the song implies are renegades:
Chief Sitting Bull: leader of the Hunkpapa Sioux.
Thomas Paine: writer.
Martin Luther King Jr.: activist.
Malcolm X: national spokesman for the Nation of Islam.
Muhammad Ali: boxer and civil rights activist.
Paul Robeson: singer, actor, and communist activist.
Richard Pryor: comedian.
Gil Scott-Heron: poet and musician.
The Last Poets: group of poets and musicians sympathetic with the civil rights movement.
James Brown: gospel and rhythm and blues artist.
Curtis Mayfield: soul, funk and rhythm and blues artist.
Charles Wright & the Watts 103rd Street Rhythm Band: funk band.
Sly and the Family Stone: funk band.
George Clinton: funk artist.
Parliament Funkadelic: funk music collective.
DJ Kool Herc: hip-hop pioneer.
Grandmaster Flash: hip-hop artist, DJ.
Afrika Bambaataa: DJ, Bronx community leader, and the artist who wrote and performed the song.
Kurtis Blow: hip-hop artist, DJ.
Nat Turner: leader of the Southampton county slave rebellion.
Huey Newton: co-founder of the Black Panther Party.
Mumia Abu-Jamal: former Black Panther Party activist and political prisoner.
Leonard Peltier: member of the American Indian Movement and political prisoner.
Ernesto "Che" Guevara: communist guerilla leader.
Stokeley Carmichael: leader of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee.
Marcus Garvey: founder of the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League.
Angela Davis: activist and Black Panther.
Rigoberta Menchú: human rights activist and 1992 Nobel Peace Prize recipient.
Cesar Chavez: co-founder of the United Farm Workers.
Susan B. Anthony: co-founder of the National Woman Suffrage Association.
Rosa Parks: civil rights activist.
Whodini: hip-hop group.
Run-D.M.C.: hip-hop trio.
LL Cool J: hip-hop artist.
KDAY: hip-hop radio station.
Ice-T: hip-hop artist and leader of the metal band Body Count.
Roxanne Shanté: hip-hop artist.
UTFO: hip-hop group.
Tommie Smith, John Carlos, and Peter Norman: 1968 Summer Olympics athletes who were the main subjects of the infamous 1968 Olympics Black Power salute.
Boogie Down Productions: hip-hop group.
Beastie Boys: hip-hop group.
Salt-n-Pepa: hip-hop group.
Eric B. & Rakim: hip-hop duo.
MC Lyte: hip-hop artist.
Slick Rick: hip-hop artist.
Big Daddy Kane: hip-hop artist
EPMD: hip-hop duo.
Public Enemy: hip-hop group.
De La Soul: hip-hop trio.
Queen Latifah: hip-hop artist, singer, talk-show host, and actress.
Tone Lōc: hip-hop artist.
N.W.A: hip-hop group.
Track listing
CD single
Artist: - Rage Against the Machine
"Renegades Of Funk" (Radio Edit) – 3:54
"Renegades Of Funk" (Album version) – 4:35
References
1984 singles
Afrika Bambaataa songs
Rage Against the Machine songs
Songs written by John Robie
Songs written by Arthur Baker (musician)
1983 songs
Tommy Boy Records singles
Epic Records singles
Song recordings produced by Arthur Baker (musician)
Breakbeat songs
2001 singles
Nu metal songs |
The Luzhniki Small Sports Arena (formerly, the Minor Arena of the Central Lenin Stadium; ) is an 8,700-seat indoor arena that is part of the Luzhniki Sports Complex in Moscow, Russia. The Arena was built in 1956 in the Soviet Union. It hosted volleyball competitions during the 1980 Summer Olympics.
It also hosted events of the 1973 Summer Universiade, 1986 Goodwill Games, Spartakiads of the Peoples of the USSR and others. The arena was the home arena of ice hockey club Dynamo Moscow from 2000–2015.
See also
Luzhniki Olympic Complex
References
External links
Indoor ice hockey venues in Russia
Indoor arenas built in the Soviet Union
Indoor arenas in Russia
Volleyball venues in Russia
Sports venues in Moscow
HC Dynamo Moscow
Venues of the 1980 Summer Olympics
Olympic volleyball venues
Kontinental Hockey League venues
Sports venue
Badminton venues |
```c
/*
*
*/
/* Basic littlefs operations:
* * create
* * write
* * stat
* * read
* * seek
* * tell
* * truncate
* * unlink
* * sync
*/
#include <string.h>
#include <zephyr/ztest.h>
#include "testfs_tests.h"
#include "testfs_lfs.h"
#include <lfs.h>
#include <zephyr/fs/littlefs.h>
static int mount(struct fs_mount_t *mp)
{
TC_PRINT("mounting %s\n", mp->mnt_point);
zassert_equal(fs_mount(mp), 0,
"mount failed");
return TC_PASS;
}
static int clear_partition(struct fs_mount_t *mp)
{
TC_PRINT("clearing partition %s\n", mp->mnt_point);
zassert_equal(testfs_lfs_wipe_partition(mp),
TC_PASS,
"failed to wipe partition");
return TC_PASS;
}
static int clean_statvfs(const struct fs_mount_t *mp)
{
struct fs_statvfs stat;
TC_PRINT("checking clean statvfs of %s\n", mp->mnt_point);
zassert_equal(fs_statvfs(mp->mnt_point, &stat), 0,
"statvfs failed");
TC_PRINT("%s: bsize %lu ; frsize %lu ; blocks %lu ; bfree %lu\n",
mp->mnt_point,
stat.f_bsize, stat.f_frsize, stat.f_blocks, stat.f_bfree);
zassert_equal(stat.f_bsize, 16,
"bsize fail");
zassert_equal(stat.f_frsize, 4096,
"frsize fail");
zassert_equal(stat.f_blocks, 16,
"blocks fail");
zassert_equal(stat.f_bfree, stat.f_blocks - 2U,
"bfree fail");
return TC_PASS;
}
static int check_medium(void)
{
struct fs_mount_t *mp = &testfs_medium_mnt;
struct fs_statvfs stat;
zassert_equal(clear_partition(mp), TC_PASS,
"clear partition failed");
zassert_equal(fs_mount(mp), 0,
"medium mount failed");
zassert_equal(fs_statvfs(mp->mnt_point, &stat), 0,
"statvfs failed");
TC_PRINT("%s: bsize %lu ; frsize %lu ; blocks %lu ; bfree %lu\n",
mp->mnt_point,
stat.f_bsize, stat.f_frsize, stat.f_blocks, stat.f_bfree);
zassert_equal(stat.f_bsize, MEDIUM_IO_SIZE,
"bsize fail");
zassert_equal(stat.f_frsize, 4096,
"frsize fail");
zassert_equal(stat.f_blocks, 240,
"blocks fail");
zassert_equal(stat.f_bfree, stat.f_blocks - 2U,
"bfree fail");
zassert_equal(fs_unmount(mp), 0,
"medium unmount failed");
return TC_PASS;
}
static int check_large(void)
{
struct fs_mount_t *mp = &testfs_large_mnt;
struct fs_statvfs stat;
zassert_equal(clear_partition(mp), TC_PASS,
"clear partition failed");
zassert_equal(fs_mount(mp), 0,
"large mount failed");
zassert_equal(fs_statvfs(mp->mnt_point, &stat), 0,
"statvfs failed");
TC_PRINT("%s: bsize %lu ; frsize %lu ; blocks %lu ; bfree %lu\n",
mp->mnt_point,
stat.f_bsize, stat.f_frsize, stat.f_blocks, stat.f_bfree);
zassert_equal(stat.f_bsize, LARGE_IO_SIZE,
"bsize fail");
zassert_equal(stat.f_frsize, 32768,
"frsize fail");
zassert_equal(stat.f_blocks, 96,
"blocks fail");
zassert_equal(stat.f_bfree, stat.f_blocks - 2U,
"bfree fail");
zassert_equal(fs_unmount(mp), 0,
"large unmount failed");
return TC_PASS;
}
static int num_files(struct fs_mount_t *mp)
{
struct testfs_path path;
char name[2] = { 0 };
const char *pstr;
struct fs_file_t files[CONFIG_FS_LITTLEFS_NUM_FILES];
size_t fi = 0;
int rc;
memset(files, 0, sizeof(files));
TC_PRINT("CONFIG_FS_LITTLEFS_NUM_FILES=%u\n", CONFIG_FS_LITTLEFS_NUM_FILES);
while (fi < ARRAY_SIZE(files)) {
struct fs_file_t *const file = &files[fi];
name[0] = 'A' + fi;
pstr = testfs_path_init(&path, mp,
name,
TESTFS_PATH_END);
TC_PRINT("opening %s\n", pstr);
rc = fs_open(file, pstr, FS_O_CREATE | FS_O_RDWR);
zassert_equal(rc, 0, "open %s failed: %d", pstr, rc);
rc = testfs_write_incrementing(file, 0, TESTFS_BUFFER_SIZE);
zassert_equal(rc, TESTFS_BUFFER_SIZE, "write %s failed: %d", pstr, rc);
++fi;
}
while (fi-- != 0) {
struct fs_file_t *const file = &files[fi];
name[0] = 'A' + fi;
pstr = testfs_path_init(&path, mp,
name,
TESTFS_PATH_END);
TC_PRINT("Close and unlink %s\n", pstr);
rc = fs_close(file);
zassert_equal(rc, 0, "close %s failed: %d", pstr, rc);
rc = fs_unlink(pstr);
zassert_equal(rc, 0, "unlink %s failed: %d", pstr, rc);
}
return TC_PASS;
}
static int num_dirs(struct fs_mount_t *mp)
{
struct testfs_path path;
char name[3] = "Dx";
const char *pstr;
struct fs_dir_t dirs[CONFIG_FS_LITTLEFS_NUM_DIRS];
size_t di = 0;
int rc;
memset(dirs, 0, sizeof(dirs));
TC_PRINT("CONFIG_FS_LITTLEFS_NUM_DIRS=%u\n", CONFIG_FS_LITTLEFS_NUM_DIRS);
while (di < ARRAY_SIZE(dirs)) {
struct fs_dir_t *const dir = &dirs[di];
name[1] = 'A' + di;
pstr = testfs_path_init(&path, mp,
name,
TESTFS_PATH_END);
TC_PRINT("making and opening directory %s\n", pstr);
rc = fs_mkdir(pstr);
zassert_equal(rc, 0, "mkdir %s failed: %d", pstr, rc);
rc = fs_opendir(dir, pstr);
zassert_equal(rc, 0, "opendir %s failed: %d", name, rc);
++di;
}
while (di-- != 0) {
struct fs_dir_t *const dir = &dirs[di];
name[1] = 'A' + di;
pstr = testfs_path_init(&path, mp,
name,
TESTFS_PATH_END);
TC_PRINT("Close and rmdir %s\n", pstr);
rc = fs_closedir(dir);
zassert_equal(rc, 0, "closedir %s failed: %d", name, rc);
rc = fs_unlink(pstr);
zassert_equal(rc, 0, "unlink %s failed: %d", name, rc);
}
return TC_PASS;
}
void test_fs_basic(void);
/* Mount structure needed by test_fs_basic tests. */
struct fs_mount_t *fs_basic_test_mp = &testfs_small_mnt;
ZTEST(littlefs, test_lfs_basic)
{
struct fs_mount_t *mp = &testfs_small_mnt;
zassert_equal(clear_partition(mp), TC_PASS,
"clear partition failed");
/* Common basic tests.
