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Fromia hemiopla, common name armoured sea star, is a species of marine starfish belonging to the family Goniasteridae, .
References
hemiopla
Animals described in 1913 |
Dolphin WaterCare is a brand of environmentally responsible pulsed-power water treatment technology patented by Clearwater Systems Corporation. The system is designed to control scale, corrosion and biological activity in cooling towers without the use of chemicals, chemical tanks or pumps. The brand is used in various industries to treat water from cooling towers, chilling systems, heat exchangers, direct evaporative coolers, and hot water systems. In 2015 the brand was acquire and company were acquired by EVAPCO.
History
Dolphin WaterCare began in the early 1990s at the University of Connecticut. The founders developed the technology with a prototype by 1994. In 1998, Clearwater Systems Corporation was formed to market and sell the technology. The systems have been sold throughout North America, Europe, Australia, Russia, Southeast Asia, and selected areas of China and the Arabian Peninsula.
Technology
Dolphin WaterCare uses pulsed-power to physically treat the water instead of using chemicals and is considered an environmentally friendly way to treat water. The pulsed-power imparts electromagnetic fields into the water to accomplish the treatment of the cooling water. The induced fields modify the surface charge of naturally occurring particles within the water. As a result, calcium and carbonate ions are no longer repelled allowing for rapid nucleation and growth of calcium carbonate in a powder form as opposed to precipitation of calcium carbonate crystal scale on HVAC equipment surfaces.
This form of water treatment is designed to provide control of bacteria, scale and corrosion:
Bacterial control
The Dolphin WaterCare system utilizes two methods of controlling microbial populations in cooling systems: encapsulation and electroporation. Encapsulation is a process that involves bacteria attaching themselves to the forming and growing calcium carbonate powder and ultimately trapped in the powder as it continues to grow. Electroporation is a process where bacteria cell membranes become compromised and destroyed as the cells are exposed to electromagnetic fields.
Corrosion control
Corrosion control is achieved by maintaining the treated water at or above calcium carbonate saturation which results in high pH levels. Alkaline cooling water typically ensures adequate protection to mild steel and copper alloys and thus, no corrosion inhibitors are required and equipment life is maximized without the use of chemicals.
Scale control
Cooling tower water treated with pulsed-power results in the precipitation of calcium carbonate as powder in the bulk water solution as opposed to precipitation of calcium carbonate crystal type scale on the equipment surfaces which can reduce heat transfer efficiency and shorten equipment life.
Awards and accolades
In 2011, Dolphin WaterCare was listed as one of the Top 81 Money-Saving Products by Building Magazine. The same year it also received an Artemis Project Award in recognition of its impact on the field of water resource efficiency. It has also enabled customers of the product to secure Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) points with more than 350 projects achieving LEED certification. Dolphin WaterCare solution was also a 2011 recipient of an Artemis Project Award, given to Clearwater Systems Corporation, in recognition of its impact on the field of water resource efficiency. The technology has also helped corporations such as Verizon win awards for having eco friendly processes.
See also
Pulsed-power water treatment
Water treatment
References
External links
Dolphin WaterCare
Water technology
Water treatment |
Banking in Tunisia is a service industry comprising 23 domestic banks of which, are three state owned banks.
History
Tunisia was among the first to introduce financial reforms in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. The financial sector of the country was tightly controlled through the mid-1980s. Since then, it has undergone three decades of gradual but insufficient reforms. State-owned commercial banks dominate the banking system and account for more than half of market share, which implies state control of the banking sector and is a negative for economic growth. After the fall of Ben Ali regime, the bank sector owned by his close family has been seized by the central bank.
Tunisian banks have a relatively high non-performing loan (NPL) to total loans ratio. The average NPL to total loan ratio for the period 2005-2008 was 18.3%, slightly lower than Egypt's 19.7% but significantly higher than that of Jordan (4.8%), Lebanon (11.9%), and Morocco (10.1%). By 2009, Tunisian NPL rates were falling but were still relatively high at 13.2%.
The 2011 Jasmine Revolution in Tunisia, affected the country's economic, social and political stability, changing the country's prospects. In the wake of this revolution, it has been suggested that a modern offshore banking system would be a viable development strategy for Tunisia, and that it would play an essential role in the country's economic recovery.
The historical, economic and cultural links to Europe, the proximity of Tunisia to the European market, and the strong correlation of economic growth rates in Tunisia with those in nearby Europe could make it an attractive alternative as recent EU and US pressure have forced Switzerland and Luxembourg to partially retreat from banking secrecy.
Tunisia is known for economic and political stability, its highly educated workforce, while Islamic radicalism is weak. Tunisia does not have the resource curse of oil or mineral deposits that often determine instability. From 2000 to 2009, Tunisia grew at an annual rate of 5.2% and its per capita income of about $8,300 (in PPP terms) in 2009 was second only to Lebanon among the oil-importing MENA countries. The stability of the Tunisian Dinar and historically low inflation in Tunisia are positive indicators for its potential development of financial services. Inflation was 4.9% in FY 2007-08 and 3.5% in FY 2008–09. The Tunisian Dinar was less volatile in 2000-2010 than the currencies of its oil-importing neighbors, Egypt and Morocco.
