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is a Japanese retired Grand Prix motorcycle road racer, and current team principal of Honda Team Asia. Aoyama is best known for winning the 2009 250cc World Championship title. He is the older brother of former 250cc and World Superbike rider, Shuhei Aoyama.
In his six seasons in the 250cc World Championship, he raced Honda and KTM machinery in an Aprilia-dominated class. He took nine victories and never finished lower than seventh overall. By winning the 2009 250cc World Championship, Aoyama become the last winner of this class before its replacement by the Moto2 class in 2010. In 2010 he moved up to the premier class with Interwetten Racing. He stopped competing in MotoGP after the 2014 season and took on the role of HRC test rider and advisor to riders in the Shell Advance Asia Talent Cup.
Career
Early career
Born in Ichihara, Chiba, Aoyama first raced in MiniMoto at the age of 4, racing against Yuki Takahashi, who he has raced against for most of his career. In 2008 he referred to Takahashi as a "respected rival".
He rode in the All-Japan Road Racing Championship until 2003, when he won the 250cc championship with Honda. He also rode a couple of events as wildcard rider in the Grand Prix World Championships, finishing 2nd in the 2003 Japanese Grand Prix at Suzuka.
125cc, 250cc & MotoGP World Championship
In 2004 he joined the 250cc World Championship full-time, still racing for Honda. His debut season gave him two third places and 6th place in the championship. In the following year he scored his maiden victory in his home race at Motegi and finished the championship in 4th place.
However, he was not able to stay on at Honda, so he moved to KTM for 2006 season. He brought them victories in Istanbul and Motegi, the first two for the manufacturer in the class. For the second year in row, he was 4th in overall standings.
Aoyama ended the 2007 season in sixth place in the 250 championship with victories in Germany and Malaysia. He remained with KTM for the 2008 season and finished the season in seventh place with two second-place finishes.
After KTM's withdrawal from 250cc class, Aoyama returned to Honda with Team Scot replacing his rival Yuki Takahashi who briefly moved up to MotoGP class. The 2009 season went well as he scored 4 wins, 3 second places and finished every other race in the points. At last race of the season Aoyama became the world champion.
Aoyama stepped up to MotoGP in 2010 on board the Emmi-Caffè Latte Team Honda RC212V. In initial testing the team (which is itself new to MotoGP) opted not to use the electronic rider aids, despite the bikes being designed around them. The team's technical director Tom Jojic explained that he wanted Aoyama to experience the bike's true nature, and believes that he is good enough to be competitive on it. His season was wrecked by a fractured vertebra sustained in a practice crash at Silverstone, eliminating him for much of the season.
Aoyama was a consistent race finisher in 2011, mainly finishing in the bottom end of the top ten, but finished fourth in the Spanish Grand Prix. Aoyama also replaced Dani Pedrosa on the factory-spec Repsol Honda bike for the Dutch TT in Assen, after Pedrosa's injury at the French Grand Prix. Aoyama moved to World Superbikes for the season, joining Jonathan Rea at Castrol Honda.
Career statistics
Grand Prix motorcycle racing
By season
By class
Races by year
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position, races in italics indicate fastest lap)
Superbike World Championship
By season
Races by year
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position, races in italics indicate fastest lap)
References
External links
Japanese motorcycle racers
1981 births
Living people
People from Ichihara, Chiba
Sportspeople from Chiba Prefecture
250cc World Championship riders
Repsol Honda MotoGP riders
Superbike World Championship riders
Avintia Racing MotoGP riders
Gresini Racing MotoGP riders
Aspar Racing Team MotoGP riders
Marc VDS Racing Team MotoGP riders
MotoGP World Championship riders
250cc World Riders' Champions |
The Blood Road () is a route northeast of Rognan in the municipality of Saltdal in Nordland county, Norway that was built by prisoners during the Second World War. The route was a new section of Norwegian National Road 50 between Rognan and Langset on the east side of Saltdal Fjord (Saltdalsfjorden), where there was a ferry service before the war. The specific incident that gave the road its name was a cross of blood that was painted on a rock cutting in June 1943. The blood came from a prisoner that was shot along the route, and the cross was painted by his brother.
The prisoners lived in a primitive camp in the village of Botn, just outside Rognan. The prisoners of war had very small daily rations, long working hours, poor clothing for winter use, primitive barracks, and miserable sanitation, and they were treated cruelly. The Botn camp was first led by the SS, and under their direction mass executions were also carried out.
When the Wehrmacht took over management of the Botn camp in October 1943, the conditions gradually improved. The conditions further improved when the Red Cross learned of the camps and several inspections were conducted.
The Botn camp was one of five original prisoner-of-war camps in Northern Norway. The camp held prisoners from Yugoslavia, the Soviet Union, and Poland. The youngest prisoners of war were barely 12 years old. The conditions at all five camps were poor with high mortality. The number of prisoners in the Botn camp can only be estimated from testimonies of survivors. Almost 900 prisoners in total arrived at the camp; of these, about half died through execution, punishment, malnutrition, and exhaustion.
By the war's end there were around 7,500 prisoners of war in Saltdal, but the number is uncertain. There were up to 18 camps from Saltfjellet (a mountain) and north to Saltdal Fjord, but the treatment that prisoners received in these camps was considerably better. In the trials held after the war, the camps were referred to as extermination camps. It shocked the Norwegian authorities that the Norwegian youths as young as 16 had served as guards in the camp. The youths were members of the Hirdvaktbataljon (Guard Battalion of the Hird) set up under the NS Ungdomsfylking (the Nasjonal Samling youth organization), and they treated the prisoners of war cruelly. In the postwar trials several Norwegian guards received prison sentences, and some of the German SS officers were sentenced to death by firing squad.
Background
Building the road and rail connections
During the occupation of Norway in the Second World War, the German forces had enormous transport needs, particularly in Northern Norway, where, among other things, they needed to bring supplies to the north front, transport ore from LKAB via Narvik, nickel from Finland, and personnel and material throughout the entire region. Transport by ship along the Norwegian coast was hazardous due to allied bombing. The road network was poor and insufficiently developed. The Nordland Line went no further north than Mosjøen, and on the trunk roads there were many ferry crossings. Railroad development was centrally seen as the only solution to obtain satisfactory transport. Adolf Hitler ordered the rapid development of the Polar Line to Kirkenes; the German commander in Norway, Generaloberst Nikolaus von Falkenhorst, demanded 145,000 prisoners of war to carry out development of the railroad to Kirkenes within four years.
The very comprehensive plan was set aside, and in the first round 30,000 POWs were brought in to carry out railroad construction from Mosjoen to Tysfjord. The Todt Organization was responsible for all road development in the occupied countries, and a sub-unit named Einsatzgruppe Wiking (the Viking Task Force) took responsibility for building the railroad between Mo i Rana and Fauske. The head of Todt Organisation for Norway was Willi Henne and the sub-division "Einsatzgruppe Wiking". The head of Einsatzgruppe Wikings road construction department, Hermann Hesse, wrote to Willi Henne, of June 1943 "that he had been informed by the construction firm Hans Röllinger KG (Fürth) that they had recently stopped the beating of Yugoslavian inmates on their road construction site in the hope that this would raise the men’s performance." Einsatzgruppe Wiking was responsible for beating and killing of POW during the road construction. Several German construction companies were involved as sub-contractors, that still exist today: Müller-Altvatter (Stuttgart), Eschweiler Tiefbau – J. Pellini (Eschweiler) and Röllinger KG (Fürth)
By the war's end, the Wehrmacht had used 140,000 POWs as slave labor in Norway. Of these, about 1,600 were Poles, 1,600 were Yugoslavs, and the majority, around 75,000, were Soviet citizens.
Five main camps in Northern Norway
The prisoners of war were sent through central Europe to Szczecin on the Baltic Sea. On the way to Norway, they were quartered at various German camps. The transport from Szczecin was by ship to either Bergen or Trondheim, and then further north to the five main camps. The northernmost one was located in Karasjok, the camp at Beisfjord was the largest, the Botn camp was located in Saltdal, and in the southern part of Northern Norway were the Osen and Korgen camps. These first five camps were each referred to as a "Serb camp" (). However, there were many more small camps throughout Northern Norway. Between Korgen and Narvik alone there were up to 50 camps with around 30,000 prisoners.
In the summer of 1942, about 2,500 Yugoslav prisoners of war arrived at these five camps, and by the next summer only about 750 were still alive. The differences between the camps are apparent from the fact that in the camp at Bakken further up in Saltdal no prisoners died over the span of three years.
The conditions in many of the camps were cruel. Responsibility in the camps was split up systematically, so that the individual German officer with responsibility in each camp could with a certain kind of justification declare himself not liable for the misery. The personal character of the camp commandant was decisive for the conditions in each camp.
Highway 50 between Rognan and Fauske
Road construction was to take place simultaneously with railroad construction. Highway 50 (today E6) traversing Saltfjellet was opened in 1937, but it was a low-quality road. From Rognan to Langset, a few kilometers north in Saltdal Fjord, there was a ferry. Further north in Salten there were also many longer ferry connections. In December 1941, the Germans demanded forced road construction and offered prisoners to the Directorate of Public Roads to carry out the work. It was agreed to prioritize the three road systems in Korgen, in Botn in Saltdal, and around Beisfjord in Ofoten.
The new road over Korgfjellet (no) (a mountain) in the municipality of Korgen was intended to replace another ferry connection along Highway 50 between Elsfjord and Hemnesberget. On June 23, 1942, Yugoslav prisoners of war were brought to two camps: to Fagerlimoen (in Korgen) and to Osen (in Knutlia). The camps were active until the summer of 1943. A temporary bridge was set up over Beis Fjord in Ofoten in July 1943 and a ferry connection was set up between Fagernes and Ankenes. This was replaced by the Beisfjord Bridge in 1959. The Beisfjord camp was located in Beisfjord, south of Narvik, and was active from June 1942 until the end of the war.
The Blood Road was a road section northeast of Rognan in the municipality of Saltdal. The road was a new section of Norwegian National Road 50 between Rognan and Langset on the east side of Saltdal Fjord, where there was a ferry connection before the war. The Blood Road itself now corresponds to a section of today's European route E6 between Saltnes and Saksenvik. The prisoners that built the road belonged to the Botn camp.
The prisoners of war were generally treated poorly during the construction. They received small portions of simple food, their clothing was not suitable for winter use, and the hygiene conditions were extremely deficient with much lice infestation.
The Botn camp
The largest and best-known camp in Saltdal was in Botn near Saltdal Fjord, about from Rognan. The camp was set back from the other buildings in Botn, but was still close to the work and the fjord. Around Botn there are high mountains, and the areas to the east are bare deserted mountainous terrain. Before the Blood Road was built, the little village had no road connection.
The prisoners carried out roadwork on the stretch from Rognan to Langset. Personnel from the Norwegian Public Roads Administration led the efforts technically and served as blasting foremen and facility managers.
Background of the prisoners
The prisoners of war that were used in Saltdal came from Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union, and some were also from Poland.
The majority of the prisoners from Yugoslavia were political prisoners, but the criminologist Nils Christie explains that their backgrounds varied, and so it is difficult to fully characterize them. Christie also offers some hypotheses for why it is probable that they were politically active. A portion of them were both political prisoners and Partisans, and they came from all walks of life and of all ages; the youngest were only 13 to 14 years old. The majority were Serbs, but some were also Croats.
The labor camps in Norway and in other areas conquered by the Germans were often as bad as the "Nacht und Nebel" camps, where political prisoners in particular would "disappear." Resistance movements arose in countries occupied by Nazi Germany. Executions of captured resistance member were counterproductive because they hardened public opinion. The "Nacht und Nebel" camps would keep the prisoners' relatives and other people unaware of their fate. This system was used against resistance members both in Germany and in occupied areas. In addition, the camps constituted an important economic base for the SS-dominated state. The expenses for labor were very small and the labor supply was almost unlimited.
Arrival at the camp
The Botn camp was active from July 1942 to June 1944. The camp was built by the Public Roads Administration after it had been ordered to build barracks at the beginning of June 1942. The camp was fenced by two barbed-wire fences, which were about high and had a interval between them. There were three guards at the camp. Two barracks were built with simple boarded exteriors and floors without a foundation. The barracks contains five-tiered bunk beds. Outside the camp was the barracks for the guard crew. When the guard was installed on June 20, the building was not yet finished. The commandant of the camp was Hauptsturmführer Franz Kiefer, and he was in charge of six officers and two NCOs, all members of the SS. In addition, there were ten to twelve military police and another NCO. The commandant of the Osen camp, Sturmbannführer Dolph, was also given oversight over the Botn camp and Korgen camp.
The first prisoners at the Botn camp were 472 Yugoslavs who arrived by ship on July 25, 1942. They had been brought by ship from Szczecin to Bergen on June 2. Twenty-eight of the prisoners were already shot upon arrival in Bergen. From Bergen, they were sent by ship to Botn, and 400 prisoners were sent further on to Karasjok. The Furumo farm was located about from the camp, and those that lived there said that the prisoners were marched from the sea up to the camp in smaller groups, while the guards shouted at and struck them, causing many to fall over.
Malnutrition and pecking order
The two camps in Botn were so poorly built that the snow made its way into the prisoners' beds. The daily rations were very small, and a former prisoner described the food supplies as follows: Typically four or five men shared one loaf of bread, 50 men shared of margarine, and 100 men shared of sausages. Each man received of soup a day. The labor shifts were 14 hours long. Sanitation was extremely inadequate; the prisoners fetched washing and drinking water from open ditches in the camp. Outflow from the toilets often entered the channels.
Disagreements between the Croats and Serbs were exploited by the SS guards. A few selected Croats received more privileged positions as kapos. The kapo system was common in Nazi concentration camps. The kapos received more food than they could manage to eat themselves. As a result, food barter became established, in which those with more sold their soup ration and received a half ration of bread from those that had too little. A former prisoner commented in broken Norwegian on the difference between food intake by kapos and the rest of the prisoners of war: "Among these, there were several who were so fat that they weighed over , whereas the majority were under ."
Norwegian guards from the Hirdvaktbataljon
{{Quote box|quote=Regarding the guard battalion, I would like to ask you as soon as possible to withdraw it, and to send them to the Legion. Because the service these boys are performing is the most horrible I've ever heard of, since they are simply performing what was called "knacker service" in the Thirty Years' War for the Germans.I have constantly heard rumors about what they're doing up there, and the other day I received confirmation from a man who came from there on leave because he came into my office and said "Heil og sæl, I am a trained killer." He told me that the Serbs they are guarding up there were sentenced to death in Serbia, but for one reason or another were brought up to Finnmark, and from there they will not escape alive; and it is these young Hird members' despairing duty to finish off each of these prisoners. From what my informant said, and from what I have also heard from others, the treatment of these men is inhuman. He claimed that in the time he has been there they have had to kill about seven hundred by shooting or hanging. That the Fører'''s young idealistic political soldiers should have to perform this kind of service is impossible and must be completely rejected.|salign=right|source=Excerpt from a letter from Hird leader Oliver Møystad to Vidkun Quisling|width=50%|align=right|quoted=1}}
On August 1, 1942 about 30 Norwegian guards arrived at the camp. They were from the Hirdvaktbataljon (the Guard Battalion of the Hird) set up under the NS Ungdomsfylking (the Nasjonal Samling youth organization) in order to protect businesses from sabotage. The members of the Hirdvaktbataljon were as young as 16 and were therefore (or for other reasons) not accepted for service at the front. They were only responsible for preventing escapes and had no responsibility for managing the labor. They had "shoot-to-kill" orders in the event of an escape. They were not formally allowed to punish prisoners, but this was not adhered to. The guard crews had rifles with bayonets, and some had automatic firearms.
The young men in the Hirdvaktbataljon mistreated the prisoners by hitting and kicking them, throwing stones, striking them with their rifle butts, and stabbing them with bayonets. The younger the guards were, the more brutally they behaved. After the labor shifts, the guards would report poor performance to the camp management. Those accused of lack of effort were punished with 25 strokes of a cane, sometimes up to 50. The prisoners that were beaten frequently rarely lived long.
A man living near the Botn camp stated: "I remember that among the Norwegian guards there was a very good man, who helped the prisoners with news and food, and who did not force them to work. But the Germans found out, and he suddenly vanished."
After the war, it was also ascertained that the young men's behavior in the camp had also shocked the highest levels of Nasjonal Samling. In a private letter (see excerpt at right), Vidkun Quisling was urged to transfer the youths away from this service.
The commandant at the Botn camp
SS Hauptsturmführer Franz Kiefer, who was the commandant at the Botn camp, was an exceptionally brutal man according to all witnesses. A young man from the Hirdvaktbataljon stated in an interview with Christie: "The Germans up there were insane. Kiefer was a devil like no other. He put his fist up in our faces when we arrived. We had to obey orders, otherwise we would be hanged immediately. Fifteen- and sixteen-year-olds lived only as long as they thought things were the way they should be."
Another witness from the Hirdvaktbataljon stated: "We were so shocked that we didn't understand anything. It was snowing and cold, sad and rugged. Pigsties. The prisoners milled around and scowled, aware that something was amiss. The Germans behaved shockingly. The camp commandant Kiefer came directly from an insane asylum in Germany. He walked around with a little whip that he used to beat us and others. I myself was struck in the face by him. When he was drunk he was completely out of control. 'Why didn't you take off?' people asked afterwards. I didn't know where I was, only the general direction, and around us there were snow, ice, and mountains everywhere." Christie notes that Kiefer certainly did not come from an insane asylum, but it is interesting as a characterization.
Kiefer had a hammer forged with a spike on it that he used to mistreat the prisoners. A witness stated that he would swing his short hammer around furiously.
Norwegian guards from the SS Guard Battalion
After four to five months, the first Norwegian guard crew was relieved by 180 men from the SS Guard Battalion (no) (). Many of the SS Guard Battalion guards were as brutal as those from the Hirdvaktbataljon, yet there were now a greater number that treated prisoners in a fairly orderly manner.
Escape attempts
The first escape attempt from the camp occurred on December 14, 1942 and was carried out by Tihomir Pantović (a.k.a. "Yellow"). The escape was something that the prisoners had agreed to among themselves. The plan was for the escapee to make his way to Sweden and tell about the conditions so that the outside world would become aware of what was going on. The prisoner that escaped was intercepted by Norwegian guards; when he understood that the attempt was unsuccessful he tried desperately to cut his throat with a lens from his glasses. The two Norwegian guards mistreated him so brutally that they kicked out one of his eyes and broke an arm. He was brought back to the camp, where he was kept for three days without food or water. Then he was hanged in front of everyone. Those that took him down said he was bruised all over his body from punches and kicks.
The next and last escape attempt that was made when the SS-Vaktbataljon was in charge of the camp was carried out by Svetislav Nedeljković (a.k.a. "Crazy Sveta"). This occurred on February 12, 1943 and was also unsuccessful. After it became known that a prisoner had escaped, extensive searches were carried out in all houses and buildings in Botn. The civilian population was interrogated and accused of hiding the fugitive.
After the Wehrmacht took over guard duties, Cveja Jovanović was one of the prisoners who managed to escape to Sweden. His book Flukt til friheten (Escape to Freedom) was published in Norwegian in 1985. The book describes his escape and also presents other escape attempts that were made from camps in Norway. Jovanović describes in detail the risk that the escapees exposed themselves to, and what reprisals their fellow prisoners could expect. The circumstances and the dangers in escaping from the Botn camp and other camps in Salten are also thoroughly discussed.
About 30 prisoners managed to escape from the camps in Saltdal in the course of three years. Jovanović says that 23 men escaped from the Botn camp, but he does not mention how many of those were successful.
Mass executions
The first mass executions at the Botn camp happened in late November 1942, right after the new group with Norwegian guard crews had arrived. One of these stated what happened: "A pit was dug about from the camp and the Serbian prisoners were gathered around it. The pit was long, wide, and deep. Three Norwegian guards were ordered to stand watch around the group of prisoners, while the SS guards methodically shot them in the back of the head. When I came out, the Germans had already started the executions, and a boy age 13 was next in line. The boy fell down on his knees and begged for his life, but he was shot in the back of the head and fell into the grave."
The prisoners were lined up on the edge of the grave, so that they fell right into it after the shot was fired. They were shot in groups of ten, which were lined up at the edge in turns. The Norwegian guard walked to the grave and saw that several were still alive. He lost control and shouted, "But they're still alive!" He was immediately threatened with a gun by one of the SS guards and taken away from the execution site. When he talked about this at the barracks, the other guards said that he was soft.
A prisoner who buried the bodies told the Norwegian guard that around 77 prisoners were shot, and that their ages ranged from around 12 to 70 years. The corpses lay at one end of the grave. They were covered with only a thin layer of soil because more new prisoners were buried every day. The German SS guards said that the detainees were ill and were being executed to avoid infection. The Norwegian guard himself thought that the reason was that they were so starved that they had no strength to work.
According to the Yugoslav War Crimes Commission, this execution occurred on November 26, 1942 and 73 prisoners were shot. The shooting was ordered by Untersturmführer August Riemer. The next mass execution of sick prisoners took place in January 1943. The War Crimes Commission established that 50 people were executed on this occasion and the date was determined to be 23 January. Norwegian guards were present at the event, but reportedly only German crews carried out the executions.
The local population's connection to the camps
The local people could not fail to be aware of the conditions in the camps. Although there was no abundance of food in Norwegian homes during the war, some food was given to the prisoners. Especially those that lived near the camps gave as often as they could and recognized "kind" guards that openly permitted the prisoners to receive food. However, most often food was given by hiding it at construction sites or along the roads. Helping the prisoners could be dangerous because of reprisals. Julie Johansen lived near the Botn camp and became known as the "Yugoslavs' mother"; for her efforts she received an award from Josip Broz Tito after the war.
In the course of three years, around 30 prisoners managed to escape from the camps in Saltdal and make their way to Sweden. The locals significantly assisted the escaped prisoners by guiding them on their way and helping with shelter, food, and equipment. Some Saltdal residents worked as border guides and the escape route usually went to the Swedish mountain farm of Mavas via Mount Salt. During the winter, this was a daunting journey and on the Swedish side many miles still remained to reach civilization. The fugitives thus also depended on help from Swedes.
There was also an escape route across the Sulitjelma massif somewhat further north. Some employees of the Sulitjelma Mines who lived in the small mining community of Jakobsbakken were a known group of border guides. When they took people into the mountains and were gone a few days, this was not registered as an absence and they were paid as though they had been at work. Before coming to the mountain village of Sulitjelma, there is the village of Lakså near Upper Lake (), where there were border guides for a slightly more northerly route. In Salten there were organized border guides, couriers, intelligence agents, and resisters making it possible for these escape routes to function.
The most frequently used border guide in Saltdal was probably Peter Båtskar. He lived in a hut in the mountains south of Rognan, subsisted mostly on hunting and fishing, and was viewed as an odd character. He was recommended to fugitives who came from the prison camps. Among the people in Saltdal, it became an adage to say: "Send him to Båtskar!" when someone was in a difficult situation.
Transfer of guard duties to the Wehrmacht
Conditions at the camp improved when the Wehrmacht took charge at Easter 1943. Of the 472 prisoners who had arrived the camp, at least 302 had died. Thus, there were 170 prisoners in the camp when the Wehrmacht took over. On April 12, a new group of 300 prisoners arrived at the camp, including the then 20-year-old Ostoja Kovačević, who wrote the book En times frihet (One Hour of Freedom). The first Sunday that he was in camp, all of the new prisoners had to wash themselves outside in a small lake where ice was still floating. The German soldiers beat the prisoners and forced them into the water.
Kovačević says that such bathing Sundays were something that happened often: "Bathing Sundays always ended with large and small tragedies. Many were so frozen stiff that they could not manage to get their clothes on, and so others had to dress them. It often happened that almost half of the prisoners had to be carried back to camp after bathing. And the Gypsies that had managed to resist both starvation and beatings were broken here. One after another, they had to be carried unconscious back to the camp, where they later died." A German non-commissioned officer had previously served as an orderly; he used to treat frostbite by chopping off frozen fingers with his bayonet.
The blood cross on rock wall facing Highway 50
On July 14, 1943 Miloš Banjac was shot by a Wehrmacht guard, and his brother drew a cross on the rock wall next to him with the dead man's blood. This event resulted in the stretch of road between Rognan and Saksenvik on the east side of Saltdal Fjord being known as the Blood Road (). The cross is still marked today.
Improved conditions
A Yugoslav doctor and major who arrived in October 1943 described the conditions in the camp on his arrival: "There were over 400 Yugoslav prisoners, a very motley crew, some former gendarmes from the Yugoslav police, some teachers and intellectuals, but essentially people that had fought as irregulars in Yugoslavia. A number of these were communists. Fifty percent of the prisoners could hardly walk, so weakened were they by hunger and disease. A number of them had scabies. About 40 patients lay in a hospital barracks, of whom 15 had tuberculosis in a very advanced stage; other patients lay with untreated leg fractures and one with a jaw fracture. All medical care was provided by a young Yugoslav medical student, but there were almost no drugs or instruments of any kind."
The doctor quickly came into conflict with the camp commandant, who was a captain in the Wehrmacht. He tried to stop the Sunday bathing, but with no success. He dared to report sick prisoners despite the fact that the commandant thought that he was sabotaging the road construction efforts. There was a camp inspection at the Botn camp, and the doctor submitted his complaints. Some time later the commandant was replaced, after which inspections were more frequent and were performed by senior German officers. In one instance a general from Oslo also came for an inspection. After the last inspection, corporal punishment was prohibited and the rations were increased. Medicines and medical instruments were also sent to the camp. A German doctor came for an inspection and all of the prisoners were examined; all of those who were seriously ill were sent south. After the Yugoslav doctor came to the camp, only four or five prisoners died.
Red Cross inspection
In January 1944, a Red Cross commission arrived at the Botn camp. This may have been connected with Kovačević's escape to Sweden, because there the fugitive had informed the outside world and the Red Cross about the conditions. After this, all of the prisoners were registered by the Red Cross, and they were able to receive and send mail. In spring 1944, the prisoners received official status as prisoners of war, and on June 1 all of the prisoners were sent to a camp at the Lillealmenningen farm (also known as the Potthus camp) a little further south in Saltdal. Prisoners from the Korgen camp were also transferred there. Later the prisoners were sent to a new camp on Mount Salt called the Polar Circle Camp ().
Other camps in Saltdal
There were as many as 18 camps in Saltdal during the Second World War. The prisoners worked on both road and railway construction, and, as mentioned, the conditions in the other camps in Saltdal were generally significantly better.
Shutdown and repatriation
A review conducted by Chief Physician Simon Frostad (1903–1984) showed that there were a total of 7,465 prisoners of war in Saltdal as of May 14, 1945. This figure is a minimum. The large number of prisoners represented more than a doubling of the population in the municipality. When the camps were shut down, many needed rehabilitation, and their repatriation also took time. After three months, all of the camps were empty.
The sources give different accounts of the number of prisoners in total in the Botn camp. Cveja Jovanović specifies some figures in his book; namely, that 463 prisoners came to the camp on 25 July 1942. Of these, 276 died in April 1943. On April 11 the same year, a further 400 Partisan prisoners were transferred to Botn. Later that month, the Wehrmacht took over the guard duties, and under their direction a total of 18 were shot, 60 died of other causes, and 23 managed to escape. Later, 105 people were sent to the medical camp at Øysand in Trondheim. On June 1, 1944 the Boten camp was shut down and all of the remaining 381 prisoners were sent to the Potthus camp a little further south in Saltdal. These figures differ from those cited in other sources (the primary source is testimony by witnesses), but they give an idea of the magnitude.
The Russian prisoners who were released were either executed upon arrival in Murmansk, or were sent to NKVD filtration camps because, under the Soviet penal code, they were under suspicion for having allowed themselves to be taken prisoner.
Trials
Nils Parelius (1912–1995) was the district attorney in Møre og Romsdal, and in 1945 he was an assistant judge in Salten. He was also a local historian, and he wrote an article about the Botn camp in the magazine Samtiden, later republished in his book Tilintetgjørelsesleirene for jugoslaviske fanger i Nord-Norge (Extermination Camps for Yugoslav Prisoners in Northern Norway) in 1984. The article provides a broad overview of what happened in connection with the Blood Road and the postwar trials.
Trial in Belgrade
Thirty-two guards from the Yugoslav camps in Norway were tried by a military court in Belgrade in the fall of 1946. The witnesses were former prisoners. Statements given by Norwegian eyewitnesses and recorded by the British War Crimes Commission in Norway were also submitted. The case went to the Supreme Military Court, which ruled on December 1, 1946. Death sentences were handed down to 22 guards, and prison sentences ranging from 5 to 20 years for the others. Among those sentenced to death, 17 had served in the original five camps in Northern Norway. Five of those sentenced to death were SS officers from the Botn camp, including Untersturmführer August Riemer. He was sentenced for both of the mass executions, in November 1942 and January 1943.
The archives at the Falstad Center contain details of what later happened with those responsible from Botn camp and other camps in Norway. This information was collected and translated by the former Yugoslav prisoner Petar Krasulja from Belgrade, and the letter containing this information is dated June 13, 2000. The following were sentenced to death by firing squad: Franz Kiefer, the aforementioned August Riemer, Kurt Bretschneider, and Richard Hager, all of them SS members.
Trials in Norway
Sentencing
In Norway, investigation of the conditions at the Botn camp began in the summer of 1947.
500 Norwegian guards served at four main camps—Lager 1 Beisfjord, Lager 2 Elsfjord, Lager 3 Rognan and Lager 4 Karasjok—and their satellite prison camps at Korgen, Osen, and at Lake Jernvann on Bjørnfjell. (Those guards came from Hirdvaktbataljonen—a battalion within Hirden, that had the responsibility for guarding the prison camps in North Norway, between June 1942 and April 1943; members of the battalion participated in Norway's largest massacre.)
It had been thought that 363 Norwegians participated as guards in Norwegian camps. Norwegian criminologist Nils Christie found 249 names, more than the official investigation tracked down.
A death sentence was handed down by the Eidsivating Court of Appeal against a former guard at the Botn camp. He was found guilty of the murder of one prisoner, as well as abuse. The verdict was appealed to the Supreme Court of Norway, but the case was thrown out. Later proceedings on the case led to the sentence being commuted to 14 years of forced labor. Another case that resulted in the death penalty was also heard at the Eidsivating Court of Appeal. It dealt with the murder of four prisoners at the Korgen camp. The Supreme Court also unanimously upheld the death sentence. The defendants were later pardoned.
The Hålogaland Court of Appeal dealt with most of the cases. Twenty-one guards were sentenced for a total of 25 deaths, six were indicted for having taken part in executions, 29 were sentenced for abuse, and some were sentenced for their general participation in guard duties. Presentation of evidence was difficult. Most of the witnesses were dead or could not be found, and the defendants themselves were witnesses. The time that had passed was a further difficulty, and many charges were dropped. Four received life sentences with forced labor, two received 20 years in prison, and the others received sentences of between 6½ and 17 years in prison.
Perspectives on sentencing
There were different perspectives on how the sentencing should be viewed. Parelius says that the sentences took into account both the defendant's personality and his actions themselves. Two fundamental perspectives can be applied when sentencing; one perspective emerged in an appeal declaration in a murder case from the Botn camp, where the defender contended: "The prison camp was an extermination camp where killings and deaths, so to say, were part of the daily routine. Consequently, the importance of a prisoner's life was not particularly great, and the notions of dignity and respect for human life that normally would have manifested themselves and provided a reason for the legal strict injunction against taking life lost their relative weight. Killing was therefore not carried out by such a criminal mind as would generally be the case with killing committed under normal circumstances. The prosecution must make allowance for this as a mitigating factor in the sentencing."
In the Supreme Court, the second perspective on sentencing was given decisive importance. One judge. Reidar Skau, stated in one of the cases against the guards: "This defendant's crime is not just a murder committed under especially aggravating circumstances, but it is in fact also a war crime—a crime against the 'laws of humanity.' International law sets strict rules for the treatment of prisoners during war and recognizes the application of the strictest punishment for crimes against them. Prisoners during a war—be they military or civilian—are in a particularly vulnerable position and have no other guardian than that which strong legal protection can provide. Strong legal protection under circumstances such as these requires not only strict legal rules, but also strict enforcement of them."Andenæs, Johannes. 1962. Avhandlinger og foredrag. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, p. 111.
Nils Christie's investigations
Criminalist Nils Christie was a student in 1950 and was assigned to find out what had happened regarding the Yugoslav prisoners in Norway. In Professor Johannes Andenæs's office, Director General of Public Prosecutions Andreas Aulie told Christie that "There's something horrible we want to know more about." Christie's work also constituted his 1952 thesis in sociology, Fangevoktere i konsentrasjonsleire (Concentration Camp Guards). The work attracted little attention at the time, and it was many years before the public took any interest in the matter. The report was published in book form in 1972 by Pax Forlag, and was reissued in 2010 in connection with winning the Norwegian Sociology Canon award. The report provides a detailed description of the conditions in the camps, but it is primarily a sociological survey of the Norwegians who worked there. During the legal purge in Norway after World War II, not much public attention was devoted to the conditions in prisoner-of-war camps.
The information sources for the events were prisoners, guards, people living near the camps, and other eyewitnesses. Christie's report takes into account documents from the 1930s and 1940s up to some extensive litigation after the war. Some of the circumstances remain unclear; at the trials, it was only possible to engage a few of the survivors. Language differences were an additional difficulty. Obtaining witness statements from the Norwegian civilian population was also not so simple because the camps were often far from settlements.
Aftermath
After the war, there was little focus on the events during the construction of the Blood Road. In an interview in the newspaper Aftenposten on November 16, 2012, Christie said, "In the years following the war and occupation, it was painful and difficult to accept the fact that Norwegians could, and can, perform horrific acts like this."
After the liberation, 356 bodies of Yugoslav prisoners from the Botn camp were found. A war cemetery was created for those in Botn with 1,657 dead, of which 1,027 are unknown prisoners of war. In September 1954, a memorial was unveiled; a delegation from Yugoslavia was present at the ceremony, including three former prisoners. Norwegian authorities were also present, including Major General Arne Dagfin Dahl. Close to the Yugoslav cemetery there is also a large cemetery for German soldiers.
After the Second World War, some prisoners wrote books about their experiences at the Botn camp. In 1959, Ostoja Kovačević wrote En times frihet (One Hour of Freedom) with a foreword by Sigurd Evensmo. Later, in 1984, Cveja Jovanović wrote the book Bekstva u slobodu: iz nacističkih logora smrti u Norveškoj (Escape to Freedom: From Nazi Death Camps in Norway). In it he describes several camps in Norway during the Second World War, as well as escape attempts that were made.
The film Blodveien is based on events from the Korgen camp, but its name is taken from the stretch of road at Rognan.
Today there are several memorials in Saltdal connected with the Blood Road and other events during the Second World War. There is also a Blood Road Museum in Saltdal documenting the events.
In popular culture
The 2012 novel Svart frost (Black Frost) by Asbjørn Jaklin (no) has the Blood Road as a backdrop.
Literature
(1984) Cveja Jovanović wrote the book Bekstva u slobodu: iz nacističkih logora smrti u Norveškoj (Escape to Freedom: From Nazi Death Camps in Norway); 1985 Norwegian translation: Flukt til friheten – Fra nazi-dødsleire i Norge'').
Notes
References
World War II prisoner-of-war camps in Norway
Massacres in Norway
Trials in Norway
History of Nordland
European route E6 |
Mestolobes scleropis is a moth of the family Crambidae described by Edward Meyrick in 1899. It is endemic to the Hawaiian island of Molokai.
External links
Crambinae
Moths described in 1899
Taxa named by Edward Meyrick
Endemic moths of Hawaii
Biota of Molokai |
Tinghir (, Tamazight: ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵉⵔ), sometimes known as Tinerhir, is a city in the region of Drâa-Tafilalet, south of the High Atlas and north of the Little Atlas in central Morocco. It is the capital of Tinghir Province.
Its name originally referred to the foothills of the Atlas Mountains, but its area has expanded to encompass surrounding villages and refers to the entire oasis.
The city of Tinghir (jamaat tinghir) has a population of 42,044 and the province has 322,412 inhabitants, according to the 2014 census. The predominant ethnic group is Amazighs, and the city is at the center of one of the most attractive oases in southern Morocco.
Lush palm trees cover about on -wide tracts along the Wadi Todgha. After the Todra Gorge, Wadi Todgha has a difficult passage along the southern slopes of the Atlas Mountains (Tizgi); it then flows across the plain, meandering slightly over to Ferkla.
The palm oasis, dense and widespread, is irrigated by a network of pipes and irrigation canals. Occasional heavy rains are absorbed in a few days.
Economy
The economy of Tinghir is based on agriculture, trade and tourism. In addition, many families live on money sent home by relatives working in Europe.
Social and cultural activities are increasing; education projects for young children are increasing in many villages, as well as literacy projects aimed at adults (particularly women). These projects are supported by local and nongovernmental organisations.
Geography
Tinghir is an oasis about long and about wide. The climate is arid subtropical: hot, dry winters about altitude (). There are a few rainy days per year, with the greatest precipitation in fall and winter.
The Tinghir region is wedged between two mountain ranges, stretching over southwest to northeast Morocco: the High Atlas in the north, with a high peak of over , and the Little Atlas in the south. The road from Ouarzazate to Imtghren parallels the mountains.
During the Mesozoic the re,gion was invaded by the sea, where thick deposits of sediments rich in marine fossils (particularly of the ammonitida class). The uplift of the Atlas Mountains (primarily during the Neogene) caused the withdrawal of the sea and the deformation of rocks into folds and faults.
Wind and river erosion eventually shaped the desert landscape of limestone and clay. The Todgha River has widened these layers of rock, giving rise to canyons high but in some places only wide.
The river widens, developing an oasis edged with the red ochre of the desert.
Government
King Mohammed VI gave his approval on 21 January 2009 to make Tinghir an administrative center, an initiative that met the needs of its inhabitants; it provides a legal and institutional framework for the reform of territorial administration based on good governance and local self-administration.
External links
Oases of Morocco
Populated places in Tinghir Province
Tinghir
Morocco geography articles needing translation from French Wikipedia |
Stop the violence may refer to:
"Stop the Violence Movement", started by KRS-One
"Stop the Violence", a song by Boogie Down Productions from the album By All Means Necessary
A slogan used in civil rights movements and other organizations, such as:
Gender Equality Bureau
Hip Hop Caucus
Stop the Violence campaign by radio station KHUM
Stop the Violence screening tour for the film Sin by Silence
Stop the Violence Committee in Seattle, which featured an artwork by Gerard Tsutakawa
"Stop the Violence", song by Mo' Hits All Stars from the album Curriculum Vitae
"Stop D Violence", a slogan by clothing brand Cross Colours
"Stop the Violence", song by The Silvertones
"Stop the Violence", song by A Global Threat from the album What the Fuck Will Change?
See also
Stop Violence, 2002 Malayalam action film directed by A. K. Sajan
Stop Violence Against Women |
In music theory, Terzschritt (German: third step) is the progression from one major chord to another major chord, or a minor chord to another minor chord by major third root movement. Additionally, and more specifically, it is a dualistic major third relationship, in which the ascending progression from a major tonic triad to major mediant triad is equivalent to the descending one between a major tonic triad and a flat subdominant minor triad. The major chord on the mediant is itself the Terzklang (De: third chord).
"'Where is the E major chord in C major?'...a Terzschritt from the tonic....'What is the E major triad in C major?'...a Terzklang....'How does the E major triad make sense in C major?'...it functions either as III+...or as (SP)." The subdominant parallel (Sp) of the dominant ([D]), G, is E ([D](Sp)).
In the work of Hugo Riemann (1849-1919), inversionally related chord progressions are grouped together: the progressions C major->E major and C minor->Ab minor belong to the same category: "Terzschritte" (see counter parallel). The first of these moves a major triad up by major third, while the second moves a minor triad down by major third, with the switch from ascending to descending motion accompanying the change from major to minor. The ascending major third progression is regarded as a "Terzschritt", while the descending progression is called "Terzwechsel." In the context of neo-Riemannian theory, this transformation is called "L-then-P". The basic transformations of neo-Riemannian theory, discussed below, all associate changes in direction with the switch from major to minor.
References
Chords
Musical terminology
Diatonic functions
Riemannian theory |
Eliades Acosta Matos (born January 4, 1959 in Santiago de Cuba) is a Cuban politician, the former director of Cuba's Jose Marti National Library (1997–2007) and until 2003 he was head of Committee on Culture on the Cuban Communist Party’s Central Committee. Writer polítical and histórical books, articules and essays included three novels. Since 2010 living in Dominican Republic, and working for the National Archive and Juan Bosch Foundation am
In 2012, International Prix Pedro Henriquez Ureña, Ateneo Dominicano. In 2016, Prix Caonabo de Oro, for the best foreigner writer in Dominican Republic this year.
References
Biblioteca Nacional "Jose Marti" webpage on Eliades Acosta
Cuba Encuentro article
1959 births
Living people
People from Santiago de Cuba
Communist Party of Cuba politicians
Cuban non-fiction writers
Cuban male writers
Male non-fiction writers |
Michael Frass (born 1954) is an Austrian medicine specialist for internal medicine and professor at the Medical University of Vienna (MUW). He is known for his work on homeopathy and his inventions in the field of airway management.
Biography
He is First Chairman of the Scientific Society for Homeopathy (WissHom), founded in 2010, president of the Umbrella organization of Austrian Doctors for Holistic Medicine, since 2002 and since 1994 Vicepresident of the Doctors Association for Classical Homeopathy. Frass is the inventor of the Combitube, an emergency airway allowing blind insertion used in the pre-hospital and emergency setting. Frass holds several patents and registered designs.
Homoeopathic research
A major interest of Frass is homeopathy according to Hahnemann. He has published several papers on this subject, in addition, he has edited a text book Homeopathy in Intensive- Care and Emergency Medicine together with Martin Bündner.
Article in the Oncologist
In 2020 Frass published an article in the scientific journal The Oncologist. The results of the article were discussed outside of academic circles for example in the Wiener Zeitung. After criticism (for example from the Informationsnetzwerk Homöopathie), the Austrian Agency for Scientific Integrity (Österreichische Agentur für wissenschaftliche Integrität) concluded that the article contains data manipulation and forgery.
Airway
He has also published several papers investigating the influence of controlled mechanical ventilation on the release of atrial natriuretic peptide. Furthermore, Frass has investigated devices designed for securing the airway under emergency conditions. He has performed studies on a broad range of different alternate airways.
Inventions
Rapid assessment and management of respiratory structure and function are imperative in emergency intubation. Endotracheal intubation remains the gold standard in airway maintenance. However, endotracheal intubation may be impossible due to difficult circumstances with respect to space and illumination or anatomy even for skilled physicians. Therefore, the need arises for a simple and efficient alternative. The Combitube was designed with this goal in mind.
Frass is the inventor of the Combitube, a twin lumen device designed for use in emergency situations and difficult airways. He has published several papers on this topic.
References
External links
Website of Frass (German)
Austrian internists
Austrian homeopaths
1954 births
Living people |
The Swan is an historic former Grade II* Elizabethan coaching inn in Tetsworth built about 1600 CE with 17th-century and 18th-century additions.
It is now hosts a restaurant and an antiques business.
References
Grade II* listed pubs in Oxfordshire
Coaching inns
South Oxfordshire District |
Kippenberger is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Christopher Kippenberger (born 1977), German/American filmmaker/artist
Howard Kippenberger (1897–1957), New Zealand soldier
Karl Kippenberger (born 1973), New Zealand bass guitarist of the band Shihad
Martin Kippenberger (1953–1997), German artist
Susanne Kippenberger (born 1957), German journalists and writer
German-language surnames
de:Kippenberger
fr:Kippenberger |
Colaspis viridiceps is a species of leaf beetle from North America. Its range spans from Arizona to New Mexico and south to Mexico. It was first described by the American entomologist Charles Frederic August Schaeffer in 1933.
Subspecies
There are two subspecies of C. viridiceps:
Colaspis viridiceps australis Blake, 1976
Colaspis viridiceps viridiceps Schaeffer, 1933
References
Further reading
Eumolpinae
Articles created by Qbugbot
Beetles described in 1933
Beetles of North America
Taxa named by Charles Frederic August Schaeffer |
(), also known as () and sometimes referred as () or half-beizi (i.e. short-sleeved beizi) before the term beizi eventually came to refer to a long-sleeved beizi in the Song dynasty, and referred as in the Yuan dynasty, is an upper garment item in . The is in the form of a waistcoat or outerwear with short sleeves, which could either be worn over or under a long-sleeved . The style of its collar varies; it can also be secured at the front either with ties or a metal button.
Classification
There were various forms of banbi throughout history. In present days, the different forms of banbi are generally classified based on their collar shapes: e.g. () which is straight or parallel in shape; () which is cross-collared in shape; () which is U-shaped, () which is round-collared in shape; and () which is squared-collared in shape.
History
Ancient
According to the Chinese records, the was a clothing style, which was invented from the () that the Chinese wear. It was first designated as a waistcoat for palace maids, but its popularity soon reached the commoners. It was recorded in the Book of Jin, when Emperor Ming of Wei met Yang Fu, the emperor himself was dressed in commoner's .
Tang dynasty
During Tang dynasty, the banbi was worn by men and women. The banbi was a staple clothing item for the Tang dynasty women, along with shan (a blouse which could be low cut during this period) and high-waisted skirts. The banbi was worn on the shan. The banbi could either be worn under or over the skirt. Banbi could also be worn under the yuanlingshan.
During Tang dynasty, there was another form of banbi or short sleeve waistcoat worn called kedang (袔裆). The sleeve covers around the shoulder area and there is no opening in the front or back. In order to wear it, people would have to tuck in, then out from the neck of the clothing. Generally, it's worn outside of a long sleeve shirt. In the "Legend of Huo Xiao Yu" (崔小玉传) that was written during Tang Dynasty, the main female character Huo Xiaoyu wear this style most of the time.
It is suggested that a type of banbi was adopted from Central Asia during the Tang Dynasty through the Silk Road when cultural exchanges were frequent, and that it was also known as beizi during Tang Dynasty. In the early Tang dynasty, the shape of the banbi worn in this period appears to have been mainly influenced by those worn in Qiuci, for example, the shape of the U-shaped banbi in Qiuci shared similarities with those worn in the early Tang dynasty.
In Japan's Nara city, the Todaiji temple's Shosoin repository has 30 banbi (called in Japan) from Tang dynasty China; they are cross-collared closing to the right, most dating from the 8th century. The eighth century Shosoin banbi's variety show it was in vogue at the time and most likely derived from much more ancient clothing.
Song dynasty
In the Song dynasty, the half-beizi (i.e. banbi) was originally a military uniform which was later worn by the commoners and by the literal class.
Yuan dynasty
In the Yuan dynasty, the casual clothing for men mainly followed the dress code of the Han people and they wore banbi as a casual clothing item while ordinary women clothing consisted of banbi and ruqun. Han Chinese women also wore a combination of a cross-collar upper garment which had elbow length sleeves (i.e. cross-collar banbi) over a long-sleeved blouse under a skirt with an abbreviated wrap skirts were also popular in Yuan; This form of set of clothing was a style which slightly deviated from the ruqun worn in the Tang and Song dynasties.
There were several types of banbi in the Yuan dynasty: straight collar short shan with half-sleeves (直领短衫), a half-sleeved long robe (changpao 长袍) with a cross-collar closing to the right (jiaoling youren 交领右衽) which was specifically called dahu (was worn by Mongol men during and prior to the founding of the Yuan dynasty), and square-collar long robe (方领对襟长袍) with half-sleeves.
Ming dynasty
In the Ming dynasty, the dahu was either a new type of banbi whose designs was influenced by the Mongol Yuan dynasty clothing.
Qing dynasty
In the Qing dynasty dictionary called Gujin Tushu Jicheng《古今圖書集成》, the banbi is depicted with no sleeves.
Derivative and Influences
China
It is assumed that the long-sleeved beizi (褙子), which originated in the Song dynasty, was derived from the banbi, when the sleeves and the garment were lengthened. According to Ye Mende, the beizi was initially worn as a military clothing with "half-sleeves"; the sleeves were later extended and hanging ribbons were added from the armpits and back.
Japan
Hanpi
In Japan, banbi are known as (半臂/はんぴ, lit. "half-arm") and are short coats. In Japan, the was either imported from China or were modelled to look very closely to the Tang dynasty banbi. It was as a sleeveless short undergarment for men of the aristocracy; it commonly worn in summer.
Korea
During the rule of Queen Jindeok of Silla (r. 647–654), Kim Chunchu personally traveled to Tang to request for clothing and belts; one of the requested clothing was banbi (반비/半臂). The banbi later reappeared in the clothing prohibition decreed by King Heungdeok of Silla (r. 826–836). During the Silla period, the banbi may have been worn on sam (衫, a type of upper garment) which also corresponds to the way banbi was worn by men and women during the Tang dynasty.
The banbi from the Unified Silla period appears to have also been worn in Goryeo.
Similar-looking items
Dahu – A form of banbi in Ming dynasty influenced by the Mongol clothing of the Yuan dynasty
Beizi - a long sleeved over jacket in China
Beixin/Bijia - Sleeveless jacket in China
Baeja - A sleeveless or very short-sleeved vest in Korea
See also
Hanfu
List of hanfu
References
Chinese traditional clothing |
FH JOANNEUM is one of the biggest universities of applied sciences (UAS) in Austria. It has about 5,000 students and about 750 employees. The main campus is located in Graz and there are two additional locations in Kapfenberg and Bad Gleichenberg. All three are situated in the province Styria in Austria. FH JOANNEUM offers almost 70 degree programs in a variety of areas including business, technology, design, media, architecture, health and social services. The programmes are practice-oriented, project-based and interdisciplinary.
History
FH JOANNEUM was established in 1995. In 2001 the campus in Bad Gleichenberg started to offer health related degree programmes.
Gallery
Departments/ programmes
The FH JOANNEUM offers almost 70 bachelor's and master's degree programs and postgraduate courses at six departments and 26 institutes. The six departments are:
Applied computer science
Engineering
Health studies
Building, Energy & Society
Media & Design
Management
In addition to broad-based programs, there are courses with specialized focus, such as "Energy, Transport and Environmental Management", "eHealth" or "Advanced Electronic Engineering". Some new programs cover fields which have not yet been offered in Austria as university studies, for example, the midwifery education.
Projects
One of the largest projects with students participation is the "joanneum racing team". Every year, the students in "Automotive Engineering", "Industrial Design", "Information Design", "Electronics & Technology Management", "Production Technology and Organisation", "Journalism & Public Relations" and "Physiotherapy" construct, build and commercialize a car. The project is based in the course "automotive engineering" and is supported by sponsors. The car is then taken to the "Formula Student" part and other Formula SAE competitions. The greatest successes are the overall win at the 2006 Formula SAE Italy and the 3rd overall rankings 2007 in Hockenheim and at the Formula Student UK 2008 at Silverstone.
Another student project is the magazine "blank" and its companion web site that are created each year by students of "Journalism and PR". For other media productions, cameras, audio recorders, tripods and microphones can be hired.
The participants of the courses "Luftfahrt / Aviation", "Information Design", "Industrial Design" and "Vehicle Technology" are also involved in projects in "Green Mobility". In practical projects they contribute new ideas and developments. They are supported by companies in the automotive industry. The development of a drone (UAVS) for civilian operations fall within the scope Green Mobility.
Research
Training priorities, certifications and laboratories
OS Education: MS IT Academy
Electronic Design Center: Digital Short Range Radio, Embedded Systems, DSP
Competence node telematics Kapfenberg
Competence Center for Health Reporting
Network Education: Cisco Networking Academy
Seminars and workshops for managers (Summer Business School)
Health Perception Lab (HPL) - Laboratory for Health and Sensors
Entology Net: Force Lab - Showroom and explanation Forum for IT applications
Perceptual laboratory VisionSpace: 3D visualization, technology-supported learning and human-computer interaction
Metabolomics Laboratory: analysis methods in biomedical research
Sports Science Laboratory "SpoWiLab"
Laboratory of Avionics and ATC Technology
Laboratory of Flight Simulation
Laboratory of Physics and facade technology
Laboratory for High-Frequency and Electromagnetic Compatibility
Automotive Engineering test laboratory (accreditation body in accordance with ÖVE / ÖNORM EN ISO / IEC 17025)
Streaming Studio: Web Radio Studio
eGovernment Service Lab: Unlocks the Citizen Card and mobile signature
Web Literacy Lab
International
The Department of International Relations takes care of all exchange students from the university (for study or internship) going abroad (outgoings) and from abroad coming to the university (incomings). It acts as a contact point for partner universities. The department also organizes German courses (as a foreign language) and holds events and excursions.
FH JOANNEUM has approximately 200 partner universities in Europe, Asia, South America, North America and Australia / New Zealand.
Student union
ÖH joanneum is the student union (ÖH) of FH JOANNEUM. It exists since the winter semester 2005/2006 and has since become an integrated part of the Teaching Board. By anchoring the FH student representatives in the Austrian Students' system, ÖH joanneum has become a legally established body. The activities of ÖH joanneum include representing the interests of FH JOANNEUM students at a higher level (e.g. As in the Federal Representation of Students' Union). Since autumn 2010 ÖH joanneum is also working on the magazine "JOE", educational issues and the organization of studies and the student life at home and abroad. The first edition was published in January 2011.
References
External links
FH JOANNEUM
Universities of Applied Sciences in Austria
Educational institutions established in 1995
1995 establishments in Austria |
Ivo Lučić (Ravno, 1960), is Bosnian and Herzegovinian journalist and karstologist. He is prominent writer and a scientific journalist, ecology activist, interested in a research and protection of nature, especially Bosnia and Herzegovina part of the Dinaric karst, and its hydrology and geology. He is one of the co-founding members of the Centar za krš i speleologiju of the Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ANUBiH).
Biography
Early life and education
He was born in 1960, in a village Ravno, SR Bosnia and Herzegovina, which is the largest settlement in the western part of the Popovo Polje, one of the largest karstic depressions in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and indeed in Europe. He completed primary and secondary school in nearby Dubrovnik, across the border in SR Croatia. He, then, graduated in 1986 at the Faculty of Political Sciences, University of Zagreb. He received his doctorate in 2009 on the study of karstology at the University of Nova Gorica in Slovenia.
Interests
His scientific interests are the perception and valorisation of nature and the environment, especially karst, and the popularization of science. He is the author and co-author and editor of several books on karst, and the role of the media in modern society, as well as the writer of numerous popular, professional and scientific articles. He participated in dozens of scientific and professional meetings in the country and abroad, and organized workshops, round tables and seminars on environmental issues.
He is one of the co-founders and a member of the Center for Karstology of ANUBiH (), and is the initiator and coordinator of the Vjetrenica Cave research, popularization and protection project, between 1999 and 2009, within which Vjetrenica was confirmed as a place with the great underground biological diversity, and was nominated for the World Heritage List and is placed on Tentative List for Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Works
Selo moje Ravno: povijest stradanja Hrvata u Popovu. Zagreb 1992. 152 str.
Ravno, Popovo: četiri slike iz povijesti kraja. Humski zbornik ; 3. Ravno, Zagreb 1997. 432 str. . 1997. (ur)
Lučić, Ivo, Sertić-Janković, Mirela: Obiteljski radio: pet godina. Zagreb, Obiteljski radio, 2001. 147 str.
Bonacci, Ognjen, Lučić, Ivo, Marjanac, Tihomir, Perica, Dražen, Vujčić-Karlo, Snježana: Krš bez granica : popularno-znanstvena monografija. Zagreb, 2008.
Vjetrenica – pogled u dušu zemlje : znanstveno-popularna monografija, ArTresor, Zagreb – Ravno, 2003.
Povijest poznavanja Dinarskog krša na primjeru Popova polja. Disertacija. Nova Gorica, 523 str, 2009.
