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Mun Kyung-gun (; born February 9, 1995) is a South Korean football player who plays for Gimcheon Sangmu.
Playing career
Mun joined J2 League club Oita Trinita in 2017. On June 6, 2018, he debuted against Renofa Yamaguchi FC in Emperor's Cup.
Career statistics
Last update: 27 February 2019
References
External links
1995 births
Living people
South Korean men's footballers
J1 League players
J2 League players
Oita Trinita players
Men's association football goalkeepers |
The Latta Park Baseball Field was a ballpark located in Latta Park in Charlotte, North Carolina. Its capacity was approximately 1,000 for baseball.
Edward Dilworth Latta, Mayor F. B. McDowell, and others formed the Charlotte Consolidated Construction Company (the "Four Cs") in 1890 to develop the Dilworth neighborhood of Charlotte. To attract visitors and residents, the Four Cs constructed an electric trolley route at the end of which they built a recreational area called Latta Park with gardens, walking paths, a lake, and playing fields including the Latta Park Baseball Field.
The first game was played at the park's grand opening on May 20, 1891 with a game between teams from Winston, North Carolina and Columbia, South Carolina. A grandstand for the baseball field was built in 1892, and the field renovated and rededicated in September 1897. As of 1899, a third of a mile bicycle track encircled the playing field.
Latta Park Baseball Field was home to the Charlotte Hornets minor-league baseball team until the opening of Wearn Field in 1912.
The first college football game in Charlotte was played at Latta Park in 1892 when the University of North Carolina defeated Virginia Tech 32-5.
Davidson College played football games at the Latta Park Baseball Field between 1896 and 1903.
On November 28, 1901, Clemson defeated the University of North Carolina in football at Latta Park in front of 1,000 fans.
Charlotte and Latta Park hosted the Brooklyn Dodgers for spring training in 1896, 1897, and 1901; the Philadelphia Phillies in 1899 and 1900; and the Philadelphia Athletics in 1902.
As the Dilworth neighborhood grew, the Four Cs made plans to redevelop recreational areas of Latta Park. The Charlotte Hornets had played at Latta Park through the 1908 season but moved to the newly opened Wearn Field constructed and managed by the team's owner, J.H. Wearn. The Charlotte Baseball Association had signed a ten year lease to utilize Latta Park's Baseball Field and played games at Latta Park through the 1912 season.
Latta Park is commemorated at Charlotte's Truist Field along the outer wall of South Graham Street.
External links
References
College football venues
Davidson Wildcats football
Los Angeles Dodgers spring training venues
Philadelphia Phillies spring training venues
Sports venues in Charlotte, North Carolina
Sports venues in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina
Defunct minor league baseball venues
Defunct baseball venues in the United States
Baseball venues in North Carolina
Defunct sports venues in North Carolina
1891 establishments in North Carolina
Sports venues completed in 1891 |
"Chikni Chameli" is a song from the 2012 Indian Hindi action drama film Agneepath, directed by Karan Malhotra and produced by Karan Johar. This song is based on F# melodic minor scale. The song was first revealed on 16 December 2011 and features Katrina Kaif as the lead, along with Hrithik Roshan and Sanjay Dutt. The song was sung by Shreya Ghoshal and the dance choreographed by Ganesh Acharya.
Background
It is a remake of the Marathi song "Kombdi Palali" from the film Jatra (2006), which was acted by Bharat Jadhav & Kranti Redkar and sung by Anand Shinde & Vaishali Samant.
The music is composed by the National award-winning Marathi composer duo Ajay and Atul Gogavale, known as Ajay–Atul, who had earlier worked on Natrang, Viruddh, Singham and My Friend Pinto.
Music video
Filming
Synopsis
Reception
The song was well received by critics and audiences alike.
Awards and nominations
References
Film songs in Hindi
Indian songs
2012 songs
Shreya Ghoshal songs
Songs with lyrics by Amitabh Bhattacharya
Songs with music by Ajay–Atul
Pop-folk songs |
```go
package events
import "github.com/docker/go-metrics"
var (
eventsCounter metrics.Counter
eventSubscribers metrics.Gauge
)
func init() {
ns := metrics.NewNamespace("engine", "daemon", nil)
eventsCounter = ns.NewCounter("events", "The number of events logged")
eventSubscribers = ns.NewGauge("events_subscribers", "The number of current subscribers to events", metrics.Total)
metrics.Register(ns)
}
``` |
Andra Levite (born 16 November 1962) is a Latvian gynecologist and obstetrician. Levite, who is married to President Egils Levits, has served as the First Lady of Latvia from 2019 to 2023.
Biography
Levite was born Andra Apines to a Latvian family in West Germany (present-day Germany) on 16 November 1962. She received her medical degree from the University of Giessen in Germany in 1990. Levite married Egils Levits, a Latvian lawyer and politician, in 1991. The couple had two children, Indra and Linards.
From 1990 until 2019, Levite practiced as a gynecology and obstetrics in Luxembourg and Germany. Specifically, she is a certified paediatric and adolescent gynecologist, certified obstetrician, and an ultrasonography specialist. She practices in Latvian, English, German and French.
She returned to Latvia full-time upon the election of her husband as President of Latvia and assumed the role of first lady in July 2019.
Levite temporarily left medicine to focus on her new duties as first lady. On 28 April 2020, First Lady Levite resumed her medical profession as a member of the ARS Medical Centre's Women’s Consulting Department in Riga, while continuing to serve as the country's first lady.
In July 2022, Levite spoke in-person at the "Ukraine and the World: The Future We (Re)build Together" Kyiv Summit of First Ladies and Gentlemen at the invitation of First Lady of Ukraine Olena Zelenska and President Volodymyr Zelenskyy. In her remarks, the first lady promised that Latvia would help with the country's reconstruction following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, noting "Latvia, from the government to businessmen and civil society, is with Ukraine today, tomorrow and certainly also after Ukraine's victory in this brutal war. Latvia is ready to participate in the process of rebuilding Ukraine." In her opening speech, Levite also cited parallels between Ukraine and the Soviet occupation of Latvia, noting that "for more than 50 years, the Latvian people suffered the same pain that the Ukrainians are experiencing now. Therefore, Latvia has without doubt and hesitation provided support to Ukraine in all possible areas and will continue to do so in the future.
On 23 July 2022, Levite and Lithuanian First Lady Diana Nausėdienė visited Irpin, site of the Irpin refugee column shelling attack by Russian forces during the invasion of Ukraine. Levite and Nausėdienė also laid flowers at a mass grave in Bucha, Kyiv Oblast, the site of the March 2022 Bucha massacre of Ukrainian civilians by Russian Armed Forces.
Honours
Foreign Honours
: Member 1st Class of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana (19 April 2023)
References
Living people
1962 births
First ladies and gentlemen of Latvia
Latvian gynaecologists
Obstetricians
University of Giessen alumni
Latvian expatriates in Germany
Latvian expatriates in Luxembourg
Latvian women physicians |
Mademoiselle Fifi is a 1944 American period film directed by Robert Wise for RKO, in his solo directorial debut. It was written by Josef Mischel and Peter Ruric based on two short stories by Guy de Maupassant, "Mademoiselle Fifi" and "Boule de Suif". The film features an ensemble cast headed by Simone Simon, John Emery and Kurt Kreuger, and was produced by noted B-film producer Val Lewton. The movie is set during a time when the Prussian Army occupied part of France in 1870. Since it was produced in Hollywood during the Second World War, in the same year Paris was liberated from Nazi rule, it contains elements of wartime propaganda, evoking Jeanne D’Arc among other heroes of French history, and holding up French people in occupied territory who follow orders as objects of pity or outrage, depending on their circumstances.
Plot
In occupied France during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, a beautiful young laundress, Elizabeth Rousset, shares a stage coach ride from Rouen with a group of condescending nobles and businessmen and their wives, a political firebrand named Jean Cornudet and a young priest on his way to his new assignment. When they stop for the night at a village controlled by Prussian Lieutenant von Eyrick, known to his fellow officers as "Mademoiselle Fifi", their coach is held up until the laundress agrees to "dine" with the lieutenant. Unlike her social betters, who have all fraternized with the enemy, and had them as guests in their homes, Elizabeth is a simple patriot, and will not eat or consort with the invaders of her country, so the coach cannot go on. The group finally convinces her that it would be best for France for them to get on with their business, and she concedes. While she is closeted with the arrogant Prussian, whose aim is to humiliate and degrade her (essentially he forces her to agree to be raped) the rest of the travellers celebrate their deliverance by getting drunk on champagne, and following the progress of the evening's encounter through the sounds coming from upstairs.
The next morning, when the coach departs – with Lt. von Eyrick travelling with them – all the travellers except Cornudet and the priest ostentatiously snub Elizabeth, while chatting and gossiping with the Prussian. At Cleresville, after Elizabeth, the priest and von Eyrick leave the coach, Cornudet is overcome by guilt at his previous actions, tells the group off and leaves to seek Elizabeth out. He tries to apologize to her, but she rejects him – even so, she has stirred his patriotism again.
The young priest has taken over from the previous curé who defied the Prussians by refusing to ring the church bell, and he has decided to continue that defiance – the bell will remain silent until the first blow is struck for the freedom of France. The Prussian Captain in charge of the village wants the French to submit to them, and ring the bell themselves ("We do not win," explains Lt. von Eyrick, "unless our opponents ring the bell"), but one of his subordinates has vowed that on his next patrol, he will ring the bell himself. Cornudet hears this, and prepares to protect the bell. That night, when the Prussians approach the church to ring the bell, he shoots and kills a lancer charging toward him on horseback.
Meanwhile, the bored Prussian officers have thrown themselves a party, and have rounded up women from the village to attend. Elizabeth feels she must go, as the Prussians threaten to withhold their business from her aunt's laundry unless she does and unless she encourages the other young women to attend. The girls are given beautiful gowns to wear and are promised champagne, but the biggest attraction is the food. Elizabeth is assured that "Mademoiselle Fifi" will not be at the party; but, of course, he is. The lieutenant, drunk, forces Elizabeth to sit on his lap and kisses her forcibly, biting her lip until it bleeds. But the last straw comes when he insults France and the French and slaps her; she picks up a knife and stabs and kills him. Both now trying to escape from Prussians who are hunting them, Elizabeth and Cornudet are taken in by the priest, who hides them.
When the Prussians make arrangements with the priest for the funeral of Lt. von Eyrick, they ask that the bell be rung, as is customary. The priest agrees, and the Prussians feel that they have won their battle. However, the priest explains later to Elizabeth and Cornudet that the bell can be rung now that the first blow for French freedom has been struck – by a woman.
Cast
Production
Producer Val Lewton wanted to break out of producing horror films, and suggested that RKO make a period film based on the short stories of Guy de Maupassant, with Erich von Stroheim and Simone Simon. George Sanders was approached about playing Lieutenant Fifi.
Prior to directing Mademoiselle Fifi, his first official solo directorial credit, film editor Robert Wise had directed retakes and additional sequences on The Magnificent Ambersons while Orson Welles was in South America, and had replaced director Gunther von Fritsch on Val Lewton's The Curse of the Cat People. His work on Cat People convinced Lewton to use him again on Fifi. Wise also directed The Body Snatcher for Lewton in 1945.
Lewton and Wise studied hundreds of period paintings by artists such as Toulouse-Lautrec, Delacroix, Daumier and Detaille, to find the look they wanted. Wise later commented: "Because those were low-budget films, we had to stretch our imagination and get results without too much to work with. How we staged them, how we lit them, how we placed our camera was to get strong, effective results without having the material at hand."
Mademoiselle Fifi was in production from 23 March through late April 1944 with the working title of "The Silent Bell". Shooting took 22 days on a budget of $200,000 – a record low amount for an American costume drama in the sound era. Sets left over from RKO's 1939 film The Hunchback of Notre Dame were utilized, but because of the skimpy budget, cardboard sets were also used at some points. The outdoor snow scenes were shot at Big Bear Lake, California.
To improve her figure when filming, the French actress Simone Simon wore false breasts which she called "my eyes." Before each take, she would call out "Bring me my eyes!"
Although De Maupassant’s stories were written in the late 19th century and described a war that had ended 70 years before, they reflected France as it was in 1944 with the Prussian occupiers being a symbol of the German occupation of France, which was in its fourth year at the time. A review of the history of the Franco-Prussian War reveals grim parallels.
Turner Classic Movies’ Roger Fristoe observes that the film draws strong parallels between that era and the Nazi invasion of the 1940s, admiring the simple people who remained faithful to their country's principles and censuring those who collaborated with the enemy for selfish reasons.
The film was released in the United States in July 1944 (D-Day was June 7) and this was the first film shown in France after the Allied invasion of Normandy . The audience would not have known that Paris would be liberated in August , one month after the release of the film.
Response
Unfortunately for Lewton's hopes for breaking out of the horror genre, Mademoiselle Fifi did not do well at previews, or at the box office once it was released, and was by far the worst grossing of Lewton's films. Some critics, however, thought the film was well worth their while. James Agee wrote in The Nation:
I don't know of any American film which has tried to say as much, as pointedly, about the performance of the middle class in war. There is a gallant, fervent quality about the whole picture, faults and all, which gives it a peculiar kind of life and likeableness, and which signifies that there is one group of men working in Hollywood who have neither lost nor taken care to conceal the purity of their hope and intentions.
Home video
Mademoiselle Fifi has so far only seen a few official releases: a US VHS video Warner Home Video, US LaserDisc (Image Entertainment) and a French region 2 PAL DVD (Editions Montparnasse). It has also been issued on an unauthorised DVD by Manga Films, a Spanish pirate company.
References
External links
Mademoiselle Fifi at AFI
1944 films
American black-and-white films
1940s historical drama films
American historical drama films
Films based on Boule de Suif
Films directed by Robert Wise
Films produced by Val Lewton
Franco-Prussian War films
American war drama films
1940s war drama films
1944 drama films
RKO Pictures films
1940s American films
1940s English-language films |
Cabo Viejo-Tala-Sulamas Natural Reserve is a nature reserve in Nicaragua. It is one of the 78 reserves that are under official protection in the country.
Protected areas of Nicaragua |
Rita Borsellino (; 2 June 1945 – 15 August 2018) was an Italian Sicilian anti-Mafia activist, politician and, between 2009 and 2014, a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for the Democratic Party.
Early life
Borsellino was born in Palermo, Sicily, and worked there as a pharmacist. In July 1992 her brother, Judge Paolo Borsellino, was killed by the Mafia in a bomb explosion. She began to organise and participate in events such as public debates, rallies and protests against organised crime. These included events in France and Germany, such as an event in 1994 in Paris with the Argentinian organisation Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo.
Political career
In 1994 she was invited to join Libera, an Italian NGO working against organised crime. In 1995 she became vice-president of the organisation and in 2005 she was named honorary president. Borsellino was also active in the peace movement, attending international peace conferences in 2000 and 2002.
In 1998 she became president of Associazione Piera Cutino, a non-profit foundation that promotes medical research into thalassaemia.
2006 regional election
In 2005, some minor parties of The Union, mainly from the radical left wing, endorsed her as their candidate in the primary election for the president of the Sicilian region. She was also backed by the Democrats of the Left, being eventually supported by all the coalition parties, except the Daisy (Margherita) who presented another candidate. In the primary election, held on 4 December 2005, she defeated her competitor, and gained the candidacy of The Union for the Sicilian regional election held on 28 May 2006, where she lost to incumbent governor Salvatore Cuffaro.
Borsellino was the first Sicilian woman nominated for the presidency of the Sicilian region, and also attracted the highest ever number of votes for a candidate from The Union.
Later elections
In 2008 she ran for the Italian Senate as an independent with The Left – The Rainbow, but was not elected. In 2009 she headed the Sicilian Democratic Party list in the European elections, and subsequently became a Member of the European Parliament (MEP). During her tenure, Borsellino served on the parliamentary committee on civil justice.
On 4 March 2012 Borsellino ran in a centre-left open primary for the seat of Mayor of Palermo, with support from the Democratic Party, Left Ecology, Freedom, the Federation of the Left, the Greens and Italy of Values. She was defeated in the election by independent candidate Fabrizio Ferrandelli.
Borsellino continued to serve as an MEP and was on a special parliamentary commission on organised crime, corruption and money laundering.
Recognition
In August 2004 Borsellino was awarded the San Lorenzo Prize for her civic contributions. She has received honorary citizenship of Florence, Offanengo, Massa Lombarda and Crevalcore.
Death
Borsellino died at the Civic Hospital in Palermo on 15 August 2018 after a long illness.
References
External links
Official website of Rita Borsellino
Official website of the organization Libera
1945 births
2018 deaths
Politicians from Palermo
Antimafia
Democratic Party (Italy) MEPs
MEPs for Italy 2009–2014
21st-century women MEPs for Italy |
Yataity del Norte is a town and district in the San Pedro department of Paraguay, you can access this district by Route 8 "Dr. Blás Garay", like most people who were born and grew up on the side of the road, is a laborious community, which focuses on trade and agricultural production.
Founded December 22, 1965, it is located some 263 km from Asunción.
Yataity del Norte gateway to reach the prosperous colony Unión and the December 25, which leads to a precarious dirt road. Posts sales of fruit, quaint bars and restaurants where they offer tasty dishes of home cooking are points of attraction to make a stop on the road, before continuing the journey.
It is near the Arroyo Peñatei with a population of about 14.373 inhabitants. The vast majority are engaged in forestry, agriculture and livestock.
Its population is distributed as follows, corresponds to 52% male and 47% females. This situation is equal to what happens in most departments of the interior of the country, which has found greater female migration to urban centres, usually seeking to improve their living conditions and his family.
Hydrography
The Northern District Yataity, is washed by the waters of the following streams:
Arroyo Pañatei.
Arroyo Tapiracuái.
Economy
Much of the department of San Pedro, as well as the district's economy is mainly agricultural, occupying a prominent place in beef production, as well as its agriculture has increased considerably thanks to the fertility of its soil.
The city is a major centre of activity that includes livestock production coil, equine, swine, sheep.
In agriculture there are crops in the district of horticulture, oranges (sweet and sour), banana, sunflower, herb, matt, mandioca.
The Department of San Pedro is among those with lower socio-economic indicators, noted however that in recent years there have been significant advances, which allow people punished instead of acquiring better quality of life.
The 63% of the population is poor and the department while the rest of the population is not considered poor, the gaps are very marked, their average monthly income per family, the Guaraní sum of 490,812, representing an income per person Guaraní monthly average of 89,573.
Roads
In the district of Yataity del Norte, can be accessed by Route 8 "Dr. Blás Garay", the other existing roads in the district are without pavement, roads are totally some kind of paving.
Today, this district has public transport services with services interdistrict services and newspapers until the country's capital, Ciudad del Este, Pedro Juan Caballero, Brazil, Argentina and Chile.
In communication, most have access to phone and now with satellite systems.
Climate
In the second department of San Pedro, the weather is predominantly rainy and humid.
The same goes for the Northern District Yataity, that its climate is humid and rainy; the relative humidity is 70 to 80%. The average is 23 °C, the highest in summer is 35 °C and at least 10 °C.
Language
Just as much of the population of the entire department of San Pedro, in the district of Yataity del Norte, also dominated the Guaraní language that approximately over 70% of the population speaks Spanish and Guaraní-(yopara) is spoken by 30% of the remaining population.
Geography
Bordered on the north by the District of San Estanislao.
To the south lies the Fifth Department of Caaguazú.
To the east is separated from the Fifth Department of Caaguazú, by the stream Tapiracuá i.
To the west lies the District Union.
Education
This district, as well as much of the second department of San Pedro, has primary schools, and also the average level, in which children and young people attending regularly, illiteracy exists is because of extreme poverty in which much of their people are mired, making it difficult to send their children to school, this affects especially women, but men are not exempt from this problem.
The indigenous bias also has access to primary education but with little notice by them, which is also due to the same reasons.
The working population lacks a reasonable level of qualification, which conspires against the development of the area, so it does not have trained manpower, lack of instructions or programs and projects related to the topic.
Health
Throughout the second Department of San Pedro and not just in this district, which is perceived is a tremendous gap in these subjects, although must admit that in recent years show a marked improvement in the health sector. Currently the department has several posts and health centres, spread over much of the department of San Pedro, but will stress that they are equipped with a minimum, so that relative importance of care for the sick must be transferred to other care centres, usually in the capital and surrounding areas.
Demography
The Yataity del Norte District, according to the National Housing Census for 2002 has a total population of 12,477 inhabitants in the urban area is the amount of 1,328 inhabitants, and in the rural area is 11,153 inhabitants.
Its rural population is 89.39% of the total population.
The total households in the district amounts to the amount of 2,492, of which corresponds to households in urban areas the number of 301, and in rural areas the number of 2,191 households, or representing 87.92% of the households are living in rural areas.
According to the projection of the district's total population, by gender and year have the following details:
By the year 2008 the total population of 14,373 inhabitants, of whom 7,633 men and 6,740 women.
By 2009, the total population of 14,460 inhabitants, of whom 6,682 men and 6,778 women.
As for the main socio-demographic indicators, district Yataity North has the following details:
Population Less than 15 years 40.0%.
Average of 3.2 children per woman.
Illiterate 7.4%.
Employed by the primary sector 76.0%.
Employed by the secondary sector 5.5% .
Employed in the tertiary sector 18.3%.
Employed in agricultural work 75.9%.
Homes with the electricity 77.9%.
Homes with running water 13.5%.
Bibliography
The Journal News "che ret Paraguay."
The Journal last minute "Geography of Paraguay."
Publication of journalism Tiempos del Mundo.
World Gazeteer: Paraguay – World-Gazetteer.com
Populated places in the San Pedro Department, Paraguay |
Costilla may refer to:
Costilla County, Colorado
Costilla, New Mexico, a census-designated place in Taos County
Costilla Creek, in Colorado and New Mexico
Fernando Costilla (born 1972), Spanish television personality and voice actor |
Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 inhibitor C is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CDKN2C gene.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the INK4 family of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors. This protein has been shown to interact with CDK4 or CDK6, and prevent the activation of the CDK kinases, thus function as a cell growth regulator that controls cell cycle G1 progression. Ectopic expression of this gene was shown to suppress the growth of human cells in a manner that appears to correlate with the presence of a wild-type RB1 function. Studies in the knockout mice suggested the roles of this gene in regulating spermatogenesis, as well as in suppressing tumorigenesis. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene, which encode an identical protein, have been reported.
Interactions
CDKN2C has been shown to interact with Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and Cyclin-dependent kinase 6.
References
Further reading
External links
Cell cycle regulators |
Arviz (, also Romanized as Ārvīz) is a village in Alqurat Rural District, in the Central District of Birjand County, South Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 41, in 25 families.
References
Populated places in Birjand County |
```go
// Code generated by private/model/cli/gen-api/main.go. DO NOT EDIT.
package internetmonitor
import (
"github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go/private/protocol"
)
const (
// ErrCodeAccessDeniedException for service response error code
// "AccessDeniedException".
//
// You don't have sufficient permission to perform this action.
ErrCodeAccessDeniedException = "AccessDeniedException"
// ErrCodeBadRequestException for service response error code
// "BadRequestException".
//
// A bad request was received.
ErrCodeBadRequestException = "BadRequestException"
// ErrCodeConflictException for service response error code
// "ConflictException".
//
// The requested resource is in use.
ErrCodeConflictException = "ConflictException"
// ErrCodeInternalServerErrorException for service response error code
// "InternalServerErrorException".
//
// There was an internal server error.
ErrCodeInternalServerErrorException = "InternalServerErrorException"
// ErrCodeInternalServerException for service response error code
// "InternalServerException".
//
// An internal error occurred.
ErrCodeInternalServerException = "InternalServerException"
// ErrCodeLimitExceededException for service response error code
// "LimitExceededException".
//
// The request exceeded a service quota.
ErrCodeLimitExceededException = "LimitExceededException"
// ErrCodeNotFoundException for service response error code
// "NotFoundException".
//
// The request specifies something that doesn't exist.
ErrCodeNotFoundException = "NotFoundException"
// ErrCodeResourceNotFoundException for service response error code
// "ResourceNotFoundException".
//
// The request specifies a resource that doesn't exist.
ErrCodeResourceNotFoundException = "ResourceNotFoundException"
// ErrCodeThrottlingException for service response error code
// "ThrottlingException".
//
// The request was denied due to request throttling.
ErrCodeThrottlingException = "ThrottlingException"
// ErrCodeTooManyRequestsException for service response error code
// "TooManyRequestsException".
//
// There were too many requests.
ErrCodeTooManyRequestsException = "TooManyRequestsException"
// ErrCodeValidationException for service response error code
// "ValidationException".
//
// Invalid request.
ErrCodeValidationException = "ValidationException"
)
var exceptionFromCode = map[string]func(protocol.ResponseMetadata) error{
"AccessDeniedException": newErrorAccessDeniedException,
"BadRequestException": newErrorBadRequestException,
"ConflictException": newErrorConflictException,
"InternalServerErrorException": newErrorInternalServerErrorException,
"InternalServerException": newErrorInternalServerException,
"LimitExceededException": newErrorLimitExceededException,
"NotFoundException": newErrorNotFoundException,
"ResourceNotFoundException": newErrorResourceNotFoundException,
"ThrottlingException": newErrorThrottlingException,
"TooManyRequestsException": newErrorTooManyRequestsException,
"ValidationException": newErrorValidationException,
}
``` |
Heroes and Villains is a 2015 Nigerian romantic comedy film about two couples who almost divorce.
Plot
A couple on a vacation aiming to re-new their lost sparkle in their marriage, Seek help/counselling from someone else who they believe knows better. Both approach the same person without knowing it. The Counselor doesn't like it when she realizes that they are both not following her instructions.
Cast
Seun Akindele
Ivie Okujaye
Belinda Effah
Sylvia Oluchy
Chucks Chyke
Titi Joseph
Maksat Ampe
Production
The film was produced in 2015 by Happy Julien-Uchendu, directed by Shittu Taiwo.
References
2015 films
Nigerian romantic comedy films |
The Business Names Act 1985 was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It has since been repealed.
See also
Companies Act 2006
Company, Limited Liability Partnership and Business (Names and Trading Disclosures) Regulations 2015
References
United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1985
Repealed United Kingdom Acts of Parliament
Law of the United Kingdom |
Radio X may refer to:
Radio X (United Kingdom), formerly known as XFM
These stations owned by RNC Media in Quebec:
CHOI-FM 98.1, Quebec City
CKYK-FM 95.7, Saguenay
CKLX-FM 91.9, Montreal
WKPX 88.5 FM, Sunrise, Florida
Radio X, a radio station heard in the video game Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas soundtrack
Former stations
These stations owned by RNC Media:
CFTX-FM 96.5, Gatineau (formerly known as Tag Radio X)
CHGO-FM 104.3, Val-d'Or (formerly known as GO Radio X)
CJGO-FM 102.1, La Sarre (formerly known as GO Radio X)
DYRX 102.3 FM, Oton, Iloilo, Philippines |
Thomas Mack Lauderdale (born July 14, 1970) is an American musician and pianist, largely known for his work with his Portland-based band Pink Martini.
Early life
Thomas Mack Lauderdale was born in 1970 in Oakland, California, and adopted by Kerby Roy and Linda Sue, née Mikesell. In 1972, the family moved to Indiana, where his father was pastor at Eel River Church of the Brethren. After church services, Lauderdale usually went to the piano, and tried to replicate the hymns he heard. His parents bought for him an upright piano at an auction and so he began his formal musical studies at age six with Patricia Garrison of North Manchester, Indiana and later, Joyanne Jones at Indiana University/Purdue University in Fort Wayne, Indiana.
In 1976, his father resigned from the ministry and the Lauderdale family opened a plant nursery near North Manchester. The family moved to Portland, Oregon in 1982, after his parents divorced and his father came out of the closet. In the 1990s, his parents went on several talk shows – including 20/20, Oprah, Jane Whitney, and Christina - to talk about what happens when a spouse comes out. Kerby returned to the ministry, and is the first openly gay pastor in his denomination. He performed the service when his former wife Linda remarried in 2000.
Education
In Portland, Oregon Lauderdale began his studies with Sylvia Killman in 1982. Killman and Lauderdale remain close friends. Lauderdale won the "Oregon Symphony's annual Corbett Competition" in 1985, marking the beginning of a long association with conductor Norman Leyden. He graduated from Portland's "Ulysses S. Grant" High School in 1988, where he was student body president and editor of The Grantonian. Lauderdale studied at Harvard University, where he graduated cum laude with a degree in History and Literature.
Pink Martini band
After seeing the Del Rubio Triplets on Pee-Wee Herman's Christmas Special, Lauderdale arranged for them to travel to Portland, Oregon in October 1994 to give a series of concerts at retirement homes, nursing homes, and hospitals. After a week of performances and appearances, the Del Rubio Triplets performed at a fundraising concert at Cinema 21 in Northwest Portland. Stuck for an opening act for the group, Lauderdale threw on a Betsey Johnson cocktail dress, and joined by a bass player, a bongo player, and a singer, took to the stage as Pink Martini.
Pink Martini's first concerts were often politically motivated, with performances at events for progressive causes such as the environment, affordable housing, civil rights, libraries, and public broadcasting. The band remains committed to its progressive and political roots. FundFest is a biennial four-day concert series produced by the band to raise money and visibility for four different organizations. Past recipients include Reach Community Development, Oregon Public Broadcasting, the ALS Association of Oregon and SW Washington, Children's Cancer Association, the Bicycle Transportation Alliance, Friends of Trees, and KBOO Community Radio.
Pink Martini has grown from four musicians to its current twelve. Singer China Forbes – who Lauderdale met at the college, Harvard University – joined the band in 1995. The band has performed its multi-lingual repertoire on concert stages and with symphony orchestras throughout Europe, Asia, Greece, Turkey, Lebanon, Tunisia, Australia, Canada and the United States. In 1998, the ensemble made its European debut at the Cannes Film Festival, as well as its orchestral debut with the Oregon Symphony under the direction of Norman Leyden. Pink Martini has since performed with over 50 symphony orchestras around the world including the Boston Pops, the Hollywood Bowl Orchestra, the Los Angeles Philharmonic, the BBC Orchestra, and with the National Symphony Orchestra at the Kennedy Center in Washington. Other appearances include two sold-out concerts at Carnegie Hall in 2007 & 2009; the grand opening of the Los Angeles Philharmonic's Frank Gehry-designed Walt Disney Concert Hall, with return sold-out engagements for New Year's Eve 2003, 2004, 2008, 2011 & 2014; the opening party of the New York Museum of Modern Art; the Governor's Ball at the 80th Annual Academy Awards in 2008; the opening of the 2008 Sydney Festival in Australia; two sold-out concerts at Paris's Olympia theatre in 2011; and Paris's fashion house Lanvin's 10-year anniversary celebration for designer Alber Elbaz in 2012.
The band has collaborated and performed with numerous artists, such as Jimmy Scott, Carol Channing, Rufus Wainwright, Martha Wainwright, Jane Powell, Henri Salvador, Chavela Vargas, New York performer Joey Arias, puppeteer Basil Twist, Georges Moustaki, Michael Feinstein, filmmaker Gus Van Sant, Courtney Taylor, Taylor of The Dandy Warhols, clarinetist and conductor Norman Leyden, Japanese legend Hiroshi Wada, Italian actress and songwriter Alba Clemente, DJ Johnny Dynell and Chi Chi Valenti, NPR White House Correspondent Ari Shapiro, the original cast of Sesame Street, March Fourth Marching Band, The von Trapps, the Bonita Vista High School Marching Band from Chula Vista, California, and the Pacific Youth Choir of Portland, Oregon.
Albums
Pink Martini has released seven studio albums and one live concert DVD on the band's own record label, Heinz Records and partnered with other labels worldwide, including Naïve Records in France, Wrasse Records in the United Kingdom and South America, Audiogram in Canada, Urtext in Mexico, Random Records in Argentina and Chile, Inertia Recordings in Australia and New Zealand, Ales in Korea, and Top 2 in Southeast Asia. The band's debut album Sympathique was released in 1997, and received nominations for "Song of the Year" and "Best New Artist" in France's Victoires de la Musique awards. Sympathique (1997), Hang on Little Tomato (2004), and Hey Eugene! (2007), Splendor In The Grass (2009) and Joy To The World (2010) have all gone gold in France, Turkey, Greece, and Canada selling over 2.5 million copies worldwide.
In Fall 2011 the band released two albums – A Retrospective, a collection of the band's most beloved songs spanning their 17-year career, which includes eight previously unreleased tracks, and 1969, an album of collaborations with legendary Japanese singer Saori Yuki. 1969 has been certified platinum in Japan, reaching #2 on the Japanese charts with the Japan Times raving "the love and respect Saori Yuki and Pink Martini have for the pop tradition shines through on every track."
Individual appearances
In addition to his work with Pink Martini, Lauderdale has collaborated with cabaret performer and singer Meow Meow, the surf band Satan's Pilgrims and writer Tom Spanbauer. In Spring 2008, he completed his first film score for Chiara Clemente's documentary Our City Dreams, a portrait of five New York City-based women artists of different generations. In 2008, he performed as the featured piano soloist in Beethoven's Choral Fantasy with the Choral Arts Ensemble of Portland under the direction of Roger Doyle, and Gershwin's Concerto in F with the Oregon Symphony under the direction of Christoph Campestrini. In 2011 Lauderdale again appeared as the featured soloist with the Oregon Symphony, this time under the direction of Carlos Kalmar.
He has appeared as soloist with numerous orchestras and ensembles, including the Oregon Symphony, the Seattle Symphony, the Portland Youth Philharmonic, Chamber Music Northwest, the Choral Arts Ensemble of Portland and Oregon Ballet Theatre (where he collaborated with choreographer James Canfield and visual artists Storm Tharp and Malia Jensen on a ballet based on the original story of Bambi, written by Felix Salten in 1923).
Political activism
Beginning in high school, Lauderdale became interested in politics. He worked in Portland City Hall, first under Mayor J. E. "Bud" Clark in the office of international relations, and later under City Commissioner Gretchen Kafoury on the city's civil rights ordinance. He was appointed by Oregon governor Neil Goldschmidt to the Juvenile Justice Advisory Committee; by Mayor Clark to the Metropolitan Youth Commission and by City Commissioner Mike Lindberg to the Public Safety in the Parks Task Force. In 1992, he was involved in the No on 9 and No on 13 Campaigns, in response to measures that would amend the Oregon constitution to declare homosexuality illegal.
In June 2009, Lauderdale organized a rally of support for Portland Mayor Sam Adams, the first openly gay mayor of a major American city. Adams had been caught up in an alleged sex scandal with intern Beau Breedlove, the times reports that the "Oregonian, the local police union and JustOut, a local gay periodical" were calling for his resignation. Portlanders at Lauderdale's rally compared Adams to Bill Clinton, saying he only lied about sex and should not resign.
In October 2011, Lauderdale and Pink Martini organized and performed at a rally in support of the Occupy movement. The rally took place in downtown Portland in Pioneer Courthouse Square and included speeches and performances by Storm Large as well as Oregon congressmen Earl Blumenauer and Peter DeFazio.
Personal life
Lauderdale lives in the Harker Building, a 9,600 square foot building in the downtown’s commercial district in Portland, Oregon.
See also
List of LGBT people from Portland, Oregon
References
External links
A second sip of Pink Martini
Pink Martini bandleader Thomas Lauderdale teams up with the Oregon Symphony
Saori Yuki wants a kayōkyoku wave
1970 births
Living people
American adoptees
Grant High School (Portland, Oregon) alumni
Harvard University alumni
American people of Japanese descent
Musicians from Portland, Oregon
Pink Martini members
American LGBT musicians
American LGBT people of Asian descent |
Miriam Smith (born September 25, 1958) is an American former competition swimmer who represented the United States at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Quebec. Smith swam in the preliminary heats of the women's 200-meter backstroke event, and recorded a time 2:22.05.
References
1958 births
Living people
American female backstroke swimmers
Olympic swimmers for the United States
People from Mount Holly, New Jersey
Swimmers at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Burlington County, New Jersey
20th-century American sportswomen |
Sardar Md. Rashed Jahangir is a Justice of the High Court Division of the Bangladesh Supreme Court.
Early life
Jahangir was born on 5 December 1972. He has an undergrad and master's in Law.
Career
Jahangir joined the District Courts as an advocate on 12 October 1995. He started practicing in the High Court Division on 10 July 1999.
Jahangir became a lawyer of the Appellate Division of the Bangladesh Supreme Court on 29 March 2018. He was made an additional judge of the High Court Division on 31 May 2018 by President Mohammad Abdul Hamid. The 18 newly appointed judges visited the shrine of President Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, father of incumbent Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina, to pay homage.
On 30 May 2020, Jahangir was made a permanent Judge of the High Court Division. In March 2020, Jahangir and Justice Md Ashraful Kamal issued an order asking the Secretary of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare to issue a gazette notification describing COVID-19 as a communicable disease under the Communicable Diseases (Prevention, Control and Eradication) Act, 2018 following a petition filed by the Law and Life Foundation. Following which the government issued the gazette notification. Jahangir and Justice Md Ashraful Kamal sought more information sought more information on the sentencing of journalist Ariful Islam of Bangla Tribune to one year imprisonment on allegations of possession of drugs by an executive magistrate in the middle of the night. Islam was picked up at night by three magistrates and police, tortured in custody, and threatened with execution for writing against the District Commissioner Sultana Pervin. President Mohammad Abdul Hamid exonerated the former District Commissioner Sultana Pervin of all charges related to the arrest on 27 November 2011.
Jahangir and Justice M Enayetur Rahim upheld a decision by a court in Dhaka to order the Anti-Corruption Commission to frieze the bank accounts and the properties of AKMA Awal, former Awami League member of Parliament, and his wife. Jahangir and Justice M Enayetur Rahim questioned the legality of the allocation of 912 plots in Purbachal New Town Project, located in Gazipur District, given the allegation of irregularities in the allocation. In June 2021, Jahangir and Justice M Enayetur Rahim asked former Prime Minister Khaleda Zia to submit her relevant documents proving her birth date after a petition was filed asking the court stop her celebrating her birthday on 15 August which is the National Mourning Day when former President Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was assassinated. AM Mahbub Uddin Khokon represented Khaleda Zia and opposed the petition. Jahangir and Justice M Enayetur Rahim questioned the legality of the University of Dhaka firing Professor Morshed Hasan Khan of the Department of Marketing on 9 September 2020 on allegations that he had distorted the history of Bangladesh and defamed Sheikh Mujibur Rahman in a newspaper article titled Jyotirmoy Zia, published on 25 March 2018.
In March 2022, Jahangir and Justice Syed Md Ziaul Karim confirmed the death sentence of Kabirul, fugitive son of former member of parliament Karimuddin Vorosha, in the case filed over the murder of his younger brother, Khairul Islam Vorosha, in 2009.
In May 2023, Jahangir and Justice Muhammad Khurshid Alam Sarkar asked Muhammad Yunus, a Nobel Laureate and founder of Grameen Bank, to pay 120 million BDT on back taxes on 767.3 million BDT endowments to three of his trusts, Professor Muhammad Yunus Trust, Yunus Centre, and Yunus Family Trust from 2011 to 2014. The tax was imposed by the Deputy Commissioner of Taxes which Yunus challenged at the Tax Appellate Tribunal and lost. He filed three separate appeal at the High Court Division against the Tax court verdict and Jahangir and Justice Muhammad Khurshid Alam Sarkar dismissed those petitions and asked him to pay. The decision of the court was based on the Gift Tax Act, 1990.
References
Living people
Supreme Court of Bangladesh justices
Bangladeshi lawyers
1972 births |
İsmailağatolu is a village in the Aksaray District, Aksaray Province, Turkey. Its population is 453 (2021).
References
Villages in Aksaray District |
```xml
<epp xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:epp-1.0">
<command>
<update>
<domain:update
xmlns:domain="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:domain-1.0">
<domain:name>example.tld</domain:name>
<domain:add>
<domain:status s="clientHold" />
</domain:add>
</domain:update>
</update>
<extension>
<rgp:update xmlns:rgp="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:rgp-1.0">
<rgp:restore op="request"/>
</rgp:update>
</extension>
<clTRID>ABC-12345</clTRID>
</command>
</epp>
``` |
```php
<?php
/*
*
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
*/
namespace Google\Service\CloudSearch;
class User extends \Google\Collection
{
protected $collection_key = 'phoneNumber';
/**
* @var string
*/
public $avatarUrl;
protected $blockRelationshipType = AppsDynamiteSharedUserBlockRelationship::class;
protected $blockRelationshipDataType = '';
protected $botInfoType = BotInfo::class;
protected $botInfoDataType = '';
/**
* @var bool
*/
public $deleted;
/**
* @var string
*/
public $email;
/**
* @var string
*/
public $firstName;
/**
* @var string
*/
public $gender;
protected $idType = UserId::class;
protected $idDataType = '';
/**
* @var bool
*/
public $isAnonymous;
/**
* @var string
*/
public $lastName;
/**
* @var string
*/
public $name;
protected $organizationInfoType = AppsDynamiteSharedOrganizationInfo::class;
protected $organizationInfoDataType = '';
protected $phoneNumberType = AppsDynamiteSharedPhoneNumber::class;
protected $phoneNumberDataType = 'array';
/**
* @var string
*/
public $userAccountState;
/**
* @var string
*/
public $userProfileVisibility;
/**
* @param string
*/
public function setAvatarUrl($avatarUrl)
{
$this->avatarUrl = $avatarUrl;
}
/**
* @return string
*/
public function getAvatarUrl()
{
return $this->avatarUrl;
}
/**
* @param AppsDynamiteSharedUserBlockRelationship
*/
public function setBlockRelationship(AppsDynamiteSharedUserBlockRelationship $blockRelationship)
{
$this->blockRelationship = $blockRelationship;
}
/**
* @return AppsDynamiteSharedUserBlockRelationship
*/
public function getBlockRelationship()
{
return $this->blockRelationship;
}
/**
* @param BotInfo
*/
public function setBotInfo(BotInfo $botInfo)
{
$this->botInfo = $botInfo;
}
/**
* @return BotInfo
*/
public function getBotInfo()
{
return $this->botInfo;
}
/**
* @param bool
*/
public function setDeleted($deleted)
{
$this->deleted = $deleted;
}
/**
* @return bool
*/
public function getDeleted()
{
return $this->deleted;
}
/**
* @param string
*/
public function setEmail($email)
{
$this->email = $email;
}
/**
* @return string
*/
public function getEmail()
{
return $this->email;
}
/**
* @param string
*/
public function setFirstName($firstName)
{
$this->firstName = $firstName;
}
/**
* @return string
*/
public function getFirstName()
{
return $this->firstName;
}
/**
* @param string
*/
public function setGender($gender)
{
$this->gender = $gender;
}
/**
* @return string
*/
public function getGender()
{
return $this->gender;
}
/**
* @param UserId
*/
public function setId(UserId $id)
{
$this->id = $id;
}
/**
* @return UserId
*/
public function getId()
{
return $this->id;
}
/**
* @param bool
*/
public function setIsAnonymous($isAnonymous)
{
$this->isAnonymous = $isAnonymous;
}
/**
* @return bool
*/
public function getIsAnonymous()
{
return $this->isAnonymous;
}
/**
* @param string
*/
public function setLastName($lastName)
{
$this->lastName = $lastName;
}
/**
* @return string
*/
public function getLastName()
{
return $this->lastName;
}
/**
* @param string
*/
public function setName($name)
{
$this->name = $name;
}
/**
* @return string
*/
public function getName()
{
return $this->name;
}
/**
* @param AppsDynamiteSharedOrganizationInfo
*/
public function setOrganizationInfo(AppsDynamiteSharedOrganizationInfo $organizationInfo)
{
$this->organizationInfo = $organizationInfo;
}
/**
* @return AppsDynamiteSharedOrganizationInfo
*/
public function getOrganizationInfo()
{
return $this->organizationInfo;
}
/**
* @param AppsDynamiteSharedPhoneNumber[]
*/
public function setPhoneNumber($phoneNumber)
{
$this->phoneNumber = $phoneNumber;
}
/**
* @return AppsDynamiteSharedPhoneNumber[]
*/
public function getPhoneNumber()
{
return $this->phoneNumber;
}
/**
* @param string
*/
public function setUserAccountState($userAccountState)
{
$this->userAccountState = $userAccountState;
}
/**
* @return string
*/
public function getUserAccountState()
{
return $this->userAccountState;
}
/**
* @param string
*/
public function setUserProfileVisibility($userProfileVisibility)
{
$this->userProfileVisibility = $userProfileVisibility;
}
/**
* @return string
*/
public function getUserProfileVisibility()
{
return $this->userProfileVisibility;
}
}
// Adding a class alias for backwards compatibility with the previous class name.
class_alias(User::class, 'Google_Service_CloudSearch_User');
``` |
Ouji Talar (, also Romanized as Oujī Tālār; also known as Ojī Tālār and Ūchītālār) is a village in Balatajan Rural District, in the Central District of Qaem Shahr County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 264, in 79 families.