* (File system is mounted and unmounted during that test.)
*/
test_fs_basic();
/* LittleFS specific tests */
zassert_equal(mount(mp), TC_PASS,
"clean mount failed");
zassert_equal(clean_statvfs(mp), TC_PASS,
"clean statvfs failed");
zassert_equal(num_files(mp), TC_PASS,
"num_files failed");
zassert_equal(num_dirs(mp), TC_PASS,
"num_dirs failed");
TC_PRINT("unmounting %s\n", mp->mnt_point);
zassert_equal(fs_unmount(mp), 0,
"unmount small failed");
if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_APP_TEST_CUSTOM)) {
zassert_equal(check_medium(), TC_PASS,
"check medium failed");
zassert_equal(check_large(), TC_PASS,
"check large failed");
}
}
``` |
Marlies Anne van Baalen (born 30 August 1980 in Den Bosch, North Brabant) is a Dutch Dressage equestrian. She is Coby van Baalen's daughter.
Van Baalen represented the Netherlands at the 2004 Summer Olympics where she finished in 43rd position in the individual rankings. With the Dutch dressage team, in which she featured with Anky van Grunsven, Sven Rothenberger and Imke Bartels, she finished just outside the medal spots with the fourth place.
She was the first reserve for the Dutch team during the European Championships in Rotterdam 2011. In 2021, she represented The Netherlands at the Olympic Games in Tokyo with her horse Go Legend, finishing 20th in both Grand Prix and Grand Prix Special.
Dressage results
Olympic Games
European Championships
World Cup
Final
External links
Van Baalen at the Dutch Olympic Archive
References
Dutch dressage riders
1980 births
Living people
Olympic equestrians for the Netherlands
Dutch female equestrians
Equestrians at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Equestrians at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from 's-Hertogenbosch
21st-century Dutch women |
```yaml
openapi: "3.0.0"
paths:
/pets:
get:
responses:
'200':
content:
application/json:
schema:
$ref: "#/components/schemas/V1.Pets"
components:
schemas:
<caret>V1.Pets:
``` |
Möriken-Wildegg is a municipality in the district of Lenzburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.
History
The area was settled in the Late Bronze Age. The hilltop settlement on the Kestenberg had at least two phases (approximately 1050 to 1000 BC and 850 BC.). In the more recent settlement, the buildings were built with logs and traces of constructions and traces of bronze casting were discovered. A Roman era wall at the Lehmgrube river indicates that there was a Roman farm in the area. Möriken-Wildegg is first mentioned in 1283 as de Moerinchon. In the High Middle Ages the village belonged to the Lords of Holderbank and then later to the Twingherrschaft of Wildegg.
Religiously, into the 16th century the inhabitants of Möriken-Wildegg belonged to the parish of Staufberg. In 1565 they became part of the Holderbank parish. A chapel dedicated to Saint Antonius was mentioned in the 13th century. It was demolished in 1949 and replaced by a new building. A temporary Catholic church was consecrated in 1951, and a new building was finished in 1967.
Economically, the village was dependent on agriculture and wine production. In the 17th century, a local noble family started a livestock operation. In the 18th century home cotton processing started in the village, and a cotton printing company was founded in 1775 by Johann Rudolf Dolder. However, this company collapsed in 1850. A cement factory was built in 1890, and in 1912 employed a maximum of 850 people. A copper wire factory (founded 1920) employed about 200 people in 1992.
An important factor to the growth of Möriken-Wildegg came in 1858 when a railroad station on the Aarau-Brugg line opened in the village. In 1895 it also connected to the Seetalbahn rail line. Though this connection was replaced with a bus service in 1984.
Starting in 1890 successful operettas were held in Möriken-Wildegg. In 1959, the town hall was built with 600 seats.
Geography
Möriken-Wildegg has an area, , of . Of this area, or 37.6% is used for agricultural purposes, while or 35.2% is forested. Of the rest of the land, or 25.2% is settled (buildings or roads), or 1.8% is either rivers or lakes and or 0.3% is unproductive land.
Of the built up area, industrial buildings made up 5.5% of the total area while housing and buildings made up 13.8% and transportation infrastructure made up 4.2%. Out of the forested land, 33.6% of the total land area is heavily forested and 1.5% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 28.0% is used for growing crops and 7.9% is pastures, while 1.7% is used for orchards or vine crops. All the water in the municipality is in rivers and streams.
The municipality is located in the Lenzburg district. It consists of the village of Möriken, Wildegg Castle, the village section of Wildegg (founded in the 18th century), the settlement of Hard and the ferry over the Aare river (replaced in 1870 by a bridge).
Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Or Moor's Head guardant proper.
Demographics
Möriken-Wildegg has a population () of . , 19.2% of the population are foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1997–2007) the population has changed at a rate of 8.9%. Most of the population () speaks German (90.6%), with Italian being second most common ( 2.8%) and Serbo-Croatian being third ( 1.7%).
The age distribution, , in Möriken-Wildegg is; 384 children or 9.7% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 486 teenagers or 12.2% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 522 people or 13.1% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 493 people or 12.4% are between 30 and 39, 674 people or 17.0% are between 40 and 49, and 569 people or 14.3% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 420 people or 10.6% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 238 people or 6.0% are between 70 and 79, there are 164 people or 4.1% who are between 80 and 89, and there are 21 people or 0.5% who are 90 and older.
the average number of residents per living room was 0.54 which is about equal to the cantonal average of 0.57 per room. In this case, a room is defined as space of a housing unit of at least as normal bedrooms, dining rooms, living rooms, kitchens and habitable cellars and attics. About 59.6% of the total households were owner occupied, or in other words did not pay rent (though they may have a mortgage or a rent-to-own agreement).
, there were 105 homes with 1 or 2 persons in the household, 623 homes with 3 or 4 persons in the household, and 607 homes with 5 or more persons in the household. , there were 1,384 private households (homes and apartments) in the municipality, and an average of 2.4 persons per household. there were 800 single family homes (or 44.9% of the total) out of a total of 1,780 homes and apartments. There were a total of 23 empty apartments for a 1.3% vacancy rate. , the construction rate of new housing units was 17.3 new units per 1000 residents.
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 40.8% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SP (18.2%), the FDP (15.7%) and the CVP (6.7%).
The historical population is given in the following table:
Heritage sites of national significance
Wildegg Castle, the Kestenberg (a Bronze Age hilltop settlement), the Gasthof Bären at Bruggerstrasse 19, Wildegg's Catholic Church of St. Antonius and the houses at Effingerweg 5, 6, 8 are listed as Swiss heritage sites of national significance. The entire village of Wildegg is designated as part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites.