Lučić, Ivo, Rudež, Tanja (ur.): Mediji i znanost – Zbornik radova okruglog stola o 100. obljetnici HND-a, Datapress HND i Treći program HRT-a, Zagreb, 2010.
Mulaomerović, Jasminko, Lučić, Ivo i Osmanković, Jasmina: Krš i pećine Bosne i Hercegovine: prošlost za budućnost,Centar za speleologiju, Sarajevo, 2012., 90 str. ,
Presvlačenje krša: povijest poznavanja Dinarskog krša na primjeru Popova polja, Synopsis, Zagreb-Sarajevo, 2019.
Lučić, Ivo (ur.) Značenja krajolika. Disput, Zagreb, 2021.
K bosanskom oceanu. Kratki ogledi o percepciji prirode u Bosni i Hercegovini. Centar za krš i speleologiju, Sarajevo; Synopsis, Sarajevo – Zagreb. (Centar za krš i speleologiju), 978-953-8289-64-4 (Synopsis, Zagreb)
References
External links
Ivo Lučić na bib.irb.hr
Karstologists
Members of the Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina
University of Zagreb alumni
Bosnia and Herzegovina scientists
Bosnia and Herzegovina journalists
Croatian scientists
Croatian journalists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) |
The United States Revenue Cutter Wolcott was one of 13 revenue cutters of the Morris-Taney Class to be launched. Named after Secretaries of the Treasury and Presidents of the United States, these cutters were the backbone of the United States Revenue-Marine for more than a decade. Samuel Humphreys designed these cutters for roles as diverse as fighting pirates, privateers, combating smugglers and operating with naval forces. He designed the vessels on a naval schooner concept. They had Baltimore Clipper lines. The vessels built by Webb and Allen, designed by Isaac Webb, resembled Humphreys' but had one less port.
Wolcott, named for Oliver Wolcott Jr., the second Secretary of the Treasury of the United States, served in Newport, Rhode Island; New Haven, Connecticut; New London, Connecticut; and Wilmington, Delaware. Ordered to Mobile, Alabama, in December 1844, she was driven ashore in Pensacola Bay on the coast of Florida during a storm. After repairs, she was attached to the United States Navy for service during the Mexican War to carry dispatches in the Gulf of Mexico. In September 1846, she was stricken from the commissioned list of the U.S. Revenue-Marine.
In June 1849, Wolcott was laid up in Mobile for repairs, and on 3 July 1849 she was transferred to the United States Coast Survey. The United States Government sold Wolcott at Mobile on 8 January 1851.
References
Cutters of the United States Navy
Schooners of the United States Navy
Morris-Taney-class cutters
Two-masted ships
Ships built by William H. Webb
1831 ships |
Sunil Manohar Gavaskar (Marathi pronunciation: [suniːl ɡaːʋəskəɾ]; ; born 10 July 1949) is an Indian cricket commentator and former cricketer who represented India and Bombay from 1971 to 1987. Gavaskar is acknowledged as one of the greatest opening batsmen of all time.
Gavaskar was widely admired for his technique against fast bowling, with a particularly high average of 65.45 against the West Indies, who possessed a four-pronged fast bowling attack, widely regarded as the most vicious in Test history. However, most of Gavaskar's centuries against West Indies were against the team when their four-pronged attack were playing together
His captaincy of the Indian team, was considered as one of the first attacking ones, with Indian team winning the 1984 Asia Cup, and the Benson & Hedges World Championship of Cricket in 1985. At the same time, there were multiple exchanges of captaincy between Gavaskar and Kapil Dev, with one coming just six months before Kapil led India to victory at the 1983 Cricket World Cup. He is also a former Sheriff of Mumbai.
Gavaskar is a recipient of the Indian sports honour of the Arjuna Award and the civilian honour of the Padma Bhushan. He was inducted into the ICC Cricket Hall of Fame in 2009. In 2012, he was awarded the C. K. Nayudu Lifetime Achievement Award, , the highest honour Indian board can bestow on a former player.
Domestic debut
Born in Mumbai in a middle class Marathi Family and a student of St Xavier's High School young Sunil Gavaskar was named India's Best Schoolboy Cricketer of the year in 1966 while playing for his school. He scored 246*, 222 and 85 in school cricket in his final year of secondary education before striking a century against the touring London schoolboys. He made his first-class debut for Vazir Sultan Colts XI against an XI from Dungarpur in 1966–67 but remained in Bombay's Ranji Trophy squad for the next two years without playing a match. An alumnus of Bombay's St. Xavier's College, he made his debut in the 1968–69 season against Karnataka but made a duck and was the subject of derisive claims that his selection was due to the presence of his uncle Madhav Mantri, a former Indian Test wicket keeper on Bombay's selection committee. He responded with 114 against Rajasthan in his second match and two other consecutive centuries saw him being selected in the 1970–71 Indian team to tour the West Indies.
Test debut
First test match win in West Indies
After missing the first Test due to nail infection, Gavaskar scored 65 and 67 not out in the second Test in Port-of-Spain, Trinidad, hitting the winning runs which gave India its first-ever win over the West Indies.
First Test century and first series victory over West Indies
He followed this with his first century, 116 and 64* in the third Test in Georgetown, Guyana, and 1 and 117* in the Fourth Test in Bridgetown, Barbados. He returned to Trinidad for the fifth Test and scored 124 and 220 to help India to its first ever series victory over the West Indies, and the only one until 2006. His performance in the Test made him the second player after Doug Walters to score a century and double century in the same match and remains the only Indian until date to achieve this feat. He also became the first Indian to make four centuries in one Test series, the second Indian after Vijay Hazare to score two centuries in the same Test, and the third after Hazare and Polly Umrigar to score centuries in three consecutive innings. He was the first Indian to aggregate more than 700 runs in a series and until date remains the only Indian to do so. This 774 runs at 154.80 also remains the most runs scored in a debut series by any batsman. Trinidad Calypso singer Lord Relator (Willard Harris) wrote a song in Gavaskar's honour, the "Gavaskar Calypso".
England tour
Gavaskar's arrival in England in 1971 for a three-Test series generated substantial publicity in light of his debut series. He was unable to maintain his performance, making only two half-centuries. He was involved in controversy when taking a quick single from the bowling of John Snow. They collided, and Gavaskar fell over. Snow was charged with deliberately barging into Gavaskar and was suspended. Gavaskar's 144 runs at the low average of 24, led some to question Gavaskar's worthiness for international cricket.
England tour of India
In 1972–73, England toured India for a five-Test series, Gavaskar's first on home soil. He was ineffective in the first three Tests, accumulating only sixty runs in five innings as India took a 2–1 lead. He scored some runs in the final two Tests which India drew to complete consecutive series wins over England. His first home series was largely disappointing, aggregating 224 runs at 24.89. His English critics were placated when India returned in 1974 and Gavaskar scored 101 and 58 in the second Test at Old Trafford. He managed 227 runs at 37.83 as India were whitewashed 3–0.
West Indies tour
Gavaskar's 1974–75 series against the West Indies was interrupted, playing in only the First and fifth and final Test of the series against the West Indies. He scored 108 runs at 27, with an 86 bowled by Lance Gibbs at Bombay's Wankhede Stadium hosting the first test on this ground, the closest the Indian public got to see a century. The Test was the start of a world record streak of 106 Test appearances.
The 1975–76 season saw three and four Test tours of New Zealand and the West Indies, respectively. Gavaskar led India in a Test for the first time in January 1976 against New Zealand during the First Test in Auckland when regular captain Bishen Singh Bedi was suffering from a leg injury. Standing in despite having scored only 703 runs at 28.12 since his debut series, Gavaskar rewarded the selectors with 116 and 35*. As a result, India secured an eight-wicket victory. He ended the series with 266 runs at 66.33. On the West Indian leg of the tour, Gavaskar scored consecutive centuries of 156 and 102 in the Second and Third Tests, both in Port of Spain, Trinidad. These were his third and fourth centuries at the grounds. In the Third Test, his 102 helped India post 4/406 to set a world record for the highest winning fourth innings score. The Indians' mastery of the Caribbean spinners on a turning track reportedly led West Indian captain Clive Lloyd to vow that he would rely on pace alone in future Tests. Gavaskar totalled 390 runs at 55.71 for the series.
First home test century
Gavaskar was not to score a century on home soil until November 1976. In an eight-Test season, three and five against New Zealand and England, respectively, Gavaskar scored centuries in the first and last Tests of the season. The first was 119 in front of his home crowd at the Wankhede Stadium, helping India to a victory. Gavaskar scored another half-century in the Second Test to end the series with 259 at 43.16. In the First Test against England at Delhi, he was mobbed upon becoming the first Indian to reach 1,000 Test runs in a calendar year. A steady series saw him finish with 394 runs at 39.4 with a century coming in the Fifth Test and two half-centuries.
Tour of Australia
In 1977–78 he toured Australia, scoring three consecutive Test centuries (113, 127, 118) in the second innings of the first three Tests at Brisbane, Perth and Melbourne, respectively. India won the third but lost the earlier two. He finished the Five Test series with 450 runs at 50, failing twice as India lost the final Test and the series 3–2.
India Tour of Pakistan
1978–79 saw India tour Pakistan for the first series between the arch-rivals for 17 years. For the first time, Gavaskar faced Pakistani pace spearhead Imran Khan, who described him as "The most compact batsman I've bowled to." Gavaskar scored 89 in the First Test and 97 in the Second, which India drew and lost, respectively. Gavaskar saved his best for the Third Test in Karachi, scoring 111 and 137 in the Third, but was unable to prevent a defeat and series loss. His twin centuries made him the first Indian to score two centuries in one Test on two occasions, and saw him pass Umrigar as India's leading Test run-scorer. Gavaskar finished the series with 447 runs at 89.40.
Captaincy
Gavaskar was captain of the Indian team on several occasions in the late 1970s and early 1980s, although his record is less than impressive. Often equipped with unpenetrative bowling attacks he tended to use conservative tactics which resulted in a large number of draws. During his tenure, Kapil Dev emerged as a leading pace bowler for the country. He captained India to nine victories and eight losses, but most of the games were drawn, 30.
First test series as a captain
His first series in charge was a West Indian visit to India for a six Test series. Gavaskar's several large centuries contrasted with several failures. His 205 in the First Test made him the first Indian to score a double century in India against the West Indies. He added a further 73 in the second innings of a high scoring draw. After failing to score in the Second Test, he scored 107 and 182 not out in the Third Test at Calcutta, another high scoring draw. This made him the first player in Test history to achieve centuries in both innings of a Test three times. He managed only 4 and 1 in the Fourth Test in Madras as India forced the only win of the series. He posted a fourth century for the series, scoring 120 in the Fifth Test at Delhi, becoming the first Indian to pass 4000 Test runs. He aggregated 732 runs at 91.50 for the series, securing India a 1–0 win in his first series as captain.
Stripped of the captaincy
Despite this, he was stripped of the captaincy when India toured England in 1979 for a four Test tour. The official reason given was that Srinivas Venkataraghavan was preferred due to his superior experience on English soil, but most observers believed that Gavaskar was punished because he was believed to be considering defecting to World Series Cricket. He started consistently, scoring four half-centuries in five innings of the first three Tests. It was in the Fourth Test at The Oval that he produced his finest innings on English soil. India was 1–0 down needed to reach a world record target of 438 to square the series. They reached 76/0 at stumps on the fourth day. Led by Gavaskar, India made steady progress to be 328/1 with 20 overs remaining on the final day with a record-breaking victory still possible. An Ian Botham led fightback saw Gavaskar removed, with India still needing 49 runs from 46 balls. With three balls left in the match, all four results were possible. India ended nine runs short with two wickets in hand when stumps were drawn. According to Sanjay Manjrekar, it was "Vintage Gavaskar, playing swing bowling to perfection, taking his time initially and then opening up. Nothing in the air, everything copybook." He ended the series with 542 runs at 77.42 and was named as one of the Wisden Cricketers of the Year.
Restored to captaincy
Gavaskar was restored to the captaincy for the gruelling 1979–80 season, with six Test home series against both Australia and Pakistan. The first two Tests against Australia were high scoring draws where only 45 wickets fell, with India taking a first-innings lead in both after making scores over 400. India broke through for a 153-run win in the Third Test at Kanpur, where Gavaskar scored 76. He made 115 in the Fourth Test in Delhi, where India were unable to convert a 212-run first innings lead, resulting in a draw. After another stalemate in the Fifth Test, Gavaskar scored 123 in the Sixth Test, where Australia collapsed by an innings after India posted their fourth first innings in excess of 400 for the series. The series against Pakistan was similarly high scoring, with four draws, three of which did not reach the fourth innings. India won the Third and Fifth Tests in Bombay and Madras. At Madras, he made 166 in the first innings and was unbeaten on 29 when India brought up the winning runs. Having secured the series 2–0, Gavaskar was removed from the captaincy for the drawn Sixth Test. This occurred because Gavaskar had refused to tour the West Indies for another series immediately afterwards, asking for a rest. As a result, Gundappa Viswanath was appointed so that he could prepare his leadership skills for the tour. In the end the tour did not go ahead as the West Indian board were not interested in a team without Gavaskar. The season ended with a one-off Test against England in Bombay, which India lost. In the 13 Tests that season, he made 1027 runs at 51.35 with three centuries and four half-centuries. This ended a 14-month span in which Gavaskar played in 22 Tests and the 1979 Cricket World Cup. In that time, he scored 2301 Test runs including eight centuries.
Australian Tour
The 1980–81 season saw Gavaskar returned as captain for the Australasian tour, but it was to be the start of an unhappy reign for Gavaskar and India. He managed only 118 runs at 19.66 in the three Tests against Australia, but his impact in Australia was for a controversial incident. At the Melbourne Cricket Ground, when Gavaskar was given out by the Australian umpire Rex Whitehead , he ordered his fellow opener Chetan Chauhan off the field. Instead of abandoning the match, the Indian manager, SK Durani persuaded Chauhan to return to the match which India went on to win by 59 runs as Australia collapsed to 83 in their second innings. India drew the series 1–1 but the following three-Test series in New Zealand was to signal the start of a barren run of 19 Tests under Gavaskar of which India were to win only one and lose five. India lost to New Zealand 1–0, with Gavaskar managing 126 runs at 25.2. He finished the Oceania tour with 244 runs at 22.18, with only two half-centuries, making little impact.
England in India
The 1981–82 Indian season saw a hard-fought 1–0 series win over England in six Tests. India took the First Test, before five consecutive draws resulted, four of which did not even reach the fourth innings. Gavaskar made 172 in the Second Test at Bangalore and reached a half-century on three further occasions to compile 500 runs at 62.5. India reciprocated England's visit in 1982 for a three-Test series, which was lost 1–0. Gavaskar made 74 runs at 24.66 but was unable to bat in the Third Test.
Sri Lanka Tour
The 1982–83 subcontinental season started well for Gavaskar on an individual note, as he made 155 in a one-off Test against Sri Lanka in Madras. It was the first Test between the two nations, with Sri Lankan having only recently been awarded Test status. Despite this, India were unable to finish off their novice opponents, the draw heralding a start of a winless summer. India played in twelve Tests, losing five and drawing seven. The first series was a six Test tour to Pakistan. India started well enough, drawing the First Test in Lahore, with Gavaskar scoring 83. Pakistan then defeated India in three consecutive matches. In the Third Test in Faisalabad, Gavaskar managed an unbeaten 127 in the second innings to force Pakistan into a run chase, but the other two losses were substantial, both by an innings. Despite holding on for draws in the last two Tests, Gavaskar was replaced by Kapil Dev as captain after the 3–0 loss. Despite his team's difficulties, Gavaskar remained productive with 434 runs at 47.18 with a century and three half centuries. Gavaskar went on to the West Indies for a five Test tour purely as a batsman, but could not reproduce the form that he had shown in the Caribbean in 1971 and 1976. He managed only 240 runs at 30, as India were crushed 2–0 by the world champions. Apart from an unbeaten 147 in the drawn Third Test in Georgetown, Guyana, his next best effort was 32.
The 1983–84 season started with a home series against Pakistan, with all three matches being drawn. Gavaskar scored an unbeaten 103 in the First Test in Bangalore, and made two further half centuries to total 264 runs at 66.
Overtaking Bradman's test record
The Pakistan series was followed by a six Test series against the touring West Indies at the height of their powers. The First Test was held in Kanpur and India were crushed by an innings. Gavaskar had his bat knocked out of his hand by a hostile delivery from Malcolm Marshall before being dismissed. In the Second Test in Delhi, Gavaskar delivered his riposte to Marshall, hooking him for a consecutive four and six to start his innings. Gavaskar, unwilling to be dictated to by the Caribbean pacemen, hooked the short-pitched barrage relentlessly, reaching his half century in 37 balls. He then went on to score 121, his 29th Test century in 94 balls in his 95th test match, equalling Don Bradman's world record. He also passed 8,000 Test runs in the innings, and was personally honoured by Indira Gandhi, the Prime Minister of India at the ground. The match was drawn. Gavaskar's 90 in the Third Test at Ahmedabad saw him pass Geoff Boycott's Test world record of 8,114 career runs, but was insufficient to prevent another defeat. During the Fifth Test in the series, India were defeated by an innings at Calcutta to concede a 3–0 series lead. India had won only one of their 32 most recent Tests and none of their last 28. The crowd singled out Gavaskar, who had made a golden duck and 20. Angry spectators pelted objects onto the playing arena and clashed with police, before stoning the team bus. In the Sixth Test in Madras, he compiled his 30th Test century in his 99th test match, with an unbeaten 236 which was the highest Test score by an Indian. It was his 30th Test century and third double century against the West Indies, propelling him to overtake Donald Bradman's 29 test centuries record. He scored a total of 505 runs at an average of 50.50 for the series.
Failure to win for successive Tests
With India having failed to win for 29 successive Tests, Kapil was sacked as captain and Gavaskar resumed leadership at the start of the 1984–85 season. The two Test tour of Pakistan resulted in two further draws, with Gavaskar compiling 120 runs at 40. The First Test against England saw India break through for its first Test victory in 32 matches. It proved to be a false dawn, with England squaring the series 1–1 in Delhi before another controversial Third Test at Eden Gardens in Calcutta. The hostile crowd watched as India batted for over two days to reach 7/437 after 203 overs. Angry with the slow pace of India's innings, the crowd chanted "Gavaskar down! Gavaskar out!" blaming him for India' performance. The local police chief reportedly asked Gavaskar to declare to placate the angry crowd. When Gavaskar led his team onto the field, he was pelted with fruit.
Gavaskar vowed never to play at Eden Gardens again, and duly withdrew from the team for India's next fixture at the Bengali capital two years later, ending his record of 106 consecutive Tests. The match was drawn, but India conceded the series after losing the Fourth. The series ended 1–2, and with a poor display of 140 runs at 17.5, Gavaskar resigned, although he had already announced his intention to relinquish the leadership before the series. The change of captain improved the form of neither Gavaskar nor India as they toured Sri Lanka for a three-Test series. India were embarrassed 1–0 by the Test minnows at the time, with Gavaskar managing only 186 runs at 37.2.
International farewell
In 1985–86, India toured Australia. All three Tests were drawn. Gavaskar scored an unbeaten 166 in the First Test in Adelaide and 172 in the Third Test in Sydney, ending the series with 352 runs at 117.33. A three-Test tour of England saw him score only 185 runs at 30.83, which India won 2–0 despite his lack of production. In 1986–87, Gavaskar's final season in Test cricket, India faced a long season of eleven home Tests. Against an Australian team, Gavaskar made 90 in the second innings of the First Test in Madras (now Chennai), giving India a chance to reach the target of 348, which ended in a tie. He scored 103 in the Third Test to end the series with 205 runs at 51.66. The First Test against Sri Lanka in Kanpur saw Gavaskar's 34th and final Test century of 176. He scored 74 and 5 in the next two Tests as India won the three-match series 2–0. The five-Test series against arch enemies Pakistan was to be his last. Gavaskar scored 91 in the drawn First Test in Madras before withdrawing from the Second Test in Calcutta as he had promised. In the Fourth Test in Ahmedabad, Gavaskar's 63 made him the first batsman to pass 10,000 runs. With the teams locked 0–0 leading into the final Test in Bangalore, there was to be no fairytale. Gavaskar was dismissed for 96 in the second innings as India were bowled out to give Pakistan a 1–0 series win.
Gavaskar rounded out his international career with the 1987 Cricket World Cup. He scored 300 runs at an average of 50 at the tournament. Against New Zealand in the league phase he recorded his highest ODI score of 103*. The good form however did not continue into the semifinals where Phil Defreitas bowled him for 4 runs in his last international innings.
Style
Gavaskar was also a fine slip fielder and his safe catching in the slips helped him become the first Indian (excluding wicket-keepers) to take over a hundred catches in Test matches. In one ODI against Pakistan in Sharjah in 1985, he took four catches and helped India defend a small total of 125. Early in his Test career, when India rarely used pace bowlers, Gavaskar also opened the bowling for a short spell on occasions if only one pace bowler was playing, before a three-pronged spin attack took over. The only wicket claimed by him is that of Pakistani Zaheer Abbas in 1978–79.
While Gavaskar could not be described as an attacking batsman, he had the ability of keeping the scoreboard ticking with unique shots such as the "late flick". His focus of technical correctness over flair meant that his style of play was usually less suited to the shorter form of the game, at which he had less success. His infamous 36 not out in the 1975 World Cup, carrying his bat through the full 60 overs against England, led Indian supporters to storm the field and confront him for scoring so slowly when India needed nearly a run a ball to win; at the end of the game India had lost only three wickets but scored 200 runs less than England. Gavaskar almost went through his career without scoring a one-day century. He managed his first (and only) ODI century in the 1987 World Cup, when he hit 103 not out in 88 balls against New Zealand in his penultimate ODI innings at Vidarbha Cricket Association Ground, Nagpur.
Records and achievements
Gavaskar was the first Test cricket player to make over 10,000 runs.
He held the record for the highest number of test centuries (34) before Sachin Tendulkar went past him in 2005.
He has scored the highest runs (774) in a series as a debutant.
He has scored the most runs by any player in a series (774) against West Indies.
He has the maximum no. of runs & centuries scored by a player against West Indies—2,749 runs & 13 centuries.
He is the only cricketer to score 4 consecutive centuries at 2 venues — Port of Spain & Wankhede Stadium.
He is the only cricketer with Test century partnerships with 18 different players.
He is a joint holder of the record for scoring centuries in both innings of a Test Match on three occasions along with Australia's Ricky Ponting and David Warner.
He also became the first Indian fielder (excluding wicket-keepers) to get over a hundred catches in Test cricket.
He captained the national team on and off over a period between 1978 and 1985, which included a great 2–0 win over Pakistan in 1979–80.
He is the first Indian cricketer to carry his bat in test cricket, with a score of 127 not out in the Faisalabad Test in the year 1983.
He was named one of the Wisden cricketers of the year in 1980.
Important statistics
Test debut: West Indies v India at Port of Spain, 6–10 March 1971
Last Test: India v Pakistan at Bangalore, 13–17 March 1987
ODI debut: England v India at Leeds, 13 July 1974
Last ODI: India v England at Bombay, 5 November 1987
First-class span: 1966–1987
First Class Debut: Vazir Sultan Colt's XI v Dungarpur XI at Hyderabad, 1966–67
Last First Class Match: Rest of the World v M.C.C. at Lord's, 1987
Wisden Cricketer of the Year 1980
List A span: 1973–1988
Gavaskar's 100s in first class cricket.
Tests: 34,
Ranji Trophy: 20,
Irani Cup: 3,
Duleep Trophy: 6,
Rest of the World against England (his last first class game): 1,
County cricket for Somerset: 2,
Other games: 15.
Sachin Tendulkar equalled Sunil Gavaskar's record of first class 100s on 8 February 2013
Gavaskar was the first cricketer to play 100 consecutive test matches.
After playing career
After retirement, he has been a popular commentator both on TV and in print. In 1987, he participated in Prince Edward of the United Kingdom's charity television special The Grand Knockout Tournament. In 2003, he became the first Indian to deliver the MCC Spirit of Cricket Cowdrey Lecture. He also served as an advisor to the India national cricket team during the home series against Australia in 2004. He was the Chairman of the ICC cricket committee until the time he was forced to choose between commenting and being on the committee. He left the committee to continue his career as a broadcaster.
The inaugural Mansur Ali Khan Pataudi Memorial Lecture was given by Gavaskar on 20 February 2013 at Taj Coromandel, Chennai.
On 28 March 2014 the Supreme Court of India appointed Gavaskar as the interim President of the BCCI, primarily to oversee the seventh Season of the Indian Premier League. At the same time the Court directed him to give up his job as a commentator.
Gavaskar joined Triton Solar as its Brand Ambassador.
Entertainment career
Gavaskar also tried his hand at acting on the silver screen. He played the lead role in the Marathi movie "Savli Premachi". The movie did not receive much appreciation though. After many years he appeared in a guest role in (1988) Hindi movie "Maalamaal". with Naseeruddin Shah and Satish Shah. He has sung a Marathi song "Ya Duniyemadhye Thambayaala Vel Konala" which was written by noted Marathi lyricist Shantaram Nandgaonkar. The song depicted the similarities between a cricket match and real life.
Honours
In 1980, Gavaskar received the Padma Bhushan award for his successful international cricket career, from President Neelam Sanjiva Reddy.
On 22 December 1994, Gavaskar was sworn in as Bombay Sheriff—an honorary post, for a year, at Raj Bhavan in Mumbai in the presence of Governor P C Alexander and Chief minister Sharad Pawar.
In 1996, the Border-Gavaskar Trophy for the bilateral test series between India and Australia was instituted in honour of him and Allan Border. Both these players scored more than 10,000 runs in their respective Test careers and captained their teams.
"Gavaskar Stadium" in his home district of Vengurla has been named after him.
In 2003, he became the first Indian cricketer to deliver the MCC Spirit Of Cricket Cowdrey Lecture. He was the 3rd lecturer in the history of the Cowdrey lecture.
On 21 November 2012, Gavaskar was conferred with BCCI's prestigious Col. C. K. Nayudu Lifetime Achievement Award at the BCCI Annual Awards Function 2011–12. The Lifetime Achievement Award given to Gavaskar carried a citation, trophy and a cheque for and he received this award from then BCCI president N. Srinivasan.
On 15 October 2017, Gavaskar inaugurated a cricket field in Louisville in the state of Kentucky in United States, thus making it the first international sporting facility named after an Indian sportsperson. The "Sunil M. Gavaskar Cricket Field", serves as the home ground for the Louisville Cricket Club, which is part of the 42-team MidWest Cricket League. Gavaskar was presented the keys of the ground by Louisville Mayor Greg Fischer.
Written works
Gavaskar wrote four books on cricket, including his own autobiography
Sunny Days: An Autobiography, 1976
Idols, 1983
Runs 'n' Ruins, 1984
One Day Wonders, 1986
Controversies
On 25 March 2008, Malcolm Speed, ICC chief executive, told Gavaskar "very clearly", during a meeting between the two at Dubai, that he would have to quit his post at the ICC if he failed to give up his job of commentator and newspaper columnist, in which capacity he has frequently criticised his employers and levelled serious accusations of racism. He sparked a controversy in early 2008 for his comments on the contentious Sydney Test Match: "Millions of Indians want to know if it (match referee Mike Procter's verdict against Harbhajan Singh) was a 'white man' taking the 'white man's' word against that of the 'brown man'. Quite simply, if there was no audio evidence, nor did the officials hear anything, then the charge did not stand." Despite the fact that Gavaskar's comment referenced Mike Procter and not the ICC, Australian writer Gideon Haigh said that, if Gavaskar genuinely believed this, "then he should almost certainly resign, for if the ICC is a bastion of 'white man's justice', Gavaskar bears some of the blame for having failed to change it.
Personal life
Born in a Marathi speaking family to Meenal (née Mantri) & Manohar Gavaskar, Gavaskar is married to Marshneill Gavaskar (née Mehrotra), daughter of a leather industrialist from Kanpur. Their son, Rohan, born in Kanpur, was also a cricketer who played 11 One Day Internationals for India, but could not cement his spot in the team. Rohan was given the name "Rohan Jaivishwa" by his father as a tribute to his 3 favourite cricketers—Rohan Kanhai; M. L. Jaisimha; and Rohan's uncle, Gundappa Vishwanath—although his name is usually recorded as Rohan Sunil Gavaskar.
As per his autobiography, "Sunny Days", in his own version, Sunil Gavaskar stated that he was exchanged with a fisherman's baby at birth. It was his uncle who spotted that the child was not Sunil as he had a birthmark near his ear. "Perhaps, I would have grown up to be an obscure fisherman, toiling somewhere along the west coast," Gavaskar wrote.
His maternal uncle was retired Indian cricketer Madhav Mantri. His sister Kavita Viswanath is married to cricketer Gundappa Viswanath. His other sister—Nutan Gavaskar was the honorary general secretary of Women's Cricket Association of India (WCAI).
According to a recollection by his son Rohan, Gavaskar saved a Muslim family from a violent mob during the 1993 Bombay riots. “We were standing on our terrace right after the bomb blasts, a few days later, when we saw a hate mob, and they had cornered a family. We knew they did not have any good intentions towards the family and dad saw that, ran down and confronted the hate mob. He told the mob, ‘whatever you are going to do that family, you are going to do to me first’, and then better sense prevailed and the family was allowed to go its way."
Gavaskar is an ardent devotee of Sathya Sai Baba.
In popular culture
The 2021 film 83 features Tahir Raj Bhasin as Gavaskar.
See also
List of international cricket centuries by Sunil Gavaskar
List of cricketers who have scored centuries in both innings of a Test match
Sources
Brown, Alex. "Gavaskar slams 'white man' ban." The Age, 14 January 2008.
Haigh, Gideon. "Gavaskar's double role." Cricinfo. 15 January 2008. (Retrieved 22 November 2008).
References
External links
Rediff page on Sunil Gavaskar
1949 births
Living people
India One Day International cricketers
India Test cricketers
India Test cricket captains
Mumbai cricketers
Vazir Sultan Tobacco cricketers
Somerset cricketers
West Zone cricketers
Indian Universities cricketers
Associated Cement Company cricketers
Wisden Cricketers of the Year
Indian cricket commentators
Recipients of the Arjuna Award
Recipients of the Padma Shri in sports
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in sports
St. Xavier's College, Mumbai alumni
Indian cricket administrators
Cricketers at the 1975 Cricket World Cup
Cricketers at the 1979 Cricket World Cup
Cricketers at the 1983 Cricket World Cup
Cricketers at the 1987 Cricket World Cup
Cricketers from Mumbai
University of Mumbai alumni
Sheriffs of Mumbai
Marathi people
Marathi sportspeople
Presidents of the Board of Control for Cricket in India
Cricketers who have acted in films |
"It's Too Bad" is a jazz-blues-influenced song written by Jimi Hendrix in 1969. Recorded by Hendrix that same year with American rock and funk musician Buddy Miles on drums and Grammy Award-winner Duane Hitchings on organ, the song was released a little more than thirty years later on the box set The Jimi Hendrix Experience.
History
In 1969, Jimi Hendrix's half-brother Leon Hendrix was suffering from a drug addiction and other problems. After Leon approached his successful half-brother Jimi and asked him for money, Hendrix wrote "It's Too Bad". On Tuesday, February 11, 1969, Hendrix was at Record Plant Studios in New York City producing the song "I Can See" for his friends in the Buddy Miles Express band at a recording session that went from 12:00 am to 4:00 am. With musician Buddy Miles on drums and Duane Hitchings on organ, the Buddy Miles Express band recorded "I Can See" (later retitled "Destructive Love") as Hendrix operated the mixing console. After the song was recorded, Hendrix came from behind the control room console to play guitar for two impromptu originals, "World Traveler", a guitar-and-organ duel between Hendrix and Hitchings, and "It's Too Bad". Both songs were recorded in one take. Hitchings remarked about his experience in recording with Hendrix, noting in 2010: "Jamming with him was an amazing experience. I was scared to death!".
Interpretation
In the 1969 song track, Hendrix plays the role of both himself and his brother Leon. Backed by modern day blues, the song begins with "It's too bad, Lord, my brother can't be here today", to explore Hendrix's uneasy relationship with Leon, a theme that Hendrix also explored in his 1969 song, "Shame, Shame, Shame". In "It's Too Bad", the song notes how Hendrix sent Leon "a-crying away", and goes on to addresses Hendrix's uneasy relationship with other African-Americans, noting: "So I'll go way across the tracks... And man they treat me the same way as you do... [They] say man until you come back, completely black, go back where you came from too". Music reviews attributed the uneasy community connection expressed in the song to 1960s-1970s African-Americans' objection to Hendrix's "colorblind vision" by accusing Hendrix of "achieving stardom by pandering to rock's largely white audience". The song also makes reference to Hendrix's 1968 song "Room Full of Mirrors", which refers to a cracked mirror metaphor Hendrix used to convey the many sides of his emotions.
Hendrix Estate
After Hendrix died without a will in 1970, his father Al received the rights to Hendrix's estate, including "It's Too Bad". A little more than thirty years after the song was recorded, it was one of four Hendrix songs newly discovered and added to The Jimi Hendrix Experience, a four disc box set. In reviewing the song on The Jimi Hendrix Experience (2000), producer and audio engineer Eddie Kramer noted about the tune: "I think it's very clever, and very, very emotionally charged. It has a tremendous wallop". Two years later, Hendrix's father died and Leon sued their father's estate and Hendrix's stepsister Janie to gain control over about one quarter of US$80 million. After Washington Superior Court judge Jeffrey M. Ramsdell limited Leon's claim to a single gold record left to him when his father died in 2002, Janie remarked in 2004 about the lawsuit: "Jimi wrote a song about Leon and it was called, 'It's Too Bad'. The lyrics to that song are what this is all about".
References
External links
Lyrics of "It's Too Bad" at
Sheet music first page for "It's Too Bad" at
1969 songs
Songs written by Jimi Hendrix
Jimi Hendrix songs |
The Maisy Battery is a group of World War II artillery batteries that was constructed in secret by the German Wehrmacht near the French village of Grandcamp-Maisy in Normandy.
It formed a part of Germany's Atlantic Wall coastal fortifications and was the principal position of defence for that area. It was responsible for the defence of the sector between the Longues-sur-Mer and the St Marcouf (Crisbecq) batteries. It covered the sectors around both Omaha Beach and Utah Beach, which were two of the five landing sites for the Allied invasion of Normandy in June 1944.
Pre-invasion planning
Anticipating an Allied invasion of Nazi-occupied Europe from the United Kingdom during World War II, the Germans built an extensive system of defenses. The Maisy Battery was built in particular secrecy, under strict security, using forced labour brought in from the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia and Poland. This avoided any local involvement that might reveal the existence of the site to the French Resistance and, through them, to the Allies.
By the time of preparations for D-Day, the Wehrmacht-run battery was marked on the Allied D-Day maps as a Rangers D-Day target - confirmed in records found in the early 21st century. Prior to D-Day, the Nazis had drawn significant attention to the gun battery at nearby Pointe du Hoc, a cliff top site overlooking the beaches, as compared to the slightly inland site of the Maisy battery. By the time of the invasion, Pointe du Hoc was manned by a token force of Wehrmacht troops, and the artillery pieces had been moved to other sites, replaced by dummy guns.
The Maisy site actually consisted of three batteries, Les Perruques, La Martiniere and Foucher Farm, labeled as Allied targets 5, 16 and 16A respectively. The battery at Les Perrugues, which was designated by the Germans as WN83, Widerstandsnest 83 (Resistance Nest 83), included six 155 mm First World War French field howitzers. The battery at La Martiniere, designated WN84, included four 105 mm pieces. Four 150 mm pieces were located at Foucher Farm.
Normandy landings
The battery is located from Pointe du Hoc, a key objective for the US Rangers during D-Day. The battery was garrisoned by elements of the 352nd and 716th Infantry and Artillery Divisions, plus Flak Regiment No. 1 consisting of twelve 88-mm anti-aircraft artillery pieces sent to protect the battery shortly before D-Day on 5 June 1944.
Fouchers' Farm was destroyed by naval shelling from the on 7 June 1944. The other two sites remained operational until they were assaulted by the US 2nd Rangers and the US 5th Rangers on 9 June.
The batteries at Maisy were D-Day mission objective Number 6 as given to Colonel James Rudder in his Operation Neptune intelligence and US 1st Infantry Division orders. However, he did not brief his men to carry out the mission to Maisy. Historian Gary Sterne, in a book published in 2014, suggests that Rudder disobeyed orders calling on him to continue to Maisy after taking Pointe du Hoc. The Rangers stayed at Pointe du Hoc for some days until relieved, which kept them from completing their D-day orders and away from the Maisy site - as well as the D-day Phase Line which was their main target for the evening of 6 June. This allowed the guns at Maisy to continue to shell troops in both the Omaha Beach and Utah Beach sectors for three days after the landings. Rudder always claimed that his orders called on him to hold the highway against a possible counterattack against Pointe du Hoc, but Sterne and subsequent historians could not find any such order in the US National Archives.
Rediscovery
British military historian Gary Sterne rediscovered Maisy Battery in January 2004, based on a hand-drawn map in the pocket of a US Army veteran's uniform he had bought. The battery was about inland from the sea near Grandcamp-Maisy, marked on the map as an "Area of high resistance".
Prior to D-Day, the battery had been recorded as the second highest D-Day target in the Omaha Sector group of fortifications, but the exact location had been lost from later records. Using the old map, Sterne was able to locate a bunker entrance amongst the undergrowth. Sterne then investigated further and found additional fortified buildings, gun platforms, and a hospital. Over 3 kilometres of trenches were uncovered.
In June 2006, the site was opened for the first time to visitors, with the battery site at Les Perruques an ongoing tourist attraction.
References
External links
Maisy Battery Official Site
Guide to visiting Maisy Battery
Operation Overlord
Atlantic Wall
Buildings and structures in Calvados (department)
Military history of France during World War II
Military history of Normandy
Fortifications in France
World War II sites in France
Tourist attractions in Calvados (department) |
In Greek mythology, a nymph or nymphe () is a female nature-spirit.
Nymph or nymphe may also mean:
Flora and fauna
Nymph (biology), the immature form of an insect having incomplete metamorphosis
Nymph (fishing), a lure that imitates an insect nymph
Jungle nymph, a type of large stick insect found in Malaysia
Water nymph, several species of aquatic plants in the Nymphaeaceae family
Literature
The Nymphs (poem), by Leigh Hunt, published in 1818
Nymph, the "Beta Angeloid: Electronic Warfare Type" in the anime Sora no Otoshimono from the manga series Heaven's Lost Property
Movies and television
Nymph (1973 film), a 1973 American film
The Nymph (Ninfa plebea), a 1996 Italian film directed by Lina Wertmüller
Nymph (2009 film), a 2009 Thai film
Nymphs (TV series), a 2013 Finnish television series
Music
Nymphs (band), a 1990s US-American alternative rock band
Nymphs (album), an album by The Nymphs released in 1991
"Nymph", a song by Brooke Candy from the 2019 album Sexorcism
Nymph (album), a 2022 album by British rapper Shygirl
Ships
, various French Navy ships
, a Royal Navy sloop launched in 1778
, the name of several Royal Navy ships
, a United States Navy steamer that served in the American Civil War
Other uses
875 Nymphe, a minor planet that orbits the Sun
NAC Freelance, an airplane originally known as the BN-3 Nymph
Nymph (Central Figure for "The Three Graces"), a bronze sculpture in Washington, D.C.
Nymph (Dungeons & Dragons), a monster in the Dungeons & Dragons role-playing game
Nymph, Alabama, a populated place in Conecuh County, Alabama, United States
See also
Nymphet
Nymphadora Tonks, Harry Potter character
Nympha (disambiguation) |
Charles FitzRoy, 3rd Baron Southampton (28 September 1804 – 16 July 1872) was a British peer.
Biography
The son of George FitzRoy, 2nd Baron Southampton, he succeeded his father in 1810. He was the grandson of Charles FitzRoy, 1st Baron Southampton and Anne Warren, the daughter and co-heir of Adml. Sir Peter Warren and a descendant of the Schuyler family, the Van Cortlandt family, and the Delancey family, all from British North America.
On 23 February 1826, he married Harriet Stanhope, granddaughter of William Stanhope, 2nd Earl of Harrington; they had no children. She died in 1860.
Southampton took his seat in the House of Lords on 10 June 1828. He was originally a Whig in politics but, having voted against the Reform Act 1832, he became a Conservative. He was Lord Lieutenant of Northamptonshire, from 1867 until his death. His seat was Whittlebury Lodge, Towcester, Northamptonshire.
In 1842, after being (ninth) Master of the Quorn Hunt from 1827 to 1831, he took over the Mastership of the Grafton Hunt from George FitzRoy, 4th Duke of Grafton, his father's cousin, and remained its Master until 1862.
On his retirement from the Mastership of the Quorn Hunt he sold that pack to Sir Harry Goodricke, 7th Bt. For the Grafton he bought hounds from the brewery magnate Harvey Combe, who had purchased them from the renowned sportsman George Osbaldeston; in 1847 more hounds were bought from the impoverished 4th Earl of Shannon. Lord Southampton hunted the Grafton pack entirely at his own cost, without subscription from any members of the Hunt.
William Webb depicted him as Master of the Grafton Hunt about 1845.
Whittlebury was central to the Grafton Hunt. It was on the FitzRoy estate of the Duke of Grafton, one of whose seats was Wakefield Lodge, nearby.
On 25 February 1862 he married Ismania Catherine Nugent, by whom he had five children:
Ismay Mary Helen Augusta FitzRoy (13 April 1863 – 22 April 1952), married Rev. Lord Charles Edward FitzRoy; mother of Charles FitzRoy, 10th Duke of Grafton
Frederica Louise FitzRoy (1864 – 9 April 1932), married to Percy Crutchley and mother of Victor Crutchley
Blanche Georgiana FitzRoy (1865 – 28 November 1944), married Edward Douglas-Pennant, 3rd Baron Penrhyn
Charles Henry FitzRoy, 4th Baron Southampton (1867–1958)
Capt. Edward Algernon FitzRoy (1869–1943), who was Speaker of the House of Commons from 1928 until his death, and from whom Viscount Daventry descends.
It is an extraordinary fact that, although the 3rd Lord Southampton was born in 1804, his elder son and heir did not die until 1958.
Further reading
• Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage,107th edition, 2003, vol. 3
• Burke's Peerage & Gentry, at www.burkespeerage.com
• Debrett's Peerage & Baronetage, 1995
• Cracroft's Peerage, at www.cracroftspeerage.co.uk
• Leigh Rayment's Peerage Page, at www.leighrayment.com
• www.thepeerage.com
• J.M.K. Elliott, Fifty Years’ Fox-Hunting with the Grafton and Other Packs of Hounds, 1900.
• Bernard Falk, The Royal FitzRoys. Dukes of Grafton Through Four Centuries, 1950.
References
1804 births
1872 deaths
3
Lord-Lieutenants of Northamptonshire
Charles
Schuyler family
English people of Dutch descent
Masters of foxhounds in England
Place of birth missing |
I. M. (Isaac Meir) Weissenberg (1878/1881, Żelechów - August 13, 1938, Warsaw) was a Yiddish-language writer in Warsaw, Poland. A disciple of I.L. Peretz, he began writing in 1904 and gained recognition for his 1906 masterpiece "A Shtetl" (A Town). This novella, still regarded as his major achievement, was a literary response to a story by Sholem Asch called "The Shtetl". Unlike Asch's sentimental view of Eastern European Jewish unity in the waning years of the Russian Empire, Weissenberg used a naturalistic form to explore the deep divides between Jews, usually along class lines. In the process, he "stressed the impact of the new revolutionary doctrines upon the townlets, rousing them from their lethargy and shattering their foundations" (Liptzin, p. 257). (See Shtetl for more on the history of these towns). "Almost alone among Yiddish writers, Weissenberg was a worker and the son of workers," critic Ruth Wisse notes (p. 27), a fact which shaped both his subject matter and his use of language. He wrote several novels and plays, but remained a consistently strong writer of novellas and short stories.
After the death of Peretz in 1915, Weissenberg became a major force in Polish Yiddish publishing, taking over Peretz's role as promoter of young talent and editor and publisher of periodicals and books. He expended much of his energy during the 1920s and 1930s in fighting battles within Yiddish-speaking Warsaw, even refusing a literary prize awarded him by the local Jewish community. He was particularly opposed to the dominance of "Litvaks" (Jews of Lithuania and other regions where the same dialect of Yiddish is spoken) in communal and literary life. Part of his opposition to this dominance took the form of his introduction of many local Polish-Yiddish terms in his writing, now considered a particularly attractive feature of his writing, as well as a unique orthography based on Polish-Yiddish pronunciation. His funeral in 1938 attracted thousands of mourners from among his reading public.
Because of the class consciousness which marks Weissenberg's central theme, his work was republished in post-War Communist Poland. A nice edition of his best work, edited by his daughter Pearl Weissenberg, was published in Chicago in 1959. Although various of his stories have been translated for anthologies (see, e.g., the Wisse anthology below), no book-length translation of his work is available in English.
References
Liptzin, Solomon. A History of Yiddish Literature. Middle Village, NY: J. David, 1972.
Weissenberg-Akselrod, Pearl. Y. M. Vaysenberg, Zayn Lebn un Shafn. Montreal, 1986. [In Yiddish]
Wisse, Ruth. A Shtetl and Other Yiddish Novellas. New York: Behrman, 1973.
Leksikon fun der Nayer Yidisher Literatur Band 3. New York: Kultur-Kongres/Tsiko, 1960. [In Yiddish]
External links
Yiddish-language writers
19th-century births
1938 deaths
19th-century Polish Jews |
Data portability is a concept to protect users from having their data stored in "silos" or "walled gardens" that are incompatible with one another, i.e. closed platforms, thus subjecting them to vendor lock-in and making the creation of data backups or moving accounts between services difficult.
Data portability requires common technical standards to facilitate the transfer from one data controller to another, such as the ability to export user data into a user-accessible local file, thus promoting interoperability, as well as facilitate searchability with sophisticated tools such as grep.
Data portability applies to personal data. It involves access to the personal data without implying data ownership per se.
Development
At the global level there are proponents who see the protection of digital data as a human right. Thus, in an emerging civil society draft declaration, one finds mention of the following concepts and statutes: Right to Privacy on the Internet, Right to Digital Data Protection, Rights to Consumer Protection on the Internet – United Nations Guidelines for Consumer Protection.
At the regional level there are at least three main jurisdictions where data rights are seen differently: China and India, the United States and the European Union. In the latter, personal data was given special protection under the 2018 General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR).
The GDPR thus became the fifth of the 24 types of legislation listed in Annex 1 Table of existing and proposed European Directives and Regulations in relation to data.
Personal data are the basis for behavioral advertising, and early in the 21st century their value began to grow exponentially, at least as measured in the market capitalization of the major platforms holding personal data on their respective users. European Union regulators reacted to this perceived power imbalance between platforms and users, although much still hinges on the terms of consent given by users to the platforms. The concept of data portability comprises an attempt to correct the perceived power imbalance by introducing an element of competition allowing users to choose among platforms.
Online platforms
With the advent of the General Data Protection Regulations (GDPR), social media platforms such as Twitter, Instagram and Snapchat have widely adapted the ability to export and download user data into a ZIP archive file. Other platforms such as Google and Facebook already were equipped with export options earlier.
However, some platforms restrict exports with time delays between each, such as once per 30 days on Twitter, and many platforms lack partial export options.
Other sites such as Quora or Bumble offer no automated request form, requiring the user to request a copy of their data through a personal support email.
Ratings and Reviews
Reputation portability refers to the ability of an individual to transfer their reputation or credibility from one context to another. This concept is becoming increasingly important in today's interconnected world, where individuals are involved in multiple online and offline communities.
The idea behind reputation portability is that an individual's reputation should not be tied solely to a single community or platform. Rather, it should be transferable across different contexts, such as professional networks, social media platforms, and online marketplaces. This enables individuals to maintain a consistent reputation across various contexts, which can be beneficial in terms of building trust, and overcoming the so-called "cold-start" problem, and hence mitigating platform lock-in.
Overall, reputation portability is an important concept in today's digital landscape, and research has shown that imported reputation can serve as viable signals for building trust. As technology continues to evolve, it is likely that reputation portability will become increasingly important in shaping how we interact with each other online and offline.
In consumer electronics
Mobile devices
Some mobile apps restrict data portability by storing user data in locked directories while lacking export options. Such may include configuration files, digital bookmarks, browsing history and sessions (e.g. list of open tabs and navigation histories), watch and search histories in multimedia streaming apps, custom playlists in multimedia player software, entries in note taking and memorandum software, digital phone books (contact lists), call logs from the telephone app, and conversations through SMS and instant messaging software.
Locked directories are inaccessible to an end-user without extraordinary measures such as so-called rooting (Android) or jailbreaking (iOS).
The former requires the so-called boot loader of the device to be in an unlocked state in advance, which it usually is not by default. Toggling that state involves a full erasure of all user data, known as the wipe, making it a vicious cycle if the user's aim were to access their locked data.
Other mobile apps only allow the creation of user data backups using proprietary software provided by the vendor, lacking the ability to directly export the data to a local file in the mobile device's common user data directory. Such said software requires an external host computer to run on.
Some device vendors offer cloud storage and synchronisation services for backing up data. Such services however require registration and depend on internet connection and preferably high internet speeds and data plan limits if used regularly. Some services may only allow moving parts of the data such as text messages and phone books between locked directories on devices of the same vendor (vendor lock-in), without the ability to export the information into local files directly accessible by the end user.
Restrictions added in more recent versions of operating systems, such as scoped storage, which is claimed to have been implemented with the aim to improve user privacy, compromise both backwards compatibility to established existing software such as file managers and FTP server applications, as well as legitimate uses such as cross-app communication and facilitating large file transfers and backup creation.
Further possible restraints on data portability are poor reliability, stability and performance of existing means of data transfer, such as described in .
Digital video recorders
Some digital video recorders (DVRs) which store recordings on an internal hard drive lack the ability to back up recordings, forcing a user to delete existing recordings upon exhausted disk space, which is an instance of poor data portability.
Some DVRs have an operating system that depends on an Internet connection to boot and operate, meaning that recordings stored locally are inaccessible if no internet connection is available. If service for the device gets deprecated by the television service provider, the existing recordings become inaccessible and thus considerably lost.
Other appliances
Cordless landline telephone units, as well as their associated base stations, which have firmwares with phone book and SMS messaging functionality, commonly lack an interface to connect to a computer for backing the data up.
In software
Some software such as the Discourse forum software offers a built-in ability for users to download their posts into an archive file.
Other software may operate locally, but store user data in a proprietary format, thus causing vendor lock-in until successfully reverse-engineered by third party developers.
By country
European Union
The right to data portability was laid down in the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) passed in April 2016. The regulation applies to data processors, whether inside or outside the EU, if they process data on individuals who are physically located within an EU member state.
Earlier the European Data Protection Supervisor had stated that data portability could "let individuals benefit from the value created by the use of their personal data".
The European-level Article 29 Data Protection Working Party held a consultation on this in English lasting until the end of January 2017.
Their guidelines and FAQ on the right to data portability contain this call for action:
The French national data supervisor CNIL hosted a discussion in French. Current participants offer opinions on how the legislation provides few benefits for companies, but many for users.
In April 2017, new guidelines were published on the Article 29 Working Party website.
In late 2019 the Data Governance Act was published by the Commission.
In 2021 researchers, many of them French and Finnish, published a 46-page report covering the state-of-the-art.
In 2022 the European Commission published the Data Act.
Although the United Kingdom voted to withdraw from the EU, it intends to incorporate much of the GDPR in its own legislation, which will include data portability, as "...the GDPR itself contains some noteworthy innovations – for instance… the introduction of a new right to data portability".
In November at the Internet Governance Forum 2019 in Berlin panelists reported that Article 20 GDPR is not actionable, neither legally nor technically. In the UK—ironically post-Brexit—researchers are monitoring developments.
Germany has called to strengthen the European Union's right to data portability using competition law. A commission was set up for the purpose of proposing improvements.
Switzerland
Likewise, in Switzerland, a nation-state that is related to the EU only on a bilateral basis and as an EFTA member state, there has been a trend moving in the same direction. The Swiss view was officially published in March 2018 (as a document in PDF).
An association proposed to have a right to data portability anchored in the constitution of the Swiss Confederation. A law was passed that includes data portability; as described here in German
and here in French. The association partners with a cooperative called MIDATA.coop, which will offer users a place to store their data.
A second association has issued its guideline on the topic.
Over the longer term, the Swiss may have to consider that data portability is in the GDPR. Given that the GDPR will raise compliance costs for EU-based companies, it is unlikely that the EU would tolerate a situation with third-party countries in which Swiss companies would not be held to the same standard in order to keep competition fair. The legal terms involved are adequacy and reciprocity.
United States, California
California has a Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) of 2018, which introduces data portability to the USA.
Canada
Canada anticipates a law in that it shows Transparency, Portability and Interoperability as Principle No. 4 of its Digital Charter.
India
Data portability is included in the Personal Data Protection Bill 2019 about to become law as section 26 in chapter VI.
Brazil
Data portability is included in the Privacy law#Brazil as its Article 18.
Australia
In Australia a Consumer Data Right has been proposed.
Thailand
Data portability is included in the new law.
Kenya
A right to data portability is enshrined in the new data protection law under clause 34. However, the intentions behind the new law, its enforcement and relation to the government's new Identity management system have already been contested.
Requirements for effective data interoperability
It is always tricky for legislators to regulate at the right level of precision, as everyone understands technology will evolve faster than the law. So far, only the European Union has formalized the expectations around data portability, requiring the data "in a structured, commonly used, machine-readable and interoperable format".
This touches on at least two distinct technical requirements for effective interoperability:
the need to use file standards that allow for easy reuse (for instance CSV or JSON instead of PDF or even printed paper), encompassed by a "structured, commonly used, machine-readable" format.
the need (hinging on "interoperable") to not only consider an individual's data release on its own, but also in conjunction with other systems and other individuals' data releases from the same company. This hints at requirements regarding data schemas, versioning and specification of those schemas in case of frequent changes, and generally the absence of efforts on the part of the source data controller to complicate the effective interoperability downstream.
Likewise, European researchers stress that there are both practical and legal gaps that the EU should fill.
Rights of data subjects under the European Union's new GDPR
The list of these rights has grown.
Data portability in relation to the right of access
The data portability right is slightly different from the Right of access to personal data; see GDPR and the seventh item in the list cited immediately above. The right of access only mandates that the data subject gets to see their personal data. The old EU Data Protection Directive used to require explicitly in such cases for the data to be provided in "intelligible" form, which has been interpreted so far as "human readable". This requirement is still somewhat present in the EU's General Data Protection Regulation, but only implicitly in conjunction with Recital (law). Since the right to portability is mostly concerned with reuse by other services (i.e. most likely automated), it could be that both "human readable" and "raw format" would be inappropriate for effective data portability. Some intermediate level might need to be sought.
In addition, the GDPR limits the scope of data portability to cases where the processing is made on the basis of either consent of the data subject, or the performance of a contract.
Data portability in relation to the right of explanation
The data portability right is related to the "right to explanation", i.e. when automated decisions are made that have legal effect or significant impact on individual data subjects. How to display an algorithm? One way is through a decision tree. This right, however, was found to be not very useful in an empirical study.
The right to explanation is related to the "Right to not be evaluated on the basis of automated processing" shown as the last item in the list shown in Gabel / Hickman. This includes decisions based on profiling. Such a right was included in the EU Data Protection Directive of 1995, but not much enforcement followed. An article in Wired emphasised the poignancy of the discussion. The issue has been discussed by Bygrave, and by Hildebrandt, who claimed this to be one of the most important transparency rights in the era of machine learning and big data. Contrary to Hildebrandt's high expectations in 2012, four years later, after many revisions to the GDPR, when the text has been finalized, three other well-known authors contest whether a right to explanation still exists in the GDPR (see below).