References
Populated places in Qaem Shahr County |
Crossea gatliffi is a species of small sea snail or micromollusc, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Conradiidae.
Description
(Original description by Charles Hedley) The height of the shell attains 1.16 mm, its diameter 1.1 mm. The small, thin shell has a globose-conical shape with four whorls and an elevated spire. The basal funicle is slightly developed. Its colour is white (perhaps bleached ?).
Sculpture:The body whorl shows fine, close spiral threads of which every fourth is larger. At irregular intervals incipient varices traverse the whorl. On the penultimate whorl the spiral sculpture is more coarse and distant. The umbilicus is narrow, bordered by a slight rib, which, continuing to the anterior extremity, is there notched by the pseudocanal. The aperture is oval. The thin outer lip is everted.
The thin shell, lack of longitudinal sculpture, tabulated whorls, and feeble basal funicule distinguish it.
Distribution
This marine species is endemic to Australia. It occurs off the Northern Territory and Queensland
References
Hedley, C. 1902. Studies on Australian Mollusca. Part VI. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 27: 7-29
Cotton, B.C. 1959. South Australian Mollusca. Archaeogastropoda. Handbook of the Flora and Fauna of South Australia. Adelaide : South Australian Government Printer 449 pp.
External links
To World Register of Marine Species
gatliffi
Gastropods described in 1902 |
The 2018–19 Melbourne Stars Women's season was the fourth in the team's history. Coached by David Hemp and captained by Kristen Beams, they finished seventh in the regular season of WBBL04 and failed to qualify for the finals.
Squad
Each 2018–19 squad featured 15 active players, with an allowance of up to five marquee signings including a maximum of three from overseas. Under a new rule, Australian marquees were classed as players who held a national women's team contract at the time of signing on for their WBBL|04 team.
Personnel changes included:
Holly Ferling joined the Stars, having spent three seasons with the Brisbane Heat where she was the first-ever player signing.
After winning two championships as a member of the Sydney Sixers, Angela Reakes made a move interstate to sign with Melbourne.
Nicola Hancock joined the Stars, having played previous seasons with the Hobart Hurricanes and the Melbourne Renegades.
Hayleigh Brennan departed the team and subsequently signed with the Perth Scorchers.
In August 2018, Emma Kearney confirmed her decision to quit cricket and instead focus on her AFL Women's career.
In September 2018, Gemma Triscari announced her retirement from the WBBL.
New Zealand player Katey Martin replaced England marquee Georgia Elwiss, who was unable late in the season due to national team commitments, for two matches.
The table below lists the Stars players and their key stats (including runs scored, batting strike rate, wickets taken, economy rate, catches and stumpings) for the season.
Ladder
Fixtures
All times are local time
The Melbourne Renegades recorded the second one-wicket victory in the league's history when Lea Tahuhu, a fast bowler not known for her batting ability, hit the winning single off leg-spinning Stars captain Kristen Beams with just one ball to spare. Courtney Webb, on 21 not out, was the set batter at the non-striker's end.
Statistics and awards
Most runs: Lizelle Lee – 276 (equal 19th in the league)
Highest score in an innings: Lizelle Lee – 102* (56) vs Sydney Sixers, 1 December 2018
Most wickets: Alana King – 15 (equal 10th in the league)
Best bowling figures in an innings: Nicola Hancock – 4/22 (4 overs) vs Sydney Sixers, 1 December 2018
Most catches (fielder): Alana King – 8 (equal 5th in the league)
Player of the Match awards:
Erin Osborne – 2
Alana King, Lizelle Lee, Katie Mack – 1 each
Stars Player of the Season: Alana King
References
2018–19 Women's Big Bash League season by team
Melbourne Stars (WBBL) |
Eoin Ó Broin (born 1972) is an Irish Sinn Féin politician and Dáil deputy for Dublin Mid-West
Eoin Ó Broin or Eoin O'Broin may also refer to:
Eoin O'Broin, stage name Noisestorm, Irish DJ and music producer
Eoin Ó Broin, Irish Social Democrat (formerly independent) politician and member of South Dublin County Council
See also
John O'Byrne (1884–1954) Irish barrister and judge, and chair of the Irish Legal Terms Advisory Committee |
Fiona is a hippopotamus born at the Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden in Cincinnati, Ohio, United States, on January 24, 2017. The first Nile hippo imaged on ultrasound pre-natally, and the first born at the zoo in 75 years, she was born prematurely and cared for with the assistance of the Cincinnati Children's Hospital.
Life
Fiona's parents are Henry and Bibi. She is the first Nile hippo to be born at the Cincinnati Zoo in 75 years, and the first of the species to be scanned in the womb using ultrasound. She was born six weeks premature on January 24, 2017, with a birth weight of ; the recorded range of birth weights for the species at that time was . She was unable to stand and required bottle feeding with milk from her mother, supplemented with infant formula. This was the first time a hippopotamus had been milked and the milk analyzed. The following month, while teething, she began refusing her bottle and became dehydrated; a catheter for the delivery of intravenous fluids was inserted with the assistance of members of the vascular access team at Cincinnati Children's Hospital. The preemie team had previously sent the zoo a care package for her.
Zoo staff named the baby hippo Fiona because her ears resemble those of the Shrek character. Fiona took her first steps on February 5, weighed by May 31, when she was introduced to the media, and by June had reached a normal weight of ; by the time she was six months old, she weighed over , and in late August, . On her first birthday, January 24, 2018, she weighed more than . By December 26, 2018, she weighed slightly over ; on her third birthday in January 2020, , and on her fourth birthday in 2021, .
An 18 year old male Hippo named Tucker was moved from the San Francisco Zoo to the Cincinnati Zoo as part of the Association of Zoos and Aquariums' Hippo Species Survival Plan. The move has Tucker being slowly introduced to the Fiona/Bibi duo with hopes that Tucker would be a suitable mate for Bibi. On August 3, 2022 Fiona's half-brother Fritz, the son of Tucker and Bibi, was born at the Cincinnati Zoo.
Popularity
The Fiona Show was launched on Facebook in August 2017. Saving Fiona, a children's book about her written by the zoo's director, Thane Maynard, was published in June 2018. A video posted on social media by the zoo went viral, as did a couple's photographs of Fiona watching them get engaged in October 2017. In August 2018 a mural of Fiona was unveiled in downtown Cincinnati; Lucie Rice won the contest to design it.
Fiona appeared in Cincinnati Ballet's December 2018 production of Nutcracker, played by a dancer, and "stole the show".
Fiona has been used to predict the result of the Super Bowl each year since her birth, by choosing between enrichment items with the two teams' emblems. She chose the winning team in 2018, chose wrong in 2019, and in 2020 vomited on the item representing the Kansas City Chiefs, who would win that year.
Illustrator Richard Cowdrey has written two books about Fiona, including a Christmas book, A Very Fiona Christmas.
Notes
References
External links
Hippo Baby Fiona Updates, Cincinnati Zoo
2017 animal births
Individual animals in the United States
Individual hippopotamuses |
Myles-Dalton Harrop is a professional rugby league footballer who plays as a er for the Swinton Lions in the Betfred Championship.
In September 2022 Harrop made his Salford debut in the Super League against the Warrington Wolves.
References
External links
Salford Red Devils profile
1998 births
Living people
English rugby league players
Rugby league wingers
Salford Red Devils players
Swinton Lions players |
Truman is a 1992 biography of the 33rd President of the United States Harry S. Truman written by popular historian David McCullough. The book won the 1993 Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography. The book was later made into a movie with the same name by HBO.
Plot summary
The book provides a biography of Harry Truman in chronological fashion from his birth to his rise to U.S. Senator, Vice President, and President. It follows his activities until death, exploring many of the major decisions he made as president, including his decision to drop the atom bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, his meetings and confrontation with Joseph Stalin during the end of World War II, his decision to create the Marshall Plan, his decision to send troops to the Korean War, his decision to recognize the State of Israel, and his decision to desegregate the U.S. Armed Forces.
Production
After writing Mornings on Horseback, which was McCullough's first biography and consisted of an in-depth look at a small period in the life of former United States President Theodore Roosevelt, McCullough wanted to do a more full biography, "a mural instead of a Vermeer." At first, McCullough attempted to write a biography about Pablo Picasso, but abandoned the project in favor of doing a book on Truman.
McCullough decided that he would structure the story of Truman's biography in chronological fashion. McCullough explained his reasoning for this decision by stating: "It's been very fashionable lately to begin biographies anywhere but at the beginning, heaven forbid. But I didn't want to do anything tricky or fashionable because [Truman] was neither of those things. Harry Truman was a 19th-century man and I decided I would proceed as a great 19th-century biographer would, or as Dickens would."
In effort to better understand his subject, McCollough took several actions to emulate the life and activities of Truman. For instance, he would begin each day with a brisk early-morning walk, just as Harry S. Truman did. He also lived in Truman's hometown Independence, Missouri for a little while. He also raced through the United States Capitol retracing the path Truman ran when he was summoned to the White House after the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt.
To help research the book, McCullough interviewed hundreds of people who knew Truman, including relatives and Secret Service agents, read numerous letters and documents, and read almost all the books written about Truman.
While working on the book McCullough would read every draft page aloud to his wife and have her read the pages back to him. McCullough explained this practice by stating: "You can hear things that you cannot see. Redundancies, awkward expressions. Painters often look at their work in the mirror because you can see flaws that you don't see looking straight at a canvas."
McCullough wrote the book Truman over a period of 10 years. McCullough stated that during that 10 years many things changed in his life, "In those 10 years, my youngest daughter changed from a girl into a woman, both my parents died, grandchildren were born, we moved our residence twice, we put a child through college and law school, and paid off a mortgage."
McCullough felt a compulsion to get the book finished before the 1992 presidential campaign in response to the shallow political debates that were occurring in Washington, D.C. McCullough said, "I felt that something needed to be said before people made a choice. This book is about the country, not just about Harry Truman. It's about who we are and what we can be."
While McCullough was able to gain insights into Truman based on his research, there were questions that remained unanswered to McCullough such as why Truman's wife left him alone in Washington so often. The usual explanation among historians was that Bess hated the heat and her mother was ill, but McCullough has expressed doubts about this explanation stating that "[Bess] was away so often and [Truman's] letters to her were so plaintive, his need for her to be there so real. I don't know."
McCullough has stated that he intended Truman to be not only for "the Arthur Schlesingers and the academics" but instead intended the book for "your grandmother," and other common folk including present and future politicians so "they may see, even when flawed, how great a man in [the office of the President] can be."
Reception
After the book was published, McCullough went on a book-tour. One of the largest crowds he encountered was when he went to the Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum in Independence, Missouri.
Most reviewers praised the book when it came out. One notable dissent was an article in The New Republic titled "Harry of Sunnybrook Farm" by Ronald Steel where he called the book a "1000 page valentine."
Gene Lyons at Entertainment Weekly gave the book an A, stating that "No brief review can begin to do justice either to Truman or to the monumentally persuasive job McCullough has done re-creating his life and times.... Immeasurably aided by Truman's vividly written diaries and letters to his beloved wife, Bess, McCullough brings the man and his times to life with painstaking clarity."
The book won McCullough his first Pulitzer Prize, in the category of "Best Biography or Autobiography."
Adaptation
In 1995, the book was adapted into Truman, a television movie by HBO, starring Gary Sinise as Truman.
References
External links
Truman on GoogleBooks
Eugene Register article on Truman
Associated Press article on Truman
New York Times review of Truman
Time review of Truman
Reading Eagle article on Truman
Booknotes interview with McCullough on Truman, July 19, 1992, C-SPAN
Presentation by McCullough on Truman at the National Press Club, July 7, 1992, C-SPAN
Books about Harry S. Truman
Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography-winning works
1992 non-fiction books
Biographies adapted into films
Books by David McCullough |
West Byfleet railway station is a railway station serving the village of West Byfleet, which forms part of the borough of Woking in the English county of Surrey.
The station is on the South West Main Line, from .
History
It opened in December 1887 as Byfleet, 49 years after the line was first constructed through the area. The station was renamed from Byfleet to West Byfleet on commencement of the Summer timetable, 1950. This reflected the name of the community that had developed around it, being a mile west of the original Byfleet village. West Byfleet signal box closed in March 1970.
Accidents and incidents
On 27 December 1946 the station was the scene of the derailment of a Bournemouth to London express service hauled by SR Lord Nelson class 4-6-0, 851 Sir Francis Drake. Although the entire 12 coach train and its engine were derailed at , the coaches remained upright and in line, helped by buckeye couplings being fitted to the leading six coaches. Only three people suffered minor injuries.
Services
The station is served by all Alton and Woking (stopping) services from London Waterloo.
It adjoins West Byfleet and Woodham which are suburban settlements in the boroughs of Woking and Runnymede, to the south and north of the line, respectively. As to other towns it is the closest station to parts of the town/suburb of Byfleet and parts of the semi-rural suburb of Pyrford.
The station has three platforms, one of which (platform 2) is rarely used in line with nearby other South West Main Line stations. The station competes in the broadest sense, not of train company, with faster services at the next nearest station on the line, Woking station. Both are served by bus routes outside of the Transport for London fare-capped scheme.
at off-peak times the station has 4 trains per hour in each direction, alternating between Woking and Alton as to the end or start destination to the south-west and both having London (Waterloo) as their north-east terminus. The Alton services calling at fewer intermediate stations (being semi-fast).
Cultural references
The station frontage appeared in the 1977 movie Adventures of a Private Eye starring Christopher Neil.
Notes
References
External links
Railway stations in Surrey
DfT Category C2 stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1887
Former London and South Western Railway stations
Railway stations served by South Western Railway |
Halterneck is a style of women's clothing strap that runs from the front of the garment around the back of the neck, generally leaving the upper back uncovered. The name comes from livestock halters. The word "halter" derives from the Germanic words meaning "that by which anything is held". Halter is part of the German word for bra, .
The halter style is used with swimsuits, to maximize sun tan exposure on the back and minimize tan lines. It is also used with dresses or shirts, to create a backless dress or top. The neck strap can itself be covered by the wearer's hair, leaving the impression from behind that nothing is holding the dress or shirt up.
If a bra is worn with a halter top, it is generally either strapless or of halterneck construction itself, to avoid exposing the back straps of a typical bra.
A halter top is a type of sleeveless shirt similar to a tank top (by the American English definition) but with the straps being tied behind the neck. In another style of the halter top, there is only a narrow strap behind the neck and a narrow strap behind the middle of the back, so that it is mostly backless. This design resembles many bikini tops, although it covers the chest more and may cover some, all or even none of the abdomen at the front.
It has been suggested that the neckline's appeal stems from the fact that "it eliminated the need for spoiling the back detail with straps, leaving an uninterrupted area of skin to expose to the sun by day and display by night."
See also
Apron
Décolletage
Dudou and , traditional East Asian undershirts, which influenced the development of the halterneck in the 1930s
Spaghetti strap
Tabengman
References
1970s fashion
1980s fashion
1990s fashion
2000s fashion
2010s fashion
Tops (clothing)
Dresses
Necklines
Undergarments
Women's clothing |
Hannah Bachman Einstein (28 January 1862, in New York City – 28 November 1929) was an American social worker and activist who helped establish child welfare boards in the United States.
Early life and education
Einstein was born in 1862 to German Jewish immigrants, Fanny (Obermeyer) and Herman Bachman, in New York City. She grew up in the German Reform tradition and her family was involved with social justice issues. Her family attended Temple Emanu-El.
Einstein graduated from the New York Chartier Institute.
Activism
Charity
Einstein became involved with the Temple Emanu-El Sisterhood, a Jewish benevolent organization dedicated to charitable causes, when it was founded in 1890. In 1897, she became the head of the sisterhood and in 1899 she became the president of the New York Federation of Temple Sisterhoods. Her work involved visiting the home of recent immigrants.
She studied sociology and criminology at Columbia University and modern theories of social welfare at the New York School of Philanthropy in 1900 and 1901. These courses shaped her view that many of the social problems she saw in her charitable work could be traced to the economic and social insecurity of widows. In response, she founded the Widowed Mothers’ Fund Association in 1909.
Hannah Einstein also served in other charities, including Mount Sinai Hospital Training School for Nurses, the National Jewish Hospital for Consumptives, the New York Conference of Charities and Correction, and United Hebrew Charities. She was one of the founders of the Federation of Jewish Women's Organizations.
Child Welfare
Einstein advocated, along with Sophie Irene Loeb, the establishment of a "mother's pension" – a source of public funds to support single mothers so that they could remain with their children. This was approved by state legislators in New York in 1915, and Einstein headed the committee the New York Child Welfare Law. By 1920, most American states had established mother's pensions or child welfare laws of some description, leading to the almost complete elimination of orphanages in America.
She went on to serve as president of the New York State Association of Child Welfare Boards from 1915 to 1929.
Personal life
Eistein married a wool manufacturer, William Einstein, on June 23, 1881. The couple had two children, named William and Marian. Marian would later move to France.
Hannah Einstein died in 1929.
External links
Hannah Bachman Einstein at the Jewish Virtual Library
References
1862 births
1929 deaths
American people of German-Jewish descent |
```ruby
# frozen_string_literal: true
module Decidim
module Admin
module Import
# This is an abstract class with a very naive default implementation
# for the importers to use. It can also serve as a superclass of your
# own implementation.
#
# It is used to be run against each element of an importable collection
# in order to parse relevant fields. Every import should specify their
# own creator or this default will be used.
class Creator
class << self
# Returns the resource class to be created with the provided data.
def resource_klass
raise NotImplementedError, "#{self.class.name} does not define resource class"
end
# Returns the verifier class to be used to ensure the data is valid
# for the import.
def verifier_klass
Decidim::Admin::Import::Verifier
end
def required_headers
[]
end
def localize_headers(header, locales)
@localize_headers ||= locales.map do |locale|
:"#{header}/#{locale}"
end
end
end
attr_reader :data
# Initializes the creator with a resource.
#
# data - The data hash to parse.
# context - The context needed by the producer
def initialize(data, context = nil)
@data = data
@context = context
end
# Can be used to convert the data hash to the resource attributes in
# case the data hash to be imported has different column names than the
# resource object to be created of it.
#
# By default returns the data hash but can be implemented by each creator
# implementation.
#
# Returns the resource attributes to be passed for the constructor.
def resource_attributes
@data
end
# Public: Returns a created object with the parsed data.
#
# Returns a target object.
def produce
self.class.resource_klass.new(resource_attributes)
end
def finish!
resource.save!
end
protected
attr_reader :context
def resource
raise NotImplementedError, "#{self.class.name} does not define resource"
end
#
# Collect field's language specified cells to one hash
#
# field - The field name eg. "title"
# locales - Available locales
#
# Returns the hash including locale-imported_data pairs. eg. {en: "Heading", ca: "Cap", es: "Bveda"}
#
def locale_hasher(field, locales)
hash = {}
locales.each do |locale|
parsed = data[:"#{field}/#{locale}"]
hash[locale] = parsed unless parsed.nil?
end
hash
end
end
end
end
end
``` |
Stigmella cypracma is a species of moth of the family Nepticulidae. It is endemic to New Zealand and has been observed in the North and South Islands. The larvae of this species are leaf miners and pupate within their mines. The larval host species is Brachyglottis repanda. Adult moths are on the wing in February and September to November. This species has two generations per year.
Taxonomy
This species was first described by Edward Meyrick in 1916 using a female specimen collected by George Hudson in November in Karori and named Nepticula cypracma. In 1919 Meyrick, thinking he was describing a new species, also named it Nepticula perissopa. For this he used a specimen collected by Hudson at Mount Taranaki. In 1921 Morris N. Watt described this moth and its lifecycle in detail under the name Nepticula perissopa. In 1928 Hudson described and illustrated the species under the name Nepticula cypracma and also describing it under the name Nepticula perissopa. However he expresses doubt at the distinction between the two species. In 1988 J. S. Dugdale places both these species within the genus Stigmella. In 1989 Hans Donner and Christopher Wilkinson synonymised Stigmella perissopa with Stigmella cypracma. The holotype specimen is held at the Natural History Museum, London.
Description
Watt described the empty egg shell of this species as being white and shiny. It is wafer-like, oval, slightly broader at the anterior end, and domed above.
Watt also described the larva of this species. He stated:
The cocoon is oval in shape, broader at its anterior end, 4.5 mm by 2 mm, flattened top and bottom 1mm. The silk on the outside is pale-vellowish and compact, and within this is an inner cocoon of white silk which also has its prepared anterior outlet.
Meyrick originally described the adult moth of the species as follows:
Watt described the adult female moth as follows:
Watt described the adult male as follows:
S. cypracma can be distinguished from similar species S. ogygia and S. hakekeae as it has wings that are broader and more evenly coloured. However adults of this species are very similar in appearance to S. atrata.
Distribution
This species is endemic to New Zealand. Other than the type locality of Wellington, this species or its mines have been collected from Northland, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Whanganui, and Havelock. Watt regarded this species as being common in the Wellington Botanic Garden.
Life cycle
Eggs of this species are laid singly and normally with only one or two eggs on the upper side of the leaf. The egg is firmly cemented to the leaf, and persists at the commencement of the mine for many weeks filled with frass. Once hatched the larvae mine the leaf and create a long narrow gallery terminating in an expanded blotch, and is constructed immediately beneath the upper cuticle of the leaf. Its general direction is, as a rule, from within towards the margin of the leaf. The larva mines dorsum uppermost. Frass is plentiful, finely granular, black, and in the gallery is deposited in the central three-fourths of the mine. The last act of the larva is to prepare an outlet at the margin of the blotch, and just within this it constructs its cocoon. The cocoon is constructed within the blotch close against its outer margin. The pupal duration lasts about fifteen days. When the imago is ready to emerge the pupa is thrust out the anterior end of the cocoon and through the slit in the under-cuticle, the anal segments being retained within the cocoon. Emergence takes place on the under-surface of the leaf.
Biology and behaviour
Larvae have been recorded from May to October and in December. They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine is narrow and does not follow a particular pattern, but is strongly sinuous and tends to isolate within its coils areas of tissue which, when withered, can be recognised as brown patches in the leaf. The frass is deposited in one or two rows in the middle of the gallery. The cocoon is made of brown silk within the mine. This makes S. cypracma one of only two species within New Zealand that pupate within their mine. Cocoons with live pupae have been found in May, June, August, September and December.
Adults have been recorded on the wing in February and from September to November. There are two generations per year.
Habitat and host species
The larvae feed on Brachyglottis repanda. As such this moth species inhabits the same habitat as it's host plant; coastal, lowland and lower montane shrubland and open forest.
Threats
The larvae of this moth is frequently preyed upon by minute hymenopterous parasites.
References
External links
Holotype specimen for Stigmella cypracma
Lectotype specimen for Nepticula perissopa
Nepticulidae
Moths of New Zealand
Moths described in 1916
Taxa named by Edward Meyrick
Endemic fauna of New Zealand
Endemic moths of New Zealand |
Kikoły is a village in Poland. It lies in the administrative district of Gmina Pomiechówek, within Nowy Dwór County, Masovian Voivodeship, in eastern central Poland. It lies approximately east of Brody-Parcele - the seat of the gmina - north-east of Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki, and north-west of Warsaw.
References
Villages in Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki County |
The Abingdon Film Unit (known as the AFU) is an organisation based at Abingdon School, Abingdon-on-Thames, in Oxfordshire, England that enables pupils to make their own short documentary or animated films under the guidance of a team of industry professionals. The AFU was formed in 2003 by renowned British documentary maker Michael Grigsby and the school's Head of Drama, Jeremy Taylor. They led the Unit together until Grigsby's death at the age of 76 in March 2013. The Film Unit has been very successful with several films selected for screening at the National Film Theatre in London and others added to the National Film Archive.
Profile
The Unit consists of BAFTA winning directors Jonas Mortensen (cinematography) and Colin O'Toole (direction), Mikkel Eriksen and Larry Sider (sound design), Nikolaj Larsen and Arvid Eriksson (editing), Duncan Pickstock and Rebekah Tolley (direction), and animators Joanna Harrison and Geoff Dunbar. The Unit has so far produced over 200 short films, many of which have won prizes or received screenings at festivals in the UK and abroad. The influence of Grigsby's distinctive philosophy and aesthetic - using the medium of film "to give voice to the voiceless", explore "the poetry of the everyday" and allow audiences time and space in which to make their own judgements about the material - are often discernible in AFU documentaries, whilst AFU animations celebrate a hand-drawn or hand-made approach. The Unit encourages students to adopt the highest standards, and to develop their ideas through a process of careful research and reflection that seeks to clarify at every stage the aims and intentions of their films.
Acclaim
Many of the Unit's films have been screened at the National Film Theatre (NFT) in London. There have also been screenings at the Dinard Festival of British Cinema in France and at the BUFF festival of young people's film in Malmo, Sweden. AFU films have won first prize at the Oxdox International Film Festival, the New Shoots Festival, the BFI Future Film Festival and the Bradford Animation Festival. The AFU has come to the attention of the press on several occasions through articles in, among others, the Times Educational Supplement, Vertigo magazine and Sight and Sound. Its members have also featured in local television and radio broadcasts.
Larger projects
Two large-scale films have been made, one in Cambodia called 'Gravel and Stones' and the other in Moldova, called 'One Foot on the Ground'. Gravel and Stones was a thirty-minute film about the experience of disabled people in Cambodia called 'Gravel and Stones', made by Edward Hofman and Ben Hollins (directors), Tom Wakeling (cinematography), Andrew Mcgrath (sound recordist) and Suon Rottana (research and translation). It premiered at the BFI Southbank in November 2007 ahead of outings the following year at Raindance and LIDF. The film examines the devastating effects of land mines on the people of Cambodia, and was made with support of an NGO called Landmine Disability Support or LMDS. In 2009, the AFU produced another half-hour documentary called 'One Foot On The Ground'. This also premiered at BFI Southbank before screenings at Raindance and a new festival pioneered by the AFU in collaboration with the Westminster branch of the United Nations Association called 'We The People'. This film, made by Matthew Copson (director, editor), Tom Bateman (camera) and William McDowell (sound), follows a promising young basketball player in Moldova called Andreii as he struggles to choose between staying in his native country - one of the poorest in Europe - or, like so many of his friends, moving away to pursue his dream of playing basketball professionally in another country.
Screenings
The Film Unit holds annual screenings at November each year consisting of projects curated over the past year. These take place in the school's Amey Theatre and are open to the public free of charge and are often attended by a number of film industry professionals.
See also
List of Old Abingdonians
References
External links
Official Site of the Film Unit: http://www.abingdonfilmunit.com
Abingdon Film Unit Vimeo Page (Where all films are uploaded) https://vimeo.com/abingdonfilmunit
Michael Grigsby's IMDb page: https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1623453/
Geoff Dunbar's official website: http://www.geoffdunbar.net/
Film production companies of the United Kingdom
Abingdon-on-Thames
Film organisations in England
Culture in Oxfordshire
2003 establishments in England |
Abdel Kader Rifai () is a retired professional Syrian football midfielder who last played for Al-Karamah in the Syrian Premier League.
Career
Rifai's career began in the youth system of Al-Karamah before starting his professional career with the senior team. He has won many trophies in his career including four Syrian Premier League titles, three Syrian Cups, two Super Cup and helped the club reach the final of the AFC Champions League for the first time.
Rifai began his rise in the international scene at youth level and represented Syria at the 1994 AFC U-19 Championship that Syria won, he also represented Syria at the 1995 FIFA U-20 World Cup. In addition, he competed with the senior team in the 1996 AFC Asian Cup and played again for Syria in the 1998 FIFA World Cup qualification.
After retirement as a player, Rifai went to coaching in which he managed his native club Al-Karamah.
References
External links
1973 births
Living people
Footballers from Homs
Syrian men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Syria men's international footballers
Al-Karamah SC players
Al-Jaish SC (Syria) players
Al Ahed FC players
1996 AFC Asian Cup players
Syrian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Lebanon
Syrian expatriate sportspeople in Lebanon
Bourj FC players
Lebanese Premier League players
Syrian Premier League players |
Pakowki is an unincorporated community in Alberta, Canada within the County of Forty Mile No. 8. It is located along Highway 61 in southeast Alberta. It is one of many ghost towns along the historic Red Coat Trail route. Pakowki name originates from nearby Pakowki Lake, about 10 km south. The word "Pakowki" is Blackfoot for "Bad Water".
Very little remains of Pakowki, foundations and impressions in the ground from buildings can still be seen, although nothing remains, except the former Canadian Pacific Railway section house that has since been moved to a nearby community.
History
Taken from "The Ghost Towns Journal"
There are many basic causes behind the creation of ghost towns in the Canadian West. Some of these are the failure of a mineral deposit to retain its worth, causing the town that grew up around it to die; falling world markets which in turn speeds the move from town to city; and natural disasters which wipe out, or make untenable, a community. However, the ghost town of Pakowki is one of those unique places which owes its deserted look primarily to miscalculations on the part of its creators.
The Stirling-Weyburn branch of the Canadian Pacific Railway reached the site of Pakowki in 1915, and almost overnight a substantial town sprang into being. Despite the fact that the previous year had been a complete disaster, with scarcely one bushel having been harvested, some of the first buildings to be erected were grain elevators.
The site of present-day Pakowki is reached by traveling 6.5 miles east on Highway 61 from Etzikom. The country is gentle and rolling, beautiful in many respects even when parched and brown.
On the right hand side of one of the rises in the roadway is a large stock yard that stands tall against the skyline. Beyond, as the highway dips, may be seen a small railway section building sporting the sign "Pakowki." The actual town itself lay west of the stockyards, right against the railway tracks. All that remains to mark its location are broken foundations.
Pakowki had a good sized main street fronted along the railway. Everson and Gilchrist had a stove on the east end of town.
Immediately west was a Chinese restaurant, and adjacent to that was the Pioneer House, owned by the Dillenbecks. C. Potter, down the street, had a machine shop ant the agency for Model T cars and trucks, while a lumber yard and two general stores rounded out the picture.
Originally, the grain from a bumper harvest in the fall of 1915 was stored in a large warehouse along the tracks, but the following year, with hopes high, two regular grain elevators were built in the hopes of handling the crops covering nearly 1,400 square miles of homestead land. One of the busiest places in town was Smith's barbershop and pool hall as farmers treated themselves to the luxury of a shave and haircut.
The name Pakowki, when translated roughly from Blackfoot, meant "Bad Water". A large lake situated to the south was noted by Palliser and he included it on his 1865 map as Peekopee. For the business men of 1915, it could have been translated as roughly to mean "bad medicine."
Though there were still many miles of track yet to be laid between Weyburn and Stirling, the C.P.R. was in no rush. Leisurely, it extended its survey, then its grade and finally its tracks eastward to a small settlement known as Manyberries, which it reached in the fall of 1916.
During its slow progress across the semi-desert country, where grades were easy and the right-of-way uncluttered, it had been in the habit of stringing a "Y" out on the prairie to enable its engines to turn around. Manyberries was no exception, and for years to come marked the end of the line. Indeed, as events were to prove, the line past Etzikom was already over-extended. Trains ran twice a week.
Pakowki had one drawback, which was not fully appreciated at the time of its development. Most of the good homestead land lay north and east. Thus, as the rails moved on to a new siding called Orion, the settlers were quick to patronize the new town, which was closer. Since all the transportation was by horse and wagon, the farmers welcomed anything that would shorten their trips to town.
Though the good harvests continued through 1916, the handwriting was already on the wall for Pakowki. The Dillenbecks moved their hotel and restaurant to Orion and were followed by the other business establishments. Within the span of a few months, all that remained of the prairie metropolis was the section house, piles of used lumber, and the basements of houses.
Today, a set of stockyards belonging to the Community Pasture Association of Pincher over looks the ghost town of Pakowki.
In the early 2000s C.P.R. abandoned the less used Stirling-Weyburn branch shortly after pulling the track from Foremost to Consul, Saskatchewan.
See also
List of communities in Alberta
List of ghost towns in Alberta
References
Localities in the County of Forty Mile No. 8
Ghost towns in Alberta |
Smoke deflectors, sometimes called "blinkers" in the UK because of their strong resemblance to the blinkers used on horses, and "elephant ears" in US railway slang, are vertical plates attached to each side of the smokebox at the front of a steam locomotive. They are designed to lift smoke away from the locomotive at speed so that the driver has better visibility. On the South Australian Railways they are called "valances".
Overview
Smoke deflectors became increasingly common on later steam locomotives because the velocity of the smoke exiting the chimney had been reduced as a result of efficiency gains obtained by improved smokebox design, such as the Kylchap exhaust and Giesl ejector.
Styles
Various styles of smoke deflectors have been used by different railway operators. However, many are essentially a variation of one of two designs of Windleitbleche (wind deflecting plates) developed by the Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft (the German State Railway Company) between the World Wars: the earlier, larger Wagner-type deflector, and the later, smaller Witte-type deflector, such as those found on preserved LNER Gresley A3 class 4472 Flying Scotsman.
The Southern Railway in the UK was one of the first adopters and standardised on its own distinctive style where the deflectors only reached to halfway up the smokebox from the running plate. Wind tunnel testing showed that these less tall deflectors would adequately lift the smoke on the locomotives for which they were designed, without unduly detracting from the appearance.
References
Locomotive parts
Steam locomotive technologies |
Wierzbica is a village in Radom County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Wierzbica. It lies approximately south of Radom and south of Warsaw. The village belongs to historic Polish province of Lesser Poland. Wierzbica was a town from 1469 to 1870. For most of its history, it belonged to Lesser Poland's Sandomierz Voivodeship.
History
Wierzbica was first mentioned in the year 1198, in a document issued by Bishop of Kraków Gedko. The bishop described in it rules of religious tax (tithe), paid for monasteries at Miechów and Wąchock. The Order of Cistercians from Wąchock probably founded wooden church of Saint Giles at Wierzbica, which became the center of a Roman Catholic parish. At that time, the village of Wierzbica belonged to the abbots of the Wąchock Monastery, together with Iłża and Tarczek. In 1229, Princess Grzymislawa of Luck, together with her son Boleslaw V the Chaste, met here with Prince Konrad I of Masovia and several church leaders. Wierzbica remained property of the Cistercians from Wąchock until the late 18th century.
The village received Magdeburg rights from King Kazimierz Jagiellończyk in Radom, on July 12, 1469, upon request of Abbot Jakub from Wąchock. Residents of the newly founded town were allowed to create their own local council, and to make weekly markets on Saturdays, as well as three fairs annually (April 11, July 25 and September 14). The town quickly developed, enjoying the support of the powerful Wąchock Monastery, and in the late 15th century, it was larger than local urban centers of Radom and Iłża. In 1502, King Aleksander Jagiellończyk confirmed all privileges for Wierzbica, and in the mid-16th century, King Zygmunt II August extended them to the village of Rzeczków, located in the suburbs of the town. In the Polish Golden Age Wierzbica prospered, due to location on a local merchant route Opoczno – Skrzynno - Szydłowiec – Jastrząb – Wierzbica, with additional routes to Iłża, and Skaryszew.
Until the Partitions of Poland (1795), Wierzbica remained in Sandomierz Voivodeship. In 1795-1807 it belonged to the Habsburg Empire, and in 1807 - 1815 to the Duchy of Warsaw, which became Russian-controlled Congress Poland. The town declined in the 19th century, and after the January Uprising, Russian government reduced its status to that of a village. It still remains a village, with one characteristic feature of a town, which is a medieval market square.
Economy
In 1952-1955, the government of People's Republic of Poland, with Soviet cooperation built here Cement Plant “Friendship”, based on Soviet technology. The name of the plant was in 1989 changed into “Wierzbica”. In 1996 the plant was purchased by a French concern Lafarge, which closed it on October 12, 1997, despite the fact that the plant had been profitable in 1992-1996.
Among points of interest there is a parish church of St. Stanislaus (18th century), the 19th century cemetery, and several wooden houses from the early 19th century. Wierzbica has a football team Orzeł.
References
Wierzbica |
A New World Record is the sixth studio album by Electric Light Orchestra (ELO). It was released on September 11, 1976 on United Artists Records in the U.S., and on 19 November 1976 on Jet Records in the United Kingdom. A New World Record marked ELO's shift towards shorter pop songs, a trend which would continue across their career.
Their second album to be recorded at Musicland Studios in Munich, the LP proved to be the band's breakthrough in the UK; after their previous three studio recordings failed to chart in their home market, A New World Record became their first top ten album in the UK. It became a global success and reached multi-platinum status in the US and UK. The album sold five million units worldwide within its first year of release. The cover art features the ELO logo, designed by Kosh, for the first time; this logo would be included on most of the group's subsequent releases. The album yielded four hit singles, including "Livin' Thing", the transatlantic Top Ten hit "Telephone Line", which became the band's first gold US single, the UK Top Ten hit "Rockaria!", and the US number 24 hit "Do Ya", a remake of the 1972 single by The Move, of which Lynne was a member between 1970 and 1972.
In 1977, four of the album's songs were featured on the soundtrack of the film Joyride. In 2006, the album was remastered and released with bonus tracks on Sony's Epic/Legacy imprint. "Surrender" was also issued as a promotional single and an iTunes download single, which entered the top 100 download chart. The track was originally written in 1976 for a cancelled film soundtrack and was finished in 2006. In July 2012, the all vinyl record company Music on Vinyl re-released A New World Record on 180 gram vinyl with an embossed cover.
Background
The band's frontman Jeff Lynne regarded his own songwriting at this point to have reached a new high.
– Jeff Lynne 2006; A New World Record remaster
Patti Quatro, Brie Brandt (both of Fanny) and Addie Lee sang uncredited backing vocals on the album.
Critical reception
The album was well received by the music press. In the UK, Harry Doherty of Melody Maker recalled that when Lynne and Roy Wood had formed ELO it was to create "a group that would merge the excitement and colour of rock and roll with the clear lines of classical music", and that "A New World Record is, I feel, the closest that the Electric Light Orchestra have come to realising this". In his opinion the album "takes a giant leap forward... the most striking progression on this album is the use of orchestra and choir. Strings are no longer a novelty." In conclusion, Doherty stated that "A New World Record is ELO's best album in its seven-year history, the most complete of them all. They're a band who haven't yet gained the attention in this country that they deserve. Acquiring this album would be a fine way to change all that." NMEs Bob Edmands complimented Lynne's songwriting, saying, "This is, in fact, a very ambitious album, possibly the most sophisticated the band have put out. But random experiments are no way to crack the States or to stay in favour there, and the complexity on this set is all in the service of strong melodic songs." Edmands also agreed with Doherty that ELO deserved to be recognised as a major outfit in the UK, saying, "Lynne and his band are in the front rank of the nation's rock experts, and it's time their standing was properly acknowledged at home".
Robin Smith of Record Mirror said, "Combining electric guitars with highbrow symphonies is a pretty crazy combination, but for the ELO it works. Often the music borders on clumsiness and the lyrics are sometimes silly, but the band's sense of fun carries them through." Tim Lott of Sounds declared that "with A New World Record Lynne has captured the essential atmosphere of sophisticated pop without sounding overblown or cheap. Each of the nine tracks is immediate, commercial, professional." He noted some minor failings with the record, but that they were outweighed by the album's positive aspects, and concluded, "There ain't a duff track anywhere. And trying to balance the superlatives with useless nitpicking and the 'relevance' of supposed old farts like Lynne would be sheer crap."
In the U.S. Alan Niester had some reservations in his review for Rolling Stone, feeling that the record was something of a "treading of the creative waters" and that the group were at that point "a band, now peaking in popularity, that is attempting to supply audiences with exactly the sound they want to hear". However, Niester then went on to note that "Lynne has always been rather deft with the melodic hook, and both 'Livin' Thing' and 'So Fine' are irresistible additions to his list of catchiest tunes. Numbers like 'Mission (A World Record)' and 'Shangri-la' continue the history of classy orchestral stylings that really rock." He concluded, "By Christmas, A New World Record should be a staple in a million homes". Robert Christgau stated that it was the album that changed his mind about the band, who he said had "made a Moody Blues album with brains, hooks, and laffs galore".
In his retrospective review for AllMusic Bruce Eder compared A New World Record with ELO's follow-up, the double album Out of the Blue, and felt that the former album was the better of the two, being "a more modest-sized creation chock full of superb songs that are produced even better... A New World Record contains seven of the best songs ever to come out of the group. The Beatles influence is present, to be sure, but developed to a very high degree of sophistication and on Lynne's own terms, rather than being imitative of specific songs."
Cash Box said that "the album holds together, with haunting cuts like 'Above The Clouds' juxtaposed against faster numbers like 'Tightrope.'"
Track listing
The cassette tape version consisted of "Tightrope", "Rockaria!", "Mission", and "Shangri-La" on side one, with side two the same as the LP version's side two except for "Telephone Line" at the end in place of "Shangri-La".
Personnel
Sourced from the original album liner notes unless where noted.
Jeff Lynne – lead vocals, electric and acoustic guitars, percussion, Wurlitzer 200 electric piano
Bev Bevan – drums, percussion, Minimoog "drum", backing vocals
Richard Tandy – Wurlitzer 200 electric piano, Minimoog, Micromoog, clavinet, piano, SLM Concert Spectrum, Mellotron M400, electric guitar, percussion, backing vocals
Kelly Groucutt – bass guitar, percussion, backing vocals, lead vocals
Mik Kaminski – violin
Hugh McDowell – cello, percussion
Melvyn Gale – cello
Additional personnel
Mary Thomas – operatic vocals
Patti Quatro – uncredited backing vocals
Brie Brandt – uncredited backing vocals
Addie Lee – uncredited backing vocals
Mack – engineer
Orchestra and choral arrangements – Louis Clark, Jeff Lynne, Richard Tandy
Orchestra conducted by Louis Clark
Duane Scott – Engineer for USA edit
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
References
1976 albums
Albums produced by Jeff Lynne
Electric Light Orchestra albums
Epic Records albums
Jet Records albums
United Artists Records albums |
Velilla del Río Carrión is a municipality located in the province of Palencia, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 1,632 inhabitants.
Here is the Velilla Power Plant, a coal-fired power station, and the Fuentes Tamáricas, cantabrian intermittent fountains.
Notable people
Mara Santos, world champion in canoe marathon.
References
External links
Official site.
Municipalities in the Province of Palencia |
The plum-headed finch (Aidemosyne modesta) also known as cherry finch is a common species of estrildid finch found in Australia. It is the only species placed in the genus Aidemosyne. It has an estimated global extent of occurrence of 100,000 – 1,000,000 km2.