Economy
, Möriken-Wildegg had an unemployment rate of 1.72%. , there were 42 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 12 businesses involved in this sector. 332 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 38 businesses in this sector. 750 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 121 businesses in this sector.
there were 1,709 workers who lived in the municipality. Of these, 1,262 or about 73.8% of the residents worked outside Möriken-Wildegg while 675 people commuted into the municipality for work. There were a total of 1,122 jobs (of at least 6 hours per week) in the municipality. Of the working population, 14.4% used public transportation to get to work, and 51.1% used a private car.
Religion
From the , 856 or 25.1% were Roman Catholic, while 1,943 or 56.9% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 5 individuals (or about 0.15% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic faith.
Transport
Möriken-Wildegg sits on the Baden–Aarau line and is served by trains at Wildegg railway station.
Education
In Möriken-Wildegg about 76% of the population (between age 25 and 64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the school age population (), there are 284 students attending primary school, there are 132 students attending secondary school, there are 181 students attending tertiary or university level schooling in the municipality.
Famous citizen of Möriken-Wildegg
The famous U.S. actor Yul Brynner, (July 11, 1920 – October 10, 1985) was a (Swiss) citizen of Möriken-Wildegg, Aarau. His Swiss heritage is from his father (Boris Julievich Bryner) and grandfather (Jules Bryner). Jules Bryner was born close to Geneva from a Swiss German background. He died three months before his grandson Yul Brynner was born.
References
Municipalities of Aargau
Cultural property of national significance in Aargau |
Mount Hosmer is a bluff overlooking Lansing, Iowa. It is located directly adjacent to the Upper Mississippi River and offers a panoramic view of the river, including the Black Hawk Bridge. Mount Hosmer rises 450 feet above downtown Lansing.
Accessible from Lansing, Mount Hosmer Park is a popular destination for photographers. According to a plaque inside the park, Mount Hosmer is named for Harriet Hosmer, a sculptor, who won a footrace to the summit of the hill during a steamboat layover during the 1850s.
Notes
See also
Pikes Peak, a similar park atop a bluff in Clayton County
Landforms of Iowa
Cliffs of the United States
Landforms of Allamakee County, Iowa |
Jahan-e Ketab ( The World of Books in English) is a monthly literary magazine and a platform in Iran.
History and profile
Jahan-e Ketab was founded in 1995 in Tehran and is being published in the Persian language. The monthly magazine also focuses on neighboring countries. It publishes literary critic articles.
In 2001 Jahan-e Ketab was honored with one of the international Prince Claus Awards.
References
1995 establishments in Iran
Literary magazines published in Iran
Magazines established in 1995
Magazines published in Tehran
Monthly magazines published in Iran
Persian-language magazines |
Augustus Peter Arkwright (2 March 1821 – 6 October 1887) was a Royal Navy officer and a Conservative Party politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1868 to 1880.
Arkwright was the seventh son of Peter Arkwright J.P. of Rock House, near Matlock, and his wife Mary Anne Hurt, daughter of Charles Hurt. He was the grandson of Richard Arkwright Junior. Between 1829 and 1832, he was educated at Seaforth near Liverpool and in 1833 at the age of 12 went to Portsmouth Naval College. He left there in June 1835 and joined HMS Barham at the age of 14. He also served on HMS Curacoa and HMS Stag. He passed his examination to become mate/sub lieutenant on 14 October 1840 and served as mate on HMS Pantaloon on the Africa, Mediterranean, and Home stations and on the survey ship HMS Bonetta. He obtained his lieutenant's commission on 6 February 1845 and served on HMS Trafalgar and HMS Caledonia. He became a commander on 23 June 1859 and retired as commander on 23 June 1869, becoming captain on the Retired List on 23 June 1874.
In May 1852 Arkwright was a passenger on the SS Great Britain, travelling between Liverpool and New York.
Arkwright lived at Willersley Castle, Matlock and became a partner in Agra Bank Limited. He was elected at the 1868 general election as one of the two Members of Parliament (MPs) for North Derbyshire,
and held the seat until his defeat at the 1880 general election.
References
External links
1821 births
1887 deaths
People from Matlock, Derbyshire
Royal Navy officers
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1868–1874
UK MPs 1874–1880
19th-century Royal Navy personnel |
Sunviridae is a family of negative-strand RNA viruses in the order Mononegavirales. Snakes serve as natural hosts. The family includes the single genus Sunshinevirus which includes the single species Reptile sunshinevirus 1.The family was formed to accommodate the Sunshine Coast virus (SunCV), previously referred to as "Sunshine virus", a novel virus discovered in Australian pythons. The name derives from the geographic origin of the first isolate on the Sunshine Coast of Queensland, Australia.
Genome
Sunshineviruses have a nonsegmented, negative-sense, single-stranded RNA genome. The total length of the genome is 17 kbp. The genome encodes seven proteins.
References
Mononegavirales
Virus families |
Fernbrook Farms is a working farm located along County Route 545 (Bordentown-Georgetown Road) in Chesterfield Township in Burlington County, New Jersey. Originally an 18th-century farm, it was briefly a stock breeding farm, known as the New Warlaby Stock Farm, in the 19th century. It now includes an inn, plant nursery, environmental education center, and community-supported agriculture. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 7, 2022, for its significance in architecture and landscape architecture.
History
In 1760, John Newbold acquired of farm land along the Fern Brook from his father Michael Newbold. He then built a two and one-half story frame farmhouse for the estate, . The house was expanded in 1791 by adding two bays. In 1881, Charles Morgan purchased to raise premium breeding cattle. In 1897, John L. Kuser moved there, and in 1899, he purchased the property. After his death in 1937, his son Walter G. Kuser inherited the property. Lawrence Kuser and his wife Susie started living there in 1974.
Historic district
The Fernbrook Historic District is a historic district encompassing the core part of the farm. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 7, 2022, for its significance in architecture and landscape architecture. The district has eleven contributing buildings, six contributing structures, and one contributing site. The Federal-style John Newbold House is the main contributing property in the district. A cedar shaked water tower, built , provided water pressure and filtration for Morgan's mansion and the formal Colonial Revival gardens.
Agriculture
In 1881, having inherited money, Morgan imported premium breeding cattle from England, paying nearly for them. They were shorthorns of the Booth stock from Warlaby. He renamed the farm, New Warlaby, and established a model breeding farm. However, by 1885, he had sold the cattle to Leslie Combs of Kentucky.
A plant nursery operation was started in the 1970s. A community-supported agriculture (CSA) component was added in 2007.
Education
In 2001, Larry and Susie Kuser established an environmental education center on the property.
See also
Model farm
National Register of Historic Places listings in Burlington County, New Jersey
List of the oldest buildings in New Jersey
List of nature centers in New Jersey
References
External links
Chesterfield Township, New Jersey
Nature centers in New Jersey
National Register of Historic Places in Burlington County, New Jersey
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in New Jersey
Farms on the National Register of Historic Places in New Jersey
New Jersey Register of Historic Places
Colonial Revival architecture in New Jersey
Federal architecture in New Jersey |
Salahudin (born 30 January 1970) is a former Indonesian football player and currently head coach of Liga 3 club Banjar Union.
Careers
Salahudin represented the Indonesia national team. He earned several caps in 1991, including the 1991 Southeast Asian Games. In the 2011/2012 season of Liga Indonesia Premier Division, he brought Barito Putera to become champions, and was promoted to Indonesia Super League in 2013.
Honours
As a player
Sea games 1991, Indonesia national football team, Gold medals, 1991
As a managers
Indonesia Soccer Championship B, Perssu Sumenep, Third-place, 2016
Liga Indonesia Premier Division, PS Barito Putera, Champions, 2011/2012
Liga Indonesia Second Division, PS Barito Putera, Champions, 2008/2009
Liga Indonesia First Division, Kalteng Putra F.C., Champions, 2006/2007
References
1970 births
Men's association football defenders
Living people
Indonesian men's footballers
Indonesian football managers
Indonesia men's youth international footballers
Indonesia men's international footballers
PS Barito Putera players
PS Mitra Kukar players
Persegi Gianyar players
PSS Sleman players
Indonesian Premier Division players
Persiba Balikpapan managers
Indonesia Super League managers
Liga 2 (Indonesia) managers
SEA Games gold medalists for Indonesia
SEA Games medalists in football
Competitors at the 1991 SEA Games
People from Palembang
Sportspeople from South Sumatra |
The Wolf is the third studio album by Shooter Jennings, released in 2007 on the Universal South Records label. Two singles were released from it: a cover of Dire Straits' "Walk of Life" and "This Ol' Wheel". A music video was also made for the single "Walk of Life".