Post-Arab Spring Bank Restructuring and Bailouts
Following the fall of the authoritarian president Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali, the poor health of the three major state banks has come to light. Because the three big state banks (Société Tunisienne de Banque, Banque de l'Habitat, and Banque Nationale Agricole) make up about 40% of total banking assets in the country, they are structurally important for the economy. As Tunisia's tourism sector has suffered following the 2011 revolution and the 2015 terrorist attack in Sousse, the state banks' financial health has deteriorated, since approximately 40% of their bad debts come from the tourism industry.
Two of these large state-owned banks, Société Tunisienne de Banque and Banque de l'Habitat, received 867 million dinars ($440 million) in government bailout money in August 2015. This recapitalization sparked protest from activists such as the NGO I Watch, which demanded that the results of a government audit of the three state-owned banks be made public. The main concern is that these state-owned banks were obliged to provide loans to allies of Ben Ali during his administration that have never been repaid and are counted as "gifts." Despite protests from Tunisian parliament members such as Hafedh Zouari and Sami Abbousaid for more transparency over the bailout funds and the state of the banks' finances, the bailout was approved by a large margin.
Following the state recapitalization, the IMF provided a $300 million emergency loan and the World Bank provided a $500 million loan, both with the goal of restructuring the state banks in the hopes of sparking economic growth. Finance minister Slim Chaker has promised to restructure the three state banks before the end of 2015.
See also
List of banks in Tunisia
References
Tunisia
Economy of Tunisia |
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<h2><span class="refentrytitle">Function template transform_if</span></h2>
<p>boost::compute::transform_if</p>
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<h2 xmlns:rev="path_to_url~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" class="refsynopsisdiv-title">Synopsis</h2>
<div xmlns:rev="path_to_url~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" class="refsynopsisdiv"><pre class="synopsis"><span class="comment">// In header: <<a class="link" href="../../boost_compute/reference.html#header.boost.compute.algorithm.transform_if_hpp" title="Header <boost/compute/algorithm/transform_if.hpp>">boost/compute/algorithm/transform_if.hpp</a>>
</span>
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special"><</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> InputIterator<span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> OutputIterator<span class="special">,</span>
<span class="keyword">typename</span> UnaryFunction<span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">typename</span> Predicate<span class="special">></span>
<span class="identifier">OutputIterator</span>
<span class="identifier">transform_if</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">InputIterator</span> first<span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">InputIterator</span> last<span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">OutputIterator</span> result<span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">UnaryFunction</span> function<span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Predicate</span> predicate<span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">command_queue</span> <span class="special">&</span> queue <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">system</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">default_queue</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="special">)</span><span class="special">)</span><span class="special">;</span></pre></div>
<div class="refsect1">
<a name="idp99554624"></a><h2>Description</h2>
<p>Copies each element in the range [<code class="computeroutput">first</code>, <code class="computeroutput">last</code>) for which <code class="computeroutput">predicate</code> returns <code class="computeroutput">true</code> to the range beginning at <code class="computeroutput">result</code>.</p>
<p>Space complexity: O(2n) </p>
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file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="path_to_url" target="_top">path_to_url
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Crisilla perminima is a species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Rissoidae.
References
Rissoidae
Gastropods described in 1868 |
Gasoline Alley is a 2022 American action thriller film directed by Edward John Drake, starring Devon Sawa, Bruce Willis and Luke Wilson. It was released in the United States on February 25, 2022 by Saban Films.
Plot
Tattoo artist Jimmy Jayne is interviewed by Detectives Bill Freeman and Freddy Vargas, who are investigating a mass murder of prostitutes, after a lighter inscribed with his studio's name is found at the crime scene. Jayne is an ex-convict who did five years in prison for accidental manslaughter, and he was the last person to see one of the victims alive. Eventually, Freeman is revealed to be part of a human trafficking ring operating via a tunnel connecting San Diego to Tijuana. The film culminates in a shootout between Freeman and Jayne in a Mexican warehouse; with his expert marksman skills, Jayne incapacitates the rogue detective and his associate with a handful of bullets, and sets the place ablaze.
Cast
Devon Sawa as Jimmy Jayne
Bruce Willis as Detective Bill Freeman
Luke Wilson as Detective Freddy Vargas
Kat Foster as Christine
Sufe Bradshaw as Eleanor Rogers
Johnny Dowers as Erasmus Alcindor
Rick Salomon as Percy Muleeny
Kenny Wormald as Dennis Bourke
Ash Adams as Frank Flosso
Irina Antonenko as Star
Carrington Durham as Giselle
Hope Golds as Lana
Billy Harlow as Roy
Vernon Davis as Kaiser the Bouncer
Steve Eastin as Captain Lew Ferry
Tracy Curry as Dr Feelgood
Production
Filming began in Tifton, Georgia in March 2021. In June 2021, Saban Films acquired distribution rights to the film.
Release
Gasoline Alley was released in theaters, digital and on VOD on February 25, 2022.
Box office
As of August 27, 2022, Gasoline Alley grossed $32,433 in the United Arab Emirates and Portugal.
Critical reception
References
External links
American action thriller films
Films set in California
Films shot in Georgia (U.S. state)
Films directed by Edward John Drake
2022 action thriller films
2020s English-language films
2022 independent films
2022 films
Saban Films films
American independent films
2020s American films |
The Ministry of Urban Development ("Ministria e Zhvillimit Urban " or "MZHU") was a department of the Albanian Government responsible for urban planning, development, housing and legalization of informal settlements. The last serving minister was Eglantina Gjermeni of the Socialist Party.