Taxonomy
The plum-headed finch was formally described and illustrated in 1837 by the English ornithologist John Gould in his book A Synopsis of the Birds of Australia, and the Adjacent Islands. Gould coined the binomial name Amadina modesta. This species was formerly placed in the genus Neochmia. A molecular phylogenetic study of the Estrildidae published in 2020 found that the genus Neochmia was paraphyletic. In the reorganization to create monophyletic genera, the plum-headed finch was moved to the genus Aidemosyne that had been introduced in 1862 by the German naturalist Ludwig Reichenbach. The genus name Aidemosyne is from Ancient Greek aidēmosunē meaning "modesty". The specific epithet modesta is Latin meaning "plain", "modest" or "unassuming". The species is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised.
Description
The plum-headed finc is a robust bird, with a stocky, strong beak and a long tail. It measures some 15 cm long. The scientific name emphasizes the absence of the flamboyant livery typical of many Australian species, as the brown tones predominate in the plumage of this bird; the upper part of the body (nape, back, wings and tail) is in fact a deep brown color, with a tendency to darken on the tail, while the ventral area (cheeks, throat, chest, abdomen and hips) is beige color that turns towards white in the central part of the belly and on the undertail. The bird distinguishes for its fine zebra like colouring, which is white and present on the eyebrows, neck, chest, hips and tail, while on the remiges are two rows of white spots. The beak is black, the legs are flesh-colored and the eyes are dark brown. In the male there are also a rust colored bib and a frontal stain of the same color (often with a brighter color tending to purple red), which in the female are reduced or absent, in any case with a predominance of brown on red; they also have less dense stripes. The female is similar to the male but lacks the male's black chin spot.
Distribution and habitat
It is found in dry savannah and subtropical/tropical (lowland) dry shrubland in Australia.
Behaviour
Breeding
The plum-headed finch breeds mainly from September to January in the south and from August to March in the north. The nest is round, laterally compressed chamber of green grass and is built in thick bushes. Four to six pure white eggs are laid.
Status
The International Union for Conservation of Nature has classified this species as being of least concern.
References
plum-headed finch
Birds of Queensland
Endemic birds of Australia
plum-headed finch
Articles containing video clips
plum-headed finch
Taxobox binomials not recognized by IUCN |
The Oklahoma Monarchs were a Negro league baseball team in the Western Independent Clubs in 1910 based in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. They played their home games at Colcord Park.
The club featured future Baseball Hall of Famer Louis Santop along with Sam Bennett and Bingo DeMoss.
References
Negro league baseball teams
Baseball teams established in 1910
Baseball teams disestablished in 1910
1910 establishments in Oklahoma
1910 disestablishments in Oklahoma |
The is a Japanese aerial lift line in Kamikawa, Hokkaidō, operated by . The company also operates a travel agency, a hotel in Asahidake Onsen, and chairlifts at Mount Moiwa Ski Resort, Sapporo. Opened in 1967, the aerial lift climbs Mount Kuro of the Daisetsuzan Mountains from the hot spring resort. A chairlift is connected to the line, climbing higher. The line transports skiers in winter, hikers in summer, and autumn color spectators in autumn. This is currently the northernmost aerial lift (excluding chairlifts) in the country, after in Wakkanai closed in 2006.
Basic data
System: Aerial tramway, 2 track cables and 2 haulage ropes
Cable length:
Vertical interval:
Maximum gradient: 29°54′
Operational speed: 5.0 m/s
Passenger capacity per a cabin: 101
Cabins: 2
Stations: 2
Duration of one-way trip: 7 minutes
See also
List of aerial lifts in Japan
External links
Official website
Aerial tramways in Japan
Tourist attractions in Hokkaido
Transport in Hokkaido
Infrastructure completed in 1967
1967 establishments in Japan |
Wiltonia is a genus of Polynesian araneomorph spiders in the family Orsolobidae, and was first described by Raymond Robert Forster & Norman I. Platnick in 1985.
Species
it contains nine species, found only in New Zealand:
Wiltonia elongata Forster & Platnick, 1985 – New Zealand
Wiltonia eylesi Forster & Platnick, 1985 – New Zealand
Wiltonia fiordensis Forster & Platnick, 1985 – New Zealand
Wiltonia graminicola Forster & Platnick, 1985 (type) – New Zealand
Wiltonia lima Forster & Platnick, 1985 – New Zealand
Wiltonia nelsonensis Forster & Platnick, 1985 – New Zealand
Wiltonia pecki Forster & Platnick, 1985 – New Zealand
Wiltonia porina Forster & Platnick, 1985 – New Zealand
Wiltonia rotoiti Forster & Platnick, 1985 – New Zealand
See also
List of Orsolobidae species
References
Araneomorphae genera
Orsolobidae
Spiders of New Zealand
Taxa named by Raymond Robert Forster
Taxa named by Norman I. Platnick
Endemic spiders of New Zealand |
The Yasynivska–Hlyboka coal mine is a large coal mine located in the south-east of Ukraine in Donetsk Oblast. Yasynivska–Hlyboka represents one of the largest coal reserves in Ukraine, having estimated reserves of 41.5 million tonnes. The annual coal production is around 434,000 tonnes.
See also
Coal in Ukraine
List of mines in Ukraine
References
Coal mines in Ukraine
Economy of Donetsk Oblast
Coal mines in the Soviet Union |
Zou Xufeng is a Chinese wheelchair fencer. She represented China at the 2016 Summer Paralympics and she won two medals: the gold medal in the women's épée A event and the gold medal in the women's team épée event.
References
External links
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Chinese female fencers
Wheelchair fencers at the 2016 Summer Paralympics
Medalists at the 2016 Summer Paralympics
Paralympic gold medalists for China
Paralympic medalists in wheelchair fencing
Paralympic wheelchair fencers for China
21st-century Chinese women |
Elmer Horton may refer to:
Elmer Horton (baseball) (1869–1918), baseball pitcher
Elmer G. Horton, head football coach for the Wabash College Little Giants |
The phonomotor or "vocal engine" was a device invented by Thomas Edison in 1878 to measure the mechanical force of sound. It converted sound energy or sound power into rotary motion which could drive a machine such as a small saw or drill. It derived from his work on the telephone and phonograph.
Operation
Sound waves entering a mouthpiece and falling on a diaphragm were conveyed by a piece of rubber tubing and a spring to a pawl, which vibrated against a very fine-toothed ratchet wheel. The diaphragm and mouthpiece were similar to those used on the phonograph. Vibrations caused by the voice caused a shaft and flywheel to rotate. Steady pressure from breath produced no motion, but some voices could produce rapid motion. The speed of rotation depended on the pitch of the sound. It was able to operate a small drill or saw which could bore or cut wood. When a long sustained sound got the flywheel up to an appreciable speed, considerable force was required to stop it.
Impact
The Chicago Tribune in May 1878 predicted that it would be the basis for sound powered toys such as dolls which bow when spoken to, though none are known to have been marketed. Edison described it as a scientific toy. A U.S patent application was filed for the "Vocal Engine" in 1878, and a patent was granted on December 10 of that year. An 1884 Nature article on sound mills, similar devices to the phonomotor, reported that Edison's device, "literally accomplished the feat of talking a hole through a deal board." A restored model of the phonomotor is in the Edison Menlo Park laboratory exhibit at the Greenfield Village Museum in Dearborn, Michigan, and was exhibited in operation for visitors in the 1930s.
References
External links
T.A. Edison, "Vocal Engine". US Patent 210,767, Patented December 10, 1878.
Thomas Edison
Audiovisual introductions in 1878
Sound measurements
19th-century inventions
American inventions |
Christina Pribićević-Zorić is an American translator. She was born in New York to a Yugoslav father and an Irish mother. She has translated more than thirty books from Serbo-Croat and French into English. Some of her major translations include:
The Dictionary of the Khazars by Milorad Pavić
Landscape Painted with Tea by Milorad Pavić
Zlata’s Diary by Zlata Filipović
Tales of Old Sarajevo by Isak Samokovlija
Frida’s Bed by Slavenka Drakulić
Herbarium of Souls by Vladimir Tasic
The House of Remembering and Forgetting by Filip David
References
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
American translators |
Honey's Dead is the fourth studio album by the Scottish alternative rock band The Jesus and Mary Chain, released in 1992 on Blanco y Negro Records. It marked a return to a more abrasive sound for the group, as well as incorporating elements of alternative dance. The title refers to one of the band's early hits, "Just Like Honey", and is intended to demonstrate a complete departure from their earlier musical style.
The album's first single, "Reverence", attracted some controversy for the lyrics "I want to die just like Jesus Christ", and "I want to die just like JFK". Banned by Top of the Pops, the track peaked at #10 in the UK charts and received airplay in the United States on alternative radio stations.
Honey's Dead was recorded in the band's London studio, the aptly named "Drugstore", with accomplished engineer Flood and future JaMC producer Alan Moulder on board (not to mention a considerably larger bankroll).
Alternative and campus radio stations picked up "Far Gone and Out" which remains one of the band's most popular singles to date, peaking at #23 in the band's native UK. The Mary Chain shared the bill during parts of Lollapalooza 1992 in the U.S. with Pearl Jam, Soundgarden, Ministry, Lush, Ice Cube and Red Hot Chili Peppers. Anheuser Busch even used the samples of "Sugar Ray" as a background bed for their Bud Ice television commercials in 1993.
Honey's Dead was on the short list of nominees for the 1992 Mercury Prize.
The album posts a close second in sales to (1994) release Stoned & Dethroned (which contains the hit single "Sometimes Always" with Hope Sandoval of Mazzy Star). The Reid brothers alternate between singing duties on tracks (most likely coinciding with songwriting duties).
Artwork
The album cover art features a detail from the painting Ophelia (First Version) by the Pre-Raphaelite painter Arthur Hughes.
As of May 1998 the album has sold 122,000 copies in United States according to Nielsen SoundScan.
Track listing
All songs written by Jim Reid and William Reid.
LP (BYN 26) and Cassette (BYNC 26)
Side one
"Reverence" – 3:40
"Teenage Lust" – 3:06
"Far Gone and Out" – 2:51
"Almost Gold" – 3:19
"Sugar Ray" – 4:41
"Tumbledown" – 4:10
Side two
"Catchfire" – 4:47
"Good for My Soul" – 3:05
"Rollercoaster" – 3:46
"I Can't Get Enough" – 2:56
"Sundown" – 4:59
"Frequency" – 1:19
CD (BYNCD 26)
"Reverence" – 3:40
"Teenage Lust" – 3:06
"Far Gone and Out" – 2:51
"Almost Gold" – 3:19
"Sugar Ray" – 4:41
"Tumbledown" – 4:10
"Catchfire" – 4:47
"Good for My Soul" – 3:05
"Rollercoaster" – 3:46
"I Can't Get Enough" – 2:56
"Sundown" – 4:59
"Frequency" – 1:19
Notes
Track 6: Contains a sample of Einstürzende Neubauten's "Tanz Debil" (Kollaps, 1981) starting at 1:25 and lasting for roughly 18 seconds.
Track 9: Is listed as "copyright 1990" (while the rest of the album is "copyright 1992"), but the version here is not the original 1990 EP version. This version features live drums (presumably by Monti) and does not have the echo on William Reid's voice, and is likely a re-recorded version from the album sessions.
Personnel
The Jesus and Mary Chain
Jim Reid – vocals (tracks 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8), guitar, producer
William Reid – vocals (tracks 4, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12), guitar, producer
Steve Monti – drums, percussion
Additional personnel
Alan Moulder – engineer (except track 9), mixing
Flood – engineer (track 9)
Andy Catlin – photography
References
The Jesus and Mary Chain albums
1992 albums
Blanco y Negro Records albums |
```ruby
class Audit < PaperTrail::Version
self.table_name = :audits
belongs_to :user, foreign_key: 'whodunnit', optional: true, inverse_of: :audits
end
``` |
Sami Potta Mudichu () is a 1991 Indian Tamil-language drama film, written and directed by R. Sundarrajan. The film stars Murali and Sindhu. It was released on 11 January 1991, and became a success.
Plot
Kathirvelan's goal in life is to take revenge on his uncle, who had killed his grandfather. However, he has a change of heart after meeting his uncle's daughter, Neelaveni.
Cast
Murali as Kathirvelan
Sindhu as Neelaveni
R. Sundarrajan
M. N. Nambiar
Disco Shanti
Thalapathi Dinesh
Pandu
Vinu Chakravarthy
Vennira Aadai Moorthy
Soundtrack
Soundtrack was composed by Ilaiyaraaja. The lyrics were written by Gangai Amaran and Vaali. The songs "Neelaveni" and "Madhulankaniye" attained popularity.
References
External links
1990s Tamil-language films
1991 drama films
1991 films
Films directed by R. Sundarrajan
Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja
Indian drama films
Indian films about revenge |
Intermittent preventive therapy or intermittent preventive treatment (IPT) is a public health intervention aimed at treating and preventing malaria episodes in infants (IPTi), children (IPTc), schoolchildren (IPTsc) and pregnant women (IPTp). The intervention builds on two tested malaria control strategies to clear existing parasites (treatment effect seen in mass drug administrations) and to prevent new infections (prophylaxis).
IPTi
IPTi using the antimalarial drug sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine (S/P) was pioneered in Ifakara, Tanzania in 1999. Infants received S/P at ages 3, 6, and 9 months in combination with their routine childhood (EPI) vaccinations. IPTi reduced clinical attacks of malaria by 59% (95% CI, 41%–72%) in Ifakara. Remarkably, protection persisted throughout the second year of life, long after SP had disappeared from circulation. A trial conducted in northern Tanzania using the antimalarial drug amodiaquine instead of S/P was similarly successful. Six subsequent trials showed less encouraging results.
The latest and so far largest IPTi study was an effectiveness study conducted in the South East of Tanzania. A study area of approximately 250x180km2 with a population of about 900,000 people was subdivided into 24 similar clusters. Half of the 23,400 infants, those residing in 12 of 24 randomly selected clusters were invited in 2005 to receive IPTi. Between 47 and 76% of the eligible infants in each of the 12 selected clusters received IPT-SP. In the following year, 2006, the effect of IPTi on malaria and anaemia was assessed in a representative sample of 600 infants. An intention to treat analysis, which includes all eligible infants did not show a statistically significant benefit of IPTi-SP. Parasitaemia prevalence was 31% in the intervention and 38% in the comparison areas (p=0.06). In a ‘per protocol’ analysis, which only included infants who actually received IPTi there was a significant benefit: parasite prevalence was 22%, 19 percentage points lower than comparison children in the control group (p=0.01). This trial showed that IPTi has a protective effect at the individual level but is not effective at the community level. The study had followed up children for two years until 2007 but the findings from the surveillance in 2007 have not been reported.
IPTc
Treating children with S/P and artesunate in Senegal where malaria is highly seasonal repeatedly during the malaria season reduced malaria attacks by 86% (95% CI 80-90)9. A subsequent trial in Mali showed a protective efficacy of 43% [95% CI 29–54%].
IPTsc
Treating schoolchildren in Kenya with S/P and amodiaquine significantly improved anaemia (RR 0.52, 95% CI 0.29-0.93).
IPTp
IPTp consists in the administration of a single curative dose of an efficacious anti-malarial drug at least twice during pregnancy – regardless whether or not the woman is infected. The drug is administered under supervision during antenatal care (ANC) visits. Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine is the drug currently recommended by the WHO because of its safety and efficacy in pregnancy. Several studies have shown the high efficacy of IPTp with SP, compared to placebo or CQ prophylaxis, on placental infection, LBW and/or severe maternal anaemia. More recent findings from Tanzania also suggest that IPTp using S/P has reached the end of its lifecycle. The authors found that the "use of partially effective anti-malarial agents for IPTp may exacerbate malaria infections in the setting of widespread drug resistance". As for infants, there is no simple readily available replacement of S/P for malaria in pregnancy. Indeed, the fear of teratogenic effects add a layer of complexity how this intervention will evolve.
Controversy
While some controversial aspects e.g. the drug of choice are shared by all forms of intermittent preventive therapy, the controversy has been reported in greatest detail for IPTi (see also politics below). The reasons which make the large scale introduction of IPTi highly controversial include:
The six studies reported subsequent to the first 2 IPTi studies did not confirm the same degree of protection against malaria (59%) nor the protracted period of protective benefit (into the second year of life) seen in that initial study. Subsequent studies indicated that protection lasted about 35 days after each treatment dose, which translates into an overall protective efficacy in infancy of 20–33%.
Effects on anaemia and hospital admission were inconsistent between study sites.
There was no evidence of mortality reduction. In more than 8,000 children enrolled in IPTi studies, there were 152 deaths in the placebo groups and 157 deaths in the sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine groups: a protective efficacy of –2% (95% CI –22 to 21).
There were concerns that any benefits shown in these IPTi-SP trials might be less now that resistance to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine has worsened. A recent trial of S/P conducted in Tanzania had to be closed early because of high mortality in children receiving S/P.
There was uncertainty over the true incidence of serious adverse effects, notably the cutaneous reactions that stopped the use of sulfadoxine pyrimethamine as prophylaxis.
An added theoretical concern is that the widespread use of antimalarial drugs for prophylaxis will add to the already considerable drug pressure and will facilitate the emergence and spread of drug resistance. McGready summarised IPTi as an intervention which uses the wrong drug, probably in the wrong dose in the wrong age group.
Politics
The politics of IPTi are well documented and illustrate the working of contemporary international health politics. The promising results of the first two IPTi studies led to the creation of the IPTi Consortium, whose brief is to determine the efficacy, safety, relation of efficacy to drug sensitivity, cost-effectiveness, and acceptability of this intervention. The IPTi Consortium received approximately US$28 million from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF). A WHO technical advisory group reviewed the evidence relevant for the widespread introduction of IPTi available in 2008, and came to the conclusion that the available evidence was not sufficient to recommend the widespread introduction of IPTi -SP. Program officers of the BMGF as well as scientists funded by the BMGF criticised the WHO conclusions. The criticism from the BMGF in turn triggered a memorandum of the WHO malaria chief Dr. Akira Kochi to the director general of the WHO which was leaked to The New York Times.
At the request of Dr. Brandling-Bennett of the BMGF and with funding from the BMGF, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) convened an expert committee to evaluate the evidence concerning IPTi - SP and provide guidance on the value of continued investment in IPTi-SP. The committee was chaired by Myron M. Levine who has been funded and is currently funded by the BMGF. The committee concluded "… that an intervention with results of this magnitude is worthy of further investment as part of a public health strategy to decrease morbidity from malaria infections in infants." The WHO technical expert group responded to the IOM report "WHO is committed to review the available information each year." Dr. Kochi was ultimately replaced by one of the members of the IPTi consortium, Dr. Robert Newman. In March 2010, i.e. after Dr. Kochi had been replaced, the WHO recommended the co-administration of the antimalarial drug sulfadoxine pyrimethamine with routine childhood vaccinations (DTP2, DTP3 and measles immunization) in sub-Saharan Africa. The recommendation applies only for areas with high malaria transmission and low resistance against SP, both measures are not free of controversy and only available for few spots in Africa. With the recent drop of malaria transmission in wide stretches of Africa and a steady increase in SP resistance few malaria control programs will hurry to implement this intervention.
References
External links
IPTi consortium
New York Times 2/16/08
IoM report on IPTi
Epidemiology
Malaria
Tropical diseases
Public health education |
Milites were the trained regular footsoldiers of ancient Rome, and later a term used to describe "soldiers" in Medieval Europe.
Roman Era
These men were the non-specialist regular soldiers that made up the bulk of a legion's numbers and were the social superiors of ordinary footsoldiers known as pedites. Alongside soldiering, they also performed guard duties, labour work, building and other non-combat roles, which increased their status in urban centers. Milites would usually have to serve for several years before becoming eligible for training to become immunes and thus become specialists with better pay.
Medieval Era
The Latin term eventually became synonymous with "soldier", a general term that, in Western Europe, became associated with the mounted knight, because they composed the professional military corps during the Early Medieval Era. The same term, however, was expanded to mean less distinguished infantry soldiers (milites pedites). During the 13th century the term referred to the mounted horsemen who lacked knight-status, but still had similar properties and obligations to the dubbed knights.
Other usages include the "Milites Templi," referring to the Knights Templar, or Milites Sancti Jacobi (Order of Santiago).
From the Latin root, "" derived words such as "Military" and "Militia".
References
Military ranks of ancient Rome
Latin words and phrases |
Sauvelade (; ) is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in south-western France.
See also
Communes of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department
References
Communes of Pyrénées-Atlantiques |
Phionah Atuhebwe is a Ugandan vaccinologist and immunization expert. She is currently a Senior Health Adviser on Immunization with UNICEF Headquarters in New York City, USA while based in Nairobi, Kenya. Phionah was the Officer in charge of introduction of new vaccines Africa at World Health Organization until May 2023.
Early life and education
Phionah Atuhebwe was born on 7 May 1983 at Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital, in Mbarara City to Mr and Mrs Aloysious S.J. Tibamanya. She attended St. Helen's primary school and St. Aloysious P.S Mbarara for Primary Education, Bweranyangi Girls' SSS Bushenyi for O'level and Uganda Martyrs Namugongo for A'level. She graduated with a Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (M.B.B.S), Medicine and Surgery. She received a Master of International Public Health/International Health from University of Leeds. She also studied Project Leadership, Project Management at Cornell University and Vaccinology at University of Cape town.
Career
As New Vaccines Introduction Medical Officer Africa, Atuhebwe sits at the World Health Organization's Regional Office for Africa in Brazzaville, Congo. She is recognized as one of Africa's biggest contributors to the continent's immunization programmes. Her current role at WHO, is to Support coordination of Targeted Country Assistance to countries in the WHO African region to prepare and submit Gavi applications for financial support, planning and implementation of new vaccination activities. Lead the allocation of new vaccine doses to priority countries in the African region in collaboration with Gavi and UNICEF supply division, among other important roles.
Atuhebwe's most recent achievement is her support in Zimbabwe for the first ever use of a Typhoid vaccine in response to an outbreak in Africa. She has also been at the front line fighting COVID-19. She was one of the first Medical officers in Africa, to openly announce that she tested positive for COVID-19 and healed. She shared her story with the Media. On April 12, Easter Sunday, Atuhebwe received an email that she, alongside 43 colleagues had to turn up for a coronavirus test. Days later, she received a call from the doctor, they wanted to give her an update on the tests and find out if she was doing well. He informed her that among the 44 tests done, four had returned positive. “And my response was, oh, sorry.” Just like any one would sympathise with the affected. When she wasn't expecting it, the doctor dropped the bombshell; “...unfortunately, you are one of them” The Daily Monitor writes. Atuhebwe had been in Congo-Brazzaville for more than a month, alongside other doctors that were working tirelessly to ensure the continent has everything that can enable her fight the virus.
From October 2014 to July 2017, Atuhebwe worked as Africa and Asia Regional Technical Advisor, Vaccine Access and Delivery, PATH International (East, Central, Southern and Anglophone Africa)
Awards
International Development Centre-Canada Research Award
Ruth Griffith Prize, University of Leeds, 2011
Joint Japan/World Bank Graduate Scholarship
References
1983 births
Living people
World Health Organization officials
Alumni of the University of Leeds |
The Atlanta Community Relations Commission (ACRC) was a community action group created in November 1966 by the City of Atlanta. The group was charged with investigating discrimination and race relations in Atlanta, reporting recommendations to the Mayor of Atlanta to improve relations in the city. The group served as a direct liaison between city hall and groups in the Atlanta community, and they held regular town halls to "hear residents’ concerns, take them to city officials and departments, returning to each neighborhood thirty days later to report on actions taken, thereby creating continuous discussions where residents’ saw results from their voiced concerns". Although Atlanta had developed a reputation as "the city too busy to hate," that reputation was often fostered by people who would benefit from it. The commission addressed wide-ranging instances of discrimination, from school desegregation to trailer camps. The Commission's first LGBT representative was appointed in June 1972.
References
External links
Organizations based in Atlanta
Councils of governments
1966 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Local government in Georgia (U.S. state)
Atlanta metropolitan area
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Syed Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi (also known as Ali Miyan; 5 December 1913 – 31 December 1999) was a leading Islamic scholar, thinker, writer, preacher, reformer and a Muslim public intellectual of 20th century India and the author of numerous books on history, biography, contemporary Islam, and the Muslim community in India, one of the most prominent figure of Deoband School. His teachings covered the entire spectrum of the collective existence of the Muslim Indians as a living community in the national and international context. Due to his command over Arabic, in writings and speeches, he had a wide area of influence extending far beyond the Sub-continent, particularly in the Arab World. During 1950s and 1960s he stringently attacked Arab nationalism and pan-Arabism as a new jahiliyyah and promoted pan-Islamism. He began his academic career in 1934 as a teacher in Nadwatul Ulama, later in 1961; he became Chancellor of Nadwa and in 1985, he was appointed as Chairman of Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies.
He had a lifelong association with Tablighi Jamaat. For decades, he enjoyed universal respect, was accepted by the non-Muslims, at the highest level, as the legitimate spokesman for the concerns and aspirations of the entire Muslim community. Islam and the World is the much acclaimed book of Nadwi for which he received accolades throughout, especially Arab world where it was first published in 1951. His books are part of syllabic studies in various Arab Universities. In 1951, during his second Hajj, the key-bearer of the Kaaba, opened its door for two days and allowed him to take anyone he chose inside. He was the first Alim from Hindustan who was given the key to Kaaba by the Royal Family of Saudi Arabia to allow him to enter whenever he chose during his pilgrimage. He was the chairman of Executive Committee of Darul Uloom Deoband and president of All India Muslim Personal Law Board. He was the founder of Payam-e-Insaniyaat Movement and co-founder of All India Muslim Majlis-e-Mushawarat and Academy of Islamic Research & Publication. Internationally recognized, he was one of the Founding Members of the Muslim World League and served on the Higher Council of the Islamic University of Madinah, the Executive Committee of the League of Islamic Universities. The lectures he delivered at Indian, Arab and western Universities have been appreciated as original contribution to the study of Islam and on Islam's relevance to the modern age. As a theorist of a revivalist movement, in particular he believed Islamic civilisation could be revived via a synthesis of western ideas and Islam. In 1980, he received the King Faisal International Prize, followed by the Sultan of Brunei International Prize and the UAE Award in 1999.
Early life
Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi was born in the Takiya Kalaan Rae-Bareilly in North India on 5 December 1913, he was named Ali and his full name is Ali bin Abdul Hay bin Fahruddeen Al-Hasani. His linage joins to Hasan Al Musanna bin Imam Hasan bin Ali bin Abi Talib. Scion of a educated family, which has produced scholars, Ulama, Atkiya, spiritual preceptors, mujahedeen, professors, civil service officers, he was an eminent scholar, thinker, writer, an Alim, a preacher, a reformer and a personality of the world of Islam in the last half century. His father was Abdul Hayy Hasani, author of famous books like Nuzhatul Khawatir (a biographical dictionary of Indian Ulama) and Al-Thaqafah al-Islamiyah fil-Hind (Islamic Culture in India). He was a descendant of Syed Ahmad Barelvi who had led a Jihad movement against the British occupation, established an Islamic state in the North Western Frontier (now in Pakistan) and fell martyr on the battlefield of Balakot in 1831. Moreover, he was one of the few non-Arabs today who had fully mastered spoken and written Arabic. Although he is an Arab by lineage, yet his family had lost its roots with the Arabic world and he grew up as an Indian Muslim. He was popularly known in India as Ali Miyan. He was popularly known world-wide by the name of Nadwi, which was not his family name; it was synonymous to higher rank of Islamic intellectuals belonged to a particular institution: the scholars educated at the Nadwat-ul-ulama in (Lucknow), India, took the name `Nadwi' and the name `Nadwi' in this research refers to Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi.
Nadwi grew up and was guided in a God fearing environment in the guardianship of his family. His father Hakim Syed Abdul Hayy Nadwi al-Hasani served as Rector of Nadwat-ul-ulama until he breathed his last on Friday 1923 when Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi was nine years of age. Having lost his father, young Ali grew up under the shadow of his mother and the guardianship of his brother, Hakim Abdul Ali Nadwi (who qualified from both Dar al-Ulum Deoband and Nadwat-ul-ulama). He lived in his early childhood in Takiyya Kalan; Rae-Bareilly. He later migrated to Lucknow with his father because of his father's profession as a doctor. His mother had memorized the Qur’ān and acquired higher education, a rare distinction for a woman of her times. She was a poet as well as a writer. She wrote the book for the guidance of women and young girls with the name of Husnul Maashirah (Social Manners) and the book of poems by the name of Bahrurrahmah. When Ali was young he spent most of his time in his elder brother's house, under his supervision and tender care. A particularly important influence on him at this stage was his elder brother, Sayyid Abd al-Ali al Hasani who later went on to be trained as a medical doctor at King George's Medical College, Lucknow, and then assumed the post of Rector of the Nadwat-ul-Ulama. His elder brother was able, through his deep knowledge both in western education and Islam, to ensure his upbringing in the Islamic way of life. By this time he had developed a deep commitment to the cause of Islam.
Intellectual Milieu
He received a B.A in Arabic literature from the University of Lucknow in 1927. In order to be trained as an Alim (religious scholar), he was sent to Nadwatul Ulama for higher studies. Nadwat al-ulama also known as Nadwa, the choice of the name got inspiration from a hall in Makkah, where nobles used to assemble to debate and discuss. It was one of the renowned Islamic universities in the world, which has produced several famous scholars. It was founded in 1894 at Kanpur and eventually shifted to Lucknow (India) in 1898. It was established with the objective of countering the challenges of western education; striking out equilibrium between classical Islam and modernity and producing a new breed of Islamic scholars of higher level, molded in classical Islamic disciplines and new ideas to regain the intellectual initiative lost in the wake of colonial occupation. At Nadwa, young Nadwi was exposed to new trends prevalent in Islamic thoughts in other Muslim countries. He was also benefitted from the two leading Arab teachers at Dar al ulum. One of those teachers is Khalil Muhammad of Yemen and Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din al-Hilali of Morocco who taught him modern verbal and written Arabic. He studied Hadith under Hussain Ahmed Madani at Darul Uloom Deoband and Tafsir under Ahmed Ali Lahori where he came in touch with Iqbal whose poetry left an abiding impression on him.
The major turning point in Nadwi's life came in 1934, when he was appointed to teach Arabic and Qur’anic commentary at Nadwat al-ulama, after the completion of his studies. The Nadwa committed itself to spread the teachings of Nadwi since he played a pivotal role in turning the institution into well acknowledged research center world widely, just as he was to remain central to the life of the institution, turning it into a widely recognized centre for Islamic research. As Hasan writes, one of his principal concerns as head of the institution was to promote suitable changes in the educational system in accordance with the demand of the modern age.
Intellectual Discourse
Reconstruction of Western Civilization
West with its technology has been able to master the civilization of the world today because it is considered able to answer the challenges and demands of the modern world. Nadwi provides insightful views and ideas about how the concept of Islam in life. In some of his ideas, he does not give Misconceptions of the goodness of life with the advancement of technology and identity, but the value of the glorified modernity of the West has the building of cultural values which is 'misconception' with Islamic terminology. Nadwi in this case also reveals that tribal wars and identity with the West can be seen from two perspectives; First, the defense of identity as a positive color, this view is expressed as an appreciation of the consistency of geographical dichotomy and western culture in maintaining the identity and even affect the surrounding civilization, as previously revealed that the West despite having areas that tend to have the same land but can still survive as an identity the substantial where the one with the other cannot be equated. According to Nadwi such a concept contains an Islamic value. A Muslim must be able to show his identity as a Muslim, preserving this identity is certainly not merely an identity in a literal sense, more than that, the identity that is meant is a terminological meaning that embodies the various values that emulate it. A Muslim should have an existence based on Islam (Al-Quran and Ḥadis). Islam as a value (identity) must be maintained in accordance with the indicators (arguments) in it. For example in terms of association, in terms of neighborhood, in terms of dress, including in terms of economic. Because in the true Islam through the value contained in it has contained a variety of teachings that are quite universal, including in the things mentioned above. Maintaining Identity as a Muslim the law must be done because that is part of the meaning of Islam itself as a theology (belief). Nadwi reveals that maintaining identity is the first step to strengthening faith in Muslims.
Secondly, Western identity is a negative meaning. The West does maintain its identity so that with that identity they proudly and stigmatized 'tilted' towards another identity. Al-Nadwi reveals that Islam does not teach so, Western modernism according to him should be responded proportionately because the teaching of identity contained in it is contains the value of Jahiliyyah where the people who no longer respect other people who are different. Islam teaches li ta'arafu between humans amid the difference. Al-Nadwî reveals the West despite appearing with its stunning medal face, but it holds an undeniable dilemma, that in fact the West is not united in a strong (identity) relationship. They are in a separate conscience between one and the other with the boundaries of tribal egoism and material interests. This is according to al-Nadwî that in fact the West has been transformed into Jahiliyyah modern. Al-Nadwî further explained that the recognition of identity should be in Islam with the proper terminology. Al-Nadwi reveals one offer is back to Islam. Islam is meant universally, including the reflection of its civilization. Long before the West which has been widely claimed to have modernized modernization, Islam actually has done that long before the 7th century. Al-Nadwî in this discussion exemplifies the history of the glory of Islam in the days of Umar bin Abd al-Aziz (717-720). Abul Hasan Ali al-Hasani al-Nadwî explains that humans can be united with the glue of religion that haq is the religion of Islam, not only for the Muslims itself, more than it covers the welfare of mankind, because Islam is revealed to all nature. One reflection which was then put forward by al-Nadwî is that along with the glory of Islam is also dragged the glory of his people universally which in turn is not only merely touch the Muslims themselves, but also by other people who are socially not to be distinguished. According to al-Nadwi, this kind of context is not visible from the civilization (modernization) of the West today, the modernization of the West according to him is colonized where progress adversely affects other identities. In examining identity and modernization, al-Nadwî offers several opinions, first formal approaches, two historical approaches, three social approaches, four economical approaches. In the formal order of Religion Islam has a source of teaching that becomes the frame of every movement, namely the Qur'an and Hadith. In the context of modernization and identity the Qur'an seems to have a not-so-small concept, in which the Qur'an for example contains fraternal values, trade terminology, association, marriage, dress, education, and the Qur'an also contain scientific values, health, and so forth. According to al-Nadwi, the Qur'an with its perfect content should be part of the foundation of living for a Muslim. The textuality of the verses on some sides may be clarified sociologically based on the practices shown by the Prophet Muḥammad. In the context of modernity, there seems to be no doubt that the Prophet Muhammad with his teachings of Islam has managed to modernize Arabia. Practical life shown by the Prophet also becomes hand in hand that accompanies the content of the Qur'an.
Historical Approach; Islam once 'lead the world'. This historical approach can be traced in his book Saviours of Islamic Spirit; in this book he introduces various figures who can be role models of a Muslim, such as Umar II, Hasan al-Basri, Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Al-Ghazali, Abdul Qadir Gilani, Rumi, Ibn Taymiyyah, Shah Waliullah Dehlawi, Ahmad Sirhindi. In the muqaddimah part of this book he reveals a small conclusion that "Islam never thirsts mujaddid". According to al-Nadwî, the error is much seen from the Muslims themselves in choosing the wrong path. If the early Muslims dealt with the heresy and the conflict of understanding, then in modern times and millennia Islam confronted the more complex term of 'Jahiliyyah' culture Al-Nadwî advocated, in minimizing the impact of modernization of Western Jahiliyyah today, the regeneration of Muslims should be introduced to a clear historiography of Islam as a movement of civilization progress and assert that Western modernization contains primitive Jahiliyah values. This historical study according to al-Nadwî needs to be done in conveying the Islamic treasures of its existence. Al-Nadwi said in a social approach how much criticism is expressed against the West actually refers more to the social elements that are in it. Western culture according to al-Nadwî does not at all reflect Islamic fundamental values in any way. The historical fact mentioned by al-Nadwî in his book, that more than 32,000 death penalties in Europe are burned alive. According to al-Nadwî, the unfair Law that Europeans applied to other nations seemed to portray enmity and eliminate the principle of justice which is the principle of a law, not just the classical era, this unfair legal fanaticism continues to be applied by the West in strengthening its power as a superpower medieval age. Al-Nadwî also provided a constructive critique of Western education. According to al-Nadwî, Western education led to the frost and decline of morality due to the loneliness of spiritual decline. Al-Nadwî also gave various analyzes that Western Education orientation is a lot of material, wants a high position and earn a large salary without implanting spiritual value. According to al-Nadwi, Western education is racing to become stronger and then with that power they make other nation tips slumped. Al-Nadwî in his book Imam Abd al-Qadir al-Jailânî reveals this condition by relating it to civilization in the time of al-Jailānî, he writes: "...'Abd al-Qadir al-Jailānî has witnessed what has been fall the lives of Muslims of his day. They live fragmented and hostile. Love of the world has dominated in addition to fighting for honor on the side of King and Sultan, man has turned to matter, position and power...". In addition to his social criticisms of the West, al-Nadwî gave a fairly intense notion of social life. This is evident from the practices of daily life. Al-Nadwî in some facts, famous as people who closely associate with the community, as much expressed by the surrounding community as well as observations that once the author witnessed one example that al-Nadwî spelled out routinely provide material assistance to Muslims and non-Muslims after each prayer Asr at home, this assistance is expected to be given to 40 people. This phenomena as a form of bi al-hâl's preaching to non-Muslims to in turn see Islam as a potentially positive enough to follow.
This attitude as an orientation of the word of Allâh in Al-Baqara: "There is no compulsion to (enter) religion (Islam); in fact it is clearly the right path rather than a misguided path. Therefore, whoever denies Thaghut and believes in Allâh, then he has indeed held on to a very strong rope that will never break. And Allâh is Hearing, Knower, Knowing". Al-Nadwi in his ideas in his daily life towards non-Muslims is quite diplomatic in his book, Islam and the World al-Nadwî quotes the Qur'anic verse: It means: "Those who believe fight in the cause of Allah, and those who reject Faith in the way of Thaghut, therefore fight the friends of Shaytaan, because in fact the deception of Satan is weak". Al-Nadwî reveals that wars are very close to the devil's demands. With him, the most appropriate da'wah for the present condition is by deeds (bi al-hâl), with which the best Islamic da'wah is to show a self-identity as a Muslim based on his teachings. Al-Nadwî criticized the social life that denied the concept of Hospitality, amid Western material progress, he saw no strong interpersonal unity among they so not infrequently neighbors do not know each other, do not help each other let alone visit each other. The concept that is in the Western stretcher is anti-social. One thing must also be known by the Muslims against the existence of the West, that they tend to ignore Religion, they do not know God, even Atheists. So social is often seen is social freedom, social relationships are free sex, pornography and so forth. According to al-Nadwî, Western westernization is very necessary to watch out for, the colonization of Western culture not only erode the culture of a nation but also even erode its Religion.
Anti-Zionist Views
Nadwi's writings are full of Anti-zionist rhetoric. According to him, exposure to "injustice, oppression, chastisement, extradition, troubles, hardships" and domination by other nations is the destiny of Zionists. A typical racial character had emerged in them because of "political serfdom, oppression and anguish suffered indefinitely". They were globally infamous for being excessively proud of their genealogy. While they were "meek and submissive in distress, they were tyrannical and mean when they had the upper hand". "Hypocrisy, deceit, treachery, selfishness, cruelty and usuriousness" had become integral to their nature. Nadwi points out how the Qur’an repeatedly refers to "the extent to which they had sunk into degradation in the sixth and the seventh centuries". The Zionist heritage, according to Nadwi, was primarily composed of "intrigue and crime, violence and high-handed tactics", "their inborn tendencies which could clearly be discerned at any time or place where they have happened to reside, like a pivot on which their entire intelligence and endeavours have always revolved for the satisfaction of their ulterior motives". "Every insurrection and revolution, conspiracy and intrigue,
lawlessness and anarchy" had been the brainchild of the Zionists. They had triggered "every movement designed to foment social, political, economic and moral disintegration of the non-Zionist people". The characteristics of Zionists, according to Nadwi, were exultingly summed up by an eminent Zionist, Dr. Oscar Levy, who described them as "the rulers of the world; mischief mongers who foment
every trouble and turmoil, wherever it might be". He did not even spare the non-proselytizing nature of Judaism. He believed that the Zionists have failed to give any message of salvation for humanity. The reason for this, Nadwi explains, is that, according to the Zionists, salvation is determined by birth, irrespective of one’s belief or action. This notion of the superiority of the Jewish race "signally incompatible with the spirit of any universal message of brotherhood and equality of mankind....Such an idea, naturally, delimits even the scope of divine guidance and salvation and places restriction on its dissemination beyond the closed circle of one’s blood kin".
This, according to Nadwi also explains why Zionism can never become a universal religion and why it remains a non-proselytizing faith. He adds: The logical result of such an attitude was that the Zionists should discriminate against other nations and evolve such norms of virtue and vice, right and wrong, which should make allowance for the superiority of one race over the other. And, then, nothing more is required to justify and persist in the cruelest (sic) injustice against the non-Zionist people. The Qur’an alludes to this very attitude of the Zionists when it says: That is because they say: We have no duty to the Gentiles.
Partition of India
He opposed the partition of India, agreeing with his teacher Hussain Ahmad Madani.
Writings
Abul Hassan Ali Nadwi primarily wrote in Arabic, although also in Urdu, and wrote more than fifty books on history, theology, and biography, and thousands of seminar papers, articles, and recorded speeches.
His 1950 book Maza Khasiral Alam be Inhitat al-Muslimeen (lit. What did the world lose with the decline of Muslims?), translated into English as Islam and the World, was largely responsible for popularizing the concept of "modern Jahiliyya" The Islamist author Syed Qutb commended Nadwi's writings for his use of the word jahiliyya to describe not a particular age in history (as earlier Muslim scholars did) but a state of moral corruption and materialism.
He wrote 'Qasas al-Nabiyyeen' (translated as 'Stories of the Prophets') for his nephew that became famous among the Arabic learners and the book was soon included in the syllabi for teaching Arabic at various institutions around the globe. Being a fan of Dr. Muhammad Iqbal, Ali Nadwi also undertook the task of introducing Iqbal and his Islamic thoughts to the Arab world. Thus, he wrote 'Rawa'i' Iqbal' which was subsequently rendered in to Urdu as 'Nuqoosh-i-Iqbal'.
He wrote a detailed biography of his father in Urdu entitled 'Hayat-e-Abdul Haiy'. He also wrote a biographical account of his mother in 'Zikr-e-Khayr'. While he also penned his autobiography, 'Karawan-e-Zindagi', in 7 volumes.
An adherent of pan-Islamism, he opposed secular Arab nationalism and pan-Arabism. He also had a lifelong association with the Tablighi Jamaat.
Dr. Shah has summarized some of his salient thoughts in the following words:'Maulana Ali Nadwi sincerely and staunchly believed that the real threat to the modern world, especially the Muslim world, is neither the lack of material development nor the political disturbances, rather it’s the moral and spiritual decline. He firmly believed that Islam alone has the ability to overturn this and thus Muslims must wake up to make an effort in this regard. By staying back, he argued, the Muslims were not only failing themselves rather the entire humanity! He stressed on Muslims, especially those living in a Muslim majority countries (like Pakistan), to develop a society based on Islamic principles that could become a model (for its moral and spiritual values) for the rest of the world. He was a strong critic of nationalism and stressed upon working for the humanity, collectively. He also laid much emphasis on the crucial role women for upholding the teachings of Islam in a society.
Instead of trying to shut their doors for the incoming western influence, he believed that the intellectual Muslims should study the contemporary Western ideologies and form their own ideology in its response, withholding the 'superior moral values of Islam'. He opposed 'Islamic groups' from clashing with the 'secular elite' in Muslim majority countries and instead encouraged for an 'inclusive approach' wherein the 'secular elite' could be gradually and positively called towards Islam, without causing any chaos in the society. Similarly, he also urged Muslims living as a minority to maintain peace and create a valuable position for themselves through hard work and exemplary morals.'