In the United States there was a description of related developments in a seminal book by law professor Frank Pasquale; the relevant passages were reviewed by the Electronic Privacy Information Center (EPIC). Even the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency DARPA has an Explainable AI (XAI) program
cited critically by blogger Artur Kiulian.
Several papers have been published on these topics in 2016, the first of which, by Goodman / Flaxman, outlines the development of the right to explanation. Pasquale does not think the approach goes far enough, as he has stated in a blog entry at the London School of Economics (LSE). In fact at LSE there is a whole series on Algorithmic Accountability of which that was one entry in Feb. of 2016, and other notable ones were by Joshua Kroll and Mireille Hildebrandt.
Another 2016 paper, this one published by Katarinou et al., includes remarks on a right of appeal such that "individuals would have a right to appeal to a machine against a decision made by a human."
A third 2016 paper, one co-authored by Mittelstadt et al., maps the literature and relates it to the GDPR on its pages 13–14.
A fourth paper, one co-authored by Wachter, Mittelstadt and Floridi, refutes the idea that such a right might be included in the GDPR, proposes a limited 'right to be informed' instead and calls for the creation of an agency to implement the transparency requirement. A further paper by Edwards and Veale claims such a right is unlikely to apply in the cases of the 'algorithmic harms' attracting recent media attention, and that insufficient attention has been paid to both the computer science literature on explanation and how other GDPR provisions, such as data protection impact assessments and data portability, might help. Almost two years later a paper appeared that challenges earlier papers, especially Wachter / Mittelstadt / Floridi.
On both sides of the Atlantic there has been recent activity pertaining to this ongoing debate. Early in 2016 experts on artificial intelligence and UK government officials met during a number of meetings, and developed a Data Science Ethical Framework. On November 7, 2016 an event was held in Brussels, organized by MEP Marietje Schaake in the European Parliament and described by danah Boyd. Only eleven days later at New York University there was a conference on "Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency in Machine Learning " where Principles for Accountable Algorithms and a Social Impact Statement for Algorithms were articulated and placed online for discussion. By mid-December the IEEE came out with a document whose editing was backed up by public comments that were invited by March 2017 on "Ethically Aligned Design".
Later in 2017 data portability was analysed by professors of data protection as a central innovation of the new GDPR.
See also
External wiki GDPR Hub maintained by Max Schrems et al.
Data Transfer Project
Ethics of artificial intelligence
General Data Protection Regulation
Notes
References
Digital rights
Interoperability |
Ryan R. Seymour (born February 7, 1990) is a former American football offensive guard who played in the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by the Seattle Seahawks in the seventh round of the 2013 NFL Draft. He has also played for the San Francisco 49ers, Cleveland Browns, Chicago Bears, New Orleans Saints, New York Giants and Dallas Cowboys. He played college football for Vanderbilt.
Early life
He attended Camden County High School (GA) where he earned three letters in football as a two-way starter (DE & OG), and earned three letters as a varsity golfer.
He was selected to the Georgia All-State AAAAA First Team (DE) by sportswriters and also named to "Jacksonville Times-Union"'s Georgia "Super South 11" team.
College career
Seymour started all 13 games as a senior in 2012 and concluded his Vanderbilt career with 35 starting assignments including starts at LG, LT, RG, and RT. Seymour opened the 2012 season with nine straight starts at left guard, then moved to start at both tackle positions when injuries affected depth along the line. He was selected to the 2009 SEC All-Freshman team. He was named to the SEC Academic Honor Roll 2011 and 2012.
Seymour graduated from Vanderbilt University with a Bachelor of Science degree in December 2012.
Professional career
2013 NFL Draft
Seattle Seahawks
He was selected by the Seattle Seahawks in the seventh round (220nd pick overall) of the 2013 NFL Draft.
On August 31, 2013, Seymour was released by the Seahawks, and was re-signed to the Seahawks practice squad on September 11, 2013.
San Francisco 49ers
On December 10, 2013, the San Francisco 49ers signed Seymour from the Seattle Seahawks' practice squad.
Cleveland Browns
Seymour was claimed off waivers by the Cleveland Browns on August 31. He was waived on September 9, 2014, and re-signed to the 53 man roster on October 17, 2014.
On August 17, 2015, Seymour was suspended without pay for the first four games of the regular season for violating the NFL policy on performance-enhancing substances and was subsequently waived by the Cleveland Browns on August 27, 2015.
Chicago Bears
On October 7, 2015, the Chicago Bears signed Seymour to their practice squad. On October 13, 2015, Seymour was cut from the Bears practice squad.
New Orleans Saints
Seymour was signed to the New Orleans Saints practice squad on October 20, 2015. On December 26, 2015, the New Orleans Saints promoted Seymour to the 53-men roster and waived cornerback Tony Carter.
New York Giants
Seymour signed with the New York Giants on April 4, 2016. On September 3, 2016, he was released by the Giants.
Dallas Cowboys
On October 11, 2016, Seymour was signed to the Cowboys' practice squad. On December 30, he was promoted to the active roster, because he was needed for depth purposes in the last game of the season, in order to rest some of the starters for the playoffs. He was released on January 4, 2017. He was re-signed on February 16, 2017.
On April 21, 2017, Seymour announced his retirement from the NFL.
References
External links
Vanderbilt Commodores bio
1990 births
Living people
People from Kingsland, Georgia
Players of American football from Charleston, South Carolina
American football offensive guards
American football centers
Vanderbilt Commodores football players
Seattle Seahawks players
San Francisco 49ers players
Cleveland Browns players
Chicago Bears players
New Orleans Saints players
New York Giants players
Dallas Cowboys players
Players of American football from Camden County, Georgia |
Gulshan-e-Ghazi () is a neighbourhood in the Karachi West district of Karachi, Pakistan, that is a part of Baldia Town.
There are several ethnic groups in Gulshan-e-Ghazi including Muhajirs,
Hindko(Hazara)
Sindhis, Kashmiris, Seraikis, Pakhtuns, Balochis,
Brahuis, Memons, Punjabis Bohras, Ismailis, etc. Over 99% of the population is Muslim.
References
External links
Karachi Website .
Baldia Town
Neighbourhoods of Karachi |
Lou Kilzer (born 1951) is an investigative journalist and author and a two time Pulitzer Prize Winner.
Career
Journalism
He began work as a journalist in 1973 after graduating cum laude in philosophy from Yale University, joining the Rocky Mountain News in December 1977. He covered police, courts and investigations. In 1983, he began a five-year stint on the investigations unit and city desk of the Denver Post, and then seven years on the investigative unit of the Minneapolis Star-Tribune.
In 1986, Kilzer and two other Denver Post reporters won for that newspaper a Pulitzer Prize for Public Service for a series that debunked the notion that millions of small American children were being kidnapped each year by strangers.
He and another Minneapolis Star-Tribune reporter won a Pulitzer for investigative reporting in 1990 for articles exposing how top officials at the Saint Paul Fire Department were profiting from the arson industry. He has also won over a dozen national journalism awards, including the George Polk Award for National Reporting, and the IRE award for investigative journalism.
In 1994, Kilzer returned to the Denver Post as investigations editor, followed by five years as investigative reporter where he had begun his career: The Rocky Mountain News. Kilzer covered the insider stock trading by Qwest CEO Joe Nacchio and appeared before his stock fraud indictment and conviction. In 2008, Kilzer accepted the job of editor-in-chief of the JoongAng Daily in Seoul, South Korea. The JoongAng Daily (now known as the Korea JoongAng Daily) is published in partnership with the International New York Times. Kilzer returned to the United States in 2010, taking a job on the investigative unit of the Pittsburgh Tribune-Review. He retired and moved with his wife, Liz, to Costa Rica where he is pursuing a book writing career.
In 2012 he won the William Brewster Styles Award given by the Society of American Business Editors and Writers for reporting on international money laundering. Kilzer won the award, together with fellow reporter Andrew Conte and Investigations Editor Jim Wilhelm for work published in the Pittsburgh Tribune-Review.
Books
Kilzer's 1994 book, Churchill's Deception, sought to prove that Great Britain tricked Germany into attacking the Soviet Union in 1941. It was published by Simon & Schuster. Kirkus Reviews called the book "an audacious rereading of the diplomatic history" of World War II," in which Kilzer argues "that Winston Churchill deliberately nurtured Hitler's illusion that powerful British factions sought an end to the war on terms favorable to Nazi Germany, and thus outwitted Hitler into starting a war against the Soviets that Germany could not win." The book maintains that Rudolf Hess's 1941 flight to Britain was a British intelligence operation, and that the man who died in Spandau Prison in 1987 was not Hess. Kirkus called the book "an absorbing and cogently argued original contribution to WW II literature." Booklist said historians would give the book "short shrift" because it was primarily derived from existing published works, and Library Journal described the Hess theory as "generally discredited."
His 2000 book Hitler's Traitor: Martin Bormann and the Defeat of the Reich contends that Germany's defeat was largely the result of the Red Orchestra spy ring that had penetrated the German High Command. The book contends that Martin Bormann, a top aide to Adolf Hitler, and Heinrich Müller, head of the Gestapo, were both Soviet agents. Publishers Weekly said that Kilzer "revisits this arena with an entertaining synthesis of evidence about the activities of these spies, extensive accounts of relevant military history, and informed speculations about causes and effects, motives and behaviors."
Kilzer's first book of fiction, co-authored with Mark Boyden, a British business consulting executive, is called "Fatal Redemption," published by Enigmas Publishing. "Fatal Redemption" won several national awards including the IRDA in 2015, the crime fiction award category for the Beverly Hills International Book Awards and the general fiction category of the 2015 Great Northwest Book Festival. Kilzer and Boyden are writing a series centering around a journalist named Sally Will. This includes the title, "Fatal Seductions."
Personal life
Kilzer was born in Cody, Wyoming, the son of Robert and Marjorie Kilzer. He and his wife, Liz Kovacs, have two grown children.
Published works
Kilzer, Lou, and Mark Boyden. Fatal Redemption: A Mystery Thriller. Enigmas Publishing, 2014.
Kilzer, Lou, and Mark Boyden. Fatal Seductions: Second in the Sally Will series. Enigmas Publishing, 2015.
Kilzer, Lou, and Sarah Huntley. Battered Justice. Denver, CO: Rocky Mountain News, 2005.
Kilzer, Louis C. Hitler's Traitor: Martin Bormann and the Defeat of the Reich. Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 2000.
Kilzer, Louis C. Churchill's Deception: The Dark Secret That Destroyed Nazi Germany. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994.
References
1951 births
Living people
American male journalists
Yale University alumni
Journalists from Wyoming
Pulitzer Prize winners
Pulitzer Prize for Investigative Reporting winners
American expatriates in Costa Rica
People from Cody, Wyoming |
The One Thing: The Surprisingly Simple Truth Behind Extraordinary Results (stylized The ONE Thing) is a non-fiction self-help book written by authors and real estate entrepreneurs Gary W. Keller and Jay Papasan. The book discusses the value of simplifying one's workload by focusing on the one most important task in any given project. The book has appeared on the bestseller lists of The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, USA Today, and Amazon.com. It was first published by Bard Press on April 1, 2013.
Background
Gary Keller is the co-founder and chairman of the board at Keller Williams Realty, which is one of the world's largest real estate companies. Jay Papasan is the Vice President of publishing at Keller Williams. Prior to the publication of The One Thing in 2013, the two collaborated on The Millionaire Real Estate series of books which discussed how to invest in and earn money from real estate properties. The One Thing is the duo's first book that is not specifically focused on real estate. Instead, it discusses the general business principle of choosing a single task to work on to theoretically maximize the efficiency of that task and the overall project.
Summary
The book discusses the benefits of prioritizing a single task, and it also provides examples of how to engage in those tasks with a singular focus. The book begins with a section entitled, "The Lies: They Mislead and Derail Us", which analyzes the ways in which multitasking has erroneously been praised as a desirable trait. The authors also challenge the concept of "work-life balance", calling it "[i]dealistic, but not realistic." They concluded this section by quoting that “Success isn’t a game won by whoever does the most” and believe that the majority of what we want will come from the minority of what we do.
This then leads to the "Focusing Question" which asks "What's the ONE Thing I can do such that by doing it everything else will be easier or unnecessary?" This second section of the book deals with productivity principles like habit-building and benchmarking. For instance, the book suggests that readers should engage in four hours of work on their "ONE thing" each day. The authors cite economist Vilfredo Pareto as one of the inspirations behind this philosophy. Pareto's principle suggested that 20 percent of the effort produces 80 percent of the results. According to the book, this means that engaging in the one most important task will be more likely to produce the desired results without any extraneous effort. The book also differentiates between the Big-Picture Question ("What's my ONE Thing?") and the Small-Focus Question ("What's my ONE Thing right now?"). The core idea is that focusing on an excessive amount of tasks will more likely lead to discord and under-performance.
The third section of the book discusses "Extraordinary Results", which details how to make the above principles actionable. One of the concepts it illustrates is "time blocking", which means that one should focus on only their one thing during a given amount of time. It also suggests that readers should schedule time to reflect, plan, and even relax. Everything else during scheduled time blocks is characterized as a distraction. Each section of the book is followed up by a "Big Ideas" review that gives a summary of the sections' concepts and principles.
Critical reception
The One Thing garnered success both critically and commercially. It was listed as a best seller by The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, USA Today, and Amazon.com. Hudson Booksellers listed it among their best "Business Interest" books of 2013. In an article for Entrepreneur, Brandon Turner named The One Thing one of the "5 Powerful Books That Changed the Direction of My Life". In a review for The National, Alice Haine notes that the book "has the necessary ingredients to boost those feeling a little overwhelmed by the pressures of work and home life." Publishers Weekly noted that book had "an appealing style and energy." It has won a total of 12 book awards and been translated into 26 languages. It was also voted one of the Top 100 Business Books of All Time on Goodreads.
References
External links
The One Thing | Gary keller & Jay Papasan | Book Review
2013 non-fiction books
American non-fiction books
Business books
Self-help books |
Anatoly Oleksandrovich Romanchuk (; 15 October 1944 – 12 June 2023) was a Soviet-Ukrainian turner and politician. A member of the Communist Party, he served in the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic from 1971 to 1985.
Romanchuk died in Lutsk on 12 June 2023 at the age of 78.
References
1944 births
2023 deaths
Eighth convocation members of the Verkhovna Rada of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
Ninth convocation members of the Verkhovna Rada of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
Tenth convocation members of the Verkhovna Rada of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
Communist Party of the Soviet Union members
People from Hrubieszów County |
Belleville is an unincorporated community in the independent city of Suffolk, Virginia, United States. It is located at the junction of Interstate 664, U.S. Route 17, and State Route 164.
Demographics
Belleville, Virginia encompasses a total of 1,256 residents with a median age of 44.6. Of this, 56.45% are males and 43.55% are females, totaling 457 households with an average of 3 members per home. The average household income estimates $77,777, a -1.5% decrease from prior years. Of this, $66,326 represents the median household income, a -20.0% decrease from prior years. Within Belleville, an estimated 108 individuals live below the poverty level whereas 1,148 live above the poverty line.
Education
Approximately 41.8% of the population in Belleville holds a high school degree (418 residents), while 14.4% have attained a college certificate (382 residents) and 11.8% have a bachelor's degree (118 residents).
Founding
In 1903, 40 acres of the land where Belleville now sits was purchased by William Henry Plummer, on behalf of the church to which he belonged, the Church of God and Saints of Christ. The church had a vision of founding a town on the land for his church members. However, due to financial hardship, Plummer lost the land in 1909. It was then purchased by John Eberwine in 1917 during an auction. Learning of the church's vision, Eberwine decided to continue the project.
References
Suffolk, Virginia communities
Unincorporated communities in Virginia |
Stephen DiSalvo (born April 7, 1949) is an American retired professional wrestler.
Professional wrestling career
Early career
DiSalvo broken into professional wrestling in the mid-1980s following a career in powerlifting. He was initially trained by Billy Anderson and Red Bastien.
Canada (1986–1989)
Wrestling as Steve Strong in the 1980s, he was a performer in Montreal-based International Wrestling. He was managed by Eddy Creatchman.
DiSalvo previously had made a one-off appearance for the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) in 1987, wrestling twice on a house show event in Quebec (losing to Tito Santana via countout and defeating Outback Jack later in the night).
Moving on to Stampede Wrestling, he was known as "Strangler" Steve DiSalvo. Here, he feuded with Phil LaFleur over who had the better physique. DiSalvo smashed a trophy over LaFleur's head on TV, leading to several matches between the two. DiSalvo also helped Don Muraco win the Stampede North American Title from Mahkan Singh.
World Wrestling Council (1989)
DiSalvo moved on to the World Wrestling Council (WWC) promotion in Puerto Rico in 1989, where he again was known as "Sadistic" Steve Strong but this time with a satanic gimmick. He had brawls with Abdullah the Butcher, TNT, and Invader #1. He also won the WWC World Tag Team Championship teaming with Jason the Terrible. He also feuded with "El Acrobata de Puerto Rico" Carlos Colon. He won the WWC Universal Heavyweight Championship in a Texas Death match by defeating Colon on May 27, 1989. He had a successful reign of 133 days until Colon defeated him at The Aniversario 1989 in a Barbed Wire match in October 7. The feud ended when DiSalvo lost against Colon in a Retirement match for the WWC Universal Heavyweight Championship on November 23, 1989.
Various promotions (1989–1990)
On February 13, 1990, he received a tryout match with the WWF at a WWF Superstars taping losing to The Red Rooster. He next made an appearance on a March 18 house show in Calgary, Alberta, defeating Buddy Rose. The following month, he competed on a joint house show tour with the WWF and Arena Wrestling Alliance, tagging with Mano Yanez on three events against The Pitbulls.
World Championship Wrestling (1990–1991)
Two weeks later, DiSalvo received a tryout match for World Championship Wrestling (WCW) on April 23, 1990. He was signed to the company later that year and given the gimmick of "The Minotaur". DiSalvo made his first televised appearance on the January 5, 1991 episode of WCW Saturday Night, defeating Man Mountain Bailey. He began a house show series against The Juicer and was undefeated, and later faced The Junkyard Dog.
Late career (1991–2001)
DiSalvo also appeared in the American Wrestling Association, where he wrestled as Billy Jack Strong. He became Steve DiSalvo again and drifted around the independent circuit before retiring in 2001.
Championships and accomplishments
Americas Wrestling Federation
AWF World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
California Pro Wrestling
CPW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
CPW Brass Knuckles Championship (2 times)
Stampede Wrestling
Stampede North American Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
World Wrestling Council
WWC Universal Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
WWC World Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Jason the Terrible
WWC Television Championship (3 times)
References
External links
1949 births
20th-century professional wrestlers
21st-century professional wrestlers
American male professional wrestlers
American powerlifters
Faux Native American professional wrestlers
Living people
Professional wrestlers from Massachusetts
Stampede Wrestling alumni
Stampede Wrestling North American Heavyweight Champions
WWC Television Champions
WWC Universal Heavyweight Champions |
Therapy is a 1989 album by Loudon Wainwright III. It followed a three-year hiatus, during which Wainwright moved from England (where he had recorded his previous two albums) back to the USA. Compared with those two, Therapy was not well received, but outstanding tracks have subsequently appeared on live albums (e.g. "Thanksgiving" on Career Moves).
Track listing
All tracks composed by Loudon Wainwright III
"Therapy" – 4:24
"Bill of Goods" – 3:20
"T.S.D.H.A.V." – 2:09
"Harry's Wall" – 5:22
"Aphrodisiac" – 3:47
"Fly Paper" – 3:42
"Nice Guys" – 3:03
"Thanksgiving" – 5:39
"Your Father's Car" – 2:23
"Me & All The Other Mothers" – 3:04
"You Don't Want to Know" – 3:46
"Mind Read (It Belonged to You)" – 2:47
"This Year" – 3:04
This Song Don't Have A Video
The only single from Therapy, "T.S.D.H.A.V.", actually did have one, featuring Wainwright singing the song in an easy chair; he gets up from the chair for a moment to answer the telephone (a PLEASE STAND BY graphic appears on the screen). It still airs occasionally on VH-1 Classic.
A live version of "T.S.D.H.A.V." can be found on the b-side of Wainwright's one-off single "If Jesse Don't Like It", which was also recorded before an audience.
Personnel
Loudon Wainwright III - guitar, vocals
Richard Thompson - guitar, mandolin
Arran Ahmun - drums, percussion
B.J. Cole - pedal steel
Alan Dunn - piano, accordion
Bob Loveday - fiddle
Ian Maidman - bass
Ruari McFarlane - bass
Chaim Tannenbaum - banjo, harmonica, tenor saxophone
Linda Taylor - vocals
Olly Blanchflower - double bass
Simon Limbrick - marimba
Cathi Ogden - vocals
Release history
LP: Silvertone 1203-1-J
LP: Silvertone ORE LP 500
CD: Silvertone ORE CD 500
References
Loudon Wainwright III albums
1989 albums |
XHGDA-FM is a radio station in Guadalajara. Located on 89.1 FM, XHGDA-FM is owned by Audiorama, a related company to Radiorama and carries its La Bestia Grupera grupera format.
History
Víctor Manuel Moreno Torres received the concession for XHGDA-FM on September 10, 1990. In 2005, the station was sold to Medios de Información de Occidente, a concessionaire owned in part by Carlos Quiñones, founder of Radio S.A. Under his management, Radio S.A. operated XHGDA with its Máxima pop format.
In 2011, the station was leased to Grupo Multimedios, which placed its Milenio Radio format on the station. XHGDA was the first radio station in Guadalajara for Multimedios. In 2017, XHGDA returned to Audiorama operation with La Bestia Grupera, and Milenio Radio Jalisco became online-only. The station was also relocated to a new Radiorama transmission facility in San Miguel in the municipality of Zapopan.
References
Radio stations in Guadalajara
Radio stations established in 1990 |
This is a complete list of Acts of the Parliament of Great Britain for the years 1710–1714. For Acts passed until 1707 see List of Acts of the Parliament of England and List of Acts of the Parliament of Scotland. See also the List of Acts of the Parliament of Ireland to 1700 and the List of Acts of the Parliament of Ireland, 1701–1800.
For Acts passed from 1801 onwards see List of Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. For Acts of the devolved parliaments and assemblies in the United Kingdom, see the List of Acts of the Scottish Parliament, the List of Acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly, and the List of Acts and Measures of Senedd Cymru; see also the List of Acts of the Parliament of Northern Ireland.
The number shown after each Act's title is its chapter number. Acts are cited using this number, preceded by the year(s) of the reign during which the relevant parliamentary session was held; thus the Union with Ireland Act 1800 is cited as "39 & 40 Geo. 3 c. 67", meaning the 67th Act passed during the session that started in the 39th year of the reign of George III and which finished in the 40th year of that reign. Note that the modern convention is to use Arabic numerals in citations (thus "41 Geo. 3" rather than "41 Geo. III"). Acts of the last session of the Parliament of Great Britain and the first session of the Parliament of the United Kingdom are both cited as "41 Geo. 3".
Acts passed by the Parliament of Great Britain did not have a short title; however, some of these Acts have subsequently been given a short title by Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom (such as the Short Titles Act 1896).
Before the Acts of Parliament (Commencement) Act 1793 came into force on 8 April 1793, Acts passed by the Parliament of Great Britain were deemed to have come into effect on the first day of the session in which they were passed. Because of this, the years given in the list below may in fact be the year before a particular Act was passed.
1710 (9 Ann.)
The first session of the 3rd Parliament of Great Britain, which met from 25 November 1710 until 12 June 1711.
Public acts
| {{|Quarantine Act 1710|public|2|23-12-1710|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to oblige Ships, coming from Places infected, more effectually to perform their Quarentine.|note4= }}
| {{|Taxation Act 1710|public|3|31-01-1711|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for charging and continuing the Duties upon Malt, Mum, Cyder, and Perry, for the Service of the Year One Thousand Seven Hundred and Eleven.|note4= }}
| {{|Recruiting Act 1710|public|4|28-02-1711|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to continue the Acts for recruiting Her Majesty's Land Forces and Marines, for the Service of the Year One Thousand Seven Hundred and Eleven.|note4= }}
| {{|Parliament Act 1710|public|5|28-02-1711|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for securing the Freedom of Parliaments, by the father qualifying the Members to fit in the House of Commons.|note4= }}
| {{|Lotteries Act 1710|public|6|06-03-1711|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for reviving continuing and appropriating certain Duties upon several Commodities to be exported and certain Duties upon Coals to be waterborn and carried Coastwise and for granting further Duties upon Candles for Thirty two Years to raise Fifteen hundred thousand Pounds by way of a Lottery for the Service of the Year One thousand seven hundred and eleven and for suppressing such unlawful Lotteries and such Insurance Offices as are therein mentioned.|note4= }}
| {{|Bank of England Act 1710|public|7|17-03-1711|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for enabling and obliging the Bank of England, for the Time therein mentioned, to exchange all Exchequer Bills for ready Money, upon Demand; and to disable any Person to be Governor, Deputy-governor, or Director, of the Bank of England, and a Director of the East-India Company, at the same Time.|note4= }}
| {{|Trade with France Act 1710|public|8|17-03-1711|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to repeal the Act of the Third and Fourth Year of Her Majesty's Reign, intituled, An Act for prohibiting all Trade and Commerce with France, so far as it relates to the prohibiting the Importation of French Wines.|note4= }}
| {{|Mutiny Act 1710|public|9|26-03-1711|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to continue the Acts for punishing Mutiny and Defertion, and false Musters, and for the better Payment of the Army and Quarters; and for approving of Medicines for the Army.|note4= }}
| {{|Devon Public Stock Act 1710|public|10|note2=Ruffhead c. 4|17-03-1711|archived=n|An Act for ratifying several Purchases lately made with the Public Stock of the County of Devon; and for making further Purchases, for the Use of the said County, with the Public Stock thereof; and also for regulating and better Employment of the Public Stock of the said County.}}
| {{|Post Office (Revenues) Act 1710|public|11|note2=Ruffhead c. 10|16-05-1711|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for establishing a General Post Office for all Her Majesties Dominions, and for settling a weekly Sum out of the Revenues thereof for the Service of the War and other Her Majesties Occasions.|note4= }}
| {{|Taxation (No. 2) Act 1710|public|12|note2=Ruffhead c. 11|16-05-1711|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for laying certain Duties upon Hides and Skins, tanned, tawed, or dressed, and upon Vellum and Parchment, for the Term of Thirty-two Years, for prosecuting the War, and other Her Majesty's Occasions.|note4= }}
| {{|Taxation (No. 3) Act 1710|public|13|note2=Ruffhead c. 12|16-05-1711|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for laying a Duty upon Hops.|note4= }}
| {{|Hertford and Huntingdon Roads Act 1710|public|14|note2=Ruffhead c. 7|16-05-1711|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for repairing and amending the Highways leading from Royston, in the County of Hertford, to Wandesford Bridge, in the County of Huntington.|note4= }}
| {{|Stamps Act 1710|public|15|note2=Ruffhead c. 21|12-06-1711|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for making good Deficiencies, and satisfying the Public Debts; and for erecting a Corporation to carry on a Trade to The South Seas; and for the Encouragement of the Fishery; and for Liberty to trade in unwrought Iron with the Subjects of Spain; and to repeal the Acts for registering Seamen.|note4= }}
| {{|Stamps (No. 2) Act 1710|public|16|note2=Ruffhead c. 23|12-06-1711|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for licensing and regulating Hackney Coaches and Chairs; and for charging certain new Duties on Stamped Vellum, Parchment, and Paper, and on Cards and Dice, and on the Exportation of Rock Salt for Ireland; and for securing thereby, and by a Weekly Payment out of the Post-office, and by several Duties on Hides and Skins, a Yearly Fund of One Hundred Eighty-six Thousand Six Hundred and Seventy Pounds, for Thirty-two Years, to be applied to the Satisfaction of such Orders as are therein mentioned, to the Contributors of any Sum, not exceeding Two Millions, to be raised for carrying on the War, and other Her Majesty's Occasions.|note4= }}
| {{|New Churches in London and Westminster Act 1710|public|17|12-06-1711|archived=n|An Act for granting to Her Majesty several Duties upon Coals, for building Fifty new Churches in and about the Cities of London and Westminster, and Suburbs thereof, and other Purposes therein mentioned.}}
| {{|Public Accounts Act 1710|public|18|note2=Ruffhead c. 13|16-05-1711|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for the taking, examining, and stating, the Public Accompts of the Kingdom.|note4= }}
| {{|Gaming Act 1710|public|19|note2=Ruffhead c. 14|16-05-1711|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for better preventing of excessive and deceitful Gaming.|note4= }}
| {{|Assise of Fuel Act 1710|public|20|note2=Ruffhead c. 15|16-05-1711|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for making more effectual an Act of the Forty-third Year of the Reign of Queen Elizabeth, intituled, An Act concerning the Assize of Fuel, so far as it relates to the Assize of Billet.|note4= }}
| {{|Assaulting a Privy Counsellor Act 1710|public|21|note2=Ruffhead c. 16|16-05-1711|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to make an Attempt on the Life of a Privy Counsellor, in the Execution of his Office, to be Felony without Benefit of Clergy.|note4= }}
| {{|Preservation of Trees, America Act 1710|public|22|note2=Ruffhead c. 17|16-05-1711|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for the Preservation of White and other Pine Trees, growing in Her Majesty's Colonies of New Hampshire, The Massachusets Bay, and Province of Main, Rhode Island, and Providence Plantation, The Narraganset Country, or King's Province, and Connecticut, in New England; and New York, and New Jersey, in America, for the masting Her Majesty's Navy.|note4= }}
| {{|Highways Act 1710|public|23|note2=Ruffhead c. 18|16-05-1711|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to render more effectual an Act made in the Sixth Year of Her present Majesty, intituled, An Act to repeal a Clause in an Act of the Seventh Year of the Reign of His late Majesty, for amending Highways, which enjoins Waggoners and others to draw with a Pole between the Wheel Horses, or with Double Shafts; and to oblige them to draw only with Six Horses, or other Beasts, except up Hills.|note4= }}
| {{|Lease of Exeter Castle Act 1710|public|24|note2=Ruffhead c. 19|16-05-1711|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to enable Her Majesty to grant the Scite of the Castle of Exon (Parcel of Her Dutchy of Cornwall) for Ninety-nine Years, for the Use and Benefit of the County of Devon.|note4= }}
| {{|Municipal Offices Act 1710|public|25|note2=Ruffhead c. 20|16-05-1711|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for rendering the Proceedings upon Writs of Mandamus and Informations in the Nature of a Quo warranto more speedy and effectual, and for the more easy trying and determining the Rights of Offices and Franchises in Corporations and Boroughs.|note4= }}
| {{|Mine Adventurers of England Act 1710|public|26|note2=Ruffhead c. 24|12-06-1711|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for Relief of the Creditors and Proprietors of the Company of Mine Adventurers, by establishing a Method for settling the Differences between the Company and their Creditors; and for uniting them, in order to an effectual working the Mines of the said Company.|note4= }}
| {{|Game Act 1710|public|27|note2=Ruffhead c. 25|12-06-1711|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for making the Act of the Fifth Year of Her Majesty's Reign, for the Preservation of the Game, perpetual; and for making the same more effectual.|note4= }}
| {{|Thames Fishery Act 1710|public|28|note2=Ruffhead c. 26|12-06-1711|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for the better Preservation and Improvement of the Fishery within the River of Thames; and for regulating and governing the Company of Fishermen of the said River.|note4= }}
| {{|Trade to America Act 1710|public|29|note2=Ruffhead c. 27|12-06-1711|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for the Encouragement of the Trade to America.|note4= }}
| {{|Coal Trade Act 1710|public|30|note2=Ruffhead c. 28|12-06-1711|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to dissolve the present, and prevent the future, Combination of Coal Owners, Lightermen, Masters of Ships, and others, to advance the Price of Coals, in Prejudice of the Navigation, Trade, and Manufactures, of this Kingdom; and for the further Encouragement of the Coal Trade.|note4= }}
| {{|Militia Act 1710|public|31|note2=Ruffhead c. 29|12-06-1711|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for raising the Militia for the Year One Thousand Seven Hundred and Eleven, although the Month's Pay formerly advanced be not re-paid.|note4= }}
| {{|Woollen, etc., Manufacturers Act 1710|public|32|note2=Ruffhead c. 30|12-06-1711|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for reviving and continuing an Act made in the First Year of Her Majesty's Reign, for the more effectual preventing Abuses and Frauds of Persons employed in the working up the Woollen, Linen, Fustian, Cotton, and Iron Manufactures of this Kingdom.|note4= }}
| {{|Petersfield Highways Act 1710|public|33|note2=Ruffhead c. 8|16-05-1711|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for repairing the Highways from Sheet Bridge, in the Parish of Petersfield, to the Town of Portsmouth, in the County of Southampton.|note4= }}
| {{|Dunstable Highways Act 1710|public|34|note2=Ruffhead c. 9|16-05-1711|archived=n|An Act for repairing the Highways between Dunstable and Hockley, in the County of Bedford.}}
}}
Private acts
| {{|Correction of and extension of time in an Act concerning William Malet's debt.|private|2|28-02-1711|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for rectifying the Mistake, and enlarging the Time for a Composition given by an Act of Parliament, passed in the Seventh Year of Her Majesty's Reign, intituled, An Act to enable the Lord High Treasurer, or Commissioners of the Treasury, for the Time being, to compound with William Malet Esquire, for the Debt of his Father, for whom he was Surety while Receiver General of the County of Somerset and City of Bristol.}}
| {{|Sebastian Isaack's Estate Act 1710|private|3|06-03-1711|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for the Sale of the Barton and Farm of Pollesloe, in the County of Devon, late the Estate of Sebastian Isaack Esquire, deceased, for discharging Incumbrances thereupon; and for Distribution of the Surplus Money.}}
| {{|Earl of Plymouth's Estate Act 1710|private|4|17-03-1711|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act to vest the Manor, or reputed Manor, of Wadborough, alias Wadberrow, in the County of Worcester, and other Lands there, which came to the Right Honourable Other Earl of Plimouth by his Mother, in Trustees, to be sold, for raising more Money, to pay off Debts charged upon his Paternal Estate; and for other Purposes.}}
| {{|Henry Bowes Earl of Berkshire's Estate Act 1710|private|5|26-03-1711|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for Sale of the Manor of Reaversby, and other Lands, in the County of Lincoln, the Estate of Henry Bowes Earl of Berkshire; and to settle other Lands, in the County of Stafford, to the same Uses.}}
| {{|Settlement of the estates of Evelyn Marquis of Dorchester, William Pierrepont (Lord Kingston) his son and heir, and settling the estate of John Hall on William's marriage.|private|6|16-05-1711|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for settling the Estates of the Right Noble Evelyn Lord Marquis of Dorchester, and William Pierrepont Esquire, commonly called Lord Kingston, Son and Heir Apparent of the said Lord Marquis; and also for settling the Estate late of John Hall Esquire, on the Marriage of the said William Pierrepont Esquire.}}
| {{|Enabling Arthur Earl of Anglesey and Henry Viscount Hide to take in England the oath of office as Vice Treasurer and Receiver General and Paymaster General of Her Majesty's Revenues in Ireland.|private|7|16-05-1711|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act to enable Arthur Earl of Anglesey and Henry Hyde Esquire, commonly called Henry Viscount Hyde, to take in England the Oath of Office, as Vice Treasurer and Receiver General, and Paymaster General, of Her Majesty's Revenues in Her Kingdom of Ireland; and to qualify themselves in England for the legal Enjoyment of the said Office.}}
| {{|Enabling the Earl of Thomond to make leases for three lives and grants in fee farm of lands in Ireland comprised in his marriage settlement.|private|8|16-05-1711|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act to enable the Earl of Thomond to make Leases for Three Lives, with Covenants for Renewal thereof for ever; and Grants in Fee-farm of the Lands and Hereditaments in Ireland, comprized in his Marriage Settlement.}}
| {{|Viscount Mountague's Estate Act 1710|private|9|16-05-1711|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for vesting in Henry Arundell Esquire and his Heirs the Trust in the Estate of the Lord Viscount Mountagu, which is vested in Her Majesty by the Attainder of John Caryll Esquire for High Treason.}}
| {{|Discharge of John Bishop of Rapho's (Ireland) penalty and disabilities incurred from omission to take Oath of Abjuration before 1 August 1703, and validating all ecclesiastical and civil acts done by him after that omission.|private|10|16-05-1711|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for discharging John Lord Bishop of Rapho, in the Kingdom of Ireland, from all Penalties, Disabilities, and Incapacities, incurred by him, in omitting to take the Oath of Abjuration on or before the First Day of August One Thousand Seven Hundred and Three; and for making all Ecclesiastical and Civil Acts done by him as Bishop of Rapho, after such Omission, to be of the same Validity as they would have been if he had taken the said Oath in due Time.}}
| {{|Establishment of purchase of lands in Ireland by Sir Alexander Cairnes from James Duke of Ormond in pursuance of a power given him by an Act of 1700.|private|11|16-05-1711|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for the establishing a Purchase of certain Fee-farms, Lands, and Hereditaments, in the Kingdom of Ireland, made by Sir Alexander Cairnes Baronet, of his Grace James Duke of Ormond, in Pursuance of a Power given him by an Act of Parliament passed in this Kingdom in the Twelfth Year of His late Majesty's Reign, notwithstanding an Act passed in Ireland in the Ninth Year of the Reign of Her present Majesty, or a Deed dated the Five and Twentieth of April One Thousand Seven Hundred and Ten, therein mentioned.}}
| {{|Brasenose College, Oxford Estate Act 1710|private|12|16-05-1711|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for confirming to the Principal and Scholars of King's Hall and College of Brasen-nose, in the University of Oxford, the Purchase of the Advowsons of Stepney, and other Churches; and for settling the same to the Benefit of the said College.}}
| {{|Jeffery Palmer's Estate Act 1710|private|13|16-05-1711|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for confirming a Lease for One and Twenty Years, made by Jeffery Palmer Esquire and others, of Lands in Carlton Curliew, in the County of Leicester, for Payment of the Debts of the said Jeffery Palmer.}}
| {{|Nathaniel Mathew's Estate Act 1710|private|14|16-05-1711|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for Sale of such Part of the Estate of Nathaniel Mathew, late of Petersham, in the County of Surrey, Gentleman, deceased, as will be sufficient to discharge his Debts and Legacies thereon charged by his last Will and Testament; and for settling the Remainder thereof to the Uses in the said Will mentioned.}}
| {{|William Henden's Estate Act 1710|private|15|16-05-1711|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for Sale of several Lands and Hereditaments of William Henden Esquire, in the County of Kent, for Payment of his Debts; and for settling other Lands in the same County, of a better Value, to the same Uses, in Lieu thereof.}}
| {{|Sale of Humphrey Pooler's Estate Act 1710|private|16|16-05-1711|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for Sale of the Estate of Humphry Pooler, in the Parish of Hartlebury, in the County of Worcester.}}
| {{|Sir Richard Allin alias Anguish's Estate Act 1710|private|17|16-05-1711|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for the Sale of Part of the Estate of Sir Richard Allin, alias Anguish, Baronet, in the Counties of Suffolk and Norfolk, for Payment of his Debts; and settling the Remainder according to his Marriage Articles.}}
| {{|Sir Richard Grosvenor's Estate Act 1710|private|18|16-05-1711|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act to enable Trustees to perform the Marriage Articles of Sir Richard Grosvenor Baronet and Dame Jane his Wife, notwithstanding the Lunacy of Dame Mary Grosvenor, and the Infancy of her Younger Children; and for settling the Estate in the Family, and making Building Leases, as effectually as if the said Dame Mary was of sound Mind, and her Children of full Age, and all had joined in levying Fines.}}
| {{|John Poynter's Estate Act 1710|private|19|16-05-1711|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for vesting several Messuages or Tenements, in Bride Lane, and elsewhere, in the Parish of St. Bridget, alias St. Brides, London, of John Poynter Esquire, in Trustees, to be sold, in Lieu and Satisfaction of other Manors, Lands, and Tenements, of a greater Value, settled by the said John Poynter to such Uses, and upon such Trusts, as the said Houses in London are settled.}}
| {{|Enabling John and Ann Hardre to sell lands in Kent and settling others to the uses mentioned.|private|20|16-05-1711|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act to enable John Hardres Esquire and Anne his Wife to sell certain Lands in the County of Kent; and for settling of others to the Uses therein mentioned.}}
| {{|Winifred and Lawrence Bridger's Estate Act 1710|private|21|16-05-1711|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for vesting of certain Lands, in the Parish of Woodchurch, in the County of Kent, formerly purchased by Winifred Bridger and Lawrence Bridger, in certain Trustees, to be sold, for the raising Money, for the Purposes therein-mentioned.}}
| {{|Henry Wood or Webb's Estate Act 1710|private|22|16-05-1711|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for the Sale of the Manor of Great Bealings, and several Farms, Lands, and Hereditaments, late the Estate of Henry Wood, alias Webb, Esquire, deceased, in Great Bealings, and several other Places in the County of Suffolk, for discharging a Mortgage thereon, and for Payment of other Debts of the said Henry Wood, alias Webb; and for applying the Overplus-money (if any) arising by such Sale, for the Benefit of Henry Wood, alias Webb (an Infant), his Son and Heir.}}
| {{|Stonebridge Field, Piccadilly Act 1710|private|23|16-05-1711|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for vesting a certain Piece of Ground, being Part of a Field called Stonebridge Field, adjoining to Piccadilly, in the County of Midd'x, in Trustees, to dispose of the same, to discharge a Debt to the Crown, and to other Uses.}}
| {{|Sir Henry Robinson's Estate Act 1710|private|24|16-05-1711|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act to vest the Estate of Sir Henry Robinson Knight, a Lunatic, lying in Cransley, in the County of Northampton, in Trustees, to enable them to make a Settlement on the Marriage of John Robinson Esquire, only Son and Heir Apparent of the said Sir Henry; and for other Purposes therein mentioned.}}
| {{|William Burgoyne's Estate Act 1710|private|25|16-05-1711|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act to enable Trustees to make, renew, and fill up, Leases of the Estate of William Burgoyne, late of the City of Exon, Merchant, deceased, during the Minority of his Son and Daughters.}}
| {{|Stephen Jermyn divorce from Sarah Bell.|private|26|16-05-1711|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for dissolving the Marriage of Stephen Jermyn, the only Son of Stephen Jermyn, of London, Merchant, with Sarah Bell; and to enable him to marry again.}}
| {{|John Weston's Estate Act 1710|private|27|16-05-1711|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for confirming the Sale of the Estate of John Weston Esquire, in the County of Surrey; and discharging it from the Demands of the Crown.}}
| {{|William and Edward Hubbald's Estate Act 1710|private|28|16-05-1711|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for the Sale of the Estates late of William Hubbald, and of his Father Edward Hubbald, in the County of Surrey, for the Satisfaction of the said William Hubbald's Debt to the Crown; and to preserve the Surplus thereof for the Purposes therein mentioned.}}
| {{|To explain and make more effectual a clause relating to the estate of Dame Rebecca Lytton in an Act for the payment of the debts of Sir John Bolles, a lunatic.|private|29|16-05-1711|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act to explain and make more effectual a Clause relating to the Estate of Dame Rebecca Lytton, deceased, in an Act of Parliament made in the Seventh Year of Her Majesty's Reign, intituled, An Act for Payment of the Debts of Sir John Bolles Baronet, a Lunatic. }}
| {{|Joseph Weller's Estate Act 1710|private|30|16-05-1711|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for vesting the Manor of Bucksteep, and several Lands in Sussex, the Estate of Joseph Weller Esquire, in Trustees, to be sold, for discharging the Incumbrances thereon; and applying the Surplus-money to certain Uses and Trusts therein mentioned.}}
| {{|Relief of Abraham Roth in relation to the purchase of part of the forfeited estates in Ireland.|private|31|16-05-1711|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for the Relief of Abraham Roth, of the Kingdom of Ireland, Esquire, in relation to the Purchase of Part of the forfeited Estates in Ireland.}}
| {{|Enabling Robert Jones to make leases of manors and lands in Glamorgan for terms longer than his life interest under his marriage settlement, and settling other lands to the uses of the settlement in lieu.|private|32|16-05-1711|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act to enable Robert Jones, of Funmun Castle, in the County of Glamorgan, Esquire, to make Leases for Three Lives, or for Ninety-nine Years determinable on Three Lives, of the Manors, Lands, and Hereditaments, in the County of Glamorgan, limited to himself for Life by his Marriage Settlement; and for settling other Lands to the Use of that Settlement, in Lieu and Recompence of such Power.}}
| {{|William Mugglestone's Estate Act 1710|private|33|16-05-1711|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for the Sale of certain Lands and Tithes, in the Parish of Tonge, in the County of Leicester, late the Estate of William Mugglestone, deceased; and for the Distribution of the Money thereby arising, pursuant to a Settlement made of the said Lands and Tithes by the said William Mugglestone.}}
| {{|Enabling Charles Viscount Cullen to sell the manor and advowson of the church of Elmesthorpe (Leicestershire) for payment of debts.|private|34|12-06-1711|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for enabling Charles Lord Viscount Cullen to sell the Manor and Advowson of the Church of Elmsthorp, in the County of Leicester, for the Payment of his Debts.}}
| {{|Theophilus Biddulph's Estate Act 1710|private|35|12-06-1711|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for Sale of Part of the Estate of Theophilus Biddulph Esquire, for Payment of his Debts.}}
| {{|John Lovett's Estate Act 1710|private|36|12-06-1711|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act to enable Trustees to make Building Leases of Part of the Estate late of John Lovett deceased, lying in the City of Dublin.}}
| {{|Thomas Skeffington's Estate Act 1710|private|37|12-06-1711|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for Sale of Timber upon the Estate of Thomas Skeffington Esquire, an Infant, for Payment of his Father's Debts.}}
| {{|Confirmation of an agreement between Philip Saltmarsh and Thomas Bennet for the partition, division and exchange of estates in Nottinghamshire and Dorset.|private|38|12-06-1711|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for confirming an Agreement made between Philip Saltmarshe and Thomas Bennet Esquires, for a Partition, Division, and Exchange, of several Estates, in the Counties of Nottingham and Dorset, and other Purposes therein mentioned.}}
| {{|Richard Brideoake's Estate Act 1710|private|39|12-06-1711|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for Sale of Part of the Estate of Richard Brideoake Esquire, in the County of Oxon (and charging other Part thereof with Two Annuities), for Payment and Satisfaction of several Incumbrances affecting his whole Estate; and for confirming an Agreement made between the said Richard Brideoake and others, claiming Common in Hook-Norton Warren and Hook-Norton Layes, in the same County.}}
| {{|George Clerk's Estate Act 1710|private|40|12-06-1711|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for the Sale of the Manor of Frognall, and other Lands and Hereditaments, in the County of Kent, the Estate of George Clerk Esquire, for Payment of Debts; and settling an Estate, in the County of Leicester and City of London, to the same Uses as the Estate in Kent was settled.}}
}}
Sources
1711 (10 Ann.)
The second session of the 3rd Parliament of Great Britain, which met from 7 December 1711 until 21 June 1712.