Subordinate institutions
Agency for Legalization, Urbanization and Integration of Informal Construction Areas
National Agency of Territorial Planning
Technical Construction Archive
National Housing Authority
Officeholders (2013–2017)
References
Urban Development
Albania |
Channahon State Park is an Illinois state park in Will County, Illinois, United States. The park was named after a Native American word meaning "the meeting of the waters". It lies adjacent to the confluence of the Dupage, Des Plaines, and Kankakee Rivers.
The park is near the municipality of Channahon, Illinois. It is served by U.S. Highway 6.
See also
The Shabbona Trail goes through Channahon State Park and ends in Gebhard Woods State Park.
Gebhard Woods is located along the long National Park Service Illinois and Michigan Canal National Heritage Corridor.
Near Channahon, at the junction of the DesPlaines and Kankakee Rivers, lies one of the most important archaeological sites in America. This Native American site was excavated by George Langford, research associate in the Dept. of Anthropology of the University of Chicago. During his time in the 1930s this site was known popularly as the "Fisher site" or "Fisher Group", and consisted of nine mounds and fifty conical pits once used as a camp site.
The mound ranged in size from average 30 feet in diameter to as much as 60 feet in diameter while the pits were 30 feet in diameter and 3 feet deep.
The two largest mounds are of the most significant importance of all the finds made in Illinois. These show periods of regular building and rebuilding. The primary mound was constructed and bodies were buried in it. These were buried together with characteristic utensils. For years the mound would stand undisturbed and grass and weeds built up humus layers on it and then other tribes would come in with different cultures and different tools where they buried their dead. This went on successively so that when the mound was sliced down the middle the layers of strata separated the ages all the way back to 2000 years before the Hopewell arrived. These finds were made well below ground level of the original mound. In general the people of the lowest level had 'long heads' than the round skulls found above them. While these are not the 'cone head' but longer type of skull more akin to a 'Pharaoh skull' shape out the back they are significantly different in type and height to the later tribes arriving to occupy the same area. Tools were scarcely seen in the older dig sites.
We have cultural stratification made evident first by the dark humus layers then by distinctive material cultures, methods of burial and difference in physical type all in the same dig site.
By comparing the camp site to the different levels in the mounds, the relative age of each was established. Similar sites like that of Joliet and Oakwoods furthered that dating but none compared historically to the findings of Channahon, Illinois, and the Fisher Site. This history complete from the University of Illinois and the U of Chicago is all documented in the Illinois State Blue Book of 1931–2. The cultural sequences established from this dig make the Fisher group one of the most important sites excavated in both the State of Illinois and the US ever discovered as few digs were allowed after these were finished. It is also significant that this find in Channahon, Il proves an apparent change in the head form between the lowest burials than those above. Whatever group lived here in the last ice age was of significantly different type than the modern day occupants.
References
External links
DNR additional page
State parks of Illinois
Channahon, Illinois
Protected areas established in 1932
Protected areas of Will County, Illinois
1932 establishments in Illinois |
Al Bahiyah is a small village near the coast in the Lahij Governorate of south-western Yemen. It is located 54.4 km east by road from Hisn Murad.
References
Populated places in Lahij Governorate
Populated coastal places in Yemen |
These are the results of the 1990 Ibero-American Championships in Athletics which took place from 14 to 16 September 1990 at Vila Olímpica in Manaus, Brazil.
Men's results
100 meters
Heat 1 – 16 September
Wind: +0.5 m/s
Heat 2 – 16 September
Wind: +0.5 m/s
Final – 16 September
Wind: +1.2 m/s
200 meters
Heat 1 – 15 September
Wind: -1.1 m/s
Heat 2 – 15 September
Wind: -1.1 m/s
Final – 15 September
Wind: +0.3 m/s
400 meters
Heat 1 – 14 September
Heat 2 – 14 September
Final Standings – 14 September
There was no proper 400m final. Rather, the athletes were classified according to their times achieved in the heat.
800 meters
Final – 16 September
1500 meters
Final – 15 September
5000 meters
Final – 14 September
10,000 meters
Final – 16 September
3000 meters steeplechase
Final – 15 September
110 meters hurdles
Final – 14 September
Wind: -2.5 m/s
400 meters hurdles
Final – 15 September
High jump
Final – 15 September
Pole vault
Final – 16 September
Long jump
Final – 14 September
Triple jump
Final – 16 September
Shot put
Final – 15 September
Discus throw
Final – 14 September
Hammer throw
Final – 15 September
Javelin throw
Final – 16 September
Decathlon
Final – 14–15 September
20 kilometers walk
Final – 14 September
4x100 meters relay
Final – 15 September
4x400 meters relay
Final – 16 September
Women's results
100 meters
Final – 16 September
Wind: +0.6 m/s
200 meters
Heat 1 – 15 September
Wind: -1.2 m/s
Heat 2 – 15 September
Wind: -0.8 m/s
Final – 15 September
Wind: -0.1 m/s
400 meters
Heat 1 – 14 September
Heat 2 – 14 September
Final Standings – 14 September
There was no proper 400m final. Rather, the athletes were classified according to their times achieved in the heat.