Positions, honours and awards
1962 Founding member/Secretary of the first inaugural session and foundation of Muslim World League in Mecca.
1980 King Faisal Award
Founding Chairman of Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies.
1984 President of 'League of Islamic Literature'.
1999 'Islamic Personality of Year' award established by Sheikh Mohammed of United Arab Emirates.
1999 Sultan of Brunei Award
After his death, the International Islamic University, Islamabad (IIUI), Pakistan, arranged a seminar in his honor and published the speeches and articles presented therein as ‘Maulana Sayyid Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi – Hayat-o-Afkar Kay Chand Pehlu’
Access to the Kaaba
In 1951, during his second pilgrimage (Hajj) to Makkah the key-bearer of the Kaaba (Islam's holiest building), opened its door for two days and allowed Abul Hassan Ali Nadwi to take anyone he chose inside.
He was given the key to the Kaaba to allow him to enter whenever he chose during his pilgrimage.
Death
Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi died on 23 Ramadan, 1420 AH (31 December 1999) in Raebareli, India at the age of 85.
Legacy
PhD Thesis
PhD and MA thesis written on Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi:
Biography
Biography written on Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi:
Journal article
Journal article on Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi:
Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi Center For Research, Dawah And Islamic Thoughts
Dar-e-Arafat is the representative institution of Nadwi’s ideology and dawah. This department has been established by the name of "Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi center for Research, Dawah and Islamic thoughts" It provides Free Islamic books, print Islamic books, online free islamic books, PDF books etc.
Allama Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi Educational and Welfare Foundation, Aligarh
Established in 2003 to uplift the standard of Muslim minorities in economic, religious, social, cultural and educational fields. It is located in Hamdard Nagar "D" Dhorra Byepass Road Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh.
Shaykh Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi Islamic Research Center, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Shaykh Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi Islamic Research Center, Dhaka is a unique Institution for Higher Islamic Education & Research in Bangladesh.
See also
Bibliography of Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi
List of Deobandis
References
Further reading
External links
Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi
Deobandis
1913 births
1999 deaths
People from Raebareli
Indian Islamists
Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam
Hanafis
20th-century Indian philosophers
Urdu-language writers
Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama
20th-century Muslim scholars of Islam
Critics of Ahmadiyya
Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama alumni
Indian Islamic religious leaders
Darul Uloom Deoband alumni
Chancellors of Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama
Managers of Nadwatul Ulama
Writers from Lucknow
20th-century Indian Muslims
Islam in India
Founders of Indian schools and colleges
Muslim reformers
Mujaddid
Muslim Brotherhood philosophers
Indian magazine founders |
The Bukit Kiara Selatan MRT station, previously known as the Bukit Kiara MRT Station, is a future mass rapid transit (MRT) station on the MRT Circle Line and Kajang Line. The proposed site for the station will be located in between Phileo Damansara and Pusat Bandar Damansara stations. The station is expected to be built as an interchange for both of the lines with constructions slated to begin in 2023. It will be an elevated station under the working name of Bukit Kiara South.
Location
Bukit Kiara South station is planned to be to the south of the Bukit Kiara suburban area, where it would serve nearby administration buildings, convention centers, a small residential community, sports complexes and the Royal Selangor Club. The station location is also within the reach of the Medan Damansara residential area.
History
In 2006, initial plans were to construct an LRT line from Kota Damansara to Cheras, serving areas such as TTDI, Section 17, Section 16 and Bukit Damansara which are near Bukit Kiara. The planned termini have since been extended to Sungai Buloh and Kajang in 2009 to provide a convenient interchange to the KTM lines and to boost development in Sungai Buloh. In 2010, the line plan has been altered to be a rapid transit line which costs RM36 billion.
After the 2011 public displays, it was announced that Bukit Kiara is to be a future station, located between Phileo Damansara and Pusat Bandar Damansara stations. Construction began on the MRT line in 2012 with marks placed along the tracks for the future station site. The first phase of the line opened on 16 December 2016 which skips the site.
The MRT Circle Line was planned with an interchange here, between Pusat Sains Negara and PPUM stations. However, it has been scrapped since May 2018 due to shortage of funds.
A revival was then announced in November 2020 for the MRT Circle Line project, with plans to build the Bukit Kiara MRT station along with other stations for the loop line. Constructions are expected to begin in 2023 and it will be opening in stages, starting with Phase 1 which will include Bukit Kiara.
Planned services
The MRT Kajang Line is currently having a typical frequency of 7 to 9 minutes during off-peak hours, equivalent to 6 to 9 trains per hour (tph). Trains run non-stop between Phileo Damansara and Pusat Bandar Damansara where it is nearer to the former.
References
Proposed rail infrastructure in Malaysia
Sungai Buloh-Kajang Line |
Wayne Arthurs and Paul Hanley were the defending champions, but lost in the first round this year.
Jonas Björkman and Todd Woodbridge won in the final 6–3, 6–4, against Wayne Black and Kevin Ullyett.
Seeds
Draw
Draw
External links
Draw
Doubles
2004 ATP Tour |
Rebecca Jane 'Becky' Brandon (née Bloomwood) is a fictional character and the main protagonist from the Shopaholic series of novels by British author Sophie Kinsella. She has been described by Bustle as "fiction's most famous fashionista".
Personal life
Becky grew up in Oxshott, Surrey with her Mum and Dad. After attending Bristol University, she moved to London. She first lived with her best friend Susan "Suze" Cleath-Stuart before she eventually moved to New York City. Prior to moving to New York, she worked as a personal finance expert on a finance magazine called ' successful saving'
Becky met her husband, Luke Brandon, CEO of Brandon Communications (a Public Relations firm) during a press conference while she was working as a financial journalist for 'Successful Saving' magazine. She attracted his attention after she published an article about one of his clients. They appeared on television together and then began dating. They face many obstacles which takes place in Manhattan. Then, Luke and Becky both marry each other in America on June 22, 2002 and also in England at Becky's parents' house on June 23, 2002. After just over a year of marriage, Becky and Luke have a daughter named Minnie Brandon who was born on December 3, 2003.
In literature
Confessions of a Shopaholic
In The Secret Dreamworld of a Shopaholic (also known as Confessions of a Shopaholic in the US), Becky works as a financial journalist. Although she has significant debts, such as an overdraft and credit card debt, nothing stops her from purchasing new clothes, shoes and other things which she purchases impulsively. As a result, her flatmate and best friend, Susan Cleath-Stuart (commonly referred to as Suze) has to keep an eye on her spending. On the other hand, Suze knows that Becky does not have enough money to pay her share of the council tax and even tears up a cheque written by Becky. Becky meets PR mogul Luke Brandon of Brandon Communications.
While hiding away in Surrey, Becky discovers her kindly neighbors, Martin and Janice, are facing financial trouble due to an absentminded advice she gave them involving Flagstaff Life's takeover. Her boss, Phillip, Alicia and even everyone talked about it, but she hardly been paying attention and being more focused on doing her nails. Feeling guilty for her culpability in making Martin and Janice to miss out on thousands of pounds in a windfall resulting from a bank takeover, Becky sets out to make things right. She writes an article to "The Daily World" that exposes Flagstaff Life's duplicity in defrauding their customers. The article is a success, and leads to Becky appearing on a daytime television show, The Morning Coffee. Unfortunately, Becky did not know that the bank was a client of Luke Brandon's PR firm. Luke is angry with her, believing she wrote the article just to get back at him for treating her poorly at Harrods. Becky and Luke square off during her appearance on The Morning Coffee. After successfully convincing Luke about Flagstaff Life's defrauding their customers, he concedes that she was right. He announces that Brandon Communications will no longer be representing that bank.
At the end of the first book, Becky is offered a regular spot on a hit morning TV show as a financial advice guru and she helps a caller with her financial problems. Becky finally faces Derek Smeath and asks him to help her with her financial problems. She also begins dating Luke and they spend the night at the Ritz Hotel.
The setup of the template is explained in this story...how Becky Bloomwood, a clever and creative girl with an addiction to shopping, gets herself in over her head, but when she makes her comeback, she's often able to help family and friends in the process. When push comes to shove, her loved ones are her treasures, which is why Becky Bloomwood is so beloved.
Shopaholic Takes Manhattan
In Shopaholic Takes Manhattan (also known as Shopaholic Abroad in the UK) Becky goes to New York City with her then-boyfriend Luke, leaving Alicia in charge of Brandon Communications in London, to Becky's dismay. She shows up in Manhattan to loads of wonderful TV offers...but before she left for the States, she'd visited Brandon Communications and had a sneaking suspicion she left something behind. Overwhelmed by Barney's, Fifth Avenue, and the discovery of sample sales, she goes overboard, even for her. Meanwhile, Luke is dismayed to find out that some of his investors are a little shaky and he's spending all of his time reassuring them. But when they find out that Alicia has not only tried to take over the company, but stolen Becky's bills and sent them to the Daily World, outing her as a Shopaholic to the fans of Morning Coffee, to whom she gives financial advice. She loses her gig on the TV show and all American TV prospects, and Luke's investors back away entirely. After a huge row in Manhattan, during which Becky refers to his beloved birth mother Elinor as a "cow of a mother", it seems they've lost each other. However, Becky has one trick up her sleeve...and manages not only to save her reputation, but also Luke's when she exposes Alicia and Ben's plans to Michael Ellis (that leads to not only Alicia and her co-conspirators being fired, but they and Ben face embezzlement charges). She also secured a job in New York as a personal shopper at Barneys...even as Luke begs her to take a job with Brandon Communications London.
Shopaholic Ties the Knot
In Shopaholic Ties the Knot Becky agrees to let her neighbor Danny Kovitz, a fashion designer who currently lives with (read: sponges off) his brother and who has blown every opportunity that's come his way so far, design her bridesmaid dress for Suze's wedding to Tarquin. Worrying that Luke will take this as pressure to marry, she blithely tells him that she's not prepared to get married for ten years. Danny, after stalling and asking such questions as, "Do you need the dress TODAY today?" whips together a gorgeous dress and secures a promise from Becky that should she marry, he'll design the dress. Luke isn't fooled for a moment by her "ten-years" plan and puts an engagement ring inside the bouquet that she catches at Suze's wedding; she is only too happy to accept. Meanwhile, Luke is still determined to win the love of his birth mother, Elinor, and is over the moon about her offer to throw them a wedding at the plaza...despite the fact that Becky's mother had thrown herself and all her friends into wedding preparations immediately after their engagement. Becky spends a good portion of the book trying to tell one or the other that her wedding will be in NYC at the Plaza or in Oxshott at her parents’ home, much to Suze's dismay, Becky can't quite seem to make up her mind: do it at the Plaza and please Luke, and also have the wedding of her dreams, or do it in Oxshott with the family she adores. At the same time, Luke is spending too much time with Elinor's charity—he's assigned a member of his staff to work with Elinor full-time on her charity, insisting it will be good PR for Brandon Communications, despite his partner Michael's severe reservations. Becky insists he's being taken advantage of, and that Luke is so desperate to impress Elinor, he won't let himself see it. When Becky finds press of Elinor, claiming total credit for all the work her charity has done, she reluctantly shares the information with Luke. She later confronts his mother for her behavior in the way she mistreated Luke all of his life and will not stand by anymore to let him take it. Elinor is offended and calls Becky out for insulting her, believing her to be unworthy of her son's love. She warns Becky if she turns down the wedding at the Plaza, she will have to pay the fine. Becky refuses to back down and bargains with Elinor in exchange that she writes an apology letter to Luke and confess to her wrongdoing.
Suze, in the meantime, is insisting Becky pick a location for her wedding...and gets so upset with Becky's indecision—she tells Michael and Suze lamely that "it'll work itself out"—and Suze is so fed up and anxious she goes into premature labor. Throwing her entire life to the wind, Becky stays with Suze for the first two weeks of her godson Ernie's life plans her dream wedding to Luke Brandon- one in Oxshott, planned by her own parents, and the other in Manhattan, planned by Luke's cold mother, Elinor. After Luke and his mother have a final confrontation, it seems like Becky's miracle has happened.
Meanwhile, Becky must assist Laurel, a longtime client of hers who suspects her ex-husband, Bill, has been stealing her family's antique jewelry collection (including an Emerald pendant her grandmother gave her) and been giving it to his much younger girlfriend, Amy Forrester. She goes undercover and confirms this to Laurel. Becky is able to help her get her jewelry back and force both Bill and Amy to apologize for their wrongdoing. Grateful, she offers Becky anything she wants and she comes up with an idea. Coming up with an exquisite plan that only Becky Bloomwood could come up with, she saves the day for everyone. She and Luke pretend to get married at the Plaza hotel and then flies off in Laurel's private jet to Oxshott to really get married at home. In the process, she sets up Michael with a woman he can truly love, and sets off Danny Kovitz's astronomical career as well. Becky also surprises Luke with a 10-month honeymoon trip around the world after cashing in her New York wedding gifts.
Shopaholic On Honeymoon
Becky and Luke are in Venice. Luke is furious when he discovers that Becky had bought 12 expensive Murano wine glasses and attempted to remind her that they already have 12 expensive glass dishes they bought the other day that they had sent home. She tries to convince him that she just wanted it to match the wine glasses just in case they host a party. Luke reminds Becky that they need to be careful in their spending while on their honeymoon and of which she promises to do from now on. They head over to an art museum, which Becky is more than pleased to visit due to it not being like the Guggenheim museum in New York.
Shopaholic & Sister
The novel commences with newly-wed Becky enjoying her 10-month-long honeymoon around the World. When she visits Milan, Italy, Becky shops while Luke meets a new client. After promising her new husband that she will not buy anything, she explores the city with the intention of purchasing a gift for Luke. Becky purchases a new leather belt, wanting to replace the one she ruined when she was waxing her legs with the hot wax. Her resolve wanes when she encounters the chance to purchase an Angel handbag. Unfortunately, Becky cannot purchase it immediately because there is a wait list. Nathan Temple, a customer at the shop, helps jump Becky to the top of the waiting list because he and the owner are friends. She promises to pay him back someday and gives Luke the new belt. He is pleased with the belief Becky has changed and apologizes for his quick judgment. Upon coming home, she discovers to her disappointment that no one was happy to see her and Luke back, but also her parents appear to be hiding something. While she was away, Suze had found herself a new best friend in Lulu whom doesn't really like Becky and the feelings appear quite mutual. After a confrontation with Lulu, Becky feels more isolated from her best friend since the two women have more in common. Luke comforts her and admits that no one was expecting them back for another month. Becky's problems become worse when two truckloads of her souvenirs show up to their loft and the bills are outrageously expensive. At first, Luke appears to be mildly amused by what Becky has purchased from all over the World. Eventually, it becomes obvious that there is not sufficient space for all of Becky's purchases. She promises Luke that she will arrange things properly.
As Beck's new job is not scheduled to commence immediately, Luke orders her to sort everything out in her spare time. Taking the advice of her kindly neighbors, Becky uses eBay in order to sell most of the items to make most of the money back to pay Luke back. She also accidentally sells 20 Tiffany clocks (which was meant as a gift for the Arcodas Group). When Luke discovers Becky's mistake from his co-worker who bought the clocks for a cool 20k pounds, he is cross with her careless attitude and they go days without talking to each other. The Bloomwoods come for a visit and are ready to tell Becky the news. They wanted to wait until she settled back home before revealing important news to their daughter. Becky learns that she has an older half-sister named Jessica because her father had a relationship with another woman named Marguerite. Graham explained that they had a relationship before she met another man named Bill Bertram who was an owner of a grocery store in Cumbria and married him. Excited at the prospect of having a sister, Becky thinks that Jessica will be exactly like her, will share a similar passion for shopping and watching films and even helping her cope with Suze no longer being her friend. Becky is disappointed when she initially meets Jess, who is thrifty, environmentally friendly and a bit standoffish. Jess lacks enthusiasm when Becky gives her a gift.
After a heated confrontation with her sister, Becky faces marital problems with Luke whom is displeased with the way she's behaving and having found out that she set him up for a meeting with Nathan Temple. While both of them spend a few days fighting with each other, Becky feels insulted when Luke talks highly of Jess in being more helpful than her. She is angry and in tears, Becky tells him off that she's had a lot of her own problems the last few weeks and he never had time for her. Despite showing compassion for her, Luke maintains he needs time away from Becky and hopes while he's away, she can reassess her behavior. After he leaves, Becky reads from a paper which compiles a list of complaints Luke has with her and concludes that her marriage has fallen apart. She tries to call Suze, but she is too busy with Lulu in planning an outing for their children. Next, Becky attempts to call her parents for comfort, only to remember that they're going on a wellness cruise.
After a trip to the supermarket fails to distract Becky from her thoughts, she tries to sleep it off in her first night in the loft alone. Soon she has a nightmare about transforming into her nemesis, Alicia, that makes her realize what she has done. Becky heads to Scully in Northern England to reconcile with Jess and learn how to be thrifty. Jess initially refuses to help out after her behavior in London, but Jim offers her a place to stay at his friend's Bed and Breakfast. While in Scully, Becky befriends Jim's teenaged daughter, Kelly, and she becomes a supporting friend similar to Suze. Learning more from Jim about her sister's past under Bill's harsh upbringing, Becky finally realizes that Jess had been originally right about her being a spoiled brat all her life. After failing to talk to Jess, Kelly suggests that she forgets about her and believes they're nothing alike. Becky almost takes her advice, but Jim convinces her to come with his family up to an environmental meeting. At an environmental meeting, she befriends Robin and other protesters and they like her ideas for more media attention. However, Jess is against it and wants Becky to leave. Robin insists that she stays because he and the other protesters feel that she had better ideas and the meeting is no place for personal family issues. While talking to Jess alone, Becky discovers that she recently had a test done for a blood clot from an accident she had years earlier. Becky is shocked by this, but then recalls that she was told to get tested by Jess if they were related, something that she pushed on the back of her mind. Jess admitted that after learning more about her mother, Marguerite's flirtatious past from her aunt, Florence, she was really seeking a DNA test between her and Graham before finding more potential fathers. Becky comes to the conclusion that since there was no DNA test done along with everyone else assuming, she and Jess may not be related and is heartbroken by this. Becky realizes how much she's hurt Jess with her earlier behavior in London by acting like a brat, that she shouldn't leave without at least taking responsibility for her actions and try to reconcile as a friend. She makes a heartfelt apology to Jess for her earlier behavior and admits she was right. Becky's behavior compounded more problems than solutions and her marriage to Luke finally fell apart. Jess forgives Becky and wishes her the best of luck in saving her marriage. Back at her room, Becky ponders what to do as she packs her bags for the return trip home. Without Suze to help her cope, Danny promoting his fashion like by making appearances in Europe on the catwalk and her parents being away, Becky must find a way to save her marriage on her own. Robin and the other protesters beg Becky to stay and help them, but she refuses and tells them she must return home. Jim tries to convince her to stay and sincerely admits he is concerned about her well being and having a mental breakdown while she's alone in London. He believes by helping the protesters out in getting more media coverage, it could distract her from her problems at home. Becky appreciates Jim's concerns, but remains resolute in returning home to save her marriage to Luke.
Before leaving, Becky sees Kelly for the last time and begs her to stay. She refuses, mentioning that there's more important things she needs to do at home in London. Becky promises Kelly a shopping trip in London when she and her family comes for a visit. On a delivery trip, Jim shows Becky, Jess's rock collection and tells her the story about everything. This made her resentment not only disappear, but also made Becky feel guilty for the way she hurt Jess by insulting her passion in rock collecting. She also comes to the realization that shopping for unnecessary items can be boring as well, but has never admitted it until now.
Becky follows Jess to the annual hiking to apologize again, finally realizing that Jess is exactly like her and share the same level of passion in spite of their different hobbies. Unfortunately, she is not only wearing the incorrect footwear for such a long hike, but also inappropriately dressed as well. Becky doesn't follow the trail and gets injured. Luckily for her, Jess has the mental and moral fortitude to help her. Becky reconciles with Jess when she admits to how she had seen the beauty of her rock collection and the passion she holds for them. Jess tries to deny it, but Becky admits that she hides the passion better. She admits when it comes to shopping, Becky has a harder time hiding it when it comes to clothes and other unnecessary items. It was also there Jess finally tells Becky that she is only half to blame for the marriage falling apart and also reveals Luke's part of the damage because he was so busy trying to win over his new clients that he ignored her needs. Jess then asks about Suze, which Becky admits she had found a new friend and her other friend, Danny being to busy that she hasn't got any friends. She discredits that claim and admits that Becky has her as a friend and sister. Jess finally agrees to help Becky learn how to be thrifty and loves the silver Tiffany bean necklace she gave her.
At the hospital, she manages to reconcile with Luke, who reveals that he was quite angry with her for having set up a meeting with Nathan Temple behind his back and admits she was originally right about Temple. He promises to work out their marriage together. Becky also reconciles with Suze, whom admits while she still likes having Lulu around, she also misses the fun in being best friends with her. At the end, Becky enjoys being thrifty and learns of her pregnancy.
Shopaholic & Baby
In Shopaholic & Baby Becky is going through the joys of expecting her first child, complete with shopping for baby and a new home. However, there is only one problem, she is going to Dr. Braine, a family obstetrician who has seen previous Brandon women's pregnancies and which Becky doesn't like going to. During a shopping trip to Bambinos, she overhears a conversation between other women about Venetia Carter, a celebrity obstetrician to whom she wants to go. After convincing Luke to see her, Becky discovers why he is uncomfortable with changing obstetricians. Venetia is his ex-girlfriend from his university days, but Becky doesn't think much of it when she reassures them that she's seeing someone else. She suspects that Luke is having an affair Venetia, particularly after Venetia herself tells Becky as much. After she persuades Becky that she and Luke are seeing each other and their relationship was like Penelope and Odysseus. She asks Luke if he's having an affair with Venetia. He denies this and admits the truth to Becky about his ex-girlfriend. Realizing the truth and feeling bad for wanting to change obstetricians, she apologizes to Luke for her behavior. They agree it's in the best interest of their baby to return to Dr. Braine. During that time, Becky still has issues with Suze's best friend, Lulu, and discovers a couple of photos that reveals her for the hypocrite she is from a PI she hired in secret to keep an eye on Luke and Venetia. During her baby shower, Becky shows Suze the photos of Lulu's own problems with her children and she sees her for who she is. However, Suze refuses Becky's request to publish an article exposing Lulu on the British tabloid "The Daily World" and prefers to keep the photos safe so she can look at them in secret.
Becky learns about Arcodas Group's CEO, Iain Walker, whom is making horrible rumors about Brandon C's reputation and threatening to leave. She later receives photos from the same PI of him being in the company with other women, including her current obstetrician. At first he thought he was photographing Luke, but when Becky points Luke out in the background, the PI got angry at his son. The PI's son defends himself by admitting he had actually been following Iain and Venetia for a while because of possible rumors that they're planning something bad for Brandon Communications. Overhearing this, she suspects that Venetia is helping Iain ruin Brandon C's reputation in her latest attempt to get Luke to leave Becky. She shows the photos of Iain and Venetia together to Luke, but refuses to answer him about where she got them from (possibly feeling bad for suspecting Luke of having an affair with Venetia).
Near the end, Luke rebukes Venetia for what she did to Becky and tells everyone about her troublesome nature. Back in college, Venetia feign a pregnancy in her attempt to keep them in a relationship together. Though he was relieved that she wasn't pregnant, Luke was still infuriated with Venetia's behavior and ended their relationship. In a last ditch effort, she tries to convince Luke to leave Becky, calling her a "dim-witted little airhead" who doesn't deserve him. Furious with the insult, he refuses and tells Venetia off that he loves his wife and there's nothing she can do to change that. Luke states that Becky may shop at times, but he sees her as a caring and intuitive person, whereas he sees Venetia as a lying and manipulative person. In that moment, Becky informs Luke they lost out on the house they were planning to buy and are effectively homeless. Suze offers them her family's unused summer home in Scotland, but the Bloomwoods insist that Luke and Becky stay in their home in Surrey. In the midst of the arguing and being homeless, Becky's water breaks and she goes into labor. Her furious mother, Jane, rebukes Venetia for her mistreatment towards her daughter and orders her out of their lives. Once she's gone, Suze reveals her plans to tell "The Daily World" about Venetia in the hopes of helping her friends and other pregnant women avoid getting her. During that time, a family member calls Dr. Braine in to assist Paula with Becky's labor. Through her professional and personal woes, Becky happily ends the book a new mum to daughter Minnie. Luke and Becky temporarily move in with her parents after losing out on the home they hoped to buy, while Luke works to save his company.
Mini Shopaholic
In Mini Shopaholic, Minnie is now 2 years old. There is a major financial crisis, and after Minnie's christening is a bust, Becky decides to throw a surprise party for Luke's birthday. However, many doubt she can keep the party a secret. Meanwhile, Jess and Tom get married in secret in Chile and Janice is trying to get them to have children. Minnie is going off the rails, and their fifth proposed house purchase has fallen through and, as it turns out, Jane is anxious for them to leave, so she can have her house back. Luke and Becky agree that Luke won't buy a new car and, seeing his willingness to sacrifice, Becky agrees to wear every single item in her wardrobe three times before shopping for anything new. Meanwhile, Becky is also trying to persuade Luke to have another baby, but he refuses because of Minnie's increasingly bad behavior. Any old reason is good enough for Becky to want another child; she sees some pom-pom hats and wants them to be known as the children in the pom-pom hats, much as she herself wanted to be known as The Girl in the Denny and George Scarf, or The Girl With the Angel Bag. Becky also faces estrangement from her own parents after an argument she has with them. One such argument involve a disagreement that she had with Graham and Jane while discussing Minnie's behavior. They both suspect that Becky is being selfish in not accepting responsibility for her own actions that lead to Minnie's bad behavior, that of which she denies. Graham and Jane also thinks she's interfering with their lives by inviting herself when they want privacy with each other. After being fed up with Becky's irresponsibility and inability to deal with her problems, she, Graham and Jane have their first serious row and goes weeks without speaking to each other, even when Jess has to battle Janice for trying to give Tom libido induced teas and other methods to make them have a child.
Becky still has issues with Elinor whom wants to see Minnie, but soon she recognizes some similarities between them. She tries to warn Luke that they are behaving similar to his mother in keeping her away from Minnie. He staunchly denies it, admitting that he is furious with Elinor about a comment she made about Annabel before her death and the terrible mistreatment that she gave Becky over the years. She eventually reconciles with Elinor after she insists on helping out with the party, which by now is in shambles. Elinor also finally accepts responsibility for her actions in selfishly abandoning Luke, and in a moment of extreme vulnerability, refers to Annabel as "his real mother". Becky asks Elinor for help in assessing Minnie's bad behavior and she agrees.
Still worried about Minnie's wild behavior, Luke (without consulting Becky) hires Nanny Sue, a nanny with her own TV show, who goes into people's homes and they wind up "sobbing on her shoulder and asking, 'Nanny Sue, how can we be better people?'" When Becky comes home and finds out what he did, she is infuriated with Luke because he didn't consult with her first about it. She admits that she had been talking to Elinor about similar problems with Minnie. This angers Luke for he didn't want his mother to have anything to do with them after what she did in insulting both Becky and Annabel. Before a fight could break out, Nanny Sue calls them to their senses and makes a surprise assessment. She identifies both Luke's fears with having a second child and his issues with his mother, Elinor. Nanny Sue admits that she secretly went undercover to observe the family's behavior at a mall they went to, even before she was called in to assess Minnie's behavior. Becky and Luke are both shocked by this confession since they didn't know that she had gone undercover beforehand. Luke is relieved when Nanny Sue tells him that she knew he had nothing to do with it because he tried hard not to spoil his daughter. She also admits she must confront Becky as a favor to Graham and Jane, revealing they're the ones who called her. She is nervous when Nanny Sue admitted that she had observed Becky's own behavior in a toy store and suspected she was responsible for Minnie's bad behavior. Her buying designer made clothing, fighting with Minnie for an expensive toy pony that she wanted so bad and her refusal to let go of it, proved Nanny Sue's point. Becky defended herself by admitting she had originally refused to buy it for Minnie and angrily tried to remind her about financial trouble she and Luke are both in. While Nanny Sue agreed, she mentions it didn't excuse for the fact that when she caved in, it further supported her suspicion. She makes Becky see that in her spoiling Minnie too much: she played a serious role in her bad behavior. Nanny Sue is the first person to ask Becky if she's considered the possibility she might have a shopping addiction. Becky tries to deny it, claiming she doesn't have an addiction much to Nanny Sue's amusement. However, Minnie's piped up comments of items do nothing to dissuade anyone of that notion and further humiliates her. Feeling betrayed by her own daughter, Becky finally admits that she does and had a hard time learning when to stop. She also realizes her own inability to take responsibility for her actions is what led to her relationship with her parents being strained and how her spoiling contributed to Minnie's bad behavior are the real reasons why they've had been banned from previous Christmas Grottos. Ironically, Becky realizes the woman she had been talking to at the mall was Nanny Sue with children of her own and how it was similar to what Elinor and even her own parents had told her that all Minnie really needs is discipline. After she agrees to go to "Shopaholics Boot Camp" and seek help, Becky and Luke can move forward with the idea of expanding their family...if only they can survive the "surprise" party, which over two million people in London have found out about, which Becky did try to keep a secret.
Now reformed, Becky visits Surrey to apologize to Graham and Jane for her earlier behavior. She realized they were originally right in their assessment, but was in denial because of wanting to give Luke a surprise birthday party. In finally accepting responsibility for herself, Becky reconciles with her parents. Having enough of Janice's behavior, Becky defends Jess and Tom's decision to adopt their first child by telling her off to leave them alone. She is fed up Janice's actions in trying to force them to have a natural child first and that she should support their decision. The latter is offended with Becky for calling her out by demanding her to support her decision to want a natural child first. However, she refuses to back down and stands firm with Janice. Becky then bargains with her to ease up if she allows Jess and Tom to adopt first before having a natural child. Janice agrees to her terms. At the end of the book, Becky has become aware that Luke is doing business for Sage Seymour (a Julia Roberts-type movie star) and that he wants to take the whole family to Hollywood for three months.
Shopaholic To The Stars
Becky is in LA still hoping to get a job as a personal dresser for Sage Seymour. However, Luke is adamant in not introducing the two because they only there for a few months before returning to England. He wants her to instead focus on getting Minnie into preschool (which she presumably succeeds) and continue going to her support group at a wellness center for her shopping addiction. Becky eventually gets a job as personal dresser to Sage's rival, Lois Kellerton, upon reading of her credentials as a personal shopper from Barneys New York. Although it seems like a dream come true, she soon discovers the job is not what she thought of originally. Especially when Lois starts making crude comments about both Luke and Sage in her own attempt to ruin them. She encourages Becky to get plastic surgery to change her appearance. She starts to act selfish like Lois and tries to keep the job to herself, neglecting her family in the process. Luke eventually finds out and tells Becky what he thinks. This leads to a fight between them and she once again accuses him for trying to ruin her chances to be a personal dresser to Sage. Luke angrily reminds Becky that she never told him that she got a job as a personal dresser to Lois. She must decide where her loyalties stand with: her client, Lois or her family.
Still pondering this, she gets an unusual help from her nemesis, Alicia, whom is feeling guilty for her actions against Luke and Becky. She admits that she is trying to reform after seeing her daughter, Ora, befriend Minnie at preschool. Alicia reveals she secretly helped them get Minnie into one of Hollywood's prestige preschools. She suggests that Becky reconsiders getting plastic surgery while she still can, especially when she shows the scars her previous plastic surgeries that went wrong. Becky keeps her encounter with Alicia a secret from Suze whom is still on edge with her and Luke who is still angry with her for her earlier behavior in trying to ruin his company.
Becky also discovers Tarquin has joined a wellness center like her. However, Suze is convinced the group he's joined are frauds in brainwashing him into joining a cult and not the caring group of people that she's attending. Investigating this and finally convinced that her family and friends come first, Becky confirms Suze's suspicion the whole time. She warns Tarquin to leave the center and his new friends knowing they have care of their own interest over his. Tarquin doesn't believe Becky, but later regrets it. Whether he takes her warning seriously or not is left unclear.
Becky decides not to go through with plastic surgery and gives Lois an ultimatum: accept her as herself or she'll quit. The story ends with a cliffhanger, but Becky promises to return soon.
Shopaholic To The Rescue
Becky returns with one thing on her mind, get her father, Graham, back to her mother. With Luke, Tarquin and Suze in tow, she must look for clues in how he disappeared in sight. Alicia comes to assist them, but Luke and Suze are still convinced that she's up to no good, given their history. Becky must deal with countless phone calls from her hysterical mother and Janice in England as she goes cross-country to rescue her father.
Christmas Shopaholic
Becky has moved to Oxshott and plans to host a family Christmas. Meanwhile her parents have moved to trendy Shoreditch, upsetting neighbor Janice, her sister, Jess, wants a vegan turkey and Becky's old flame has moved into town...but does he think she's still cool? Becky is also searching for the perfect Christmas gift for Luke, and joins the Men's Billiards Club to try and win him a suitcase in a raffle.
Film adaptation
Becky Bloomwood is portrayed by Isla Fisher in the 2009 film Confessions of a Shopaholic. In the film, Becky is an American who resides in New York City and works in the magazine industry. She wants to work for Allete Naylor, the CEO of one of the leading magazines in the fashion industry. Unfortunately, the last position was filled by Alicia Billington and Becky must apply at Successful Savings.
References
Bloomwood, Becky
Fictional English people
Fictional characters from New York City
Female characters in literature
Female characters in film
Literary characters introduced in 2000
Sophie Kinsella |
Suffomyia is a genus of beach flies in the family Canacidae. All known species are Australasian or African.
Species
S. dancei Munari, 2008
S. scutellaris Freidberg, 1995
S. ismayi McAlpine, 2007
S. sabroskyi McAlpine, 2007
References
Canacidae
Carnoidea genera |
Visionware Ltd was a British software company that developed and marketed products that helped integration of Microsoft Windows clients to Unix-based server applications. It was based in Leeds in West Yorkshire. The three products it was most known for were PC-Connect, XVision, and SQL-Retriever.
Visionware was created in June 1989 as a management buy-out from Systime Computers. The firm experienced substantial growth during its five and a half years of existence. Visionware was acquired by the Santa Cruz Operation (SCO) in December 1994.
Origins in Systime
Visionware has its origins in Leeds-based Systime Computers, which during the late 1970s and early 1980s had become the second largest British manufacturer of computers. Its success was based around selling systems built around OEM components from Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), and it had grown to have some 1200 employees with turnover of around £40 million. It had then fallen on quite difficult times, in part due to lawsuits from DEC for intellectual property infringement and even more so due to running afoul of Cold War-era U.S. export restrictions regarding indirect sales to Eastern bloc countries. In 1985 what was left of Systime had been acquired by Control Data Corporation. Systime then focused on selling products built by its own engineers, and placed a greater emphasis on innovation in software technologies.
The Systime-Control Data arrangement did not prosper, and in June 1989, Control Data got out of the position via Systime being split into four separate companies, each funded by a management buyout with some venture capital funding attached.
Independent company
Visionware Ltd was one of these four management-buyout ventures, focusing on Windows-Unix connectivity products that had been developed at Systime. The two founders were former Systime technical development manager Tony Denson and former commercial manager Chris Holmes. It has been said that Visionware had an initial employee count of 20 people and initial annual revenues of $300,000.The new firm debuted at the European Unix Show in London in June 1989.
As one former SCO UK employee has succinctly summarised, "Visionware specialised in software that ran on Windows that made Unix easier to use." The core Visionware products were:
PC-Connect – in part a terminal emulator for Microsoft Windows, it was composed of implementation elements that ran on both Unix and Windows, and supported cut-and-paste between Windows, X Windows, and Unix character mode applications. It was re-sold under the name of Altos Computer Systems and also was part of several other redistribution agreements. Supported Unix platforms included Sun Solaris, IBM AIX, HP-UX, UnixWare, SCO Unix, Xenix, and various others. PC-Connect was first developed by Systime and released by them in 1987.
XVision – a Windows-based server for the Unix-oriented X Window System. It supported color graphics and maintained the look-and-feel of Windows within the X applications. Originally called PC-XVision when under development at Systime.
SQL-Retriever – an Open Database Connectivity (ODBC)-compliant database connectivity software product. It supported operation in conjunction with a number of database products, including Informix, Oracle, Uniplex, and Interbase, with the idea that Windows applications such as Microsoft Excel could pull data from a relational database and incorporate it into the application. Originally called SQL-Connect when first developed by Systime and in its initial releases by Visionware, the name was changed around 1991 to avoid a copyright issue with a large database vendor.
In the early 1990s, the market that Visionware was in – providing connectivity between Windows PCs and corporate applications – was an important and growing one. Overall, the goal of Visionware was expressed as the enablement of "seamless integration" between Windows-based PCs and Unix-based servers.
As of 1992, a majority of Visionware's revenues were coming from the European market. That same year, it set up a North American operation based in Menlo Park, California in the United States. By 1993, Visionware had revenues of around $6 million.
In 1994, Visionware had some $12 million in revenue – double that of the previous year – and 130 employees, most of whom were in Leeds. In addition to the North American operation, the firm also had smaller European ones in Bonn and Paris, where area marketing and communications staff were based, as well as one in Sydney, Australia.
By October of that year, there were industry rumours that Visionware was open to being acquired, a notion that the company denied.
Acquisition by SCO
On 12 December 1994, the Santa Cruz Operation announced that it had acquired Visionware for $14.75 million in cash and a small amount of stock.
SCO had worked with Visionware since 1993 on an optimised X server for Wintif, a version of Motif with a Windows look-and-feel that was made by an earlier, Cambridge-based SCO acquisition, IXI Limited. (And Visionware had collaborated with IXI going back to Systime days.)
The acquisition gave SCO a better foothold in the Windows client world and the ability to put a Windows-friendly front on its traditional OpenServer-based Unix product line, although there was some skepticism that SCO's traditional base of back-end transaction processing would see much need for desktop client access. Visionware co-founder Denson said that both Visionware's and SCO's customers would benefit from the acquisition.
The Visionware brand continued until 1995 when the company, now a business unit of SCO, was merged with IXI to form IXI Visionware, Ltd. Later that year the merged business unit was subsumed more fully into its parent and became the Client Integration Division of SCO, which put out both sets of products under the "Vision" branded family name. This division then developed and released the Tarantella terminal services application in 1997 and that became the core of Tarantella, Inc. in 2001. As a consequence, the Vision family received less investment going forward.
Fates
PC-Connect had evolved into the TermVision product under SCO, with 32-bit and Windows 95 support, but that product then faded away with the Vision product line. SQL-Retriever was dropped from the Vision line by Tarantella and had no more releases. However, the source code for SCO's XVision product was purchased by MKS Inc., an American company based in Fairfax, Virginia, and with further enhancements and a new name, became the basis for that company's ongoing MKS X/Server product.
Tarantella, Inc. struggled and following company-wide layoffs, the Cambridge development site closed in the summer of 2003. However the Leeds office stayed open, and became part of Sun Microsystems following its purchase of Tarantella and later became part of the Oracle Secure Global Desktop product team, moving to a facility in Lawnswood within Leeds.
References
Defunct software companies of the United Kingdom
Defunct companies based in Leeds
Software companies established in 1989
Software companies disestablished in 1994
Software companies of England
1989 establishments in England
1994 disestablishments in England
Companies formed by management buyout |
Maine Road was a football stadium in Moss Side, Manchester, England, that was home to Manchester City F.C. from 1923 to 2003. It hosted FA Cup semi-finals, the Charity Shield, a League Cup final and England matches. Maine Road's highest attendance of 84,569 was set in 1934 at an FA Cup sixth round match between Manchester City and Stoke City, a record for an English club ground.
By Manchester City's last season at Maine Road in 2002–03, it was an all-seater stadium with a capacity of 35,150 and of haphazard design with stands of varying heights due to the ground being renovated several times over its 80-year history. The following season Manchester City moved to the City of Manchester Stadium in east Manchester, a mile from the city centre and near Ardwick where the club originally formed in 1880.
History
Decision to move
Plans to build Maine Road were first announced in May 1922, following a decision by Manchester City F.C. to leave their Hyde Road ground, which did not have room for expansion and its main stand had been severely damaged by fire in 1920.
Two sites in Belle Vue, East Manchester were suggested, but neither was deemed sufficient. To many City fans east Manchester was regarded as City's home and a move to Belle Vue seemed right. But the site was just and an available lease of 50 years was deemed too short by the club, so it was decided that City would move to Moss Side. The move to a larger stadium at Maine Road was backed by then manager Ernest Mangnall.
Many were disappointed when a site in south Manchester was chosen. A City director, John Ayrton, resigned from the board later in the decade and helped to form a breakaway club, Manchester Central F.C., which played at Belle Vue.
Construction
A 16.25 acre former brickworks on Maine Road was purchased for £5,500. Maine Road was originally known as Dog Kennel Lane but renamed Maine Road (after the Maine law) during the 1870s at the insistence of the Temperance movement which owned land on Dog Kennel Lane and the local authority accepted its request.
During construction, the stadium was reputedly cursed by a Gypsy when officials evicted a Gypsy camp from the area. This curse was allegedly removed on 28 December 1998. However, the Gypsy curse is likely to be an urban myth, as such stories are endemic to a number of football league grounds. Construction took 300 days, the total cost £100,000. The initial layout of the ground consisted of one covered stand with a seating capacity of 10,000, and uncovered terracing on the other three sides, with gentle curves connecting the corners.
Early years and record attendance
The first match at Maine Road took place on 25 August 1923 when 58,159 fans watched the home side beat Sheffield United 2–1. The first changes to the ground took place in 1931, when the corner between the Main Stand and the Platt Lane end at the south of the ground was rebuilt to incorporate a roof. This renovation was the first of many, as Maine Road's layout and capacity was varied throughout its lifespan.
In 1934, the highest attendance for an English football club playing at their own stadium was recorded at Maine Road, when Manchester City played Stoke City in front of 84,569 fans, in the sixth round of the FA Cup on 3 March 1934. (A larger crowd of 121,919 attended the Crystal Palace ground when it hosted the 1913 FA Cup Final between Aston Villa and Sunderland.) Queues formed four hours before the match, and one journalist stated that Maine Road was packed two hours before kick-off. A decision was taken to close the turnstiles with an attendance at approximately 85,000, 3000 short of what was thought to be the maximum capacity. Supporters witnessed a visiting Stoke team which included Stanley Matthews and City's team boasted players Frank Swift, Fred Tilson, Sam Cowan and Matt Busby. The match was won 1–0 by Manchester City. This is the record home attendance for a domestic match and the record home attendance at a club ground, as the 1913 FA Cup final is not considered a home match for either team.
Changes at the Platt Lane end took place in 1935, extending the terracing and providing a roof for the full stand. This marked the peak capacity of the ground, estimated at 88,000. Further changes were planned, but suspended when Manchester City were relegated from Division One in 1938, and abandoned when World War II broke out.
Post Second World War
The stadium was shared by Manchester United after the Second World War as Manchester United's Old Trafford ground had been damaged during the Manchester Blitz. United paid City £5,000 per season, plus a share of gate receipts. The highest attendance for a league game at Maine Road occurred during this period, when 83,260 people watched Manchester United play Arsenal on 17 January 1948. This figure is a national record for a league game. Maine Road was also used by Manchester United to host three of their four home games in the 1956–57 European Cup, until Old Trafford was equipped with floodlights as required by UEFA.