Track listing
Personnel
Shooter Jennings - drum loops, acoustic guitar, electric guitar, keyboards, sound effects, lead vocals, backing vocals
Duane Allen - backing vocals on "Slow Train"
Norah Lee Allen - backing vocals
Jon Bonsall - backing vocals on "Slow Train"
William Lee Golden - backing vocals on "Slow Train"
Steve Herrman - trumpet
Jim Horn - saxophone, horn arrangements
Ted Russell Kamp - bass guitar, keyboards, backing vocals
Bryan Keeling - castanets, drums, percussion
Doug Kershaw - fiddle on "This Ol' Wheel"
Paul Martin - backing vocals
Gary Murray - banjo, fiddle
Leroy Powell - 12-string guitar, acoustic guitar, electric guitar, pedal steel guitar, harmonica, slide guitar, backing vocals
Charles Rose - trombone
Kevin Sciou - electric guitar
Calvin Settles - backing vocals
Odessa Settles - backing vocals
Sara Settles - backing vocals
Shirley Settles - backing vocals
Richard Sterban - backing vocals on "Slow Train"
Todd Suttles - backing vocals
Teresa Wilson - backing vocals
Charts
References
2007 albums
Shooter Jennings albums
Show Dog-Universal Music albums
Albums produced by Dave Cobb |
Skookum Skool was a British comic strip originally featured in the comics magazine Buzz from 1973 until 1975. The strip first appeared in the first issue of Buzz and was featured in every issue of the comic. The strip was drawn by Ken H. Harrison featured a class of six (later five) mischievous pupils similar in theme to The Beano comic strip The Bash Street Kids.
After Buzz merged with The Topper the strip reappeared in a new comic called Cracker under the new title of The Head Hunters of Skookum Skool. This newly titled strip was different from Skookum Skool because it now featured the Janitor advertising the post of Skookum Skool Headteacher (referred to as Head in the strip) and each week a new applicant would be appointed. The applicants came from differing backgrounds and from all over the world. All new headmasters, bar one, would have relinquished the post by the end of the strip.
The strip was originally part of the Skooldaze feature which occupied the four centre pages in the first twenty-four issues of Cracker alongside two spinoffs of Skookum Skool. This feature eventually disappeared from the comic and Skookum Skool was eventually dropped as well, appearing for the final time in issue 55 of Cracker.
Spin-offs
Spookum Skool (1974–1975) – This was similar to the original Skookum Skool strip except the pupils were all ghosts. This strip started in Buzz and went on to appear in Cracker until the end of the Skooldaze feature. This strip was also drawn by Ken Harrison.
The Snookums (1975) – A spin-off which only featured in Cracker until the end of the Skooldaze feature. This strip involved a class full of a large number of nameless and unruly infants. The strip featured two panels setting up for the last panel which was much larger than the other two and featured a final chaotic scene. This strip was also drawn by Ken Harrison.
Characters in the strip and its spin-offs
Boss – The glasses wearing leader of the class.
Pudding – The fat kid similar to Fatty in The Bash Street Kids.
Streaky – a tall and skinny pupil.
Dizzy – An idiot who wore a Dunce's cap similar to Smiffy from the Bash Street Kids.
Susie – The only girl.
There was also another pupil but he disappeared after issue 22 of Buzz.
Teacher – a mortar board wearing teacher who disappeared when the strip became the Headhunters of Skookum Skool.
Miss Bun – the teacher in The Snookums.
References
DC Thomson Comics strips
1973 comics debuts
1975 comics endings
Gag-a-day comics
British comics characters
Fictional schools
Fictional locations in comics
School-themed comics
Child characters in comics
Comics about children
Fictional tricksters
Comics set in the United Kingdom |
Louis Samuel Rothschild (March 29, 1900 – September 1, 1984) was an American investment banker who served as chairman of the Federal Maritime Board and as Under Secretary of Commerce for Transportation under President Dwight D. Eisenhower.
Early life
Rothschild was born in Leavenworth, Kansas on March 29, 1900.
He served in the U.S. Navy from 1918 to 1919, and when upon his return from the war, he earned an Ph.B. from Yale University in 1920.
Career
From 1920 to 1956, Rothschild was an executive with the family business, Rothschild and Sons, Inc., a department store started in 1901 by his father and uncle, in Kansas City, Missouri and Oklahoma City, serving successively as secretary, vice-president, and president. In 1956, he sold his interest in the department stores and opened a private investment business in Washington.
Rothschild also served as president or director of other corporations and government agencies, including as president and director of the Transportation Equities Corporation, from 1958 to 1961 and 1965; and as director, president and chairman of the Washington, D.C. based Intermediate Credit Corp. (a subsidiary of Financial General Corporation), from 1962 to 1965, and the Standard R. E. Improvement Co.
Public service
In 1953, moved to Washington, D.C. and became the U.S. delegate to NATO Planning Board for Ocean Shipping. The impetus for the move to Washington was his service as chairman of the Board of Inland Waterways Corporation, which he held from 1953 to 1959. From 1953 to 1955, he served as chairman of the U.S. Federal Maritime Board under the U.S. Department of Commerce, until he was appointed by fellow Republican President Dwight D. Eisenhower as the Under Secretary of Commerce for Transportation in 1955. While he was Under Secretary, Congress voted to create the Federal Aviation Agency in 1958. He served in that role until 1958 when he was succeeded by John J. Allen Jr.
From 1955 to 1957, he was a member of the Commission on Government Security that was chaired by Loyd Wright, a former president of the American Bar Association. From 1955 to 1958, he was also chairman of the Air Coordinating Committee.
Personal life
In 1929, he was married to Emily Bettman.
Rothschild died of cancer at his home in Washington, D.C. on September 1, 1984.
References
External links
Louis Samuel Rothschild papers at Yale University
1900 births
1984 deaths
Yale University alumni
People from Leavenworth, Kansas
United States Under Secretaries of Commerce
Eisenhower administration personnel |
HNS may refer to:
hns, ISO 639-3 code for the Caribbean Hindustani language
(Croatian Football Federation)
(Croatian National Alliance) (1998-2004), a former political party in the Vojvodina region of Serbia
(Croatian People's Party-Liberal Democrats), a political party in Croatia
"Hack 'n' slay", alternate term for the Hack and slash video gaming genre
Hacktivist News Service, a French alternative news service
HNS, IATA and FAA LID code for Haines Airport in Alaska, United States
Haruka na Sora, a Japanese video novel, sequel to Yosuga no Sora
Hexanitrostilbene, an explosive
HNS Convention, an international agreement on hazardous substances in the sea
Sikorsky HNS-1, US Navy designation of the Sikorsky R-4 helicopter
Hughes Network Systems, a subsidiary of Hughes Communications
Huizhou Nanshan School, a private primary and secondary school in Guangdong, China
Hyperosmolar nonketotic state, an alternate name for Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state |
Anakapalli (also spelled as Anakapalle) is a residential neighborhood in the city of Visakhapatnam, also the headquarters of Anakapalli district of Andhra Pradesh. In 2015 Anakapalli municipality was merged with the Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation. It falls under zone 7 of GVMC. India's second largest jaggery market is located over here.
History
The town was originally under the rule of the Kalinga Empire (ancient Orissa), different dynasties ruled this region i.e. Chedi Kingdom of Kalinga (Orissa), Eastern Ganga dynasty of Orissa, Gajapati Kingdom of Orissa, Kakatiya, and Qutub Shahi empires. Around 1611, Kakarlapudi Appala Raju Payakarao took over the rule of the region under the Nawab of Golconda, with Anakapalli as his fortified headquarters. The saga of Anakapalli starts with a historian named "Tallapragada" place and found that Anakapalli. This was proved from the historical evidence found on Bojjana Konda. Satavahanas, Vishnukundina, Gajapathi's, Vijayanagara Samrats, Golkonda Samanta Rajulu ruled the area.
Its alias names are Aniankapalli, Anekaphalle, Vijaypuri, Veniapalii, Kanakapuri, Bellampatnam, Anakapally, and Anakapalli. It is located by the side of a holy Sarada River.
Anakapalli, an estate in Visakhapatnam District, Madras Presidency. Originally belonging to the Rajas of Vijayanagaram, it passed entirely into the hands of the family by auction purchase by purchase at auction in 1802. Subject to a tribute(peshkash) to government of 2997 peshkash per annum and resold by the Raja to Gode Jaggappa.it consists of 16 villages and 17 hamlets and comprise one of the rich land in the district.Annual rental value, with 5 other attached estates, 17,609 peshkash. This taluk contains 45 towns and villages and 154 hamlets, all zamindaris (private estate holders) with 27,929 occupied houses and 131,637 inhabitants. Classified according to religion In 1881 there were 1,30,667 Hindus. 1367 Muslims, 3 christians. Government land revenue, excluding zamindari, 127 peshkash. A criminal court. In civil matters, it is under the jurisdiction of the Munsif's Court at Rayavaram.Anakapalli town in Anakapalli taluk, Visakhapatnam district, Madras Presidency. 20 miles south-west of Visakhapatnam on the Sarada River and the Grand Trunk Road.A recent growth spurt with molasses and a little cotton export business, and an agricultural center.The population in 1881 was 13341, the number of houses 3810. The municipal revenue in 1880-81 amounted to about 915 peshkash. Much of the surrounding area belonged to the king of Vijayanagara.