800 meters
Final – 16 September
1500 meters
Final – 15 September
3000 meters
Final – 16 September
10,000 meters
Final – 14 September
100 meters hurdles
Final – 14 September
Wind: -1.5 m/s
400 meters hurdles
Heat 1 – 15 September
Heat 2 – 15 September
Final – 15 September
There was no proper 400m hurdles final. Rather, the athletes were classified according to their times achieved in the heat.
High jump
Final – 15 September
Long jump
Final – 15 September
Shot put
Final – 14 September
Discus throw
Final – 16 September
Javelin throw
Final – 15 September
Heptathlon
Final – 15 September
10,000 meters walk
Final – 15 September
4x100 meters relay
Final – 15 September
4x400 meters relay
Final – 16 September
References
Ibero-American Championships
Events at the Ibero-American Championships in Athletics |
In 3-dimensional geometry and vector calculus, an area vector is a vector combining an area quantity with a direction, thus representing an oriented area in three dimensions.
Every bounded surface in three dimensions can be associated with a unique area vector called its vector area. It is equal to the surface integral of the surface normal, and distinct from the usual (scalar) surface area.
Vector area can be seen as the three dimensional generalization of signed area in two dimensions.
Definition
For a finite planar surface of scalar area and unit normal , the vector area is defined as the unit normal scaled by the area:
For an orientable surface composed of a set of flat facet areas, the vector area of the surface is given by
where is the unit normal vector to the area .
For bounded, oriented curved surfaces that are sufficiently well-behaved, we can still define vector area. First, we split the surface into infinitesimal elements, each of which is effectively flat. For each infinitesimal element of area, we have an area vector, also infinitesimal.
where is the local unit vector perpendicular to . Integrating gives the vector area for the surface.
Properties
The vector area of a surface can be interpreted as the (signed) projected area or "shadow" of the surface in the plane in which it is greatest; its direction is given by that plane's normal.
For a curved or faceted (i.e. non-planar) surface, the vector area is smaller in magnitude than the actual surface area. As an extreme example, a closed surface can possess arbitrarily large area, but its vector area is necessarily zero. Surfaces that share a boundary may have very different areas, but they must have the same vector area—the vector area is entirely determined by the boundary. These are consequences of Stokes' theorem.
The vector area of a parallelogram is given by the cross product of the two vectors that span it; it is twice the (vector) area of the triangle formed by the same vectors. In general, the vector area of any surface whose boundary consists of a sequence of straight line segments (analogous to a polygon in two dimensions) can be calculated using a series of cross products corresponding to a triangularization of the surface. This is the generalization of the Shoelace formula to three dimensions.
Using Stokes' theorem applied to an appropriately chosen vector field, a boundary integral for the vector area can be derived:
where is the boundary of , i.e. one or more oriented closed space curves. This is analogous to the two dimensional area calculation using Green's theorem.
Applications
Area vectors are used when calculating surface integrals, such as when determining the flux of a vector field through a surface. The flux is given by the integral of the dot product of the field and the (infinitesimal) area vector. When the field is constant over the surface the integral simplifies to the dot product of the field and the vector area of the surface.
Projection of area onto planes
The projected area onto a plane is given by the dot product of the vector area S and the target plane unit normal :
For example, the projected area onto the -plane is equivalent to the -component of the vector area, and is also equal to
where is the angle between the plane normal and the -axis.
See also
Bivector, representing an oriented area in any number of dimensions
De Gua's theorem, on the decomposition of vector area into orthogonal components
Cross product
Surface normal
Surface integral
Notes
Area
Vectors (mathematics and physics)
Analytic geometry |
Astana, previously known as Akmolinsk, Tselinograd, Akmola, and most recently Nur-Sultan, is the capital city of Kazakhstan.
The city lies on the banks of the Ishim River in the north-central part of Kazakhstan, within the Akmola Region, though administered as a city with special status separately from the rest of the region. A 2022 official estimate reported a population of 1,350,228 within the city limits, making it the second-largest city in the country, after Almaty, which had been the capital until 1997. The city became the capital of Kazakhstan in 1997; since then it has grown and developed economically into one of the most modern cities in Central Asia. In 2021, the government selected Astana as one of the 10 priority destinations for tourist development.
Modern Astana is a planned city, following the process of other planned capitals. After it became the capital of Kazakhstan, the city dramatically changed shape with its master-plan designed by Japanese architect Kisho Kurokawa. As the seat of the government of Kazakhstan, Astana is the site of the Parliament House, Supreme Court, Ak Orda Presidential Palace and numerous government departments and agencies. It is home to a range of futuristic buildings, including many skyscrapers.
Names
The settlement of Akmoly was founded in 1830, possibly named after a local landmark—Ақ мола literally means white grave in Kazakh—although this theory is not universally accepted. In 1832, it was granted town status and renamed Akmolinsk. In 1961 under Khrushchev's government, it was renamed Tselinograd, Russian for "virgin lands city". In 1991 following Kazakhstan's independence, the name was changed to Akmola.
In December 1997, the city replaced Almaty as the capital of Kazakhstan, and in May 1998, it was renamed Astana, which means "capital city" in Kazakh. In March 2019, the capital was renamed to Nur-Sultan (; ; ) in honor of the long-ruling President Nursultan Nazarbayev, shortly after his resignation. In September 2022, President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev signed a constitutional amendment to revert to the name Astana. , it holds the Guinness World Record for the capital city with the most name changes in modern times.