1950s to 1980s
Floodlights for the stadium were installed in 1953 and further development took place in 1957. This was prompted by the hosting of two FA Cup semi-finals in successive years, the side facing the Main Stand (which until that time was generally known as the Popular Side) was redeveloped and named The Kippax after a nearby street. Over the course of the 1960s and 1970s, the Kippax became the part of the ground where the club's most vociferous fans congregated. In 1963, benches were installed at the Platt Lane end, meaning that Maine Road had more seats than any other English club ground of the time. The next major redevelopment came in the 1970s, with the construction of the North Stand, a cantilevered stand which remained in place until the closure of Maine Road. The 1980s saw ambitious plans for improvements: however, these plans were shelved due to financial pressures after the Main Stand roof had been replaced at a cost of £1 million.
Modernisation
By 1990, some areas of the ground were becoming outdated, and there was the need for the stadium to become all-seater following the outcome of the Taylor Report in January that year, and the Platt Lane stand was demolished in 1992. Its place was taken by the all-seater Umbro Stand that also incorporated executive boxes, and was opened in March 1993. The name reverted to the Platt Lane Stand in 1997, when Kappa replaced Umbro as City's kit suppliers.
The era of standing accommodation at Maine Road came to an end in May 1994 as the stadium became all-seater to comply with the requirements of the Taylor Report, with the demolition of the Kippax Street Terrace, which, unusually for an all-standing area, was located at the side of the pitch instead of behind the goals. The final match with standing permitted took place on 30 April 1994, against Chelsea for a 2–2 draw. Immediately prior to demolition the capacity of the Kippax terrace was 18,300. A three-tier stand was built in its place, holding nearly 14,000 spectators, and on its completion in October 1995 it was the tallest stand in the country, built at a cost of £16million, four times the turnover of the club according to then-chairman Francis Lee. The revamp of the Kippax was the second phase of a five-part development plan that would have cost £40million and increased the stadium's capacity to 45,024. However, the club abandoned these plans, as City were relegated from the Premier League in 1996 and from Division One two years later.
The new stand was an impressive modern facility, but it also emphasised the haphazard nature in which the ground had been redeveloped, as all four sides were of differing heights and construction styles. There were further plans for expansion that would have taken the stadium's capacity to 45,000, but these were put on hold following City's relegation from the Premier League in 1996.
Final match and move to City of Manchester Stadium
There were plans for further expansion at Maine Road to take the capacity to an all-seated 45,000, but these were abandoned in favour of a move to the City of Manchester Stadium built for the 2002 Commonwealth Games.
The final competitive match before the closure of the stadium took place on 11 May 2003 with a Premiership match against Southampton. Tickets were sold upwards of £250 and a crowd of 34,957, about 100 off maximum capacity filled Maine Road for the final day. City lost the match 1–0 with Michael Svensson scoring the stadium's last goal. The final match was followed by performances by musical acts Badly Drawn Boy and Doves.
City's final goal at the stadium was scored on 21 April 2003 by Marc-Vivien Foé during a 3–0 victory over Sunderland. Forty-five days later, the player died on 26 June from an undetected heart condition while representing the Cameroon national football team during the 2003 Confederations Cup.
An auction of the ground's fixtures and fittings took place in July 2003, raising £100,000, which was donated to community projects in the Moss Side area, which was undergoing a lengthy regeneration process. The two penalty spots and the centre spot were thought to be the most desired mementos, but all three had been cut out from the grass before the auction took place. The auction lasted for seven hours and 1,000 supporters attended the auction with interest from clubs such as Preston North End and Norwich City for the bigger lots which could be reused.
Redevelopment plans
Towards the end of Maine Road's lifespan there were proposals for other sports teams to make use of the stadium following City's relocation; Stockport County once expressed interest in moving there from Edgeley Park, and in December 2000 Sale Sharks rugby union club was offered a lease for the stadium. However, none of the proposals came to fruition and some past City players stated their dismay at the stadium not being renovated for mixed-use sport stadium. Demolition began in late 2003, lasting around 10 months.
Two years later the go-ahead was given for a new housing development to take part on the site, consisting of 474 homes.
There is a public art display commemorating the stadium and features a circular plate half open, symbolising the centre spot and the new emerging development which now sits on the Maine Road stadium.
Pitch
For long periods of its history Maine Road had the widest pitch in England. However, the width was changed several times by managers wishing to alter the pitch size to suit their style of play. In the final season before the ground was closed, the pitch size was 107 x 71 metres (116.5 x 78 yards). Maine Road's replacement, the City of Manchester Stadium has maintained this tradition of having a large pitch.
Other uses
Maine Road hosted two England internationals, the first was a 3–0 defeat of Wales on 13 November 1946 and the second a 9–2 win over Northern Ireland on 16 November 1949, England's first ever World Cup qualifier. In addition, a number of wartime internationals were held at the ground. Maine Road was also the venue for a number of rugby league matches, hosting the Rugby Football League Championship Final eleven times between 1938 and 1956. It also hosted the rugby league match of the cross code challenge between Wigan Rugby League and Bath rugby union.
Maine Road hosted Manchester United's first three home games of the 1956–57 European Cup, as Old Trafford did not have floodlights installed and so wasn't deemed suitable to host matches in the tournament. The first European match at the ground saw United thrash Belgian champions RSC Anderlecht 10–0 in the preliminary round, a competition record which lasted for 17 years.
It hosted many FA Cup semi-finals, the last being in April 1994 when Manchester United beat Oldham Athletic 4–1 in a replay. It hosted the 1984 Football League Cup final replay, which Liverpool won 1–0 against Everton.
The stadium was used for several scenes in the 1948 motion picture Cup-tie Honeymoon. More recently, it was featured in the 2000 film There's Only One Jimmy Grimble and the 2003 ITV drama The Second Coming, which starred Christopher Eccleston.
The stadium has hosted concerts by many famous artists, including Bryan Adams, Bon Jovi, David Bowie, David Cassidy, Dire Straits, Faith No More, Fleetwood Mac, Guns N' Roses, Jean Michel Jarre, The New Power Generation, Oasis, Pink Floyd, Prince, Queen, Soundgarden, The Rolling Stones, Simple Minds and Mavis Staples, among others. The most high-profile concert held at Maine Road was that of Mancunian band Oasis (themselves avowed Manchester City fans) in April 1996, a performance which was later released as a video, ...There and Then.
In June 1961, the American Christian evangelist Billy Graham attracted over 100,000 people to the stadium, over the course of four nights, as part of his UK tour.
Maine Road Football Club
Maine Road also gives its name to a non-league football club, Maine Road F.C. The club, who currently play in the North West Counties Football League Division One, was founded by a group of Manchester City supporters in 1955. The club previously based its headquarters at the social club adjoining Maine Road.
References
Footnotes
Bibliography
External links
Aerial view from 1923 – from the English Heritage "Britain from Above" website. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
Defunct football venues in England
Manchester City F.C.
Defunct sports venues in Manchester
Defunct sports venues in Greater Manchester
Premier League venues
Sports venues completed in 1923
1923 establishments in England
Sports venues demolished in 2004
Demolished buildings and structures in Manchester
English Football League venues
Demolished sports venues in the United Kingdom
2004 disestablishments in England |
Stobiec is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Stegna, within Nowy Dwór Gdański County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately north-east of Nowy Dwór Gdański and east of the regional capital Gdańsk.
For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.
References
Stobiec |
Osteocephalus is a genus of frogs, the slender-legged tree frogs, in the family Hylidae found in the Guianas, the Amazon Basin, Venezuela, Colombia, southeastern Brazil, and north-eastern Argentina. Males are warty, while females are smooth.
Species
There are currently 25 described species in Osteocephalus:
O. alboguttatus
O. buckleyi — Buckley's slender-legged tree frog
O. cabrerai
O. camufatus
O. cannatellai
O. carri
O. castaneicola
O. deridens
O. duellmani
O. festae
O. fuscifacies
O. helenae
O. heyeri
O. leoniae
O. leprieurii — Cayenne slender-legged tree frog
O. mimeticus
O. mutabor
O. oophagus
O. planiceps
O. sangay — Sangay casqued tree frog
O. subtilis — Brazilian slender-legged tree frog
O. taurinus — Manaus slender-legged tree frog
O. verruciger — Ecuador slender-legged tree frog
O. vilarsi
O. yasuni
References
(1995a): Description of a central Amazonian and Guianan tree frog, genus Osteocephalus (Anura, Hylidae), with oophagous tadpoles. - Alytes, Paris 13(1), pp. [1-13]
(2000): Two new species of hylid frogs, genus Osteocephalus, from Amazonian Ecuador. - Amphibia-Reptilia 21(3), pp. [327-340]
(2002): A new species of Osteocephalus from Ecuador and a redescription of O. leprieurii (Duméril & Bibron, 1841) (Anura: Hylidae). - Amphibia-Reptilia 23(1), pp. [21-46]
Jungfer, K.-H., J. Faivovich, J.M. Padial, S. Castroviejo-Fisher, M. Lyra, B. Von Muller Berneck, P. Iglesias, P.J.R. Kok, R.D. MacCulloch, M.T. Rodrigues, V.K. Verdade, C.P. Torres Gastello, J.C. Chaparro, P.H. Valdujo, S. Reichle, J. Moravec, V. Gvoždík, G. Gagliardi-Urrutia, R. Ernst, I. De la Riva, D.B. Means, A.P. Lima, J.C. Señaris, W.C. Wheeler and C.F.B. Haddad. (2013). Systematics of spiny-backed treefrogs (Hylidae: Osteocephalus) an Amazonian puzzle. Zoologica Scripta 42: 351–380.
External links
. 2007. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.1 (10 October 2007). Osteocephalus. Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. (Accessed: Apr 24, 2008).
[web application]. 2008. Berkeley, California: Osteocephalus. AmphibiaWeb, available at http://amphibiaweb.org/. (Accessed: Apr 24, 2008).
taxon Osteocephalus at http://www.eol.org.
Taxon Osteocephalus at https://www.itis.gov/index.html. (Accessed: Apr 24, 2008).
Taxon Osteocephalus at http://data.gbif.org/welcome.htm
Hylidae |
Bùi Xuân Phái (September 1, 1920 – June 24, 1988) was a Vietnamese painter. He is famous for the painting of Hanoi Old Quarters. He also painted the actors and musicians of Vietnamese opera.
Biography
The best known of all Vietnamese modern painters, Phai is respected and admired for both his art and moral character. Bui Xuan Phai's hometown is in Kim Hoang village, Van Canh commune, Hoai Duc district, old Ha Tay province. Phai was born into a typical family in Hanoi. Phai’s father, Bui Xuan Ho, was educated under the French colonial system and this brought intellectual reputation to his childrens. Growing up, Phai did not have a good relationship with his father. However, just before his father’s death, 20 years old Phai had sold his first painting in Hanoi and his other paintings had been selected for an exhibition in Tokyo, Japan.
Phai was heavily influenced by the works of great European artists such as Picasso, Matisse, and Chagall. Phai often acknowledges the perspectives of these famous artists and always reminded himself of the importance of the contours of art regardless of his economic situation. Phai did not stick to only using canvas and paper to create his art but created his artworks virtually on any surface in which his drawings and paintings could cling. Despite Phai having a proper upbringing in life, he often traded drawings and paintings for needs to sustain his home and family.
Phai’s early works portrays the soul of Hanoi’s in the 50s, 60s, and 70s. The style in Phai’s paintings often have bold outlines, putting emphasis and depth to depth and people. Through Phai’s paintings, he sends a message of memory, nostalgia, and sadness. In addition to painting the soul of Hanoi, he also painted portraits, countryside, nude, and still life. As previously mentioned, Phai painted on whatever he could get his hands on. For example, he painted on canvas, paper, wooden boards, and even newspapers, using various painting mediums such as oil paints, watercolors, pastels, charcoal, and pencil. All Phai’s works deeply express the Vietnamese soul, humanity, love for nature, sadness, and misery.
Bui Xuan Phai unfortunately died on June 24, 1988, in Hanoi, the place of his birth. In 1996, Phai was posthoumsly awarded the Ho Chi Minh Prize in Literature and Art.
Career
In Phai’s youth, he drew cartoons for newspapers. He earned money from royalties and enrolled himself into the introductory course at the École Supérieure des Beaux-Arts d’Indochine. The principle at École Supérieure des Beaux-Arts d’Indochine was to train artists within the traditional thematic principles encompassing traditional arts. While being at École Supérieure des Beaux-Arts d’Indochine, Phai was in constant critique over his identity and found himself often involved with the principle instructor of painting. 2 years after graduating from École Supérieure des Beaux-Arts d’Indochine, Phai joined the August resistance in Hanoi and took part in artistic activities in Northern Vietnam from 1947 to 1952. In 1957, Phai became a member of the Vietnam Fine Arts Association. However, during the same time period, Phai los his teaching position at the Hanoi College of Fine Arts for supporting Nhan Van affair, a movement for political and cultural freedom and was not allowed to show his work in public until a solo exhibition in 1984.
Honors and Awards
Main Awards
Ho Chi Minh Prize in Literature and Art 1996
1946 National Fine Arts Exhibition Award
National Fine Arts Exhibition Award 1980
Leipzig Graphics Award (Germany)
Capital Fine Arts Award in 1969, 1981, 1983, 1984
Others
Medal of Vietnamese Fine Arts 1997
On September 1, 2019, Phai was honored by a Google Doodle on his 99th birthday.
Artworks
Main Artworks
Source:
Hanoi Old Quarters, 1972 (Oil painting)
Resistance in Hanoi, 1966 (Oil painting)
An Ox Cart in Old Quarter, 1972 (Oil painting)
Deserted Street, 1981 (Oil painting)
Make-up Before a Cheo Representation, 1968 (Oil painting)
Cheo Stage, 1968 (Oil painting)
A Cheo Couple, 1967 (Oil painting)
Before Curtain Time, 1984 (Oil painting)
See also
Vietnamese art
List of Vietnamese artists
Culture of Vietnam
History of Vietnam
References
Official website
1920 births
1988 deaths
Nhân Văn–Giai Phẩm affair
20th-century Vietnamese painters |
The Protection of Wrecks Act 1973 (c. 33) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which provides protection for designated shipwrecks.
Section 1 of the act provides for wrecks to be designated because of historical, archaeological or artistic value. Section 2 provides for designation of dangerous sites. Wreck sites must have a known location in order to be designated. Designated wrecks are marked on admiralty charts and their physical location is sometimes marked by means of a buoy (sea mark). Information boards are often provided at nearby launch points on land.
Wrecks designated by virtue of historical, archaeological or artistic value
It is a criminal offence to interfere with a wreck designated under section 1 of the act without a licence. Navigation, angling and bathing are permitted provided this will not interfere with the wreck. A licence is required to dive at the wreck site. Separate licences are required for any disturbance, such as recovery of artifacts or underwater excavation. Licences to survey, visit etc. can be obtained by applying online to Historic England, to Cadw, and Historic Scotland.
Anchoring on the wreck site is also not permitted except in accordance with licensed activities. The area designated may extend beyond the visible remains.
Designation and licensing under section 1 of the act is managed by Historic England, Cadw and Historic Scotland.
The first wreck to be designated was the Cattewater Wreck at Plymouth, in 1973. As of July 2007 there were 60 wreck sites under current protection under section 1 of the act. Two sites that had at some point been designated have subsequently been revoked.
Identifying protected wreck sites
All protected wrecks are listed in the annual Admiralty Notices to Mariners and are marked on United Kingdom Hydrographic Office charts. A statutory instrument shows the location of the site and also the extent of the restricted protected area. This is often done using a buoy, (usually yellow and inscribed 'Protected Wreck') although sites that are close to the shore may have notices on land which not only serve to warn, but often also describe why the wreck is important (e.g. on the National Trust path at the Salcombe Moor Sand / Salcombe Cannon site).
Despite this, criminal damage to protected wrecks is reported frequently. Artefacts from the site of the British warship HMS Coronation, off Penlee Point, were allegedly stolen in 2011, and arrests were made in April 2011 over thefts from the warship HMS London.
Wrecks designated as dangerous
As of July 2008, only two wrecks are designated as dangerous under section 2 of the act. These are the SS Richard Montgomery (designated in 1973), and the SS Castilian (designated in 1997), in both cases due to containing large amounts of explosives. The MV Braer was also protected from 1993, until the order was revoked in 1994. Designation provides for an exclusion zone for all activities around the wreck. Diving is strictly prohibited on these dangerous wrecks. Designation and control under section 2 of the act is managed by the Maritime and Coastguard Agency.
Wrecks protected by other means
A number of wreck sites have been protected under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979 as maritime scheduled monuments. These are:
The remains of the scuttled German High Seas Fleet in Scapa Flow
The remains of eight historic fishing vessels in Aberlady Bay
The Louisa, at Grangetown, Cardiff
HMS D1, near Dartmouth, Devon
All wrecked aircraft and a number of designated military shipwrecks are protected as military maritime graves, i.e. war graves under the Protection of Military Remains Act 1986. This is administered by the UK Ministry of Defence.
Maritime sites other than wrecks, such as fish traps, may also be protected by scheduling.
Lists of wrecks
As of 2011, there were 61 historic protected wreck sites designated in the UK, although this is only a tiny fragment of the wrecks that are known to exist. There are 46 in English and Welsh waters and fifteen in Scottish waterseight of these are designated under the 1973 Act, whilst the remains of the German High Seas Fleet are protected under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979.
There is a searchable list of all protected wreck sites in England available online using the National Heritage List for England. A map of the sites in Scotland is available through Historic Scotland, whilst Cadw has a list on its website.
Falkland Islands protected wrecks
On 7 July 1977 the legislature of the overseas territory of the Falkland Islands passed an ordinance similar to the UK Protection of Wrecks Act, allowing for the protection of wrecks in colonial waters that are either of historical, archaeological or artistic importance (section 3), or are dangerous (section 4). On 20 October 1983, an order was passed under the ordinance, designating the areas around the wrecks of HMS Ardent and HMS Antelope, lying in Falkland Sound and San Carlos Water, respectively as prohibited places under section 4. On 3 November 2006, an order came into force to designate the area around the wreck of HMS Coventry as a restricted area. These three ships had been sunk during the Falklands War.
See also
Archaeology of shipwrecks
Maritime archaeology
Wreck diving
References
Maritime and Coastguard website information on protected wrecks
English Heritage Protected Wrecks website information about the protection of wrecks and application for licences in England
English Heritage Maritime Archaeology Publications for ACHWS annual reports, guidance on historic wrecks and other relevant material
Cadw website information about the protection of wrecks and other maritime sites in Wales
Martin, Colin (2004), "Close Encounters of a Licensed Kind", in The Advisory Committee for Historic Wreck Sites Annual Report for 2004, pp16–19. This article provides a description of the working of the Act.
Fenwick, Valerie and Gale, Alison (1998), Historic Shipwrecks, Discovered, Protected and Investigated, Tempus Publishing Limited, . This book describes the 47 wrecks designated in the first 25 years of the Act.
Protection of Wrecks Ordinance 1977 (No. 12) 7 July 1977 (Falkland Islands)
Protection of Wrecks (Ardent and Antelope Designation) Order 1983 (No. 2) 20 October 1983 (Falkland Islands)
Protection of Wrecks (Designation) Order 2006 (no. 24) 23 October 2006 (Falkland Islands)
External links
The National Heritage List for England
Advisory Committee on Historic Wreck sites (ACHWS)
Archaeology of shipwrecks
Protected Wrecks of the United Kingdom
Shipwreck law
Ships of the United Kingdom
Scheduled monuments
United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1973 |
The Division of Diamond Valley was an
Australian Electoral Division in Victoria.
The division was created in 1969 and abolished in 1984. It was named for the Diamond Creek area. It was located in the north-eastern suburbs of Melbourne, including Doncaster, Watsonia, Eltham and Templestowe. With the expansion of the Parliament in 1984, the Division was effectively split in two, the western half forming the new Division of Jagajaga, and the eastern half the Division of Menzies.
Always held by the government of the day, the seat was marginal between the Australian Labor Party and the Liberal Party. This is reflected by the state of its successor seats. Menzies has always been a safe Liberal seat, while Jagajaga has been a fairly safe to safe Labor seat.
Members
Election results
1969 establishments in Australia
Constituencies established in 1969
1984 disestablishments in Australia
Constituencies disestablished in 1984
Diamond Valley |
Forest () is the first extended play by South Korean singer-actor Lee Seung-gi. It was released on 22 November 2012 by Hook Entertainment. The album was produced by Epitone Project (real name: Cha Se-jung) and contains five songs, including the single, "Return".
The album peaked at number three on the Gaon Album Chart, and sold over 23,000 copies by the end of 2012. "Return" topped the Gaon Digital Chart for three consecutive weeks and was the first song to spend six weeks in the number one spot on Billboard's K-pop Hot 100 chart.
Track listing
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
See also
Lee Seung-gi discography
References
2012 EPs
Lee Seung-gi albums
Kakao M EPs |
Fin is the debut studio album by American R&B singer Syd. It was released on February 3, 2017, by Columbia Records.
Background
After Ego Death, the members of the Internet decided that they would venture on solo projects to flesh out their individual styles. When speaking about what the album would entail, Syd stated:"This album is not that deep, but I feel like this is my descent into the depth I want the band to get to... For me, this is like an in-between thing — maybe get a song on the radio, maybe make some money, have some new shit to perform."
The album has a more pop-influenced feel in comparison to her output with the Internet. However, Syd states that she has always been influenced by pop, and that the album is inspired by popular artists from her time, including Usher and Brandy. Influences of trap also appear throughout, most notably on the single "All About Me".
"All About Me" was released as Fins lead single on January 11, 2017. A music video for the song was released a day earlier on Syd's Vevo page. On January 24, "Body" was released as the album's second single. The song's audio was also released on the singer's Vevo page.
Release and reception
Fin was released by Columbia Records on February 3, 2017, to widespread critical acclaim. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 81, based on 10 reviews. Reviewing Fin for NPR, Lars Gotrich wrote that Syd "has an affinity for the '90s R&B singers who kept their emotions open and voices close, like Aaliyah (see 'Know') or the ladies in TLC ('Smile More', 'Nothin' To Somethin'') — embracing the limitations of their range, but finding the core of the performance via self-styled confidence". In Vice, Robert Christgau found the singer distinct from contemporary R&B's "voice-plus-sound" aesthetic, particularly because of her "soft and slender" voice, "her brave sighs and whispers", and "how easily her voice carries this music unaugmented by her former guitar and drum kit". He appreciated her themes of financial success and especially love, while naming "Dollar Bills" the album's highlight.
Accolades
Track listing
Charts
References
2017 debut albums
Columbia Records albums
Syd albums
Albums produced by Steve Lacy
Albums produced by Syd tha Kyd
Albums produced by Hit-Boy |
Whiteclay (; "whiteish or yellowish clay") is a census-designated place in Sheridan County, Nebraska, United States. The population was 10 at the 2010 census.
A significant part of Whiteclay's economy was based on alcohol sales to residents of the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, located north across the border in South Dakota, where alcohol consumption and possession is prohibited. According to the Nebraska Liquor Control Commission, beer sales at Whiteclay's four liquor stores totalled 4.9 million cans in 2010 (~13,000 cans per day) for gross sales of $3 million. The four beer merchants paid federal and state excise taxes (included in liquor's sale price) of $413,932 that year. In 2017 the four liquor stores lost their licenses, and the town has ceased to be the main supplier of alcohol to the reservation.
History
The border town of Whiteclay has always been tied to the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation to the north within the state boundaries of South Dakota. The majority of the Oglala Sioux Tribe (OST) live at Pine Ridge reservation. The Rosebud Sioux Tribe (Sicangu Oyate), also known as the Brulé Sioux, have an independent and federally recognized reservation to the northeast within the boundaries of South Dakota.
In 1882, after the boundaries of the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation were already established, by executive order the United States government added a strip of land in Nebraska known as the White Clay Extension (named after White Clay Creek) to the reservation. The area was created to serve as a buffer zone to help prevent the sale of alcohol to residents of the reservation. The language of the order said that the buffer zone would be used until it was no longer considered necessary.
In 1904, President Theodore Roosevelt signed an executive order that removed 49 of the of the White Clay Extension from the reservation. There was no consultation with the Oglala Sioux Tribe as to whether they believed this was useful. Traders immediately established a post near the reservation border and started selling alcohol, and most of their customers came from the nearby reservation. The trading post developed as the unincorporated community of Pine Ridge, commonly known as Whiteclay. It reached its peak population of 104 in 1940, but residents have been considerably fewer for decades.
Some Oglala Sioux have appealed to the federal government for another executive order to withdraw the buffer from public domain. They contend that because Roosevelt never demonstrated that the need for the buffer did not exist, the executive order was invalid. Even if such action were achieved, it could always be subject to reversal by another president.
Separately, in a 1999 protest against beer sales at Whiteclay, nine Oglala Sioux led by Tom Poor Bear were arrested. They challenged their arrests by Nebraska officials, on the grounds that, according to the 1868 Fort Laramie Treaty and subsequent federal law, the White Clay Extension is still under the jurisdiction of the Pine Ridge reservation, where alcohol sales are prohibited. The Oglala Sioux Tribal Court ruled in the defendants' favor. In February 2000, the Sheridan County, Nebraska court ruled that the defendants could be charged under local law, as Whiteclay and the border territory were part of the state of Nebraska. A final ruling on the jurisdictional issue could only be made in federal court, as Congress has the authority to establish reservation boundaries.
Economy
Soon after the territory entered the public domain, a trading post was set up to sell alcohol to the Lakota, and merchants have continued to do so since. In 2010, its four beer stores sold an estimated 4.9 million 12-ounce cans of beer, an average of over 13,000 cans per day, for gross sales of 3 million dollars. The outlets provide no place on site for customers to consume beer, and it is not supposed to be drunk on the streets, but inebriated customers were often sprawled around Whiteclay. John Yellow Bird King, president of the Oglala Sioux Tribe, says that tribal members bring alcohol illegally back from Whiteclay and "90 percent of criminal cases in the court system" at the reservation are alcohol-related. Beer was sold almost exclusively to people from the reservation, as the nearest big city (and other customers) is two hours to the north. According to Mary Frances Berry, the 10-year chair of the United States Commission on Civil Rights, Whiteclay can be said to exist only to sell beer to the Oglala Lakota.
Victor Clarke, the owner of Arrowhead Foods, a grocery store in Whiteclay that does not sell alcohol, said he "did more than a million dollars in business last year, with an entirely Native American clientele." As the reservation has no banks and few stores, its residents spend most of their money in Nebraska border towns, for regular needs as well as alcohol. The beer stores in Whiteclay cash welfare and tax refund checks for the Oglala Lakota, taking a 3 percent commission.
Activism against beer sales
The status of Whiteclay's beer stores has been a constant political issue in the region, prompting waves of activism to end the alcohol sales. There is public drunkenness in Whiteclay, and violence is associated with alcohol there and on the reservation. "Tribal police estimate that they issue more than 1,000 DUIs annually on the 2-mile stretch of road between White Clay and Pine Ridge." Victor Clarke, a grocery store owner in the hamlet, notes that numerous places within an hour's drive could supply beer if Whiteclay were shut down. He says, "The state of Nebraska doesn't want Whiteclay to go away because it allows problems to be isolated in this one little place. You hear people in the towns around here saying, 'We don't want these guys in our town.'"
In 2010, the liquor stores paid federal and state excise taxes (included in liquor's sale price) of $413,932, according to the state liquor commission, mostly from sales to residents of the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation. Some activists have supported the legalization of alcohol sales on the reservation so that the tribe can keep the revenues. These would support building a treatment center and founding more programs, and the tribe could directly regulate and control the sales, as other tribes have done. (See discussion below).
A pair of unsolved murders of Lakota men in early 1999 led to protest rallies led by various activist groups, including members of the American Indian Movement (AIM) from Pine Ridge Indian Reservation and Nebraskans for Peace, demanding that Nebraska revoke the liquor licenses of Whiteclay's stores and increase law enforcement in the area. The nearest Nebraska-based law enforcement is the county sheriff's office, based in the county seat of Rushville to the south. The Sioux tribal law enforcement in Pine Ridge, South Dakota has no jurisdiction in Whiteclay, and the number of tribal police has been reduced by nearly two thirds over the past several years. In the fall of 1999, Native American activists Russell Means and Frank LaMere proposed getting a license to sell beer in Whiteclay, in order to retain some monies to benefit the tribe and build a treatment center on the reservation, but abandoned the project due to disagreement by others of their group.
In 2005, the state of Nebraska and President Cecilia Fire Thunder of the Pine Ridge reservation signed an agreement to allow Oglala tribal officers to enforce Nebraska laws in Whiteclay by deputizing them as Nebraska agents. The OST Tribal Council had approved the agreement in June 2005 in a meeting with Nebraska officials, the State Attorney General Jon Bruning and Congressman Tom Osborne. With lobbying by Nebraska's delegation, Congress earmarked $200,000 over two years to pay for the increased cost of additional tribal police personnel and other costs of OST patrols to be associated with Whiteclay.
But, by May 2007, the tribe had spent no money for this purpose. Fire Thunder was impeached several months before the end of her term in 2006. The political conflict within the tribe appeared to have resulted in its choosing not to implement the agreement; by May 2007, it had hired no new police nor organized to take advantage of the grant. It stood to lose the earmarked money by October 2007.
Tribal activists of the Strong Heart Society have conducted annual blockades since 1999, trying to intercept alcohol and drugs being brought into the reservation. For instance, in June 2006 tribal activists had protested the beer sales by blockading the road to confiscate beer bought in Whiteclay. The blockade was to be held within the reservation boundaries. The activists had lifted the blockade after agreeing to work with Chief of OST Police James Twiss on ways to limit bootlegging. According to Twiss, the roadblock was illegal; however, the police department lacked the money and manpower to do more to interdict bootlegging from Whiteclay to the reservation.
In May 2007, activists discussed another blockade after some bootleggers were successfully prosecuted by the US Attorney for South Dakota. Two women were sentenced in the case. At the same time, it appeared that by the fall of 2007, the OST would lose $200,000 in federal grants that would have enabled it to hire more police and have them deputized by Nebraska to help police Whiteclay and protect their people. Tribal officials did not talk to reporters when questioned about the lack of action. Mark Vasina of Nebraskans for Peace, who had collaborated with the tribe in protests, said that there was internal tribal conflict over the proposed deputization program. He thought the agreement represented a commitment by Nebraska officials to take action but it "shuns the state's responsibility" for the effects of the beer sales. Vasina's documentary about the issues and activism was released in 2008 as The Battle for Whiteclay.
In 2010, the Nebraska legislature passed a law to provide money for increased law enforcement and economic development in Whiteclay; in December 2010, it awarded a $10,000 grant to Sheridan County, to cover the increased costs for its sheriff's office to patrol Whiteclay, 22 miles north of the county seat. There was the potential for funds to be increased in following years.
Protests continued. In 2013, protesters including then-president of the Oglala tribe, Bryan Brewer, and activist Debra White Plume stopped beer trucks from entering the town.
Alternatives
A 2007 survey found that 63% of federally recognized tribes in the lower 48 states have legalized liquor sales on their reservations, enabling them to keep the considerable sales taxes and associated revenue generated, regulate the trade, and directly police and treat their own people in relation to this commodity. Those allowing alcohol sales include all the other reservations in South Dakota, such as the Sicangu Oyate or Brulé Sioux at the Rosebud Indian Reservation to the east.
The Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska is among those that have legalized alcohol sales. As another example, in 2006, the Omaha Nation in northeastern Nebraska started requiring payment of tribal license fees and sales taxes by liquor stores located in towns within its reservation boundaries in order to benefit in the alcohol revenues. James N Hughes III suggests that the Oglala Sioux Tribe at the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation could "regulate, police and profit from the sale of what has been, for 200 years, an irresistible liquid commodity." Rather than supporting white traders, the tribe could keep its money within the reservation and directly control and police the alcohol trade.
In 2010 the beer sales at Whiteclay generated $413,932 in federal and state taxes, according to the state liquor commission. Hughes suggests that a "legalized liquor trade could provide the tribe with its own product upon which to levy tribal taxes and generate much needed revenue to fund healthcare services on Pine Ridge," including building a detoxification facility. In addition, proper taxation strategy by the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation could be used to eliminate Whiteclay's stores from the marketplace and "turn a social poison into an economic boon." The tribe could regulate operations of liquor stores, such as hours, and better police selling to underage consumers. In 2004 the tribe voted down a referendum to legalize alcohol sales, and in 2006 the tribal council voted to maintain the ban on alcohol sales.
In the summer of 2010, Denver American Horse, a teacher of the Lakota language, announced as a candidate for president of the Oglala Sioux Tribe. He proposed changing the reservation rules to permit alcohol sales. According to the journalist Mary Garrigan, he said that the "additional taxes that now go off-reservation could be used to fund much-needed alcohol treatment programs." As reported by Timothy Williams, Milton Bians, a tribal police captain, also supports ending prohibition. "Not to disrespect our elders and grandparents, but we've gone through several generations," he said.
Victor Clarke, the manager of a grocery store in Whiteclay, supports the idea of the tribe's ending its prohibition against alcohol sales. He thinks it would be the "biggest economic boon they could do." The tribe would then have both the benefits and responsibility of alcohol sales.
Oglala Sioux Tribe v. Jason Schwarting, et al
On February 9, 2012, the Oglala Sioux Tribe filed a federal lawsuit against Whiteclay's liquor stores, as well as national beer distributors and manufacturers, including Anheuser-Busch InBev, Molson Coors Brewing Company, Pabst Brewing Company, and Miller Brewing Company. The lawsuit alleges that the defendants knowingly sold and distributed beer with the intent of consumption on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, where alcohol is banned and alcohol-related problems are rampant.
According to the suit:
The illegal sale and trade in alcohol in Whiteclay is open, notorious and well documented by news reports, legislative hearings, movies, public protests and law enforcement activities. All of the above have resulted in the publication of the facts of the illegal trade in alcohol and its devastating effects on the Lakota people, especially its children, both born and unborn.
The OST is seeking $500 million in damages for reimbursement of the "cost of health care, social services and child rehabilitation caused by chronic alcoholism on the reservation, which encompasses some of the nation's most impoverished counties." The tribe is represented in the suit by Tom White, the tribe's Omaha-based attorney. As White said, "In a town of 11 people selling 4.9 million 12-ounce servings of beer, there is no way that alcohol could be legally consumed. It's just impossible."
On February 22, 2012, an amended complaint seeking injunctive relief in the OST's lawsuit was filed in response to public comments made to the Nebraska Radio Network on February 10, 2012, by the Nebraska State Attorney General Jon Bruning, the highest law enforcement officer in the state. According to the amended complaint, it is "not reasonable to expect that in the future the State of Nebraska will enforce its laws regulating the sale of alcohol at Whiteclay." Bruning had said he believed the State of Nebraska should not be involved in the suit; that shutting down the beer stores wasn't the solution; that reservation residents would drive further afield to purchase alcohol, which might lead to increased drunk driving; and that any money recovered in damages by the OST, in this suit or others, might be used to buy alcohol.
Federal law (18 U.S.C. § 1161) prohibits the sale and distribution of alcohol on reservations unless allowed by the tribal government. Charles Abourezk, a Rapid City lawyer, said the Whiteclay lawsuit challenges the defendants' "intent to distribute on a dry reservation, contrary to federal and tribal law."
On October 1, 2012, the U.S. District Judge John M. Gerrard dismissed the Oglala Sioux Tribe's lawsuit against the beer stores and associated companies, saying that the federal court did not have jurisdiction over the issue. He dismissed it "without prejudice, meaning the tribe could take its claims to state court." The judge acknowledged that beer sales contributed to problems on the reservation.
Nebraska state response
As noted, the Nebraska legislature created bills to increase funding for police protection and health services in the area. In February 2012 Nebraska lawmakers were
considering legislation that would allow the state to limit the types of alcohol sold in areas like Whiteclay. The measure would require local authorities to ask the state to designate the area an 'alcohol impact zone.' Under the legislation, the state liquor commission would be authorized to "limit the hours alcohol sellers are open, ban the sale of certain products or impose other restrictions."
The measure was introduced by Nebraska state Senator LeRoy J. Louden of Ellsworth, whose district includes Whiteclay. Sheridan County officials support it.
Liquor license renewals denied
In April 2017, the three-member Nebraska Liquor Control Commission voted to deny license renewals to the four liquor stores in Whiteclay, citing inadequate law enforcement in the area. The stores were allowed to continue selling beer until the existing licenses expired at midnight April 30, 2017. The store owners appealed the decision to the Nebraska Supreme Court, but their appeal was denied. Since then, the town has cleaned up, with fewer vagrants; however, bootlegging continues on the reservation and many now travel to other Nebraska towns like Rushville.
Geography
For the 2000 Census, the CDP for Whiteclay was erroneously named 'Pine Ridge'. The name has been corrected to 'Whiteclay' in 2010 for all subsequent census products and reports. A small portion of the Pine Ridge reservation overlaps with the Whiteclay CDP in Nebraska. According to the United States Census Bureau, the census-designated place (CDP) known as "Whiteclay, Nebraska" has a total area of , of which 0.9 square mile (2.3 km) is land and 0.1 square mile (0.2 km) (8.33%) is water.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 14 people, seven households, and three families residing in the CDP. The population density was 15.8 people per square mile (6.1/km). There were 9 housing units at an average density of 10.1/sq mi (3.9/km). The racial makeup of the CDP was 64.29% Native American and 35.71% White.
There were seven households, out of which 14.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.9% were married couples living together, and 57.1% were non-families. 57.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.00 and the average family size was 3.33.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 21.4% under the age of 18, 7.1% from 18 to 24, 28.6% from 25 to 44, 35.7% from 45 to 64, and 7.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 75.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.3 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $61,250, and the median income for a family was $76,250. Males had a median income of $25,625 versus $53,750 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $21,394. None of the population or the families were below the poverty line.
See also
List of census-designated places in Nebraska
References
Further reading
Stew Magnuson, The Death of Raymond Yellow Thunder; and Other True Stories from the Nebraska-Pine Ridge Border Towns, Texas Tech University Press, 2008
James N. Hughes III, "Pine Ridge, Whiteclay and Indian Liquor Law", Federal Indian Law Seminar, December 2010, University of Nebraska College of Law
External links
Stephanie Woodard, "Liquor and Ethnic Cleansing: Whiteclay, Nebraska", Huffington Post
Census-designated places in Nebraska
Census-designated places in Sheridan County, Nebraska
Pine Ridge Indian Reservation
Alcohol law in the United States
Borders of Nebraska
Alcohol and Native Americans |
Dysschema modesta is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by Hering in 1925. It is found in Colombia.
References
Dysschema
Moths described in 1925 |
A Woman in Berlin () is a memoir by German journalist Marta Hillers, originally released anonymously in 1954. The identity of Hillers as the author was not revealed until 2003, after her death. The memoir covers the period between 20 April and 22 June 1945 in Berlin during the capture and occupation of the city by the Red Army. The work depicts the widespread rape of civilians by Soviet soldiers, including the rape of the author. It also looks at a woman's pragmatic approach to survival, which involved relying on Soviet officers for protection.
The first English edition appeared 1954 in the United States, where it was very successful, and was followed rapidly by translations into Dutch, Italian, Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, Spanish, and Japanese. When finally published in German in 1959, the book was either "ignored or reviled" in Germany. Based upon the reception within her home country, Hiller refused to have another edition of the work published during her lifetime.
In 2003, two years after Hillers' death, a new edition of the book was published in Germany, again anonymously. It met with wide critical acclaim and was on bestseller lists for more than 19 weeks. Jens Bisky, a German literary editor, identified the anonymous author that year as German journalist Marta Hillers, who had died in 2001. This revelation caused a literary controversy, and questions of the book's authenticity were explored. The book was published again in English in 2005 in editions in the United Kingdom and the United States. It has been translated into seven other languages.
The book was adapted as a 2008 German feature film, directed by Max Färberböck and starring Nina Hoss. It was released in the United States as A Woman in Berlin in 2008.
Coincidentally, also in 2008, the English translation of the book by Philip Boehm (Virago, 2005) was dramatised as a one-woman monologue, by the playwright Iain McClure, and staged at the New Works, New Worlds Festival at the Arches Theatre, Glasgow in 2009.
Overview
The memoir describes a journalist's personal experiences during the occupation of Berlin by the Soviets at the end of World War II. She describes being gang raped by Russian soldiers and deciding to seek protection by forming a relationship with a Soviet officer; other women made similar decisions. The author described it as "sleeping for food." Conditions in the city were cruel, as women had no other protection against assaults by soldiers. "...when the Woman and her neighbours go to a Soviet commander to complain about the rapes and to seek his aid in stopping them, he merely laughs."
The book is known for its "unsentimental" tone in describing sexual assault but, as a New York Times critic pointed out, "the rapes are by no means all of [the book]. We are also given the feeling inside a bomb shelter, the breakdown of city life and civil society, the often surreal behavior of the enemy, soldiers' arms lined with looted wristwatches, the forced labor clearing out the rubble piles that marks the beginning of the road back."
Plot summary
The "chronicle" of the unnamed Narrator begins with the end of the war reaching Berlin. There is constant artillery and the Narrator lives in an attic apartment that belongs to a former colleague that let her stay since he is on leave. Her original apartment was bombed and destroyed. While she lives off meager food coupons, all of her thoughts are of food and her gnawing hunger. All of the Berliners spend their time either in the basement air raid shelters, their apartments, standing in lines for food, or raiding food stocks when the rations do not suffice. Spending time in the basement shelter, the Narrator gets to know her fellow "cave dwellers" and a kind of camaraderie forms. When a series of bombing destroys her apartment, a pharmacist's Widow allows the narrator to live at her place.
All of a sudden there is silence when the Red Army reaches their street. The Soviets set camp outside and spend their first days comparing stolen watches and bicycles. Eventually the soldiers enter the buildings and basement air raid shelters asking for alcohol and choosing women to rape. The Narrator works as a sort of translator and mediator for women in the basement who are pursued for rape. She tries to convince the men to not rape women and seeks a commander to plead to stop the rapes but minimal effort is offered to the women. Two men outside of the basement rape the narrator after her fellow Germans close and lock the door behind her. Many families desperately hide their young daughters to preserve their virginity. Four Soviet soldiers barge into the widow's apartment and one soldier, named Petka, rapes the narrator. After raping the narrator, Petka begins his "Romeo babble" where he expresses a liking for the Narrator and how he hopes to return later that day. That same day the widow's tenant Herr Pauli arrives and settles in his bed. His male presence offers some but very limited protection against the Soviet sexual predators. Another Russian soldier, described as old, enters the apartment and rapes the narrator in an exceptionally demeaning manner as he opens up her mouth to spit in it and then throws a half opened pack of cigarettes on the bed as payment.
This rape experience creates some sort of turning point for the Narrator, who decides after vomiting and crying that she has to use her brains to help her situation. She decides that she needs to "find a single wolf to keep away the pack" and heads outside to find some higher-ranked Soviet to have an exclusive sexual relationship with so that she does not get viciously and spontaneously raped every day by different men. Out in the street she meets Anatol, a lieutenant from Ukraine. She flirts with him briefly and they agree to meet at her place at 7 pm. That night Petka arrives with some of his friends and makes himself at home. Petka and his friends shock the Widow and the Narrator as they place their food straight on the table, throw bones to the floor, and spit casually. Despite the Narrator's worries that Petka and Anatol might clash over her, when Anatol comes he is at ease in her apartment and she discovers that his rank means very little to the Soviets. Over the next days, Anatol comes to have sex with the narrator and a "taboo" is formed in that the Soviets know that she is claimed. Anatol and his men come and go as they please and the widow's apartment is considered "Anatol's men's restaurant" but a restaurant where they bring the food. The Narrator and the Widow get food that the Soviets bring and they benefit from the protection of Anatol's men against other Soviet soldiers. The Narrator also meets educated Soviet soldiers, such as Andrei, and has many conversations about politics, fascism, and such. Petka shows up completely drunk in a fit of rage against the Narrator and tries to hurt her but due to his drunkenness the Widow and the Narrator manage to push him out of the apartment. Among the many Soviet visitors of the apartment, a pale blond lieutenant who has a lame leg and a clear dislike of the narrator rapes her one night, completely ignoring the "taboo" with Anatol. He arrives another day with a major and after conversing and drinking champagne; he asks the narrator if the major pleases her. The Narrator realizes she has little choice considering Anatol has left and eventually decides to have sex with the major. She accepts the relationship with the major and does not call it rape since it is consensual. The major is very pleasant, shares his life with her, and brings her food and supplies such as candles. The Narrator contemplates her status as she agrees to have sexual relationships in return for goods and protection.