Public acts
| {{|River Avon Navigation Act 1711|public|2|note2=Ruffhead c. 8|22-05-1712|archived=n|An Act for making the River Avon, in the Counties of Somerset and Gloucester, navigable, from the City of Bath, to or near Hanham's Mills.}}
| {{|Middlesex and Hertfordshire Roads Act 1711|public|3|note2=Ruffhead c. 7|22-05-1712|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for repairing the Highway between a certain Place called Kilburn Bridge, in the County of Midd'x, and Sparrows Hern, in the County of Hertford.|note4= }}
| {{|Middlesex and Hertfordshire Roads (No. 2) Act 1711|public|4|note2=Ruffhead c. 33|06-06-1712|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for repairing the Highway, between Highgate Gatehouse, in the County of Middlesex, and Barnet Blockhouse, in the County of Hertford.|note4= }}
| {{|Assise of Fuel Act 1711|public|5|note2= Ruffhead c. 6|09-02-1712|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for explaining and altering the Laws now in being, concerning the Assizes of Fuel, so far as they relate to the Assize of Billet made, or to be made, of Beech-wood only.|note4= }}
| {{|Toleration Act 1711|note1=or the Occasional Conformity Act 1711|public|6|note2=Ruffhead c. 2|22-12-1711|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for preserving the Protestant Religion by better securing the Church of England as by Law established and for confirming the Toleration granted to Protestant Dissenters by an Act intituled An Act for exempting Their Majesties Protestant Subjects dissenting from the Church of England from the Penalties of certain Laws and for supplying the Defects thereof and for the further securing the Protestant Succession by requiring the Practicers of the Law in North Britain to take the Oaths and subscribe the Declaration therein mentioned.|note4= }}
| {{|Malt Tax Act 1711|public|7|note2= Ruffhead c. 3|22-12-1711|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for charging and continuing the Duties upon Malt, Mum, Cyder, and Perry, for the Service of the Year One Thousand Seven Hundred and Twelve; and for applying Part of the Coinage Duties, to pay the Deficiency of the Value of Plate coined; and for re-coining the old Money in Scotland.|note4= }}
| {{|Princess Sophia's Precedence Act 1711|public|8|note2=Ruffhead c. 4|09-02-1712|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for settling the Precedence of the most Excellent Princess Sophia Electress and Dutchess Dowager of Hanover of the Elector Her Son and of the Electoral Prince the Duke of Cambridge.}}
| {{|Naturalization Act 1711|public|9|note2= Ruffhead c. 5|09-02-1712|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to repeal the Act of the Seventh Year of Her Majesty's Reign, intituled, "An Act for naturalizing Foreign Protestants," except what relates to the Children of Her Majesty's Natural-born Subjects, born out of Her Majesty's Allegiance.|note4= }}
| {{|Scottish Episcopalians Act 1711|public|10|note2= Ruffhead c. 7|03-03-1712|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act to prevent the disturbing those of the Episcopal Communion in Scotland in the Exercise of their Religious Worship and in the Use of the Liturgy of the Church of England and for repealing the Act passed in the Parliament of Scotland intituled "Act against irregular Baptisms and Marriages."}}
| {{|Public Accounts Act 1711|public|11|note2=Ruffhead c. 8|03-03-1712|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to continue the Act of the last Session of Parliament, for taking, examining, and stating, the Public Accompts of the Kingdom, for One Year longer.|note4= }}
| {{|Recruiting Act 1711|public|12|note2= Ruffhead c. 9|03-03-1712|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for recruiting Her Majesty's Land Forces and Marines, for the Service of the Year One Thousand Seven Hundred and Twelve.|note4= }}
| {{|Mutiny Act 1711|public|13|note2= Ruffhead c. 10|25-03-1712|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for punishing Mutiny and Desertion, and false Musters; and for the better Payment of the Army and Quarters.|note4= }}
| {{|Dene Causeway Act 1711|public|14|note2=Ruffhead c. 1|09-02-1712|archived=n|An Act to make a Causeway over The Denes, from Great Yarmouth to Caister, in the County of Norfolk.}}
| {{|Norwich Poor Act 1711|public|15|note2=Ruffhead c. 6|22-05-1712|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for erecting a Workhouse in the City and County of the City of Norwich, for the better Employment and maintaining the Poor there.|note4= }}
| {{|Kent Roads Act 1711|public|16|note2=Ruffhead c. 34|06-06-1712|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for enlarging, amending, and maintaining, the Road betwixt Northfleet, Gravesend, and Rochester, in the County of Kent.|note4= }}
| {{|Whitehaven Harbour Act 1711|public|17|note2=Ruffhead c. 3|03-03-1712|archived=n|An Act for enlarging the Term for Payment of certain Duties, granted in and by an Act of Parliament passed in the Seventh Year of Her Majesty's Reign, intituled, "An Act for preserving and enlarging the Harbour of Whitehaven, in the County of Cumberland."}}
| {{|Taxation Act 1711|note1=or the Stamp Act 1712|public|18|note2=Ruffhead c. 19|22-05-1712|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for laying several Duties upon all Soap and Paper made in Great Britain, or imported into the same; and upon chequered and striped Linens imported; and upon certain Silks, Calicoes, Linens, and Stuffs, printed, painted, or stained; and upon several Kinds of stamped Vellum, Parchment, and Paper; and upon certain printed Papers, Pamphlets, and Advertisements; for raising the Sum of Eighteen Hundred Thousand Pounds, by Way of a Lottery, towards Her Majesty's Supply; and for licensing an additional Number of Hackney Chairs; and for charging certain Stocks of Cards and Dice; and for better securing Her Majesty's Duties to arise in the Office for the Stamp Duties, by Licenses for Marriages, and otherwise; and for Relief of Persons who have not claimed their Lottery Tickets in due Time, or have lost Exchequer Bills, or Lottery Tickets; and for borrowing Money upon Stock (Part of the Capital of the South Sea Company), for the Use of the Public.|note4= }}
| {{|Customs and Excise Act 1711|public|19|note2=Ruffhead c. 26|21-06-1712|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for laying additional Duties on Hides and Skins, Vellum, and Parchment; and new Duties on Starch, Coffee, Tea, Drugs, Gilt and Silver Wire, and Policies of Insurance, to secure a Yearly Fund, for Satisfaction of Orders to the Contributors of a further Sum of One Million Eight Hundred Thousand Pounds towards Her Majesty's Supply; and for the better securing the Duties on Candles; and for obviating Doubts concerning certain Payments in Scotland; and for suppressing unlawful Lotteries, and other Devices of the same Kind; and concerning Cake Soap; and for Relief of Mary Ravenall, in relation to an Annuity of Eighteen Pounds per Annum; and concerning Prize Cocoa Nuts brought from America; and certain Tickets, which were intended to be subscribed into the Stock of the South Sea Company; and for appropriating the Monies granted in this Session of Parliament.|note4= }}
| {{|Churches in London and Westminster Act 1711|public|20|note2=Ruffhead c. 11|22-05-1712|archived=n|An Act for enlarging the Time given to the Commissioners appointed by Her Majesty, pursuant to an Act for granting to Her Majesty several Duties on Coals, for building Fifty new Churches in and about the Cities of London and Westm'r, and Suburbs thereof, and other Purposes therein mentioned; and also for giving the said Commissioners farther Powers for better effecting the same; and for appointing Monies for re-building the Parish Church of St. Mary Woolnoth, in the City of London.}}
| {{|Church Patronage (Scotland) Act 1711|public|21|note2= Ruffhead c. 12|22-05-1712|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to restore the Patrons to their ancient Rights of presenting Ministers to the Churches vacant in that Part of Great Britain called Scotland.|note4= }}
| {{|Yule Vacance Act 1711|public|22|note2=Ruffhead c. 13|22-05-1712|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for repealing Part of an Act passed in the Parliament of Scotland, intituled, "Act for discharging the Yule Vacance."|note4= }}
| {{|Linen Manufacture (Scotland) Act 1711|public|23|note2=Ruffhead c. 21|22-05-1712|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to prevent Abuses in making Linen Cloth, and regulating the Lengths, Breadths, and equal sorting of Yarn, for each Piece made in Scotland; and for whitening the same.|note4= }}
| {{|Continuance of Laws Act 1711|public|24|note2=Ruffhead c. 14|22-05-1712|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for the reviving and continuing several Acts therein mentioned, for the preventing Mischiefs which may happen by Fire; for building and repairing County Gaols; for exempting Apothecaries from serving Parish and Ward Offices, and serving upon Juries; and relating to the returning of Jurors.|note4= }}
| {{|Bankrupts Act 1711|public|25|note2=Ruffhead c. 15|22-05-1712|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for repealing a Clause in the Statute made in the Twenty-first Year of the Reign of King James the First, intituled, An Act for the further Description of a Bankrupt, and Relief of Creditors against such as shall become Bankrupts; and for inflicting Corporal Punishment upon the Bankrupts, in some special Cases, which makes Descriptions of Bankrupts; and for the Explanation of the Laws relating to Bankruptey, in case of Partnership.|note4= }}
| {{|Woollen Manufacture Act 1711|public|26|note2=Ruffhead c. 16|22-05-1712|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for regulating, improving, and encouraging, the Woollen Manufacture of mixed or medley Broad Cloth; and for the Payment of the Poor employed therein.|note4= }}
| {{|Greenwich Hospital, etc. Act 1711|public|27|note2=Ruffhead c. 17|22-05-1712|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for better collecting and recovering the Duties granted for the Support of the Royal Hospital at Greenwich; and for the further Benefit thereof; and for preserving Her Majesty's Harbour Moorings.|note4= }}
| {{|Pleading Act 1711|public|28|note2=Ruffhead c. 18|22-05-1712|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to give further time for inrolling such leases granted from the crown, as have not be inrolled within the respective times therein limited; and for making the pleading of Deeds of Bargain and Sale enrolled and of Fee Farm Rents more easie.|note4= }}
| {{|Insolvent Debtors' Relief Act 1711|public|29|note2=Ruffhead c. 20|22-05-1712|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for the Relief of Insolvent Debtors, by obliging their Creditors to accept the utmost Satisfaction they are capable to make, and restoring them to their Liberty.|note4= }}
| {{|Importation of Prize Goods Act 1711|public|30|note2= Ruffhead c. 22|22-05-1712|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for the Relief of Merchants importing Prize Goods from America.|note4= }}
| {{|Elections (Fraudulent Conveyances) Act 1711|public|31|note2= Ruffhead c. 23|22-05-1712|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for the more effectual preventing fraudulent Conveyances, in order to multiply Votes for electing Knights of Shires to serve in Parliament.|note4= }}
| {{|Minehead Harbour Act 1711|public|32|note2= Ruffhead c. 24|22-05-1712|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for prolonging the Term for Payment of certain Duties, granted by an Act made in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Years of His late Majesty King William, intituled, An Act for recovering, securing, and keeping in Repair, the Harbour of Minehead, for the Benefit and Support of the Navigation and Trade of this Kingdom.|note4= }}
| {{|Militia, etc. Act 1711|public|33|note2= Ruffhead c. 25|22-05-1712|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for raising the Militia for the Year One Thousand Seven Hundred and Twelve, although the Month's Pay formerly advanced be not re-paid; and for rectifying a Mistake in an Act passed this Session of Parliament, intituled, "An Act for punishing Mutiny and Desertion, and false Musters; and for the better Payment of the Army and Quarters;" and for taking Accompts of Trophy-money formerly raised and collected.|note4= }}
| {{|African Company Act 1711|public|34|note2= Ruffhead c. 27|06-06-1712|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for making effectual such Agreement as shall be made between the Royal African Company of England and their Creditors.|note4= }}
| {{|East India Company Act 1711|public|35|note2= Ruffhead c. 28|21-06-1712|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for continuing the Trade and Corporation-capacity of the United East India Company, although their Fund should be redeemed.|note4= }}
| {{|Importation Act 1711|public|36|note2=Ruffhead c. 29|21-06-1712|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for better ascertaining and securing the Payments to be made to Her Majesty, for Goods and Merchandizes to be imported from The East Indies, and other Places within the Limits of the Charter granted to the East India Company.|note4= }}
| {{|South Sea Company Act 1711|public|37|note2= Ruffhead c. 30|21-06-1712|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for continuing the Trade to the South Seas, granted by an Act of the last Session of Parliament, although the Capital Stock of the said Corporation should be redeemed.|note4= }}
| {{|Debts due to the Army Act 1711|public|38|note2=Ruffhead c. 31|21-06-1712|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for appointing Commissioners, to take, examine, and determine, the Debts due to the Army, Transport Service, and Sick and Wounded.|note4= }}
| {{|Oaths, Scotland Act 1711|public|39|note2=Ruffhead c. 32|21-06-1712|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for enlarging the Time for the Ministers, Advocates, and other Members of the College of Justice, in Scotland, to take the Oaths therein mentioned.|note4= }}
| {{|Circuits Courts Act 1711|public|40|note2= Ruffhead c. 33|21-06-1712|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for the appointing the Circuit Courts in that Part of Great Britain called Scotland to be kept only Once in the Year.|note4= }}
| {{|Sufferers in the West Indies Act 1711|public|41|note2= Ruffhead c. 34|21-06-1712|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for explaining several Clauses in an Act passed the last Session of Parliament, for Relief of the Sufferers of the Islands of Nevis and St. Christopher, by reason of the Invasion of the French there, in the Year One Thousand Seven Hundred and Five.|note4= }}
| {{|Suffolk Roads Act 1711|public|42|note2=Ruffhead c. 9|22-05-1712|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for the better repairing and amending the Road leading from Ipswich to Cleydon, and the Road called The Pye Road, in the County of Suffolk.|note4= }}
| {{|Deal Chapel of Ease Act 1711|public|42|note2=Ruffhead c. 11|22-05-1712|archived=n|An Act for compleating a Chapel of Ease in the Lower Town of Deal, in the County of Kent, by a Duty on Water-borne Coals to be brought into the said Town.}}
| {{|Boston Water Act 1711|public|44|note2=Ruffhead c. 10|22-05-1712|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for the better supplying the Town of Boston, in the County of Lincoln, with fresh Water.|note4= }}
| {{|Oxford and Cambridge Regius Professorships of Divinity Act 1711|public|45|note2=Ruffhead c. 12|22-05-1712|archived=n|An Act for confirming and rendering more effectual certain Letters Patents of King James the First, for annexing a Canonry and several Rectories to the Regius Professor of Divinity in the University of Oxford, and to the Regius Professor and Lady Margaret's Reader of Divinity in the University of Cambridge.}}
}}
Private acts
| {{|Wrothesley Duke of Bedford and his brother Lord John Russell's estate: enabling trustees during their minority to grant leases and setts for getting copper and other ore and minerals, and validating existing grants or setts.|private|2|25-03-1712|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act to enable Trustees, during the Minority of Wriothesly Duke of Bedford, and of the Lord John Russell his Brother, to grant Leases of the Estate of the said Duke, and Setts for getting Copper and other Ore and Minerals therein; and for rendering valid and effectual several such Grants or Setts already made.}}
| {{|For making the exemplification of the marriage settlement of James Lord Annesley and Lady Elizabeth Manners evidence in equity and law.|private|3|25-03-1712|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for making the Exemplification of the Settlement made upon the Marriage of James Lord Annesley with the Lady Elizabeth Manners, under the Great Seal of Great Britain, Evidence on Hearings in Equity and Trials at Law.}}
| {{|Oxford and Cambridge Regius Professorships of Divinity Act 1711|private|4|note2=|22-05-1712|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for confirming and rendering more effectual certain Letters Patents of King James the First, for annexing a Canonry and several Rectories to the Regius Professor of Divinity in the University of Oxford, and to the Regius Professor and Lady Margaret's Reader of Divinity in the University of Cambridge.}}
| {{|Debts of James Griffin Act 1711|private|5|22-05-1712|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for enabling James Griffin Esquire, and Edward Griffin Son and Heir Apparent of the said James Griffin, to raise Money, to pay the Debts of the said James; and to make a Settlement, for the Benefit of themselves and their Family.}}
| {{|Algernon Grevile's Estate Act 1711|private|6|22-05-1712|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act to enable the Honourable Algernon Grevile Esquire to make a Settlement of his Estate, in the several Counties of York and Warwick, pursuant to Agreements made by him on his Marriage with the Honourable Mary Somerset his now Wife.}}
| {{|Sir Robert Guldeford's Estate Act 1711|private|7|22-05-1712|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for Sale of the Manor of Hempsted, and other Lands therein mentioned, lying in the Counties of Kent and Sussex, the Estate of Sir Robert Guldeford Baronet, for the Payment of Debts; and for settling the Camber Farm, and other Lands in the said County of Sussex, to the same Uses as the said Manor of Hempsted now stands settled.}}
| {{|Ascertaining and establishing glebe land, tithes and other profits of the rectory of Gothurst (Buckinghamshire).|private|8|22-05-1712|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for ascertaining and establishing the Glebe Land, Tithes, and other Profits, of the Rectory of Gothurst, in the County of Bucks.}}
| {{|Simon Patrick's Estate Act 1711|private|9|22-05-1712|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for Sale of the Manor of Dalham, and other Manors and Hereditaments, in the County of Suffolk, and elsewhere, late the Estate of Symon Patrick Clerk, deceased, for the several Purposes therein mentioned.}}
| {{|Charles Egerton's Estate Act 1711|private|10|22-05-1712|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for Sale of the Manors of Agardesley, alias Agersley, and Marchington, and several Lands and Hereditaments, in the County of Stafford, for Payment of the Mortgage-monies charged thereon, and other the Debts of the Honourable Charles Egerton Esquire.}}
| {{|Anthony Henley's Estate Act 1711|private|11|22-05-1712|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act to enable Trustees to cut and sell Timber on the Estate late of Anthony Henley Esquire, deceased; and for applying the Money thereby arising, towards Payment of his Younger Children's Portions, provided by his Marriage Settlement; and also for transferring certain Estates, by the same Settlement now vested in Richard Norton Esquire, to other Trustees, on the same Trusts.}}
| {{|Perpetual augmentation to Duloe (Cornwall) vicarage out of tithes and profits of Duloe rectory.|private|12|22-05-1712|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for making a perpetual Augmentation to the Vicarage of Duloe, in the County of Cornwall, out of the Tithes and Profits of the Rectory of Duloe.}}
| {{|Edward Hill's Estate Act 1711|private|13|22-05-1712|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for Sale of Part of the Estate late of Edw'd Hill Esquire, deceased, in Orton and Rowell, in the County of Northampton, for the discharging several Incumbrances thereupon, and the Performance of the last Will of the said Edward Hill; and for the settling of other Lands and Tenements, in Rowell aforesaid, in Lieu thereof, to the same Uses.}}
| {{|Enabling Edward Southwell to grant houses and lands in Gloucestershire to Joshua Franklyn for a term of years for their improvement.|private|14|22-05-1712|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for enabling Edward Southwell Esquire to grant certain Houses and Lands, in the County of Gloucester, to Joshua Franklyn, of Bristol, Merchant, for a Term of Years, in order to the better Improvement thereof, and of other adjacent Lands of the said Edward Southwell.}}
| {{|Enabling Owen Thomas Bromsall to sell lands in Bedfordshire.|private|15|22-05-1712|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act to enable Owen Thomas Bromsall Gentleman to sell divers Lands, Tenements, and Hereditaments, in the County of Bedford, for the Purposes therein mentioned.}}
| {{|Bartholomew Vanhomrigh's Estate in Ireland Act 1711|private|16|22-05-1712|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for vesting the Estate late of Bartholomew Van Homrigh Esquire, deceased, lying in the Kingdom of Ireland, in Trustees, to be sold.}}
| {{|Sale of lands, part of the manor of Wightfield alias Whitefield, and other lands in Gloucestershire for payment of debts of Mary Fermor and of John More and his wife Margaret.|private|17|22-05-1712|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for selling certain Lands, Part of the Manor of Wightfield, alias Whitefield, and other Lands in the County of Gloucester, for the Payment of the Debts heretofore of Mary Fermor Widow, deceased, and of John More junior, of Kirtlington, in the County of Nottingham, Esquire, and Margaret his Wife.}}
| {{|Enabling William Western, an infant, to make a marriage settlement.|private|18|22-05-1712|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act to enable William Western Esquire, an Infant, to make a Settlement of his Estate upon his Marriage, notwithstanding his Infancy.}}
| {{|Richard Gomeldon's Estate Act 1711|private|19|22-05-1712|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for Sale of the Manors of North Court and Boynton, in the Parish of Swingfield, in the County of Kent, Part of the Estate of Richard Gomeldon Esquire, for discharging Incumbrances.}}
| {{|Confirmation to Agmondisham Vesey and his children of the benefit intended by an Act passed for their relief.|private|20|22-05-1712|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for confirming to Agmondisham Vesey Esquire, and his Children, the Benefit intended by an Act passed in the First Year of Her Majesty's Reign, for their Relief; and for discharging him and them of the Rents and Profits of their Estate, incurred before the passing of the said Act.}}
| {{|Explanation of an Act empowering the Treasury to compound with the sureties of Samuel Pacey late Receiver General for Suffolk so far as it relates to one of his sureties.|private|21|22-05-1712|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act to explain an Act made in the Seventh Year of Her Majesty's Reign, intituled, An Act to empower the Lord High Treasurer of Great Britain, or Commissioners of the Treasury, to compound with the Sureties of Samuel Pacey, deceased, late Receiver General of the County of Suffolk, so far as it relates to Joseph Pake, One of the said Sureties.}}
| {{|Enabling the Treasury to compound with the executor of Michael Wicks late Receiver General of the Plantation Duties in the Port of London as it was by a former Act enabled to do with Michael Wicks himself.|private|22|22-05-1712|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act to enable the Lord High Treasurer, or Commissioners of the Treasury of Great Britain, for the Time being, to compound with the Executor of Michael Wicks Esquire, late Receiver General of the Plantation Duties in the Port of London, as the Lord High Treasurer, or Commissioners of the Treasury of England, were, by a former Act of Parliament, enabled to do with the said Michael Wicks himself.}}
| {{|Freedom of the ship "Content Galley," taken from the French and condemned as prize.|private|23|22-05-1712|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act to make free The Content Galley, a running Ship, taken from the French, and condemned as Prize.}}
| {{|Freedom of the Ship Success Act 1711|private|24|22-05-1712|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for making the Ship Success a free Ship.}}
| {{|Thorndon and Ingrave (Essex) Unification Act 1711|private|25|06-06-1712|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for uniting the Parish Churches of Thorndon and Ingrave, in the County of Essex.}}
| {{|Thomas Vyner's Estate Act 1711|private|26|06-06-1712|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act to vest several Lands and Tenements, in the County of Warwick, the Estate of Thomas Vyner, late of Ethrop, in the said County, Esquire, deceased, in Trustees; and to enable them to sell Part thereof, for discharging several Debts and Incumbrances thereon; and to raise a present Provision for his Son and Heir, an Infant, and the rest of his Children.}}
| {{|To empower the paymaster of the Million Lottery tickets to pay to Sir William Hodges the money due on fourteen tickets.|private|27|06-06-1712|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act to empower the Paymaster of the Million Lottery Tickets to pay to Sir William Hodges Baronet the Money due upon Fourteen Tickets in the said Lottery.}}
| {{|Relief of George Mathew against a clause in an Act passed in Ireland whereby fines, recoveries and a settlement of his late wife's estate are set aside.|private|28|06-06-1712|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for Relief of George Mathew Esquire, against a Clause in an Act of Parliament passed in Ireland, whereby several Fines and Recoveries, and a Settlement of his late Wife's Estate, are set aside.}}
| {{|William Peirson's Estate Act 1711|private|29|06-06-1712|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for Sale of the Estate of William Peirson Esquire, deceased, for Payment of an Incumbrance thereupon, and a Debt due from the said William Peirson to Her Majesty, as he was Collector of the Customs at Plymouth.}}
| {{|John Hillersdon's Estate Act 1711|private|30|06-06-1712|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for vesting several Lands in Battlesdon, in the County of Bedford, in John Hillersdon Esquire, and his Heirs, discharged of several Uses and Estates to which they are now limited; and for settling other Lands, of greater Value, in the same County, to the same Uses.}}
| {{|Enabling James Duke of Ormond and Charles Earl of Arran, his brother, to convey to the Crown the regalities, franchises, liberties and jurisdictions in the county of Tipperary, and enabling the Crown to grant an equivalent for them.|private|31|21-06-1712|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act to enable James Duke of Ormonde, and Charles Earl of Arran of the Kingdom of Ireland his Brother, to convey to Her Majesty the Regalities, Franchises, Liberties, and Jurisdictions, in the County of Tiperary, in the Kingdom of Ireland, in order to their being extinguished in the Crown; and to enable Her Majesty to grant an Equivalent for the same.}}
| {{| Lord Bellew's Estate Act 1711|private|32|21-06-1712|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for enlarging the Time for Sale of Part of the Estate of the Right Honourable Richard Lord Bellew of the Kingdom of Ireland, vested in Trustees by an Act of Parliament lately passed in the said Kingdom. }}
| {{|Relief of Lieutenant General Sir William Douglas Act 1711|private|33|21-06-1712|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for the Relief of Sir William Douglas, Lieutenant General of Her Majesty's Forces.}}
| {{|Sir Robert Austen's Estate Act 1711|private|34|21-06-1712|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for vesting the Inheritance of the Manor of Court at Weeke, and divers other Lands, Tenements, and Hereditaments, in the County of Kent, in Trustees, to be sold, for Payment of the Debts and Legacies of Sir Robert Austen Baronet, deceased.}}
| {{|William and Mary Pynsent's and John and Elizabeth Trevillian's estates in Somerset: confirmation of a partition.|private|35|21-06-1712|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for confirming of a Partition made between William Pynsent Esquire and Mary his Wife, John Trevillian Esquire and Elizabeth his Wife, and their Trustees, of several Manors and Lands in the County of Somerset.}}
| {{|Baptist May's Estate Act 1711|private|36|21-06-1712|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for Sale of some Part of the Real Estate of Baptist May Esquire, deceased, for Payment of his Debts; and for other Purposes therein mentioned.}}
| {{|Francis Moore's Estate Act 1711|private|37|21-06-1712|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for Sale of the Estate of Francis Moore Esquire, in the County of Wilts, for discharging an Incumbrance thereon; and for providing a Portion for his only Daughter, and other Purposes therein mentioned.}}
| {{|Netherex, Rew, Silverton and Thorveton (Devon): sale of lands.|private|38|21-06-1712|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for vesting several Lands, in Netherex, Rew, Silverton, and Thorverton, in the County of Devon, in Trustees, to be sold, for the Purposes therein mentioned.}}
| {{|Barbara Chetwynd's Estate Act 1711|private|39|21-06-1712|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for vesting in Trustees the Real Estate of Barbara sole Daughter and Heir of John Goring, late of the City of Litchfield, Esquire, and now the Wife of Mr. Walter Chetwynd, for the Performance of Articles on her Marriage, notwithstanding her Minority.}}
| {{|Confirmation of Jeffrey and Robert Palmer's lease for further provision for payment of Jeffrey's debts.|private|40|21-06-1712|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for confirming a Lease made by Jeffery Palmer and Robert Palmer Esquires, for a farther Provision for Payment of the Debts of the said Jeffery Palmer.}}
| {{|Enabling the Treasury to compound with George Dixon surety for his father while Receiver General for Somerset and Bristol.|private|41|21-06-1712|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act to enable the Lord High Treasurer of Great Britain, or Commissioners of the Treasury, for the Time being, to compound with George Dixon Doctor in Divinity, as he was Surety for his Father, while Receiver General for the County of Somerset and City of Bristol.}}
}}
Sources
1712 (12 Ann.)
The third session of the 3rd Parliament of Great Britain, which met from 9 April 1713 until 16 July 1713.
Listed as 12 Ann. St. 1 in Ruffhead's Statutes at Large.
Public acts
| {{|Taxation, etc. Act 1712|public|2|10-06-1713|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for granting to Her Majesty Duties upon Malt, Mum, Cyder, and Perry, for the Service of the Year One Thousand Seven Hundred and Thirteen; and for making forth Duplicates of Lottery Tickets lost, burnt, or destroyed; and for enlarging the Time for adjusting Claims in several Lottery Acts, and to punish the counterfeiting or forging of Lottery Orders; and for explaining a late Act in relation to Stamp Duties on Customary Estates which pass by Deed and Copy.|note4= }}
| {{|Public Accounts Act 1712|public|3|10-06-1713|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to revive and continue the Act for taking, examining, and stating, the Public Accompts of the Kingdom; and also to continue the Act for appointing Commissioners, to take, examine, and determine, the Debts due to the Army, Transport Service, and Sick and Wounded.|note4= }}
| {{|West Riding Inclosures Act 1712|public|4|10-06-1713|archived=n|An Act for making Enclosures of some Part of the Common Grounds in the West Riding of the County of York, for the endowing poor Vicarages and Chapelries, for the better Support of their Ministers.}}
| {{|Parliament Act 1712|public|5|06-07-1713|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to explain a Clause in an Act of the last Session of Parliament, intituled, "An Act for the more effectual preventing fraudulent Conveyances, in order to multiply Votes for the electing Knights of Shires to serve in Parliament," as far as the same relates to the ascertaining the Value of Freeholds of Forty Shillings per Annum.|note4= }}
| {{|Parliament (No. 2) Act 1712|public|6|06-07-1713|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for the better regulating the Elections of Members to serve in Parliament for that Part of Great Britain called Scotland.|note4= }}
| {{|Robberies in Houses Act 1712|public|7|06-07-1713|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for the more effectual preventing and punishing Robberies that shall be committed in Houses.|note4= }}
| {{|Militia Act 1712|public|8|06-07-1713|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for raising the Militia for the Year One Thousand Seven Hundred and Thirteen, although the Month's Pay formerly advanced be not re-paid.|note4= }}
| {{|Importation Act 1712|public|9|06-07-1713|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for continuing the Act made in the Third and Fourth Years of the Reign of Her present Majesty, intituled, "An Act for encouraging the Importation of Naval Stores from Her Majesty's Plantations in America; and for encouraging the Importation of Naval Stores from that Part of Great Britain called Scotland to that Part of Great Britain called England."|note4= }}
| {{|Moss Troopers Act 1712|public|10|06-07-1713|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for continuing the Acts therein mentioned, for preventing Theft and Rapine upon the Northern Borders of England.|note4= }}
| {{|Public Debt Act 1712|public|11|16-07-1713|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to raise Twelve Hundred Thousand Pounds, for Public Uses, by circulating a further Sum in Exchequer Bills; and for enabling Her Majesty to raise Five Hundred Thousand Pounds; on the Revenues appointed for Uses of Her Civil Government, to be applied for or towards Payment of such Debts and Arrears owing to Her Servants, Tradesmen, and others, as are therein mentioned.|note4= }}
| {{|Sail Cloth Manufacture Act 1712|public|12|note2=Ruffhead c. 16|16-07-1713|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for the better Encouragement of the making of Sail Cloth in Great Britain.|note4= }}
| {{|Mutiny Act 1712|public|13|note2=Ruffhead c. 12|16-07-1713|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for the better regulating the Forces to be continued in Her Majesty's Service; and for the Payment of the said Forces, and of their Quarters.|note4= }}
| {{|Exercises of Trades Act 1712|public|14|note2=Ruffhead c. 13|16-07-1713|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to enable such Officers and Soldiers as have been in Her Majesty's Service during the late War to exercise Trades; and for Officers to accompt with their Soldiers.|note4= }}
| {{|Hackney Chairs Act 1712|public|15|note2=Ruffhead c. 14|16-07-1713|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for explaining the Acts for licensing Hackney Chairs.|note4= }}
| {{|Parliament (No. 3) Act 1712|public|16|note2=Ruffhead c. 15|16-07-1713|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for making perpetual an Act, made in the Seventh Year of the Reign of the late King William, intituled, "An Act to prevent false and double Returns of Members to serve in Parliament."|note4= }}
| {{|Church in Strand on Maypole Site (Stepney Advowsons) Act 1712|public|17|16-07-1713|archived=n|An Act to vest in the Commissioners for building Fifty new Churches in and about London and Westminster, and Suburbs thereof, as much of the Street near The May Pole in The Strand, in the County of Middlesex, as shall be sufficient to build One of the said Churches upon; and for restoring to the Principal and Scholars of King's Hall, and College of Brazen Nose, in the University of Oxon, their Right of Presentation to Churches and Chapels in Stepney Parish.}}
| {{|Poor Act 1712|public|18|16-07-1713|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for making perpetual the Act made in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Years of the Reign of the late King Charles the Second, intituled, "An Act for the better Relief of the Poor of this Kingdom"; and that Persons bound Apprentices to, or being hired Servants with, Persons coming with Certificates, shall not gain Settlements by such Services or Apprenticeships; and for making perpetual the Act made in the Sixth Year of Her present Majesty's Reign, intituled, "An Act for the Importation of Cochineal, from any Ports in Spain during the present War, and Six Months longer"; and for reviving a Clause in an Act, made in the Ninth and Tenth Years of the Reign of the late King William, intituled, "An Act for settling the Trade to Africa", for allowing Foreign Copper Bars imported to be exported.|note4= }}
| {{|Shoreditch Highways Act 1712|public|19|note2=Ruffhead c. 1|10-06-1713|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for repairing, the Highway or Road, from the Stones-end, in the Parish of St. Leonard Shoreditch, in the County of Middlesex, to the furthermost Part of the Northern Road in the Parish of Endfield, in the same County, next to the Parish of Cheshunt, in the County of Hertford.|note4= }}
}}
Private acts
| {{|Sir John Brownlow's Estate Act 1712|private|2|10-06-1713|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for confirming Articles, and vesting the Manor of Kirby Underwood, in the County of Lincoln, and other Manors, Lands, and Hereditaments, thereby agreed to be sold, in Trustees, for discharging the Debts of Sir John Brownlow Baronet, deceased, and his Daughters Portions, and other Purposes in the said Articles mentioned.}}
| {{|Stourton (Wiltshire) manor and advowson, and lands belonging to the manor: barring of entail.|private|3|10-06-1713|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for divesting the Crown of the Remainder in Fee Simple of and in the Manor and Advowson of Stourton, in the County of Wilts, and several Lands, Tenements, and Hereditaments, to the same Manor belonging, expectant on certain Estates Tail; and for vesting the same in certain other Persons, therein named, to the Intent the same may be barred by proper Methods in Law, for the Purposes therein mentioned.}}
| {{|Sir Bourchier Wrey's Estate in Devon Act 1712|private|4|10-06-1713|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act to enable Trustees to sell some Outparts of the Estate of Sir Bourchier Wrey Baronet, in the County of Devon, for the Purposes therein mentioned.}}
| {{|Enabling William Harvey and William Harvey his son to settle a jointure and grant a lease, and sale of lands in Suffolk to raise portions for William the elder's daughters.|private|5|10-06-1713|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act to enable William Harvey the Elder, Esquire, and William Harvey Esquire his Son, to settle a Jointure, and grant a Lease; and for vesting the Inheritance, after a Term of Five Hundred Years, of Lands in Suffolk, in Trustees, to be sold, for raising Portions for his Daughters.}}
| {{|Exchange of Charlton parsonage house and adjoining close in lieu of another house and lands in Kent.|private|6|10-06-1713|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for the Exchange of the Parsonagehouse at Charlton, in Kent, and Close thereto adjoining, in Lieu of another House and Lands there.}}
| {{|Making Stockton (County Durham) Chapelry a distinct parish.|private|7|10-06-1713|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for making the Chapelry of Stockton, in the County of Durham, a distinct Parish.}}
| {{|Naturalizing Lewis Vanden Enden Act 1712|private|8|10-06-1713|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for naturalizing Lewis Vanden Enden.}}
| {{|Better enabling James Earl of Salisbury and his trustees to sell certain manors and lands in Northamptonshire and Dorset and a fee farm rent for the purposes of the Act.|private|9|06-07-1713|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for better enabling James Earl of Salisbury and his Trustees to make Sale of certain Manors, Lands, and Hereditaments, in the Counties of Northampton and Dorset, and a Fee-farm Rent, for the Purposes in the said Act mentioned.}}
| {{|Manor of Morley (Yorkshire) Act 1712|private|10|06-07-1713|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for the Sale of the Reversion and Inheritance of the Manor of Morley, in the County of York, together with a Term of Five Hundred Years therein, decreed to be sold, for Payment of Debts; and also for exchanging a Fee-farm Rent of the Coheirs of William late Marquis of Halifax, issuing out of Part of Leiffield Forest, in Rutlandshire, for a Fee-farm Rent of Daniel Earl of Nottingham, issuing out of Harting fordbury, in Hertfordshire; and for settling the same to such Uses as the said Fee-farm Rent in Rutlandshire was settled.}}
| {{|Earl of Coventry's Estate Act 1712|private|11|06-07-1713|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for raising Five Thousand Pounds Portion, out of several Lands in Middlesex and Warwickshire charged therewith (being the Estate of the Right Honourable Gilbert Earl of Coventry); and for paying the same to the Lady Ann Coventry his Daughter, at her Marriage, though the same should be before her Age of Eighteen Years.}}
| {{|Sir Roger Burgoyne's estate: vesting lands in Warwickshire and Bedfordshire in trustees for various purposes.|private|12|06-07-1713|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for vesting divers Lands and Hereditaments, in the Counties of Warwick and Bedford, (late the Estate of Sir Roger Burgoyne Baronet, deceased,) in Trustees, for divers Purposes therein mentioned.}}
| {{|Sir John Holland's Estate Act 1712|private|13|06-07-1713|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for discharging the Manors or Lordships of Bexwell and Tinworth, in the County of Norfolk, from the several Uses, Trusts, and Estates, thereof limited in and by the Marriage Settlement of Sir John Holland Baronet with the Lady Rebecca his Wife; and for settling divers other Manors, Messuages, Lands, Tenements, and Hereditaments, of a greater Value, and which lie more convenient, in the same County, in Lieu thereof.}}
| {{|Enabling Henry Lee the younger or Lee Warner to make a jointure upon marriage.|private|14|06-07-1713|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for enabling Henry Lee the Younger, alias Lee Warner, to make a Jointure, upon his Marriage.}}
| {{|Uniting and consolidating the rectories, advowsons and parishes of Melton St. Mary's and Melton All Saints in Norwich diocese (Norfolk).|private|15|06-07-1713|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for uniting and consolidating the Rectories, Advowsons, and Parishes, of Melton St. Maries and Melton All Saints, in the Diocese of Norwich, in the County of Norfolk.}}
| {{|Correction of an Act concerning Thomas Byde's estate and enabling Thomas Byde to raise monies and grant leases for the purposes of this Act.|private|16|06-07-1713|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act to amend several Defects in an Act of Parliament made in the Tenth Year of the Reign of His late Majesty King William the Third, (intituled, An Act to enable Thomas Byde Esquire, an Infant, with the Consent of his Guardians and next Relations, to make a Contract for the buying in his Mother's Jointure; and to sell a small Estate, in Great Amwell, in the County of Hertford; and likewise for the securing and raising a Portion for Barbara Byde Spinster, Sister of the said Thomas Byde, and for other Purposes in the said Act mentioned;) and to enable the said Thomas Byde to raise Monies, and to make Leases, for the Purposes in the present Act mentioned.}}
| {{|Enabling William Booth to sell lands in Cheshire for payment of his brother's debts and for applying the surplus to payment of his own debts.|private|17|06-07-1713|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act to enable William Booth Gentleman to sell certain Lands and Hereditaments, in the County of Chester, for Payment of the Debts of his Brother, with whom, and for which, he stands bound; and for applying the Surplus (if any) of the Money raised for such Purpose, towards Payment of his own proper Debts.}}
| {{|Enabling Charles Earl of Arran to take the oath as Master of the Ordnance in Ireland in the Court of Exchequer at Westminster, and to qualify himself for the legal enjoyment of that office.|private|18|16-07-1713|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act to enable the Right Honourable Charles Lord Weston, and Earl of Arran in the Kingdom of Ireland, to take the Oath of Office, as Master of Her Majesty's Ordnance in the Kingdom of Ireland, before the Barons of Her Majesty's Court of Exchequer at Westminster; and to qualify himself for the legal Enjoyment of the said Office.}}
| {{|Enabling Sir Charles Gresham to raise £5000 and maintenance for his niece Elizabeth and to make provision for his younger children.|private|19|16-07-1713|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for enabling Sir Charles Gresham Baronet to raise the Sum of Five Thousand Pounds, and Interest, and Maintenance for Elizabeth the Daughter of his Brother Sir Edward Gresham Baronet, deceased, and to make Provision for his Younger Children.}}
| {{|Enabling Sir Edward Leighton to charge his estate with £4000 for the purposes mentioned.|private|20|16-07-1713|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act to enable Sir Edward Leighton Baronet to charge his Estate with Four Thousand Pounds (preserable to Six Thousand Pounds already charged thereupon by his Marriage Settlement) for the Purposes therein mentioned.}}
| {{|John Constable's Estate Act 1712|private|21|16-07-1713|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for Sale of several Lands and Tenements of John Constable Gentleman, in the Parish of Ockley, in the County of Surrey, for Payment of his Debts; and for settling other Lands in the same County, of a better Value, to the same Uses, in Lieu thereof.}}
| {{|Enabling John Harrington and Dorothy his wife, and John's son Charles, to sell the reversion of messuages and tenements in Liverpool, being Dorothy's inheritance, for payment of debts, and settling an equivalent on Dorothy.|private|22|16-07-1713|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act to enable John Harrington Esquire and Dorothy his Wife, and Charles Harrington Gentleman, Son and Heir Apparent of the said John Harrington, to sell the Reversion of several Messuages and Tenements in Liverpole, in the County of Lancaster, being the Inheritance of the said Dorothy, for Payment of their Debts; and settling an Equivalent upon the said Dorothy.}}
| {{|Enabling Symes Parry to change his name of Parry to Symes.|private|23|16-07-1713|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act to enable Symes Parry to change his Name of Parry to Symes, according to the Will of John Symes Esquire, deceased.}}
| {{|Naturalization of Simon Descury, Peter Ribot, Peter Laffite and Others Act 1712|private|24|16-07-1713|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act to naturalize Simon Descury, Peter Ribot, Peter Lafitte, and others.}}
}}
Sources
1713 (13 Ann.)
The first session of the 4th Parliament of Great Britain, which met from 16 February 1714 until 9 July 1714.
Listed as 12 Ann. St. 2 in Ruffhead's Statutes at Large.
Public acts
| {{|Taxation, etc. Act 1713|public|2|note2=Ruffhead c. 3|28-05-1714|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for charging and continuing the Duties upon Malt, Mum, Cyder, and Perry, for the Service of the Year One Thousand Seven Hundred and Fourteen; and for the Encouragement of the distilling Brandy from malted Corn and Cyder; and for making forth Duplicates of Exchequer Bills and Lottery Tickets, lost, burnt, or destroyed; and to enable the Governor and Company of the Bank of England, and others, to lend Money upon South Sea Stock.|note4= }}
| {{|Taxation Act 1713|public|3|note2=Ruffhead c. 2|11-05-1714|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for allowing a Drawback upon the Exportation of Salt, to be made Use of for the curing of Fish taken at North Seas or at Isleland.|note4= }}
| {{|Mutiny Act 1713|public|4|05-06-1714|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for the better regulating the Forces to be continued in Her Majesty's Service; and for the Payment of the said Forces, and of their Quarters.|note4= }}
| {{|Taxation (No. 2) Act 1713|public|5|05-06-1714|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for taking away the new additional Duty of Thirty Pounds per Centum ad Valorem, imposed upon all Books and Prints imported into Great Britain, by an Act made in the Tenth Year of the Reign of Her present Majesty Queen Ann.|note4= }}
| {{|Mortuaries (Bangor, &c.) Abolition Act 1713|public|6|05-06-1714|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for taking away Mortuaries, within the Dioceses of Bangor, Landaff, St. David's, and St. Asaph, and giving a Recompense therefor to the Bishops of the said respective Dioceses; and for confirming several Letters Patents granted by Her Majesty, for perpetually annexing a Prebend of Gloucester to the Mastership of Pembroke College in Oxford, and a Prebend of Rochester to the Provostship of Orief College in Oxford, and a Prebend of Norwich to the Mastership of Catherine Hall in Cambridge.|note4= }}
| {{|Established Church Act 1713|note1=or the Schism Act 1714|public|7|25-02-1714|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to prevent the Growth of Schism, and for the further Security of the Churches of England and Ireland as by Law established.|note4= }}
| {{|Tobacco Trade Act 1713|public|8|25-06-1714|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for encouraging the Tobacco Trade.|note4= }}
| {{|Militia, etc. Act 1713|public|9|note2=Ruffhead c. 10|09-07-1714|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for raising the Militia for the Year One Thousand Seven Hundred and Fourteen, although the Month's Pay formerly advanced be not re-paid; and for rectifying a Mistake in an Act passed in this present Session of Parliament, intituled, "An Act for the regulating the Forces to be continued in Her Majesty's Service, and for Payment of the said Forces and their Quarters."|note4= }}
| {{|Enlistment in Foreign Service Act 1713|public|10|note2=Ruffhead c. 11|09-07-1714|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to prevent the listing Her Majesty's Subjects, to serve as Soldiers, without Her Majesty's License.|note4= }}
| {{|Simony Act 1713|public|11|note2=Ruffhead c. 12|09-07-1714|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for the better Maintenance of Curates within the Church of England within the Church of England; and for preventing any Ecclesiastical Persons from buying the next Avoidance of any Church Preferment.|note4= }}
| {{|Equivalent Act 1713|public|12|note2=Ruffhead c. 13|09-07-1714|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to discharge and acquit the Commissioners of Equivalent, for the Sum of Three Hundred Eighty-one Thousand Five Hundred and Nine Pounds, Fifteen Shillings, Ten Pence Half-penny, by them duly issued, out of the Sum of Three Hundred Ninety-eight Thousand Eighty-five Pounds, Ten Shillings, which they received.|note4= }}
| {{|Presentation of Benefices Act 1713|public|13|note2=Ruffhead c. 14|09-07-1714|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for rendring more effectual an Act made in the third Year of the Reign of King James the First, intituled, "An Act to prevent and avoid Dangers which may grow by Popish Recusants;" and also of one other Act made in the first Year of the Reign of their late Majesties King William and Queen Mary intituled, "An Act to vest in the two Universities the Presentations of Benefices belonging to Papists;" and for vesting in the Lords of Justiciary Power to inflict the same Punishments against Jesuits, Priests and other trafficking Papists, which the Privy Council of Scotland was impowered to do by an Act passed in the Parliament of Scotland, intituled, "An Act for preventing the Growth of Popery."|note4= }}
| {{|Discovery of Longitude at Sea Act 1713|public|14|note2=Ruffhead c. 15|09-07-1714|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for Providing a Publick Reward for such Person or Persons as shall Discover the Longitude at Sea.|note4= }}
| {{|Usury Act 1713|public|15|note2=Ruffhead c. 16|09-07-1714|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to reduce the Rate of Interest, without any Prejudice to Parliamentary Securities.|note4= }}
| {{|Yarmouth Chapel of Ease Act 1713|public|16|note2=Ruffhead c. 1|11-05-1714|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for the building a new Church, or Chapel of Ease, in Great Yarmouth, in the County of Norfolk, by a Duty or Imposition on all Coals, Culm, and Cinders, to be landed there.|note4= }}
| {{|Wilts Highways Act 1713|public|17|note2=Ruffhead c. 2|11-05-1714|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for repairing the Highways between Shepherd's Shord and Horsley Upright Gate, leading down Bagdon Hill, in the County of Wilts, and other ruinous Parts of Highways thereunto adjacent.|note4= }}
| {{|Stamps Act 1713|public|18|note2=Ruffhead c. 9|09-07-1714|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for laying additionall Duties on Sope and Paper, and upon certain Linnens, Silks, Calncoes, and Stuffs, and upon Starch and exported Coals, and upon stampt Vellum, Parchment, and Paper, for raising One million four hundred thousand Pounds, by way of a Lottery, for Her Majesties Supply; and for Allowances on exporting made Wares, of Leather, Sheep-skins, and Lamb-skins; and for Distribution of Four thousand Pounds, due to the Officers and Seamen for Gun-money; and to adjust the Property of Tickets in former Lotteries; and touching certain Shares of Stock in the Capital of the South Sea Company; and for appropriating the Monies granted to Her Majesty.|note4= }}
| {{|River Nene (Northampton to Peterborough) Navigation Act 1713|public|19|note2=Ruffhead c. 7|28-05-1714|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for making the River Nine, or Nen, running from Northampton to Peterborough, navigable.|note4= }}
| {{|Repair of Breach in Thames Bank at Dagenham: Coal Duties Act 1713|public|20|note2=Ruffhead c. 17|09-07-1714|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for the speedy and effectual preserving the Navigation of the River of Thames, by stopping the Breach in the Levels of Haveringham and Dagenham, in the County of Essex; and for ascertaining the Coal Measure.|note4= }}
| {{|Stranded Ships Act 1713|public|21|note2=Ruffhead c. 18|note2=Ruffhead c. 19|09-07-1714|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for the preserving all such Ships, and Goods thereof, which shall happen to be forced on Shore, or stranded, upon the Coasts of this Kingdom, or any other of Her Majesties Dominions.|note4= }}
| {{|Taxation (No. 3) Act 1713|public|22|note2=Ruffhead c. 19|09-07-1714|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to explain a Clause in an Act of Parliament of the Tenth Year of Her Majesty's Reign, for laying several Duties upon all Soap and Paper made in Great Britain, or imported into the same; and upon chequered and striped Linen imported; and upon certain Silks, Callicoes, Linens, and Stuffs, printed, painted, or stained; and upon several Kinds of stamped Vellum, Parchment, and Paper; and upon certain printed Pamphlets and Advertisements, for raising the Sum of One Million Eight Hundred Thousand Pounds, by Way of a Lottery; and for other Purposes in the said Act mentioned, so far as the said Act relates to Lawns, Canvas, Buckrams, Barras, and Silesia Neckcloths.|note4= }}
| {{|Linen Cloth Manufacture Act 1713|public|23|note2=Ruffhead c. 20|09-07-1714|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to explain and make more effectual an Act passed in the Tenth Year of Her Majesty's Reign, for preventing Abuses in making Linen Cloth, and regulating the Lengths and Breadths and equal Sorting of Yarn, in each Piece made in Scotland; and for whitening the same.|note4= }}
| {{|Taxation (No. 4) Act 1713|public|24|note2=Ruffhead c. 21|09-07-1714|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to explain Part of an Act made in the Seventh Year of Her Majesty's Reign (for enlarging the Capital Stock of the Bank of England, and for raising a further Supply to Her Majesty for the Service of the Year One Thousand Seven Hundred and Nine), so far as the same relates to unwrought Incle imported into this Kingdom.|note4= }}
| {{|Duchy of Cornwall Act 1713|note2=Ruffhead c. 22|public|25|09-07-1714|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to continue an Act of the Sixth Year of Her Majesty's Reign, intituled, "An Act to enable Her Majesty to make Leases, and Copies of Offices, Lands, and Hereditaments, Parcel of Her Dutchy of Cornwal, or annexed to the same."|note4= }}
| {{|Vagrants Act 1713|public|26|note2=Ruffhead c. 23|09-07-1714|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for reducing the Laws relating to Rogues, Vagabonds, sturdy Beggars, and Vagrants, into One Act of Parliament; and for the more effectual punishing such Rogues, Vagabonds, sturdy Beggars, and Vagrants, and sending them whither they ought to be sent.|note4= }}
| {{|Worcester Highways Act 1713|public|27|note2=Ruffhead c. 3|11-05-1714|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for repairing the Highway, or Road, from the City of Worcester, to the Borough of Droitwich, in the County of Worcester.|note4= }}
| {{|Berkshire Highways Act 1713|public|28|note2=Ruffhead c. 4|11-05-1714|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for repairing the Highways between The Bear Inn in Reading, in the County of Berks, and a certain Place called Punt Field, in the said County.|note4= }}
| {{|Dunstable Highways Act 1713|public|29|note2=Ruffhead c. 6|28-05-1714|archived=n|An Act for making more effectual an Act, passed in the Ninth Year of Her present Majesties Reign, intituled, "An Act for repairing the Highways between a Dunstable and Hockley in the County of Bedford."}}
| {{|Edinburgh Bridges and Highways Act 1713|public|30|note2=Ruffhead c. 10|05-06-1714|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for upholding and repairing the Bridges and Highways in the County of Edinburgh.|note4= }}
| {{|Stafford Highways Act 1713|public|31|note2=Ruffhead c. 14|25-06-1714|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for repairing and amending the Highways, between the Town or Village of Tittensor, and the most Northern Part of Talke on the Hill, in Butlane, in the County of Stafford.|note4= }}
| {{|Bristol (Poor Relief) Act 1713|public|32|note2=Ruffhead c. 15|25-06-1714|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for making more effectual an Act, passed in the Seventh and Eighth Year of the Reign of His late Majesty King William the Third, intituled, "An Act for erecting of Hospitals and Workhouses within the City of Bristol for the better employing and maintaining the Poor thereof."|note4= }}
| {{|Hertford and Huntingdon Highways Act 1713|public|33|note2=Ruffhead c. 16|25-06-1714|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for the more effectual amending the Highways, leading from Royston, in the County of Hertford, to Wandsford Bridge, in the County of Huntingdon.|note4= }}
}}
Private acts
| {{|George Smyth's Estate Act 1713|private|2|28-05-1714|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for vesting the Lease of the Rectory of Chesterfield, in the County of Derby, in Trustees, to be sold, for the Payment of the Debts of George Smyth Esquire, deceased, and for making Provision for his Daughter.}}
| {{|Walter and Phillippe Hele's Estate Act 1713|private|3|28-05-1714|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for the Sale of the Manor and Barton of Widdicombe, in the County of Devon, comprized in the Marriage Settlement of Walter Hele Gentleman and Philippe his Wife; and for raising and securing the Sum of Fifteen Hundred Pounds, for the Benefit of the Children of the said Walter and Philippe.}}
| {{|John Tregagle's Estate Act 1713|private|4|05-06-1714|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for Sale of the Estate of John Tregagle Esquire deceased, lying in the Counties of Devon and Cornwal, for Payment of Debts, and making Provision for his Children.}}
| {{|Manor of Cottingham or Cottingham Sarum (Yorkshire): partition between Richard Wynne and his wife Sarah and John Barrington.|private|5|05-06-1714|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act to make Partition of the Manor of Cottingham, alias Cottingham Sarum, in the County of York, between Richard Wynne Esquire and Sarah his Wife, and John Barrington Esquire.}}
| {{|Naturalizing Christian William Kirchhoff Act 1713|private|6|05-06-1714|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for naturalizing Christian William Kirchhoff.}}
| {{|Thormarton or Farmington (Gloucestershire) Inclosure Act 1713|private|7|25-06-1714|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for parting and enclosing Two great Open Common Fields, and a large Open Greensward Common Down, lying and being in the Manor and Parish of Thormarton, alias Farmington, in the County of Gloucester; and for other Purposes therein mentioned.}}
| {{|Rendering valid two indentures executed by Scrope Viscount Howe, deceased, by virtue of an Act of Parliament (1705, c. 20) (making a certain provision for daughters by his first wife, expressed in the marriage settlement as uncertain and contingent).|private|8|25-06-1714|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for the rendering valid and effectual Two several Indentures of Demise and Mortgage, executed by Scrope late Lord Viscount Howe in the Kingdom of Ireland, deceased, by Virtue of a former Act of Parliament made for enabling him thereunto, notwithstanding some Defects therein.}}
| {{|Simon Scroope's estate in Yorkshire and Nottinghamshire: sale of some outparts for payment of debts.|private|9|25-06-1714|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for Sale of some Out Parts of the Estate of Simon Scrope Esquire, in the Counties of York and Nottingham, for Payment of his Debts; and for other Purposes therein mentioned.}}
| {{|Francis and Elizabeth Cherry's estate: sale of lands for benefit of Elizabeth and children and for payment of Francis and William Cherry's debts.|private|10|25-06-1714|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for the Sale of certain Messuages, Lands, Tenements, and Hereditaments, contained in the Marriage Settlement of Francis Cherry Gentleman, deceased, and Elizabeth his Wife; and for the converting the same into Ready Money, for the Benefit of his Wife and Children; and for the Sale of diversother Manors, Messuages, Lands, Tenements, and Hereditaments, for the Payment of the Debts of the said Francis Cherry, and of the Debts of William Cherry Esquire, deceased, and other Purposes in the said Act mentioned.}}
| {{|Naturalizing Samuel du Pree.|private|11|25-06-1714|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for naturalizing Samuel Dupree.}}
| {{|Enabling Rachel Lady Kingston, an infant, to lease part of her jointure estate.|private|12|09-07-1714|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act to enable the Right Honourable Rachel Lady Kingston, an Infant, to make a Lease of Part of her Jointure Estate, notwithstanding her Infancy.}}
| {{|Enabling Richard Earl of Bellomont to sell lands in Ireland to purchase Lucy Countess Dowager of Bellomont's jointure and to pay her daughter's portion.|private|13|09-07-1714|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act to enable the Right Honourable Richard Earl of Bellomont to sell certain Lands in Ireland, for raising Money, to purchase the Jointure of Lucy Anne Countess Dowager of Bellomont, and for paying her Daughter's Portion.}}
| {{|Viscount Massereene's estate: confirmation of marriage settlement, better securing the jointure of his lady and of Rachel Dowager Viscountess Massereene and sale of lands and tithes in Ireland.|private|14|09-07-1714|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for confirming a Settlement made on the Marriage of the now Lord Viscount Massereene; and for better securing the Jointure of his Lady, and of Rachel Viscountess Dowager Massereene; and for vesting in Trustees certain Lands and Tithes in Ireland, to be sold, for the Purposes therein mentioned.}}
| {{|Frederick Hamilton's estate: vesting in him lands in Ireland purchased by him of the executors of Joseph Ivie.|private|15|09-07-1714|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for vesting in Frederick Hamilton Esquire certain Lands and Hereditaments, in the Kingdom of Ireland, purchased by him of the Executors of Joseph Ivie Esquire, deceased; and for other Purposes therein mentioned.}}
| {{|Enabling Sir Thomas Prendergast to sell part of his estate in county of Waterford (Ireland) for payment of his father's debts.|private|16|09-07-1714|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act to enable Sir Thomas Prendergast Baronet, an Infant, to sell Part of his Estate, lying in the County of Waterford, in the Kingdom of Ireland, for the Payment of his Father's Debts, and other Purposes therein mentioned.}}
| {{|Empowering the Treasury to compound with Thomas Edwin for such debts as he stands bound for as surety for Thomas Coleman, tobacco merchant.|private|17|09-07-1714|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act to empower the Lord High Treasurer of Great Britain, or Commissioners of the Treasury, for the Time being, to compound with Thomas Edwin, of London, Merchant, for such Debt as he stands bound for, as Surety for Thomas Coleman Tobacco Merchant.}}
| {{|Empowering the Treasury to compound with Robert Wise and his sureties for such debts as he owes to Her Majesty or stands bound for as surety for customs of tobacco.|private|18|09-07-1714|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act to empower the Lord High Treasurer of Great Britain, or Commissioners of the Treasury, for the Time being, to compound with Robert Wise and his Sureties for such Debts as he owes to Her Majesty, or stands bound for as Surety, for Customs on Tobacco.}}
| {{|Francis Loggin's divorce from Sarah Gardner.|private|19|09-07-1714|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for dissolving the Marriage of Francis Loggin with Sarah Gardner; and to enable him to marry again.}}
| {{|Enabling Ambrose Browne and others to sell the manor of Bayham in Sussex and Kent and to settle other lands in Surrey to the same uses.|private|20|09-07-1714|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act to enable Ambrose Browne Esquire, and others, to make Sale of the Manor of Bayham, in the Counties of Sussex and Kent; and to settle other Lands and Tenements, in the County of Surrey, to the same Uses as the said Manor of Bayham now stands settled.}}
| {{|William Brown's estate: sale of part in Bridgwater, North Petherton and Weston Zoyland (Somerset) for payment of mortgage, debts and legacies.|private|21|09-07-1714|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for vesting Part of the Estate of William Brown, an Infant, lying in the Parishes of Bridgwater, Northpetherton, and Weston Zoyland, in the County of Somerset, in Trustees, to be sold, for Payment of a Mortgage, and other Debts and Legacies.}}
| {{|Brereton Bourchier's estate: sale of part for payment of debts.|private|22|09-07-1714|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for Sale of Part of the Estate late of Brereton Bourchier Esquire, deceased, for Payment of Debts, and other Purposes therein mentioned.}}
| {{|For making effectual an agreement between the Commisioners for Building Fifty New Churches and John Walker for ground in the Strand for one of the new churches.|private|23|09-07-1714|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for making effectual an Agreement made by the Commissioners for building Fifty new Churches, with John Walker Esquire, for Ground in The Strand, to build One of the new Churches upon.}}
| {{|Naturalizing James Eymer and others.|private|24|09-07-1714|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for naturalizing James Eymer and others.}}
| {{|Naturalizing Daniel Burr.|private|25|09-07-1714|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act for naturalizing Daniel Burr.}}
}}
Sources
1714 (1 Geo. 1. St. 1)
The second session of the 4th Parliament of Great Britain, which met from 1 August 1714 until 25 August 1714.
There were no private acts in this session.
Public acts
| {{|National Debt Act 1714|public|2|21-08-1714|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for rectifying mistakes in the names of the commissioners for the land-tax for the year one thousand seven hundred and fourteen; and for raising so much as is wanting to make up the sum of fourteen hundred thousand pounds, intended to be raised by a lottery for the publick service in the said year.|note4= }}
| {{|Oaths, etc. Act 1714|public|3|21-08-1714|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to enable persons now residing in Great Britain, to take the oaths, and do all other acts in Great Britain, requisite to qualify themselves to continue their respective places, offices and employments in Ireland.|note4= }}
}}
Sources
See also
List of Acts of the Parliament of Great Britain
References
Chronological Table of and Index to the Statutes. Thirteenth Edition. Printed for HMSO. London. 1896. Volume 1. Pages 86 to 95.
1710
1710s in Great Britain |
The Greater Ridgeway, also known as the Great Chalk Way, is a long-distance footpath crossing England from Lyme Regis in Dorset to Hunstanton in Norfolk. It is a combined route which is made by joining four long-distance footpaths: the Wessex Ridgeway, The Ridgeway National Trail, the Icknield Way and the Peddars Way National Trail.
External links
The Great Chalk Way - Information about the multi-user route
The Greater Ridgeway Trail: Information for Walkers
The Greater Ridgeway: A walk along the ancient route from Lyme Regis to Hunstanton by Ray Quinlan
References
Footpaths in Norfolk
Roman roads in England
Ancient trackways in England
Long-distance footpaths in Dorset
Archaeological sites in Dorset
Archaeological sites in Norfolk |
Ryan Broekhoff (born 23 August 1990) is an Australian former professional basketball player. He played college basketball for the Valparaiso Crusaders, where he was named an All-American in 2012. He represented the Australian Boomers on multiple occasions.
Early life
Broekhoff grew up playing for the Frankston Blues in Melbourne, Victoria, as a junior. He attended The Peninsula School in Melbourne. In 2008 and 2009, he played in the South East Australian Basketball League (SEABL) for the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS).
College career
Broekhoff played four years of college basketball for the Valparaiso Crusaders between 2009 and 2013. After playing a support role as a freshman in 2009–10, Broekhoff entered the starting line-up as a sophomore, averaging 10.3 points and 5.2 rebounds per game. He led the Horizon League in three-point field goal percentage at 44.8% and placed sixth in the conference in blocked shots with 1.1 per contest.
As a junior in 2011–12, Broekhoff became one of the top players in the Horizon League. He averaged 14.8 points, 8.6 rebounds (first in the Horizon League) and 2.3 assists per game and led the Crusaders to the conference regular-season title and a National Invitation Tournament bid. At the end of the season, he was named Horizon League Player of the Year and an honourable mention All-American by the Associated Press.
As a senior in 2012–13, Broekhoff averaged 15.7 points, 7.3 rebounds and 2.3 assists in 32.2 minutes per game. He led his team to a 26–7 record and the top seed in the Horizon League tournament. In the semi-final game against Green Bay-Wisconsin, he hit the game-winning shot to send Valparaiso to the title game. The Crusaders won the title game against Wright State and clinched an NCAA Tournament berth, where they lost in the first game.