As the head-quarters of the taluk, it houses the regular subordinate courts, a jail dispensary and courts. It is the fourth most populous town in the district
Buddhist area
One of the most significant Buddhist sites in Andhra Pradesh, Sankaram is located some 3.5 km away from Anakapalli and 41 km away from Visakhapatnam on the Sabbavaram by-pass road. The name Sankaram derives from the term Sangharama. Sankaram is famous for its many votive stupas, rock-cut caves, brick-built structural edifices, early historic pottery, and Satavahana coins that date back to the 1st century AD. The main stupa here was initially carved out of rock and then covered with bricks.
There you can see a number of images of the Buddha carved on the rock face of the caves. At Lingalametta, there are hundreds of rock-cut monolithic stupas in rows, spread all over the hill. Among other Buddhist attractions here are relic casket, three chaitya halls, votive platforms, stupas, and Vajrayana sculptures. The Vihara was functional for around a millennium and saw the development of the not only Theravada form of Buddhism but also Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhism. Later Anakapalli went to the estate of Vavilavalasa Inuganty kings and ruled a long time.
Freedom struggle
First, the roar of independence started at Anakapalli. Before the Sepoy Mutiny, the French were attacked in Anakapalli in 1753. Bassi Dora was arrested at Kasinkota. Many freedom leaders visited Anakapalli like Mahatma Gandhi, who started the movement to boycott foreign goods in Anakapalli.Father of the nation Gandhiji started his speech at Belam market in Anakapalli. The farmers requested Gandhi to name the jaggery market as Gandhi Market.He accepted the request, I have no objection to keep my name if you don't do any bad deeds.After leaders like Gandhi N.G Ranga, CPI's Jaya Prakash Narayan visited, 1 year later Jawaharlal Nehru, Subhash Chandra Bose also gave speeches at Anakapalli.
During 1944-45, Sri Koribilli Jogarao (Teacher) and Jakkanahalli Sri Ramamurthy (Compounder) participated in the freedom struggle and spoke against the movement and were sent to Rai vellore Jail.
People like Surisetti jaggaya also spent his life in jail for his freedom struggle. Leaders like Villuri Venkata Ramana participated in the freedom struggle and in prominent political leaders also participated.
Anakapalle Town main divisions
Gavarapalem
Lakshmi Narayana Nagar
Vijayaramaraju peta
Laxmi Devi peta
Gandhi Nagar
Narasinga Rao peta
Geography
Anakapalli is located at , on the banks of River Sarada and at an altitude of . It is spread over an area of .
Demographics
According to Imperial Gazetteer of India, Anakapalli had an area of containing 143 villages.
As of the 2001 Indian census, Anakapalli had a population of 84,523. Males constitute 50% of the population and females 50%. Anakapalli has an average literacy rate of 67%, higher than the national average of 59.5%, with 54% of the males and 46% of females literate. 10% of the population is under 6 years of age.
Governance
Anakapalli Municipality has a history of 120 years. The municipality was started in 1877. Anakapalli became a municipality using the Madras City Development Act. According to the Madras District Municipality Act of 1884, they were decided to have 13 members.The municipality had a directly elected municipal chairman in 1885 and 1897. It became a first grade municipality in 1956. A municipality consisting of 32 wards. This municipality earns an annual revenue of around 1 crore. Later this was merged into G.V.M.C in 2015 of zone-07
Economy
Agriculture mainly consists of the production of Rice, Corn, Sugarcane, and all types of vegetables. The chief crop cultivated in this region is sugarcane and Anakapalli is well known for its jaggery market, which is the second-largest in India. Velagapudi Steels own a steel mill near Anakapalli.
Notable people
Budhha Maha lakshmi Naidu
Villuri VenkataRamana
P. Appalanarasimham
Dadi Veerabhadra Rao
Konathala Ramakrishna
Sirivennela seetharama Sastry
Notable temples
Kotilingam
Bojjannakonda
Nookambika Temple
Social Welfare and Clubs
When we start talking about the welfare of Anakapalli, we should talk about Anakapalli Merchant Association Sri Gauri Granthalayam and Sharada Granthalayam.Anakapalli Rotary Club (1953), Lions Club (1966), Premasamajam (1943), Gouri Yuvajana Seva Gangam (1966), Gouri Seva Sangam (1970). There are clubs like N.T.R. Stadium and Rao Gopal Rao Kala Kshetra and an indoor stadium.
Theatres
The theaters in this town include shri Satya Theatre, Satyanarayana Theatre, Venkateswara Theatre, Gopala Krishna Theatre, Raja Theatre, Ramachandra Theatre, Parthi Sai Theatre.
Transport
National Highway 16, a part of Golden Quadrilateral highway network, bypasses the town. Anakapalli railway station is on Howrah-Chennai mainline. It is under the Vijayawada division of the South Central Railway zone. APSRTC runs the buses all overstate. Vizag city buses run from Maddilapalem, Dwaraka Bus Station, Gajuwaka, Yelamanchili etc.Anakapalli railway station got funds of nearly 27 crores under amrit bharat scheme in 2023.anakapalle mp beesetti venkata satyavathi of ysrcp laid the stone while prime minister inaugarted vitually attended.
References
Cities and towns in Anakapalli district |
Kathrine "Katie" Koczynski-Demong (born September 16, 1980, in Upper Nyack, New York) is an American skeleton racer who competed internationally from 2000 until 2005. Koczynski competed on the FIBT World Cup circuit from 2002 through 2005 and placed fourth at a world cup race in Calgary in November 2003. Koczynski competed in three world championships for the United States in 2003, 2004 and 2005.
Koczynski failed to qualify for the 2006 US Olympic Team and retired from international racing to complete her degree at Columbia University. She graduated from Columbia University in May 2007 magna cum laude with a degree in Sociology. Her best finish at the FIBT World Championships was 11th at Nagano in 2003.
At the 2010 Winter Olympics on February 25, Koczynski's boyfriend, gold medal skier in the Nordic combined Bill Demong, proposed to her in front of teammates and coaches at the US team headquarters near Vancouver. Koczynsk said yes. Koczynski and Demong discussed how this happened on NBC's Today show the following morning.
On July 11, 2010, Koczynski married Demong in Lake Placid, New York.
References
External links
1980 births
American female skeleton racers
Columbia University alumni
Living people
People from Upper Nyack, New York
Sportspeople from Rockland County, New York
21st-century American women
20th-century American women |
Amy Gartrell (born 1974) is an American artist. Her work is included in the collections of the Whitney Museum of American Art and the Museum of Modern Art, New York.
References
External links
Official website
1974 births
Living people
21st-century American artists
21st-century American women artists |
Togston is a settlement and civil parish about 10 miles from Morpeth, in the county of Northumberland, England. The parish includes the hamlet of North Togston. In 2011 the parish had a population of 315. The parish borders Acklington, Amble By the Sea, East Chevington and Hauxley.
Features
There are 7 listed buildings in Togston.
History
The name "Togston" means 'Tocg's valley'. Togston was formerly a township in the parish of Warkworth, in 1866 Togston became a civil parish in its own right.
References
External links
Parish council
Villages in Northumberland
Civil parishes in Northumberland |
This is a list of Monuments of National Importance as officially recognized by and available through the website of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) in the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir. The monument identifier is a combination of the abbreviation of the subdivision of the list (state, ASI circle) and the numbering as published on the website of the ASI. 56 Monuments of National Importance have been recognized by the ASI in Jammu and Kashmir.
List of monuments of national importance
|}
See also
List of Monuments of National Importance in India for other Monuments of National Importance in India
List of State Protected Monuments in Jammu and Kashmir
References
Jammu and Kashmir
Monuments
Buildings and structures in Jammu and Kashmir |
An online game is a video game that is either partially or primarily played through the Internet or any other computer network available. Online games are ubiquitous on modern gaming platforms, including PCs, consoles and mobile devices, and span many genres, including first-person shooters, strategy games, and massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPG). In 2019, revenue in the online games segment reached $16.9 billion, with $4.2 billion generated by China and $3.5 billion in the United States. Since the 2010s, a common trend among online games has been to operate them as games as a service, using monetization schemes such as loot boxes and battle passes as purchasable items atop freely-offered games. Unlike purchased retail games, online games have the problem of not being permanently playable, as they require special servers in order to function.
The design of online games can range from simple text-based environments to the incorporation of complex graphics and virtual worlds. The existence of online components within a game can range from being minor features, such as an online leaderboard, to being part of core gameplay, such as directly playing against other players. Many online games create their own online communities, while other games, especially social games, integrate the players' existing real-life communities. Some online games can receive a massive influx of popularity due to many well-known Twitch streamers and YouTubers playing them.