Eventually, Berlin completely surrenders and the Soviet soldiers leave the street. The city begins to undergo reconstruction and the German women are rallied to work under orders to clear the rubble and to search for zinc. The Narrator gets pulled off to do laundry and for the last days of work she works tirelessly with other women while being teased by Soviet soldiers. Once the job ends, the narrator finds out through a friend called Ilse that a Hungarian plans to start a press. The narrator works with the Hungarian and others to start planning the products. Gerd, the Narrator's boyfriend from before the war, shows up and clashes with her on her change in mindset after the war and her discussion of her rapes. Gerd believes that she has lost her mind and has changed immensely from before. The chronicle ends with the Narrator brooding on her relationship with Gerd.
Characters
The Narrator
The unnamed Narrator is a woman who recounts her life through eight weeks in Berlin at the end of the war. She describes herself as a thirty year old "pale faced blonde always dressed in the same winter coat". The Narrator lives alone at first in an abandoned apartment but then moves in with the Widow when the Soviets arrive. She was a journalist before the war that traveled to numerous countries and speaks different languages, including a bit of Russian and French. During the stay of the Soviets she is subject to numerous horrific rape attacks which leads her to seek a sexual relationship with lieutenant Anatol and then the Major in order get some sort of "protection" from all other Soviet soldiers. These relationships also give her access to food. After the Soviets leave, she works with German women to clear the rubble, clean clothes, and eventually finds a job with a Hungarian starting a press.
Widow
The Widow lives with the Narrator and Herr Pauli throughout the occupation of the Soviets. She is a fifty-year-old woman who lived a more bourgeois proper life before the war. During the occupation she shares house tasks and worries with the Narrator and understands the sexual relationships the Narrator has. The Widow looks up to Herr Pauli and eventually asks the Narrator to move out when Herr Pauli is frustrated of sharing food with the Narrator.
Anatol
Anatol is originally the Ukrainian lieutenant that the narrator seeks a sexual relationship with in order to avoid constant attacks by random Soviet soldiers. He is kind and very large and strong. He works in a dairy farm in Russia and is overall very uneducated and unrefined.
Herr Pauli
Herr Pauli is the Widow's tenant. From when he arrives from the war he mostly stays in bed and socializes with the Soviets that come in. He enjoys the goods that the Soviets bring but gets increasingly bothered by the Narrator's presence after her relationships with the Russians end and she eats the potatoes that belong to the Widow. He eventually asks the Widow to tell the Narrator to leave, which she does. Herr Pauli expresses his strong optimistic or pessimistic views on the recovery of Germany, which the Widow generally endorses.
Petka
Petka is a Soviet soldier that rapes the narrator. After raping the Narrator he commences his "Romeo babble" as he expresses how he likes her and insists on coming back often. He makes himself and his friends at home in the Widow's apartment where they eat and drink plenty, and do not exhibit any manners.
The Major
The Major is introduced to the Narrator by the pale blond lieutenant with the lame leg. The Major is very pleasant and courteous to the narrator and the Widow and Herr Pauli. While he wanted a sexual relationship with the Narrator, he made it a point for her to know that if his presence did not please her he would leave immediately. He shares plenty details of his life to the Narrator and has a consensual sexual relationship with her for the last days before the Soviets left. He provides the narrator, the Widow, and Herr Pauli with plenty of supplies.
Themes
Rape
The Narrator explores the significance and impact of rape on her life throughout "A Woman in Berlin". Throughout all of her rapes, she clearly describes suffering and numbness and anger. However, she "laugh[s] at the face of lamentation" and says that she is alive and that life goes on when the Widow apologizes for not intervening enough. She contemplates after and realizes that her previous fear of the word "rape" has disappeared. After being raped she comes to the realization that it is not the worst thing in the world despite typical beliefs. Nevertheless, the Narrator reveals a feeling of uncleanliness and repulsion at her own skin after being raped by so many men. The Narrator also broods on her consensual sexual relationships that she has with Anatol and then the Major. She mentions that "By no means could it be said that the major is raping me" and that she is "placing [herself] at his service of [her] own accord". She definitely does not think that she is doing it for love, and she scorns at the way the term has become a weak and empty term. She agrees that to some extent she does it for the "bacon, butter, sugar, candles, canned meat" that the major supplies and she considers the idea that she is a whore. While she does not have any objections towards prostitution, she acknowledges that she would never be in this situation in peacetime and concludes that this consensual sexual relationship is one that while it resembles prostitution, it is only morally acceptable for herself in the circumstance of war.
Deutsche Welle noted that the book shows "for many women the end of the war did not bring peace as the physical and mental scars remained fresh was something the author realized when her boyfriend returned from the war. 'For him I've been spoiled once and for all,' she stated soberly, when despite all the joy of reunion, she remained 'ice cold' in bed." The different experiences of women and men created a postwar divide.
Harvard Law professor Janet Halley wrote, "Not surprisingly, it is typical to read A Woman in Berlin as a story about rape. However, there is another way to read this text: as a book about the complete destruction of the Woman’s social world and its gradual, halting, and, by the end, only partial replacement by a new one. On this reading, rape is immersed into the fact of national collapse, wartime defeat; rape is an element of her world but not its metonym and certainly not its totality."
Publication history
Hillers showed her manuscript to friends, and author Kurt Marek (C. W. Ceram) arranged for the book's translation into English (by James Stern) and publication in the United States in 1954. He also wrote an introduction, dated August 1954. Hillers married and moved from Germany to Geneva, Switzerland in the 1950s. She first had her book published in German in 1959 by the Swiss firm, Helmut Kossodo. Both editions were published anonymously, at her request.
Her memoir was the only book she published.
Critical reception
Hillers' work was either "ignored or reviled" in Germany in 1959. It was too early to examine German suffering, and some readers were horrified at the pragmatism of German women taking Soviet officers for protection. "Accused of besmirching the honour of German women," Hillers refused to have the book republished in her lifetime.
After Hillers died in 2001, the book was republished in 2003, again anonymously, by Hans Magnus Enzensberger, a noted poet and essayist. The book won wide critical acclaim that year. It was noted for "its dry, laconic tone and lack of self-pity. 'The writer is too reflective, too candid, too worldly for that,' one reviewer said." Harding noted that the author wrote: "I laugh right in the middle of all this awfulness. What should I do? After all, I am alive, everything will pass!"
The memoir was a bestseller for more than 19 weeks in Germany. Since the late 20th century, German writers and historians have explored the people's suffering during World War II. Gunter Grass published Crabwalk, about thousands of fatalities when a refugee ship was sunk by a Russian submarine, and W.G. Sebald published On the Natural History of Destruction, reflecting on the estimated 600,000 civilian deaths due to Allied bombing of German cities.
A Woman in Berlin was published again in English in 2005, with an introduction by Antony Beevor, a prominent British historian who has published on the Battle of Berlin. He has described it as "the most powerful personal account to come out of World War II."
Identity of author
In September 2003, Jens Bisky (a German literary editor) identified the anonymous author as journalist Marta Hillers, who had died in 2001. Revelation of Hillers' identity brought controversy in the literary world. Her publisher Enzensberger was angry that her privacy had been invaded. He did not accede to requests by journalists to review the writer's original diary materials. Writing in the Berliner Zeitung, Christian Esch said that if the work were to be fully accepted as authentic, people had to be able to examine the diaries. He said the book's text indicated that changes were made between the initial handwritten diaries and the typed manuscript. It had been translated into English and published for the first time nearly a decade after the events, in 1954 in English and in 1959 in German. He noted there were minor discrepancies between editions.
Prior to republication of the diary in 2003, Enzensberger had hired Walter Kempowski, an expert on diaries of the period, to examine Hillers' "original notes and typescript"; he declared them authentic. After questions from journalists, Enzensberger released Kempowski's report in January 2004. Kempowski had noted that the author's version of events was supported by numerous other sources. He noted that Hillers had added material to the typescript and the published book that were not found in the diary, but editors and critics agree this is a normal part of the revision and editing process.
Antony Beevor, a British historian who wrote a 2002 work on the Battle of Berlin, affirmed his belief in the book's authenticity when it was published in English in 2005. He said it conformed to his detailed knowledge of the period and other primary sources he has used. Beevor wrote the introduction to the new 2005 English edition of the book.
Adaptations
A film adaptation of the book was made in 2008, directed by Max Färberböck and starring Nina Hoss as the anonymous Woman. Its title in Germany was Anonyma - Eine Frau in Berlin. It was released in the US as A Woman in Berlin.
Unconnected to the film, a dramatisation of the English translation of the book by Philip Boehm, published by Virago in 2005, was written as a one-woman monologue, by Iain McClure, in 2008 and staged at the New Works, New Worlds Festival at the Arches Theatre, Glasgow, in 2009. To obtain one-off permission for his production, McClure was required to submit successive re-drafts of his play script to the German publisher, Eichborn, right up to the day of first performance, to ensure that no content was included, even imaginary, which might compromise the author's anonymity. The production was directed by Deborah Neville and performed by Molly Taylor. It received a "Highly commended" review from the Scottish Arts Council.
See also
Battle of Berlin
Operation Barbarossa
Joy Division (2006 film)
The Good German
References
Further reading
External links
1954 non-fiction books
World War II memoirs
Works published anonymously
Works about women in war
Women in Berlin |
Sindura Bindu is an Odia romantic love story released on 15 July 1976. This is the debut film of ace director Sisir Misra as director. The film is a gloomy tale of childhood lovers, who separate and unite at the end.
Cast
Sriram Panda... Akash
Tripura Misra... Sandhya
Prashant Nanda... Ajay
Sujata Anand... Anita
Ajit Das... Pratap
Kedar Guru... Sadhu Baba
Narendra Behera
Shyamlendu Bhatacharjee
Anima Pedini
Soundtrack
The music for the film was composed by Prafulla Kar.
Box office
The film was a box office hit and celebrated Silver Jubilee week in various theaters.
Awards
Orissa State Film Awards 1976
Best Playback Singer (Male) - Pranab Patnaik
References
External links
1976 films
1970s Odia-language films |
Höller is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Carsten Höller (born 1961), German artist
Karl Höller (1907–1987), German composer
Stephan A. Hoeller (born 1931), Hungarian writer, scholar and religious leader
Thomas Höller (born 1976), Austrian footballer
Vanessa Holler (born 1971), American beauty pageant winner
York Höller (born 1944), German composer
See also
Heller (disambiguation)
Holler (disambiguation)
German-language surnames |
The Saattu Neettolai is one of the sub-sections of Arul Nool. The author of the content is unknown. This contains the events which took place when Ayya Vaikundar was coming towards the Detchanam along the sea-shore after incarnating from the sea of Thiruchendur.
Ayyavazhi texts |
Rainham School for Girls is an 11–18 girls, secondary school and sixth form with academy status in Rainham, Gillingham, Kent, England. It is next to the all-boys school, The Howard School and is a Technology College.
History
It was previously a community school administered by Medway Council; the school converted to academy status on 1 March 2011.
Before it converted Ofsted described it as a larger than average secondary school, and a non-selective school in a selective area. It became a technology college in 1996. There were a higher than average number of students with special needs, but fewer with SEN statements.
Ofsted found a school that pupils enjoyed and met with parental aspirations, that they deemed satisfactory/ They found good safeguarding, good behaviour and a good focused curriculum. They were critical that in spite of effective action by the staff, external examination results were below the national average, and the pupils were consistently underachieving.
Governance
Managed by The Kemnal Academies Trust, a large multi-academy trust with 45 schools under its wing. 15 are secondary and 30 primary.
Academics
In 2016, Ofsted rated this as a good school. It now recognises that pupils enter the school with below average levels of achievement, but counting in all their examinations, by the end of Year 11, their outcomes are above national averages. Pupils want to learn, and have good relations with the staff. The staff are knowledgeable and prepare appropriate interesting lessons.
Sport
The school is also the home to the Medway Netball League and Junior Netball League. Its large netball centre has eight floodlit courts (which are also suitable for tennis).
In 2013, the school football team reached the final of the Npower Football League Girls Cup in Wembley Stadium. They played against a Derby County school.
The school also offers lettings to external businesses - such as pilates classes for adults - after school hours.
References
External links
Gillingham, Kent
Secondary schools in Medway
Academies in Medway
Girls' schools in Kent |
Baari is the local series of the reality series The Bar in Finland. The show was started on 7 March 2006 and finished on 4 June 2006, with a duration of 90 days. The series was aired on Sub TV. The presenters are Kirsi Salo and Silvia Modig.
Contestants
Nominations
References
External links
Finnish reality television series
2006 Finnish television series debuts
2006 Finnish television series endings
2000s Finnish television series
Sub (TV channel) original programming
Finnish television series based on non-Finnish television series |
Desmomys is a genus of rodent in the family Muridae endemic to Ethiopia. It contains the following species:
Harrington's rat, D. harringtoni
Yalden's rat, D. yaldeni
References
Taxa named by Oldfield Thomas
Rodent genera
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot |
Butter Brickle is a chocolate-coated toffee first sold on November 20, 1924 by candy manufacturer John G. Woodward Co. of Council Bluffs, Iowa, and toffee pieces for flavoring ice cream, manufactured by The Fenn Bros. Ice Cream and Candy Co. of Sioux Falls, South Dakota.
John G. Woodward & Co.
Butter Brickle was first sold on 20 November 1924, and the trademark registered 15 May 1928 by candy manufacturer John G. Woodward Co. in Council Bluffs, Iowa for candy, not ice cream.
Arthur E. Dempsey, a candy maker and later, inventor, at John G. Woodward Co. in Council Bluffs, Iowa, reportedly, was the creator of the candy, trademarked as Butter Brickle
Fenn Bros. Ice Cream and Candy Co.
Fenn Bros. Ice Cream and Candy Co., founded in 1898, by Henry C. Fenn and James W. Fenn, is most known for its registered trademark chocolate-coated toffee, and toffee ice cream flavoring called Butter Brickle. The products were called Fenn's Butter Brickle English Toffee Chocolate Covered and Fenn's Butter Brickle Candy Ice Cream Flavoring.
Omaha, Nebraska's Blackstone Hotel's Orleans Room restaurant has been credited with creating Butter Brickle ice cream, in the late 1920s. Small pieces of the toffee candy bar were used, in effect, to make a mix-in, later sold as the product, Fenn's Butter Brickle Candy Ice Cream Flavoring.
Besides Butter Brickle, the company also made Walnut Crush, Blue Seal Nougat, Smooth Sailin’, Royal Brazils, and Big Bogie (later Big Nougat), and ice cream.
The first sponsored musical program on KSOO Radio was sponsored by Fenn's Blue Seal Nougat Bar.
The United States Food and Drug Administration cited them in 1940 for labeling and in 1947 for filthy product.
In the late 1950s and 1960s, Butter Brickle candy bars were advertised on radio and television with the slogan "Got a nickel? Butter Brickle,... candy bar!" delivered in an arch stage British accent.
At the company’s peak, more than 200 people worked at Fenn’s, making it one of Sioux Falls' largest employers.
"I'd work on the beater, but most times I had to cool cooked nougat," she says. The nougat was cooked in large copper kettles and heated to . It was used in one of Fenn's most popular offerings, the Walnut Crush. Walnuts were added to the nougat, and then it was coated with chocolate. Another specialty, the Big Bogie, came in three flavors, vanilla, chocolate and strawberry. It is kin to a candy called Charleston Chew. "Bill Fenn came up one time with that candy bar and said, "Can you guys make this bar?" and I said, "Oh, I think we can," " John says. A recipe for one batch of chocolate Big Bogies requires of corn syrup, of sugar and of salt And that doesn't include the chocolate covering. ... The production of stick candy halted during WWII. When sugar was rationed by the government, the company devoted its efforts to the growing popularity of its candy bars. Even those didn't stay the same. Over the years, the Wiemans saw candy bars come and go and the price jump from a nickel to a dime. Lily liked the Blue Seal Nougat. Similar to a Walnut Crush, it had vanilla flavoring in the nougat, not maple syrup, and was coated with sweet chocolate, not dark chocolate. They both wrinkle their noses at the thought of a candy bar that was made with white chocolate - "imitation white chocolate," Lily points out with disdain."
The Fenn Bros. manufactured Butter Brickle candy and flavoring until the 1970s, when the company liquidated. The "Butter Brickle" trademark and formula were sold to the company Leaf, Inc., which manufactured Heath Bars.
A remnant of the name remains in "Heath Bits 'o Brickle Toffee Bits," sold by The Hershey Company, which acquired the Heath assets in 1996.
Butter Brickle flavor ice cream is currently sold by ice-cream makers, the name Butter Brickle used under license.
In popular culture
In the TV show Danny Phantom, the villain Vlad Plasmius sometimes shouts "Oh, Butter Brickle!" or the names of other snack foods in anger as a euphemism.
This confectionary made an appearance on Ali G, and then an Ali G parody on The Simpsons.
In the episode "Hello, I Love You" on the TV series Northern Exposure (season 5 episode 15), Ruth-Anne Miller and Walt Kupfer share Butter Brickle ice cream in their broken-down truck to celebrate the birth of Miranda Bliss Tambo Vincoeur.
In the Pixar movie Up, Russell tells his friend Carl that he and his father would sit on the curb and have an ice cream cone while counting cars. His father would always have a Butter Brickle cone.
In the TV show Two and a Half Men, Rose requests Charlie to bring her some Butter Brickle ice cream.
In the TV show The Sopranos, Phil Leotardo says, "who do you think's keeping Ginny in Butter Brickle?".
In episode "Ice Cream of Margie: With the Light Blue Hair" on the TV series The Simpsons (season 18 episode 7), Homer stands in underwear as pieces from an ice cream uniform fly onto his body. When fully dressed, he looks straight to the audience and says in a serious accent, "Butter Brickle!"
In the 1963 film Soldier in the Rain, Steve McQueen and Jackie Gleason share Butter Brickle ice cream.
In the episode "Angela's New Best Friend" on the TV series Who's the Boss (season 2 episode 22), Angela gets upset when she can't find her Butter Brickle ice cream and Tony tells her "Some other person ate it." when in fact it was just in another spot in the freezer.
In the film Ice Cream Man (1995) the flavor is named as the favorite of the titular character.
See also
List of ice cream flavors
nonpareils
sprinkles
Steve's Ice Cream
Amy's Ice Creams
Cold Stone Creamery
References
External links
Fenn's (trademark)
Fenn's Butter Brickle English Toffee Chocolate Covered (trademark)
"Anderson displays some of the memorabilia from his father's days working at Fenn Bros" Argus Leader, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, Wednesday, June 18, 2014; Page C1
External images
Fenn's Butter Brickle 10-cent candy bar wrapper - 1970's flickr
Fenn's Butter Brickle Candy Ice Cream Flavoring (Can) 12.75 inch tall 9.75 inch diameter eBay via archive.org
Fenn's Butter Brickle and Walnut Crush Candy Bar Boxes eBay via archive.org
Big Bogie Candy Bar Wrapper (Circa 1940) eBay via archive.org
Flavors of ice cream
Products introduced in 1924 |
A friend class in C++ can access the private and protected members of the class in which it is declared as a friend. A significant use of a friend class is for a part of a data structure, represented by a class, to provide access to the main class representing that data structure. The friend class mechanism allows to extend the storage and access to the parts, while retaining proper encapsulation as seen by the users of the data structure.
Similar to a friend class, a friend function is a function that is given access to the private and protected members of the class in which it is declared as a friend.
Example
The following example demonstrates the use of a friend-class for a graph data structure, where the graph is represented by the main class Graph, and the graph's vertices are represented by the class Vertex.
#include <iostream>
#include <memory>
#include <string>
#include <unordered_set>
class Graph;
class Vertex {
public:
explicit Vertex(std::string name) : edges_(), name_(std::move(name)) {}
auto begin() const { return edges_.cbegin(); }
auto end() const { return edges_.cend(); }
const auto& name() const { return name_; }
private:
// Vertex gives access-rights to Graph.
friend class Graph;
std::unordered_set<Vertex*> edges_;
std::string name_;
};
class Graph {
public:
~Graph() {
while (!vertices_.empty()) {
auto vertex = vertices_.begin();
RemoveVertex(*vertex);
}
}
auto AddVertex(const std::string& name) -> Vertex* {
auto vertex = std::make_unique<Vertex>(name);
auto iter = vertices_.insert(vertex.get());
return vertex.release();
}
void RemoveVertex(Vertex* vertex) {
vertices_.erase(vertex);
delete vertex;
}
auto AddEdge(Vertex* from, Vertex* to) {
// Graph can access Vertex's private fields because Vertex declared Graph as
// a friend.
from->edges_.insert(to);
}
auto begin() const { return vertices_.cbegin(); }
auto end() const { return vertices_.cend(); }
private:
std::unordered_set<Vertex*> vertices_;
};
Encapsulation
A proper use of friend classes increases encapsulation, because it allows to extend the private access of a data-structure to its parts --- which the data-structure owns --- without allowing private access to any other external class. This way the data-structure stays protected against accidental attempts at breaking the invariants of the data-structure from outside.
It is important to notice that a class cannot give itself access to another class's private part; that would break encapsulation. Rather, a class gives access to its own private parts to another class --- by declaring that class as a friend. In the graph example, Graph cannot declare itself a friend of Vertex. Rather, Vertex declares Graph a friend, and so provides Graph an access to its private fields.
The fact that a class chooses its own friends means that friendship is not symmetric in general. In the graph example, Vertex cannot access private fields of Graph, although Graph can access private fields of Vertex.
Alternatives
A similar, but not equivalent, language feature is given by C#'s internal access modifier keyword, which allows classes inside the same assembly to access the private parts of other classes. This corresponds to marking each class a friend of another in the same assembly; friend classes are more fine-grained.
Programming languages which lack support for friend classes, or a similar language feature, will have to implement workarounds to achieve a safe part-based interface to a data-structure. Examples of such workarounds are:
Make the parts' fields public. This solution decreases encapsulation by making it possible to violate invariants of the data-structure from outside.
Move all mutable structural data away from the part to the data-structure, and introduce indirection back from each part to its data-structure. This solution changes the organization of the data structure, and increases memory consumption in cases where there would otherwise be no need for this information.
Properties
Friendships are not symmetric – if class A is a friend of class B, class B is not automatically a friend of class A.
Friendships are not transitive – if class A is a friend of class B, and class B is a friend of class C, class A is not automatically a friend of class C.
Friendships are not inherited – if class Base is a friend of class X, subclass Derived is not automatically a friend of class X; and if class X is a friend of class Base, class X is not automatically a friend of subclass Derived. However, if class Y is a friend of subclass Derived, class Y will also have access to protected portions of class Base, just as subclass Derived does.
See also
Friend function
References
External links
http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/comphelp/v8v101/index.jsp?topic=%2Fcom.ibm.xlcpp8a.doc%2Flanguage%2Fref%2Fcplr043.htm
http://www.cplusplus.com/doc/tutorial/inheritance/
Class (computer programming)
de:Friend-Klasse |
Vocimagene amiretrorepvec/flucytosine is an experimental combination drug involving a gene therapy agent and a prodrug. It is a candidate drug to treat brain cancers.
Vocimagene amiretrorepvec (also known as Toca 511) is a gene therapy agent, wherein the payload is a gene encoding cytosine deaminase (CD) in a replicating, non-lytic retroviral vector.
Flucytosine (also known as 5-fluorocytosine, 5-FC, and Toca FC) is an antifungal drug. It is used in an extended-release formulation. Flucytosine is a prodrug of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), a cancer drug. 5-Fluorouracil does not cross the blood–brain barrier well, but flucytosine does.
The combination drug was designed to be used after a brain tumor is removed surgically; vocimagene amiretrorepvec is intended to be injected into the tissues lining the hole where the tumor was (this region is called the margin), where the virus replicates only in cells that are dividing - in other words, cancer cells left over in the margin and immune cells that are present. Flucytosine is then administered to the person, and is converted to 5-fluorouracil in those cells by CD expressed by cells that had been infected with the gene therapy vector.
By July 2017, the EMA had granted the combination priority review status, and the FDA had granted it Breakthrough Therapy Designation and FDA Fast Track designation for recurrent HGG, and an orphan designation for the treatment of glioblastoma.
The combination is under development by Tocagen and as of July 2017 phase 2/3 trials were underway for recurrent astrocytoma and recurrent high grade glioblastoma.
References
Experimental cancer drugs |
Yitong Law Firm (忆通) is a law firm in the People's Republic of China engaged in defense of human rights. Its clients include Hu Jia and Chen Guangcheng. In February 2009 Chinese authorities announced that the firm would be shut down for six months, ostensibly because an unlicensed lawyer was practicing there. The accused lawyer, Li Subin, was a former deputy director of the firm who had been denied the chance to renew his professional license by the provincial authorities in Henan after he had successfully sued the Henan judicial bureau for overcharging. The managing partner of the firm, Li Jinsong, denied that Li Subin had engaged in the practice of law claiming he was only engaged in administrative duties and charged that the government authorities "are distorting facts ... to get revenge" for the way the firm's lawyers have criticized or defied government agencies.
See also
Human rights in the People's Republic of China
Weiquan movement
References
Further reading
Peter Foster (March 19, 2009). "China shuts down activist law firm." The Telegraph. Accessed November 2011.
External links
Human Rights In China,
Chinese Human Rights Defenders,
Christian Chinese Human Rights Advocates,
Li Subin biography,
Interview with Li Subin,
Christian Science Monitor article regarding law firm intimidation,
Law firms of China |
Khalid Choukoud (born 23 March 1986, Fez) is a Dutch track and field athlete who specializes in the marathon.
On the track, he finished seventh in the 10,000 metres at the 2012 European Championships. He competed without finishing at the 2016 European Championships half marathon.
Personal bests
Outdoor
Marathon - 2:09:34 (Amsterdam, 16 October 2022)
References
1986 births
Living people
Moroccan emigrants to the Netherlands
Dutch male long-distance runners
Athletes (track and field) at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for the Netherlands |
Bamberg Cathedral (, official name Bamberger Dom St. Peter und St. Georg) is a church in Bamberg, Germany, completed in the 13th century. The cathedral is under the administration of the Roman Catholic Church and is the seat of the Archbishop of Bamberg. Since 1993, the cathedral has been part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site "Town of Bamberg".
It was founded in 1002 by King (and later Emperor) Heinrich II (Henry II) and consecrated in 1012. With the tombs of Henry II and his spouse Cunigunde, the cathedral contains the remains of the only imperial couple that was canonized. With the tomb of Pope Clement II (1005–47) it also contains the only papal grave in Germany, and north of the Alps.
After the first two cathedrals burned down in the 11th and 12th centuries, the current structure, a late Romanesque building with four large towers, was built in the 13th century.
The cathedral is about 94 m long, 28 m broad, 26 m high, and the four towers are each about 81 m high. It contains many works of art, including the marble tomb of the founder and his wife, the Empress Kunigunde, considered a masterpiece of the sculptor Tilman Riemenschneider, and carved between 1499 and 1513.
Another well-known treasure of the cathedral is an equestrian statue known as the Bamberg Horseman (). This statue, possibly depicting the Hungarian king Stephen I, most likely dates to the period from 1225 to 1237.
History
Background
Heinrich (Henry), son of Heinrich der Zänker became Duke of Bavaria in 995, replacing his banished father. His favourite dwelling was at Bamberg and he gave that property (probably in spring 1000) to his wife Kunigunde as a wedding gift. In 1002, Heinrich was elected King of Germany and he started to conduct his government business from Bamberg, giving the town various privileges (mint, tolls, market rights). Probably late in 1002 the decision was made to establish a diocese at Bamberg. Henry was pious, he and his wife had no children to leave the property to and the eastern border of his kingdom still lacked a diocese. Against the opposition of the Bishop of Eichstätt, who lost the northern rim of his territory, and of the Bishop of Würzburg, who lost all of the eastern part of his, the Reichssynode of All Saints' Day 1007 at Frankfurt established the Diocese of Bamberg. The Hochstift was endowed with royal territories, notably around Bamberg and near Villach. Kunigunde contributed Bamberg itself. The first bishop (1007–40) was , Heinrich's former chancellor. He took his home in the former Königspfalz. In 1007/1020 the diocese came under the direct authority of the pope, and was thus henceforth outside of the control of the Archbishop of Mainz. King Heinrich (he was crowned Holy Roman Emperor only in 1014) became a canon of the cathedral chapter.
Construction history
Construction of this first cathedral had begun in 1002, with work starting on two crypts. It was consecrated on Heinrich's birthday, on 6 May 1012. This first cathedral was a cruciform basilica with the main choir in the west and a second to the east, each above a crypt. Two towers were located on the eastern façade. The nave was covered by a flat wooden ceiling. This cathedral was smaller than the current structure (only around 75 m long). This cathedral burned down in the Easter week of 1081. Whilst the interior art was completely destroyed, damage to the structure was relatively minor. It was quickly rebuilt – by 1087 it was possible to hold a synode here. Bishop Otto had the church rebuilt completely and it was reconsecrated in 1111.
This rebuilt church also burned down in 1185.
In 1047, the body of Pope Clement II (Bishop of Bamberg, 1040–6) was transferred from Rome to Bamberg and was buried in the cathedral. With the destruction of the tomb of Pope Benedict V at Hamburg at the beginning of the 19th century, this became the only papal grave in Germany. All other popes are buried in France or Italy.
The current late Romanesque cathedral was erected (with short intermissions) by three men of the house of Andechs-Merania: (bishop from 1177 to 1196), (bishop 1203–37) and (1237–42).
The wealth of the cathedral chapter and the generosity of the House of Andechs-Merania resulted in a large, "splendid" building (see description below). It was consecrated on 6 May 1237.
Later history
Heinrich had been canonized in 1146, as was Kunigunde in 1200. In 1499–1513, Tilman Riemenschneider created the tomb of the founders (see below). Many other works of art were added during the Gothic period.
During the 17th century, the interior of the cathedral was changed to Baroque style in two waves. The first came under Bishop Johann Gottfried von Aschhausen. The medieval coloured windows were removed. After 1626 the interior was whitened, painting over frescoes. A second wave followed after the end of the Thirty Years' War in 1648–53 under Bishop Melchior Otto Voit von Salzburg. The tomb of Heinrich and Kunigunde was moved, the rood screens were demolished and new high altars set up in both choirs.
In 1729–33, Balthasar Neumann, architect of the UNESCO World Heritage Site Würzburg Residence added the chapter house with administration offices for the cathedral chapter.
In 1802/3, the Bishopric of Bamberg was secularized and became a part of the Electorate of Bavaria. In 1817, Bamberg became an archdiocese. The province includes the dioceses of Speyer, Würzburg and Eichstätt.
The Baroque alterations were removed in a "purification" in 1828–37 ordered in 1826 by Ludwig I of Bavaria, who saw the cathedral as a national monument. Altars and other sculptures were auctioned off in an attempt to return the church to its original, medieval state. Baroque art was replaced with Romanesque Revival art.
During a renovation of 1969–74, the church was changed in accordance with the Second Vatican Council, e.g. by moving the main altar from the eastern choir to a location in front of the western choir.
Description
Overview and exterior
The cathedral is about long, broad, high, and the four towers are each about high.
Due to its long construction process, several styles were used in different parts of the cathedral, particularly the Romanesque and Gothic ones. Between these two styles is the Transitional style, and this is the style which is characteristic of the nave.
The current structure is a late Romanesque building with four big towers. The eastern towers were originally lower, but raised to the western towers' height after 1766 by steep pointed gables, added by architect Johann Jacob Michael Küchel. The western towers are early Gothic.
Choirs
The cathedral has a choir at each end. The eastern choir is the oldest part of the cathedral, still in pure Romanesque style. The western choir is early Gothic and its vault was built from 1232.
The east chancel, elevated due to the presence of a crypt beneath, is dedicated to St. George. This symbolizes the Holy Roman Empire. Of the figures adorning the southern choir screen, the first three apostles pairs are attributed to the stonemasons who made the Gnadenpforte (see below). The others and the twelve prophets on the northern screen reflect a later style. The choir stalls with carved chimeras and lions date from the 14th century. The fresco in the apse is much younger. It was created in 1927/8.
The west chancel is dedicated to St. Peter symbolizing the Pope. It contains the cathedra (created in 1904) and behind it, the grave of Pope Clement II. To the left and right are Gothic (late 14th century) choir stalls, richly carved. In the back, the Kreuzaltar dominates the choir. The figures of Jesus, Mary, Mary Magdalena and John was created from gold-covered basswood in 1652/3 by , auctioned off during the purification in 1835, bought back in 1915 and erected in 1917. In the front is the 20th-century Volksaltar with a large wheel chandelier above. This sandstone base, fitted with various bronze plates showing scenes from the life of Jesus, was made in 1974/5 by .
Transepts
The northern transept holds a late Gothic (c. 1500) altar dedicated to Mary (Mühlhausener Altar). It was previously located in the Protestant parish church of Mühlhausen. In 1781, it was replaced and then sold off in 1891. Given to Archbishop Joseph von Schork, he gifted it in 1904 to the cathedral.
The southern transept contains a large Nativity altar made of basswood by the artist Veit Stoss in 1520–3. It was originally intended for a church in Nuremberg (Karmeliterkloster) but after Reformation came to that city in 1524 the council refused to allow it to be set up. Veit's son Andreas Stoss, who had moved to Bamberg in 1526, managed to have it brought to Bamberg in 1543, where it was erected in the church . It only came to the cathedral in 1937 and is on a permanent loan from the parish. The altar is incomplete (e.g. the predella was never made) and only some parts of it were made by Stoss himself rather than by his workshop.
Nave and side-aisles
The nave, which connects the eastern and western choir and accounts for about a third of the overall length of the church, contains the imperial tomb, the Bamberger Reiter, an early 19th-century pulpit and the organ.
Two more notable altars are located in the side aisles: The Kirchgattendorfer Altar and the so-called Riemenschneider Altar. The former is dedicated to Mary and dates from the 16th century. It came from the Protestant parish church of Kirchgattendorf in Upper Franconia and was set up here in 1921. The latter was assembled in 1926 from various individual figures of different origin, all dating from around 1500. It is named after the statue of St. Sebastian, which is attributed to the workshop of Riemenschneider.
Crypts
The western crypt was filled in with rubble but reopened in 1987–95. It was discovered that it still contained features of Heinrich's original cathedral. It now serves as the burial site for the Archbishops of Bamberg. The first to be buried there in 1998 was Josef Schneider (1955–76). Under the northwestern tower a chapel (Häupterkapelle) was created in 1997 to keep the skulls of the two founders, Heinrich and Kunigunde. They are contained within a glass shrine on a stele. Kunigunde's skull was previously kept in a cabinet in the eastern choir, behind the so-called Sonnenloch which gave access to the outside of the cathedral.
The eastern crypt was created alongside the current cathedral, c. 1200. The tombs now here were only relocated from the nave in the 19th and 20th centuries. These include bishops from the 11th and 12th centuries and the tomb of King Konrad III (Conrad III) who died at Bamberg in 1152 and was initially buried next to Heinrich and Kunigunde. There is also a well used for baptisms.
Chapels
Nagelkapelle
The former chapter hall beneath which members of the cathedral chapter were also buried (these bronze slabs have now been moved to the walls). A wooden Gothic altar from c. 1500 is located in the further, late-Gothic part of the room. The chapel is used to house a nail, supposed to come from the True Cross. This has been venerated at Bamberg since the 14th century.
Sakramentskapelle
Formerly the Antonius or Gertrude Chapel, this was rededicated in 1974 after the Second Vatican Council. It now serves to store the sacramental bread for the Eucharist. It contains a painting (Rosenkranzgemälde) attributed to Lucas Cranach the Elder (c. 1520).
Sculptures and carvings
There are many sculptures both inside the cathedral and adorning the exterior.
Tomb of Heinrich and Kunigunde
One of the most notable works of art of the cathedral is the tomb of Emperor Heinrich II, the founder of the cathedral, and his wife, Empress Kunigunde. It was made by sculptor Tilman Riemenschneider from polished Solnhofen limestone and marble from the Franconian Jura. It took him 14 years to carve: between 1499 and 1513. The tomb, located near the eastern choir, is slightly higher than floor level because below there is a crypt. The tomb rises about 1.7 m above the floor. The top is carved with the likeness of Emperor and Empress. Above is a late-Gothic canopy. The carvings round the sides, reflecting the influence of Renaissance art, tell of various episodes in the lives of the imperial couple: The Empress walks across red-hot ploughshares to prove her innocence after being accused of adultery, the payment of the workers who built , the Emperor being cured by Saint Benedict, the Emperor's death and the weighing of his soul by the archangel Michael. Reportedly they are based on sketches by Wolfgang Katzheimer.
Bamberger Reiter
Near the tomb, on the northwestern choir column, supported by an Acanthus corbel, stands an equestrian statue known as the Bamberg Horseman (Bamberger Reiter). There is no consensus on who this knight on horseback really was supposed to represent. During the cathedral's long history, the favoured version changed. The Romantics thought he was a German emperor from the Hohenstaufen family. The Nazis thought he was a knight who symbolized German perfection, looking towards the east for new lands to conquer. Pictures of the horseman were displayed in schools, hostels and dwellings.
It is now thought that he was probably the 11th century Hungarian king Stephen I. This is based on modern technology which has revealed the original colours used to paint the statue.
The sculptor carved only his mark into the sculpture, leaving his identity a mystery. He may also have been involved in the creation of figures on the eastern choir screen (Mary and Elisabeth) and possibly of the Last Judgment of the Fürstenportal. The Reiter is probably the oldest statue of a horseman created in post-Roman Germany.
Portals
Numerous carvings ornament the three major portals. The Adamspforte and Marienpforte (or Gnadenpforte) leading into the eastern towers are each guarded by a carved Romanesque lion, a weathered remainder of Heinrich's original cathedral. The former portal sports figures (replicas) of St. Stephen, Kunigunde, Heinrich II, St. Peter and Adam and Eve. The latter is a funnel-shaped portal of the Lombardian style. The tympanum shows Mary, venerated by St. Peter and St. George on one side and by Kunigunde and Heinrich on the other. Figures cowering in the corners are interpreted to be bishop Ekbert (left), a cleric possibly cathedral provost Poppo of Andechs-Merania (right) and a crusader in the centre, maybe based on one "frater Wortwinus", architect of the 1229–31 work.
The main portal, not in the west as usual due to the two-choir structure of the cathedral but in the centre of the north wall, is called Fürstenportal (princes' portal) and opened only on holy days. It accesses the northern side aisle and was started by late Romanesque artisans (prophets and apostles) but finished by early Gothic workers (Last Judgment in the tympanum). The statues (replicas) topping the columns are Ecclesia and Synagoga (the originals were moved in 1937). There are also statues here of Abraham and the Angel announcing the Last Judgement.
The Veitspforte is a minor entryway, dating to the early Gothic period. It was inspired by the style the Cistercians had brought from France to southern Germany, as at Ebrach Abbey. The portal gives access to the southern transept.
Papal grave
The tomb of Pope Clement II (1005–47) is made from silver-grey marble with carved reliefs from the first half of the 13th century on all four sides: the four Cardinal virtues, death of the pope and St. Michael, rivers of Paradise, and John the Baptist (or possibly Christ sitting in judgment over the world).
Others
Although many medieval bishops' tombs remain inside the cathedral, most of the later ones where transferred to the Michaelskirche during the 19th-century "purification" of the cathedral.
Organ
The cathedral first had an organ in 1415. The one that was built in 1868 gave many problems and had to be rebuilt five years later, but it was kept until 1940 because of its good sound.
The organ that is present in the cathedral today was built in 1976 by the organ builder Rieger. There are four angel figures in the corners of the organ case. The organ has four manuals and pedalboard. All the organs during the cathedral's history were built against the north wall because the sound was best there.
Every year about 40 concerts are given in the cathedral.
Bells
Further structures
The cloisters and the nearby chapter house by Balthasar Neumann today house the (cathedral museum).
The Domkranz is a terrace reached by two broad stairways from the Domplatz. From here the Adamspforte and the Gnadenpforte give access to the cathedral.
Domplatz
The cathedral square is also fronted by the Renaissance buildings of the and the Baroque , the palaces of the bishops from the 15th century to 1602 and from 1602 to 1803, respectively.
Originally known as Hofplatz or Burgplatz, after secularization the square was renamed Karolinenplatz in honour of the then Queen of Bavaria, Karoline. Only in 1949, did Domplatz become the official name for the area. Previously, this had been limited to just the immediate surroundings of the cathedral.
In Popular Culture
The Bamberg Cathedral (ingame name Regnitz Cathedral) is the Religious Castle Age Landmark of the Holy Roman Empire Civilization in Age of Empires IV
See also
Ulrich of Bamberg
References
External links
Official website
Bamberg Cathedral on the municipal tourist site
Free virtual visit of Bamberg Cathedral
Cathedral
Romanesque architecture in Germany
Roman Catholic cathedrals in Bavaria
Imperial cathedrals
Basilica churches in Germany
Burial places of popes
Registered historic buildings and monuments in Bavaria
Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor
Minor basilicas in Germany |
Constitutional Renewal Party of Peru (in Spanish: Partido Constitucional Renovador del Perú) was a political party in Peru. It was founded in 1931 through the merger of the Constitutional Party and the National Coalition. In the 1931 presidential elections the party leader Aryro Osores was launched as a candidate.
Defunct political parties in Peru
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Cedric Kulbach (born 15 June 1993) is a German lightweight rower. He won a gold medal at the 2016 World Rowing Championships in Rotterdam with the lightweight men's quadruple scull.
References
1993 births
Living people
German male rowers
World Rowing Championships medalists for Germany |
Christian mysticism is the tradition of mystical practices and mystical theology within Christianity which "concerns the preparation [of the person] for, the consciousness of, and the effect of [...] a direct and transformative presence of God" or Divine love. Until the sixth century the practice of what is now called mysticism was referred to by the term contemplatio, c.q. theoria, from contemplatio (Latin; Greek θεωρία, theoria), "looking at", "gazing at", "being aware of" God or the Divine. Christianity took up the use of both the Greek (theoria) and Latin (contemplatio, contemplation) terminology to describe various forms of prayer and the process of coming to know God.
Contemplative practices range from simple prayerful meditation of Holy Scripture (i.e. Lectio Divina) to contemplation on the presence of God, resulting in theosis (spiritual union with God) and ecstatic visions of the soul's mystical union with God. Three stages are discerned in contemplative practice, namely catharsis (purification), contemplation proper, and the vision of God.
Contemplative practices have a prominent place in the Eastern Orthodoxy and Oriental Orthodoxy, and have gained a renewed interest in western Christianity.
Etymology
Theoria
The Greek theoria (θεωρία) meant "contemplation, speculation, a looking at, things looked at", from theorein (θεωρεῖν) "to consider, speculate, look at", from theoros (θεωρός) "spectator", from thea (θέα) "a view" + horan (ὁρᾶν) "to see". It expressed the state of being a spectator. Both Greek θεωρία and Latin contemplatio primarily meant looking at things, whether with the eyes or with the mind.
According to William Johnston, until the sixth century the practice of what is now called mysticism was referred to by the term contemplatio, c.q. theoria. According to Johnston, "[b]oth contemplation and mysticism speak of the eye of love which is looking at, gazing at, aware of divine realities."