Professional career
Turkey and Russia (2013–2018)
Between 2013 and 2015, Broekhoff played for Beşiktaş of the Turkish Basketball League (TBL).
Broekhoff played for the Denver Nuggets in the 2015 NBA Summer League.
Between 2015 and 2018, Broekhoff played for PBC Lokomotiv Kuban of the VTB United League. In 16 VTB United League games in 2017–18, he averaged 8.1 points, 4.0 rebounds, 1.1 assists and 1.1 steals per game. In 16 EuroCup games, he averaged 12.3 points, 5.5 rebounds and 1.3 assists en route to earning All-EuroCup First Team honours.
Dallas Mavericks (2018–2020)
On 6 August 2018, Broekhoff signed with the Dallas Mavericks. He played in 42 games during the 2018–19 NBA season. On 23 March 2019, he scored a season-high 17 points against the Golden State Warriors. He returned to the Mavericks for the 2019–20 NBA season, but was waived on 11 February 2020. He played in 17 games in his second season.
Broekhoff initially signed with the Philadelphia 76ers in June 2020 for the NBA's 2019–20 season restart, but ultimately did not join the team in the Orlando bubble. He re-joined the 76ers in November 2020 but was released after training camp in mid December prior to the start of the 2020–21 NBA season.
South East Melbourne Phoenix (2021–2023)
On 15 February 2021, Broekhoff signed with the South East Melbourne Phoenix for the remainder of the 2020–21 NBL season. He averaged 7.5 points and 3.5 rebounds per game.
On 28 June 2021, Broekhoff re-signed with the Phoenix on a two-year contract. He sustained a shoulder injury in March 2022 that ruled him out for four weeks.
A hip complaint kept Broekhoff out for an extended period early in the 2022–23 NBL season, and in January 2023, he suffered a groin injury that ruled him out for the rest of the regular season.
On 12 July 2023, Broekhoff announced his retirement from basketball.
National team career
Broekhoff was a member of Australia's entry in both the 2009 FIBA Under-19 World Championship in Auckland, New Zealand, and the 2011 Summer Universiade in Shenzhen, China. He continued his career with the national basketball program in 2012 as he was invited to the trials for the Australia's 2012 London Olympic team. Broekhoff was one of the last cuts on the squad, making the final 14 before being released.
In 2013, Broekhoff competed in the 2013 Stanković Cup and World University Games, winning gold and silver, respectively. In August 2013, he was named in the Boomers' 2013 FIBA Oceania Championship squad to take on New Zealand in a two-game series.
Broekhoff was named in the Australian squad for the 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup. He impressed coach Andrej Lemanis during several warm-up games and subsequently earned a place in the starting lineup during the tournament. Broekhoff returned to the Boomers' starting line-up for the two-game FIBA Oceania Championship series against New Zealand in August 2015.
Broekhoff was part of the Australian men's squad at the 2016 Rio Olympics. He opted out of the 2020 Tokyo Olympics due to mental health issues.
Career statistics
NBA
Regular season
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Dallas
| 42 || 0 || 10.8 || .452 || .409 || .789 || 1.5 || .5 || .1 || .1 || 4.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Dallas
| 17 || 1 || 10.6 || .373 || .392 || .875 || 2.5 || .6 || .3 || .2 || 4.2
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|Career
| 59 || 1 || 10.7 || .427 || .403 || .815 || 1.8 || .6 || .2 || .1 || 4.0
Personal life
Broekhoff had his first child in July 2023.
References
External links
Valparaiso Crusaders profile
FIBA.com profile
1990 births
Living people
2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup players
Australian expatriate basketball people in Russia
Australian expatriate basketball people in Turkey
Australian expatriate basketball people in the United States
Australian Institute of Sport basketball players
Australian men's basketball players
Basketball players at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Basketball players from Melbourne
Beşiktaş men's basketball players
Dallas Mavericks players
Medalists at the 2013 Summer Universiade
National Basketball Association players from Australia
Olympic basketball players for Australia
PBC Lokomotiv-Kuban players
Shooting guards
Small forwards
South East Melbourne Phoenix players
Undrafted National Basketball Association players
Universiade medalists in basketball
Universiade silver medalists for Australia
Valparaiso Beacons men's basketball players
People from Frankston, Victoria
Sportsmen from Victoria (state) |
The Diocese of Lanusei () is a Latin Church diocese of the Catholic Church in Sardinia; before 1986 it was the diocese of Ogliastra. It is a suffragan of the archdiocese of Cagliari.
History
Ogliastra was formerly under the Archbishop of Cagliari. Pope Leo XII, at the petition of King Charles Felix of Sardinia, by a bull of 11 November 1824, erected Ogliastra into a diocese, suffragan of Cagliari, with the Capuchin Serafino Carchero for its first bishop.
Tortoli, the episcopal seat, was in the district of Lanusei. Other bishops were:
Giuseppe Paderi
Emanuele Virgilio, previously Vicar-General of the diocese of Venosa.
Ordinaries
Serafino Matteo Ignazio Marie Carchero (Serafino Carchero), O.F.M. Cap. (20 Dec 1824 – 20 Jan 1834 Confirmed, Bishop of Bisarchio o Bisarcio)
Vincenzo Fois (Vincentius Fois) (19 May 1837 – 3 Aug 1838 Resigned)
Giorgio Manurrita (13 Sep 1838 – 4 Dec 1844 Died)
Michele Todde Valeri, Sch. P. (14 Apr 1848 – 22 Dec 1851 Died)
Paolo Giuseppe Maria Serci Serra (24 Nov 1871 – 25 Sep 1882 Appointed, Archbishop of Oristano)
Antonio Maria Contini (25 Sep 1882 – 16 Jan 1893 Appointed, Bishop of Ampurias e Tempio)
Salvatore Depau-Puddu (12 Jun 1893 – 12 Dec 1899 Died)
Giuseppe Paderi (28 Mar 1900 – 30 Oct 1906 Died)
Emanuele Virgilio (15 Apr 1910 – 27 Jan 1923 Died)
Antonio Tommaso Videmari (2 Mar 1923 – 13 Feb 1925 Resigned)
Giuseppe Miglior (15 Jul 1927 – 6 May 1936 Died)
Lorenzo Basoli (28 Oct 1936 – 4 Jul 1970 Died)
Salvatore Delogu (2 Feb 1974 – 8 Jan 1981 Appointed, Bishop of Valva e Sulmona)
Antioco Piseddu (29 Sep 1981 – 31 Jan 2014 Retired)
Antonio Mura (31 Jan 2014 Appointed – 2 July 2019 Appointed, Bishop of Nuoro )
Bishop Mura was appointed as apostolic administrator after his appointment to Nuoro, Pope Francis appointed him to the see of Lanusei again, in addition to his current role as Bishop of Nuoro (uniting in persona Episcopi the dioceses of Nuoro and Lanusei).
Notes
External links
GCatholic.org page
Lanusei
Religious organizations established in 1824
Lanusei
1824 establishments in Italy
1824 establishments in the Kingdom of Sardinia |
Matakohe is a settlement in Northland, New Zealand. The Matakohe River is a short river which runs from the north into the Arapaoa River, which is part of the Kaipara Harbour. State Highway 12 passes through Matakohe. Ruawai is 16 km to the west, and Paparoa is 6 km north east. The Hukatere Peninsula extends south into the Kaipara Harbour.
The Kauri Museum at Matakohe shows the area's heritage in the kauri timber industry.
History
European settlement
The Matakohe block was first settled by Pākehā in 1863, when members of the Albertland religious group arrived in New Zealand. The land was initially burnt off to allow for the planting of crops and grass. A weekly (initially monthly) ferry service brought mail, and a road was constructed to Paparoa. In 1881, the longest wharf in the Kaipara— long—was built at Matakohe to accommodate the steamers. Minnie Casey served Matakohe in the 1880s, and the S.S. Ethel, then the S.S. Tangihua in the 1890s.
The kauri gum industry became established around Matakohe in 1867–70, possibly the first place in the Kaipara District that the industry developed amongst settlers. A flax mill was built in 1870, but it was not profitable and was soon converted to a timber mill. This was replaced by a larger timber mill in the 1880s. The mill was destroyed by fire in 1906. Matakohe held a race-day each February, in which were entries from as far as Kaiwaka and Waipu.
In the 1890s, the population of Matakohe increased from 93 to 231, and the town was described as "the principal place in the Otamatea County". By 1902 the town had two boarding houses, a library, stores and a goods shed, as well as the older church and school. The population reached 264 in 1906, but declined to 141 in 1921.
20th century
The town's focus shifted from gum digging to dairy farming in the early 20th century. Apple growing was also successful at first, but ceased by 1935 due to the Great Depression and poor management. The roads improved, and by 1920 all of roads in the area were metalled, using the abundant local supplies of limestone. The route to Dargaville was improved by the opening of a road through Ruawai in 1927, replacing the inland road.
Marae
Matakohe has two marae. Te Kōwhai Marae are affiliated with Ngāti Whātua and Te Uri o Hau. Matatina Marae and Tuohu meeting house are a traditional meeting place of Te Roroa.
Demographics
Matakohe is in an SA1 statistical area which covers . The SA1 area is part of the larger Ruawai-Matakohe statistical area.
Matakohe had a population of 120 at the 2018 New Zealand census, a decrease of 21 people (−14.9%) since the 2013 census, and unchanged since the 2006 census. There were 57 households, comprising 63 males and 60 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.05 males per female. The median age was 57.4 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 15 people (12.5%) aged under 15 years, 12 (10.0%) aged 15 to 29, 54 (45.0%) aged 30 to 64, and 39 (32.5%) aged 65 or older.
Ethnicities were 92.5% European/Pākehā, 12.5% Māori, 0.0% Pacific peoples, 2.5% Asian, and 5.0% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.
Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 50.0% had no religion, 30.0% were Christian, 5.0% had Māori religious beliefs, 2.5% were Buddhist and 5.0% had other religions.
Of those at least 15 years old, 15 (14.3%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 30 (28.6%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $27,200, compared with $31,800 nationally. 15 people (14.3%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 45 (42.9%) people were employed full-time, 18 (17.1%) were part-time, and 3 (2.9%) were unemployed.
Education
Matakohe School is a coeducational full primary (years 1–8) school with a roll of students as of The school celebrated its 125th reunion in 2003. When it was founded, the school shared a half day with Omaru School. Over the years, it has amalgamated with Ararua, Hukatere, Oparakau and Parahi schools.
There was a Matakohe School established in 1870. It used a church ante-room at first, then moved to the main church building while the school building was being constructed.
Notable people
Gordon Coates, Prime Minister 1925–28, born on the Hukatere Peninsula at Ruatuna, and attended Matakohe School.
Notes
External links
Kauri Coast Information Centre website
The Kauri Museum
Kaipara District
Populated places in the Northland Region
Populated places around the Kaipara Harbour |
Nothrholaspis is a genus of mites in the family Macrochelidae. There are about six described species in Nothrholaspis.
Species
These six species belong to the genus Nothrholaspis:
Nothrholaspis anatolicus
Nothrholaspis carinata Berlese, 1918
Nothrholaspis planus Vitzthum, 1935
Nothrholaspis saboorii
Nothrholaspis scutivagus Özbek, 2017
Nothrholaspis turcicus
References
Macrochelidae
Articles created by Qbugbot |
George Glyn may refer to:
Barons
George Glyn, 1st Baron Wolverton, British banker
George Glyn, 2nd Baron Wolverton, British Liberal politician
Baronets
Sir George Glyn, 2nd Baronet (c. 1739–1814), of the Glyn baronets
Sir George Lewen Glyn, 4th Baronet (1804–1885), of the Glyn baronets
Sir George Turbervill Glyn, 5th Baronet (1841–1891), of the Glyn baronets
See also
Glyn (surname) |
Alexander Kaufmann (14 May 1817 – 1 May 1893) was a German poet and folklorist from Bonn.
Biography
Kaufmann came from a prominent local family, whose members had served in both the city government and service of the former Elector of Cologne. He was also related to the painters Andreas Müller and Karl Müller.
At the University of Bonn, he studied law, languages, and history. In 1844, Kaufmann was appointed to teach Prince Karl von Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg, who made him keeper of the Wertheim archives in 1850. Kaufmann would retain this post until his death.
Works
Poetry collections
Gedichte (1852)
Mainsagen (1853)
Unter den Reben (1871)
Research and folklore
Research for Karl Simrock's Legends of the Rhine
Collected local legends of the Main
Mythoterpe, ein Mythen-, Sagen- und Legendenbuch with poet Georg Friedrich Daumer;
Researched information for Cæsarius von Heisterbach
Translated Wunderbare Geschichten aus den Werken des Cæsarius von Heisterbach
Biographie des belgischen Dominikaners Thomas von Chantimpre (posthumous)
References
1817 births
1893 deaths
German folklorists
Writers from Bonn
Writers from the Rhine Province
University of Bonn alumni
German male poets
19th-century German poets
19th-century German male writers
German male non-fiction writers |
The western three-toothed land snail (Triodopsis occidentalis), is a species of air-breathing land snail, which is a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Polygyridae. This species is endemic to the United States.
References
Polygyridae
Gastropods described in 1894
Endemic molluscs of the United States
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot |
Harry Houston "Bull" Alexander (9 June 1905 – 15 April 1993) was an Australian cricketer who played in one Test match, the fifth of the 1932-33 "bodyline series" against England at the Sydney Cricket Ground, as a fast, right-arm opening bowler.
He played for Victoria in 27 first-class matches between 1929 and 1933, and toured India with the unofficial Australian team in 1935-36. His best first-class figures were 7 for 95 for Victoria against New South Wales in the 1932-33 Sheffield Shield. He also played 89 matches for Essendon and 4 matches for North Melbourne in Melbourne local competition cricket between 1924–25 and 1936–37.
During the Second World War Alexander served as a warrant officer in the Australian Army from 1940 to 1945. He served in Malta, the Middle East and the Pacific.
Alexander later moved to Euroa in central Victoria, where he worked as a wool classer and became a municipal councillor. He oversaw the reconstruction of the local Memorial Oval to the precise dimensions of the Melbourne Cricket Ground. He was responsible for organising touring teams to play at the oval, including MCC touring teams during the 1950s and 1960s. He was also a past president of the Euroa Football Club. Social rooms at the Memorial Oval are named in his honour and he is listed in the Alexandra, Euroa & District Cricket Association Hall of Fame.
References
External links
1905 births
1993 deaths
Australia Test cricketers
Victoria cricketers
Australian cricketers
Cricketers from Melbourne
Australian Army personnel of World War II
Australian Army soldiers
Military personnel from Melbourne
People from Ascot Vale, Victoria |
The lesser bulldog bat (Noctilio albiventris) is an insectivorous and occasionally carnivorous bat of the (Neotropics), ranging through Central America and northern South America. Some unique characteristics of the bat include, large feet that are used to rake the surface of water to capture prey, and precise echolocation. Occasionally, the larger bats catch and consume small fish (the most closely related species, the greater bulldog bat, is known for its fishing ability).
Description
The lesser bulldog bat is a sexually dimoprhic species; males are typically bright red and females are typically dull brown. Furthermore, coloration varies between individuals among the same sex, and between different populations. They have a length of about three inches (7.5 cm), a forearm length of , and weight of about one ounce (30 grams). The bats plump lips and chin that has well-developed cross ridges give rise to the bats "bulldog" like appearance. The lesser bulldog bat has large feet that are claw-like and can be used capture prey.
Habitat
The bats prefer terrestrial habitats and they live near water or damp locations, residing in hollow trees or domestic dwellings. The locations that they can be found in includes, Argentina; Belize; Bolivia, Plurinational States of; Brazil; Costa Rica; Ecuador; El Salvador; French Guiana; Guatemala; Guyana; Honduras; Mexico; Nicaragua; Panama; Paraguay; Peru
Feeding
The species prefers to feed predominantly on insects, catching them while flying over water. Studies on Costa Rican population say that the bats also consume tree pollen.
Echolocation
Noctilio albvirentis is known for utilizing its echolocation to locate prey such as insects. The unique feature of their echolocation is how they use it to locate their prey. As they skim across the water they will bombard the water with their vocalization and when they detect a disturbance of the vocalization they move to the disturbance. Additionally, since the lesser bulldog bat prefers to forage in small groups they also use echolocation to communicate during foraging.
Development and lifespan
They live about ten years and reach sexual maturity in one year. Ovulation occurs in the ovary the gestation period lasts about 4 to 5 weeks. Baby bats are capable of very limited vocalization, and they cannot begin flight until 5 to 6 weeks after birth. Mother bats will feed their young until the babies are three months old.
Predators
Predation on bats is uncommon however large birds are known to prey upon bats. One distinct bird preys on the lesser bulldog bat is The Great Rufous Woodcreeper. The woodcreeper will invade the bats roost and take the bat from its habitat. Upon capture the Woodcreeper pecks the bat with its sharp beak until the bat dies. Other predators of the bat include hawks, falcons, owls, and motmots.
Gallery
See also
Bulldog bat
Microchiroptera
References
External links
Lesser Bulldog Bat site
Digimorph Lesser Bulldog Bat
Bats of Central America
Bats of South America
Bats of Brazil
Mammals of Colombia
Mammals of Guyana
Noctilionidae
Mammals described in 1818 |
Palmovka Theatre (), also known as the Theatre S. K. Neumann and the Urban and Regional Theatre, is a classic drama theatre located in the Prague district of Libeň at the bottom of Zenklova street in Prague near the intersection and subway station Palmovka. In addition to the main stage it has the attic theatre, a small studio theatre for more intimate performances.
History
There has been a theatre on the site since 1865 but the current theatre company only dates to August 1949, when under the direction of the minister for Culture the current troupe took form. Until 1992 the Libeň theatre bore the name of the S. K. Neumann Theatre, but with the fall of communism the theatre took its current name.
References
Culture in Prague
Theatres in Prague
Music venues in Prague
1892 establishments in Austria-Hungary
Theatres completed in 1892
Music venues completed in 1892 |
Natasha Dervill O'Keeffe (born 1 December 1986) is a British actress. She is known for her roles as Abbey in the E4 series Misfits (2012–2013), Fedora in the ITV series Jekyll and Hyde (2015), Emilia Ricoletti in the Sherlock special "The Abominable Bride" (2016), and Lizzie Shelby in the BBC series Peaky Blinders (2013–2022).
Early life
Born in Brighton to Irish parents from County Cavan, she was raised in Tooting, South London. O'Keeffe trained at the Royal Welsh College of Music and Drama, and starred in a number of their stage productions.
Career
O'Keeffe first came to public attention in 2008, playing a member of the Royal Family who enjoys parties, one night stands and drugs in the music video for "Falling Down", the last single released by Oasis before the band dissolved. That same year, she had a part in the feature film Abraham's Point.
In 2010 and 2012, O'Keeffe played Sadie in both seasons of BBC Three's drama series Lip Service, about a group of lesbians living in Glasgow, Scotland. In 2012 and 2013 she played Abbey Smith in the lead ensemble for the final two seasons of E4's comedy-drama Misfits, about a group of young offenders in a London community service program who obtain supernatural powers.
In 2013, she had a role in an episode of Law & Order: UK, and appeared in the feature films Filth and Svengali.
In 2015, she starred as Fedora, the side-kick and lover of the main antagonist in ITV's TV series, Jekyll and Hyde. She also starred in a music video for Daughter's song "Numbers" as part of a series of films for the band's album Not to Disappear.
In 2016, she appeared in the Sherlock special "The Abominable Bride" as the titular bride, Emelia Ricoletti.
From 2013 to 2022, O'Keeffe portrayed the character Lizzie Shelby in Peaky Blinders.
In 2023, O'Keeffe was revealed to be portraying the character of Lanfear in Season 2 of the Amazon Wheel of Time series.
Filmography
References
External links
Natasha O'Keeffe at United Agents Literary and Talent Agency
1986 births
Living people
Actresses from Brighton
British people of Irish descent
Alumni of the Royal Welsh College of Music & Drama
English stage actresses
English television actresses
People from Tooting |
```shell
#!/bin/sh
# 6in4.sh - IPv6-in-IPv4 tunnel backend
[ -n "$INCLUDE_ONLY" ] || {
. /lib/functions.sh
. /lib/functions/network.sh
. ../netifd-proto.sh
init_proto "$@"
}
# Function taken from 6to4 package (6to4.sh), flipped returns
test_6in4_rfc1918()
{
local oIFS="$IFS"; IFS="."; set -- $1; IFS="$oIFS"
[ $1 -eq 10 ] && return 1
[ $1 -eq 192 ] && [ $2 -eq 168 ] && return 1
[ $1 -eq 172 ] && [ $2 -ge 16 ] && [ $2 -le 31 ] && return 1
# RFC 6598
[ $1 -eq 100 ] && [ $2 -ge 64 ] && [ $2 -le 127 ] && return 1
return 0
}
proto_6in4_update() {
sh -c '
timeout=5
(while [ $((timeout--)) -gt 0 ]; do
sleep 1
kill -0 $$ || exit 0
done; kill -9 $$) 2>/dev/null &
exec "$@"
' "$1" "$@"
}
proto_6in4_add_prefix() {
append "$3" "$1"
}
proto_6in4_setup() {
local cfg="$1"
local iface="$2"
local link="6in4-$cfg"
local mtu ttl tos ipaddr peeraddr ip6addr ip6prefix ip6prefixes tunlink tunnelid username password updatekey
json_get_vars mtu ttl tos ipaddr peeraddr ip6addr tunlink tunnelid username password updatekey
json_for_each_item proto_6in4_add_prefix ip6prefix ip6prefixes
[ -z "$peeraddr" ] && {
proto_notify_error "$cfg" "MISSING_ADDRESS"
proto_block_restart "$cfg"
return
}
( proto_add_host_dependency "$cfg" "$peeraddr" "$tunlink" )
[ -z "$ipaddr" ] && {
local wanif="$tunlink"
if [ -z "$wanif" ] && ! network_find_wan wanif; then
proto_notify_error "$cfg" "NO_WAN_LINK"
return
fi
if ! network_get_ipaddr ipaddr "$wanif"; then
proto_notify_error "$cfg" "NO_WAN_LINK"
return
fi
}
proto_init_update "$link" 1
[ -n "$ip6addr" ] && {
local local6="${ip6addr%%/*}"
local mask6="${ip6addr##*/}"
[ "$local6" = "$mask6" ] && mask6=
proto_add_ipv6_address "$local6" "$mask6"
proto_add_ipv6_route "::" 0 "" "" "" "$local6/$mask6"
}
for ip6prefix in $ip6prefixes; do
proto_add_ipv6_prefix "$ip6prefix"
proto_add_ipv6_route "::" 0 "" "" "" "$ip6prefix"
done
proto_add_tunnel
json_add_string mode sit
json_add_int mtu "${mtu:-1280}"
json_add_int ttl "${ttl:-64}"
[ -n "$tos" ] && json_add_string tos "$tos"
json_add_string local "$ipaddr"
json_add_string remote "$peeraddr"
[ -n "$tunlink" ] && json_add_string link "$tunlink"
proto_close_tunnel
proto_send_update "$cfg"
[ -n "$tunnelid" -a -n "$username" -a \( -n "$password" -o -n "$updatekey" \) ] && {
[ -n "$updatekey" ] && password="$updatekey"
local http="http"
local urlget="uclient-fetch"
local urlget_opts="-qO-"
local ca_path="${SSL_CERT_DIR:-/etc/ssl/certs}"
[ -f /lib/libustream-ssl.so ] && http=https
[ "$http" = "https" -a -z "$(find $ca_path -name "*.0" 2>/dev/null)" ] && {
urlget_opts="$urlget_opts --no-check-certificate"
}
local url="$path_to_url"
test_6in4_rfc1918 "$ipaddr" && {
local url="${url}&myip=${ipaddr}"
}
local try=0
local max=3
(
set -o pipefail
while [ $((++try)) -le $max ]; do
if proto_6in4_update $urlget $urlget_opts --user="$username" --password="$password" "$url" 2>&1 | \
sed -e 's,^Killed$,timeout,' -e "s,^,update $try/$max: ," | \
logger -t "$link";
then
logger -t "$link" "updated"
return 0
fi
sleep 5
done
logger -t "$link" "update failed"
)
}
}
proto_6in4_teardown() {
local cfg="$1"
}
proto_6in4_init_config() {
no_device=1
available=1
proto_config_add_string "ipaddr"
proto_config_add_string "ip6addr"
proto_config_add_array "ip6prefix"
proto_config_add_string "peeraddr"
proto_config_add_string "tunlink"
proto_config_add_string "tunnelid"
proto_config_add_string "username"
proto_config_add_string "password"
proto_config_add_string "updatekey"
proto_config_add_int "mtu"
proto_config_add_int "ttl"
proto_config_add_string "tos"
}
[ -n "$INCLUDE_ONLY" ] || {
add_protocol 6in4
}
``` |
The High Taunus () is the name of a major natural region unit (no. 301) in the Hessian Central Uplands range of the Taunus mountains and forms the area immediately around the main ridge of the Taunus. It should not be confused with the term Hochtaunus, in the sense used in the name of the county of Hochtaunuskreis which is only the eastern part of the Feldberg massif. The High Taunus separates the Anterior Taunus in the south from the Lower Taunus in the north and includes the majority of the highest mountains and hills of the Taunus. The eastern part of the natural region lies within the Taunus Nature Park and its western part in the Rhine-Taunus Nature Park.
Location
The High Taunus runs as a mountain ridge from southwest to northeast from the Middle Rhine opposite the Bingen Forest to the Wetterau before Bad Nauheim for a distance of 75 kilometres; its average widths being only 4 to 5 km. The narrowest point on the ridge is only 2.4 km and is located on the heights of the Saalburg. At 7 km, the widest part of the natural region lies between Presberg and Rüdesheim am Rhein. From the Main-Taunus Plain (ca. ) in the south the ridge zone climbs rapidly and steeply to over 600 to 879 m, and rises above the plain by 400 to 600 metres (m). To the north the Taunus ridge descends steeply but only around 200 to 300 m to the Lower Taunus.
The geological heart of the Taunus crest unit is formed by strata of Taunus quartzite several hundred metres thick. The very weather-resistant rock forms many of the peaks on the main ridge of the Taunus, such as the Großer Feldberg which, at 879 m is the highest mountain in the Taunus, but it also forms island-like mountains to the south such as the Hallgarter Zange, the Schläferskopf, the Kellerskopf and the Altkönig. In places, a parallel ridge has formed: along the Theißtal near Niedernhausen, which is bounded in the north and south by two lines of mountains.
Mountains
The highest mountains in the High Taunus include the:
Name, (height in metres above sea level), location
Großer Feldberg (879 m), Feldberg-Taunuskamm
Kleiner Feldberg (825.2 m), Feldberg-Taunuskamm
Altkönig (798.2 m), Feldberg-Taunuskamm
Glaskopf (686.8 m), Feldberg-Taunuskamm
Kolbenberg (684.0 m), Feldberg-Taunuskamm
Klingenkopf (682.7 m), Feldberg-Taunuskamm
Roßkopf (635–640 m), Feldberg-Taunuskamm
Eichkopf (620.2 m), Feldberg-Taunuskamm
Kalte Herberge (619.3 m), Rheingaugebirge
Hohe Wurzel (617.9 m), Wiesbadener Hochtaunus
Settlements
The settlements in or on the edge of the High Taunus include:
Aulhausen
Bärstadt
Ehlhalten
Eppenhain
Georgenborn
Glashütten
Hausen vor der Höhe
Hof Mappen
Königshofen
Niedernhausen
Oberjosbach
Ruppertshain
Schlangenbad
Schloßborn
Seitzenhahn
Stephanshausen
Wambach
See also
Height of the Großer Feldberg
References
Literature
Reimer Hermann: Vergleichende Hydrogeographie des Taunus und seiner südlichen und südöstlichen Randgebiete, Wilhelm Schmitz Verlag, Gießen, 1965
Alexander Stahr, Birgit Bender: Der Taunus – Eine Zeitreise, Stuttgart, 2007,
Eugen Ernst: Der Taunus – Ein L(i)ebenswertes Mittelgebirge, Frankfurt, 2009,
Mountain ranges of Germany
Geography of Hesse |
Sarah or Sara Hart may refer to:
Sara Hart (writer) (pseudonym of Maureen Child; born 1951), American romance novelist
Sarah Hart (columnist), British/Dutch columnist, born 1950
Sarah Hart, murder victim of 19th-century criminal John Tawell
Sarah B. Hart, British mathematician
Sarah Hart, one of the perpetrators of the Hart family murders
Sarah Hart, character from the 1982 science-fiction thriller film Anna to the Infinite Power
Sarah Hart, character from the 2010 young adult science fiction novel I Am Number Four
Sarah Hart (musician), American musician and songwriter |
The Liberty Bell is an iconic symbol of American independence, located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Liberty Bell may also refer to:
Liberty Bell replicas
Liberty Bell (Oregon State Capitol), Salem Oregon
Liberty Bell (Portland, Oregon)
Liberty Bell Museum, Allentown, Pennsylvania
Justice Bell (Valley Forge), a replica in Pennsylvania representing women's suffrage
Freedom Bell, Berlin, Germany
Freedom Bell, American Legion, Washington, D.C.
State Museum of Pennsylvania, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
Music
"The Liberty Bell" (march), an 1893 composition by John Philip Sousa
"Liberty Bell (It's Time to Ring Again)", a 1917 song composed by Joe Goodwin and Halsey K. Mohr
The Liberty Bell (band), an American 1960s garage rock band
Liberty Bell (album) or Fatty Gets a Stylist, an album by Fatty Gets a Stylist, 2011
"Liberty Bell", a song by The Gathering from How to Measure a Planet?, 1998
Other uses
The Liberty Bell (annual), an abolitionist publication from the 1800s
Liberty Bell (game), a 19th-century slot machine
Liberty Bell 7, one of the spacecraft of the Mercury spaceflight program
Liberty Bell Mountain, a mountain in Washington, U.S.
Liberty Bell Park Racetrack, a defunct horse racing track in Philadelphia that operated 1963–1986
Liberty Bell Ruby, largest mined ruby in the world, found in east Africa in the 1950s
"Liberty Bell of the West", a bell in Kaskaskia, Illinois, U.S.
See also
Liberty Belle (disambiguation) |
The 328th Armament Systems Wing is an inactive wing of the United States Air Force (USAF). It was last active in 2007, assigned to the Air Armament Center, part of Air Force Materiel Command (AFMC) at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida. It was first activated in 1942 as the 328th Fighter Group and served during World War II as a fighter aircraft training unit until disbanded in 1944 in a major reorganization of the Army Air Forces.
The group was reactivated in 1955 in a reorganization of Air Defense Command (ADC) in which ADC replaced its existing air defense groups with fighter groups that had served during World War II. It provided air defense for the central United States and supported all USAF units at Richards-Gebaur Air Force Base, Missouri. In 1961, the unit's mission expanded and the 328th Fighter Group was replaced by the 328th Fighter Wing until the wing was inactivated in 1968 and its remaining operational squadron was reassigned. In 1985 the 328th Group and Wing were consolidated into a single unit.
The wing was activated a final time in 2005 as the Air to Air Missile Systems Wing in the Air Force Materiel Command Transformation, which replaced the traditional staff office organization of the Air Armament Center and other AFMC centers with wing, groups, and squadrons. It was consolidated with the 328th in 2006, receiving its most recent name. In 2007 the wing was inactivated when all systems development activities at Eglin were moved under the 308th Armament Systems Wing.
History
World War II
The 328th Fighter Group was activated at Hamilton Field, California in 1942 with the 326th, 327th, and 329th Fighter Squadrons assigned. The 328th group flew Bell P-39 Airacobras and participated in the air defense of the west coast. In the fall of 1942, the group dispersed to airfields in the San Francisco Bay area. The 326th Squadron remained with group headquarters at Hamilton, but the 327th moved to Mills Field Municipal Airport in October and the 329th to Oakland Municipal Airport in November.
While performing air defense duty it also acted as an operational training unit (OTU). The OTU program involved the use of an oversized parent unit, such as the 328th, to provide cadres to "satellite groups." In March 1943, the group added a fourth squadron, the newly activated 444th Fighter Squadron, at Hamilton. Once this squadron was organized, it moved to Tonopah Army Air Field, Nevada. 1943 saw a number of moves by the group's squadrons, although headquarters remained at Hamilton. In September the 444th returned to California and Concord Army Air Field, while the 329th Squadron left for Portland Army Air Base early the following month. In mid-December, both the 326th and 444th Squadrons established themselves at Santa Rosa Army Air Field, while the 329th took the 444th's place at Concord.
Starting in early 1944 the 328th began to act as a replacement training unit (RTU) for fighter pilots. RTUs were also oversized units that trained individual pilots or aircrews. This mission change was followed by the move of the 327th Squadron to Marysville Army Air Field, leaving only group headquarters at Hamilton Field. The Army Air Forces, however was finding that standard military units, based on relatively inflexible tables of organization, were proving poorly adapted to the training mission. Accordingly, a more functional system was adopted in which each base was organized into a separate numbered unit. The group was disbanded and replaced by the 434th AAF Base Unit (Replacement Training Unit) at Santa Rosa, where two of its operational squadrons were located.
Cold War
The group was reconstituted, assigned to Air Defense Command (ADC), and activated as the 328th Fighter Group (Air Defense) in 1955. It replaced the 4676th Air Defense Group at Grandview Air Force Base, Missouri as part of ADC's Project Arrow, which was designed to bring back on the active list fighter units which had compiled memorable records in the two world wars. The personnel and equipment of the 4676th were transferred to the 328th, including its operational squadron, the 326th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, flying radar equipped and Mighty Mouse rocket armed North American F-86D Sabre aircraft. The 328th provided active air defense for a portion of the central United States from 1955 until 1968. It was also the United States Air Force (USAF) host unit for Grandview. providing support for all USAF units located there. The group was assigned a number of support organizations to fulfill this function.
The 326th Squadron upgraded to Convair F-102 Delta Dagger aircraft, armed with AIM-4 Falcon Air-to-air missiles by June 1957. In November, the 65th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron transferred on paper (without personnel or equipment) from Elmendorf Air Force Base, Alaska to the group, and was inactivated two months later without being manned or equipped. In 1961, as the size of operations at Richards-Gebaur Air Force Base expanded, the 328th Group was replaced by the 328th Wing.
On 22 October 1962, before President John F. Kennedy told Americans that missiles were in place in Cuba, the wing increased its alert state, and the 326th Squadron deployed one third of its aircraft, armed with nuclear-tipped missiles, to Grand Island Municipal Airport, Nebraska. Following the end of the Cuban Missile Crisis, these aircraft returned to their home base. However, Starting on 19 December 1962, the wing established a detachment of fighters at Homestead Air Force Base, Florida. This operation ended on 15 February 1963. For one year, a similar detachment was established at Naval Air Station Key West, Florida, from 1 August 1965 until 1 July 1966.
In early 1967, the wing was briefly without an operational squadron, when the 326th Squadron inactivated Two weeks later, the 71st Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, flying Convair F-106 Delta Darts was assigned to the wing. In 1968, the wing was inactivated and the 71st Squadron was reassigned to the 28th Air Division, while the wing's support organizations were replaced by the 4676th Air Base Group.
Systems development
The Air to Air Missile Systems Wing was activated at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida in 2005 as part of the Air Force Materiel Command (AFMC) Transformation, in which the command replaced its traditional program offices with wings, groups, and squadrons. The wing was a joint Air Force and United States Navy organization that performed "cradle-to-grave" management of air dominance weapon system programs. Systems managed by the wing included the AIM-120 AMRAAM (Advanced Medium Range Air-to-Air Missile), AIM-9X Follow-on Sidewinder, AGM-88 HARM (High-Speed Anti-Radiation) Missile Targeting System, Miniature Air Launched Decoy, & aerial target systems. The wing had two groups, two direct reporting squadrons and one detachment assigned.
The wing's 328th Armament Systems Group managed the Advanced Medium Range Air-to-Air Missile. This missile evolved over the years and is used by 32 nations in addition to the United States for offensive and defensive counter-air operations. This active radar missile has a range of more than 20 miles. The 328th Group was composed of the 695th Armament Systems Squadron, responsible for AIM-120C production, the 696th Armament Systems Squadron, responsible for AIM-120D development and the 697th Armament Systems Flight for mission support.
The wing's 728th Armament Systems Group managed Suppression of Enemy Defense and Destruction of Enemy Defense targeting systems, the Miniature Air Launched Decoy, and all Air Force aerial targets. These aerial targets included the McDonnell QF-4 Phantom II drone, Ryan BQM-34 Firebee, Beechcraft MQM-107 Streaker and the BQM-167 Skeeter. The targets are remotely controlled, employ countermeasures and provide "scores" on how well their missiles perform. The 728th Group was composed of three squadrons: the 691st Armament Systems Squadron, responsible for aerial targets; the 692nd Armament Systems Squadron, responsible for the Miniature Air Launched Decoy; and the 693rd Armament Systems Squadron, responsible for the AGM-88 HARM Targeting System.
Two additional squadrons, the 690th and 694th Armament Systems Squadrons, reported directly to the wing. The 690th Armament Systems Squadron worked with the United States Army and United States Marine Corps in developing an AMRAAM missile on a ground launch system for air defense. It was also responsible for information technology and facility support to the wing. The 694th Armament Systems Squadron was responsible for international sales of all wing weapons systems. Detachment 1 of the wing was located with the Naval Air Systems Command, PMA-259 at Naval Air Station Patuxent River, Maryland and was responsible for the Air Force portion of the latest version of the Sidewinder infrared-guided, short range air-to-air missile.
In May 2006 this wing was consolidated with the 328th Tactical Fighter Wing, as AFMC assigned its systems wings the numbers of World War II units. It was inactivated in 2007 and its subordinate groups were reassigned as the Air Armament Center consolidated its development units in the 308th Armament Systems Wing.
Lineage
328th Fighter Group
Constituted as the 328th Fighter Group (Single Engine) on 24 June 1942
Activated on 10 July 1942
Disbanded on 31 March 1944
Reconstituted and redesignated 328th Fighter Group (Air Defense) on 20 June 1955
Activated on 18 August 1955
Discontinued and inactivated on 1 February 1961
Consolidated with the 328th Fighter Wing as the 328th Fighter Wing (Air Defense) on 31 January 1984
328th Fighter Wing
Constituted as the 328th Fighter Wing (Air Defense) on 28 December 1960
Organized on 1 February 1961
Discontinued, and inactivated on 18 July 1968
Consolidated with the 328th Fighter Group on 31 January 1984
Redesignated 328th Tactical Fighter Wing on 31 July 1985 (remained inactive)
Consolidated with the Air to Air Missile Systems Wing as the Air to Air Missile Systems Wing on 3 May 2006
Air to Air Missile Systems Wing
Constituted as the Air to Air Missile Systems Wing on 23 November 2004
Activated on 27 January 2005
Consolidated with the 328th Fighter Wing on 3 May 2006
Redesignated 328th Armament Systems Wing on 15 May 2006
Inactivated on 7 September 2007
Assignments
328th Fighter Group
IV Fighter Command, 10 July 1942 (attached to San Francisco Air Defense Wing, c. 28 October 1942 – 11 April 1943)
San Francisco Air Defense Wing (later, San Francisco Fighter) 12 April 1943
IV Fighter Command, 1 March 1944 – 31 March 1944
33d Air Division, 18 August 1955
20th Air Division, 1 March 1956 – 1 February 1961
328th Fighter Wing
Kansas City Air Defense Sector, 1 February 1961
Sioux City Air Defense Sector, 1 July 1961
30th Air Division, 1 April 1966 – 18 July 1968
328th Armament Systems Wing
Air Armament Center, 27 January 2005 – 7 September 2007
Components
Operational Squadrons
65th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron: 1 November 1957 – 8 January 1958 (non-operational)
71st Fighter-Interceptor Squadron: 16 January 1967 – 18 July 1968
326th Fighter Squadron (later Fighter-Interceptor Squadron): 10 July 1942 – 31 March 1944; 18 August 1955 – 2 January 1967
327th Fighter Squadron: 10 July 1942 – 31 March 1944
329th Fighter Squadron: 10 July 1942 – 31 March 1944
444th Fighter Squadron 1 March 1943 – 31 March 1944
Detachment 1, 328th Fighter Wing (Air Defense) NAS Key West, Florida
Detachment 2, 328th Fighter Wing (Air Defense) NAS New Orleans, Louisiana
Detachment 1, 328th Fighter Wing (Air Defense) Grand Island Airport, Nebraska
Support Units
328th Air Base Group (later 328th Combat Support Group), 1 February 1961 – 18 July 1968
328th USAF Infirmary (later 328th USAF Dispensary, 328th USAF Hospital), 18 August 1955 – 18 July 1968
328th Air Base Squadron, 18 August 1955 – 1 February 1961
Maintenance Units
328th Armament & Electronics Maintenance Squadron, 1 February 1961 – 18 July 1968
328th Consolidated Aircraft Maintenance Squadron, 8 July 1957 – 1 February 1961
328th Field Maintenance Squadron, 1 February 1961 – 18 July 1968
328th Materiel Squadron, 18 August 1958 – 1 February 1961
328th Munitions Maintenance Squadron, 15 September 1966 – 18 July 1968
328th Organizational Maintenance Squadron, 1 February 1961 – 18 July 1968
Systems Organizations
Medium Range Missile Systems Group (later 328th Armament Systems Group), 27 January 2005 – 7 September 2007
Special Application Systems Group (later 728th Armament Systems Group), 27 January 2005 – 7 September 2007
Special Projects Squadron (later 690th Armament Systems Squadron), 27 January 2005 – 7 September 2007
Air to Air International Support Squadron (later 694th Armament Systems Squadron), 27 January 2005 – 7 September 2007
Short Range Missile Systems Flight, 27 January 2005 – 15 May 2006 (replaced by Detachment 1)
Naval Air Station Patuxent River
Detachment 1
Naval Air Station Patuxent River
Stations
Hamilton Field, California 10 July 1942 – 31 March 1944
Grandview Air Force Base (later Richards-Gebaur Air Force Base), Missouri, 18 August 1955 – 18 July 1968
Eglin Air Force Base, Florida, 27 January 2005 – 7 September 2007
Aircraft
Bell P-39 Airacobra (1942–1944)
North American F-86D Sabre (1955–1957)
Convair F-102A Delta Dagger (1957–1966)
Convair F-106 Delta Dart (1966–1968)
Campaigns
See also
List of inactive AFCON wings of the United States Air Force
List of F-86 Sabre units
List of F-106 Delta Dart units of the United States Air Force
References
Notes
Citations
Bibliography
Buss, Lydus H.(ed), Sturm, Thomas A., Volan, Denys, and McMullen, Richard F., History of Continental Air Defense Command and Air Defense Command July to December 1955, Directorate of Historical Services, Air Defense Command, Ent AFB, CO, (1956)
McMullen, Richard F. (1964) "The Fighter Interceptor Force 1962–1964" ADC Historical Study No. 27, Air Defense Command, Ent Air Force Base, CO (Confidential, declassified 22 March 2000)
NORAD/CONAD Participation in the Cuban Missile Crisis, Historical Reference Paper No. 8, Directorate of Command History Continental Air Defense Command, Ent AFB, Colorado, 1 February 63 (Top Secret NOFORN, declassified 9 March 1996)
Further reading
0328
1942 establishments in the United States |
Aphanopleura is a genus of flowering plants in the family Apiaceae. It is endemic to Asia.
Species
Aphanopleura capillifolia
Aphanopleura fedtschenkoana
Aphanopleura leptoclada
Aphanopleura trachysperma
Aphanopleura zangelanica Gogina & Matsenko
References
Apioideae
Taxa named by Pierre Edmond Boissier
Apioideae genera |
The Liberation of Bulgaria is the historical process as a result of the Bulgarian Revival. In Bulgarian historiography, the liberation of Bulgaria refers to those events of the Tenth Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) that led to the re-establishment of the Bulgarian state under the Treaty of San Stefano of 3 March 1878.
The treaty forced the Ottoman Empire to give back to Bulgaria most of its territory conquered in 14th century. At the Berlin Congress of the same year, the Treaty of Berlin was adopted, according to which the territories of the Bulgarian state, established as per the San Stefano treaty, were divided into three parts: the first part was the Principality of Bulgaria, which functioned independently but was nominally a vassal of the Ottoman Empire and was limited to Moesia and areas adjacent to the capital Sofia
The second part was to be an autonomous province of the Ottoman Empire—Eastern Rumelia
The third and largest part—all of the Macedonia and Lozengrad—were restored to the Ottoman Empire while some outlands were assigned to Serbia and Romania.
Those territories seized from Bulgaria after the Berlin Congress, including most of Macedonia, Thrace and others, had a majority ethnic Bulgarian population.
On 6 September 1885, Eastern Rumelia became part of the Principality of Bulgaria after a bloodless unification, although the principality was a de facto independent nation but de jure vassal nation of the Ottoman Empire until 1908, when Bulgaria proclaimed its declaration of independence.
The 1908 declaration, which signified Bulgaria's break with the Ottoman rule, was actually the second liberation of Bulgaria. After the conquest of the First Bulgarian Empire in 1018, the first liberation of Bulgaria led to the establishment of the Second Bulgarian Empire in the aftermath of the Uprising of Ivan Asen I of Bulgaria and his brother Theodor (Peter) against the Byzantine Empire in 1185. Bulgaria, 3rd of March.
Unification and independence
On 6 September 1885, Eastern Rumelia became part of the Principality of Bulgaria after a bloodless unification, although the principality was a de facto independent nation but de jure vassal nation of the Ottoman Empire until 1908, when Bulgaria proclaimed its declaration of independence.
The 1878 declaration, which signified Bulgaria's break with the Ottoman rule, was actually the second liberation of Bulgaria. After the conquest of the First Bulgarian Empire in 1018, the first liberation of Bulgaria led to the establishment of the Second Bulgarian Empire in the aftermath of the Uprising of Asen and Peter against the Byzantine Empire in 1185.
See also
Bulgarian National Awakening
References
1877 in Bulgaria
1878 in Bulgaria
Late modern Europe
1878 in the Ottoman Empire
19th century in the Russian Empire
1877 in international relations
1878 in international relations |
The two-woman competition in bobsleigh at the 2022 Winter Olympics was held on 18 February (heats 1 and 2) and 19 February (heats 3 and 4), at the Xiaohaituo Bobsleigh and Luge Track in Yanqing District of Beijing. Laura Nolte and Deborah Levi of Germany won the event, the first Olympic medal for them. Mariama Jamanka and Alexandra Burghardt, also of Germany, won the silver medal, and Elana Meyers Taylor and Sylvia Hoffman, of the United States, bronze.
Jamanka was the defending champion, Meyers Taylor and Kaillie Humphries were the 2018 silver and bronze medalists, respectively. All of them were competing, though in 2022 Humphries represented the United States. Humphries was the 2021 World champion. Stephanie Schneider and Nolte were the silver and bronze medalists, respectively. Meyers Taylor was the winner of the 2021–22 Bobsleigh World Cup, ahead of Humphries.
In both runs of the first day, Nolte and Deborah Levi set track records. After two runs, they had advantage of half a second over Jamanka and Alexandra Burghardt, who were second in both runs. Meyers Taylor and Sylvia Hoffman were third in both runs, very close to Jamanka and Burghardt. In the third run, Nolte and Levi set the track record again, and even though they lost 0.01 in the fourth run to Jamanka and Burghardt, they won gold with the advantage of 0.77.
Qualification
There was a quota of 20 sleds available for the women's two-women event. Qualification was based on the world rankings of the 2021/2022 season between 15 October 2020 and 16 January 2022. Pilots must have competed in six different races on three different tracks and be ranked in at least five of those races. Additionally, the pilot must been ranked among the top 50 for the man's events or top 40 for the women's events.
For the women's races the IBSF combined ranking will be used for the quotas involving multiple sleds. The top two nations in the two-women event earned three sleds each. The next four nations earned two sleds each, while the next six earned one sled each. The IBSF announced final quotas on January 24, 2022.
Summary
Results
References
Bobsleigh at the 2022 Winter Olympics
Women's events at the 2022 Winter Olympics |
Thomas Ashley Cairns JP (1854 – 3 September 1908) was a British Liberal Party politician who served as a Member of Parliament (MP) for Newcastle-upon-Tyne from the 1906 general election until his death two years later due to diabetes, aged 69.
Background
Cairns was born in Sunderland, the son of Thomas Cairns of Forfarshire. He was educated privately. In 1880 he married Isabella Dixon.
Professional career
Cairns was chief partner of Cairns, Noble & Co., shipowners and merchants. He was Vice President of the Shipowners International Association.
Political career
Cairns was a member of the Newcastle School Board from 1892 to 1899. He was elected to Newcastle City Council in 1896. He was appointed as a Justice of the peace for Newcastle. He was active in the Liberal Party as Vice Chairman of the executive committee of the Northern Liberal Federation. He was Liberal candidate for the two member Newcastle-upon-Tyne division at the 1906 General Election. He ran in tandem with a labour candidate and together they took both seats from the Conservatives. Cairns was in favour of housing reform, social legislation and Women's suffrage.
Electoral record
References
External links
1854 births
1908 deaths
Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1906–1910 |
1978 – A Teen Night Out is a 2019 Indian Bollywood film, directed by Aziz Zee, produced by Kunal Shamshere Malla and Suresh Thomas, and co-produced by Manesha Chatarji, presented by Theatre King. The film features the TV actress Sonyaa and playback singer Abuzar Akhtar.
Plot
A Teen Night Out is a racy, supernatural, terrifying, suspense story of a NIGHT OUT at a film studio by a group of teens based in 1978. The film follows seven teenagers who find their lives in jeopardy after getting trapped in a haunted mansion.
Cast
Yash Rajpara
Apurva Godbole
Gaurav Sharma
Vaishnavi Kadam
Rishabh Raj
Muskaan Tomar
Sunny Yadav
Rohit Mugallu
Maliha Malla
Sonyaa Twinks
Abuzar Akhtar
Rishabh raj
References
https://www.imdb.com/name/nm9896839/
External links
Whizbliz
BookMyShow
2019 films
2010s Hindi-language films
Indian thriller films
2019 thriller films |
Ryan Leigh Griffen (born 27 July 1986) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for the Western Bulldogs and the Greater Western Sydney Giants in the Australian Football League (AFL).
Griffen was born in Goolwa, a South Australian port town near the mouth of the Murray River and began his football career with South Adelaide. The Western Bulldogs chose Griffen in the 2004 AFL national draft at number 3 as a priority pick. He managed 17 games in his debut season and came second in the AFL Rising Star Medal count.
AFL career
Western Bulldogs (2005–2014)
Touted among the best players on offer in the 2004 AFL draft, the Western Bulldogs selected Griffen third overall as a priority pick. He had represented South Australia in the 2004 AFL Under 18 Championships and played senior football for SANFL club South Adelaide in his draft year.
Griffen made his debut in Round 4 of the 2005 AFL season against the West Coast Eagles at Subiaco, where the Bulldogs were defeated by the Eagles by 36 points. He played 17 games in his first season as a Bulldog.
The 2006 Record describes Griffen as a "defender, both in a man-marking role and as a launching pad for attacking moves". Griffen has already displayed a good deal of the latter at the midway point of the 2006 season and most football critics anticipate that he will have a long career.
He suffered a jarring knee injury in Round 11 2007, where he dislocated his kneecap in the win over the Brisbane Lions. The extent of the injury, in itself, was not season threatening although he did suffer complications from a twisted bowel, which hampered his recovery and ruled him out for the rest of the season.
In 2008, Griffen played 24 games spending more time in the midfield, averaging career highs in disposals, contested and uncontested possessions, inside 50s and clearances. He covered plenty of territory and ranked number one at the Bulldogs in inside 50s and rebound 50s combined. He also ranked third in the AFL for running bounces and equal fourth at the Bulldogs for score assists during the H&A rounds. The speedy midfielder broke open a number of games in 2008, earning maximum Brownlow votes in consecutive matches against St Kilda and Essendon in rounds three and four. Finished second in the AFL for bounces and top 10 in the Bulldogs’ best and fairest.
In 2009, Griffen played well at times, winning three Brownlow Medal votes on multiple occasions, but many believe he hadn't reached his full potential.
Griffen was one of the players who spoke out regarding Jason Akermanis' controversial sacking midway through 2010 season. In the Round 14 match against Hawthorn, Griffen failed to make an effort to take a mark against Xavier Ellis 30 metres out late in the final quarter as the Hawks came from behind to win by 3 points, and he was widely criticized. Griffen made up for his mistake the following week when he was named among the Bulldogs' best in a 68-point thrashing of Carlton. On the eve of the finals, Griffen was shifted from his customary position on the wing into the midfield to replace injured teammate Adam Cooney. Although the Bulldogs were again bundled out in the Preliminary Final, Griffen was one of the stand-outs, averaging 28 possessions across the three games. At the end of the season he was proclaimed the winner of the 2010 Charlie Sutton Medal.
2011
In 2011 Ryan Griffen has maintained his excellent form from 2010 and is a frontrunner to win another Charlie Sutton Medal along with Matthew Boyd
2012
After another stellar season in 2012, Ryan Griffen amassed a club-record 47 possessions – 22 of which were contested in the round 21 match against the Sydney Swans. The record eclipsed the previous best of 46 set by Simon Atkins. Griffen picked up 16 touches in the first quarter. His previous best was 37 possessions.
2013: All-Australian season
Griffen produced possibly his best season in 2013, recording 30 or more possessions 11 times and taking out his second Charles Sutton Medal ahead of a fast-finishing Tom Liberatore. Griffen also finished 6th in the AFLPA MVP Award with 177 votes. While averaging 29 disposals per game he also achieved All-Australian honours. Ryan Griffen was also ranked #8 best player in the AFL in Mike Sheahan's Top 50 Players and the Official AFL Player Ratings. On 3 December 2013 Griffen was awarded the captaincy of the Bulldogs, taking over from skipper of 3 years Matthew Boyd.
Griffen played 19 games in his final season at the Bulldogs in 2014 before he left the club to join Greater Western Sydney, thus handing over the captaincy to veteran Robert Murphy.
Greater Western Sydney (2015–2018)
At the end of the 2014 season, Griffen asked to join the GWS Giants. On 15 October a trade was successfully reached, reuniting Griffen with coach Leon Cameron, and players Dylan Addison and Callan Ward.
In round 3, 2017 Griffen suffered a syndesmosis of the left ankle, which left him unable to play for the rest of the home and away season. He made his return in a scratch match between the Giants' reserves and 's reserves the day after their qualifying final.
Griffen announced his retirement from AFL football following the Giants' semi-final loss to Collingwood on 15 September 2018.
Post AFL
In November 2018, it was announced that Griffen would be returning to his home club Goolwa-Port Elliot Magpies who compete in the Great Southern Football League.