Online gaming has drastically increased the scope and size of video game culture. Online games have attracted players of a variety of ages, nationalities, and occupations. The online game content is now being studied in the scientific field, especially gamers' interactions within virtual societies in relation to the behavior and social phenomena of everyday life. As in other cultures, the community has developed a gamut of slang words or phrases that can be used for communication in or outside of games. Due to their growing online nature, modern video game slang overlaps heavily with internet slang, as well as leetspeak, with many words such as "pwn" and "noob". Another term that was popularized by the video game community is the abbreviation "AFK" to refer to people who are not at the computer or paying attention. Other common abbreviations include "GL HF" which stands for "good luck, have fun," which is often said at the beginning of a match to show good sportsmanship. Likewise, at the end of a game, "GG" or "GG WP" may be said to congratulate the opponent, win or lose, on a "good game, well played". Many video games have also inspired internet memes and achieved a very large following online.
The culture of online gaming sometimes faces criticism for an environment that can promote cyberbullying, violence, and xenophobia. Some are also concerned about gaming addiction or social stigma. However, it has been argued that, since the players of an online game are strangers to each other and have limited communication, the individual player's experience in an online game is not necessarily different from playing with artificial intelligence players.
History
The history of online games dates back to the early days of packet-based computer networking in the 1970s, An early example of online games is MUDs, including the first, MUD1, which was created in 1978 and originally confined to an internal network before becoming connected to ARPANet in 1980. Commercial games followed in the next decade, with Islands of Kesmai, the first commercial online role-playing game, debuting in 1984, as well as more graphical games, such as the MSX LINKS action games in 1986, the flight simulator Air Warrior in 1987, and the Famicom Modem's online Go game in 1987.
The rapid availability of the Internet in the 1990s led to an expansion of online games, with notable titles including Nexus: The Kingdom of the Winds (1996), Quakeworld (1996), Ultima Online (1997), Lineage (1998), StarCraft (1998), Counter-Strike (1999) and EverQuest (1999). Video game consoles also began to receive online networking features, such as the Famicom Modem (1987), Sega Meganet (1990), Satellaview (1995), SegaNet (2000), PlayStation 2 (2000) and Xbox (2001). Following improvements in connection speeds, more recent developments include the popularization of new genres, such as social games, and new platforms, such as mobile games.
Entering into the 2000s, the cost of technology, servers, and the Internet has dropped so far that fast Internet was commonplace, which led to previously unknown genres like massively multiplayer online games (MMOs) becoming well-known. For example, World of Warcraft (2004) dominated much of the decade. Several other MMOs attempted to follow in Warcrafts footsteps, such as Star Wars Galaxies, City of Heroes, Wildstar, Warhammer Online, Guild Wars 2, and Star Wars: The Old Republic, but failed to make a significant impact in Warcrafts market share. Over time, the MMORPG community has developed a sub-culture with its own slang and metaphors, as well as an unwritten list of social rules and taboos.
Separately, a new type of online game came to popularity alongside World of Warcraft, Defense of the Ancients (2003) which introduced the multiplayer online battle arena (MOBA) format. DotA, a community-created mod based on Warcraft III, gained in popularity as interest in World of Warcraft waned, but since the format was tied to the Warcraft property, others began to develop their own MOBAs, including Heroes of Newerth (2009), League of Legends (2010), and Dota 2 (2013). Blizzard Entertainment, the owner of Warcraft property, released their own take on the MOBA genre with Heroes of the Storm (2015), emphasizing on numerous original heroes from Warcraft III and other Blizzard's franchises. By the early 2010s, the genre had become a big part of the esports category.
During the last half of the 2010s, hero shooter, a variation of shooter games inspired by multiplayer online battle arenas and older class-based shooters, had a substantial rise in popularity with the release of Battleborn and Overwatch in 2016. The genre continued to grow with games such as Paladins (2018) and Valorant (2020).
A battle royale game format became widely popular with the release of PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds (2017), Fortnite Battle Royale (2017), and Apex Legends (2019). The popularity of the genre continued in the 2020s with the release of the Call of Duty: Warzone (2020). Each game has received tens of millions of players within months of its releases.
Demographics
The assumption that online games in general are populated mostly by males has remained somewhat accurate for years. Recent statistics begin to diminish the male domination myth in gaming culture. Although a worldwide number of male gamers still dominates over female (52% by 48%), women accounted for more than half of the players of certain games. As of 2019, the average gamer is 33 years old.
The report Online Game Market Forecasts estimates worldwide revenue from online games to reach $35 billion by 2017, up from $19 billion in 2011.
Platforms
Console gaming
Xbox Live was launched in November 2002. Initially the console only used a feature called system link, where players could connect two consoles using an Ethernet cable, or multiple consoles through a router. With the original Xbox Microsoft launched Xbox Live, allowing shared play over the internet. A similar feature exists on the PlayStation 3 in the form of the PlayStation Network, and the Wii also supports a limited amount of online gaming. Nintendo also has a network, dubbed "Nintendo Network", that fully supports online gaming with the Wii U and Nintendo 3DS.
Browser games
As the World Wide Web developed and browsers became more sophisticated, people started creating browser games that used a web browser as a client. Simple single player games were made that could be played using a web browser (most commonly made with web technologies like HTML, JavaScript, ASP, PHP and MySQL).
The development of web-based graphics technologies such as Flash and Java allowed browser games to become more complex. These games, also known by their related technology as "Flash games" or "Java games", became increasingly popular. Games ranged from simple concepts to large-scale games, some of which were later released on consoles. Many Java or Flash games were shared on various different websites, bringing them to wide audiences. Browser-based pet games are popular among the younger generation of online gamers. These games range from gigantic games with millions of users, such as Neopets, to smaller and more community-based pet games.
More recent browser-based games use web technologies like Ajax to make more complicated multiplayer interactions possible and WebGL to generate hardware-accelerated 3D graphics without the need for plugins.
Types of interactions
Player versus environment (PvE)
PvE is a term used in online games, particularly MMORPGs and other role-playing video games, to refer to fighting computer-controlled opponents.
Player versus player (PvP)
PvP is a term broadly used to describe any game, or aspect of a game, where players compete against each other rather than against computer-controlled opponents.
Online games
First-person shooter game (FPS)
During the 1990s, online games started to move from a wide variety of LAN protocols (such as IPX) and onto the Internet using the TCP/IP protocol. Doom popularized the concept of a deathmatch, where multiple players battle each other head-to-head, as a new form of online game. Since Doom, many first-person shooter games contain online components to allow deathmatch or arena style play. And by popularity, first person shooter games are becoming more and more widespread around the world. As games became more realistic and competitive, an e-sports community was born. Games like Counter-Strike, Halo, Call of Duty, Quake Live and Unreal Tournament are popular with these tournaments. These tournaments have a range of winnings from money to hardware.
Expansion of hero shooters, a sub-genre of shooter games, happened in 2016 when several developers released or announced their hero shooter multiplayer online game. Hero shooters have been considered to have strong potential as an esport, as a large degree of skill and coordination arises from the importance of teamwork. Some notable examples include Battleborn, Overwatch, Paladins and Valorant.
Real-time strategy game (RTS)
Early real-time strategy games often allowed multiplayer play over a modem or local network. As the Internet started to grow during the 1990s, software was developed that would allow players to tunnel the LAN protocols used by the games over the Internet. By the late 1990s, most RTS games had native Internet support, allowing players from all over the globe to play with each other. Popular RTS games with online communities have included Age of Empires, Sins of a Solar Empire, StarCraft and Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War.
Massively multiplayer online game (MMO)
Massively multiplayer online games were made possible with the growth of broadband Internet access in many developed countries, using the Internet to allow hundreds of thousands of players to play the same game together. Many different styles of massively multiplayer games are available, such as:
MMORPG (Massively multiplayer online role-playing game)
MMORTS (Massively multiplayer online real-time strategy)
MMOFPS (Massively multiplayer online first-person shooter)
MMOSG (Massively multiplayer online social game)
Multiplayer online battle arena game (MOBA)
A specific subgenre of strategy video games referred to as multiplayer online battle arena (MOBA) gained popularity in the 2010s as a form of electronic sports, encompassing games such as the Defense of the Ancients mod for Warcraft III, League of Legends, Dota 2, Smite, and Heroes of the Storm. Major esports professional tournaments are held in venues that can hold tens of thousands of spectators and are streamed online to millions more. A strong fanbase has opened up the opportunity for sponsorship and advertising, eventually leading the genre to become a global cultural phenomenon.
Battle Royale games
A battle royale game is a genre that blends the survival, exploration and scavenging elements of a survival game with last-man-standing gameplay. Dozens to hundreds of players are involved in each match, with the winner being the last player or team alive. Some notable examples include PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds, Fortnite Battle Royale, Apex Legends, and Call of Duty: Warzone, each having received tens of millions of players within months of their releases. The genre is designed exclusively for multiplayer gameplay over the Internet.
MUD
MUD is a class of multi-user real-time virtual worlds, usually but not exclusively text-based, with a history extending back to the creation of MUD1 by Richard Bartle in 1978. MUD were the direct predecessors of MMORPG.