Several scholars have demonstrated similarities between the Greek idea of theoria and the Indian idea of darśana (darshan), including Ian Rutherford and Gregory Grieve.
Mysticism
"Mysticism" is derived from the Greek μυω, meaning "to conceal," and its derivative , mystikos, meaning "an initiate." In the Hellenistic world, a "mystikos" was an initiate of a mystery religion. "Mystical" referred to secret religious rituals and use of the word lacked any direct references to the transcendental.
In early Christianity the term mystikos referred to three dimensions, which soon became intertwined, namely the biblical, the liturgical and the spiritual or contemplative. The biblical dimension refers to "hidden" or allegorical interpretations of Scriptures. The liturgical dimension refers to the liturgical mystery of the Eucharist, the presence of Christ at the Eucharist. The third dimension is the contemplative or experiential knowledge of God.
Definition of mysticism
Transformative presence of God
Bernard McGinn defines Christian mysticism as:
McGinn argues that "presence" is more accurate than "union," since not all mystics spoke of union with God, and since many visions and miracles were not necessarily related to union.
Presence versus experience
McGinn also argues that we should speak of "consciousness" of God's presence, rather than of "experience", since mystical activity is not simply about the sensation of God as an external object, but more broadly about
William James popularized the use of the term "religious experience" in his 1902 book The Varieties of Religious Experience. It has also influenced the understanding of mysticism as a distinctive experience which supplies knowledge.
Wayne Proudfoot traces the roots of the notion of religious experience further back to the German theologian Friedrich Schleiermacher (1768–1834), who argued that religion is based on a feeling of the infinite. The notion of religious experience was used by Schleiermacher to defend religion against the growing scientific and secular critique. It was adopted by many scholars of religion, of which William James was the most influential.
Interpersonal transformation
McGinn's emphasis on the transformation that occurs through mystical activity relates to this idea of "presence" instead of "experience":
Parsons points out that the stress on "experience" is accompanied by favoring the atomic individual, instead of the shared life on the community. It also fails to distinguish between episodic experience, and mysticism as a process that is embedded in a total religious matrix of liturgy, scripture, worship, virtues, theology, rituals and practices.
Richard King also points to disjunction between "mystical experience" and social justice:
Social construction
Mystical experience is not simply a matter between the mystic and God, but is often shaped by cultural issues. For instance, Caroline Bynum has shown how, in the late Middle Ages, miracles attending the taking of the Eucharist were not simply symbolic of the Passion story, but served as vindication of the mystic's theological orthodoxy by proving that the mystic had not fallen prey to heretical ideas, such as the Cathar rejection of the material world as evil, contrary to orthodox teaching that God took on human flesh and remained sinless. Thus, the nature of mystical experience could be tailored to the particular cultural and theological issues of the time.
Origins
The idea of mystical realities has been widely held in Christianity since the second century AD, referring not simply to spiritual practices, but also to the belief that their rituals and even their scriptures have hidden ("mystical") meanings.
The link between mysticism and the vision of the Divine was introduced by the early Church Fathers, who used the term as an adjective, as in mystical theology and mystical contemplation.
In subsequent centuries, especially as Christian apologetics began to use Greek philosophy to explain Christian ideas, Neoplatonism became an influence on Christian mystical thought and practice via such authors as Augustine of Hippo and Origen.
Jewish antecedents
Jewish spirituality in the period before Jesus was highly corporate and public, based mostly on the worship services of the synagogues, which included the reading and interpretation of the Hebrew Scriptures and the recitation of prayers, and on the major festivals. Thus, private spirituality was strongly influenced by the liturgies and by the scriptures (e.g., the use of the Psalms for prayer), and individual prayers often recalled historical events just as much as they recalled their own immediate needs.
Of special importance are the following concepts:
Binah (understanding), and Chokhmah (wisdom), which come from years of reading, praying and meditating the scriptures;
Shekhinah, the presence of God in our daily lives, the superiority of that presence to earthly wealth, the pain and longing that come when God is absent; and the nurturing, feminine aspect of God;
the hiddenness of God, which comes from our inability to survive the full revelation of God's glory and which forces us to seek to know God through faith and obedience;
"Torah-mysticism", a view of God's laws as the central expression of God's will and therefore as worthy object not only of obedience but also of loving meditation and Torah study; and
poverty, an ascetic value, based on the apocalyptic expectation of God's impending arrival, that characterized the Jewish people's reaction to being oppressed by a series of foreign empires.
In Christian mysticism, Shekhinah became mystery, Da'at (knowledge) became gnosis, and poverty became an important component of monasticism.
Greek influences
The term theoria was used by the ancient Greeks to refer to the act of experiencing or observing, and then comprehending through nous.
The influences of Greek thought are apparent in the earliest Christian mystics and their writings. Plato (428–348 BC) is considered the most important of ancient philosophers, and his philosophical system provides the basis of most later mystical forms. Plotinus (c. 205 – 270 AD) provided the non-Christian, neo-Platonic basis for much Christian, Jewish and Islamic mysticism.
Plato
For Plato, what the contemplative (theoros) contemplates (theorei) are the Forms, the realities underlying the individual appearances, and one who contemplates these atemporal and aspatial realities is enriched with a perspective on ordinary things superior to that of ordinary people. Philip of Opus viewed theoria as contemplation of the stars, with practical effects in everyday life similar to those that Plato saw as following from contemplation of the Forms.
Plotinus
In the Enneads of Plotinus (c.204/5–270 CE), a founder of Neoplatonism, everything is contemplation (theoria) and everything is derived from contemplation. The first hypostasis, the One, is contemplation (by the nous, or second hypostasis) in that "it turns to itself in the simplest regard, implying no complexity or need"; this reflecting back on itself emanated (not created) the second hypostasis, Intellect (in Greek Νοῦς, Nous), Plotinus describes as "living contemplation", being "self-reflective and contemplative activity par excellence", and the third hypostatic level has theoria. Knowledge of The One is achieved through experience of its power, an experience that is contemplation (theoria) of the source of all things.
Plotinus agreed with Aristotle's systematic distinction between contemplation (theoria) and practice (praxis): dedication to the superior life of theoria requires abstention from practical, active life. Plotinus explained: "The point of action is contemplation. ... Contemplation is therefore the end of action" and "Such is the life of the divinity and of divine and blessed men: detachments from all things here below, scorn of all earthly pleasures, the flight of the lone to the Alone."
Early church
New Testamentical writings
The Christian scriptures, insofar as they are the founding narrative of the Christian church, provide many key stories and concepts that become important for Christian mystics in all later generations: practices such as the Eucharist, baptism and the Lord's Prayer all become activities that take on importance for both their ritual and symbolic values. Other scriptural narratives present scenes that become the focus of meditation: the Crucifixion of Jesus and his appearances after his Resurrection are two of the most central to Christian theology; but Jesus' conception, in which the Holy Spirit overshadows Mary, and his Transfiguration, in which he is briefly revealed in his heavenly glory, also become important images for meditation. Moreover, many of the Christian texts build on Jewish spiritual foundations, such as chokhmah, shekhinah.
But different writers present different images and ideas. The Synoptic Gospels (in spite of their many differences) introduce several important ideas, two of which are related to Greco-Judaic notions of knowledge/gnosis by virtue of being mental acts: purity of heart, in which we will to see in God's light; and repentance, which involves allowing God to judge and then transform us. Another key idea presented by the Synoptics is the desert, which is used as a metaphor for the place where we meet God in the poverty of our spirit.
The Gospel of John focuses on God's glory in his use of light imagery and in his presentation of the Cross as a moment of exaltation; he also sees the Cross as the example of agape love, a love which is not so much an emotion as a willingness to serve and care for others. But in stressing love, John shifts the goal of spiritual growth away from knowledge/gnosis, which he presents more in terms of Stoic ideas about the role of reason as being the underlying principle of the universe and as the spiritual principle within all people. Although John does not follow up on the Stoic notion that this principle makes union with the divine possible for humanity, it is an idea that later Christian writers develop. Later generations will also shift back and forth between whether to follow the Synoptics in stressing knowledge or John in stressing love.
In his letters, Paul also focuses on mental activities, but not in the same way as the Synoptics, which equate renewing the mind with repentance. Instead, Paul sees the renewal of our minds as happening as we contemplate what Jesus did on the Cross, which then opens us to grace and to the movement of the Holy Spirit into our hearts. Like John, Paul is less interested in knowledge, preferring to emphasize the hiddenness, the "mystery" of God's plan as revealed through Christ. But Paul's discussion of the Cross differs from John's in being less about how it reveals God's glory and more about how it becomes the stumbling block that turns our minds back to God. Paul also describes the Christian life as that of an athlete, demanding practice and training for the sake of the prize; later writers will see in this image a call to ascetical practices.
Apostolic Fathers
The texts attributed to the Apostolic Fathers, the earliest post-Biblical texts we have, share several key themes, particularly the call to unity in the face of internal divisions and perceptions of persecution, the reality of the charisms, especially prophecy, visions, and Christian gnosis, which is understood as "a gift of the Holy Spirit that enables us to know Christ" through meditating on the scriptures and on the Cross of Christ. (This understanding of gnosis is not the same as that developed by the Gnostics, who focused on esoteric knowledge that is available only to a few people but that allows them to free themselves from the evil world.) These authors also discuss the notion of the "two ways", that is, the way of life and the way of death; this idea has biblical roots, being found in both the Sermon on the Mount and the Torah. The two ways are then related to the notion of purity of heart, which is developed by contrasting it against the divided or duplicitous heart and by linking it to the need for asceticism, which keeps the heart whole/pure. Purity of heart was especially important given perceptions of martyrdom, which many writers discussed in theological terms, seeing it not as an evil but as an opportunity to truly die for the sake of God—the ultimate example of ascetic practice. Martyrdom could also be seen as symbolic in its connections with the Eucharist and with baptism.
Theoria enabled the Fathers to perceive depths of meaning in the biblical writings that escape a purely scientific or empirical approach to interpretation. The Antiochene Fathers, in particular, saw in every passage of Scripture a double meaning, both literal and spiritual. As Frances Margaret Young notes, "Best translated in this context as a type of "insight", theoria was the act of perceiving in the wording and "story" of Scripture a moral and spiritual meaning," and may be regarded as a form of allegory.
Alexandrian mysticism
The Alexandrian contribution to Christian mysticism centers on Origen (c. 185 – c. 253) and Clement of Alexandria (150–215 AD). Clement was an early Christian humanist who argued that reason is the most important aspect of human existence and that gnosis (not something we can attain by ourselves, but the gift of Christ) helps us find the spiritual realities that are hidden behind the natural world and within the scriptures. Given the importance of reason, Clement stresses apatheia as a reasonable ordering of our passions in order to live within God's love, which is seen as a form of truth. Origen, who had a lasting influence on Eastern Christian thought, further develops the idea that the spiritual realities can be found through allegorical readings of the scriptures (along the lines of Jewish aggadah tradition), but he focuses his attention on the Cross and on the importance of imitating Christ through the Cross, especially through spiritual combat and asceticism. Origen stresses the importance of combining intellect and virtue (theoria and praxis) in our spiritual exercises, drawing on the image of Moses and Aaron leading the Israelites through the wilderness, and he describes our union with God as the marriage of our souls with Christ the Logos, using the wedding imagery from the Song of Songs. Alexandrian mysticism developed alongside Hermeticism and Neoplatonism and therefore share some of the same ideas, images, etc. in spite of their differences.
Philo of Alexandria (20 BCE – c. 50 CE) was a Jewish Hellenistic philosopher who was important for connecting the Hebrew Scriptures to Greek thought, and thereby to Greek Christians, who struggled to understand their connection to Jewish history. In particular, Philo taught that allegorical interpretations of the Hebrew Scriptures provides access to the real meanings of the texts. Philo also taught the need to bring together the contemplative focus of the Stoics and Essenes with the active lives of virtue and community worship found in Platonism and the Therapeutae. Using terms reminiscent of the Platonists, Philo described the intellectual component of faith as a sort of spiritual ecstasy in which our nous (mind) is suspended and God's Spirit takes its place. Philo's ideas influenced the Alexandrian Christians, Clement, and Origen, and through them, Gregory of Nyssa.
Monasticism
Desert Fathers
Inspired by Christ's teaching and example, men and women withdrew to the deserts of Sketes where, either as solitary individuals or communities, they lived lives of austere simplicity oriented towards contemplative prayer. These communities formed the basis for what later would become known as Christian monasticism.
Early monasticism
The Eastern church then saw the development of monasticism and the mystical contributions of Gregory of Nyssa, Evagrius Ponticus, and Pseudo-Dionysius. Monasticism, also known as anchoritism (meaning "to withdraw") was seen as an alternative to martyrdom, and was less about escaping the world than about fighting demons (who were thought to live in the desert) and about gaining liberation from our bodily passions in order to be open to the Word of God. Anchorites practiced continuous meditation on the scriptures as a means of climbing the ladder of perfection—a common religious image in the Mediterranean world and one found in Christianity through the story of Jacob's ladder—and sought to fend off the demon of acedia ("un-caring"), a boredom or apathy that prevents us from continuing on in our spiritual training. Anchorites could live in total solitude ("hermits", from the word erēmitēs, "of the desert") or in loose communities ("cenobites", meaning "common life").
Monasticism eventually made its way to the West and was established by the work of John Cassian and Benedict of Nursia. Meanwhile, Western spiritual writing was deeply influenced by the works of such men as Jerome and Augustine of Hippo.
Neo-Platonism
Neo-Platonism has had a profound influence on Christian contemplative traditions. Neoplatonic ideas were adopted by Christianity, among them the idea of theoria or contemplation, taken over by Gregory of Nyssa for example. The Brill Dictionary of Gregory of Nyssa remarks that contemplation in Gregory is described as a "loving contemplation", and, according to Thomas Keating, the Greek Fathers of the Church, in taking over from the Neoplatonists the word theoria, attached to it the idea expressed by the Hebrew word da'ath, which, though usually translated as "knowledge", is a much stronger term, since it indicates the experiential knowledge that comes with love and that involves the whole person, not merely the mind. Among the Greek Fathers, Christian theoria was not contemplation of Platonic Ideas nor of the astronomical heavens of Pontic Heraclitus, but "studying the Scriptures", with an emphasis on the spiritual sense.
Later, contemplation came to be distinguished from intellectual life, leading to the identification of θεωρία or contemplatio with a form of prayer distinguished from discursive meditation in both East and West. Some make a further distinction, within contemplation, between contemplation acquired by human effort and infused contemplation.
Mystical theology
In early Christianity the term "mystikos" referred to three dimensions, which soon became intertwined, namely the biblical, the liturgical and the spiritual or contemplative. The biblical dimension refers to "hidden" or allegorical interpretations of Scriptures. The liturgical dimension refers to the liturgical mystery of the Eucharist, the presence of Christ at the Eucharist. The third dimension is the contemplative or experiential knowledge of God.
The 9th century saw the development of mystical theology through the introduction of the works of sixth-century theologian Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite, such as On Mystical Theology. His discussion of the via negativa was especially influential.
Under the influence of Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite (late 5th to early 6th century) the mystical theology came to denote the investigation of the allegorical truth of the Bible, and "the spiritual awareness of the ineffable Absolute beyond the theology of divine names." Pseudo-Dionysius' apophatic theology, or "negative theology", exerted a great influence on medieval monastic religiosity. It was influenced by Neo-Platonism, and very influential in Eastern Orthodox Christian theology. In western Christianity it was a counter-current to the prevailing Cataphatic theology or "positive theology".
Practice
Cataphatic and apophatic mysticism
Within theistic mysticism two broad tendencies can be identified. One is a tendency to understand God by asserting what He is and the other by
asserting what He is not. The former leads to what is called cataphatic theology and the latter to apophatic theology.
Cataphatic (imaging God, imagination or words) – e.g., The Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius of Loyola, Julian of Norwich, Francis of Assisi; and
Apophatic (imageless, stillness, and wordlessness) – inspired by the writings of Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite, which forms the basis of Eastern Orthodox mysticism and hesychasm, and became influential in western Catholic mysticism from the 12th century AD onward, as in The Cloud of Unknowing and Meister Eckhart.
Urban T. Holmes III categorized mystical theology in terms of whether it focuses on illuminating the mind, which Holmes refers to as speculative practice, or the heart/emotions, which he calls affective practice. Combining the speculative/affective scale with the apophatic/cataphatic scale allows for a range of categories:
Rationalism = Cataphatic and speculative
Pietism = Cataphatic and affective
Encratism = Apophatic and speculative
Quietism = Apophatic and affective
Meditation and contemplation
In discursive meditation, such as Lectio Divina, mind and imagination and other faculties are actively employed in an effort to understand our relationship with God. In contemplative prayer, this activity is curtailed, so that contemplation has been described as "a gaze of faith", "a silent love". There is no clear-cut boundary between Christian meditation and Christian contemplation, and they sometimes overlap. Meditation serves as a foundation on which the contemplative life stands, the practice by which someone begins the state of contemplation.
John of the Cross described the difference between discursive meditation and contemplation by saying:
Mattá al-Miskīn, an Oriental Orthodox monk has posited:
Threefold path
According to the standard formulation of the process of Christian perfection, going back to Evagrius Ponticus (345–399 AD) and Dionysius the Pseudo-Areopagite (late 5th to early 6th century), there are three stages:
Katharsis or purification;
Theoria or illumination, also called "natural" or "acquired contemplation;"
Union or Theosis; also called "infused" or "higher contemplation"; indwelling in God; vision of God; deification; union with God
These stages correspond to body (soma), soul (psyche), and spirit (pneuma). In 869, the 8th Ecumenical Council reduced the image of the human to only body and soul but within mystics a model of three aspects continued. The three aspects later became purgative, illuminative, and unitive in the western churches and prayer of the lips, the mind, the heart in the eastern churches.
Purification and illumination of the noetic faculty are preparations for the vision of God. Without these preparations it is impossible for man's selfish love to be transformed into selfless love. This transformation takes place during the higher level of the stage of illumination called theoria, literally meaning vision, in this case vision by means of unceasing and uninterrupted memory of God. Those who remain selfish and self-centered with a hardened heart, closed to God's love, will not see the glory of God in this life. However, they will see God's glory eventually, but as an eternal and consuming fire and outer darkness.
Catharsis (purification)
In the Orthodox Churches, theosis results from leading a pure life, practicing restraint and adhering to the commandments, putting the love of God before all else. This metamorphosis (transfiguration) or transformation results from a deep love of God. Saint Isaac the Syrian says in his Ascetical Homilies that "Paradise is the love of God, in which the bliss of all the beatitudes is contained," and that "the tree of life is the love of God" (Homily 72). Theoria is thus achieved by the pure of heart who are no longer subject to the afflictions of the passions. It is a gift from the Holy Spirit to those who, through observance of the commandments of God and ascetic practices (see praxis, kenosis, Poustinia and schema), have achieved dispassion.
Purification precedes conversion and constitutes a turning away from all that is unclean and unwholesome. This is a purification of mind and body. As preparation for theoria, however, the concept of purification in this three-part scheme refers most importantly to the purification of consciousness (nous), the faculty of discernment and knowledge (wisdom), whose awakening is essential to coming out of the state of delusion that is characteristic of the worldly-minded. After the nous has been cleansed, the faculty of wisdom may then begin to operate more consistently. With a purified nous, clear vision and understanding become possible, making one fit for contemplative prayer.
In the Eastern Orthodox ascetic tradition called hesychasm, humility, as a saintly attribute, is called Holy Wisdom or sophia. Humility is the most critical component to humanity's salvation. Following Christ's instruction to "go into your room or closet and shut the door and pray to your father who is in secret" (Matthew 6:6), the hesychast withdraws into solitude in order that he or she may enter into a deeper state of contemplative stillness. By means of this stillness, the mind is calmed, and the ability to see reality is enhanced. The practitioner seeks to attain what the apostle Paul called 'unceasing prayer'.
Some Eastern Orthodox theologians object to what they consider an overly speculative, rationalistic, and insufficiently experiential nature of Roman Catholic theology. and confusion between different aspects of the Trinity.
Discipline
The first, purification is where aspiring traditionally Christian mystics start. This aspect focuses on discipline, particularly in terms of the human body; thus, it emphasizes prayer at certain times, either alone or with others, and in certain postures, often standing or kneeling. It also emphasizes the other disciplines of fasting and alms-giving, the latter including those activities called "the works of mercy," both spiritual and corporal, such as feeding the hungry and sheltering the homeless.
Purification, which grounds Christian spirituality in general, is primarily focused on efforts to, in the words of St. Paul, "put to death the deeds of the flesh by the Holy Spirit" (Romans 8:13). This is considered a result of the Spirit working in the person and is not a result of personal deeds. Also in the words of St. Paul, "...he who began a good work in you will carry it on to completion until the day of Christ Jesus." (Epistle to the Philippians 1:6). The "deeds of the flesh" here include not only external behavior, but also those habits, attitudes, compulsions, addictions, etc. (sometimes called egoic passions) which oppose themselves to true being and living as a Christian not only exteriorly, but interiorly as well. Evelyn Underhill describes purification as an awareness of one's own imperfections and finiteness, followed by self-discipline and mortification.
Ascetic practices
Because of its physical, disciplinary aspect, this phase, as well as the entire Christian spiritual path, is often referred to as "ascetic," a term which is derived from the Greek word, ἄσκησις ([i]askesis[/i]), meaning "to train" or "to discipline." As the athlete trains and disciplines their body or eating habits, many mystics, following the model of Paul's metaphor of the athlete, as well as the story of the disciples sleeping while Jesus prayed, disciplined their bodies in order to train the soul and its appetites (passions). In ancient Christian literature, prominent mystics are often called "spiritual athletes," an image which is also used several times in the New Testament to describe the Christian life. In a religious context this [i]askesis[/i] serves to bring both body and the soul under control in order to diminish the passions which harm the soul and to elevate virtues for the purpose of apatheia (a state of being without passion), ultimately for the goal of theosis. "The purpose of Christian asceticism," therefore, "is not to weaken the flesh, but to strengthen the spirit for the transfiguration of the flesh." It is an active involvement in passitivity:
This training of the body and the spiritual discipline of the soul takes many forms, but fasting is among the primary means. Other practices often included sexual abstinence, self-imposed poverty, sleep deprivation, and solitude, while other more extreme practices such as self-flagellation have occurred, though this practice has been heavily discouraged by the Church and by many ascetical masters. The practice of Lectio Divina, a form of meditative prayer that centers on scripture reading, was developed in its best-known form in the sixth century, through the work of Benedict of Nursia and Pope Gregory I, and described and promoted more widely in the 12th century by Guigo II.
Theoria (illumination) – contemplative prayer
An exercise long used among Christians for acquiring contemplation, one that is "available to everyone, whether he be of the clergy or of any secular occupation", is that of focusing the mind by constant repetition of a phrase or word. Saint John Cassian recommended using the phrase "O God, make speed to save me: O Lord, make haste to help me". Another formula for repetition is the name of Jesus, or the Jesus Prayer: "Lord Jesus Christ, Son of God, have mercy on me, a sinner," which has been called "the mantra of the Orthodox Church", although the term "Jesus Prayer" is not found in the writings of the Fathers of the Church. The author of The Cloud of Unknowing recommended use of a monosyllabic word, such as "God" or "Love".
Contemplative prayer in the Eastern Church
In the Eastern Church, noetic prayer is the first stage of theoria, the vision of God, which is beyond conceptual knowledge, like the difference between reading about the experience of another, and reading about one's own experience. Noetic prayer is the first stage of the Jesus Prayer, a short formulaic prayer: "Lord Jesus Christ, Son of God, have mercy on me, a sinner." The second stage of the Jesus Prayer is the Prayer of the Heart (), in which the prayer is internalized into 'the heart'.
The Jesus Prayer, which, for the early Fathers, was just a training for repose, the later Byzantines developed into hesychasm, a spiritual practice of its own, attaching to it technical requirements and various stipulations that became a matter of serious theological controversy. Via the Jesus Prayer, the practice of the Hesychast is seen to cultivate nepsis, watchful attention. Sobriety contributes to this mental asceticism that rejects tempting thoughts; it puts a great emphasis on focus and attention. The practitioner of the Hesychast is to pay extreme attention to the consciousness of his inner world and to the words of the Jesus Prayer, not letting his mind wander in any way at all. The Jesus Prayer invokes an attitude of humility believed to be essential for the attainment of theoria. The Jesus Prayer is also invoked to pacify the passions, as well as the illusions that lead a person to actively express these passions. It is believed that the worldly, neurotic mind is habitually accustomed to seek pleasant sensations and to avoid unpleasant ones. This state of incessant agitation is attributed to the corruption of primordial knowledge and union with God (the Fall of Man and the defilement and corruption of consciousness, or nous). According to St. Theophan the Recluse, though the Jesus Prayer has long been associated with the Prayer of the Heart, they are not synonymous.
Contemplative prayer in the Roman Catholic Church
Methods of prayer in the Roman Catholic Church include recitation of the Jesus Prayer, which "combines the Christological hymn of with the cry of the publican () and the blind man begging for light (). By it the heart is opened to human wretchedness and the Saviour's mercy"; invocation of the holy name of Jesus; recitation, as recommended by Saint John Cassian, of "O God, come to my assistance; O Lord, make haste to help me" or other verses of Scripture; repetition of a single monosyllabic word, as suggested by the Cloud of Unknowing, such as "God" or "Love"; the method used in Centering Prayer; the use of Lectio Divina. The Congregation for Divine Worship's directory of popular piety and the liturgy emphasizes the contemplative characteristic of the Holy Rosary and states that the Rosary is essentially a contemplative prayer which requires "tranquility of rhythm or even a mental lingering which encourages the faithful to meditate on the mysteries of the Lord's life." Pope John Paul II placed the Rosary at the very center of Christian spirituality and called it "among the finest and most praiseworthy traditions of Christian contemplation."
In modern times, centering prayer, which is also called "Prayer of the heart" and "Prayer of Simplicity," has been popularized by Thomas Keating, drawing on Hesychasm and the Cloud of Unknowing. The practice of contemplative prayer has also been encouraged by the formation of associations like The Julian Meetings and the Fellowship of Meditation.
Unification
The third phase, starting with infused or higher contemplation (or Mystical Contemplative Prayer) in the Western tradition, refers to the presence or consciousness of God. This presence or consciousness varies, but it is first and foremost always associated with a reuniting with Divine love, the underlying theme being that God, the perfect goodness, is known or experienced at least as much by the heart as by the intellect since, in the words 1 John 4:16: "God is love, and he who abides in love abides in God and God in him." Some approaches to classical mysticism would consider the first two phases as preparatory to the third, explicitly mystical experience, but others state that these three phases overlap and intertwine.
In the Orthodox Churches, the highest theoria, the highest consciousness that can be experienced by the whole person, is the vision of God. God is beyond being; He is a hyper-being; God is beyond nothingness. Nothingness is a gulf between God and man. God is the origin of everything, including nothingness. This experience of God in hypostasis shows God's essence as incomprehensible, or uncreated. God is the origin, but has no origin; hence, he is apophatic and transcendent in essence or being, and cataphatic in foundational realities, immanence and energies. This ontic or ontological theoria is the observation of God.
A nous in a state of ecstasy or ekstasis, called the eighth day, is not internal or external to the world, outside of time and space; it experiences the infinite and limitless God. Nous is the "eye of the soul" (Matthew 6:22–34). Insight into being and becoming (called noesis) through the intuitive truth called faith, in God (action through faith and love for God), leads to truth through our contemplative faculties. This theory, or speculation, as action in faith and love for God, is then expressed famously as "Beauty shall Save the World". This expression comes from a mystical or gnosiological perspective, rather than a scientific, philosophical or cultural one.
Alternate models
Augustine
In the advance to contemplation Augustine spoke of seven stages:
the first three are merely natural preliminary stages, corresponding to the vegetative, sensitive and rational levels of human life;
the fourth stage is that of virtue or purification;
the fifth is that of the tranquillity attained by control of the passions;
the sixth is entrance into the divine light (the illuminative stage);
the seventh is the indwelling or unitive stage that is truly mystical contemplation.
Meister Eckhart
Meister Eckhart did not articulate clear-cut stages, yet a number of divisions can be found in his works.
Teresa of Avila
According to Jordan Aumann, Teresa of Ávila distinguishes nine grades of prayer:
vocal prayer,
mental prayer or prayer of meditation,
affective prayer,
prayer of simplicity, or acquired contemplation or recollection,
infused contemplation or recollection,
prayer of quiet,
prayer of union,
prayer of conforming union, and
prayer of transforming union.
According to Aumann, "The first four grades belong to the predominantly ascetical stage of spiritual life; the remaining five grades are infused prayer and belong to the mystical phase of spiritual life." According to Augustin Pulain, for Teresa of Avila ordinary prayer "comprises these four degrees: first, vocal prayer; second, meditation, also called methodical prayer, or prayer of reflection, in which may be included meditative reading; third, affective prayer; fourth, prayer of simplicity, or of simple gaze."
Prayer of simplicity – natural or acquired contemplation
For Teresa of Avila, in natural or acquired contemplation, also called the prayer of simplicity there is one dominant thought or sentiment which recurs constantly and easily (although with little or no development) amid many other thoughts, beneficial or otherwise. The prayer of simplicity often has a tendency to simplify itself even in respect to its object, leading one to think chiefly of God and of his presence, but in a confused manner. Definitions similar to that of Saint Alphonsus Maria de Liguori are given by Adolphe Tanquerey ("a simple gaze on God and divine things proceeding from love and tending thereto") and Saint Francis de Sales ("a loving, simple and permanent attentiveness of the mind to divine things").
In the words of Saint Alphonsus Maria de Liguori, acquired contemplation "consists in seeing at a simple glance the truths which could previously be discovered only through prolonged discourse": reasoning is largely replaced by intuition and affections and resolutions, though not absent, are only slightly varied and expressed in a few words. Similarly, Saint Ignatius of Loyola, in his 30-day retreat or Spiritual Exercises beginning in the "second week" with its focus on the life of Jesus, describes less reflection and more simple contemplation on the events of Jesus' life. These contemplations consist mainly in a simple gaze and include an "application of the senses" to the events, to further one's empathy for Jesus' values, "to love him more and to follow him more closely."
Natural or acquired contemplation has been compared to the attitude of a mother watching over the cradle of her child: she thinks lovingly of the child without reflection and amid interruptions. The Catechism of the Catholic Church states:
Infused or higher contemplation
In the mystical experience of Teresa of Avila, infused or higher contemplation, also called intuitive, passive or extraordinary, is a supernatural gift by which a person's mind will become totally centered on God. It is a form of mystical union with God, a union characterized by the fact that it is God, and God only, who manifests himself. Under this influence of God, which assumes the free cooperation of the human will, the intellect receives special insights into things of the spirit, and the affections are extraordinarily animated with divine love. This union that it entails may be linked with manifestations of a created object, as, for example, visions of the humanity of Christ or an angel or revelations of a future event, etc. They include miraculous bodily phenomena sometimes observed in ecstatics.
In Teresa's mysticism, infused contemplation is described as a "divinely originated, general, non-conceptual, loving awareness of God." According to Dubay:
According to Thomas Dubay, infused contemplation is the normal, ordinary development of discursive prayer (mental prayer, meditative prayer), which it gradually replaces. Dubay considers infused contemplation as common only among "those who try to live the whole Gospel wholeheartedly and who engage in an earnest prayer life". Other writers view contemplative prayer in its infused supernatural form as far from common. John Baptist Scaramelli, reacting in the 17th century against quietism, taught that asceticism and mysticism are two distinct paths to perfection, the former being the normal, ordinary end of the Christian life, and the latter something extraordinary and very rare. Jordan Aumann considered that this idea of the two paths was "an innovation in spiritual theology and a departure from the traditional Catholic teaching". And Jacques Maritain proposed that one should not say that every mystic necessarily enjoys habitual infused contemplation in the mystical state, since the gifts of the Holy Spirit are not limited to intellectual operations.
Mystical union
According to Charles G. Herbermann, in the Catholic Encyclopedia (1908), saint Teresa of Avila described four degrees or stages of mystical union:
incomplete mystical union, or the prayer of quiet or supernatural recollection, when the action of God is not strong enough to prevent distractions, and the imagination still retains a certain liberty;
full or semi-ecstatic union, when the strength of the divine action keeps the person fully occupied but the senses continue to act, so that by making an effort, the person can cease from prayer;
ecstatic union, or ecstasy, when communications with the external world are severed or nearly so, and one can no longer at will move from that state; and
transforming or deifying union, or spiritual marriage (properly) of the soul with God.
The first three are weak, medium, and the energetic states of the same grace.
The Prayer of Quiet
For Teresa of Avila, the Prayer of Quiet is a state in which the soul experiences an extraordinary peace and rest, accompanied by delight or pleasure in contemplating God as present. The Prayer of Quiet is discussed in the writings of Teresa of Ávila, Francis de Sales, Thomas Merton and others.
Transforming union
The transforming union differs from the other three specifically and not merely in intensity. It consists in the habitual consciousness of a mysterious grace which all shall possess in heaven: the anticipation of the Divine nature. The soul is conscious of the Divine assistance in its superior supernatural operations, those of the intellect and the will. Spiritual marriage differs from spiritual espousals inasmuch as the first of these states is permanent and the second only transitory.
Evelyn Underhill
Author and mystic Evelyn Underhill recognizes two additional phases to the mystical path. First comes the awakening, the stage in which one begins to have some consciousness of absolute or divine reality. Purgation and illumination are followed by a fourth stage which Underhill, borrowing the language of St. John of the Cross, calls the dark night of the soul. This stage, experienced by the few, is one of final and complete purification and is marked by confusion, helplessness, stagnation of the will, and a sense of the withdrawal of God's presence. This dark night of the soul is not, in Underhill's conception, the Divine Darkness of the pseudo-Dionysius and German Christian mysticism. It is the period of final "unselfing" and the surrender to the hidden purposes of the divine will. Her fifth and final stage is union with the object of love, the one Reality, God. Here the self has been permanently established on a transcendental level and liberated for a new purpose.
Eastern Orthodox Christianity
Eastern Christianity has preserved a mystical emphasis in its theology and retains in hesychasm a tradition of mystical prayer dating back to Christianity's beginnings. Hesychasm concerns a spiritual transformation of the egoic self, the following of a path designed to produce more fully realized human persons, "created in the Image and Likeness of God" and as such, living in harmonious communion with God, the Church , the rest of the world, and all creation, including oneself. The Eastern Christian tradition speaks of this transformation in terms of theosis or divinization, perhaps best summed up by an ancient aphorism usually attributed to Athanasius of Alexandria: "God became human so that man might become god."
According to John Romanides, in the teachings of Eastern Orthodox Christianity the quintessential purpose and goal of the Christian life is to attain theosis or 'deification', understood as 'likeness to' or 'union with' God. Theosis is expressed as "Being, union with God" and having a relationship or synergy between God and man. God is the Kingdom of Heaven.
Theosis or unity with God is obtained by engaging in contemplative prayer, the first stage of theoria, which results from the cultivation of watchfulness (Gk: nepsis). In theoria, one comes to see or "behold" God or "uncreated light," a grace which is "uncreated." In the Eastern Christian traditions, theoria is the most critical component needed for a person to be considered a theologian; however it is not necessary for one's salvation. An experience of God is necessary to the spiritual and mental health of every created thing, including human beings. Knowledge of God is not intellectual, but existential. According to eastern theologian Andrew Louth, the purpose of theology as a science is to prepare for contemplation, rather than theology being the purpose of contemplation.
Theoria is the main aim of hesychasm, which has its roots in the contemplative practices taught by Evagrius Ponticus (345–399), John Climacus (6th–7th century), Maximus the Confessor (c. 580–662), and Symeon the New Theologian (949–1022). John Climacus, in his influential Ladder of Divine Ascent, describes several stages of contemplative or hesychast practice, culminating in agape. Symeon believed that direct experience gave monks the authority to preach and give absolution of sins, without the need for formal ordination. While Church authorities also taught from a speculative and philosophical perspective, Symeon taught from his own direct mystical experience, and met with strong resistance for his charismatic approach, and his support of individual direct experience of God's grace. According to John Romanides, this difference in teachings on the possibility to experience God or the uncreated light is at the very heart of many theological conflicts between Eastern Orthodox Christianity and Western Christianity, which is seen to culminate in the conflict over hesychasm.
According to John Romanides, following Vladimir Lossky in his interpretation of St. Gregory Palamas, the teaching that God is transcendent (incomprehensible in ousia, essence or being), has led in the West to the (mis)understanding that God cannot be experienced in this life. Romanides states that Western theology is more dependent upon logic and reason, culminating in scholasticism used to validate truth and the existence of God, than upon establishing a relationship with God (theosis and theoria).
False spiritual knowledge
In the Orthodox Churches, theoria is regarded to lead to true spiritual knowledge, in contrast to the false or incomplete knowledge of rational thought, c.q. conjecture, speculation, dianoia, stochastic and dialectics). After illumination or theoria, humanity is in union with God and can properly discern, or have holy wisdom. Hence theoria, the experience or vision of God, silences all humanity.
The most common false spiritual knowledge is derived not from an experience of God, but from reading another person's experience of God and subsequently arriving at one's own conclusions, believing those conclusions to be indistinguishable from the actual experienced knowledge.
False spiritual knowledge can also be iniquitous, generated from an evil rather than a holy source. The gift of the knowledge of good and evil is then required, which is given by God. Humanity, in its finite existence as created beings or creatures, can never, by its own accord, arrive at a sufficiently objective consciousness. Theosis is the gradual submission of a person to the good, who then with divine grace from the person's relationship or union with God, attains deification. Illumination restores humanity to that state of faith existent in God, called noesis, before humanity's consciousness and reality was changed by their fall.
Spiritual somnolence
In the orthodox Churches, false spiritual knowledge is regarded as leading to spiritual delusion (Russian prelest, Greek plani), which is the opposite of sobriety. Sobriety (called nepsis) means full consciousness and self-realization (enstasis), giving true spiritual knowledge (called true gnosis). Prelest or plani is the estrangement of the person to existence or objective reality, an alienation called amartía. This includes damaging or vilifying the nous, or simply having a non-functioning noetic and neptic faculty.
Evil is, by definition, the act of turning humanity against its creator and existence. Misotheism, a hatred of God, is a catalyst that separates humanity from nature, or vilifies the realities of ontology, the spiritual world and the natural or material world. Reconciliation between God (the uncreated) and man is reached through submission in faith to God the eternal, i.e. transcendence rather than transgression (magic).
The Trinity as Nous, Word and Spirit (hypostasis) is, ontologically, the basis of humanity's being or existence. The Trinity is the creator of humanity's being via each component of humanity's existence: origin as nous (ex nihilo), inner experience or spiritual experience, and physical experience, which is exemplified by Christ (logos or the uncreated prototype of the highest ideal) and his saints. The following of false knowledge is marked by the symptom of somnolence or "awake sleep" and, later, psychosis. Theoria is opposed to allegorical or symbolic interpretations of church traditions.
False asceticism or cults
In the Orthodox practice, once the stage of true discernment (diakrisis) is reached (called phronema), one is able to distinguish false gnosis from valid gnosis and has holy wisdom. The highest holy wisdom, Sophia, or Hagia Sophia, is cultivated by humility or meekness, akin to that personified by the Theotokos and all of the saints that came after her and Christ, collectively referred to as the ecclesia or church. This community of unbroken witnesses is the Orthodox Church.
Wisdom is cultivated by humility (emptying of oneself) and remembrance of death against thymos (ego, greed and selfishness) and the passions. Vlachos of Nafpaktos wrote:
Practicing asceticism is being dead to the passions and the ego, collectively known as the world.
God is beyond knowledge and the fallen human mind, and, as such, can only be experienced in his hypostases through faith (noetically). False ascetism leads not to reconciliation with God and existence, but toward a false existence based on rebellion to existence.
Latin Catholic mysticism
Contemplatio
In the Latin Church terms derived from the Latin word contemplatio such as, in English, "contemplation" are generally used in languages largely derived from Latin, rather than the Greek term theoria. The equivalence of the Latin and Greek terms was noted by John Cassian, whose writings influenced the whole of Western monasticism, in his Conferences. However, Catholic writers do sometimes use the Greek term.
Middle ages
The Early Middle Ages in the West includes the work of Gregory the Great and Bede, as well as developments in Celtic Christianity and Anglo-Saxon Christianity, and comes to fulfillment in the work of Johannes Scotus Eriugena and the Carolingian Renaissance.
The High Middle Ages saw a flourishing of mystical practice and theorization corresponding to the flourishing of new monastic orders, with such figures as Guigo II, Hildegard of Bingen, Bernard of Clairvaux, the Victorines, all coming from different orders, as well as the first real flowering of popular piety among the laypeople.
The Late Middle Ages saw the clash between the Dominican and Franciscan schools of thought, which was also a conflict between two different mystical theologies: on the one hand that of Dominic de Guzmán and on the other that of Francis of Assisi, Anthony of Padua, Bonaventure, Jacopone da Todi, Angela of Foligno. Moreover, there was the growth of groups of mystics centered on geographic regions: the Beguines, such as Mechthild of Magdeburg and Hadewijch (among others); the Rhenish-Flemish mystics Meister Eckhart, Johannes Tauler, Henry Suso, and John of Ruysbroeck; and the English mystics Richard Rolle, Walter Hilton and Julian of Norwich. This period also saw such individuals as Catherine of Siena and Catherine of Genoa, the Devotio Moderna, and such books as the Theologia Germanica, The Cloud of Unknowing and The Imitation of Christ.
Reformation
The Protestant Reformation downplayed mysticism, although it still produced a fair amount of spiritual literature. Even the most active reformers can be linked to Medieval mystical traditions. Martin Luther, for instance, was a monk who was influenced by the German Dominican mystical tradition of Eckhart and Tauler as well by the Dionysian-influenced Wesenmystik ("essence mysticism") tradition. He also published the Theologia Germanica, which he claimed was the most important book after the Bible and Augustine for teaching him about God, Christ, and humanity. Even John Calvin, who rejected many Medieval ascetic practices and who favored doctrinal knowledge of God over affective experience, has Medieval influences, namely, Jean Gerson and the Devotio Moderna, with its emphasis on piety as the method of spiritual growth in which the individual practices dependence on God by imitating Christ and the son-father relationship. Meanwhile, his notion that we can begin to enjoy our eternal salvation through our earthly successes leads in later generations to "a mysticism of consolation".
Nevertheless, Protestantism was not devoid of mystics. Several leaders of the Radical Reformation had mystical leanings such as Caspar Schwenckfeld and Sebastian Franck. The Magisterial traditions also produced mystics, notably Peter Sterry (Calvinist), and Jakob Böhme (Lutheran).
As part of the Protestant Reformation, theologians turned away from the traditions developed in the Middle Ages and returned to what they consider to be biblical and early Christian practices. Accordingly, they were often skeptical of Catholic mystical practices, which seemed to them to downplay the role of grace in redemption and to support the idea that human works can play a role in salvation. Thus, Protestant theology developed a strong critical attitude, oftentimes even an animosity towards Christian mysticism. However, Quakers, Anglicans, Methodists, Episcopalians, Lutherans, Presbyterians, Local Churches, Pentecostals and Charismatics have in various ways remained open to the idea of mystical experiences.
Counter-reformation
But the Reformation brought about the Counter-Reformation and, with it, a new flowering of mystical literature, often grouped by nationality.