Statistics
|- style="background:#eaeaea;"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2005
| || 16 || 17 || 7 || 7 || 126 || 97 || 223 || 55 || 39 || 0.4 || 0.4 || 7.4 || 5.7 || 13.1 || 3.2 || 2.3
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2006
| || 16 || 24 || 7 || 9 || 209 || 202 || 411 || 87 || 69 || 0.3 || 0.4 || 8.7 || 8.4 || 17.1 || 3.6 || 2.9
|- style="background:#eaeaea;"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2007
| || 16 || 10 || 2 || 4 || 78 || 65 || 143 || 31 || 29 || 0.2 || 0.4 || 7.8 || 6.5 || 14.3 || 3.1 || 2.9
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2008
| || 16 || 24 || 18 || 9 || 295 || 183 || 478 || 103 || 63 || 0.8 || 0.4 || 12.3 || 7.6 || 19.9 || 4.3 || 2.6
|- style="background:#eaeaea;"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2009
| || 16 || 22 || 17 || 9 || 270 || 213 || 483 || 70 || 80 || 0.8 || 0.4 || 12.3 || 9.7 || 22.0 || 3.2 || 3.6
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2010
| || 16 || 24 || 23 || 12 || 358 || 216 || 574 || 80 || 78 || 1.0 || 0.5 || 14.9 || 9.0 || 23.9 || 3.3 || 3.2
|- style="background:#eaeaea;"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2011
| || 16 || 22 || 24 || 17 || 341 || 187 || 528 || 75 || 102 || 1.1 || 0.8 || 15.5 || 8.5 || 24.0 || 3.4 || 4.6
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2012
| || 16 || 20 || 8 || 11 || 287 || 252 || 539 || 66 || 86 || 0.4 || 0.6 || 14.4 || 12.6 || 27.0 || 3.3 || 4.3
|- style="background:#eaeaea;"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2013
| || 16 || 20 || 14 || 10 || 304 || 275 || 579 || 63 || 98 || 0.7 || 0.5 || 15.2 || 13.8 || 29.0 || 3.2 || 4.9
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2014
| || 16 || 19 || 10 || 10 || 219 || 217 || 436 || 35 || 99 || 0.5 || 0.5 || 11.5 || 11.4 || 23.0 || 1.8 || 5.2
|- style="background:#eaeaea;"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2015
| || 32 || 21 || 7 || 3 || 198 || 235 || 433 || 85 || 80 || 0.3 || 0.1 || 9.4 || 11.2 || 20.6 || 4.0 || 3.8
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2016
| || 32 || 15 || 9 || 13 || 137 || 179 || 316 || 41 || 79 || 0.6 || 0.9 || 9.1 || 11.9 || 21.1 || 2.7 || 5.3
|- style="background:#eaeaea;"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2017
| || 32 || 3 || 0 || 2 || 20 || 26 || 46 || 5 || 9 || 0.0 || 0.7 || 6.7 || 8.7 || 15.3 || 1.7 || 3.0
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2018
| || 32 || 16 || 16 || 11 || 136 || 104 || 240 || 47 || 35 || 1.0 || 0.7 || 8.5 || 6.5 || 15.0 || 2.9 || 2.2
|- class="sortbottom"
! colspan=3| Career
! 257
! 162
! 127
! 2978
! 2451
! 5429
! 843
! 946
! 0.6
! 0.5
! 11.6
! 9.5
! 21.1
! 3.3
! 3.7
|}
References
AFL Record 2006 Season Preview, ed. Michael Lovett, AFL Publishing.
External links
Greater Western Sydney Giants players
Western Bulldogs players
1986 births
Living people
Australian rules footballers from South Australia
South Adelaide Football Club players
Charles Sutton Medal winners
All-Australians (AFL)
People from Goolwa, South Australia |
Maurice Levitas (February 1, 1917-February 14, 2001) was an Ireland-born academic and communist. Levitas was involved with the Communist Party of Great Britain and was a Marxist-Lenininist throughout his political life. He was involved in military activity; first becoming involved with Comintern's International Brigades against the Nationalist insurgency during the Spanish Civil War and then during the Second World War, as a British citizen, he joined the British Army's Royal Army Medical Corps. After the War, he remained involved in Communist politics and also became a sociology lecturer at Durham University. In the 1980s, he relocated to the Eastern Bloc, teaching in East Germany, where he edited and translated a book on German politician Erich Honecker titled Erich Honecker Cross Examined.
Biography
Levitas was born at Warren Street, in Portobello, Dublin. He was known to his family and friends as "Morry". His parents, Harry Levitas and Leah Rick, having emigrated to Ireland from Lithuania and Latvia in 1912, were married in the Camden Street Synagogue in Dublin. Harry Levitas was a member of the Tailors and Pressers Union, known in Dublin as the Jewish Union. Maurice attended St Peter's Church of Ireland National School.
In 1927, when Morry was 10 years old, the family emigrated to Britain, first to Glasgow then to London where Maurice later joined the Communist Party of Great Britain in 1933. He was also an active trade unionist and he and his brothers Max and Sol, were involved in the 1936 ‘Battle of Cable Street’ against the British Union of Fascists.
In 1937, he joined the Connolly Column of the International Brigade and fought in the Spanish Civil War. He was captured in 1938 and released in February 1939.
In 1942, Levitas enlisted in the Royal Army Medical Corps and served in India and Burma. In 1948, having resumed employment as a plumber, he was offered a place in an emergency Teachers' Training College. In 1964, Levitas graduated with an honours degree in sociology from the University of London and became a senior lecturer in the sociology of education at Durham University.
He remained an ardent Marxist–Leninist and a supporter of the Soviet Union, remaining a Communist Party member. This was tested by the invasion of Czechoslovakia to put down the Prague Spring of 1968. He emigrated to East Germany in 1985 to work as an English teacher. Later he edited a book on German politician Erich Honecker titled Erich Honecker Cross Examined.
He attended the commemoration of the Connolly Column in 1991 in Liberty Hall, Dublin, where he was chosen to read out the list of members. He also attended, in 1997, a ceremony in the Mansion House, Dublin by the Lord Mayor of Dublin of the surviving Irish members of the International Brigade. He returned to England in 1990 following the fall of the Berlin Wall. He died in London on 14 February 2001.
His brother Max Levitas (1 June 1915 – 2 November 2018) was Communist councillor for 15 years in Stepney in London. His daughter is the sociologist Ruth Levitas and his son is the theatre historian Ben Levitas.
See also
George Nathan
Charlie Hutchison
Bill Alexander
Thora Silverthorne
Ralph Winston Fox
Publications
Marxist Perspectives in the Sociology of Education by Maurice Levitas (1974)
Erich Honecker Cross Examined edited and translated by Maurice Levitas(1992)
References
1917 births
2001 deaths
Academics of Durham University
Alumni of the University of London
International Brigades personnel
Irish Jews
Irish anti-fascists
Irish communists
Irish people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent
Irish people of the Spanish Civil War
Irish sociologists
People from Portobello, Dublin
Royal Army Medical Corps soldiers
Irish emigrants to the United Kingdom
20th-century Irish Jews |
The year 1669 in music involved some significant events.
Events
February 17 – Première of Alessandro Melani's opera L'empio punito at the Teatro di Palazzo Colonna in Rome. The work was commissioned by Marie Mancini.
Publications
Luigi Battiferri – Ricercari, Op.3
Giovanni Maria Bononcini – Op. 3, a collection of sonatas in canon
Henri Dumont – Cinq messes en plain-chant
Johann Caspar Kerll – Delectus sacrarum cantionum, 26 motets for 2–5 voices, 2 violins and basso continuo
Henry Lawes
Select Ayres and Dialogues
The Treasury of Musick
Samuel Capricornus
Continuatio theatri musici
Scelta musicale
Theatrum musicum
Giovanni Antonio Pandolfi – Sonate cioè balletti, sarabande, correnti, passacagli, capricetti e una trombetta...
Maurizio Cazzati – Varii, e diversi capricci per camera, Op. 50
Classical music
Johann Schmelzer – Sonata a 4, La Carolietta
Opera
Francesco Cavalli – Coriolano
Antonio Cesti – Genserico
Antonio Draghi – Achille in Sciro
Jean-Baptiste Lully – Monsieur de Pourceaugnac, LWV 41
Births
April 6 – Johann Christopf Faber, composer, organist, and organ builder (died 1742)
February 2 – Louis Marchand, organist, harpsichordist and composer (died 1732)
August 24 – Alessandro Marcello, composer (died 1747)
October 10 – Johann Nicolaus Bach, composer (died 1753)
October 13 – Charles Desmazures, composer (died 1736)
date unknown
Johann Samuel Beyer, composer (died 1744)
Miquel López Sebastián, composer (died 1723)
Deaths
April 6 – Lars Wivallius, librettist (born 1605)
April 17 – Antonio Bertali, violinist and composer (born 1605)
May? – Étienne Richard, composer, organist and harpsichordist (born c.1621)
October 14 – Antonio Cesti, opera composer (born 1623)
October 28 – Agustin Moreto y Cavana, poet (born 1618)
date unknown
Richard Ayleward, musician and composer (born 1626)
Christopher Simpson, viola da gamba player and composer (born c.1605)
probable – Étienne Moulinié, composer (born c.1600) |
Oberleutnant Kurt Robert Wilhelm Wolff PlM (6 February 1895 – 15 September 1917) was one of Imperial Germany's highest-scoring fighter aces during World War I. The frail youthful orphan originally piloted bombers before being picked by Manfred von Richthofen to join Jagdstaffel 11 (Fighter Squadron 11) in the burgeoning Imperial German Air Service. Under the tutelage of Richthofen, Wolff would shoot down 33 enemy aircraft in four months, including 22 victims during the Royal Flying Corps' disastrous Bloody April, 1917. Wolff scored victories so rapidly he outran the Prussian awards system; although the Pour le Merite was customarily awarded after a fighter ace's 20th victory, Wolff's was not received until after his 29th.
On 6 May 1917, after this 29th victory, Wolff was transferred to command Jagdstaffel 29 and score two victories. When Richthofen moved up from Jagdstaffel 11 to become the wing commander of the Flying Circus, his replacement as Jagdstaffel 11 commander was killed. Wolff was transferred to command his old squadron; he scored his 32nd and 33rd victories with them. On 11 July, he was wounded and grounded after a crash landing. On 12 September 1917, the day after he returned to duty, he was promoted to Oberleutnant. Three days later, Wolff made his final patrol, leading a patrol of five in a prototype Fokker Triplane. In a chaotic dogfight with Sopwith Camels from No. 10 Naval Squadron, Wolff nearly collided with his assailant, Norman MacGregor. As Wolff fell out of sight, MacGregor claimed an "out of control" victory. Wolff was probably dead before the triplane's explosive impact.
Early life
Kurt Wolff was born in Greifswald, Pomerania. He was orphaned as a child and was raised by relatives in Memel, East Prussia. Wolff enlisted in the Bavarian Army in 1912 at the age of 17, joining a transport unit, Railway Regiment Nr. 4. He was still with this regiment when World War I began. He received a commission on 17 April 1915, and he transferred to the Fliegertruppen (Flying Troops) in July.
Fighter pilot
Training and first posting
Wolff's first flight was almost his last. The instructor crashed the aircraft, killing himself; Wolff's shoulder was dislocated. Eventually, Wolff received his pilot's badge in late 1915 and was assigned to a series of two-seater bomber units over the next year.
On 12 October 1916 he was posted to La Brayelle Airfield in northern France to join the then victoryless Royal Prussian Jagdstaffel 11 (Hunting Team 11). For months, Wolff and his comrades in the squadron had had no success in aerial combat. That changed when command was given to the Red Baron, Rittmeister (Cavalry Captain) Manfred von Richthofen. Under the Red Baron's leadership, Jagdstaffel 11 began to score victories, and Wolff became an excellent fighter pilot. Like his commanding officer, Wolff soon became an avid collector of souvenirs from the aircraft he shot down. Wolff's room at his airfield soon became decorated with serial numbers, airplane parts and machine guns salvaged from his victims.
Like all the Jagdstaffel 11 aircraft, Wolff's Albatros D.III was painted in the unit's basic red livery. To this, he added individual markings for inflight identification by having his plane's elevators and tailplane painted green. He first claimed an aerial victory on 6 March 1917, a Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2d of No. 16 Squadron RFC. Four more victories followed during March, making Wolff an ace.
Bloody April
By the end of March 1917, the Royal Flying Corps held a numerical edge over the Luftstreitkräfte of about two to one. The German aircraft numbered about 195; about half these could be used to attack other planes. By contrast, the British were fielding about 365 airplanes; a third were single-seat fighters. However, despite their superior numbers, the British aircraft were technologically inferior to the German fighters. Nevertheless, the British pushed their air offensive over the German lines to maintain their air superiority during April 1917, despite ongoing heavy casualties among their aircrew.
The British lost almost 250 aircraft to German action during Bloody April, 1917; the blood cost came to over 400 British aviators killed or wounded.
Among Jagdstaffel 11 aces, Sebastian Festner shot down 10 British airplanes;
Lothar von Richthofen shot down 15;
Karl Emil Schaefer 16;
Manfred von Richthofen 21; Kurt Wolff shot down 22. Besides the individual victories throughout the month, Wolff would score multiple victories on five April days. Most notable was Friday, 13 April, when Wolff shot down four British airplanes from four different squadrons on four sorties. Also notably, he scored three victories on 29 April 1917, including Major H.D. Harvey-Kelly, commander of No. 19 Squadron RFC. Wolff ended the month with his victims numbering 29. Having previously earned both classes of the Prussian Iron Cross, Wolff was awarded that kingdom's Knight's Cross with Swords of the Royal House Order of Hohenzollern on 26 April. Wolff's rapid victory pace had outrun the awards section; at 20 victories, he became eligible for the Pour le Mérite, but could not receive it before the yet-to-be awarded Hohenzollern.
Wolff in command
Wolff was awarded the German Empire's most prestigious award, the Prussian Pour le Mérite, on 4 May 1917. Two days later, with his victory total at 29, Wolff left his pilot's assignment with Jagdstaffel 11 when he was promoted to command Royal Prussian Jagdstaffel 29. Wolff shot down a French SPAD on 13 May and a No. 60 Squadron Nieuport 17 on 27 June before he returned to Jagdstaffel 11 as its commander in July 1917. Wolff was selected to replace Leutnant (Second lieutenant) Karl Allmenroeder, who had fallen in combat.
Wolff's youthful looks and frail physical stature masked his deadly skills as a combat pilot. As the Adjutant of Jagdstaffel 11, Karl Bodenschatz's estimate of Wolff was:
"...Leutnant Kurt Wolff. At first glance, you could only say 'delicate little flower'. A slender, thin little figure, a very young face, whose entire manner is one of extreme shyness. He looks as if you could tip him backwards with one harsh word. But below this friendly schoolboy's face dangles the order Pour le Mérite. And so far, these modest looking eyes have taken 30 enemy airplanes from the sky over the sights of his machine guns, set them afire, and made them smash to pieces on the ground."
During Wolff's assignment to Jagdstaffel 29 as its commander, Jagdstaffel 11 was one of four squadrons incorporated into the first German fighter wing, Jagdgeschwader I, on 24 June 1917. Manfred von Richthofen was promoted up from squadron command to lead the new wing. Inheriting Richthofen's Jagdstaffel 11 command and leading this squadron as part of the new wing, Wolff downed a RE-8 of No. 4 Squadron RFC and a Sopwith Triplane of No. 1 Naval Squadron in early July for his final victories, the 32nd and 33rd. However, on 11 July Wolff was shot in both his left hand and left shoulder by gunfire from a Sopwith Triplane flown by future ace Flight Sub-Lieutenant Herbert Rowley of No. 1 Naval Squadron. Wolff crash landed his aircraft on the Courtrai railway line. The crash ripped off the undercarriage and flipped the aircraft over. The wreck came to rest with Wolff's head within inches of smashing on a metal fence. His rescuers toted him off to the hospital. Wolff would not return from sick leave until 11 September. The day after his return, he was promoted to oberleutnant (lieutenant).
Final fight
The first two Fokker Triplane prototypes had been allocated to Jagdgeschwader 1. Upon his return on 11 September, Wolff was eager to fly one of the prototypes in Richthofen's absence. Four days later, on 15 September he found his opportunity. Despite heavily overcast skies, he took off in Richthofen's prototype Triplane. He was flying the lone Triplane, leading a patrol of five Albatros fighters.
Meanwhile, three new Sopwith Camels of No. 10 Squadron Royal Naval Air Service, sallied forth from their lines on an offensive patrol. Somewhere in the vicinity of Moorslede, Belgium, at 16.30 hours the trio was the target of a diving attack by Wolff and his patrol. In the confusion of the dogfight, the British pilots mistakenly thought four triplanes were involved. As Wolff singled out a Camel to shoot down, he was suddenly fired on from behind by Flight Sub-Lieutenant Norman MacGregor. MacGregor fired a quick burst from 25 yards range, then had to zoom to avoid colliding with the Fokker. Glancing behind him and downwards, he noted only that Wolff was in a vertical dive. McGregor's combat claim was for an 'out of control' victory.
It seems probable that Wolff was killed by MacGregor's bullets in midair and was already dead when his Triplane crashed and burst into flames north of Wervik near Moorslede at 17.30 hours (German time). Wolff's remains were taken back to Memel for burial. His interment in a military ceremony included display of his native Bavaria's Military Merit Order, 4th Class with Swords, in addition to his Prussian awards.
Awards
Before winning the Pour le Merite on 4 May 1917, Kurt Wolff was awarded both classes of the Iron Cross, the House Order of Hohenzollern, and the Bavarian Military Merit Order, Fourth Class with Swords.
Victory list
Opposing pilots are singly listed as casualties. Double listings are pilot and observer respectively.
Footnote
Endnotes
References
External links
Kurt Wolff's page at theaerodrome.com
Bio and Photos at pourlemerite.org
Photograph of wreckage of Wolff's aircraft
Aviation in World War I
1895 births
1917 deaths
Aviators killed by being shot down
German military personnel killed in World War I
German World War I flying aces
Luftstreitkräfte personnel
People from Greifswald
Military personnel from the Province of Pomerania
Prussian Army personnel
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (military class) |
J. Allen Morris Jr. (April 9, 1932 – February 27, 2017) was a tennis player and coach. In 1956 he was a quarterfinalist at Wimbledon where he defeated Ashley Cooper. Morris won the New York State Championships in both 1959 and 1960. He also won the Eastern Clay Court Championships in 1959.
Tennis career
Morris was ranked No. 16 in the United States in 1956. That year, he was a quarterfinalist at Wimbledon where he defeated Ashley Cooper in the round of 16.
Morris won the New York State Championships in both 1959 and 1960. He also won the Eastern Clay Court Championships in 1959.
In 1964 he played an exhibition match against Arthur Ashe in Greensboro N.C. to help promote diversity & inclusion within the growing game of tennis. Morris defeated Ashe in front of a large crowd on Greensboro's Memorial Stadium Tennis Courts in two sets.
In 1977 and 1978, Morris won the U.S. Senior Clay Court Championship in the singles and doubles division and was ranked in the top ten in the world. He was also head coach of the University of North Carolina men's tennis team from 1980 to 1993. As head coach, he led his team to ACC championships in 1990 and 1992. His record as coach was 245–123.
U.S. Championships
Morris started his international tennis career at the 1953 U.S. National Championships (now US Open), where he lost in the first round to Australian Mervyn Rose in five sets. In 1954 and 1955, he reached the third round, losing to Rex Hartwig and Tony Trabert, respectively. Morris lost in the first round in 1956 to Ulf Schmidt.
1956 Wimbledon
Morris competed in the 1956 Wimbledon tournament while still a student at Presbyterian College. In round one, Morris defeated Eric Bulmer in four sets. In round two, Morris defeated Bruce Gulley in three sets. In round three, Morris defeated F. Robin Kipping in three sets. In round four, Morris defeated Ashley Cooper in five sets. In the quarterfinal round, Morris lost to Vic Seixas in a three-set match.
Awards
Morris was inducted into the North Carolina Tennis Hall of Fame in 1976. In 2009, Morris was inducted into the Guilford County Sports Hall of Fame. He was also inducted into the North Carolina Sports Hall of Fame in 1978, the Southern Tennis Hall of Fame in 1985, the Intercollegiate Tennis Hall of Fame in 1993, the South Atlantic Conference Hall of Fame in 2002 and the South Carolina Athletic Hall of Fame in 2004.
Morris won state singles titles in multiple states and holds the record for the most state singles titles in North Carolina, having won the championships 7 times from 1958 to 1967, including 5 times in a row from 1961 to 1965.
References
North Carolina Tennis History, 1978 by Carlyle Lewis
1932 births
2017 deaths
American male tennis players
Presbyterian Blue Hose men's tennis players
North Carolina Tar Heels men's tennis coaches
Sportspeople from Greensboro, North Carolina
Tennis people from North Carolina
American tennis coaches |
Augie is a Local Government Area in Kebbi State, Nigeria. Its headquarters are in the town of Augie.
The major language groups are Hausa, Fulani and Zabarma, and the population is predominantly Muslim.
It has an area of 1,185 km and a population of 117,287 at the 2006 census.
The postal code of the area is 861.
Geography
Augie Local Government Area encompasses a total expanse of 1,185 square kilometers and experiences two well-defined seasons: the rainy season and the dry season. The average temperature in the area hovers around 32 degrees Celsius, while the humidity level is estimated at about 30 percent. Wind speed within Augie LGA typically averages around 7 kilometers per hour.
Economy
Agriculture stands as a vital economic pillar of Augie LGA, with substantial cultivation of crops like bananas, mangoes, groundnuts, millet, and sugarcane. Additionally, hunting and cattle rearing play significant roles in the local economy, contributing to its overall economic vitality.
Climate
In Augie, the wet season is characterized by high temperatures, muggy conditions, and predominantly cloudy skies. Conversely, the dry season is marked by scorching temperatures and partly cloudy conditions. Throughout the year, the temperature typically ranges from 64°F to 105 °F, rarely falling below 60 °F or exceeding 108 °F.
The period of intense heat spans approximately 2.2 months, commencing from March 16 and concluding on May 22, with average daily high temperatures consistently surpassing 101 °F. April stands out as the hottest month in Augie, boasting an average high of 104 °F and a low of 81 °F.
Conversely, the cooler season persists for about 2.2 months, running from July 10 to September 17. During this period, average daily high temperatures fall below 91 °F. The chilliest month of the year in Augie is January, recording an average low of 65 °F and a high of 90 °F.
Localities
The local government of Augie is subdivided into ten wards:
Augie North
Augie South
Bayawa North
Bayawa South
Bagaye/Mera
Birnin Tudu/Gudale
Bubuce
Dundaye/Kwaido/Zaki/Illela
Tiggi/Awade
Yola
References
Local Government Areas in Kebbi State |
Junior Witter (born 10 March 1974) is a British former world champion professional boxer who competed from 1997 to 2015. He held the WBC light welterweight world title from 2006 to 2008 and challenged once for the IBF light welterweight title in 2000. At regional level, he held the British and Commonwealth light welterweight title from 2002 to 2005; the EBU European Union light welterweight title in 2003; and the EBU European light welterweight title from 2004 to 2005; and the British welterweight title in 2012.
Professional career
Early professional years
Witter's first fight as a professional took place in January 1997 and scored a draw over Cameron Raeside at the Green Bank Leisure Centre in Derbyshire. He scored his first win as a professional in his next fight, travelling to Yarm to beat John Green over six rounds. Five more fights happened in 1997 (all wins) for Witter to end the year with a record of 6-0-1. Witter's next year as a professional started in the same way as his first; a draw over Mark Grundy! Despite this he fought four more times during the year meaning that at the end of only his second year as a pro he had compiled of record of 12-0-2 scoring decent wins along the way over the likes of Jan Piet Bergman (35-1) and Mark Winters (13-1). The beginning of 1999 begun with a two-round win over Malcolm Melvin.
IBF light-welterweight title challenge
Witter gained four more victories, then in June 2000, with a record of 15-0-2, he was given a late-notice shot at a world title against American Zab Judah. The fight, which took place in Glasgow in Scotland on the undercard of Mike Tyson's fight with Lou Savarese, ended with first career defeat for the Englishman. Witter lasted the distance but lost on points to the champion. Speaking of the fight later on in his career and when he himself had finally won a World title, Witter said "It was a shot in the dark. During my first few years as a pro, I was struggling like mad financially, so when the shot came about it meant a really big payday. I thought: if I don't take it, I've got nothing - all my savings were gone and all my loans were on top of me. As far as the fight went, I didn't have enough experience. I wasn't even British champion and I had nine days to prepare for a shot at Judah, one of the best fighters in the world. I lost on points, but I learned so much. It taught me that I deserved to be at that level."
British, Commonwealth and European champion
Witter's response to his first defeat was to go the traditional route towards another crack at a World belt. Witter fought six more times since the Judah defeat beating the likes of Steve Conway (TKO 4) and Colin Mayisela (TKO 2) before, in March 2002, meeting Alan Bosworth for the vacant British light welterweight title claiming the belt with a stoppage in the third round. Witter's next fight saw him pick up the vacant Commonwealth title with a win over Ghanain Laatekwei Hammond. Two more fights in 2002 saw him beat Lucky Sambo in a non-title fight and Italian Giuseppe Lauri in an eliminator for the WBO light welterweight title.
Only two fights in 2003 saw the double champion add to his collection when in April 2003 he beat Belgian Jurgen Haeck for the European Union title. A first defence of his Commonwealth title took place in September at the MEN Arena in Manchester with a win in the 2nd round giving victory over Kenyan Fred Kinuthia. Witter finally challenged for the full European title in June 2004 beating Italian Salvatore Battaglia at the Ice Arena in Nottingham. The year ended for Witter with a first defence of his European crown at the Conference Center in Wembley beating Polish fighter Krzyztof Bienias.
Route to a second world title challenge
In February 2005, Witter travelled to Los Angeles for a WBC Light Welterweight eliminator against Australian-based Lovemore N'dou. The fight which also doubled as a further defence of his Commonwealth title ended with a 12-round points decision win for the man from Bradford. In July of the same year Witter returned to the Ice Arena in Nottingham to score a win over Ukrainian Andriy Kotelnik in a close fought fight which was also a defence of his European title. Witter finished the year with a win over fellow Brit Colin Lynes in a fight which saw his British, Commonwealth and European titles all on the line at the same time. The fight, this time at the York Hall in London, ended with another points victory over 12 rounds for Witter.
WBC light-welterweight champion
September 2006 finally saw Witter win a world title when he challenged American Demarcus Corley for the vacant WBC light welterweight belt at the Alexandra Palace in Wood Green. Eighteen fights and eighteen wins since losing to Zab Judah in 2000 Witter had finally achieved the pinnacle of his career so far. Two defences of the title followed in 2007 with wins over Mexican Arturo Morua (TKO 9) and Guyanese Vivian Harris (KO 7) before on 10 May 2008, losing the belt to mandatory challenger Timothy Bradley via split decision. Following his loss to Bradley, Witter declared he would continue fighting at a professional level and vowed to return to the ring to reclaim his WBC crown. Bradley commented that he would be happy to offer Witter a rematch if the money was right.
Comeback
Following the Bradley defeat Witter returned to the ring on 8 November 2008 and scored a third-round knockout of Argentinian Victor Hugo Castro. He knocked his opponent down in the second but was unable to finish it due to the bell instead finishing the fight early in the following round. Witter was then given the chance to fight for his old WBC title when in May 2009, Timothy Bradley was stripped of the belt for choosing not to fight his mandatory challenger Devon Alexander. This handed Witter an opportunity to fight Alexander for the now vacant belt. The contest took place in California on 1 August 2009 with Alexander proving too strong for the former champion with Witter, claiming an elbow injury in round four, having to retire at the end of round eight. The injury meant that Witter did not fight again til 19 February 2011, a year and a half since the loss to Alexander. The fight, this time in Ontario, Canada, resulted in another loss for Witter as he was beaten over 10 rounds by Romanian boxer Victor Puiu for the WBC International silver welterweight title. On 7 June 2011, Witter entered the welterweight version of the Prizefighter tournament at the York Hall in London and defeated Nathan Graham and Kevin McIntyre on the way to the final. In the final, Witter lost a majority points decision to Moroccan born fighter Yassine El maachi.
On 16 November 2013, Witter faced Albanian upcoming boxer Timo Schwarzkopf. He lost by majority decision.
Personal life
Witter trained at the Bradford Police Boys amateur boxing club, as an amateur boxer he represented England and captained a England school's team.
Early life
Witter studied at Carlton Bolling College, a high school located in Bradford, West Yorkshire.
Witter is Bradford's first World Boxing Champion.
Professional boxing record
References
External links
Junior Witter article at Sky Sports
1974 births
English male boxers
English people of Jamaican descent
Light-welterweight boxers
Living people
Boxers from Bradford
Sportspeople from Bradford
World Boxing Council champions
Prizefighter contestants
European Boxing Union champions
Commonwealth Boxing Council champions
Welterweight boxers
British Boxing Board of Control champions |
Antonello Palombi (born 7 July 1968) is an Italian operatic tenor.
Palombi joined the Carabinieri, Italy's paramilitary police force, when he was 20. (His father was also in the Carabinieri). While stationed in Perugia and Florence, he also sang in the cathedral choir of Todi. At the suggestion of the choirmaster there, he decided to study singing seriously. After private lessons, he made his debut in 1990, as Pinkerton in Madama Butterfly in the small German city of Fürth. He went on to sing in various European and Italian opera houses. He made his American debut in 2004 as Dick Johnson in Puccini's La fanciulla del West at the Seattle Opera. He subsequently appeared in the US as Canio in Pagliacci at Dallas Opera and Palm Beach Opera, as Radames in Aida at Michigan Opera Theatre, and as Cavaradossi in Tosca at Cincinnati Opera.
On 10 December 2006, he was thrust into the media spotlight in Franco Zeffirelli's new production of Aida at La Scala, which opened the theatre's 2006–2007 season. During the second night of the run, Palombi took over the role of Radames when Roberto Alagna walked off the stage after booing from the loggione (opera fans who sit in the less-expensive seats at the very back of the Scala). Palombi, his understudy, entered on stage wearing jeans and a black shirt to finish the act, and returned in costume after the interval to sing the remainder of the opera.
References
External links
Official Site at liricopera.com (includes audio samples)
Antonello Palombi, Tenor, Pinnacle Arts Management
"Roberto Alagna Booed at La Scala" Telegiornale 3 (RAI), December 2006, at youtube.com
1968 births
Living people
Italian operatic tenors
People from Spoleto
Carabinieri
20th-century Italian male opera singers
21st-century Italian male opera singers |
The Microcom Networking Protocols, almost always shortened to MNP, is a family of error-correcting protocols commonly used on early high-speed (2400 bit/s and higher) modems. Originally developed for use on Microcom's own family of modems, the protocol was later openly licensed and used by most of the modem industry, notably the "big three", Telebit, USRobotics and Hayes. MNP was later supplanted by V.42bis, which was used almost universally starting with the first V.32bis modems in the early 1990s.
Overview
Although Xmodem was introduced 1977, as late as 1985 The New York Times described XMODEM first, then discussed MNP as a leading contender, and that 9600 baud modems "are beginning to make their appearance."
By 1988, the Times was talking about 9600 and 19.2K, and that "At least 100 other brands of modems follow" MNP (compared to Hayes' use of LAP-B).
Error correction basics
Modems are, by their nature, error-prone devices. Noise on the telephone line, a common occurrence, can easily mimic the sounds used by the modems to transmit data, thereby introducing errors that are difficult to notice. For some tasks, like reading or writing simple text, a small number of errors can be accepted without causing too many problems. For other tasks, like transferring computer programs in machine format, even one error can render the received data useless. As modems increase in speed by using up more of the available bandwidth, the chance that random noise would introduce errors also increases; above 2400 bit/s these errors are quite common.
To deal with this problem, a number of file transfer protocols were introduced and implemented in various programs. In general, these protocols break down a file into a series of frames or packets containing a number of bytes from the original file. Some sort of additional data, normally a checksum or CRC, is added to each packet to indicate whether the packet encountered an error while being received . The packet is then sent to the remote system, which recomputes the checksum or CRC of the data and compares it to the received checksum or CRC to determine if it was received properly. If it was, the receiver sends back an ACK (acknowledgement) message, prompting the sender to send the next packet. If there was any problem, it instead sends a NAK (not-acknowledged) message, and the sender resends the damaged packet.
This process introduces "overhead" into the transfer. For one, the additional checksum or CRC uses up time in the channel that could otherwise be used to send additional data. This is a minor concern, however, unless the packets are very small (which they are in UUCP for instance). A more serious concern is the time needed for the receiver to examine the packet, compare it to the CRC, and then send the ACK back to the sender. This delay grows in relative terms as the speed of the modem increases; the latency of the phone line is a constant, but the amount of data that could be sent in that fixed amount of time grows as the speed increases. To address this problem, newer protocols use a system known as "sliding windows", allowing the sender to begin transmitting the next packet without receiving an ACK message; only if the ACK does not arrive for some time will it resend the packet.
MNP handshaking
MNP connections were set up after the modems had successfully connected. The originating system (the modem that placed the call, or sometimes the computer it was connected to) would send a short series of 8-bit characters known as the "Originator Detection Pattern" (ODP). The string consisted of DC1 with even parity (10001000) at the start, one or two $FF (11111111), DC1 with odd parity (10001001) and the same number of $FF again.
Once the ODP had been sent, the sender begins the "Detection Phase Timer", or T400. The answering system had to properly respond to the ODP within this time, or the originating system would assume that MNP was not supported.
If the answering modem did support MNP, or the later V.42 standards that superseded it, it responded with one of the "Answerer Detection Patterns" (ADP). If the modem supported compression, it responded with the 8-bit version of the string E$FF[$FF]C$FF[$FF], indicating "EC", or "Error correction and Compression". If error correction was supported, but compression was not, the ADP was E$FF[$FF]NUL$FF[$FF], indicating "E", or "Error correction". The standard allowed any value of the last four bits in the second character to indicate difference standards, but this was never implemented. The ADP had to be sent at least ten times.
If the ADP is successfully received within the T400 time, the system has successfully determined that the two systems support some sort of error correction and/or compression. At that point, the systems enter the "Protocol Establishment Phase" where the details of these standards are determined and selected. This starts with the originating system sending the L-ESTABLISH string, indicating the mode is switching to the error correcting mode, and the answering system responds with the same L-ESTABLISH. The answering system can reject the attempt by sending L- RELEASE. This phase is timed by T401.
The final step in the handshaking process is to send an MNP packet containing the "SABME" command, short for "set asynchronous balanced mode extended". This is sent by the originator, containing a number of data fields indicating the exact protocols it can support. The answering system responds with a modified version of the same packet, switching bits in the data to indicate it is successful. From that point on, the two systems exchange data using the error correcting packet protocol. If this last step does not complete during timer T401, the originator sends L-RELEASE and returns to a non-MNP link.
MNP "classes"
Microcom's idea was to move the file-transfer protocol out of the host computer and place it in the modem instead. In doing so, all data being transferred would be error corrected, not just file transfers. This also meant that devices with no processor, like dumb terminals, could enjoy an error-free link.
The original protocol was extremely simple and rather inefficient, leading to a variety of improved protocols referred to as "classes". Each class generally improved performance over earlier versions, which were retained only for backward-compatibility reasons.
MNP 1 and 2
The first MNP standard, retroactively known as MNP Class 1, or simply MNP 1, was a simple half-duplex protocol similar to XModem in nature. Lacking sliding window support, throughput efficiency was fairly low, at about 70%. That meant that on a 2400 bit/s modem, like the ones Microcom sold, throughput would be limited to about 1690 bit/s when MNP 1 was in use. This system was created primarily to be as easy as possible to implement in limited hardware, which explains its simplicity.
With low-cost processing power improving, Microcom introduced MNP 2, a full-duplex version of MNP 1 that allowed the ACK messages to be returned while the next outbound packet was already starting. This eliminated the pause while the modem waited for the ACK to be returned, adding the requirement that the system needed some memory to track whether or not an ACK was received within a given amount of time. Since the inter-packet delay was reduced, only the overhead of the CRC remained, improving throughput to about 84%.
MNP 3
In normal use, a modem can send or receive data at any point in time, a mode of operation known as "asynchronous". The modem can determine the speed of the sender's data by listening to the bits being sent to it, and "locking" its clock to the speed of bits being received. Since the data can arrive at any time, there is no precise timing; the clock may have to be re-adjusted for pauses as the user stops typing (for instance).
Unfortunately, this sort of clock decoding does not work unless there are at least some transitions between 1 and 0 in the data; a long stream of 0s or 1s has no transitions in it, making it impossible to know where the data for any particular byte starts. In order to avoid this problem, additional framing bits are added to either end of every byte, typically one bit on either side known as the "start and stop bits". This guarantees at least one 1-to-0 transition for every byte, more than enough to keep the clocks locked. However, these bits also expand every 8 bits of data (one byte) to 10 bits, an overhead of 20%.
When using a file transfer protocol, the packets themselves offer their own framing. The packets will always send a continuous stream of data, so the clock cannot "drift" in the same way that it could for data being sent by a user typing on a keyboard. By turning off these framing bits when operating on an error-corrected link, that 20% overhead can be eliminated.
This is precisely what MNP 3 did. After negotiating and determining that both modems supported MNP 3, the framing bits were turned off, improving overall efficiency by about 20%. This almost perfectly offset the overhead of the protocol, meaning that when using MNP 3, a user can expect to get very close to the ideal 2400 bit/s throughput (versus 1900 bit/s).
MNP 4
MNP 4 was a further improvement on MNP 3, adding a variable packet size system they referred to as Adaptive Packet Assembly.
In the case of MNP the overhead of the packet system was relatively small, but even the multi-byte CRC was taking up space better used for data. Generally using a larger packet would address this, because the CRC remains the same fixed size and thus its relative overhead is reduced compared to the amount of data. However, when an error does occur, using larger packets also means that more data has to be re-sent. On noisy lines, this can slow overall throughput.
With MNP 4 the two modems constantly monitor the line for dropped packets, and if a certain threshold is crossed (selected by the user), the modem drops back to a smaller packet size. This means that when a packet is dropped, the amount of data that has to be re-sent is smaller, leading to better throughput. On good quality lines, using larger packets means that the overhead of the CRC is reduced. Packets could be between 64 and 256 bytes, and allowed the user to force it to a particular size if they wished.
MNP 4 also introduced Data Phase Optimization, a simple change to the protocol that allowed some of the packet-framing information to be dropped after the link was set up, further reducing protocol overhead. The combination of these features, along with MNP 3's lack of byte-framing, allowed for a further increase in throughput efficiency.
MNP 5
An even more radical change was made for MNP 5, introducing on-the-fly data compression in the modem. With MNP 5, the data received from the computer are first compressed with a simple algorithm, and then passed into the MNP 4 packetizing system for transmission. On best-case data the system offered about 2:1 compression, but in general terms about 1.6:1 was typical, at least on text. As a result, a 2400 bit/s modem would appear to transfer text at ~4000 bit/s.
This dramatic increase in throughput allowed Microcom modems to remain somewhat competitive with models from other companies that were otherwise nominally much faster. For instance, Microcom generally produced 1200 and 2400 bit/s modems using commodity parts, while companies like USRobotics and Telebit offered models with speeds up to 19200 bit/s.
However, this improvement in performance was only available if modems on both ends supported MNP. That made the system only really attractive for sites installing the modems at both ends of the links; for dial-up services like bulletin board systems (BBS) there was no compelling reason to use a Microcom device when the end-user was unlikely to have one. Even in the cases where the user was in control of both ends of the link, Microcom's "proprietary" modems were less interesting than models from other companies that offered much higher "real world" throughputs.
In order to create a market for Microcom modems, starting with MNP 5 they took the radical step of licensing the entire MNP suite for free. The idea was that this would dramatically increase the number of modems with MNP installed, making "real" Microcom modems more attractive. Moreover, newer standards with improved performance would offer even better performance when there was a Microcom modem at both ends of the link.
This plan backfired. The introduction of the greatly improved LAPM compression system in the V.42bis standard outpaced Microcom's own advancements, diluting the value of a "real" Microcom model almost to zero. Using V.42bis and commodity parts, a huge number of low-cost modems with even better performance that Microcom's were soon available. Although Microcom continued to introduce newer standards, they were largely ignored and Microcom stopped being a force in the market.
MNP 6
The introduction of the V.32 led to a number of standard 9600 bit/s modems, almost all of which offered MNP 5. To further differentiate themselves from what was becoming a commodity market (although not truly so until the introduction of the V.32bis SupraFAXModem 14400 in 1991), Microcom created MNP 6.
MNP 6's main feature was Statistical Duplexing, which could dedicate more or less of the bandwidth to one side or the other of the modem link. For instance, if one machine was sending a large file, the other end would only send back a small amount of information, the ACK and NAK messages. In this case the modems would give as much of the channel as possible to the sender, offering one-way bandwidth up to 19,200 bit/s. This did not actually require any changes to the modulation system: normally a 9600 bit/s modem had a full 9600 bit/s channel in both directions, for a total of 19200 bit/s; MNP 6 simply allowed more or less of that bandwidth to be given to one side or the other, instead of leaving it fixed at 9600 both ways.
This basic concept was already widely used in the industry, having formed the basis for Hayes's Express 96 protocol, USRobotics' HST Telebit's PEP, and (briefly) the CompuCom SpeedModem. All of these standards found it very difficult to survive in the V.32bis dominated market, and, like them, MNP 6 was largely ignored.
A less notable addition to MNP 6 was Universal Link Negotiation. With the introduction of additional modulation modes, notably V.32 and later additions, the modems on either end of the link had to spend an increasing amount of time negotiating a common standard. For instance, a V.32bis modem would first send tones into the line to try to get a 14.4 link; if that failed after a time, it would try 9600, 2400 and finally 1200 bit/s. Since each of these standards defined a minimum period of time to "try" for a link, the delay grew over 10 seconds.
ULN avoided this delay by always negotiating the link at 2400 bit/s with no error-correction turned on. Although this eliminated compatibility with older 1200 bit/s modems, by this point in time they were extremely rare. Once the connection was made, which occurred quickly, both modems sent a small identification string to the remote modem. Both modems then examined the string and selected the fastest common mode. The caller then re-negotiated once at that higher speed.
MNP 7
MNP 7 introduced new compression algorithms with a claimed improvement to 3:1 compression on text files. However, by the time MNP 7 was introduced, the V.42bis standard was offering 4:1 compression.
MNP 9
MNP 9 (there was apparently no 8 released) improved the Universal Link Detection to add newer high-speed modes, but was otherwise identical to MNP 7.
MNP 10
MNP 10 introduced a new error-correction protocol designed specifically to work well on the noisy phone lines widely used in eastern Europe. Unlike earlier versions like MNP 4, MNP 10 constantly monitored line quality and adjusted packet size back up if conditions improved.
In 1991 Microcom licensed MNP 10 to Rockwell International for use in their extremely popular modem chip sets. Since almost all modems with the exception of USR's models used the Rockwell chipset from about 1995, MNP 10 became fairly widely deployed (if not used). USR eventually added MNP 10 to their V.everything series modems, effectively making it universal.
MNP 10 was later expanded to MNP 10EC, the "EC" standing for "Extended Cellular". This was a series of modifications that allowed MNP 10 to deal with the transmission pauses when a cell phone moves from one cell to another, which would normally be interpreted as errors in the line. Using MNP 10EC, these pauses are correctly identified as "not errors", and the link speed remains higher. Its success led to the AT&T Paradyne-created competitor, ETC.
MNP 10EC was particularly attractive in the cellular role due to the inclusion of the ULN link-negotiation method originally introduced in MNP 6 (and improved in MNP 9). On a cellular network where all air-time is billed, the faster setup saved money. MNP 10EC had a limited life span, as the cell networks turned to a variety of all-digital systems that no longer required a modem to connect to a computer.
Documentation
Although MNP is proprietary, classes from 2 to 4 are actually described in V.42 specification in Annex A as an alternative procedure for error control function. This Annex presents in the specification of up to 1996 year revision. In the latest 2002 revision it was removed.
See also
X.PC
YModem
ZModem
BLAST (protocol)
Kermit (protocol)
References
Network protocols
Modems |
Regardt van den Bergh is a South African film and television actor, film director, screenwriter and film producer .
Recognition
Regardt received the Ischia Global Award at the 7th annual Ischia Global Film & Music Festival on the island of Ischia, Italy, on 12 July 2009.
Partial filmography
References
External links
Official website
South African male film actors
Afrikaner people
South African people of Dutch descent
South African film directors
South African film producers
South African screenwriters
South African male television actors
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) |
Europos Parkas (the "Park of Europe") is a 50-hectare open-air museum located 17 km from Vilnius, Lithuania. The museum gives an artistic significance to the geographic centre of the European continent (as determined by the French National Geographic Institute in 1989) and presents Lithuanian and international modern art.
Collection
The museum exhibits more than 90 works from 27 countries, including Armenia, Belarus, Canada, Croatia, Cyprus, Egypt, France, Finland, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Japan, Lithuania, Mexico, Moldova, the Netherlands, Peru, Poland, Russia, the United States, and Venezuela.
The collection includes large-scale works by the contemporary artists Magdalena Abakanowicz, Sol LeWitt, Ales Vesely and Dennis Oppenheim, among others.
Three of the pieces that are most frequently mentioned by the park's international visitors are:
LNK Infotree, by Gintaras Karosas, was included in the Guinness Book of World Records as the world's largest artwork. The sculpture, which includes 3,000 television sets, is a 700-meter labyrinth in the form of a tree, with a toppled statue of Lenin in its center. The monument evokes television's power to disseminate propaganda, and the eventual regrowth of the truth.
Monument of the Centre of Europe, by Karosas, is a series of granite plaques on which are chiseled the names of the capital cities of Europe and their distances from the park.
Voices Underground, by Patricia Goodrich, is a multimedia presentation that includes wildflower seeds and flowering bulbs planted on a 300-square-foot site. The audio component includes 44 artists from 15 countries speaking about their artistic journeys, creative processes, and life passages, in English and their native languages.
The sculptures are very diverse – from those leaning to the ground to those standing up to ten meters high, from covering just one square meter or others covering 3135 square meters of land. All exhibits weight about 1,000 tons – so much stone, wood, concrete and other materials were used to create the museum in the open air.
History
Europos Parkas was founded by Karosas as a 19-year-old art student. In 1987, he found a place near Vilnius that struck him as a home for his vision, and started landscaping the site.
In 1991, Karosas placed the first sculpture at the site. The contribution of a work by the American conceptual artist Dennis Oppenheim in 1996 excited international interest in the project. Gintaras Karosas continues to be involved in new contributions: the location of each piece is chosen to harmonize with the site's water features, its surrounding trees, shrubs, and flowers, and its daily patterning of lights and shadows.
Activities
Since 1993, the park has hosted annual International Sculpture Symposias; it hosts international artist-in-residence programs twice a year. Concerts and festivals are held, and a conference center is located at the park.
References
External links
Artist-in-Residence Programs
Voices Underground at Europos Parkas
2006 International competition to develop a sculpture at Europos Parkas on the theme of Light, Electricity, Energy
Modern art museums
Museums in Vilnius County
Sculpture gardens, trails and parks in Europe
Art museums established in 1991
1991 establishments in Lithuania
Art museums and galleries in Lithuania
Open-air museums in Lithuania |
On 3 January 2021, a group of Islamic State (IS) militants killed 11 Hazara coal miners after being kidnapped in Machh, Balochistan, Pakistan.
The attack
The miners were on their way to work when the gunmen ambushed and dragged them into the nearby mountains.
All 11 miners were blindfolded and had their hands tied behind their backs before having their throats slit. Video of the miners' murders shows the dead men strewn out on the floor of a village hut. The victims were members of the minority Shia community.
Protests
Not long after the attack, Hazaras blocked roads and burned tires in Quetta, the capital of Balochistan province. They gathered to protest the terror attacks on them and to demonstrate their minority rights. They demanded that the Prime Minister visit them and personally assure them that justice would be served in the case of the lynched miners.
A demonstration organized by the Majlis Wahdat-e-Muslimeen in Karachi continued for three days at over twenty locations in the city. Balochistan's Shia Hazara community continued a sit-in protest with the dead bodies for six straight days on Quetta’s Western Bypass, refusing to bury the murdered miners.
Government action and burial
The government ordered the law enforcement agency to investigate the incident and bring the perpetrators to justice, with Prime Minister Imran Khan denouncing the murders as "an inhumane act of terrorism".
The Interior Minister Sheikh Rasheed Ahmad also visited the families of the victims and assured them that the culprits involved in the attack will be brought to justice at all costs. He expressed condolences to the families of victims and announced compensation for them. The attack was also condemned by Afghanistan. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Afghanistan stated that seven Afghan Hazaras were among the 11 miners who were killed.
On January 9, 2021, the miners were buried at Hazara Town cemetery in Quetta. The same day, Imran Khan reached Quetta where he met the families of the murdered miners.
Claim of responsibility
In due course, the Islamic State (IS) claimed responsibility for the attack through the Telegram communication channel of the Amaq news agency.
See also
List of terrorist incidents in 2021
List of terrorist incidents linked to ISIL
References
2021 in Balochistan, Pakistan
2021 murders in Pakistan
2020s crimes in Balochistan, Pakistan
21st-century mass murder in Pakistan
Afghanistan–Pakistan relations
Islamic terrorist incidents in 2021
Insurgency in Balochistan
ISIL terrorist incidents in Pakistan
January 2021 crimes in Asia
Kachhi District
Kidnappings in Pakistan
Mass kidnappings of the 2020s
Mass murder in Balochistan, Pakistan
Massacres in 2021
Massacres of Hazara people
Terrorist incidents in Balochistan, Pakistan
Terrorist incidents in Pakistan in 2021
January 2021 events in Pakistan |
The 1360s BC is a decade which lasted from 1369 BC to 1360 BC.
Events and trends
First credible mention of "Urusalim" (Jerusalem) in the Amarna letters.
Rule of Canaanite warlord Labaya.
Significant people
1368 BC—Death of Erichthonius, mythical King of Dardania.
1366 BC—Birth of Princess Tadukhipa to Tusratta, King of Mitanni and his Queen Juni. She will be later married to Amenhotep III and after his death to his son and heir Amenhotep IV Akhenaton. She is variously identified with Akhenaton's Queens Nefertiti and Kiya.
1365 BC—Ashur-uballit I rises to the throne on Assyria.
1365 BC—Birth of Tushratta to Shuttarna, king of Mitanni.
c. 1365 BC—The Citadel of Tiryns, Greece, is built.
1362 BC—Birth of the later Pharaoh Amenhotep IV Akhenaton to Amenhotep III and his Queen Tiy.
1360 BC—End of the reign of Kadashman-Enlil I of the Kassite Dynasty of Babylonia.
References |
Luna Island (, ) is the partly ice-covered rocky island in the southwest part of Biscoe Islands, Antarctica, 637 m long in southwest-northeast direction and 165 m wide, and comprising two parts divided by a passage narrowing to 5 m. Its surface area is 6.55 ha.
The feature is named after Ines Luna Aguilar from the Chilean city of Punta Arenas for her logistic support for the Bulgarian Antarctic programme.
Location
Luna Island is centred at , which is 92 m west of Watkins Island and 223 m east of Belding Island. British mapping in 1976.
Maps
British Antarctic Territory. Scale 1:200000 topographic map. DOS 610 Series, Sheet W 66 66. Directorate of Overseas Surveys, UK, 1976
Antarctic Digital Database (ADD). Scale 1:250000 topographic map of Antarctica. Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR). Since 1993, regularly upgraded and updated
See also
List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands
Notes
References
Bulgarian Antarctic Gazetteer. Antarctic Place-names Commission. (details in Bulgarian, basic data in English)
External links
Luna Island. Adjusted Copernix satellite image
Islands of the Biscoe Islands
Bulgaria and the Antarctic |
The 39th Flying Training Squadron is part of the 340th Flying Training Group and is the reserve associate to the 12th Flying Training Wing based at Randolph Air Force Base, Texas.
The squadron was first activated as the 39th Pursuit Squadron in the buildup of the United States Army Air Corps in response to the War in Europe. It moved to the Pacific Coast in response to the attack on Pearl Harbor and briefly flew antisubmarine patrols before deploying to the Southwest Pacific Theater, earning two Distinguished Unit Citations (DUC)s and a Philippine Presidential Unit Citation for its actions during the war.
The squadron remained in the Far East and as the 39th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron was part of the air defenses of Japan when North Korea invaded South Korea. The 39th earned two more DUCs and a Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation during combat in Korea. Following the 1953 truce, the squadron returned to Japan, serving as an air defense unit until inactivating in December 1957.
The squadron was activated as the 39th Tactical Reconnaissance Training Squadron in 1969 when Tactical Air Command replaced its Command controlled (4 digit) units with Air Force controlled units. It trained Douglas B-66 Destroyer aircrews until inactivating in 1974.
The squadron has been a flying training unit since 1990, except for a brief stint as a test squadron.
Mission
It operates the Beechcraft T-6 Texan II, Raytheon T-1A Jayhawk and Northrop T-38 Talon aircraft conducting Pilot Instructor Training.
History
World War II
Activated by Northeast Air District (later First Air Force) as the 39th Pursuit Squadron, a Curtiss P-40 Warhawk pursuit squadron, at Selfridge Field, Michigan, where it was one of a number of units drawing its cadre from the 1st Pursuit Group, stationed there. The squadron moved to Baer Field, Indiana the day before the attack on Pearl Harbor, but was soon rushed to Bellingham Army Air Field, where it flew antisubmarine patrols off the coast of Washington until the middle of January 1942, when it was reassigned from the 31st Pursuit Group to the 35th Pursuit Group, which was preparing for deployment to Australia.
Re-equipped with long-range Lockheed P-38 Lightnings and deployed to Fifth Air Force in Australia, June 1942. Engaged in combat operations against the Japanese in the Lightning, but became the second Pacific Theater fighter group to convert to the Republic P-47 Thunderbolt in late 1943. Conducted combat operations in the Thunderbolt from late 1943 through Spring 1945. Participated in offensives in the Netherlands East Indies, New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago, Philippines and the Battle of Okinawa.
Far East Air Forces
Re-equipped with North American P-51 Mustangs and moved to Japan as part of the army of occupation, September 1945, remaining as part of the Far East Air Forces air defense mission throughout the postwar era. Engaged in combat, June 1950, during the initial actions of the Korean War. Re-equipped with Lockheed F-80 Shooting Star jets, fighting air-to-air combat against communist aircraft and engaging in ground support missions supporting United Nations Forces, 1950–1953. Returned to Japan after the 1953 armistice and upgraded to the purpose-built Lockheed F-94 Starfire interceptor flying air defense missions.
The squadron moved to Johnson Air Base on 20 July 1954 and established temporary air defense detachments on the same day at Komaki Air Base, Japan to 4 August 1954 and at Misawa Air Base, Japan to 27 August 1954. The squadron was inactivated in December 1957.
Tactical Air Command
Reactivated by Tactical Air Command in 1969 at Shaw Air Force Base, South Carolina, assuming the personnel and equipment of the 4417th Combat Crew Training Squadron. Equipped with reconnaissance and electronic warfare versions of the Douglas B-66 Destroyer and trained tactical reconnaissance and electronic warfare crews from, 1969–1974 when the B-66 was retired. Moved to George Air Force Base, California and equipped with McDonnell F-4E Phantom IIs. Trained Wild Weasel aircrews in surface to air missile suppression tactics from, 1977–1984. Inactivated when the F-4 was retired.
Reactivated by Air Training Command as an undergraduate pilot training squadron with Northrop T-38 Talons, 1990–1991. Transferred to Air Force Materiel Command, 1993 as a flight test squadron on various weapons systems from 1993 to 1999, then went back to Air Education and Training Command providing flying training from 2001 onwards.