History
Middle Ages (8th to 18th centuries)
Many centuries ago, the Bozok settlement was located on the territory of modern Astana. It was a military fortress of the Steppe section of the Great Silk Road. The etymology of the Turkic word "Boz" carries several meanings such as 'untouched earth', 'virgin soil' and 'feather grass'. It was a large settlement of the 12-14th centuries. At present, Astana is expanding to the territory of ancient Bozok.
Early years (1830–1918)
The settlement of Akmoly was established on the Ishim River in 1830 as the seat of an okrug. In 1832, the settlement was granted town status and named Akmolinsk. The advantages of the position of the town were clear as early as 1863. It describes how picket roads and lines connected this geographic center to Kargaly in the East, Aktau fort in the South and through Atbasar to Kokshetau in the West. In 1838, at the height of the great national and liberation movement headed by Kenesary Khan, Akmolinsk fortress was burned. After the repression of the liberation movement, the fortress was rebuilt. On 16 July 1863, Akmolinsk was officially declared an uyezd town. In 1869, Akmolinsk external district and department were cancelled, and Akmolinsk became the center of the newly established Akmolinsk Oblast. In 1879, Major General Dubelt proposed to build a railway between Tyumen and Akmolinsk to the Ministry of Communications of Russia. In the course of the first 30 years of its existence, the population of Akmola numbered a trifle more than 2,000 people. However, over the next 30 years the city's population increased by three times according to volosts and settlements of the Akmolinsk Oblast. In 1893, Akmolinsk was an uyezd with a 6,428 strong population, 3 churches, 5 schools and colleges and 3 factories.
Soviet era (1918–1991)
During World War II, Akmolinsk served as a route for the transport of engineering tools and equipment from evacuated plants in the Ukrainian SSR, Byelorussian SSR, and Russian SFSR located in the oblasts of the Kazakh SSR. Local industries were appointed to respond to war needs, assisting the country to provide the battle and home fronts with all materials needed. In the post-war years, Akmolinsk became a beacon of economic revival in the west of the Soviet Union ruined by the war. Additionally, many Russian-Germans were resettled here after being deported under Joseph Stalin's rule.
In 1954, Northern Kazakh SSR oblasts became a territory of the Virgin Lands Campaign, in order to turn the region into a second grain producer for the Soviet Union. In December 1960, Central Committee made a resolution to create the Tselinniy Krai, which comprised five regions of the Northern Kazakh SSR oblasts. Akmolinsk Oblast was ceased to exist as a separate administrative entity. Its districts were directly subordinated to the new krai administration, and Akmolinsk became the krai capital, as well as the administrative seat of the new Virgin Lands economic region. On 14 March 1961, Khrushchev suggested the city should have a name corresponding to its role in the Virgin Lands Campaign. On 20 March 1961, the Supreme Soviet of the Kazakh SSR renamed Akmolinsk to Tselinograd. On 24 April 1961, the region was reconstituted as Tselinograd Oblast. In the 1960s, Tselinograd was completely transformed. In 1963, work on the first three new high-rise housing districts began. In addition, the city received a number of new monumental public buildings, including the Virgin Lands Palace, a Palace of Youth, a House of Soviets, a new airport, and several sports venues. In 1971, the Tselinniy Krai was abolished and Tselinograd became the centre of the oblast.
Contemporary era (1991–present)
After the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the consequent independence of Kazakhstan, the city's original name was restored in the modified form Akmola. On 6 July 1994, the Supreme Council of Kazakhstan adopted the decree "On the transfer of the capital of Kazakhstan". After the capital of Kazakhstan was moved from Almaty to Akmola on 10 December 1997, the city was consequently renamed Astana in 1998. On 10 June 1998, Astana was presented as the capital internationally. Due to several determined advantages, Astana was chosen as the capital: large urban areas, favorable geographical position, proximity to the major economic centers of the region, considerable demographic capacity, good transportation facilities, and a relatively favorable climate. On 16 July 1999, Astana was awarded the medal and title of the City of Peace by UNESCO.
In March 2019, the Kazakhstani government renamed the city Nur-Sultan to honour the country's outgoing long-term authoritarian president, Nursultan Nazarbayev. In September 2022, after a number of controversies and unrest resulting in Nazarbayev's resignation from the Security Council of Kazakhstan, the name of the capital was changed back to Astana.
Geography
Astana is almost from the country's largest city and former capital, Almaty. The nearest big cities are Karaganda () and Omsk in Russia ().
Topography
Astana is located in central Kazakhstan on the Ishim River in a very flat, semi-arid steppe region which covers most of the country's territory. It is at 51° 10' north latitude and 71° 26' east longitude. The city encompasses . The elevation of Astana is above sea level. Astana is in a spacious steppe landscape, in the transitional area between the north of Kazakhstan and the extremely thinly settled national centre, because of the Ishim River. The older boroughs lie north of the river, whilst the new boroughs are located south of the Ishim.
Time
The time offset from the UTC used by Astana is 6 hours ahead of UTC, or UTC+6:00. This is also used by most of Kazakhstan and Almaty.