Other notable games
A social deduction game is a multiplayer online game in which players attempt to uncover each other's hidden role or team allegiance using logic and deductive reasoning, while other players can bluff to keep players from suspecting them. A notable example of the social deduction video game is Among Us, which received a massive influx of popularity in 2020 due to many well-known Twitch streamers and YouTubers playing it. Among Us has also inspired internet memes and achieved a very large following online.
Online game governance
Online gamers must agree to an End-user license agreement (EULA) when they first install the game application or an update. EULA is a legal contract between the producer or distributor and the end-user of an application or software, which is to prevent the program from being copied, redistributed or hacked. The consequences of breaking the agreement vary according to the contract. Players could receive warnings to termination, or direct termination without warning. In the 3D immersive world Second Life where a breach of contract will append the player warnings, suspension and termination depending on the offense.
Where online games supports an in-game chat feature, it is not uncommon to encounter hate speech, sexual harassment and cyberbullying. Players, developers, gaming companies, and professional observers are discussing and developing tools which discourage antisocial behavior.
There are also sometimes Moderators present, who attempt to prevent anti-Social behavior. Online games also often involve real-life illegal behavior, such as scam, financial crimes, invasion of privacy, and other issues.
Recent development of gaming governance requires all video games (including online games) to hold a rating label. The voluntary rating system was established by the Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB). A scale can range from "E" (stands for Everyone) inferring games that are suitable for both children and adults, to "M" (stands for Mature) recommending games that are restricted to age above 17. Some explicit online games can be rated "AO" (stands for Adult Only), identifying games that have content suitable for only adults over the age of 18. Furthermore, online games must also carry an ESRB notice that warns that any "online interactions are not rated by the ESRB".
Shutdown of games
The video game industry is highly competitive. As a result, many online games end up not generating enough profits, such that the service providers do not have the incentives to continue running the servers. In such cases, the developers of a game might decide to shut down the server permanently.
Shutting down an online game can severely impact the players. Typically, a server shutdown means players will no longer be able to play the game. For many players, this can cause a sense of loss at an emotional level, since they often dedicate time and effort to making in-game progress, e.g., completing in-game tasks to earn items for their characters. In some other cases, the game might still be playable without the server, but certain important functionalities will be lost. For example, earning key in-game items often requires a server that can track each player's progress.
In some cases, an online game may be relaunched in a substantially different form after shutting down, in an attempt to increase the game's quality, remedy low sales, or reverse a declining player base, and see significantly greater success. Final Fantasy XIV was negatively received upon its 2010 release, and relaunched as A Realm Reborn in 2013 - the new version was met with considerable positive reception, and is still running as of 2022. Splitgate: Arena Warfare relaunched as Splitgate in 2021, switching to a free-to-play model and adding cross-platform multiplayer, and subsequently saw 2 million new players, with the servers being unable to handle the influx.
However, games may remain a commercial failure despite a planned relaunch. These include the 2015 asymmetrical first-person shooter Evolve, which transitioned to a free-to-play title known as Evolve Stage 2 a year after launch, after it was criticized for its significant amount of DLC despite being a full-priced game, but had its servers permanently shut down roughly two years later after its user base "evaporated" as a result of infrequent updates. The 2019 looter-shooter Anthem was also planned to be relaunched as Anthem Next, but the changes were never implemented, partially due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and an unwillingness to further invest in the game by Electronic Arts, and it was permanently shut down.
See also
List of video game genres
Game server
Massively multiplayer online game
Multiplayer video game
Online text-based role-playing game
Voice chat in online gaming
References
Video game terminology |
Dindica sundae is a moth of the family Geometridae first described by Louis Beethoven Prout in 1935. It is found on Java and Bali.
References
Pseudoterpnini
Taxa named by Louis Beethoven Prout
Moths described in 1935 |
Høstmørke is the Norwegian black metal band Isengard's second album which was released in 1995. The title 'Høstmørke' means "Autumn Darkness" in Norwegian.
Track listing
"Neslepaks" (When read backwards it becomes "Skapelsen" which means "The Creation") – 5:32
"Landet og Havet" (The Land and the Sea) – 1:07
"I Kamp med Hvitekrist" (In Battle With Christ) – 4:57
"I ei Gran Borti Nordre Åsen" (In a spruce far into the Northern Ridge) – 3:43
"Over de Syngende Øde Moer" (Over the Singing Wastelands) – 5:52
"Thornspawn Chalice" – 8:10
"Total Death" – 2:50
Credits
Fenriz – all instruments and vocals
Guests
Aldrahn (Dødheimsgard) – spoken vocals on track 1
Vicotnik (Dødheimsgard) – first scream on track 6
Reception
Peaceville records took up what they described as a classic album for a re-release on their label.
Sonic Abuse describe Høstmørke as "a stunning, icy collection of folk, doom, black metal and rock all held together by the charismatic strength of Fenriz’s idiosyncratic voice and the sheer wealth of influences that can be found throughout the disc", and praise Peaceville for the "more than worthy" reissue.
References
1995 albums
Isengard (band) albums |
```xml
import Link from 'next/link'
export default async function Page({
searchParams,
}: {
searchParams: { [key: string]: string | string[] | undefined }
}) {
const hasParams = Object.keys(searchParams).length > 0
return (
<>
<Link href="/?blazing=good">Go</Link>
{hasParams ? (
<div id="search-params">
Search params: {JSON.stringify(searchParams)}
</div>
) : null}
</>
)
}
``` |
Norman Petty (May 25, 1927 – August 15, 1984) was an American musician, record producer, publisher, and radio station owner. He is considered to be one of the founding fathers of early rock & roll. With Vi Ann Petty—his wife and vocalist—he founded the Norman Petty Trio.
Biography
Petty was born in the small town of Clovis, New Mexico. He began playing piano at a young age. While in high school, he regularly performed on a 15-minute show on a local radio station. After his graduation in 1945, he was drafted into the United States Air Force. When he returned, he married his high-school sweetheart Violet Ann Brady on June 20, 1948. The couple lived briefly in Dallas, Texas, where Petty worked as a part-time engineer at a recording studio. Eventually, they moved back to their hometown of Clovis.
Petty and his wife, Vi, founded the Norman Petty Trio, with guitarist Jack Vaughn. Due to the local success of their independent debut release of "Mood Indigo", they landed a recording contract with RCA Records and sold half a million copies of the recording, and were voted Most Promising Instrumental Group of 1954 by Cashbox magazine. In 1957, their song "Almost Paradise" hit number 18, and Petty won his first BMI writers' award. The song had various cover versions released, with Roger Williams' version selling the best.
Despite the success of his own records, Petty began construction of his Clovis studio in late 1954. The new studio was state of the art, his estimated spending at about $100,000 (US$ in dollars). With the success of "Almost Paradise", it was completed to its current state in mid-1957. In his original 7th Street studio, aside from songs for his own musical group, he also produced singles (several which were hits) for West Texas musicians Roy Orbison, Buddy Knox, Waylon Jennings, Charlie "Sugartime" Phillips, Sonny West, Carolyn Hester, Johnny "Peanuts" Wilson, and Billy Walker. Sizeable hits "Sugar Shack", "Bottle of Wine" by Jimmy Gilmer and the Fireballs, and "Wheels" by the String-A-Longs were recorded at Petty's studio in the 1960s.
Due to the success with instrumental groups, Petty was a reputable producer for bands of that genre and his Clovis Studio was one of the top "go-to" studios for the guitar instrumental (surf) sound in the early 1960s. Notable musicians who visited during the 1960s were The Champs (featuring members Seals & Crofts and Glen Campbell), J.D. Souther (& The Cinders), Johnny Duncan (country singer), and Eddie Reeves.
Petty produced a number of Canadian recording artists, including Wes Dakus and the Rebels, Barry Allen, Gainsborough Gallery, and the Happy Feeling, all of whom had chart success in their homeland. Norman also produced sessions in England for artists such as Brian Poole & The Tremeloes and Buddy Britten, and in Belgium for Roman Reed, Merino Costa, and The Pebbles, among others. Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, recordings produced by Petty, in various musical styles, were issued by virtually every major record label in the United States and Canada, with numerous regional successes.
Petty produced the majority of Buddy Holly's recordings from 1956 thru 1958 at his Clovis studio, while some recordings were recorded at Bell Sound in New York. After Holly's death, Petty was put in charge of overdubbing unfinished Holly recordings by request of the Holley family (Buddy's parents) and demos, which resulted in chart success overseas.
Petty purchased the Mesa Theater on Main Street in Clovis in 1960. In 1963, he launched the FM radio station KTQM starting as an easy-listening station, later switching to country-and-western music, and then in 1968 to top-40 rock. The country genre had local appeal, so he applied for a new station license and started KWKA 680 AM in 1971, airing country-and-western music. Petty ran both stations until 1979. The stations were sold by Curry County Broadcasting to Zia Broadcasting in 2010.
Petty died in Lubbock, Texas, in August 1984, of leukemia. Later in 1984, he was posthumously named Clovis Citizen of the Year. His wife, Vi, died in March 1992. She helped start the "Norman and Vi Petty Music Festival" in Clovis in 1987, which ran until 1997. It featured many artists who had recorded at the Clovis studio and also popular hit makers. Robert Linville requested the name from the Chamber of Commerce and started the festivals again from 1998 until his death in 2001.