Lineage
Constituted as the 39th Pursuit Squadron (Interceptor) on 22 December 1939
Activated on 1 February 1940
Redesignated 39th Fighter Squadron on 15 May 1942
Redesignated 39th Fighter Squadron (Twin Engine) on 27 October 1942
Redesignated 39th Fighter Squadron, Single Engine on 19 February 1944
Redesignated 39th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron on 20 January 1950
Inactivated on 8 December 1957
Redesignated 39th Tactical Reconnaissance Training Squadron on 18 August 1969
Organized on 15 October 1969
Redesignated 39th Tactical Electronic Warfare Training Squadron on 15 February 1970
Inactivated on 15 March 1974
Redesignated 39th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron on 1 June 1977
Activated on 1 July 1977
Redesignated 39th Tactical Fighter Squadron on 9 October 1980
Inactivated on 11 May 1984
Redesignated 39th Flying Training Squadron on 9 February 1990
Activated on 2 April 1990
Inactivated on 15 December 1991
Redesignated 39th Test Squadron on 31 August 1993
Activated on 8 September 1993
Redesignated 39th Flight Test Squadron on 15 March 1994
Inactivated on 1 September 1999
Redesignated 39th Flying Training Squadron on 30 September 1999
Activated in the reserve on 2 April 2001
Assignments
31st Pursuit Group, 1 February 1940
35th Pursuit Group (later 35th Fighter Group, 35th Fighter-Interceptor Group), 15 January 1942 (attached to 18th Fighter-Bomber Wing, 7 May 1951; 51st Fighter-Interceptor Wing, 1 June 1952 – 14 July 1954)
41st Air Division, 1 October–8 December 1957
363d Tactical Reconnaissance Wing, 15 October 1969 – 15 March 1974 (attached to 36th Tactical Fighter Wing, 1 April 1969 – 31 December 1971)
35th Tactical Fighter Wing, 1 July 1977 – 11 May 1984
47th Flying Training Wing, 2 April 1990 – 15 December 1991
46th Operations Group, 8 September 1993 – 1 September 1999
340th Flying Training Group, 2 April 2001 – present
Stations
Selfridge Field, Michigan, 1 February 1940
Baer Field, Indiana, 6 December 1941
Bellingham Army Air Field, Washington, 10 December 1941 – 23 January 1942
Brisbane Airport, Australia, 25 February 1942
Ballarat Airport, Australia, 8 March 1942
Mount Gambier Airport, Australia, 16 March 1942
RAAF Base Williamtown, Australia, 3 April 1942
Donnington Airpark, Australia, 20 April 1942
Port Moresby Airfield Complex New Guinea, 2 June 1942
RAAF Base Townsville, Australia, 26 July 1942
Port Moresby Airfield Complex New Guinea, 18 October 1942
Nadzab Airfield, New Guinea, 15 December 1943
Gusap Airfield, New Guinea, 27 January 1944
Nadzab Airfield, New Guinea, 9 June 1944
Kornasoren Airfield, Noemfoor, Schouten Islands, 7 August 1944
Owi Airfield, Schouten Islands, Netherlands East Indies, 12 September 1944
Wama Drome, Morotai, Moluccas Islands, Netherlands East Indies, 23 October 1944
Mangaldan Airfield, Luzon, Philippines, 22 January 1945
Lingayen Airfield, Luzon, Philippines, c. 10 April 1945
Clark Field, Luzon, Philippines, 21 April 1945
Yontan Airfield, Okinawa, 30 June 1945
Irumagawa Air Base, Japan, 10 October 1945
Yokota Air Base, Japan, c. 1 April 1950
Ashiya Air Base, Japan, 8 July 1950
Pohang Air Base, South Korea, 7 August 1950
Tsuiki Air Base, Japan, 14 August 1950
Pohang Air Base, South Korea, 3 October 1950
Yonpo Airfield, North Korea, 19 November 1950
Pusan Air Base, South Korea, 7 December 1950
Chinhae Air Base, South Korea, 12 May 1951
Suwon Air Base, South Korea, 1 June 1952
Johnson Air Base, Japan, 20 July 1954
Yokota Air Base, Japan, 31 July 1954
Komaki Air Base, Japan, 25 August 1955 – 8 December 1957
Shaw Air Force Base, South Carolina, 15 October 1969 – 15 March 1974
George Air Force Base, California, 1 July 1977 – 11 May 1984
Laughlin Air Force Base, Texas, 2 April 1990 – 15 December 1991
Eglin Air Force Base, Florida, 8 September 1993 – 1 September 1999
Moody Air Force Base, Georgia, 2 April 2001
Randolph Air Force Base, (later, Joint Base San Antonio-Randolph), Texas, 13 September 2007 – present)
Aircraft
Seversky P-35 Guardsman (1940–1941)
Curtiss P-36 Hawk (1940–1941)
Bell P-39 Airacobra (1941–1942)
Lockheed P-38 Lightning (1942–1943)
Republic P-47 Thunderbolt (1943–1944)
North American P-51 Mustang (later F-51) (1944–1945, 1945–1952)
Lockheed F-80 Shooting Star (1950)
North American F-86D Sabre (1952–1957)
Lockheed F-94 Starfire (1954)
Douglas RB-66 Destroyer (1969–1970)
Douglas WB-66 Destroyer (1969–1970)
Douglas EB-66 Destroyer (1970–1974)
McDonnell F-4 Phantom II (1977–1980, 1982–1984)
Republic F-105 Thunderchief (1977)
Cessna T-37 Tweet (1990–1991)
Northrop T-38 Talon (1990–1991, 2001–present)
General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon (1993–1999)
Boeing B-52 Stratofortress (1995–1999)
Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II (1999)
Beechcraft T-6 Texan II (2001–present)
Raytheon T-1A Jayhawk (2007–present)
Notable members
Charles Peter O'Sullivan, Squadron commander in World War II
See also
References
Notes
Explanatory notes
Footnotes
Bibliography
External links
39th Fighter Squadron
0039
Military units and formations in Texas |
Henry Smith Lane (February 24, 1811 – June 19, 1881) was a United States representative, Senator, and the 13th Governor of Indiana; he was by design the shortest-serving Governor of Indiana, having made plans to resign the office should his party take control of the Indiana General Assembly and elect him to the United States Senate. He held that office for only two days, and was known for his opposition to slavery. A Whig until the party collapsed, he supported compromise with the south. He became an early leader in the Republican Party starting in 1856 serving as the president of the first party convention, delivering its keynote address, and was influential in the nomination of Abraham Lincoln. With the repeal of the Missouri Compromise, he became a full-fledged abolitionist, and in the Senate he was a pro-Union advocate and a strong supporter of the war effort to end the rebellion.
Early life
Family and background
Henry Smith Lane was born in Bath County, Kentucky near Sharpsburg on February 24, 1811, the son of James H. and Mary Higgins Lane. He received a classical education from private tutors and studied law; he was admitted to the bar in Mount Sterling, Kentucky in 1832. He moved to Crawfordsville, Indiana, in 1835 working at the Bank of Indiana and opening a law office, taking mainly criminal cases.
Lane was an opponent of slavery early in life, and came to support Henry Clay while he lived in Kentucky. At age 20, he delivered an anti-slavery speech to the Colonization Society in October 1831. In the speech he declared, "The History of all times admonishes us that no man or community of men can be kept forever in slavery." While Lane opposed to expansion of slavery he was not in favor of abolition, but like Henry Clay he believed that over time slavery would die out if it was prevented from spreading. In 1833 he married Pamela Bledsoe Jameson. The couple had no children, and his wife was killed in a stage coach accident 1842; Lane escaped the accident with only minor injuries.
Active in Whig politics, he was a member of the Indiana Senate in 1837 as a representative of Montgomery County and a member of the Indiana House of Representatives in 1838–39. Lane was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1840 to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Tilghman A. Howard, he won reelection defeating John Bryce by overwhelming majority the next year, and served until 1843. He did not seek reelection to a second full term. While in office, he was in favor of compromising with the south over the slavery issue and openly condemned the abolitionists agitators as promoting disunity.
Mexican–American War
During the 1844 elections, Lane stumped most of Indiana for presidential candidate Henry Clay. He married Joanna Maria Elston, a daughter of Isaac Compton Elston, a major investor in the Bank of Indiana in 1845. Lane returned to his law practice after the election and remained there until the outbreak of the Mexican–American War. In May 1846, Lane attended the war meeting held in Indianapolis, and became and active member, writing part of the resolutions the meeting issued, pledging troops for the invasion of Mexico.
After the meeting, Lane set out to personally raise a company of men to join the war effort, and he served during the war at its head, and rose to the rank of lieutenant colonel of the First Regiment Indiana Infantry. His regiment spent most of the war in Mexico, guarding supply lines and military posts, and saw little action. When his companies' enlistment expired, Lane returned to Indiana by ship, landing in Madison, Indiana. He there confronted many members of the Whig party who were opposed to the war and publicly decried their lack of support for the cause. Lane then set out to organize a new company and set out again for Mexico as part of the Fifth Indiana Regiment Infantry, and remained in Mexico for the duration of the war.
Shifting parties
After returning from the war, Lane was a candidate for Congress in 1849, challenging Joseph E. McDonald. The election was a close contest, but Lane was ultimately defeated and returned to private life. He abandoned the profession of law and engaged in the banking business at Crawfordsville in 1854. The same year the Know Nothing Party was established and Lane joined, along with many other disaffected Whigs. In the legislature he was a strong supporter of sending a Know-Nothing candidate to the United States Senate. The debate began the start of a period of divisive state politics that would continue until the American Civil War. The Democrats refused to allow the new party any national representation, and Ashbel Willard, who was President of the State Senate, was able to lock up voting and prevent any Senator from being elected. The situation exploded and the Know-Nothings responded by locking up the entire General Assembly.
The results were disastrous and the Know-Nothing party quickly fell apart, but the battle brought Lane national fame in standing up to the Democrats. In 1856 Lane attended the first Republican National Convention. He was elected president of the convention and gained national recognition for his oratory. After the convention he returned to Indiana and stumped the state for the new party. That year Republicans gained a strong representation in the General Assembly and, with the support of some Democrats, were able to elect Lane and William McCarty to the United States Senate. The two men went to Washington to challenge the state's sitting senators, but the Senate refused to accept the new senators.
In 1857, the Missouri Compromise was repealed. The act had a profound effect on Lane's position on slavery. While before he had supported compromise on the issue, the law's repeal led him to become a full-fledged abolitionist and favor anti-slavery action on the national level.
Republican
Gubernatorial campaign
Lane returned to Indiana where he continued to spread the ideas of the new party. In 1860, the state Republican convention chose Lane to run for governor, and Oliver Morton as lieutenant governor. They challenged Thomas Hendricks on the Democratic ticket. Prior to the election it was negotiated that Lane would be elected to the Senate and Morton would continue as governor. The men canvased the entire state.
After a major speech in Evansville, Lane attended the second Republican National Convention, and was influential in helping Abraham Lincoln win the presidential nomination. Lane and Lincoln had a friendly relationship and Lincoln once said of Lane, "Here comes an uglier man than I am".
Returning to Indiana after the convention, he held a final debate with Hendricks in Fort Wayne. Lane was not as skilled a debater as Hendricks, but was considered a superior orator. Lane refused to have any more debates with his opponent, and instead traveled across the state again giving speeches. The election was close and Lane defeated Hendricks by about 1,000 votes and was elected governor; he was inaugurated January 14, 1861. However, he served just two days, and resigned to accept a seat in the U.S. Senate to honor the agreement with running mate Morton, who then became governor.
Senator
Lane was again elected by the Republican-controlled Indiana Legislature, but again the Democratic-dominated U.S. Senate refused to seat him. As southern states began to secede from the Union, however, the Southern majority quickly gave way and Lane was permitted to be seated. He served from March 4, 1861, to March 3, 1867, and was a supporter of President Lincoln's policies during the Civil War. While in the Senate he was chairman of the Committee on Engrossed Bills (Thirty-seventh through Thirty-ninth Congresses) and a member of the Committee on Pensions (Thirty-ninth Congress).
Return to private life
After his Senate term ended, Lane returned to Crawfordsville, never again to hold elected office. He served as special Indian commissioner from 1869 to 1871, and was commissioner for improvement of the Mississippi River, appointed by President Ulysses S. Grant.
On June 18, 1881, Lane entertained some friends at his home in Crawfordsville for the evenings. After the party he began to have severe chest pains, and he died the next afternoon, June 19 around 1 pm, of an apparent heart-attack. His death was reported nationally, and biers were held nationwide. Lane was buried on June 21, his pallbearers being former governors of the state, and fellow senators. He was buried in a vault in Oak Hill Cemetery, and that state erected a monument over his grave.
See also
List of governors of Indiana
References
Notes
Bibliography
Dumas Malone (ed.), Dictionary of American Biography, vol. 5, part 2, New York:Charles Scribner's Sons (1961), pp. 574–575.
External links
Retrieved on 2009-04-23
Biography and Jacob Cox portrait from the Indiana Historical Bureau
1811 births
1881 deaths
Republican Party members of the Indiana House of Representatives
Republican Party Indiana state senators
Republican Party governors of Indiana
Indiana lawyers
American bankers
United States Army officers
People from Bath County, Kentucky
American military personnel of the Mexican–American War
People of Indiana in the American Civil War
Union (American Civil War) political leaders
People from Indiana in the Mexican–American War
Methodists from Indiana
Indiana Know Nothings
Republican Party United States senators from Indiana
Whig Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Indiana
19th-century American politicians
Burials in Indiana |
Rear Admiral Charles Carroll Carpenter (February 27, 1834 – April 1, 1899) was an officer in the United States Navy. He participated in the African Slave Trade Patrol, fought in the American Civil War, served as commander of the Asiatic Squadron, and was recalled to duty briefly during the Spanish–American War.
Naval career
Carpenter was born in Leyden, Massachusetts, on February 27, 1834, the son of David N. Carpenter and the former Maria P. Newcomb. Appointed a midshipman from Massachusetts on October 1, 1850, he was attached to the sloop-of-war in the Pacific Squadron from 1851 to 1855. He attended the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland, from 1855 to 1856 and, upon completing his studies, was promoted to passed midshipman on June 20, 1856.
Carpenter was in the Home Squadron and in special service between 1856 and 1858, serving consecutively aboard the steam frigates , , and and the brig ; he was aboard Dolphin on August 21, 1858, when she captured a slave ship, the brig Echo, with 300 African slaves on board. He was promoted to lieutenant on January 23, 1858.
Carpenter's next duty was aboard a receiving ship at Boston, Massachusetts, in 1858 and 1859, and he was promoted to master on January 22, 1858, and to lieutenant the next day. He reported for duty aboard the screw steamer in 1859. Mohawk cruised off the coast of Cuba in 1859 and 1860 and captured the slave ship Wildfire on April 20, 1860, freeing 530 African slaves. She later guarded Naval Station Key West, in Key West, Florida, from armed groups seeking to seize it from the United States Government in the months prior to the outbreak of the American Civil War.
Civil War
Carpenter was still aboard Mohawk when the Civil War broke out in April 1861. He served aboard her that year in the Gulf of Mexico in the Union blockade of the Confederate States of America, both off Texas and in the East Gulf Blockading Squadron. In 1862 he was aboard the screw steamer in the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron, participating in the capture of two blockade runners, the steamers Anglia and Emily, and being promoted to lieutenant commander on July 16, 1862. In 1863 he transferred to the monitor , also in the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron, and participated in attacks on the Confederate defenses of Charleston, South Carolina, on April 7, July 10, and August 17, 1863. Later in 1863 he was assigned to the staff of the U.S. Naval Academy, where he remained through the end of the war in 1865.
Post–Civil War
After service aboard the flagship of the Asiatic Squadron, the screw sloop-of-war , from 1866 to 1867, Carpenter became commanding officer of the screw sloop-of-war in the same squadron in 1868. He then performed duty at the Portsmouth Navy Yard in Kittery, Maine, from 1868 to 1870 and was promoted to commander on February 10, 1869. After another short assignment at the Portsmouth Navy Yard in 1871, he returned to sea as commanding officer of the screw steamer in the North Atlantic Squadron from 1871 to 1872. He was back at the Portsmouth Navy Yard from 1872 to 1875 on equipment duty.
Carpenter was commanding officer of the gunboat in the North Atlantic Squadron from 1875 to 1876, before another tour at the Portsmouth Navy Yard in 1878. Promoted to captain on March 25, 1880, Carpenter was on equipment duty at the Boston Navy Yard in Boston, Massachusetts, from 1880 to 1882, then returned to USS Hartford as her commanding officer from 1882 to 1884; during his tour, Hartford carried a team of American and British scientists from Callao, Peru, to the Caroline Islands in the Pacific Ocean to observe the total solar eclipse of May 6, 1883. He commanded the receiving ship at the Boston Navy Yard from 1888 to June 1890
.
Carpenter was commandant of the Portsmouth Navy Yard from June 1890 to January 15, 1894, and was promoted to commodore on May 15, 1893. He became commander of the Asiatic Squadron on September 1, 1894, and was promoted to rear admiral on November 11, 1894; the First Sino-Japanese War was a major concern of his tour as squadron commander.
Retirement
Carpenter relinquished command of the Asiatic Squadron on December 21, 1895, and retired from the Navy upon reaching the mandatory retirement age of 62 on February 28, 1896. He resided in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, during his retirement.
Recall to active duty
Carpenter was recalled to active duty during the Spanish–American War of 1898, returning to the Portsmouth Navy Yard to serve as its commandant from April to August 1898. He then returned to retirement.
Death
Carpenter had begun to suffer from severe nervous disorders during the final years of his naval career and sought medical treatment soon after his retirement. His condition improved, but around mid-February 1899 his health went into decline again, and he spent six weeks in the Adams Nervine Asylum in the Jamaica Plain neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts, for treatment. Although his condition again showed signs of improvement, he committed suicide at the asylum by shooting himself in the head on the morning of April 1, 1899. He was survived by his wife, three sons, and two daughters.
Carpenter is buried at Proprietors Burying Ground in Portsmouth, New Hampshire.
See also
List of people from Massachusetts
List of people with surname Carpenter
Notes
References
Naval History and Heritage Command: Officers of the Continental and U.S. Navy and Marine Corps, 1775-1900.
Hamersly, Lewis Randolph. The Records of Living Officers of the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps, Fifth Edition, Philadelphia: L. R. Hamersly & Company, 1894.
History of Jamaica Plain (Suffolk County), Massachusetts: Charles C. Carpenter Biographical Sketch
Find-A-Grave Memorial: Lieut Charles Carroll Carpenter (1834–1899)
Anonymous. "Naval Officer's Suicide: Rear Admiral Carpenter Takes His Own Life at Boston," The New York Times, April 3, 1899.
External links
mainmemory.net Photograph of Charles C. Carpenter as Commandant of Portsmouth Navy Yard, Kittery, Maine, in 1898.
1834 births
1899 deaths
People from Leyden, Massachusetts
People from Portsmouth, New Hampshire
United States Navy rear admirals (upper half)
United States Naval Academy alumni
United States Naval Academy faculty
Union Navy officers
People of Massachusetts in the American Civil War
United States Navy personnel of the Spanish–American War
American military personnel who committed suicide
Suicides by firearm in Massachusetts
Burials in New Hampshire
1890s suicides |
Frederick William Nicholls Crouch (30 July 1808 – 18 August 1896) was an English composer and cellist.
Biography
Crouch was born in Marylebone in the city of Westminster, in London. He emigrated to the United States in 1849 and settled in Richmond, Virginia. During the Civil War, Crouch took up arms for the Richmond Grays and the 1st Richmond Howitzers, Confederacy.
Crouch was noted as a fine cellist, having played in the King's Theatre as well as St Paul's Cathedral in London, before relocating to the United States, but the majority of his compositions were not successful. His most famous song is "Kathleen Mavourneen". During his years in the United States, Crouch composed two operas and unsuccessfully tried various musical undertakings (i.e., conducting, singing and teaching). Well traveled after the Civil War, Crouch eventually settled in Baltimore, Maryland.
He was married four times, and was the father of 27 children, including the famous French courtesan Cora Pearl.
He died on 18 August 1896 in Portland, Maine, and was buried on Confederate Hill in Baltimore's Loudon Park Cemetery.
References
External links
[ Frederick Nicholls Crouch on allmusic]
English Romantic composers
English classical composers
English classical cellists
1808 births
1896 deaths
19th-century classical composers
English male classical composers
19th-century English musicians
19th-century British composers
19th-century British male musicians
Burials at Loudon Park Cemetery
20th-century cellists |
A gunboat is a naval watercraft designed for the express purpose of carrying one or more guns to bombard coastal targets, as opposed to those military craft designed for naval warfare, or for ferrying troops or supplies.
History
Pre-steam era
In the age of sail, a gunboat was usually a small undecked vessel carrying a single smoothbore cannon in the bow, or just two or three such cannons. A gunboat could carry one or two masts or be oar-powered only, but the single-masted version of about length was most typical. Some types of gunboats carried two cannons, or else mounted a number of swivel guns on the railings.
The small gunboat had advantages: if it only carried a single cannon, the boat could manoeuvre in shallow or restricted areas – such as rivers or lakes – where larger ships could sail only with difficulty. The gun that such boats carried could be quite heavy; a 32-pounder for instance. As such boats were cheap and quick to build, naval forces favoured swarm tactics: while a single hit from a frigate's broadside would destroy a gunboat, a frigate facing a large squadron of gunboats could suffer serious damage before it could manage to sink them all. For example: in the Battle of Alvøen (1808) during the Gunboat War of 1807–1814, five Dano-Norwegian gunboats defeated the lone frigate . Gunboats used in the Battle of Valcour Island (1776) on Lake Champlain during the American Revolutionary War were mostly built on the spot, attesting to the speed of their construction.
All navies of the sailing era kept a number of gunboats on hand. Gunboats saw extensive use in the Baltic Sea during the late 18th century as they were well-suited for the extensive coastal skerries and archipelagoes of Sweden, Finland and Russia. The rivalry between Sweden and Russia, in particular, led to an intense expansion of gunboat fleets and the development of new gunboat types. The two countries clashed during the Russo-Swedish war of 1788–90, a conflict that culminated in the massive Battle of Svensksund in 1790, in which over 30,000 men and hundreds of gunboats, galleys and other oared craft took part. The majority of these were vessels developed from the 1770s and onwards by the naval architect Fredrik Henrik af Chapman for the Swedish archipelago fleet. The designs, copied and refined by the rival Danish and Russian navies, spread to the Mediterranean and to the Black Sea.
Two variants occurred most commonly:
a larger "gun sloop" (from the Swedish kanonslup) with two 24-pounders, one in the stern and one in the bow
a smaller "gun yawl" (kanonjolle) with a single 24-pounder
Many of the Baltic navies kept gunboats in service well into the second half of the 19th century. British ships engaged larger Russian gunboats off Turku in southeast Finland in 1854 during the Crimean War. The Russian vessels had the distinction of being the last oared vessels of war in history to fire their guns in anger.
Gunboats played a key role in Napoleon Bonaparte's plan for the invasion of England in 1804. Denmark-Norway used them heavily in the Gunboat War. Between 1803 and 1812 the United States Navy had a policy of basing its navy on coastal gunboats, experimenting with a variety of designs. President Thomas Jefferson (in office: 1801–1809) and his Democratic-Republican Party opposed a strong navy, regarding gunboats as adequate to defend the United States' major harbors. They proved useless against the British blockade during the War of 1812.
Steam era
With the introduction of steam power in the early 19th century, the Royal Navy and other navies built considerable numbers of small vessels propelled by side paddles and later by screws. Initially, these vessels retained full sailing rigs and used steam engines for auxiliary propulsion.
The British Royal Navy deployed two wooden paddle-gunboats in the Lower Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River during the Rebellions of 1837 in Upper and Lower Canada. The United States Navy deployed an iron-hulled paddle gunboat, , to the Great Lakes in 1844.
became the first propeller-driven gunboat in the world. Conradi shipyards in Kiel built the steam-powered gunboat in 1849 for the small navy of Schleswig-Holstein. Initially called "Gunboat No. 1", Von der Tann was the most modern ship in the navy. She participated successfully in the First Schleswig War of 1848–1851.
Britain built a large number of wooden screw-gunboats during the 1850s, some of which participated in the Crimean War (1853–1856), Second Opium War (1856–1860) and Indian Mutiny (1857–1859). The requirement for gunboats in the Crimean War was formulated in 1854 to allow the Royal Navy to bombard shore facilities in the Baltic. The first ships the Royal Navy built that met this requirement were the s. Then in mid-1854 the Royal Navy ordered six s followed later in the year by an order for 20 s. In May 1855 the Royal Navy deployed six Dapper-class gunboats in the Sea of Azov, where they repeatedly raided and destroyed stores around its coast. In June 1855 the Royal Navy reentered the Baltic with a total of 18 gunboats as part of a larger fleet. The gunboats attacked various coastal facilities, operating alongside larger British warships from which they drew supplies such as coal.
Gunboats experienced a revival during the American Civil War (1861–1865). Union and Confederate forces quickly converted existing passenger-carrying boats into armed sidewheel steamers. Later, some purpose-built boats, such as , joined the fray. They frequently mounted 12 or more guns, sometimes of rather large caliber, and usually carried some armor. At the same time, Britain's gunboats from the Crimean War period were starting to wear out, so a new series of classes was ordered. Construction shifted from a purely wooden hull to an iron–teak composite.
In the later 19th century and early 20th century, "gunboat" was the common name for smaller armed vessels. These could be classified, from the smallest to the largest, into river gunboats, river monitors, coastal-defense gunboats (such as ), and full-fledged monitors for coastal bombardments. In the 1870s and 1880s, Britain took to building so-called "flat-iron" (or Rendel) gunboats for coastal defence. When there would be few opportunities to re-coal, vessels carrying a full sailing rig continued in use as gunboats; , a sloop preserved at Chatham Historic Dockyard in the United Kingdom, exemplifies this type of gunboat.
In the United States Navy, these boats had the hull classification symbol "PG", which led to their being referred to as "patrol gunboats". They usually displaced under , were about long, draught and sometimes much less, and mounted several guns of calibers up to . An important characteristic of these was the ability to operate in rivers, enabling them to reach inland targets in a way not otherwise possible before the development of aircraft. In this period the naval powers used gunboats for police actions in colonies or in weaker countries, for example in China (see e.g. Yangtze Patrol). This category of gunboat inspired the term "gunboat diplomacy". With the addition of torpedoes, they became "torpedo gunboats", designated by the hull classification symbol "PTG" (Patrol Torpedo Gunboat).
In Britain, Admiral Fisher's reforms in the 1900s saw the disposal of much of the gunboat fleet. A handful remained in service in various roles at the start of World War I in 1914. The last in active service were two of the second which survived until 1926, carrying out river patrols in west Africa.
In the circumstances of World War I (1914–1918), however, the Royal Navy re-equipped with small , shallow-draught gunboats (12 ships of the ) with sufficient speed to operate in fast-flowing rivers and with relatively heavy armament. During the war and in the post-war period, these were deployed in Romania on the Danube, in Mesopotamia on the Euphrates and Tigris, in northern Russia on the Northern Dvina and in China on the Yangtze. In China, during anarchic and war conditions, they continued to protect British interests until World War II; other western Powers acted similarly.
More and larger gunboats were built in the late 1930s for the Far East. Some sailed there; others were transported in sections and reassembled at Shanghai.
World War II
United Kingdom
Most British gunboats were based initially in East Asia. When war with Japan broke out, many of these vessels withdrew to the Indian Ocean. Others were given to the Republic of China Navy (such as , which was renamed Ying Hao) and some were captured by the Japanese.
Some were later redeployed to the Mediterranean theatre and supported land operations during the North African campaign, as well in parts of Southern Europe.
United States
In late 1941 the US Navy's Yangtze Patrol boats based in China were withdrawn to the Philippines or scuttled. Following the US defeat in the Philippines most of the remaining craft were scuttled. However, survived until being sunk in action during the Battle of Java in 1942.
Soviet Union
During the 1930s, the Soviet Navy began developing small armoured riverboats or "riverine tanks": vessels displacing 26 to 48 tons, on which the turrets of tanks were mounted.
Three classes, numbering 210 vessels, saw service between 1934 and 1945:
Project 1124: their standard armament was initially two turrets from T-28 or T-34 tanks, each mounting a 76.2 mm gun and Degtyaryov tank machine gun (DT), as well as two anti-aircraft machine guns – in some cases the rear turret was replaced with a Katyusha rocket-launcher
: one T-28/T-34 turret with a 76.2 mm gun and DT, as well as four AA machine guns
S-40: one T-34 turret with a 76.2 mm gun and DT, as well as four AA machine guns
With crews of 10 to 20 personnel, riverine tanks displaced 26 to 48 tons, had armour 4–14 mm thick, and were 23 to 25 metres long. They saw significant action in the Baltic and Black Seas between 1941 and 1945.
Vietnam War
US riverine gunboats in the Vietnam War, included Patrol Boats River (PBR), constructed of fiberglass; Patrol Craft Fast (PCF), commonly known as Swift Boats, built of aluminum; and Assault Support Patrol Boats (ASPB) built of steel. U.S. Coast Guard 82-foot s supplemented these US Navy vessels. The ASPBs were commonly referred to as "Alpha" boats and primarily carried out mine-sweeping duties along the waterways, due to their all-steel construction. The ASPBs were the only US Navy riverine craft specifically designed and built for the Vietnam War. All of these boats were assigned to the US Navy's "Brownwater Navy".
Surviving vessels (incomplete)
(1776) - USS Philadelphia resides at the National Museum of American History in Washington D.C.
(1861) - USS Cairo is on display at the Vicksburg National Military Park in Vicksburg, Mississippi.
(1863) - The remains of the CSS Chattahoochee are currently on display at the National Civil War Naval Museum in Columbus, Georgia.
(1905) - BAP América resides in Iquitos Peru.
(1912) - SS Zhongshan is currently preserved in Wuhan, China.
(1930) - ARP Humaitá (C2), Museum ship as of 1992 located in Asunción, Paraguay.
(1936) - ARM Guanajuato (C-07), located in Boca del Río, Veracruz and is undergoing restoration.
See also
Monitor (warship)
River gunboat
River monitor
Torpedo gunboat
List of gunboat and gunvessel classes of the Royal Navy
TT-400TP gunboat
NMS Grivița
NMS Sublocotenent Ghiculescu
Notes
References
Anderson, Roger Charles, Oared Fighting Ships: From classical times to the coming of steam. London. 1962.
Chapelle, Howard, The History of the American Sailing Navy Norton. 1949.
Friedman, Norman. US Small Combatants: An Illustrated Design History. 1987; Naval Institute Press. .
Glete, Jan, Navies and Nations: Warships, Navies and State Building in Europe and America 1500–1860 (vol 2) Almqvist & Wiksell International, Stockholm. 1993.
Preston, John Antony, Send a Gunboat! The Victorian Navy and Supremacy at Sea, 1854–1904. Conway Maritime, London. 2007. .
External links
HMS Gannet
Ship types
Naval ships |
Choi Sang-Ok (최상옥, 崔尙玉, 1928 ~ 2015) was the founder of Korean restaurant YongSuSan, the first restaurant in South Korea to adopt western styles of service (dining, waiting staff, etc.) with Korean food. She was born and raised in Kaesung.
Her restaurant was named after a mountain in Kaesung, capital of the ancient Koryo Dynasty and specializes in Kaesung-style and Korean royal court cuisine.
References
External links
Official page of Lose Angeles location
1928 births
2015 deaths |
A histone fold is a structurally conserved motif found near the C-terminus in every core histone sequence in a histone octamer responsible for the binding of histones into heterodimers.
The histone fold averages about 70 amino acids and consists of three alpha helices connected by two short, unstructured loops. When not in the presence of DNA, the core histones assemble into head-to-tail intermediates (H3 and H4 first assemble into heterodimers then fuse two heterodimers to form a tetramer, while H2A and H2B form heterodimers) via extensive hydrophobic interactions between each histone fold domain in a "handshake motif". Also the histone fold was first found in TATA box-binding protein-associated factors, which is a main component in transcription.
The histone fold's evolution can be found by different combinations of ancestral sets of peptides that make up helix-strand-helix motif that come from the three folds from the ancestral fragments. These peptide chains can be found in the archaeal histones, which could have come from eukaryotic H3-H4 tetramer. The archaeal single-chain histones are also found in the bacterium Aquifex aeolicus. Which helps the diverse bacteria phylogeny coming from the ancestry of eukaryotes and archaea with lateral gene transfers to get to the bacteria. These lead into the octamer articulated protein endoskeleton for DNA compaction. From this endoskeleton it has a central segment that folds for the histone dimerization. This then leads into the end segments of the fold to make properties of dimer-dimer contacts that also cap the protein super helix at the octamer.
One species that looked at is Drosophila, and in the subunits of the Drosophila transcription initiation factor has specific amino acid sequences that have different characteristics of the histone folds that make up the two proteins make up the subunits. When just looking at the histone fold motif in the Drosophila the protein-protein and the protein DNA interaction of the core histone proteins can be found by looking at the non-histone proteins. This can then be used in “Structural studies on the TAFII42/TAFII62 complex from Drosophila and HMfB from Methanococcus fervidus, proteins identified as containing the histone fold in the aforementioned searches, confirmed that a histone-like substructure exists in these proteins, with the individual proteins folding into the canonical histone fold motif”. The evolutionary structure and range of the histone protein-protein and DNA-protein interactions of the histone fold proteins has a very wide range of evolutionary traits that form the structures and other proteins.
Histone folds play a role in the nucleosomal core particle by conserving histone interactions when looking at interface surfaces. These contain more than one histone fold. The structure of the nucleosome core particle has two modes that have the largest interaction surfaces with are in groups H3-H4 and H2A-H2B heterotypic dimer interactions. When looking at the H2A-H2A structure it has a modification of the loop at the interface that excludes it from clustering with the same interface of other structures. Which makes it have a different function in the transcriptional activation. Also the two modes are distinct due to having the longest helix chains. These use the handshake interactions between the two histone folds, while they also use it to make themselves unique comparted to the rest of the modes. Similarly modes 5 and 7 of the core nucleosome particle use two types of histone fold dimers which show that all histone domains share a similar structural motif to be able to be able to interact with one another and to interact in different ways. Showing how flexible and adaptive the structure of histones are.
H4 and H2A can form an internucleosomal contacts that can be acetylated to be able to perform ionic interactions between two peptides, which in turn could change the surrounding internucleosomal contacts that can make a way to opening the chromatin.
References
Protein folding
Molecular biology |
Tiziana Scandaletti, born in Padua, is an Italian soprano particularly active in chamber music and contemporary classical music.
Biography
After receiving her music diploma in vocal performance from the Vicenza Conservatory and her advanced degree in Music History from Padua University, both of them with top marks, she continued her studies with Nino Albarosa, René Clemencich, Alan Curtis, Magda Olivero, Virginio Puecher, Andrea von Ramm and Susanna Ghione, winning national and international prices.
Numerous recordings for CD labels include: Ariston-Ricordi, Curci (Du Dunkelheit by Giacomo Manzoni, dedicated to her), Edipan, Nuova Era (two monographic CDs on Giorgio Federico Ghedini and other two on Alfredo Casella and Franco Alfano), Stradivarius (six CDs La voce contemporanea in Italia - Voll. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and one CD La voce crepuscolare).
Tiziana Scandaletti has collaborated with theaters such as Teatro alla Scala in Milan and prestigious Institutions like Santa Cecilia Academy in Rome, with an international activity in chamber music as soprano of the Duo Alterno, with whom she performed hundreds of concerts and masterclasses all around the world.
Recent activities include tours in Europe, Asia, Australia and America, performing at Gasteig in Munich, Unerhoerte Musik in Berlin, Xinghai Concert Hall in Canton, Liaoning Grand Theatre in Shenyang, Opera Theater in Ulan Bator, 37th International Composers' Symposium of the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque, Artlink Festival in Belgrade and SoundaXis Festival in Toronto. She has also presented numerous masterclasses and concert lectures in many important conservatories and universities (Beijing Central Conservatory, Stanford University, University of California, Berkeley, Portland State University, Wilfrid Laurier University, Kyoto University, etc.).
Many composers have written pieces for her, including: Marcello Abbado, Fabio Cifariello Ciardi, Alberto Colla, James Dashow, Ada Gentile, Richard Herman, Paola Livorsi, Giacomo Manzoni, Ennio Morricone, Riccardo Piacentini, Alessandro Solbiati, Fabio Vacchi, Dmitri Yanov-Yanovski.
She has written many musicology articles which have in Italian publications like Cleup, Curci, Il Saggiatore, Il Santo, Neri Pozza, Il Mulino. She currently teaches Vocal Chamber Music at the Piacenza Conservatory.
Discography
1993 - Lipso (Venezia alata CDVA 01)
1993 - Nella profondità dell'anima (Ariston-Ricordi ARCL CD 34)
1996 - Musiche in esposizione - voll. 1 e 2 (Rive-Gauche Concerti - CRIM)
1997 - La crava mangia 'l muri (Datum-Stradivarius DAT 80006)
1998 - Mal'akhim (Nuova Era (CD 7336)
1999 - Giacomo Manzoni. Du Dunkelheit (Curci E. 11326 C.)
1999 - Musiche dell'aurora (Fondazione Italiana per la Fotografia - Rive-Gauche Concerti RG 00005)
1999 - Shahar (Curci E. 11351 C.)
2000 - Musiche per Pellizza da Volpedo (Nuova Era CD 7351)
2000 - Giorgio Federico Ghedini. Musica sacra (Nuova Era CD 7354)
2001 - Arie condizionate (Fondazione Italiana per la Fotografia - Rive-Gauche Concerti RG 00009)
2001 - Giorgio Federico Ghedini. Canti e strambotti (Nuova Era CD 7365)
2002 - Alfredo Casella. Liriche (Nuova Era CD 7371)
2003 - Treni persi (Province of Turin - Rive-Gauche Concerti RG 00012)
2004 - Mina miniera mia (Province of Turin - Rive-Gauche Concerti RG 00014)
2004 - Musiche della Reggia di Venaria Reale (Piedmont Region - Rive-Gauche Concerti RG 00015)
2004 - Franco Alfano. Liriche da Tagore (Nuova Era CD 7388)
2005 - La voce contemporanea in Italia - vol. 1 (Stradivarius STR 33708)
2006 - La voce contemporanea in Italia - vol. 2 (Stradivarius (STR 33743)
2007 - La voce contemporanea in Italia - vol. 3 (Stradivarius STR 33769)
2007 - Italienischer Gesangsabend mit dem Duo Alterno (Steirischer Tonkünstler Bund STB 07/07)
2009 - La voce contemporanea in Italia - vol. 4 (Stradivarius STR 33833)
2010 - La voce crepuscolare (Stradivarius STR 33839)
2011 - La voce contemporanea in Italia - vol. 5 (Stradivarius STR 33895)
2013 - La voce contemporanea in Italia - vol. 6'' (Stradivarius STR 33976)
External links
Official WEB site
Duo Alterno's WEB site
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Musicians from Padua
Italian operatic sopranos
Contemporary classical music performers
20th-century Italian women opera singers
21st-century Italian women opera singers |
Johan de Cangas (or Xohan de Cangas in an anachronistically modernized Galician form) was a jograr or non-noble troubadour, probably active during the thirteenth century. He seems to have been from—or associated with – Cangas do Morrazo, a small town of Pontevedra, Galicia (Spain). Only three of his songs survive. All three are cantigas de amigo and in each of them the girl mentions a religious site (ermida) at San Momede do Mar ("San Momede of the Sea"). These references to the sea may be symbolic (symbolizing sexuality) as they are real (given the geography), but they have earned this poet the designation of "singer of the sea". In the first text, a girl asks her mother for permission to go see her boyfriend at San Momede do Mar; in the second she informs her mother that the boyfriend did not come and she has surely lost him; in the third she asks her boyfriend to meet her there, and not to break his word to her again.
As with most jograes, nothing is known for certain about his life, although the preservation of three of his cantigas suggests that he performed in the courts of local nobles. The location of the poet's compositions in the manuscript tradition, the use of a place-name (Cangas) in lieu of a surname, and the form and rhetoric of his songs all seem to confirm his status as a jograr.
In both manuscripts (Cancioneiro da Vaticana and Cancioneiro da Biblioteca Nacional) his name is spelled Johan (the modern Galician equivalent being Xoán, Portuguese João). Johan de Cangas had attracted almost no critical attention until 1998, when the Galician Literature Day was dedicated to him and to two other "singers of the sea", Martín Codax and Mendinho.
Example
A cantiga de amigo of Johan de Cangas (ed. R. Cohen; tr. R. Cohen)
References
Cohen, Rip. 2010. https://jscholarship.library.jhu.edu/handle/1774.2/33843 The Cantigas d'Amigo: An English Verse Translation.
Cohen, Rip. 2003. 500 Cantigas d'amigo: A Critical Edition. Porto: Campo das Letras.
Lanciani, Giulia and Giuseppe Tavani (org.). 1993. Dicionário da Literatura Medieval Galega e Portuguesa. Lisbon: Caminho.
Lorenzo, Ramon. "Johan de Cangas" in Lanciani & Tavani 1993: 343–345.
Nunes, José Joaquim. 1926–28. Cantigas d’amigo dos trovadores galego-portugueses, edição crítica acompanhada de introdução, comentário, variantes, e glossário. 3 vols. Coimbra: Imprensa da Universidade (rpt. Lisbon: Centro do Livro Brasileiro, 1973).
Oliveira, António Resende de. 1994. Depois do Espectáculo Trovadoresco, a estrutura dos cancioneiros peninsulares e as recolhas dos séculos XIII e XIV. Lisbon: Edições Colibri.
Tavani, Giuseppe. 2002. Trovadores e Jograis: Introdução à poesia medieval galego-portuguesa. Lisbon: Caminho.
13th-century musicians
Musicians from Galicia (Spain)
Spanish poets
Galician poets
Galician-language writers
Spanish male poets |
The Invergowrie rail accident happened at Invergowrie, Scotland on 22 October 1979. The accident killed 5 people and injured 51 others.
Accident
The 08:44 passenger service from Glasgow Queen Street to Dundee, despite running late and experiencing technical difficulties, left Invergowrie station without incident. However, the brake on the leading bogie of locomotive 25083 was binding, although the driver carried on as Dundee was only a few miles away. As the train was running along Invergowrie Bay a traction motor caught fire and the train (with five carriages) was stopped.
Approximately ten minutes later, the stationary train was run into at around by the seven-coach 09:35 express from Glasgow to Aberdeen hauled by locomotive 47208. The impact threw the last four coaches of the Dundee train over the sea wall. The last two broke away completely and ended up in the Firth of Tay; fortunately, the tide was out. The class 47 loco was subsequently scrapped due to damage. Both passengers in the rear carriage and the driver and secondman of the Aberdeen train were killed instantly. A further passenger died later and a total of 51 people were injured.
It was reported the next day that the dead included engine drivers Robert Duncan and William Hume. Robert Duncan was 60 years old, lived in Tayport and was a church elder and a special constable. He had a 19-year-old son. His widow stated that Driver Duncan had worked for British Rail since he was 16. William Hume was a trainee driver aged 20 and resided in Fintry, Dundee. He had only worked for British Rail for four months. Both were in the cab of the Glasgow to Aberdeen train. The other two immediate fatalities were passengers Dr James Preston, a community health officer aged 65, and Mr Kazimierz Jedrelejezyk, a Polish marine engineer. The fifth death was that of passenger Mrs May Morrison who died in hospital as a result of injuries she had sustained in the crash. Footballer Dougie Wilkie was among the seriously injured and was left paralysed from the waist.
Investigation
The signalman at Longforgan signal box stated that he put the mechanical starting signal correctly back to Danger behind the Dundee train. Around ten minutes later, the Aberdeen train arrived at his box and drew up to the Home signal, which was then cleared for it. The train continued to move slowly towards the Starting signal but, after a few moments, began to accelerate. It passed the Starting signal which, as far as the signalman could see, was still at Danger. He went down onto the track and saw that the arm of the Starting signal was slightly raised; about 4°. Subsequent investigations showed that it was possible for the arm to have been raised roughly 8°.
The guard of the Aberdeen train said that he had looked out of the window of the rear coach at Longforgan as the train picked up speed. He saw the starting signal giving "a poor off" (in other words, somewhere between the "on" and "off" positions), estimating that it was raised 7.4°, but assumed that it had already been put back to Danger after the locomotive had passed it and perhaps had not quite returned to the horizontal position. It is not clear if the guard could have seen the starting signal exactly as the driver would have seen it. The subsequent public inquiry found that the guard was not to blame.
Why the driver passed the signal remained a mystery. The inquiry speculated that he may have been looking back towards the signal box, or checking that the train was clear of the level crossing. As he then looked up towards the signal he might have concluded that it had moved since he had last seen it and that it had, therefore, been cleared by the signalman. From a position below the signal and fairly close to it, he may also have overestimated the angle of the arm.
Various operating staff who saw the signal before and after the accident also gave evidence that the arm was not properly horizontal, including some who said that the degree of elevation appeared to increase as they got closer to it. It was later found that the signal post bracket was badly bent. The bracket may have been struck by a chain hanging from a wagon, or perhaps by engineers' machinery working on the lineside.
In addition, the signalling at Longforgan was basic and lacking in many safety features. The Starting signal had no AWS that would have warned the driver of the Aberdeen train, nor was there an adjuster for the pull wire. There was also no repeater in the signal box, nor was a detonator placer provided.
References
Train collisions in Scotland
Transport in Perth and Kinross
Railway accidents in 1979
1979 in Scotland
Railway accidents involving a signal passed at danger
Accidents and incidents involving British Rail
1979 disasters in the United Kingdom
October 1979 events in the United Kingdom
Rail accidents caused by a driver's error |
The Marske Pioneer is a family of American, single-seat, mid-wing, tailless gliders that was designed by Jim Marske. The Pioneer II version was available as plans and in kit form from Marske Aircraft Corporation for amateur construction.
Design and development
The first Pioneer began as an aircraft construction project of Walt MacFarlane in 1965, but he did not complete the aircraft. The partially completed project was purchased by Bill Daniels and Jim Marske in 1967, who completed it and first flew the aircraft in 1968. That prototype, serial number 1, registered N7910 was still registered to Daniels in 2011.
In its original configuration the Pioneer had a wingspan. The aircraft was constructed with a wood and doped fabric wing, with the fuselage made from steel tube and fiberglass. The design features a fixed monowheel landing gear, flaps for glide-path control and spoilers for roll control instead of the more usual ailerons.
The original Pioneer was modified with wing extensions, bringing the span to and it was re-designated the Pioneer IA. In this configuration the aircraft can fly as slowly as or as fast as .
The original design was simplified for homebuilt construction, retaining the wood and fabric wing construction, but the fuselage was changed to a fiberglass structure. The wingspan was shortened to to allow the wings to be built in a standard deep garage. Unlike on the original design, roll control was changed to ailerons, with upper surface spoilers paired with lower surface dive brakes for glidepath control. Because the aircraft is tailless the centre of gravity range is very narrow. To simplify weight and balance considerations the monowheel landing gear is located on the desired C of G and the pilot's seat is adjustable fore-and-aft. The pilot simply moves the seat until the aircraft balances on the wheel to ensure that the balance is within the center-of-gravity range. The empty weight is with a gross weight of . The aircraft manages a 35:1 glide ratio and a minimum sink of .
Starting in 1972 the Pioneer II was made available as plans or as a kit. The kit included a pre-made fiberglass fuselage shell. Reported building times range from 600 to 2000 hours. At least one Pioneer II was modified with a wingspan.
Marske has built a prototype Pioneer III, an all-composite variant of the basic design. The Pioneer III is intended to be lighter than the Pioneer II, produce a 20% drag reduction and be optimized for flight in weak lift conditions.
Operational history
Pioneer IIs have made flights of over .
In March 2011 there were seven Pioneer IIs registered in the US, along with the original Pioneer IA and the prototype Pioneer 3. In March 2011 there were four Pioneer IIs registered in Canada.
Variants
Pioneer I
Original model, wingspan
Pioneer IA
Original model with extended wingspan
Pioneer II
Redesigned model for home-building, with wingspan
Pioneer IIA
root:NACA 23012R; tip:NACA 23010R, with short canopy.
Pioneer IIB
root:NACA 33012R; tip:NACA 33010R, with a longer canopy.
Pioneer IIC
modified root:NACA 33012R; tip:NACA 33010R sections, with structural refinements and improvements in the cockpit area.
Pioneer IID
Modified Pioneer II with swept vertical tail and a modified wing leading edge, giving a glide ratio of 35:1.
Pioneer III
Improved model with swept tail and all-composite construction and a wingspan, prototype registered in 2004.
Specifications (Pioneer IIC)
See also
References
External links
Photo of Pioneer II
1960s United States sailplanes
Pioneer
Aircraft first flown in 1968
Tailless aircraft
Mid-wing aircraft |
Sense is the second album by English musical group the Lightning Seeds, released in 1992. It was produced chiefly by Ian Broudie and Simon Rogers.
Background
"The Life of Riley", released as a single in 1992, was written for Broudie's son Riley.
The album's second single, "Sense", was co-written by Broudie and Specials singer and long-time writing partner Terry Hall. The single includes a track written by Broudie and Paul Simpson from their time as Care, "Flaming Sword", as a B-side. Hall released a re-recorded version of "Sense" with himself on vocals in 1994.
In 2009, an instrumental version of "Sense" was used in BMW's Story of Joy advertisement. The instrumental version of "The Life of Riley" also appeared on BBC's Match of the Day, soundtracking football high points.
Critical reception
Trouser Press called the album a "disgruntled production extravaganza" and "a strange achievement but not an unpleasant one". The Washington Post wrote that "the pop-rock sound of the previous album, though not utterly transformed, has become softer, vaguer, more liquid".
Commercial performance
The album reached No. 50 on the UK Albums Chart and the singles, "The Life of Riley" and "Sense", charted at No. 28 and No. 31, respectively.
Track listing
All songs written by Ian Broudie (except where stated).
"Sense" – 4:12 (Broudie, Terry Hall)
"The Life of Riley" – 4:05
"Blowing Bubbles" – 4:16
"A Cool Place" – 2:57
"Where Flowers Fade" – 5:03 (Broudie, Hall)
"A Small Slice of Heaven" – 3:50 (Broudie, Hall)
"Tingle Tangle" – 3:22
"Happy" – 4:33 (Broudie, Ian McNabb)
"Marooned" – 4:40
"Thinking Up, Looking Down" – 5:19
Personnel
The Lightning Seeds
Ian Broudie – vocals, all instruments, producer
Simon Rogers – all instruments, producer
Production
Cenzo Townshend – engineer
Phil Ault – additional engineer
Simon Dawson – additional engineer
Bob Ludwig – mastering
Additional musicians
Mark Feltham – harmonica
Alan Dunn – accordion
Clive Layton – Hammond organ
Roddy Lorimer – trumpet
Terry Hall – backing vocals
Juliet Roberts – backing vocals
Ian McNabb – backing vocals
Other personnel
Peter Ashworth – photography
Charts
Certifications
United Kingdom (BPI): Silver (1 July 1997)
References
1992 albums
The Lightning Seeds albums
Albums produced by Ian Broudie
Virgin Records albums |
Active Bat is a low-power, wireless indoor location system accurate up to 3 cm. It is based on a principle of trilateration, and relies on multiple ultrasonic receivers embedded in the ceiling and measures time-of-flight to them.
Active Bat is an indoor localization system which gives an accuracy within centimeters. This is a range based technique, which works by finding the distance to minimum of three reference nodes and then using multilateration technique to find the exact position. The distance to reference nodes is found out using the time of arrival of ultrasonic signals from the reference nodes.
See also
Sentient computing
Ubiquitous computing
References
External links
The Bat System at Cambridge Computer Laboratory Digital Technology Group
Ultrasound
Navigational equipment
University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory |
The 27th GCC Champions League () was the 27th edition of the GCC Champions League for clubs of the Gulf Cooperation Council nations, held in 2012.
The Groups
Four groups of three teams.
Top two from each group qualify for the one legged quarter finals with group winners hosting the matches.
Groups
Group A
Group B
Group C
Group D
Quarter finals
Semi finals
1st Legs
2nd Legs
Al Wasl advanced to the final 4–2 on aggregate
Al Muharraq advanced to the final 3–2 on aggregate
Final
1st leg
2nd leg
Al Muharraq became champions, winning on penalties, the first team from Bahrain to be crowned champions.
References
External links
2012 GCC Champions League at Soccerway
2012 GCC Champions League at goalzz
2012
2012 in Asian football |
François Beaulne (born November 28, 1946) is a Quebec politician, he is the son of diplomats Yvon Beaulne and Thérèse Pratte.
Biography
Beaulne earned two master's degree from the University of Ottawa, in political science and in business administration, finance and commerce. He also has a doctorate in international relations from Columbia University.
He taught economics at the University of Ottawa. He then worked at the Consul of Canada in San Francisco from 1974 to 1978 and at the Department of External Affairs of Canada from 1978 to 1980. He became vice-president, international affairs, at the National Bank of Canada from 1980 to 1986. He returned to teaching at the Université du Québec à Montréal from 1987 until 1989.
Political career
While teaching, he ran for the NDP in the riding of Laurier-Sainte-Marie in the 1988 federal election, finishing in a strong third place. He caught the attention of Jacques Parizeau, the leader of the Parti Québécois and served as his Senior Economic Advisor.
Beaulne ran in the riding of Bertrand in 1989 and won. He was re-elected in Marguerite-D'Youville in 1994 and served as Parliamentary Assistant to Premier Jacques Parizeau.
Beaulne was re-elected in 1998, he went on to serve as Parliamentary Assistant to the Minister of Citizenship and Immigration in the Lucien Bouchard government. He was Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of State for International Relations in the Bernard Landry government until becoming the Second Vice President of the National Assembly of Quebec. Beaulne ran for re-election in 2003 but lost narrowly to Pierre Moreau as the Landry Government was turfed from office.
Diplomatic career
After losing his seat, Beaulne went to work at the United Nations and was a political adviser in five countries: Cambodia, Mozambique, Burundi, Côte d'Ivoire and Tunisia. He received the Cambodia Medal of Merit for his contribution to parliamentary democracy.
Attempted political comeback
In 2015, Beaulne sought the NDP nomination for the new riding of Pierre-Boucher—Les Patriotes—Verchères, he lost to Raphaël Fortin.
Electoral record
Federal
Provincial
References
1946 births
Living people
Canadian diplomats
Canadian economists
French Quebecers
New Democratic Party candidates for the Canadian House of Commons
Parti Québécois MNAs
Politicians from Ottawa
School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University alumni
Canadian officials of the United Nations
Academic staff of the Université du Québec à Montréal
University of Ottawa alumni
Academic staff of the University of Ottawa
Vice Presidents of the National Assembly of Quebec
20th-century Canadian legislators
21st-century Canadian legislators |
Protea aspera, commonly known as rough leaf sugar bush or aardroos suikerbos, is a flowering shrub that belongs to the well-known Protea genus. The plant is endemic to South Africa and is found in the Kleinrivierberge, Bredasdorpberge and Garcia's Pass.
The shrub is a dense, root-like plant that forms a mat and grows only high; it blooms from September to December, peaking in September and October. The plant sprouts again after burning. The seed is released one to two years after flowers are formed and spread through the wind. The plant is unisexual. Pollination may occur through the action of mammals. The plant grows in shale and sandy soil at altitudes of .
The plant is a vulnerable species.
References
aspera |
Mikko Hauhia (born 3 September 1984) is a retired Finnish footballer.
References
External links
Stats at Veikkausliiga.com
1984 births
Living people
Footballers from Lahti
Finnish men's footballers
Finland men's under-21 international footballers
Men's association football defenders
Veikkausliiga players
Danish 1st Division players
FC Lahti players
Helsingin Jalkapalloklubi players
Finnish expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Denmark
Akademisk Boldklub players
Finnish expatriate sportspeople in Denmark |
Clutia is a plant genus of the family Peraceae. It is native to sub-Saharan Africa and to the Arabian Peninsula.
Species
formerly included
moved to other genera (Bridelia Cleistanthus Croton Ditaxis Lachnostylis Phyllanthus Pseudophyllanthus Sauropus Trigonostemon )
References
Malpighiales genera
Peraceae |
Nikolas Matinpalo (born October 5, 1998) is a Finnish professional ice hockey defenceman. He is currently playing for the Ottawa Senators of the National Hockey League (NHL).
Playing career
Matinpalo made his Liiga debut with Ilves during the 2018–19 Liiga season.