Climate
Astana is the second-coldest national capital in the world after Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, a position formerly held by Canada's capital, Ottawa, until Astana attained capital city status in 1997. Astana has an extreme continental climate with warm summers (featuring occasional brief rain showers) and long, very cold, dry winters. Summer temperatures occasionally reach while is not unusual between mid-December and early March. Typically, the city's river is frozen over between the second week of November and the beginning of April. Astana has a well-deserved reputation among Kazakhs for its frequent high winds, the effects of which are felt particularly strongly on the fast-developing but relatively exposed Left Bank area of the city.
Overall, Astana has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb). The average annual temperature in Astana is . January is the coldest month with an average temperature of and record lowest is in January 1893's cold wave reaching temperatures down to . July is the hottest month with an average temperature of .
Demographics
Population
As of January 2020, the population of Astana is 1,136,008; over double the 2002 population of 493,000.
As of 2018, ethnic Kazakhs made up 80.6% of the city population, representing a significant increase from only 17% at the time of the country's independence.
Ethnic groups (2020):
Kazakh: 79.1%
Russian: 12.85%
Ukrainian: 1.32%
Tatar: 1.08%
Uzbek: 0.96%
Others: 4.65%
In 1989, Tselinograd had a population of 281,000. The ethnic mix was about 17.7% Kazakh, 54.1% Russian and 28.2% other ethnic groups.
By 2007, Astana's population had more than doubled since becoming the capital, to over 600,000, and it topped 1 million in 2017. Migrant workers—legal and illegal—have been attracted from across Kazakhstan and neighbouring states such as Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan, and Astana is a magnet for young professionals seeking to build a career.
Religion
Islam is the predominant religion of the city. Other religions practiced are Christianity (primarily Russian Orthodoxy, Roman Catholicism, and Protestantism), Judaism, and Buddhism.
The Palace of Peace and Reconciliation was specially constructed in 2006 to host the Congress of Leaders of World and Traditional Religions. It contains accommodations for different religions: Judaism, Islam, Christianity, Buddhism, Hinduism, Taoism and other faiths.
Central Asia's largest mosque is found in Astana.
Metropolitan area
The metropolitan area centered upon Astana includes the Arshaly, Shortandy, Tselinograd and (partially) Akkol districts of Akmola Region. The area contains 1.2 million people.
Economy
Astana's economy is based on trade, industrial production, transport, communication and construction. The city's industrial production is mainly focused on producing building materials, foodstuff and mechanical engineering.
Astana is the leader in the CIS region on Global Financial Centers Index rank in 2022.
The Astana International Financial Center (AIFC) opened in July 2018 to become a hub for financial services in Central Asia.
Astana is the headquarters of state-owned corporations such as Samruk-Kazyna, Kazakhstan Temir Zholy, KazMunayGas, KazTransOil, Kazatomprom, KEGOC, Kazpost and Kazakhtelecom.
The shift of the capital has given it a powerful boost to Astana's economic development. The city's high economic growth rate has attracted numerous investors. In the 16 years since Astana became the capital, the volume of investments has increased by almost 30 times, the gross regional product has increased by 90 times, and industrial output has increased by 11 times. The city's Gross Regional Product makes up about 8.5 per cent of the republic's Gross domestic product.
The Astana – New City special economic zone was established in 2001 to help develop industry and increase the attractiveness of the city to investors. The SEZ plans to commission five projects worth 20 billion KZT (around $108 million) in the Industrial Park No. 1 in 2015. The projects include construction of a plant for production of diesel engines, a fast food complex, temporary storage warehouses and a business center, a furniture factory, and production of military and civil engineering machinery. The new Astana International Financial Centre opened in July 2018.
Astana's administration is promoting the development of small and medium-sized businesses through the cooperation of the Sovereign Welfare Fund Samruk-Kazyna and National Economic Chamber. Support is provided by a special programme of crediting. As a result, the number of small and medium-sized businesses increased by 13.7% to over 96,000 compared to the previous year as of 1 July 2015. In addition, the number of people employed in small and medium-sized business increased by 17.8% to over 234,000 people as of 1 April 2015.
Astana was included in the list of top 21 intelligent communities of the world, according to the report released by the Intelligent Community Forum in October 2016. The rating list includes the cities, regions and communities which use digital instruments for the construction of local economy and society.
In 2018, Astana attracted more than three trillion tenge (US$7.91 billion) in foreign direct investment, a record amount for the city. The growth was achieved due to a large number of construction projects.
Tourism becomes one of the factors that drive economic growth in the city. Astana is among the top ten most attractive tourist cities in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS).
Diplomacy platform
Astana has become a platform for high-profile diplomatic talks and summits on critical global issues. Astana has hosted multiple rounds of talks between the Syrian Arab Republic government led by Bashar al-Assad and Syrian opposition. The 12th Ministerial Conference of the World Trade Organization (WTO) was originally scheduled to take place in June 2020 in then Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan, but was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In May 2020, WTO members discussed Kazakhstan's offer to reschedule the conference to June 2021 but postponed taking a decision due to the ongoing pandemic. In April 2021, members agreed that MC12 would take place in Geneva from 30 November to 3 December. Since 2003, Astana has hosted the Congress on World and Traditional Religions, which is a diverse gathering of religious leaders to discuss religious harmony and ending terrorism and extremism.