Norman and Vi were given awards for "Outstanding Graduate Accomplishment" (in the classes of 1945 and 1946, respectively) by the Clovis Municipal Schools Foundation and Alumni Association in April 2011. The awards are presented to Clovis High School graduates for achievement in their sphere of business; the recipients are chosen because their strength of character and citizenship, to serve as models for today's CHS students. The plaques were given to Vi's relative Nick Brady, who turned them over to Kenneth Broad of the Petty estate to display during studio tours. The original 7th Street Studio is available for tours by appointment only.
The King of Clovis, a book about Petty by Frank Blanas, was published in 2014.
Petty's Nor-Va-Jak record label was revived in 2016 as "Nor-Va-Jak Music", with authorization from Norman Petty Studios, for the purpose of reissuing Petty productions that were not previously available in digital form. Previously, many Petty productions had been issued on CD in the UK by Ace Records. Petty's legendary 7th Street Studio is still open for public tours and is considered to be the world's most authentic vintage recording studio.
References
Further reading
External links
"Norman Petty Studios / Nor-Va-Jak Music". Official Website and Record Label
"Almost Paradise: The Definitive History". DVD documentary
"Norman Petty Studios/Nor-Va-Jak Music" on Facebook
"Interview with Norman Petty". Songwriter magazine, International Songwriters Association
"Norman Petty Interview" on Pop Chronicles (recorded April 1968)
1927 births
1984 deaths
20th-century American businesspeople
20th-century American pianists
People from Clovis, New Mexico
American music managers
American pop pianists
American male pianists
American organists
American male organists
Record producers from Texas
Buddy Holly
Songwriters from New Mexico
Musicians from Lubbock, Texas
American audio engineers
Apex Records artists
Deaths from leukemia
Deaths from cancer in Texas
Songwriters from Texas
X Records artists
20th-century American male musicians |
Monergism is the view within Christian theology which holds that God works through the Holy Spirit to bring about the salvation of an individual through spiritual regeneration, regardless of the individual's cooperation. It is most often associated with Lutheranism, as well as with the Reformed tradition (such as Presbyterianism, low church Anglicanism, Puritans, Dutch Reformed Church, Reformed Baptist etc.) and its doctrine of irresistible grace, and particularly with historical doctrinal differences between Calvinism and Arminianism. This position supposedly contrasts with what is pejoratively called Arminian synergism, the belief that God and individuals cooperate to bring individuals salvation.
Statement of the doctrine
Monergism states that the regeneration of an individual is the work of God through the Holy Spirit alone, as opposed to synergism, which, in its simplest form, argues that the human will cooperates with God's grace in order to be regenerated. To most synergists, regeneration is a process that begins when a person responds to God's initiative, repents, and begins the labor of loving God and his neighbor. Monergists believe that regeneration takes place as a single act in which God regenerates a person from a fleshly state and, thus now enabled, a person can believe, and that he/she inevitably and invariably will do so.
While most synergists hold that God initiates all the work but that the work of salvation requires "free will," monergists maintain that God alone initiates and completes all the work of salvation. To a monergist, a person possesses human freedom before regeneration (if by freedom, is meant the ability to choose what one wants). Yet, a person; because of his unregenerate and fallen nature is in slavery to sin (i.e. a person chooses sin; because that is what he/she wants); because he/she is dead in sin before God's regeneration and in this state is unable to choose God (because he/she does not want God; the person may want the gifts from God, but not God). Synergists, on the other hand, have varying beliefs regarding freedom to respond to God. According to monergism, faith in Christ only springs from a heart first renewed by God. Among various arguments, proponents believe to mean that no one can possibly confess Jesus as Lord apart from the Holy Spirit's prompting and being a true conviction of the heart.
According to monergists, all persons are conceived and born with an unregenerated human nature, and faith to believe is beyond the power of this unregenerated human nature. God circumcises the heart. The apostle John is understood by some monergists as having recorded Jesus saying that we love darkness, hate the light and will not come into the light (; monergists assume that "doing the truth" and "loving the light" in consequence are the results of God's irresistible grace which brings a love and faith enabled by grace. The natural person, apart from the quickening work of the Holy Spirit, will not come to Christ on his/her own; since the person is at enmity with God; and so, will not understand spiritual things (meaning the experience of loving God; i.e. seeing God's loveliness) (). Reading or hearing the word of God alone cannot elicit saving faith in the reader (). The monergist believes in heralding the gospel indiscriminately, and the Holy Spirit regenerates whom it will, according to its sovereign grace.
Monergists believe that once the "eyes have been made healthy" a person will inevitably follow God; because the Infinite is effective to what the Infinite wills to effect. "Therefore, my dear friends, as you have always obeyed—not only in my presence, but now much more in my absence—continue to work out your salvation with fear and trembling, 13 for it is God who works in you to will and to act in order to fulfill his good purpose." Philippians 2:12–13. God always does according to His good pleasure; and no thing can stop an infinite Being's good pleasure.
Monergistic salvation, synergistic damnation
Lutheranism and Reformed Protestantism, including those who ascribe to Covenant Theology, hold to the soteriological position of monergistic salvation and synergistic damnation, rejecting Calvin's monergistic damnation and Arminius's synergistic salvation.
Lutheranism teaches that God predestines some to salvation via His foreknowledge but does not predestine others to damnation, as God wills that all might be saved (1 Tim 2:3-6, Rom. 11:32, etc.). The Scriptural basis for man's justification by faith alone is summarized in the Epitome of the Formula of Concord under Free Will and The Righteousness of Faith Before God. The Righteousness of Faith, and fully discussed in the Solid Declaration of the Formula of Concord under Free Will and The Righteousness of Faith. Likewise the Defense of the Augsburg Confession discusses the Scriptural basis of man's Justification. Lutherans thus confess that salvation is monergistic, saving faith being the work of the Holy Spirit alone while man is still the uncooperative enemy of God (Rom. 5:8,10), but man's damnation is synergistic: Scripture states repeatedly that man participates in and bears the responsibility for resisting God's grace of the free—not enforced—gift of salvation (ex: Matt. 23:37, Heb. 12:25, Acts 7:51, John 16:9, Heb. 12:15, etc.). Thus, you will see Calvinists incorrectly accuse Lutherans of Arminianism and Arminians incorrectly accuse Lutherans of Calvinism. Lutherans view their stance not as having one foot in Calvinism and one foot in Arminianism, but having both feet firmly planted in scripture. This view is also shared by some Augustinian denominations such as the Church of the Redeemer.
Reformed Baptists confess The London Baptist Confession of Faith of 1689.
Opposition to monergism
Synergists have a variety of beliefs. Many would hold the same views listed above in describing how God opens the eyes and ears of a person to both see and hear the Salvation of God before he has faith. They would make the distinction, however, that a person can reject this revelation and maintain their desire to remain as they are. They would maintain that God, in his grace, calls all human beings to follow him, but he allows the "free will" of the individual to not respond to him. Most synergists believe man is unable to do good but God has extended grace to all people which gives them the ability to have faith in Christ (see prevenient grace). Synergists believe salvation is a matter of human and divine synergy, not divine choice alone without human cooperation.
Some synergists believe that monergism is fatalistic; because they interpret it to believe that a man is not free to resist God's (outward) call. Many monergists, however, would counter that when the heart has been regenerated, man accepts God's (inward) call freely and so would defend that their Christianity, while not predicated on "free will," does, in fact, involve their freedom. Opponents of monergism would argue that this type of freedom is akin to being free to take the one-and-only choice available.
These arguments are both aspects of the general argument that monergism means that God chooses individuals without any condition provided by the individual (See unconditional election). Therefore, according to monergism, the only reason that one person is saved and another is not is because God sovereignly decided, without any conditions provided by the two individuals, to save one of them. It follows that the only reason people are not saved is because God sovereignly chooses not to save some individuals. Therefore, monergism is said to lead to the conclusion that God does not in fact love every human being nor want to save every person. By contrast, synergists maintain that God does not save certain individuals because they do not desire to be saved. According to both monergism and synergism, God will not force His will or His forgiveness on those who do not desire it.
Robin Phillips has argued that monergism and monoenergism, the latter of which was condemned as heretical during the patristic era, are closely related.
References
Sources
"Regeneration" by J. I. Packer
External links
Monergism.com – Contains articles explaining and defending Calvinistic monergism.
A Divine and Supernatural Light, Immediately Imparted to the Soul by the Spirit of God by Jonathan Edwards
Two Views of Regeneration (chart) by John Hendryx
The Work of the Trinity in Monergism by John Hendryx
Jesus Teaches Monergistic Regeneration by John Hendryx
The New Genesis by R.C. Sproul
A Defense of Monergistic Regeneration by Gannon Murphy
Monergistic Regeneration 2-Part MP3 Lecture by Art Azurdia
Calvinist theology
Pneumatology
Salvation in Protestantism
Christian terminology |
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