Spanish mysticism
The Spanish had Ignatius Loyola, whose Spiritual Exercises were designed to open people to a receptive mode of consciousness in which they can experience God through careful spiritual direction and through understanding how the mind connects to the will and how to weather the experiences of spiritual consolation and desolation; Teresa of Ávila, who used the metaphors of watering a garden and walking through the rooms of a castle to explain how meditation leads to union with God; and John of the Cross, who used a wide range of biblical and spiritual influences both to rewrite the traditional "three ways" of mysticism after the manner of bridal mysticism and to present the two "dark nights": the dark night of the senses and the dark night of the soul, during which the individual renounces everything that might become an obstacle between the soul and God and then experiences the pain of feeling separated from God, unable to carry on normal spiritual exercises, as it encounters the enormous gap between its human nature and God's divine wisdom and light and moves up the 10-step ladder of ascent towards God. Another prominent mystic was Miguel de Molinos, the chief apostle of the religious revival known as Quietism. No breath of suspicion arose against Molinos until 1681, when the Jesuit preacher Paolo Segneri, attacked his views, though without mentioning his name, in his Concordia tra la fatica e la quiete nell' orazione. The matter was referred to the Inquisition. A report got abroad that Molinos had been convicted of moral enormities, as well as of heretical doctrines; and it was seen that he was doomed. On September 3, 1687 he made public profession of his errors, and was sentenced to imprisonment for life. Contemporary Protestants saw in the fate of Molinos nothing more than a persecution by the Jesuits of a wise and enlightened man, who had dared to withstand the petty ceremonialism of the Italian piety of the day. Molinos died in prison in 1696 or 1697.
Italy
Lorenzo Scupoli, from Otranto in Apulia, was an Italian mystic best known for authoring The Spiritual Combat, a key work in Catholic mysticism.
France
French mystics included Francis de Sales, Jeanne Guyon, François Fénelon, Brother Lawrence and Blaise Pascal.
England
The English had a denominational mix, from Catholic Augustine Baker and Julian of Norwich (the first woman to write in English), to Anglicans William Law, John Donne, and Lancelot Andrewes, to Puritans Richard Baxter and John Bunyan (The Pilgrim's Progress), to the first "Quaker", George Fox and the first "Methodist", John Wesley, who was well-versed in the continental mystics.
An example of "scientific reason lit up by mysticism in the Church of England"is seen in the work of Sir Thomas Browne, a Norwich physician and scientist whose thought often meanders into mystical realms, as in his self-portrait, Religio Medici, and in the "mystical mathematics" of The Garden of Cyrus, whose full running title reads, Or, The Quincuncial Lozenge, or Network Plantations of the ancients, Naturally, Artificially, Mystically considered. Browne's highly original and dense symbolism frequently involves scientific, medical, or optical imagery to illustrate a religious or spiritual truth, often to striking effect, notably in Religio Medici, but also in his posthumous advisory Christian Morals.
Browne's latitudinarian Anglicanism, hermetic inclinations, and Montaigne-like self-analysis on the enigmas, idiosyncrasies, and devoutness of his own personality and soul, along with his observations upon the relationship between science and faith, are on display in Religio Medici. His spiritual testament and psychological self-portrait thematically structured upon the Christian virtues of Faith, Hope and Charity, also reveal him as "one of the immortal spirits waiting to introduce the reader to his own unique and intense experience of reality". Though his work is difficult and rarely read, he remains, paradoxically, one of England's perennial, yet first, "scientific" mystics.
Germany
Similarly, well-versed in the mystic tradition was the German Johann Arndt, who, along with the English Puritans, influenced such continental Pietists as Philipp Jakob Spener, Gottfried Arnold, Nicholas Ludwig von Zinzendorf of the Moravians, and the hymnodist Gerhard Tersteegen. Arndt, whose book True Christianity was popular among Protestants, Catholics and Anglicans alike, combined influences from Bernard of Clairvaux, John Tauler and the Devotio Moderna into a spirituality that focused its attention away from the theological squabbles of contemporary Lutheranism and onto the development of the new life in the heart and mind of the believer. Arndt influenced Spener, who formed a group known as the collegia pietatis ("college of piety") that stressed the role of spiritual direction among lay-people—a practice with a long tradition going back to Aelred of Rievaulx and known in Spener's own time from the work of Francis de Sales. Pietism as known through Spener's formation of it tended not just to reject the theological debates of the time, but to reject both intellectualism and organized religious practice in favor of a personalized, sentimentalized spirituality.
Pietism
This sentimental, anti-intellectual form of pietism is seen in the thought and teaching of Zinzendorf, founder of the Moravians; but more intellectually rigorous forms of pietism are seen in the teachings of John Wesley, which were themselves influenced by Zinzendorf, and in the teachings of American preachers Jonathan Edwards, who restored to pietism Gerson's focus on obedience and borrowed from early church teachers Origen and Gregory of Nyssa the notion that humans yearn for God, and John Woolman, who combined a mystical view of the world with a deep concern for social issues; like Wesley, Woolman was influenced by Jakob Böhme, William Law and The Imitation of Christ. The combination of pietistic devotion and mystical experiences that are found in Woolman and Wesley are also found in their Dutch contemporary Tersteegen, who brings back the notion of the nous ("mind") as the site of God's interaction with our souls; through the work of the Spirit, our mind is able to intuitively recognize the immediate presence of God in our midst.
Scientific research
Fifteen Carmelite nuns allowed scientists to scan their brains with fMRI while they were meditating, in a state known as Unio Mystica or Theoria. The results showed that multiple regions of the brain that were activated when they considered themselves to be in mystical union with God. These regions included the right medial orbitofrontal cortex, right middle temporal cortex, right inferior and superior parietal lobules, caudate, left medial prefrontal cortex, left anterior cingulate cortex, left inferior parietal lobule, left insula, left caudate, left brainstem, and extra-striate visual cortex.
Modern philosophy
In modern times theoria is sometimes treated as distinct from the meaning given to it in Christianity, linking the word not with contemplation but with speculation. Boethius (c. 480–524 or 525) translated the Greek word theoria into Latin, not as contemplatio but as speculatio, and theoria is taken to mean speculative philosophy. A distinction is made, more radical than in ancient philosophy, between theoria and praxis, theory and practice.
Influential Christian mystics and texts
Early Christians
Justin Martyr (c. 105–c. 165) used Greek philosophy as the stepping-stone to Christian theology. The mystical conclusions at which some Greeks arrived pointed to Christ. He was influenced by Pythagoras, Plato, and Aristotle, as well as by Stoicism.
Origen (c. 185–254) wrote On the First Principles and Against Celsus. Studied under Clement of Alexandria, and probably also Ammonius Saccus (Plotinus' teacher). He Christianized and theologized Neoplatonism.
Athanasius of Alexandria (c. 296/8–373) wrote The Life of Antony (c. 360).
Gregory of Nyssa (c. 335–after 394) focused on the stages of spiritual growth, the need for constant progress, and the "divine darkness" as seen in the story of Moses.
Augustine (354–430) wrote On the Trinity and Confessions. Important source for much mediaeval mysticism. He brings Platonism and Christianity together. Influenced by: Plato and Plotinus.
Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite (c. 500) wrote Mystical Theology.
Abba Or (c. 400–c.490) was an early Egyptian Christian ascetic and mystic. See also Anoub of Scetis.
Eastern Orthodox Christianity
Philokalia, a collection of texts on prayer and solitary mental ascesis written from the 4th to the 15th centuries, which exists in a number of independent redactions;
the Ladder of Divine Ascent;
the collected works of St. Symeon the New Theologian (949–1022);
the works of St. Isaac the Syrian (7th century), as they were selected and translated into Greek at the Monastery of St. Savas near Jerusalem about the 10th century.
Western European Middle Ages and Renaissance
John Scotus Eriugena (c. 810 – c. 877): Periphyseon. Eriugena translated Pseudo-Dionysius from Greek into Latin. Influenced by: Plotinus, Augustine, Pseudo-Dionysius.
Bernard of Clairvaux (1090–1153): Cistercian theologian, author of The Steps of Humility and Pride, On Loving God, and Sermons on the Song of Songs; strong blend of scripture and personal experience.
Hildegard of Bingen (1098–1179): Benedictine abbess and reformist preacher, known for her visions, recorded in such works as Scivias (Know the Ways) and Liber Divinorum Operum (Book of Divine Works). Influenced by: Pseudo-Dionysius, Gregory the Great, Rhabanus Maurus, John Scotus Eriugena.
Victorines: fl. 11th century; stressed meditation and contemplation; helped popularize Pseudo-Dionysius; influenced by Augustine
Hugh of Saint Victor (d. 1141): The Mysteries of the Christian Faith, Noah's Mystical Ark, etc.
Richard of Saint Victor (d. 1173): The Twelve Patriarchs and The Mystical Ark (e.g. Benjamin Minor and Benjamin Major). Influenced Dante, Bonaventure, Cloud of Unknowing.
Franciscans:
Francis of Assisi (c.1182 – 1226): founder of the order, stressed simplicity and penitence; first documented case of stigmata
Anthony of Padua (1195–1231): priest, Franciscan friar and theologian; visions; sermons
Bonaventure (c. 1217 – 1274): The Soul's Journey into God, The Triple Way, The Tree of Life and others. Influenced by: Pseudo-Dionysius, Augustine, Bernard, Victorines.
Jacopone da Todi (c. 1230 – 1306): Franciscan friar; prominent member of "The Spirituals"; The Lauds
Angela of Foligno (c. 1248 – 1309): tertiary anchoress; focused on Christ's Passion; Memorial and Instructions.
Amadeus of Portugal (c. 1420 – 1482): Franciscan friar; revelations; Apocalypsis nova
Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274): priest, Dominican friar and theologian.
Beguines (fl. 13th century):
Mechthild of Magdeburg (c. 1212 – c. 1297): visions, bridal mysticism, reformist; The Flowing Light of the Godhead
Hadewijch of Antwerp (13th century): visions, bridal mysticism, essence mysticism; writings are mostly letters and poems. Influenced John of Ruysbroeck.
Rhineland mystics (fl. 14th century): sharp move towards speculation and apophasis; mostly Dominicans
Meister Eckhart (1260–1327): sermons
Johannes Tauler (d. 1361): sermons
Henry Suso (c. 1295 – 1366): Life of the Servant, Little Book of Eternal Wisdom
Theologia Germanica (anon.). Influenced: Martin Luther
John of Ruysbroeck (1293–1381): Flemish, Augustinian; The Spiritual Espousals and many others. Similar themes as the Rhineland Mystics. Influenced by: Beguines, Cistercians. Influenced: Geert Groote and the Devotio Moderna.
Catherine of Siena (1347–1380): Letters
The English Mystics (fl. 14th century):
Anonymous – The Cloud of the Unknowing (c. 1375)—Intended by ascetic author as a means of instruction in the practice of mystic and contemplative prayer.
Richard Rolle (c. 1300 – 1349): The Fire of Love, Mending of Life, Meditations on the Passion
Walter Hilton (c. 1340 – 1396): The Ladder of Perfection (a.k.a., The Scale of Perfection) – suggesting familiarity with the works of Pseudo-Dionysius (see above), the author provides an early English language seminal work for the beginner.
Julian of Norwich (1342 – c. 1416): Revelations of Divine Love (a.k.a. Showing of Love)
Margery Kempe (1373 - c. 1438): The Book of Margery Kempe
Renaissance, Reformation and Counter-Reformation
The Spanish Mystics (fl. 16th century):
Ignatius of Loyola (1491–1556): St. Ignatius had a number of mystical experiences in his life, the most significant was an experience of enlightenment by the river Cardoner, in which, he later stated, he learnt more in that one occasion than he did in the rest of his life. Another significant mystical experience was in 1537, at a chapel in La Storta, outside Rome, in which he saw God the Father place him with the Son, who was carrying the Cross. This was after he had spent a year praying to Mary for her to place him with her Son (Jesus), and was one of the reasons why he insisted that the group that followed his 'way of proceeding' be called the Society of Jesus.
Teresa of Ávila (1515–1582): Two of her works, The Interior Castle and The Way of Perfection, were intended as instruction in (profoundly mystic) prayer based upon her experiences. Influenced by: Augustine.
John of the Cross (Juan de Yepes) (1542–1591): Wrote three related instructional works, with Ascent of Mount Carmel as a systematic approach to mystic prayer; together with the Spiritual Canticle and the Dark Night of the Soul, these provided poetic and literary language for the Christian Mystical practice and experience. Influenced by and collaborated with Teresa of Ávila.
Joseph of Cupertino (1603–1663): An Italian Franciscan friar who is said to have been prone to miraculous levitation and intense ecstatic visions that left him gaping.
Jakob Böhme (1575–1624): German theosopher; author of The Way to Christ.
Thomas Browne (1605–1682): English physician and philosopher, author of Religio Medici.
Brother Lawrence (1614–1691): Author of The Practice of the Presence of God.
Isaac Ambrose (1604–1664): Puritan, author of Looking Unto Jesus.
Angelus Silesius (1624–1677): German Catholic priest, physician, and religious poet.
George Fox (1624–1691): Founder of the Religious Society of Friends.
Madame Jeanne Guyon (1648–1717): Visionary and Writer.
William Law (1686–1761): English mystic interested in Jakob Böhme who wrote several mystical treatises.
Emanuel Swedenborg (1688–1772): Influential and controversial Swedish writer and visionary.
Rosa Egipcíaca (1719–1771): Afro-Brazilian mystic who wrote Sagrada Teologia do Amor Divino das Almas Peregrinas – the first religious text (or indeed any book) to be written by a black woman in colonial Brazil.
Modern era
Domenico da Cese (1905–1978): Stigmatist Capuchin friar.
Maria Valtorta (1898–1963): Visionary and writer.
Mary of Saint Peter (1816–1848): Carmelite nun.
Marie Lataste (1822–1899): Visionary, nun and writer.
Andrew Murray (1828–1917): Evangelical Missionary and Writer, Author of over 240 books.
Marie Martha Chambon (1841–1907): Nun and visionary.
Marie Julie Jahenny (1850–1941): Stigmatist.
Mary of the Divine Heart Droste zu Vischering (1863–1899): Sister of the Good Shepherd.
Frank Laubach (1884–1970): Evangelical missionary, author of Letters by a Modern Mystic.
Padre Pio of Pietrelcina (1887–1968): Capuchin friar, priest, stigmatic.
Sadhu Sundar Singh (1889–1929): Evangelical Indian missionary, ascetic.
Maria Pierina De Micheli (1890–1945): Italian nun and visionary.
Thomas Raymond Kelly (1893–1941): Quaker.
Alexandrina of Balazar (1904–1955): Visionary and writer.
Dag Hammarskjöld (1905–1961): Swedish diplomat (Second Secretary General of the United Nations). His posthumously published spiritual diary "Vägmärken" (Markings) gave him the reputation of having been one of the few mystics in the political arena.
Mary Faustina Kowalska (1905–1938): Polish nun and visionary.
Eugenia Ravasio (1907–1990): Italian nun and visionary of God the Father.
Simone Weil (1909–1943): French writer, political activist and ecstatic visionary.
Flower A. Newhouse (1909–1994): American clairvoyant.
Carmela Carabelli (1910–1978): Italian writer.
Pierina Gilli (1911–1991): Italian visionary.
A. W. Tozer (1897–1963): Christian and Missionary Alliance; author of The Pursuit of God.
Thomas Merton (1915–1968): Trappist monk and writer.
Watchman Nee (1903–1972): visionary and writer.
Witness Lee (1905–1997): Local Churches Visionary and writer, author of over 400 books.
Sister Lúcia (1907–2005): Portuguese participant in the 1917 Fátima apparitions, nun, and prophetess.
Bernadette Roberts (1931–2017): Carmelite nun and writer, focusing on no-self states.
Richard J. Foster (b. 1942): Quaker theologian; author of Celebration of Discipline and Prayer.
Richard Rohr (b. 1943): Franciscan priest, writer and prophet; author of "Falling upward" and "Universal Christ".
Anneliese Michel (1952–1976): young German Catholic who claims she was possessed to convert sinners; claimed to receive religious visions and bring the stigmata.
James Goll (b. 1952): charismatic writer and prophet; author of Wasted on Jesus and The Seer.
Blake Lemoine (b. 1981): priest, software engineer and AI researcher; suggests that the neural language model LaMDA might be imbued with a soul.
See also
Anchorite
Ambrose of Optina
Apodicticity
Apotheosis
Argument from beauty
Aseity
Beatific vision
Bridal theology
Chaplet in Honour of the Holy Spirit and His Seven Gifts
Christian theosophy
List of Christian mystics
Christian mythology
Christian views on astrology
Christian views on magic
Desert Fathers
Diodorus of Tarsus
Divine illumination
Esoteric Christianity
H. Tristram Engelhardt, Jr.
Entire sanctification
Methodism
Gnosiology
Kenosis
Thomas Merton
John Meyendorff
Mind's eye
Michael Pomazansky
Open theism
Participation in Christ
Pentecostalism
Sacred mysteries
Sobornost
Sophrony
Soteriology
Soul flight
Tacit knowledge
Watchfulness (Christian)
World Community for Christian Meditation
Notes
Subnotes
References
Sources
Further reading
General
Bernard McGinn: The Foundations of Mysticism: Origins to the Fifth Century, 1991, reprint 1994,
Bernard McGinn: The Growth of Mysticism: Gregory the Great through the 12th Century, 1994, paperback ed. 1996,
Eastern Orthodox
Vladimir Lossky (1997), The Vision of God SVS Press.
Louth, Andrew. The Origins of the Christian Mystical Tradition: From Plato to Denys. Oxford, 1983 (repr. 2003). .
Mattá al-Miskīn, Orthodox Prayer Life: The Interior Way (St Vladimir's Seminary Press 2003
Aristotle Papanikolaou, Being With God (University of Notre Dame Press February 24, 2006 )
Marcus Plested, The Macarian Legacy: The Place of Macarius-Symeon in the Eastern Christian Tradition (Oxford Theological Monographs 2004 )
Tomáš Špidlík, The Spirituality of the Christian East: A Systematic Handbook (Cistercian Publications Inc Kalamazoo Michigan 1986 )
Dumitru Staniloae, The Experience of God : Revelation and Knowledge of the Triune God: Orthodox Dogmatic Theology, Volume 1 : Revelation and Knowledge of the Triune God (Holy Cross Orthodox Press May 17, 2005 )
Dumitru Staniloae, The Experience of God : Orthodox Dogmatic Theology Volume 2: The World, Creation and Deification (Holy Cross Orthodox Press June 16, 2005 )
Metropolitan Hierotheos of Nafpaktos (2005), The illness and cure of the soul in the Orthodox tradition. Levadia, Greece: Birth of the Theotokos Monastery Press. (Hierotheos Vlachos)
Catholicism
Aumann, Jordan. Christian Spirituality in the Catholic Tradition. Sheed & Ward, 1985; p. 247. .
Dubay, Thomas. Fire Within: Teresa of Avila, John of the Cross and the Gospel on Prayer. Ignatius Press, 1989. .
Centering prayer
Keating, Thomas. Active Meditations for Contemplative Prayer. Continuum International Publishing Group, 1997. .
Keating, Thomas. Foundations for Centering Prayer and the Christian Contemplative Life. Continuum International Publishing Group, 2002. .
Keating, Thomas. Open Mind, Open Heart: The Contemplative Dimension of the Gospel. Continuum International Publishing Group, 2002. .
Merton, Thomas. Contemplative Prayer. Image Books, 1996. .
Underhill, Evelyn. Practical Mysticism: A Little Book for Normal People. Read Books, 2006. .
The Catechism of the Catholic Church has a subsection on contemplative prayer within its section on prayer in the Christian life.
Other
Yungen, Ray. A Time of Departing: How Ancient Mystical Practices Are Uniting Christians with the World's Religions. Lighthouse Trails Publishing, 2006, 2nd edition. .
Diverse
Tito Colliander: Way of the Ascetics, 1981,
Samuel Fanous and Vincent Gillespie, eds. The Cambridge Companion to Medieval English Mysticism, Cambridge University Press, 2011
Richard Foster: Celebration of Discipline: The Path to Spiritual Growth, 1978,
Patrick Grant. 1983. Literature of Mysticism in Western Tradition. London: MacMillan.
Patrick Grant. ed, A Dazzling Darkness: An Anthology of Western Mysticism. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans.
Kathleen Lyons: Mysticism and Narcissism. Cabbridge Scholars, 2016,
Cheslyn Jones, Geoffrey Wainwright and Edward Yarnold, eds.: The Study of Spirituality, Oxford University Press, 1986,
Tarjei Park, The English Mystics, SPCK, 1998,
Thomas E. Powers: Invitation to a Great Experiment: Exploring the Possibility that God can be Known, 1979,
Ryan Stark, "Some Aspects of Christian Mystical Rhetoric, Philosophy, and Poetry," Philosophy & Rhetoric 41 (2008): 260–77.
William Thiele: "Monks in the World: Seeking God in a Frantic Culture", 2014,
Evelyn Underhill: The Spiritual Life: Four Broadcast Talks, Hodder & Stoughton, 1937, x, 141 p.
External links
Encyclopedia Britannica: Christian mysticism
Evelyn Underhill: Christian Mysticism: A Study in Nature and Development of Spiritual Consciousness
Christian Mystics: An online library of Christian Mysticism: Current Topics and Public Books
Christian Mysticism Post on the Realization and Consciousness of Christian Enlightenment
Ancient Greek
Aristotle: Why the Contemplative Life is the Happiest (Nicomachean Ethics 10.7). English and Greek.
Eastern Orthodox
Differences between Orthodoxy and other religions
Eastern Orthodoxy – GOA
Eastern Orthodoxy – OCA
Gregory Palamas' fight for the Vision of God
Theoria, Tabor Light as Vision
What is the Human Nous? by John Romanides
Catholic
Ignatius Loyola, Contemplation to Gain Love of God. From the Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola.
Centering prayer
Contemplative Outreach
Prayer of Quiet
Prayer of Quiet at Catholic Encyclopedia
Free eBook and audio book for Matthew Henry – A Method for Prayer, 1710 edition
Christian contemplation
Christian prayer
Hesychasm
Roman Catholic prayers
Eastern Orthodox theology
Catholic theology and doctrine
Christian terminology
Greek words and phrases |
The Boy Scouts of Manchukuo ( Mǎnzhōuguó Tóngzǐ Tuán Liánméng) was a Scouting association of Manchukuo. The Japanese military seized Manchuria in 1931, created the puppet government of Manchukuo in 1932, and controlled it until 1945. The Manchukuo government also set up Japanese-style Scouting in schools, which included para-military training.
Background
In February 1937, Isamu Takeshita was appointed head of the Boy Scouts of Japan, the Sea Scouts, and the YMCA, as part of the general militarisation of Japanese sports and athletics taking place at that time. Japanese military authorities did not consistently encourage the Scouting movement in occupied territories. Where local conditions were favourable, authorities would permit local Scouting or introduce Japanese-style Scouting, or Shōnendan, and sometimes even made this compulsory. On the other hand, where conditions were not favorable, and anti-Japanese sentiments were likely to be nurtured through Scouting, the authorities would prohibit it entirely.
Japanese military leaders banned Scouting for Chinese boys in occupied China by 1937, however they encouraged Japanese-style Scouting (少年團 Shōnendan) in Manchuria. In 1938 membership in the Concordia Shōnendan (協和少年團) was made compulsory for young people between 10 and 15 years old. Alternately styled the Manchukuo Boys Corps, Manchuria Boy Scout Organisation, and the Manchuria League of Boy Scouts, the Scouts used the Scout motto of the existing Scouts of China, "智、勇、仁" (Wisdom, Courage, Benevolence), and Scout court of honour ceremonies were held at Confucian shrines.
Emblem
The elaborate emblem incorporated the flag of Manchukuo, as well as the dragons from the Manchu Qing Dynasty crossing in an "x" pattern. According to the Document of the Explanation of National Flag issued by the State Council of Manchukuo on February 24, 1933, the colours on the flag represented the four directions and centre. The Study of Manchukuo National Flag published by the State Council later also gave a representative based on Wu Xing.
Yellow represented the centre, symbolizing the rule of emperor of four directions and virtue of Ren in Confucianism, also Earth in Five Elements
Red represented the South, symbolizing passion and courage, also Fire in Five Elements
Blue represented the East, symbolizing youthfulness and holiness, also Wood in Five Elements
White represented the West, symbolizing purity and justice, also Gold in Five Elements
Black represented the North, symbolizing will and determination, also Water in Five Elements
The colours also represented the five major peoples in Manchukuo:
Yellow represented the Manchu people
Red represented the Japanese (Yamato) people
Blue represented the Han Chinese
White represented the Mongol people
Black represented the Korean people
Russian Scouting in China and Manchuria 1922–1947
Russian Scouts fleeing Bolshevism followed White Russian émigrés from 1917 to 1922 through Vladivostok to the east into Manchuria and south into central China, where very large groups of Russian Scouts came into being in cities such as Harbin, Tientsin, and Shanghai.
See also
Scouts of China
References
Manchukuo
Scouting and Guiding in China
Scouting in Japan
Youth organizations established in 1932 |
The 2022–23 season is Virtus Bologna's 94th in existence and the club's 6th consecutive season in the top flight of Italian basketball.
Kit
Supplier: Macron / Sponsor: Segafredo
Players
Current roster
Depth chart
Squad changes
In
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Confirmed
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References
2022–23 in Italian basketball by club
2022–23 EuroLeague by club |
GAS Megas Alexandros Giannitson (Greek: Μέγας Αλέξανδρος Γιαννιτσών) is a women's handball club from Giannitsa competing in the Greek women's handball championship. In 1987, it reached the final of the inaugural edition of the national cup, but lost to GE Veria. In 2008, the team made its international debut in the Challenge Cup and, in 2013, played in the EHF Cup for the first time.
References
Handball clubs in Greece
Pella (regional unit) |
Donieber Alexander Marangon (born 22 October 1979), known as Doni, is a Brazilian former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper.
Doni is the elder brother of João Paulo Fernando Marangon. Doni also holds an Italian passport. His parental family came from Veneto and his grandmother came from Mantua.
Club career
Roma
Doni joined Italian Serie A club Roma on 30 August 2005 from Juventude, after Roma paid his buy-out clause of approximately US$18,000. He signed a 1+3 year contract worth €300,000 in gross in the first year.
With Roma, Doni at first was blocked from first team action by Italian u-21 international Gianluca Curci and was restricted to UEFA Cup games. After impressing in Coppa Italia competition, however, he eventually replaced Curci in goal for Serie A games.
His contract was renewed on 13 April 2006, now worth €1.25 million a season (in gross). In his second season with Roma, he became one of the best goalkeepers of the Serie A. He won the Coppa Italia twice in 2007 and 2008, and also finished as the runner-up of Serie A in 2007 and 2008.
On 11 April 2007, Doni conceded seven goals in a UEFA Champions League tie against Manchester United, with the game ending 7–1. The following season the two teams met again, but Doni was injured.
In May 2008, his contract was extended to June 2012. He would have earned a gross annual salary of about €4 million in average (from €3.8M in the first year to €4.3M in the last year)
In the second half of the 2008–09 season, he lost his place to Artur after a 1–4 loss to Juventus on 21 March. He continued for the next two matches to be named to the matchday squad but was not starting nor available for selection on the substitutes' bench. He then trained separately with injured players and visited the doctor for his knee in April 2009.
In the 2009–10 season, the club continued to use Artur and then Júlio Sérgio as first-choice goalkeeper, despite employed Claudio Ranieri to replace Luciano Spalletti. Doni was recovering from injury. In October 2009, he returned to the team for the match against AC Milan on 18 October, but soon lost his place again to Júlio Sérgio.
After Vincenzo Montella replaced Ranieri as head coach in February 2011, Doni returned to starting XI in the second match in-charged by Montella, a 2–2 draw with Parma on 27 February.
Liverpool
Doni signed for Premier League club Liverpool on 15 July 2011 on free transfer. He was expected to serve as second-choice goalkeeper behind Pepe Reina. As part of the deal, Roma paid Doni €1.5 million net of tax, roughly covering the wage difference between Roma and Liverpool's deal. Due to Reina's red card against Newcastle United in April 2012, Doni won a place in the starting lineup, becoming the first goalkeeper other than Reina to play in a Premier League match for Liverpool since Daniele Padelli on 13 May 2007.
Doni made his Premier League debut for Liverpool on 7 April 2012 in a 1–1 draw against Aston Villa at Anfield. In his next match, on 10 April, he received a red card and conceded a penalty against Blackburn Rovers. He subsequently received a suspension, missing the FA cup semi-final at Wembley v Everton as a consequence. Doni would play his second full competitive 90 minutes in a 1–0 defeat to Fulham at Anfield. Doni made his fourth league appearance on the final day of the season, a 1–0 defeat to Swansea City. In his first season at Anfield, Doni made a total of four appearances.
In the summer of 2012, new manager Brendan Rodgers allowed Doni to return to Brazil temporarily on personal leave. Although he was still included in Liverpool's squad for the 2012–13 season, Due to this personal leave he missed a chance to start while first choice goalkeeper Pepe Reina was injured; Brad Jones played instead.
It was finally announced, upon leaving Liverpool, that Doni had suffered a heart attack during a routine medical in the summer of 2012. Doni explained that he was unconscious for 25 seconds and almost died. He was advised by professionals to never play football again.
Botafogo
On 31 January 2013, Doni joined Brazilian side Botafogo-SP (the club he started his career with) from Liverpool after not featuring in the team's starting XI since the final day of the 2011–12 season. On 12 August 2013, he retired from playing football due to heart problems.
International career
Doni earned his first cap with the Brazil national team against Turkey in Dortmund on 5 June 2007.
At the 2007 Copa América, he was selected as Brazil's first-choice goalkeeper moments before their first match against Mexico, replacing Helton. His play in the tournament included two penalty saves in penalty kicks against Uruguay in the semi-finals, which sent Brazil to the final. Brazil won the tournament with a 3–0 win over Argentina.
He was included in the preliminary squad for the 2008 Summer Olympics, but eventually did not get a place in the final list by coach Dunga.
He missed the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup due to injury. In November of 2009 he was called by Brazil for friendlies in the Middle East against England and Oman. Roma requested that he wouldn't come to these matches, but Doni challenged that decision and made himself available for the matches for the Brazilian squad. As a result Roma benched him for the remainder of the Italian season, but coach Dunga appreciated his loyalty and, as a reward, kept his name in all subsequent callings.
In May 2010 he was named in Dunga’s final 23 man squad for the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa.
He retired from international football on 1 February 2013 due to his previous cardiac problems.
Career statistics
Club
Source:
Honours
Corinthians
Copa do Brasil: 2002
Roma
Coppa Italia: 2006–07, 2007–08
Supercoppa Italiana: 2007
Liverpool
Football League Cup: 2011–12
FA Cup runner-up: 2011-12
Brazil
Copa América: 2007
References
External links
LFC History Profile
1979 births
Living people
Footballers from São Paulo (state)
Brazilian men's footballers
Brazil men's international footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
Botafogo Futebol Clube (SP) players
Sport Club Corinthians Paulista players
Santos FC players
Cruzeiro Esporte Clube players
Esporte Clube Juventude players
AS Roma players
Liverpool F.C. players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players
Serie A players
Premier League players
2007 Copa América players
2010 FIFA World Cup players
Copa América-winning players
Brazilian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in England
Expatriate men's footballers in Italy
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in England
Brazilian people of Italian descent
Brazilian emigrants to Italy
Brazilian people of Lombard descent
People of Venetian descent
Sportspeople from Jundiaí |
The Host is a 2013 American romantic science fiction thriller film written for the screen and directed by Andrew Niccol based on the 2008 novel of the same name by Stephenie Meyer. The film stars Saoirse Ronan, Jake Abel, Max Irons, Frances Fisher, Chandler Canterbury, Diane Kruger, and William Hurt. It tells the story of a young woman, Melanie, who is captured after the human race has been taken over by parasitic aliens called "Souls". After Melanie is infused with a "Soul" called "Wanderer", Melanie and the alien "Soul" vie for control of her body.
The Host was released theatrically in the United States on March 29, 2013, by Open Road Films. The film underperformed at the box office, grossing a worldwide total of $63.3 million against a $40 million production budget, and received unfavorable reviews from critics.
Plot
Small parasitic aliens called "Souls", who travel to planets inserting themselves into a host body of that planet's dominant species while suppressing the host's consciousness, have taken over the human race. Deeming humans too violent to deserve the planet, they have now almost successfully conquered Earth. The original owner's consciousness is erased, but the Souls can access the host's memories, and occupied hosts are identifiable by silver rings in their eyes.
A human on the run, Melanie Stryder, is captured and infused with a Soul called "Wanderer", whom a "Seeker" soul has asked to access Melanie's memories and learn the location of a pocket of unassimilated humans. Melanie's consciousness, however, has not been completely eliminated; she and Wanderer carry out an internal conversation and debate with each other, eventually becoming friends.
Wanderer tells Seeker that Melanie was traveling with her brother, Jamie, and her boyfriend, Jared Howe, to find Melanie's uncle Jeb in the desert. Wanderer admits that Melanie is still present, so Seeker decides to be transferred into Melanie's body to get the information herself. With Melanie’s guidance, Wanderer escapes to the desert, where Jeb finds her and takes her to a series of caves inside a mountain where the humans (including Jared and Jamie) are hiding.
Wanderer's presence is met with hostility by all but Jeb and Jamie. Melanie instructs Wanderer not to tell anyone she is still alive, since it would provoke them, though she later allows her to tell Jamie. Wanderer begins interacting with the humans and slowly starts gaining their trust, bonding with Ian O'Shea.
Seeker leads a search party into the desert. They intercept one of the shelter's supply teams, and in the ensuing chase, Aaron and Brandt commit suicide to avoid capture. During the chase, Seeker accidentally kills another Soul, leading her superiors to call off the search.
Jared and Kyle move to kill Wanderer, causing Jamie to reveal that Melanie's consciousness is alive. Jeb and Ian accept this, but Jared refuses to believe it until he strategically kisses Wanderer, provoking Melanie to take back control and slap him, proving to Jared that she is still alive. Kyle tries to kill Wanderer but endangers his own life, and Wanderer ends up saving him. Ian believes that Kyle attacked Wanderer and tells her he has feelings for her. Wanderer admits that Melanie's body is compelled to love Jared, but she has feelings of her own, and the two kiss.
Wanderer enters the community's medical facility and is shocked to discover that Doc has been experimenting with ways to remove Souls and allow the host's mind to regain control, resulting in the deaths of many Souls and hosts. After isolating herself for several days, Wanderer learns that Jamie is critically ill with an infection in his leg. She infiltrates a Soul medical facility to steal some alien medicine, saving Jamie's life.
Seeker has continued looking for Wanderer on her own, but Jeb captures her. Wanderer offers to show Doc how to properly remove Souls, on the condition that he later remove her from Melanie's body. Doc uses the technique to remove Seeker from her host, with both host and Soul surviving. Wanderer takes Seeker’s tiny alien form to a Soul space-travel site, where she sends it so far from Earth that it can not return for numerous generations.
Tired of the many lives she’s lived and finding it too painful to leave everyone behind, Wanderer makes Doc promise to let her die when she is removed and not tell anyone. The others in the shelter intervene with Doc, who inserts Wanderer into a brain-dead human body, after the Soul inside her was removed. Now with a body of her own, Wanderer is able to be with Ian, while Melanie reunites with Jared.
A few months later, while on a supply run, Wanderer, Melanie, Ian and Jared are captured. They discover that their captors are humans, who reveal that there are several other human groups as well. They also learn that a Soul with this group has sided with the human resistance, as Wanderer has, and they may not be the last Souls to do so.
Cast
Saoirse Ronan as Melanie "Mel" Stryder / Wanderer "Wanda"
Jake Abel as Ian O'Shea
Max Irons as Jared Howe
Frances Fisher as Magnolia "Maggie"
Chandler Canterbury as Jamie Stryder
Diane Kruger as Seeker & Lacey
William Hurt as Jebediah
Boyd Holbrook as Kyle
Scott Lawrence as Doc
Rachel Roberts as Soul Fleur
Shawn Carter Peterson as Wes
Lee Hardee as Aaron
Phil Austin as Seeker Waverly
Raeden Greer as Lily
J. D. Evermore as Trevor Stryder
Emily Browning as Pet (uncredited)
Mustafa Harris as Brandt
Bokeem Woodbine as Nate
Alex Russell as Seeker Burns
Production and development
Producers Nick Wechsler, Steve Schwartz, and Paula Mae Schwartz acquired the film rights to The Host in September 2009, but Open Road Films later acquired the film rights, and made Stephenie Meyer, Nick Wechsler, Steve Schwartz, and Paula Mae Schwartz the main producers. Andrew Niccol was hired to write the screenplay and to direct the film. In February 2011, Susanna White was hired to replace Niccol as director, but he later resumed the role in May 2011.
Saoirse Ronan was also cast in May as Melanie Stryder/Wanderer. On June 27, the release date was set for the film for March 29, 2013, and it was also announced that principal photography would begin in February 2012, in Louisiana and New Mexico.
Release
Distributed by Open Road Films, the film was released theatrically on March 29, 2013. The Host was released on DVD and Blu-ray on July 9, 2013.
Reception
Box office
The film grossed $63,327,201 worldwide, of which $26,627,201 was from North America, and $36,700,000 from other territories. It opened at #6 at the US box office, and for its opening weekend grossed $10,600,112; screened at 3,202 theaters it averaged $3,310 per theater.
Critical response
The Host was unfavorably received from critics. On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating based on reviews, the film has a score of 35 out of 100, based on 28 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". On CinemaScore polls, audiences gave the film a grade of "B−" on a scale of A+ to F.
Manohla Dargis of The New York Times gave the film an unfavorable review, calling it "a brazen combination of unoriginal science-fiction themes, young-adult pandering and bottom-line calculation". Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter felt that "it's cloaked in yawningly familiar teen-romance terms and cries out for even a little seasoning of wit, irreverence, political smarts and genre twists that, given the well-trod terrain, seem like requisites when presenting visions of the near future." Noah Berlatsky of The Atlantic wrote: "The acting, as well as Andrew Niccol's writing and direction, are all awful; I can't in good conscience recommend that anyone see this film."
Roth Cornet of IGN gave it a "mediocre" score of 5/10, stating that the film is "unintentionally laughable" and "frustratingly absurd". Cornet says that it could have made an interesting story but that the contradictions of the peaceful but parasitic Souls were not fully explained, in the case of the character Seeker only given a shallow unsatisfying explanation. She praises Ronan for her performance and blames a "fundamentally flawed" script. Ben Kenigsberg of Time Out magazine blames the source material, crediting Niccol for making the best of it, but primarily blaming the high-definition–video cinematography saying it makes "what once would have been a lush, grand-scale blockbuster appear cheap and televisual."
The Host was the penultimate film to be reviewed by film critic Roger Ebert before his death on April 4, 2013, and the last major film review to be published in his lifetime. He rated the film 2.5/4 stars, saying "The Host is top-heavy with profound, sonorous conversations, all tending to sound like farewells. The movie is so consistently pitched at the same note, indeed, that the structure robs it of possibilities for dramatic tension."
Accolades
Saoirse Ronan was nominated for a Teen Choice Award for her performance in The Host, under the category "Choice Movie Actress: Sci-fi/Fantasy", but lost to Kristen Stewart for her performance in The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2.
See also
Invasion of the Body Snatchers
Twilight (series)
Parasyte
References
External links
Stephenie Meyer's The Host webpage
2013 films
2010s science fiction adventure films
2013 fantasy films
2013 romantic drama films
2013 thriller films
American romantic drama films
American fantasy films
American science fiction adventure films
American science fiction thriller films
American thriller films
Alien invasions in films
Apocalyptic films
American dystopian films
Films based on American novels
Films based on science fiction novels
Films based on works by Stephenie Meyer
Films directed by Andrew Niccol
Films shot in Louisiana
Films shot in New Mexico
Films about extraterrestrial life
Fiction about mind control
American post-apocalyptic films
Open Road Films films
Films about spirit possession
Fiction about parasites
Films scored by Antônio Pinto
2013 science fiction films
2010s English-language films
2010s American films
Films with screenplays by Andrew Niccol
Human-alien romance in fiction |
Jon Jonsson, Jon Jönsson, or Jón Jónsson may refer to:
Jon Jönsson (born 1983), Swedish footballer
Jon Jonsson (model) (born 1982), Icelandic model, winner of 2004 TV series Manhunt
Jón Jónsson (born 1985), Icelandic singer, songwriter, and footballer
Jón Jónsson (water polo) (1908-1973), Icelandic water polo player
See also
Jon Jonsson i Källeräng (1867–1939), Swedish politician
Jón Sveinbjørn Jónsson (1955–2008), Icelandic/Norwegian poet, children's writer, and translator
John Jonsson, mayor of Dallas, Texas
Jonathan Johnson (disambiguation)
John Johnson (disambiguation) |
Bernardino Scotti (or Gianbernardino, c. 1493 – 1568) was an Italian cardinal. Near to the stern positions of Pope Paul IV, he was exponent of the Catholic Reformation. After the death of Pope Paul IV, he moved to his diocese of Piacenza where he repressed any Protestant dissent.
Biography
Gianbernardino Scotti was born in Magliano Sabina ca. 1493, the son of a noble family. He was an expert in Greek, Hebrew, and in canon law. He entered the order of the Theatines in 1525, and is believed to be the first man to receive the Theatine habit. Escaped from Rome after the Sack of Rome, in 1527 along with other Theatines he moved to Venice where they lived in the church of Tolentini.
In 1536 Scotti returned to Rome, where he represented his religious order in many affairs. He worked also to merge the Theatines with the Somaschi Fathers, a merge that lasted only about ten years. In 1548, he accompanied Luigi Lippomano, Bishop of Verona during the bishop's nunciature in Germany. Returning from Germany, he moved to Venice where he was appointed Prior of the Theatine house at Tolentini's church.
In 1555, Pope Paul IV, one of the founders of the Theatine Order, summoned Scotti to Rome, making him Archbishop of Trani and cardinal priest in the consistory of 20 December 1555. He received the red hat and the titular church of San Matteo in Via Merulana on 13 January 1556. However he never took possession of his diocese of Trani because the Habsburgs never endorsed his appointment.
In Rome under Paul IV he cooperated to the preparation of the Index Librorum Prohibitorum and in drafting the new Breviary. He worked for the Roman Inquisition, in the posthumous process against Girolamo Savonarola and in 1558 in the first process against Cardinal Giovanni Morone. The Pope assigned to him the revenues of the Abbey of Eboli previously assigned to Cardinal Morone. On 9 August 1559 he was transferred to the see of Piacenza.
He participated in the papal conclave of 1559 that elected Pope Pius IV. The new Pope started a purge against the people who had been near to the previous Pope, such as Cardinal Carlo Carafa. Scotti therefore decided to move from Rome in his new diocese, after having been consecrated bishop on 25 April 1560 by Cardinal Jean Suau.
In Piacenza he repressed any Protestant dissent. Marginalized, he tried to remain independent from the political influence of Charles Borromeo. He returned in Rome only after the papal conclave of 1565-66 that elected Pope Pius V. The new pope made him a member of the Roman Inquisition, and placed him in charge of the affairs of the Eastern Catholic Churches. He resigned the government of Piacenza sometime before 23 July 1568 to another Theatine, Paolo Burali d'Arezzo.
He died in Rome on 2 December 1568. He was buried in the Basilica of San Paolo fuori le Mura.
References
1493 births
1568 deaths
16th-century Italian cardinals
Theatines
Bishops of Piacenza |
Robert Anderson was mayor of Williamsburg, Virginia three times. He served from 1812 to 1813, 1820 to 1821 and finally 1828 to 1829.
References
Mayors of Williamsburg, Virginia |
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The molecular formula C10H11NO (molar mass: 161.20 g/mol, exact mass: 161.084064 u) may refer to:
Tryptophol
Abikoviromycin
Molecular formulas |
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