Cityscape
Astana is subdivided into four districts. Almaty District was created on 6 May 1998 by presidential decree. The district's territory encompasses an area of with a population of 375,938 people. The district has five villages. Yesil District, which is also called left bank of the city, was created on 5 August 2008 by presidential decree. The district's territory encompasses an area of with a population of 119,929 people. Saryarka District was created on 6 May 1998 by presidential decree. The district's territory encompasses an area of with a population of 339,286 people. Baykonyr District was created on 16 March 2018 by presidential decree. The district's territory encompasses an area of with a population of 233 351 people.
In April 1998, the Government of Kazakhstan asked architects and urban planners of international renown to participate in a design competition for the new capital. On 6 October 1998, Japanese architect Kisho Kurokawa was awarded the First Prize. Kurokawa's proposal aimed to preserve and redevelop the existing city, and create a new city at the south and the east sides of the Ishim River, enabling the Symbiosis of the History and the Future.
North of the railway line, which crosses Astana in an east–west direction, are industrial and poorer residential areas. Between the railway line and the Ishim river is the city centre, where at present intense building activity is occurring. To the west and east are more elevated residential areas with parks and the new area of government administration to the south of the Ishim River. Here many large building projects are under way; for example, the construction of a diplomatic quarter, and government buildings. By 2030, these quarters are to be completed. Astana's chief planner, Vladimir Laptev, wants to build a Berlin in a Eurasian style. He has stated that a purely administrative capital such as Canberra is not one of his goals.
Sport
The city has a variety of sports teams. The major association football team is the FC Astana of the Kazakhstan Premier League. Founded in 2009, the FC Astana won six league titles, three Kazakh Cups and five Kazakh Super Cups. Their home stadium is the Astana Arena, which also serves as a home for the Kazakhstan national football team and the FC Bayterek. The FC Bayterek is a member of the Kazakhstan First Division. They were founded in 2012, to develop youth football. The FC Astana-1964 is based in the Kazhymukan Munaitpasov Stadium and plays in the Astana Municipal Football League. The club's most successful years were 2000s, when they won 3 league titles.
Astana is home to several professional ice hockey teams. The Barys Astana, a founding member of the Kontinental Hockey League in 2008 and based in the Barys Arena. The Nomad Astana and HC Astana play in the Kazakhstan Hockey Championship. The Snezhnye Barsy of the Junior Hockey League is a junior team of the Barys Astana. Astana annually hosts the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan's Cup ice hockey tournament.
The Astana Pro Team, founded in 2007, participates in the UCI World Tour. The team is one of the most successful road cycling teams of recent years, winning several grand tours. The BC Astana of the VTB United League and the Kazakhstan Basketball League is the only professional basketball team in Astana. It is the most successful basketball team in Kazakhstan with three Kazakhstan Basketball League titles and four Kazakhstan Basketball Cups. Its home arena is the Saryarka Velodrome, which is mainly used for track cycling events. The Saryarka Velodrome hosted the UCI Track Cycling World Cup stage in 2011. The Astana Presidential Sports Club was founded in 2012, to combine the main sports teams in Astana. The organization is supported by Sovereign Wealth Fund Samruk-Kazyna. The 2011 Asian Winter Games were partly held in the capital. The Alau Ice Palace, hosted the 2015 World Sprint Speed Skating Championships. The President's Cup tennis tournament is annually held at the Daulet National Tennis Centre.
The martial art palace was opened on 6 July 2019. Sports facilities for five thousand spectators can take part in international competitions in boxing, wrestling, judo, weightlifting, and other Olympic and non-Olympic disciplines. The palace has a 25-meter pool, fitness and wrestling rooms, a football field, as well as a comfortable hotel. The object will be made available to the pupils of the sports school.
Education
Astana has many universities and junior colleges. academic year, Astana had a total enrollment of 53,561 students in its 14 higher educational institutions, a 10% increase from the prior year. The L.N.Gumilyov Eurasian National University is the biggest university in Astana with 16,558 students and 1,678 academic staff. It was founded as the result of merging the Akmola Civil Engineering Institute with the Akmola Pedagogical Institute on 23 May 1996. The oldest university in Astana is the S. Seifullin Kazakh Agro Technical University founded in 1957. Nazarbayev University is an autonomous research university founded in 2010 in partnership with some of the world's top universities. The Kazakh University of Economics, Finance and International Trade is an economic institution in Astana. The Kazakh Humanities and Law Institute is a law university founded by initiative of Ministry of Justice in 1994. The Astana Medical University was the only medical school in Astana until the opening of the School of Medicine at Nazarbayev University in 2014. The Kazakh National University of Arts is the premier music school and has provided Astana with highly qualified professional specialists in the field of Arts.
Astana schools enrolls about 103,000 students across 83 schools, including 71 state schools and 12 private schools. The Miras International School, established 1999, was the first private high school established in Astana. The Haileybury Astana school was established in 2011, as a branch of the Haileybury and Imperial Service College, an independent school in the United Kingdom. The Astana Kazakh-Turkish High Schools are run by the International KATEV foundation. There are Kazakh-Turkish High Boarding Schools for gifted boys and girls, separately and the Nurorda International School. Astana hosts two Nazarbayev Intellectual Schools (NIS), including the School of Physics and Mathematics and International Baccalaureate world school. The QSI International School of Astana is an international school that provides an American curriculum to its students. The school is a branch of the Quality Schools International that started in the Middle East.