Following the 2022–23 season, his sixth year in the Liiga, Matinpalo was signed as an undrafted free agent to a one-year, entry-level contract with the National Hockey League (NHL)'s Ottawa Senators on 26 May 2023. Matinpalo attended the 2023 Senators training camp but did not make the team. He was assigned to Ottawa's American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, the Belleville Senators, to begin the 2023–24 season. After injuries to Thomas Chabot and Erik Brännström, Matinpalo was recalled by Ottawa on October 28. Matinpalo played in his first NHL game the same day, a 5–2 win over the Pittsburgh Penguins.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
International
References
External links
1998 births
Belleville Senators players
Finnish ice hockey defencemen
Ice hockey people from Espoo
Ilves players
KOOVEE players
Living people
Ottawa Senators players
Porin Ässät (men's ice hockey) players
Undrafted National Hockey League players |
Romans in Persia is related to the brief invasion and occupation of western and central areas of Parthia (modern-day Iran) by the Romans during their empire. Emperor Trajan was even temporarily able to nominate a king of western parts of Parthia, Parthamaspates, as ruler of a Roman "client state" in Parthia.
Characteristics
The Romans, having expanded into the eastern Mediterranean, came in contact with their historical rivals in the Middle East: the Parthians and Persians, whose respective empires occupied modern Iran and surrounding areas. The Iranian empires that faced the Romans had different names, related to the origin of the dynasties in control of their empires in different historical periods: first were the Medians (Media Atropatene), then Parthians and finally Sassanians.
In 64 BC Pompey conquered the remaining Seleucid territories in Syria, extinguishing their state and advancing the Roman eastern frontier to the Euphrates, where Romans met for the first time the territory of the Parthians.
Mark Antony, in his quest to avenge the battle of Carrhae defeat, conquered in 33 BC some areas of Atropatene (northern Iran) and Armenia but soon lost it: that was the first time that Romans occupied a Persian territory, even if temporarily.
Furthermore, probably in 20 BC, Augustus is said to have nominated Ariobarzanes II, the son of Artavasdes, to be king of Media Atropatene, creating a semi-authonomous "vassal state" of Rome in what is now northwestern Iran. But soon, around 19 AD, The Parthians took again full control of Atropatene.
Although warfare between the Romans and the Parthians/Sassanids lasted for seven centuries, the frontier remained largely stable in those centuries. A game of tug of war ensued: towns, fortifications, and provinces were continuously sacked, captured, destroyed, and traded. The line of stalemate shifted in the 2nd century AD with Trajan: it had run along the northern Euphrates until then. The new line ran northeast, across Mesopotamia to the northern Tigris. There were also several substantial shifts further north, in Armenia and the Caucasus.
A new series of wars began in the 2nd century AD, during which the Romans consistently held the upper hand over Parthia. In 113 AD the Roman Emperor Trajan decided that the moment was ripe to resolve the "eastern question" once and for all time by the decisive defeat of Parthia and the annexation of Armenia: his conquests mark a deliberate change of the Roman Policy towards Parthia, and a shift of emphasis in the "grand strategy" of the empire.
Finally, one characteristic of the Roman presence in Persia is that Roman emperors dreamed of conquering all Persia from Trajan to Galerius, while Parthian/Sassanian kings never tried to conquer Rome, Italy or southeastern Europe according to historian Theodor Mommsen.
Roman Parthia
Romans were able to conquer the westernmost part of Parthia under emperor Trajan.
Indeed, in 113 AD Trajan invaded Parthia, marching first on Armenia. In 114 AD Trajan annexed Armenia to the Roman empire, after defeating and killing Parthamasiris, relative of Osroes I of Parthia. Then he turned south into Parthia itself, taking the cities of Babylon, Seleucia and finally the capital of Ctesiphon in 116 AD.
He deposed Osroes I and put his own puppet ruler Parthamaspates on the throne. In Mesopotamia Osroes' brother Mithridates IV and his son Sanatruces II took the diadem and fought against the Romans, but Trajan marched southward to the Persian Gulf, defeated them, and declared Mesopotamia a new province of the empire. In the process, he also captured the great city of Susa in Khuzestan.
Those months of 116 and 117 saw western Parthia as a client state of the Romans. Trajan originally planned to annex Parthia as part of the Roman Empire, but ultimately decided instead to place Parthamaspates on his father's throne as a Roman client, doing so in 116.
Trajan created even the province of Assyria, whose eastern border were never well defined by historians: it is possible that included northwestern Elam, a semi-autonomous Persian province (now Īlām Province of Iran) that welcomed his conquest of Mesopotamia.
Following the death of Trajan and Roman withdrawal from the area, Osroes easily defeated Parthamaspates and reclaimed the Persian throne. Hadrian acknowledged this fait accompli, recognized Osroes, Parthamaspates king of Osroene, and returned Osroes' daughter who had been taken prisoner by Trajan (as a warranty to control his client state).
Even if there were further attacks from Roman emperors against the Parthian and later Sassanid empire (Romans even suffered humiliating defeats, like with emperor Valerian), no huge territory of actual Iran was never occupied again by Roman legions: The Romans stopped always after conquering Ctesiphon and soon returned behind their "limes siriacus" (only in 298 AD western Atropene up to lake Urmia was occupied by Romans for half a century).
Indeed, this city (capital of the Parthian and Sassanian empire, but not located in Iran) was captured by Rome five times in its history - three times in the 2nd century alone. The emperor Trajan captured Ctesiphon in 116 AD, but his successor, Hadrian, decided to willingly return Ctesiphon the next year as part of a peace settlement. The Roman general Avidius Cassius captured Ctesiphon in 164 AD during another Parthian war, but abandoned it when peace was concluded. In 197 AD, the emperor Septimius Severus sacked Ctesiphon and carried off thousands of its inhabitants, whom he sold into slavery. Late in the 3rd century, after the Parthians had been supplanted by the Sassanids, the city again became a source of conflict with Rome. In 283 AD, emperor Carus sacked the city uncontested during a period of civil upheaval. In 295 AD, emperor Diocletianus sent Galerius but was defeated outside the city. However, he returned a year later with a vengeance and won a victory which ended in the fifth and final capture of the city by the Romans in 299 AD.
Furthermore, in 297 AD Galerius marched into eastern Armenia and crushed there a Persian force, capturing an enormous amount of booty and even the harem and family of the Sassanian King Narseh. Moving later into Mesopotamia, Galerius' advance had the Persian defence collapsing before him and so he conquered the Persian capital Ctesiphon. Badly mauled, the Persians sued for peace. In AD 298 the province of Mesopotamia, together with even some territory from across the river Tigris up to the lacus Matianus (now called Lake Urmia in western Iran), was restored to Rome for half a century with an important Treaty.
According to this Treaty:
Five provinces beyond the Tigris were to be ceded to the Romans. One writer gives these provinces as Intilene, Sophene, Arzanene, Carduene, and Zabdicene; while another as Arzanene, Moxoene, Zabdicene, Rehimene, and Corduene.
The Roman vassal "Kingdom of Armenia" was to be extended up to the fortress of Zintha, in Media Atropatene.
Galerius (who occupied western Persia up to lake Matianus) wanted to conquest all Persia after his victory against Sassanian king Narseh, but Diocletianus preferred to have a Treaty and did the last "Parade" in Rome with a significant victory in the history of the Roman Empire.
Romans withdrew from the homeland territory of Persia with the 363 AD defeat of Jovian, and only Byzantine emperor Heraclius was able to return and conquer Gazaca (the capital of Atropatene) during the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628, just a few years before the Arab conquest of Sassanian Persia.
Valerian Bridge
There are few Roman ruins in Persia, but one seems to be related to curious war events: the Valerian Bridge.
This Valerian Bridge (Band-e Kaisar in Persian, literally "bridge of Caesar") is named after the Roman emperor Valerian (253–260 AD) who was captured with many legionaries by the Sassanid ruler Shapur I after having been defeated in the Battle of Edessa (260). This vast labour force, which may have numbered up to 50,000 men and included the Roman engineering corps, was deported and was probably employed by the victors for construction work in Shushtar, an important agricultural center in south-western Iran. To service its large stretches of arable land, altogether some 150,000 hectares, the Romans set out to construct three structures: a canal called Ab-i Gargar, and the two dams of Band-e Kaisar and Band-e Mizan which directed the water flow of the Karun river into the artificial watercourse. Perhaps the bridge was built by soldiers of the Sixth legion Ferrata, because this unit disappears from sources after Valerian's defeat.
The story of the Valerian Bridge was written by the Muslim historians Tabari and Masudi in the 9th and 10th centuries. Although their novel-like narrative cannot be ignored, the historical presence of the Romans is corroborated by modern local names, such as "Roumischgan" for a nearby village, and a Lurs tribe by the name of "Rumian". Moreover, local tradition ascribes to Roman settlers the origin of a number of trades, like the local production of brocade, and several popular customs.
The bridge has been designated by UNESCO as Iran's 10th World Heritage Site in 2009.
See also
Roman Armenia
Roman Mesopotamia
Roman Assyria
Roman Azerbaijan
Roman Georgia
Heraclius
Media Atropatene
Roman relations with the Parthians and Sasanians
Parthia
Sassanid Empire
Roman Empire
Arrajan
Weh Antiok Khosrow
Gundishapur
Notes
Bibliography
Angeli Bertinelli, Maria. Roma e l'Oriente: strategia, economia, società e cultura nelle relazioni politiche fra Roma, la Giudea e l'Iran. L'Erma di Bretschneider editore. Roma, 1979
Arborio Mella, Federico. L'impero persiano. Da Ciro il grande alla conquista araba. Mursia editore. Milano, 1980
Dignas, Beate and Winter, Engelbert. Rome and Persia in Late Antiquity: Neighbours and Rivals. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, 2004
Lepper, F.A. Trajan's Parthian War. London: Oxford University Press, 1948.
Luttvak, Edward N. The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire: From the First Century A.D. to the Third, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1979,
Roman–Parthian Wars
Provinces of the Roman Empire
Roman–Sasanian Wars |
Ferdous Akhter Wahida is a Bangladesh Nationalist Party politician and the former Member of the Bangladesh Parliament from a reserved seat.
Career
Wahida was elected to parliament from reserved seat as a Bangladesh Nationalist Party candidate in 2005.
References
Bangladesh Nationalist Party politicians
Living people
Women members of the Jatiya Sangsad
8th Jatiya Sangsad members
Year of birth missing (living people)
20th-century Bangladeshi women politicians
21st-century Bangladeshi women politicians |
Gnathostoma spinigerum is a parasitic nematode that causes gnathostomiasis in humans, also known as its clinical manifestations are creeping eruption, larva migrans, Yangtze edema, Choko-Fuschu Tua chid and wandering swelling. Gnathostomiasis in animals can be serious, and even fatal. The first described case of gnathostomiasis was in a young tiger that died in the London Zoo in 1835. The larval nematode is acquired by eating raw or undercooked fish and meat.
G. spinigerum has a multi-host life history. The eggs hatch in fresh water and the larvae are eaten by water fleas of the genus Cyclops. The water fleas are in turn eaten by small fish. Eventually, the larvae end up in the stomachs of carnivores, usually cats and dogs. The larva bores through the stomach wall and migrates around in the host's body for about three months before returning to the stomach and attaching itself in the gastric mucosa. It then takes another six months to mature. The eggs are carried in the host's feces, and if they reach fresh water the cycle begins again. As humans are not a normal host for the larvae, they do not mature in humans, but can cause various degrees of damage, depending on where the larvae wander in the body.
Description
This species grows to a length of .
Species within the genus Gnathostoma are recognized by a bulbous head with a pair of lateral lips surrounding a mouth on the longitudinal axis. The cephalic region is covered by transverse rows of cuticular spines. Internally, the head is divided into four glandular cervical sacs that attach near the esophagus, as well as four hollow spaces called ballonets, each being continuous with a cervical sac via a central canal.
The body is typically pink and is also covered anteriorly with circles of flat spines, which become sparser and single-tipped further toward the end. Behind a bare region that constitutes roughly half of the body length, many small spines can be found on the posterior tip. the four species gnathostomiasis--G. doloresi, G. hispidum, G. nipponicum, and G. spinigerum can cause human –these species are differences in these external appearance and third larvae stage which is helpful for identification.
As a nematode, Gnathostoma spinigerum has cylindrical, a cuticle layer with three main outer layers made of collagen and other compounds. The outer layers are non-cellular and are secreted by the epidermis. The cuticle layer protects the nematodes so they can invade the digestive tracts of animals.
Nematodes have longitudinal muscles along the body wall. The muscles are obliquely arranged in bands. Dorsal, ventral and longitudinal nerve cords are connected to the main body of the muscle.
As a nematode in the group Secernentea, Gnathostoma have specialized tubular excretory system with three canals. The canals are arranged to form an H.
On average, female worms are larger than males by an estimated 4 mm in length and 0.65 mm in width. Respectively, their size ranges from 11 to 54 mm and 11 to 31 mm long. Females are different from males in that they possess only two large papillae around their slightly rounded posterior ends. From the side view, the dorsal outline is rounded, whereas the ventral side appears flat. Males have eight caudal papillae encompassing the anus on their bluntly rounded ends. Characteristic of males is the presence of blunt spicules that play the important reproductive role of holding open the vagina during sperm transfer. These male copulatory organs measure 1.1 mm and 0.4 mm long.
Just before molting into an adult, fourth-stage larvae have eight transverse rows of cephalic hooklets. At this point of development males can easily be differentiated from females based on identifiable sexual organs.
Advanced third-stage larvae bear four rows of hooklets on their head bulbs and measure 3 to 4 mm in length and 0.3 to 0.4 mm wide. The distinctive swollen head morphology, in addition to the four rows of hooklets, already becomes apparent in second-stage larvae.
Eggs have a polar cap at only one end and are laid un-embryonated within pitted shells. Their dimensions are 65-70 µm by 38-40 µm.
Geographic range
Although Gnathostoma spinigerum are considered endemic to Thailand, they are also found in many other countries of Southeast Asia. These nematode parasites have also been reported to be found in Japan, Australia, United States, and Mexico. However, the incidence of infection is rarer outside the Asian continent.
Habitat
Gnathostoma spinigerum normally could be found in wet tropical environments. Larvae can infect many classes of animals. Canine and feline species, and possibly pigs, are determined as c the definitive hosts. In Japan, freshwater fishes, Ophicephalus argus and O. tadianus, are the most important vectors of human gnathostomiasis. In addition to freshwater fishes, domestic duck, Anas platyrhynchus and the domestic chicken Gallus gallus domesticus carry the parasite in Thailand.
Prevention of gnathostomiasis
In a study done in Thailand, researchers have proposed a method of prevention of gnathostomiasis. It states that humans can become infected via eating fresh water fish. For example, a popular dish serving fermented fresh water fish is popular among the women of Thailand, which may explain their higher incidence of the infection. In order to avoid or kill the infective larva living in fish muscle, one must boil the fish first for a minimum of five minutes, placed in a solution of vinegar and 4% acetic acid for a period of 5.5 hours, or just to avoid raw or undercooked fish, always being sure to cook fresh water fish thoroughly.
Treatment of gnathostomiasis
Laboratory testing on mice treated once or twice daily with albendazole were shown to have a significant reduction in worm count when compared to the untreated mice group. The effective dosage at which albendazole has been shown effective is 90 mg/kg twice a day for 21 straight days. On the other hand, there are other antihelminthic drugs available such as bithionol, thiabendazole, metronidazole, and others, that did not reveal any significant therapeutic effects in experimental G. spinigerum infections.
See also
List of parasites (human)
References
External links
Tropical Medicine Central Resource - Gnathostomiasis - retrieved March 9, 2006
Animal Diversity Web - Gnathostoma spinigerum - retrieved March 9, 2006
Spirurida
Parasitic nematodes of humans
Parasitic nematodes of vertebrates
Parasitic helminths of fish
Articles containing video clips
Nematodes described in 1889 |
is a passenger railway station located in the city of Nagaokakyō, Kyoto, Japan. It is operated by the private railway operator Hankyu Railway.
Lines
Nishiyama-Tennōzan Station is served by the Hankyu Kyoto Line, and is located 30.2 kilometers from the terminus of the line at and 32.6 kilometers from .
Station layout
Nishiyama-Tennōzan Station is located under Kyoto Jūkan Expressway. The station has two side platforms serving two tracks, connected by an underground passage.
Platforms
History
Nishiyama Tennozan Station opened on 21 December 2013 and is the 87th station operated by Hankyu Corporation.
Station numbering was introduced to all Hankyu stations on this date with this station being designated as station number HK-76.
Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2019, the station was used by an average of 14,695 passengers daily
Surrounding area
Kyoto Jūkan Expressway
Suntory Kyoto Beer Factory
Kyoto Prefectural Nishi-Otokuni Senior High School
Nagaoka Healthcare Center
Mount Tennōzan
Bus services
Kōsoku Nagaokakyō Bus Stop and Nishiyama Tennōzan Bus Terminal were opened with the opening of this station. The former is an expressway bus stop by an elevated highway (Kyoto-Jukan Expressway) and is accessed by elevators.
Hankyu Nishiyama Tennozan
Hankyu Bus
Route 1: for Kanegahara
Route 3: for JR Nagaokakyo via Tomooka and Hankyu Nagaoka-Tenjin
Route 5: for JR Nagaokakyo, Kofudai and Mitakedai
Route 6: for JR Nagaokakyo, Mitakedai and Kofudai
Route 7: for JR Nagaokakyo, Saiseikai Hospital and Mitakedai
Route 48: for Shin-Yamazakibashi via Obatabashi
Route 80: for JR Yamazaki via Saihoji, Emmyoji and Hankyu Oyamazaki / for Hankyu Higashi-Muko via Tomooka, Hankyu Nagaoka-Tenjin and JR Nagaokakyo
Route 82: for Koizumibashi via Saihoji / for JR Nagaokakyo via Tomooka and Hankyu Nagaoka-Tenjin
Hankyu Bus and Keihan Bus
Route 90: for JR Nagaokakyo / for Keihan Yodo
Kōsoku Nagaokakyō
Hankyu Bus, Hankyu Kanko Bus, West JR Bus, Keisei Bus
Kobe, Osaka - Tokyo, Tokyo Disney Resort, Chiba
Osaka - Ina (Alpen Ina)
Osaka - Suwa (Alpen Suwa)
Tango - Kyoto
Osaka, Kyoto - Atsugi, Machida, Yokohama (Harbor Light, Youth Harbor Light)
See also
List of railway stations in Japan
References
External links
Special website
Nishiyama-tennozan Station from Hankyu Railway website
Railway stations in Kyoto Prefecture
Hankyu Kyoto Main Line
Railway stations in Japan opened in 2013
Nagaokakyō, Kyoto |
```smalltalk
/*
This file is part of the iText (R) project.
Authors: Apryse Software.
This program is offered under a commercial and under the AGPL license.
For commercial licensing, contact us at path_to_url For AGPL licensing, see below.
AGPL licensing:
This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
(at your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
along with this program. If not, see <path_to_url
*/
using iText.Bouncycastle.Math;
using iText.Commons.Bouncycastle.Cert;
using iText.Commons.Bouncycastle.Math;
using Org.BouncyCastle.Asn1;
using Org.BouncyCastle.X509;
using System;
namespace iText.Bouncycastle.X509
{
public class X509CrlEntryBC : IX509CrlEntry
{
private X509CrlEntry entry;
public X509CrlEntryBC(X509CrlEntry entry)
{
this.entry = entry;
}
public CRLReason GetReason()
{
Asn1OctetString reasonExt = entry.GetExtensionValue(new Org.BouncyCastle.Asn1.DerObjectIdentifier("2.5.29.21"));
if (reasonExt == null) return CRLReason.UNSPECIFIED;
var reasonEnum = DerEnumerated.GetInstance(reasonExt.GetOctets());
return (CRLReason)reasonEnum.IntValueExact;
}
public DateTime GetRevocationDate()
{
return entry.RevocationDate;
}
public IBigInteger GetSerialNumber()
{
return new BigIntegerBC(entry.SerialNumber);
}
}
}
``` |
Élisabeth Roudinesco (; born 10 September 1944) is a French scholar, historian and psychoanalyst. She conducts a seminar on the history of psychoanalysis at the École Normale Supérieure.
Roudinesco's work focuses mainly on psychiatry, psychology and psychoanalysis in France, but also worldwide. She has written biographies of Jacques Lacan and Sigmund Freud. Her biography of Freud, Freud, In his Time and Ours, was awarded the "Prix Décembre" 2014 and The "Prix des Prix" 2014. With Michel Plon, she published a huge Dictionary of Psychoanalysis (7th édition in 2023), which was translated into many languages, though not yet into English. Her book Généalogies (also unpublished in English) was awarded The Best Book Prize by The Société française d'histoire de la médecine. Her work has been translated into thirty languages.
Life
Roudinesco was born to half-Jewish parents in newly liberated Paris in September 1944, and grew up there. Her mother was Jenny Aubry, née Weiss, a daughter of the Judeo-Protestant bourgeoise, a renowned psychoanalyst and hospital neuro-paediatrician who spent her whole life looking after suffering children: abandoned, ill and in difficulty. She was an anglophile who, in the 1950s, introduced to France John Bowlby's theories on the importance of maternal care, and she worked in collaboration with the Tavistock Clinic in London. She was a friend of Jacques Lacan - and whose sister was the feminist Louise Weiss, of the Javal family. Her father was physician Alexandre Roudinesco, of Romanian origin, who had "a passion for history and a phenomenal library". He was born in Bucharest in a Jewish and francophile milieu, and his father had been an editor.
She received her secondary education in Paris at the Collège Sévigné. She studied Literature at the Sorbonne, with a minor in Linguistics; her master's degree was supervised by Tzvetan Todorov, and her doctoral thesis, entitled Inscription du désir et roman du sujet [Inscription of the desire and novel of the subject], by Jean Levaillant at the Université Paris VIII-Vincennes in 1975.
She also took classes with Michel de Certeau, Gilles Deleuze and Michel Foucault at the time of her master's degree . She next defended her "habilitation à diriger des recherches" (H.D.R – the French accreditation needed to supervise doctoral dissertations) in 1991 with Michelle Perrot as supervisor and Alain Corbin, Dominique Lecourt, Jean-Claude Passeron, Robert Castel, and Serge Leclaire as members of the examining committee. This work was published under the title Généalogies.
From 1969 to 1981, she was a member of the École Freudienne de Paris, founded by psychoanalyst and philosopher Jacques Lacan. She was also a member of the editorial board of Action Poétique (1969–1979). She has written for French national newspapers, Libération (1986–1996), and then Le Monde since 1996.
For the past 30 years, she has been married to Olivier Bétourné, CEO of Éditions du Seuil.
Methodology
Literary
In the 1970s, Elisabeth Roudinesco's first works dealt with literary criticism, notably with Raymond Roussel, Antonin Artaud, Bertolt Brecht and Louis-Ferdinand Céline. At that time, her work concerned linking a singular trajectory and an author's work, without resorting to psycho-biography, in other words, the psychologization of literary work by the clinical study of its author. This approach allowed her to demonstrate that most of 20th century literature has been influenced by the history of Freudianism and psychological medicine based on the theory of degeneration.
History of psychoanalysis in France
From 1979, Elisabeth Roudinesco writes a history of psychoanalysis in France. At that time, the main model was still the biography, because the archives and documents of the psychoanalytical movement were still in the hand of Freud's heirs.
Indeed, this model corresponded to the historiographical trend centered on the notion of the founding father figure; a trend which is at the core of any quest of origins. However, this model has gradually declined.
Considering how psychoanalysis was established as a movement and system of thought, Elisabeth Roudinesco asserted that France was the only country where all the necessary conditions were gathered together, over a long period of time, to successfully establish Freudianism in scientific and cultural life. According to Elisabeth Roudinesco, this favorable situation dated back first to the French Revolution of 1789 which provided a scientific and legal legitimacy to reason, heed/gaze over madness, giving birth to the institution of the asylum. Then, the Dreyfus affair, which has precipitated the arrival of intellectuals' self-awareness as a class. Designating themselves as an 'avant-garde', they furnished fruitful and innovative ideas. Finally, the emergence of literary modernity with Baudelaire, Rimbaud and Lautréamont, who enunciate, in a new style of writing, the project of changing man through "I is another".
Ellenberger
Scholarly historiography emerged with such work as Henri Ellenberger's The Discovery of the Unconscious: The History and Evolution of Dynamic Psychiatry, first published in 1970. Though this book had been known in English-speaking countries since that date, the book (published in French in 1974) remained largely unnoticed in France. Elisabeth Roudinesco republished it with a lengthy new preface in 1994.
In his work, Ellenberger developed a conceptuality of freudianism founded on archivistics and reference to the concepts of "mental tools", "long length" and "system of thought". This last category proposed presenting doctrines in their own terms and structures. The study of the system of thought of dynamic psychiatry, psychotherapies and psychological medicine no longer echoes back to a single founder, but to a plurality of singular itineraries, shattering the biographic model.
From Ellenberger's thesis, Elisabeth Roudinesco retained several guiding principles, while adding methodology derived from the works of the French epistemological school: Georges Canguilhem and Michel Foucault. Thus, the study of system of thought becomes the form in which, at a given time, knowledge achieves independence, finding balance and entering into communication: a history of a man who thinks, systems which intertwine, but also a critical analysis of the concepts of consciousness and subject of knowledge.
Lacan
In 1993, Elisabeth Roudinesco published a biography of French psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan. From 1938, Lacan felt preoccupied by the generalized decline of the patriarchy and tried, like Freud and the English school, to promote the father figure within Western society, under the form of a symbolic function. Roudinesco highlighted the fact that the genius of Lacan's work is the introduction of elements from German philosophy (e.g., Nietzsche, Hegel, Heidegger) within the Freudian doctrine – creating a phenomenon Freud would have never conceived himself, since he built his theory on a biological model (darwinism), by consciously refusing to consider and include any philosophical discourses, contemporary or ancient, in his thought process.
Théroigne de Mericourt
From the study of the melancholic Théroigne de Mericourt (1989), early feminist and famous case of the annals of French alienism – she has been 'gazed' by Jean-Étienne Esquirol in La Salpêtrière – Roudinesco think the French Revolution is a paradigm in the French situation of Freudianism. For Roudinesco, it was necessary to include the analysis of patients into the analysis of doctrines as a major constituting element of the discourses of psychopathology.
Freudianism and politic
Roudinesco think that invariant conditions are required to introduce Freudian ideas and establish psychoanalytical movement in a given space. First, a psychiatric knowledge must have been previously constituted, namely a gaze over madness able to conceptualize the notion of mental illness to the detriment of explanation such as divine possession. Secondly, the existence of a State of right capable of guaranteeing the free practice of a transmission like the transferential kind.
Whenever one or both of theses elements are lacking it explains why the establishment of Freudianism has not been possible (era of the world influenced by Islam or whom the organization is still tribal) or its disappearance ( under totalitarian regime, nazism and communism). She notices that military dictatorship didn't refrain the expansion of psychoanalysis in South American (notably Brazil and Argentina). Roudinesco assesses that caudillo regimes didn't try to eradicate psychoanalysis as a "jewish science" as did Nazism in the years 1933–1944 nor as a "bourgeois science" as did communism over the period 1945–1989.
Political standing
Since 1997, she has expressed political standing in various public debates. She stands in debates such as laicity, cloning, genetics, innate and acquired. She fiercely criticized INSERM's reports of experts over psychotherapies. She is one of the first signers of Pas de Zéro de Conduite's petition against systematic detection of delinquency of children under three years of age, as advocated by another INSERM's report.
Bibliography
Her book, a biography of Sigmund Freud, has been awarded the Prix Decembre 2014 and then, the Prix des Prix 2014. Professor Emeritus of Psychology (Université catholique de Louvain) Jacques Van Rillaer has produced a critical review of this book.
Available in English
Jacques Lacan & Co.: A History of Psychoanalysis in France, 1925–1985, 1990, Chicago, Chicago University Press
Madness and Revolution: The Lives and Legends of Theroigne De Mericourt, 1993, Verso.
Jacques Lacan, 1997, New York, Columbia University Press.
Why Psychoanalysis?, 2001, New York, Columbia University Press (European Perspectives: A Series in Social Thought and Cultural Criticism)
"The Mirror Stage: An Obliterated Archive" in The Cambridge Companion to Lacan, Jean-Michel Rabaté dir., 2003, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
For What Tomorrow... : A Dialogue with Jacques Derrida, 2004, Palo Alto, Stanford University Press.
"Psychoanalysis" in The Columbia History of Twentieth-Century French Thought, Lawrence D. Kriztman dir., 2006, New York, Columbia University Press.
Philosophy in Turbulent Times: Canguilhem, Sartre, Foucault, Althusser, Deleuze, Derrida, 2008, New York, Columbia University Press.
« Lacan, The Plague », Psychoanalysis and History, ed. John Forrester, Teddington, Artesian Books, 2008.
"Humanity and Its Gods: Atheism", in Psychoanalysis, Fascism, and Fundamentalism, ed. Julia Borossa and Ivan Ward, Vol. 11, no. 2, 2009, Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press.
Our Dark Side: A History of Perversion, Cambridge, Polity Press, 2009.
Revisiting the Jewish Question, Cambridge, Polity Press, 2013.
Lacan: In Spite of Everything, London, Verso Books, 2014.
Lacan, Past and Present: A Dialogue (with philosopher Alain Badiou), New York, Columbia University Press, 2014.
Freud: In His Time and Ours, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 2016.
Available in Spanish
Diccionario de Psicoanalisis, con Michel Plon, 1998, Ediciones Paidos.
Pensar La Locura, Ensayos sobre Michel Foucault, con J.Postel y G. Canguilhem, 1999, Paidos Argentina.
Por Que El Psicoanalisis? 2000, Paidos Argentina.
Lacan – Esbozo de una vida, Historia de un sistema de pensamiento, 2000, Fondo De Cultura Economica USA.
La Familia en Desorden, 2003, Fondo De Cultura Economica USA.
El Paciente, El Terapeuta y El Estado, 2005, Siglo XXI.
Nuestro lado oscuro – oskuro, Anagrama cheto.
Available in French
Initiation à la linguistique générale, 1967, Paris, L'Expansion scientifique française.
Un Discours au réel : théorie de l'inconscient et politique de la psychanalyse, 1973, Tours, Mame.
L'Inconscient et ses lettres, 1975, Tours, Mame.
Pour une politique de la psychanalyse, 1977, Paris, La Découverte.
La Psychanalyse mère et chienne, avec H.Deluy, 1979, Paris, Union Générale d'Editions.
Théroigne de Méricourt. Une femme mélancolique sous la Révolution, 1989, Paris, Le Seuil.
Jacques Lacan. Esquisse d'une vie, histoire d'un système de pensée, 1993, Paris, Fayard.
Histoire de la psychanalyse en France, vol.1, 1994, Paris, Fayard.
Histoire de la psychanalyse en France, vol.2, 1994, Paris, Fayard.
Généalogies, 1994, Paris, Fayard.
Dictionnaire de la psychanalyse, avec Michel Plon, 1997, Paris, Fayard.
Pourquoi la psychanalyse?, 1999, Paris, Fayard.
Au-delà du conscient : histoire illustrée de la psychiatrie et de la psychanalyse, avec J.P. Bourgeron et P.Morel, 2000, Paris, Hazan.
L'Analyse, l'archive, 2001, Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale de France.
La Famille en désordre, 2002, Paris, Fayard.
Le Patient, le thérapeute et l'État, 2004, Paris, Fayard.
Philosophes dans la tourmente, 2005, Paris, Fayard.
La part obscure de nous-mêmes – Une histoire des pervers, Albin Michel, Paris, 2007.
Retour sur la question juive, Albin Michel, Paris, 2009.
Available in Italian
Jacques Lacan : profilo di una vita, storia di un sistema di pensiero, Milano: R. Cortina, 1995.
Perché la Psicanalisi? prefazione di Giancarlo Ricci, Roma: Editori Riuniti, 2000.
Quale domani...? con Jacques Derrida, Torino : Bollati Boringhieri, 2004.
Antropologia della cura, A cura di Elisabeth Roudinesco e Roberto Beneduce, Bollati Boringhieri, 2005
Antropologia e Psicanalisi. Vol. I Etnopsicanalisi. Temi e protagonisti di un dialogo incompiuto. Vol. II Antropologia della cura, Torino, Bollati Boringhieri, 2005. A cura di Elisabeth Roudinesco e Roberto Beneduce.
La famiglia in disordine, Roma : Meltemi, 2006.
La parte oscura di noi stessi.Una storia dei perversi, Colla Editore 2008
Available in German
Die Geschichte der Psychoanalyse in Frankreich. Band I, 1994
Die Geschichte der Psychoanalyse in Frankreich. Band II, 1998
Jacques Lacan. Bericht über ein Leben. Geschichte eines Denksystems, 1996, Kiepenheuer & Witsch.
Wozu Psychoanalyse?, 2002, Klett-Cotta.
Wörterbuch der Psychoanalyse, 2004, Wien, Springer.
Woraus wird Morgen gemacht sein? Ein Dialog, J.Derrida, 2006, Klett-Cotta.
Available in Portuguese
Jacques Lacan, Zahar, 1994.
Théroigne de Méricourt – Uma Mulher Melancólica durante a Revolução, Zahar, 1997.
Dicionario de psicanalise, Michel Plon, Zahar, 1998.
De Que Amanhã..., Jacques Derrida, Zahar, 2004.
Filósofos na tormenta, Canguilhem, Sartre, Foucault, Althusser, Deleuze e Derrida, Zahar, 2008.
A Parte Obscura de Nós Mesmo, Zahar, 2009.
Retorno à Questão Judaica, Zahar, 2010.
Lacan, a Despeito de Tudo e de Todos, Zahar, 2011.
Available in Polish
Elisabeth Roudinesco, Jacques Lacan. Jego życie i myśl, Wydawnictwo KR, Warszawa 2005.
Critical literature
Nathalie Jaudel
Roudinesco, plagiaire de soi-même (suivi de : Lacan, Maurras et les Juifs). Éditions Navarin, Paris, 2011
La légende noire de Jacques Lacan : Élisabeth Roudinesco et sa méthode historique. Éditions Navarin, Paris, 2014
See also
Javal family
Henri Ellenberger
Paul Roazen
References
20th-century French historians
French women historians
French historiographers
French psychoanalysts
Academic staff of the University of Paris
French people of Jewish descent
French people of Romanian-Jewish descent
Prix Décembre winners
Knights of the Legion of Honour
Writers from Paris
1944 births
Living people
20th-century French women |
3 East 57th Street, originally the L. P. Hollander Company Building, is a nine-story commercial building in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. It is along the northern side of 57th Street, just east of Fifth Avenue. 3 East 57th Street, constructed from 1929 to 1930, was designed by Shreve, Lamb & Harmon in an early Art Deco style.
3 East 57th Street's facade was originally divided vertically into three sections: a two-story base, a six-story shaft, and an attic. While the base has been heavily modified, the remainder of the facade retains its original design, with silver metal spandrels, gray limestone mullions, and a black granite frame. The interior of the building was designed by Jock D. Peters and Elaine Lemaire as a store for the L. P. Hollander Company, a clothing retailer. When completed, the building received an award of architectural merit from the Fifth Avenue Association.
In late 1929, the L. P. Hollander Company decided to build a store on the site, which then was owned by the Stuyvesant family. The store opened in September 1930 but was occupied by the Hollander Company for less than two years. Afterward, the store was occupied by a succession of other tenants, including a Stouffer's restaurant in the 1940s and 1950s, while the upper stories were used as offices. The interior has been remodeled several times over the years by its subsequent tenants. The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated 3 East 57th Street as an official landmark in 2003, the same year a Yves Saint Laurent store started operating in the building.
Site
3 East 57th Street is in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City, just southeast of Central Park and Grand Army Plaza. It is along the northern sidewalk of 57th Street between Madison Avenue to the east and Fifth Avenue to the west. The land lot covers with a frontage of on 57th Street and a depth of . Nearby sites include the Bergdorf Goodman Building and Solow Building to the west, the Crown Building to the southwest, the Tiffany & Co. flagship store and Trump Tower to the south, 590 Madison Avenue to the southeast, the LVMH Tower to the east, and the General Motors Building to the north.
Historically, the site had adjoined "Marble Row", a group of houses on the eastern side of Fifth Avenue from 57th to 58th Streets, built by Mary Mason Jones between 1868 and 1870. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, East 57th Street largely contained homes and structures built for the arts. In 1904, Augustus van Horne Stuyvesant, a member of the Stuyvesant family and a descendant of New Netherland director-general Peter Stuyvesant, acquired the site and built a private residence there. After about 1921, art galleries started to supplant residences on 57th Street, and other art galleries developed on the street in general. With the neighborhood rapidly becoming commercial, Stuyvesant and his family moved to 2 East 79th Street on the Upper East Side in 1930, though he leased the site in 1929 to the Starrett Investing Corporation.
Architecture
3 East 57th Street was designed by William F. Lamb of Shreve, Lamb & Harmon as a nine-story shop building for the L. P. Hollander Company clothing store. The building is about tall. Architecture writer Robert A. M. Stern wrote that, with the building's construction, "the pendulum of taste had swung definitively toward a Modernist palette".
Facade
The 57th Street facade is the only portion of the building's exterior that is visible from the street. As designed, it was divided vertically into three sections: a two-story base, a six-story shaft, and an attic. It used silver-colored aluminum, gray limestone, and black granite. The windows are brought forward to the facade's surface, rather than being set back. The overall design was intended to give the sense of a "weightless plane backed only by insulation", as Stern described the design.
The base, comprising the first and second stories, has been heavily altered from its original design. The base was originally clad with silver. There were two small side doors, one for service and another which acted as a fire exit. At the center was a bronze-framed show window that was intended for displaying fashionable outfits. The show window was topped by a stepped frame evocative of a proscenium, and the mezzanine windows above the ground-story windows had small panes. The doors were designed as "grilles in reverse", with openings to allow light into the ground story. The first and second stories were modified with white-marble cladding following a 1939 renovation. By the early 2000s, the base had black cladding, serving as an entrance to a store for fashion house Saint Laurent. , Saint Laurent had changed the base's facade to veined white marble.
The third through eighth stories remain largely as they were originally designed. Most of the casement windows retain the steel frames from the original design. There are five vertical bays of windows, clustered toward the center of the facade. The bays are separated horizontally by the narrow limestone mullions, which rise from the third to the eighth story without interruption. The windows on each story are separated by embossed metal spandrels. The spandrels are decorated with geometric patterns, except those below the eighth story, which have a motif of a flower at the center. Typically, there would be of masonry behind the steel curtain wall for insulation, but this was omitted in the design of 3 East 57th Street. Lamb speculated that metal spandrels would replace masonry ones, and his firm went on to design the Empire State Building with 6,000 aluminum spandrels. The outer sections of 3 East 57th Street's facade are framed in black granite. The eighth-story windows are topped by a stone lintel that contain ornamented motifs of fountains and fans.
There are five windows on the ninth story, which are surrounded entirely by black granite, giving the impression that the ninth-story windows comprise a standalone "panel". The ninth-story windows do not contain decoration but are separated horizontally by the limestone mullions. Directly above the ninth story is the building's parapet, which is slightly raised at the center of the facade, directly over the windows. The parapet also has swags, drapery, and stacked panels carved in stone. There is a flagpole on the rooftop above the center of the facade. The stone of the parapet is used to provide a contrast against the black granite.
Interior
The building has nine full stories, each measuring , as well as a basement. A mezzanine above the first floor dates to 1940, when a 450-seat Stouffer's restaurant opened there. Originally, when the building was a Hollander store, each floor was designed in a different manner. The interiors were designed by Jock D. Peters and Eleanor Lemaire.
Under Hollander's operation, each story was split into smaller divisions to give an impression of a cozy space. The interiors used distinct materials, including aspen wood and lacquer for the display boxes. The first floor sold accessories such as perfume and jewelry. The second floor had a decorative art and gift shop, as well as a nightwear division. The third floor sold sportswear and was decorated with vermillion and zebra-wood; the coat section had cork walls. The fourth floor, devoted to selling hats and furs, included a millinery shop with satin-wood and lacquer tables, as well as a fur shop with leather on the walls. The fur salon had decorative glass panels by Maurice Heaton, composed of both gray and translucent panels. Ready-to-wear clothing was sold on the fifth floor, while a custom-made clothing department was on the sixth floor. The "debonair" department on the seventh floor had English oak cabinetry with lacquer trim. The eighth floor had custom workrooms and the ninth floor had executive offices.
The various subsequent tenants have redesigned the building in different styles. When fashion boutique Joseph's took over the building in 1933, the ground floor was converted to tiny "shops" selling various accessories. The other floors were largely similar to those of Hollander's: lingerie on the second floor, coats and sportswear on the third, footwear on the fourth, ready-to-wears on the fifth, and custom-made clothes on the sixth. The Plummer home-furnishing store, opened in 1961, had a wrought-iron staircase from the first floor, as well as decorative railings on the mezzanine. Silver, china, and crystal was sold on the first floor; yachts on the mezzanine; and lamps on the second floor. When the storefront was converted to a Saint Laurent store during the early 2000s, there was a handbag department in the lobby, a white-decorated shoe salon in the rear of the first floor, and black display niches on the second floor. , Saint Laurent has a womenswear department on the first floor and menswear on the second floor.
History
The L. P. Hollander Company was founded in 1848 by Maria Theresa Hollander (née Baldwin). The company originally sold men's and women's clothes in Boston but subsequently opened branches throughout New England, as well as one in New York City. The branch store in New York City opened on Fifth Avenue in 1890, ultimately relocating to 550–552 Fifth Avenue by 1911. The Hollander family sold the company in April 1929. Its new president Clarence G. Sheffield was planning to move to 57th Street, where the company would erect a new nine-story store.
Development
In August 1929, the Starrett Investing Corporation signed a 21-year lease for the site at 3 East 57th Street, with the opportunity for two 21-year extensions. The corporation intended to demolish Augustus van Horne Stuyvesant's old house. By that November, the details of the new store had been announced. Shreve, Lamb & Harmon were to be the architects, while Starrett Brothers was to be the general contractor. The store would be designed in a French style, with a facade of granite, aluminum, and steel. This design was selected because 3 East 57th Street would be shorter than an existing 20-story building at 5–7 East 57th Street to the east, as well as the New York Trust Company's new 22-story structure to the west. The site was to be the fourth relocation for the New York City store and the first location that was not on Fifth Avenue.
Augustus Van Horne Stuyvesant Jr. and the estate of Anne W. Stuyvesant agreed to allow the Starrett Investing Corporation to sublease the property to the Hollander Company. The net lease was to be $90,000 a year. The Hollander Company also leased two floors at 5–7 East 57th Street for its manufacturing division. By August 1930, the Hollander Company was selling all the merchandise at its old location in preparation for its relocation to the new store. The 57th Street building opened on September 25, 1930. The departments in the new store were mostly the same as those in the old location, but the children's department of Hollander's New York City store was discontinued, and a gift shop and a "debonair shop" were added. In 1931, the Fifth Avenue Association awarded its gold medal to 3 East 57th Street for the best structure built in the Fifth Avenue district during 1930.
1930s to 1950s
The Hollander Company had been prosperous when it commissioned the new store. However, it declared bankruptcy in February 1932, less than two years after moving into the building, for unknown reasons. After a failed attempt to avoid receivership, the company sold all the products in the store the following month, earning $23,000 from the liquidation. A new L. P. Hollander Company was established that June at 8 West 56th Street, one block south. In December 1932, the owner of 3 East 57th Street reassigned the lease from the Starrett Investing Corporation to the Zeeland Corporation. The same month, Zeeland subleased the building to fashion boutique Joseph's, which opened a shop there in March 1933. Under Joseph's occupancy, the building hosted events, including a fundraiser for cancer awareness in 1933 and a fundraiser for the Italian Junior League in early 1934.
In December 1939, the Hollander Building was leased for 21 years to Stouffer's for a new unit in its chain of restaurants. Aymar Embury II redesigned the two lower floors with a new white-marble facade. In addition, Embury installed a mezzanine between the first and second floor. It opened in September 1940; soon afterward, a bomb scare forced the addition of a police presence around the restaurant. The Stuyvesant estate transferred the building to St. Luke's Hospital in 1958, and the hospital sold the building to Webb and Knapp in May 1960. The Stouffer's restaurant continued to operate in the building until the expiration of its lease in August 1961.
1960s to present
Shortly before Stouffer's lease expired, home-furnishing retailer W. H. Plummer & Co. signed a 30-year net lease for the building. In May 1961, Webb and Knapp sold the building to an investment syndicate for $465,000. The Plummer store opened in the first floor, mezzanine, and second floor the following month, moving from an adjacent Fifth Avenue building. Other stories were subleased to office tenants, including Laura Dee Advertising Service on the fourth floor and Motion Picture Stages on the sixth floor. Plummer had occupied 3 East 57th Street for less than a year when it went bankrupt in March 1962. Samuel Wechsler acquired Plummer and leased the building that July, with plans to add a shipping department in the basement and offices on the ninth floor, thereby expanding the store to . The other of space not used by the store would continue to be subleased. The newly combined Plummer McCutcheon store opened in October 1962.
The Hat Corporation of America, which sold Cavanagh-branded hats and clothing, was planning to open a store in the building by April 1964. The company's new store opened that November after the lowest stories were renovated for $500,000. By the following month, the building was fully occupied; it was renamed for the Hat Corporation of America, which had a store on the basement through second story, as well as wholesale showrooms and offices on the third through fifth floors. Plummer McCutcheon and Sound Makers Inc. each took a full story, the Mark Century Corporation took one and a half floors, and Florian de Narde took the remaining half-floor.
Cavanagh only operated a store in the building until 1971, when the basement through second story were leased to numismatic dealer Harmer Rooke & Co. By the 1980s, the building's tenants included philatelic publisher Scott Publishing and an Ann Taylor store. The Ann Taylor store held a ten-year lease for four stories at the building's base until 1994. Designs Inc., a store selling Levi Strauss & Co. clothing, then leased the that had been taken up by Ann Taylor.
The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the building as a landmark on June 17, 2003. Saint Laurent opened in the building the same year, initially taking up two stories. The opening of the Saint Laurent store prompted speculation that its nearby flagship on Madison Avenue would be closed. By 2013, there were plans to redesign the 57th Street store. After a 259-day renovation, Saint Laurent reopened in October 2015. The facade was resurfaced in white granite despite the opposition of the local Manhattan Community Board 5. The renovation expanded Saint Laurent from two to three stories. At the time, it occupied about and was the only three-story Saint Laurent store in the world.
See also
List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan from 14th to 59th Streets
References
Notes
Citations
Sources
57th Street (Manhattan)
Fifth Avenue
Midtown Manhattan
New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan
Office buildings completed in 1930
Office buildings in Manhattan |
Pecten albicans, common name Japanese baking scallop, is a species of marine bivalve mollusks in the family Pectinidae, the scallops.
Description
Pecten albicans has a shell reaching a size of 95 mm, with about 12 radiating ribs. The color of the surface usually ranges from light brown to dark brown, but it may be also orange or purple. The lower valve of this species is less convex than in Pecten excavatus. This species is of commercial value for fishing in Japan.
Distribution
This species can be found in the Japanese and the South China Seas.
Habitat
These scallops are present in shallow inshore reef areas, at depths of 40–115 meters.
References
WoRMS
Encyclopedia of life
Discover Life
External links
Pectensite
Conchology
Pectinidae
Bivalves described in 1802 |
Ataky (; ) is a commune (selsoviet) in Dnistrovskyi Raion, Chernivtsi Oblast, Ukraine. It belongs to Khotyn urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine.
Until 18 July 2020, Ataky belonged to Khotyn Raion. The raion was abolished in July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Chernivtsi Oblast to three. The area of Khotyn Raion was merged into Dnistrovskyi Raion.
References
Villages in Dnistrovskyi Raion
Khotinsky Uyezd |
```objective-c
//===- MSFCommon.h - Common types and functions for MSF files ---*- C++ -*-===//
//
// See path_to_url for license information.
//
//===your_sha256_hash------===//
#ifndef LLVM_DEBUGINFO_MSF_MSFCOMMON_H
#define LLVM_DEBUGINFO_MSF_MSFCOMMON_H
#include "llvm/ADT/ArrayRef.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/BitVector.h"
#include "llvm/Support/Endian.h"
#include "llvm/Support/Error.h"
#include "llvm/Support/MathExtras.h"
#include <cstdint>
#include <vector>
namespace llvm {
namespace msf {
static const char Magic[] = {'M', 'i', 'c', 'r', 'o', 's', 'o', 'f',
't', ' ', 'C', '/', 'C', '+', '+', ' ',
'M', 'S', 'F', ' ', '7', '.', '0', '0',
'\r', '\n', '\x1a', 'D', 'S', '\0', '\0', '\0'};
// The superblock is overlaid at the beginning of the file (offset 0).
// It starts with a magic header and is followed by information which
// describes the layout of the file system.
struct SuperBlock {
char MagicBytes[sizeof(Magic)];
// The file system is split into a variable number of fixed size elements.
// These elements are referred to as blocks. The size of a block may vary
// from system to system.
support::ulittle32_t BlockSize;
// The index of the free block map.
support::ulittle32_t FreeBlockMapBlock;
// This contains the number of blocks resident in the file system. In
// practice, NumBlocks * BlockSize is equivalent to the size of the MSF
// file.
support::ulittle32_t NumBlocks;
// This contains the number of bytes which make up the directory.
support::ulittle32_t NumDirectoryBytes;
// This field's purpose is not yet known.
support::ulittle32_t Unknown1;
// This contains the block # of the block map.
support::ulittle32_t BlockMapAddr;
};
struct MSFLayout {
MSFLayout() = default;
uint32_t mainFpmBlock() const {
assert(SB->FreeBlockMapBlock == 1 || SB->FreeBlockMapBlock == 2);
return SB->FreeBlockMapBlock;
}
uint32_t alternateFpmBlock() const {
// If mainFpmBlock is 1, this is 2. If mainFpmBlock is 2, this is 1.
return 3U - mainFpmBlock();
}
const SuperBlock *SB = nullptr;
BitVector FreePageMap;
ArrayRef<support::ulittle32_t> DirectoryBlocks;
ArrayRef<support::ulittle32_t> StreamSizes;
std::vector<ArrayRef<support::ulittle32_t>> StreamMap;
};
/// Describes the layout of a stream in an MSF layout. A "stream" here
/// is defined as any logical unit of data which may be arranged inside the MSF
/// file as a sequence of (possibly discontiguous) blocks. When we want to read
/// from a particular MSF Stream, we fill out a stream layout structure and the
/// reader uses it to determine which blocks in the underlying MSF file contain
/// the data, so that it can be pieced together in the right order.
class MSFStreamLayout {
public:
uint32_t Length;
std::vector<support::ulittle32_t> Blocks;
};
/// Determine the layout of the FPM stream, given the MSF layout. An FPM
/// stream spans 1 or more blocks, each at equally spaced intervals throughout
/// the file.
MSFStreamLayout getFpmStreamLayout(const MSFLayout &Msf,
bool IncludeUnusedFpmData = false,
bool AltFpm = false);
inline bool isValidBlockSize(uint32_t Size) {
switch (Size) {
case 512:
case 1024:
case 2048:
case 4096:
return true;
}
return false;
}
// Super Block, Fpm0, Fpm1, and Block Map
inline uint32_t getMinimumBlockCount() { return 4; }
// Super Block, Fpm0, and Fpm1 are reserved. The Block Map, although required
// need not be at block 3.
inline uint32_t getFirstUnreservedBlock() { return 3; }
inline uint64_t bytesToBlocks(uint64_t NumBytes, uint64_t BlockSize) {
return divideCeil(NumBytes, BlockSize);
}
inline uint64_t blockToOffset(uint64_t BlockNumber, uint64_t BlockSize) {
return BlockNumber * BlockSize;
}
inline uint32_t getFpmIntervalLength(const MSFLayout &L) {
return L.SB->BlockSize;
}
/// Given an MSF with the specified block size and number of blocks, determine
/// how many pieces the specified Fpm is split into.
/// \p BlockSize - the block size of the MSF
/// \p NumBlocks - the total number of blocks in the MSF
/// \p IncludeUnusedFpmData - When true, this will count every block that is
/// both in the file and matches the form of an FPM block, even if some of
/// those FPM blocks are unused (a single FPM block can describe the
/// allocation status of up to 32,767 blocks, although one appears only
/// every 4,096 blocks). So there are 8x as many blocks that match the
/// form as there are blocks that are necessary to describe the allocation
/// status of the file. When this parameter is false, these extraneous
/// trailing blocks are not counted.
inline uint32_t getNumFpmIntervals(uint32_t BlockSize, uint32_t NumBlocks,
bool IncludeUnusedFpmData, int FpmNumber) {
assert(FpmNumber == 1 || FpmNumber == 2);
if (IncludeUnusedFpmData) {
// This calculation determines how many times a number of the form
// BlockSize * k + N appears in the range [0, NumBlocks). We only need to
// do this when unused data is included, since the number of blocks dwarfs
// the number of fpm blocks.
return divideCeil(NumBlocks - FpmNumber, BlockSize);
}
// We want the minimum number of intervals required, where each interval can
// represent BlockSize * 8 blocks.
return divideCeil(NumBlocks, 8 * BlockSize);
}
inline uint32_t getNumFpmIntervals(const MSFLayout &L,
bool IncludeUnusedFpmData = false,
bool AltFpm = false) {
return getNumFpmIntervals(L.SB->BlockSize, L.SB->NumBlocks,
IncludeUnusedFpmData,
AltFpm ? L.alternateFpmBlock() : L.mainFpmBlock());
}
Error validateSuperBlock(const SuperBlock &SB);
} // end namespace msf
} // end namespace llvm
#endif // LLVM_DEBUGINFO_MSF_MSFCOMMON_H
``` |
Berrocal de Huebra is a village and municipality in the province of Salamanca, western Spain, part of the autonomous community of Castile-Leon. It is from the provincial capital city of Salamanca and has a population of 68 people. It lies above sea level and the postal code is 37609.
References
Municipalities in the Province of Salamanca |
It is the 2021–22 season of the Men's Volleyball team of Galatasaray Sports Club.
Sponsorship and kit manufacturers
Supplier: Galatasaray Store
Name sponsor: HDI Sigorta
Main sponsor: HDI Sigorta
Back sponsor: —
Sleeve sponsor: —
Lateral sponsor: —
Short sponsor: A11 Hotels
Socks sponsor: —
Technical Staff
Team roster
Transfers
New contracts
In
Out
Pre-season and friendlies
|}
Competitions
Turkish Men's Volleyball League (AXA Sigorta Efeler Ligi)
League table
Regular season (1st Half)
All times are Europe Time (UTC+03:00).
|}
Regular season (2nd Half)
All times are Europe Time (UTC+03:00).
|}
Playoffs
5–8th place
All times are Europe Time (UTC+03:00).
|}
5–6th place
All times are Europe Time (UTC+03:00).
|}
Turkish Men's Volleyball Cup (AXA Sigorta Kupa Voley)
Group A
Results
All times are Europe Time (UTC+03:00).
Quarter-finals
All times are Europe Time (UTC+03:00).
|}
Semi-finals
All times are Europe Time (UTC+03:00).
|}
Finals
All times are Europe Time (UTC+03:00).
|}
CEV Cup
16th Finals
|}
8th Finals
|}
References
External links
Official Galatasaray Volleyball Branch Website
Galatasaray Istanbul » rosters __ Volleybox
Turkish Volleyball Federastion Official Website
Galatasaray S.K. (men's volleyball) seasons
Galatasaray Sports Club 2021–22 season |
Gigamyiopsis is a genus of parasitic flies in the family Tachinidae. There is one described species in Gigamyiopsis, G. funebris.
Distribution
Mexico
References
Dexiinae
Diptera of North America
Tachinidae genera
Monotypic Brachycera genera |
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