Transportation
City transport
The city transport in Astana consists of buses and taxis. Over 720,000 people use public transport daily. There are over 60 bus lines served by more than 1000 vehicles, with over 3000 people working in the public transport sector. Just like buses, share taxis have their own predefined routes and work on a shared basis. There are three share taxi routes in total.
Trolleybus routes were opened in 1983. There were originally 3 routes, however, by 2006, only one route was left. In 2008, the only trolleybus fleet by the special state commission was declared unprofitable due to debts to the energy supply company and as a result, it was completely closed.
In 2011, the Akimat of Astana established a company to implement a series of changes and programmes in the metropolis known as the "New transport system of Astana". As part of these programmes, bus rapid transit (BRT) lines were opened. That same year, the construction of a light rail (LRT) was to begin. It was planned that the first stage of construction of a 16.4-kilometer line, which would've included nine stations, was planned to be completed by 1 December 2013. However, as of May 2020, construction has not started. In November 2013, President Nursultan Nazarbayev condemned the construction of LRT because of the high cost. In exchange, there was a promise to launch high-speed buses. Despite the controversy, the construction of the LRT began in 2017 with the flyovers along to which the trains will pass. The opening is planned for the end of 2020.
The bicycle-sharing program AstanaBike has been operating in Astana since 2014. In 2017, the system consisted of 40 stations with 1000 bicycles. The registration in the system for a season costs 5000 tenge ($28), plus a deposit for an RFID card ($5.50), the first half-hour of bike rental is free, the next hour is 100 tenge ($0.55). After more than 4 hours, the rent costs 1000 tenge.
Air
Nursultan Nazarbayev International Airport , located south-east of the city center, is the main gateway for the city's domestic and international civilian air traffic. It is the second-busiest airport in Kazakhstan, with 2,960,181 passengers passing through it in 2014. The airport hosts 13 airlines operating regular passenger flights inside the country and internationally. Air Astana maintains its second-largest hub at the airport. An expected 50% increase in passenger traffic by 2017 has spurred the construction of a new terminal with an area of about .
Railway and roads
Astana is located in the centre of the country, serving as a well-positioned transport node for rail and automotive networks.
Astana railway station is the city's main railway station and serves approximately 7,000 people each day. A new railway station, Nurly Zhol was built during the Expo 2017 event with a customer capacity of 12,000. Tulpar Talgo is a daily express train to Almaty. Short-term plans include the construction of a new railway station in the industrial district; in the vicinity of CHPP-3 a new terminal will be erected for freight cars.
M-36 Chelyabinsk-Almaty and A-343 Astana-Petropavlovsk highways are routed through the city. The strategic geographical positioning of Astana allows the city to serve as a transport and reload centre for cargoes formed at adjacent stations in the area.
River transport
Since 2008, navigation on the Esil River has been organized within the city. The Akimat of the city in the framework of the implementation of the "Shipping Esil" program created a specialized enterprise GKKP "Esil-Astana".
Expo 2017
On 1 July 2010, at the 153rd General Assembly of Bureau International des Expositions held in Paris, representatives from then-Astana presented the city's bid to host the Specialised Expo 2017. The Kazakh concept for this exhibition relates to the impact of energy on society in the modern world. The theme of the Astana Expo was "Future Energy".
Expo 2017 opened to much fanfare on 10 June 2017, with heads of state from 17 nations in attendance. It is the first world's fair to be held in Central Asia and its central pavilion, Nur Alem, is the largest spherical building in the world. The two-millionth visitor was registered on 7 August. More than 4 million people attended the event.
Sightseeing
Akorda is the residence of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan
Astana Grand Mosque – the largest mosque in Central Asia, completed in 2022
Baiterek is the main attraction and symbol of Astana
"Ethnoaul National Cultural Complex" – a unique cultural, tourist and image project for Expo 2017.Ethnoaul is a real opportunity to travel to the past and feel like a real nomad, to feel the atmosphere of centuries past. The national-cultural complex will acquaint visitors with the rich history, culture, art and traditions of the Kazakh people, where anyone who is interested will be transferred to the ethno-cultural environment of the nomadic civilization and fully enjoy the daily and festive life of the aul
is a landmark architectural structure, erected in honour of the anniversary of independence of Kazakhstan on the idea of Nursultan Nazarbayev
Independence Palace – a building designed for diplomatic and other events of international level; the building also has a large-scale layout plan of Astana with existing and future facilities
"Jastar" – the Palace of creativity of schoolchildren and youth
Kazakh Eli – ("The Country of Kazakhs") – a monument on Independence Square. The 91-meter stele is crowned with the Samruk bird (Samұryқ, Simurg) – the king of all birds, the keeper of the peoples. The mythological image of Samruk also includes the second important monument of Kazakhstan – "Baiterek", in the translation "Tree of Life", under which the king of birds sits and spreads seeds on the ground from the flapping of wings
"Kazakhstan" – Central Concert Hall
Khan Shatyr is the largest shopping and entertainment center (considered the largest tent in the world). Architect Norman Foster
Kazakhstan Pavilion of Expo 2017
Kazakhstan Pavilion and Science Museum "Nur Alem" is the tallest building with a spherical shape, 30 meters in diameter, than the Ericsson-Glob Arena in Stockholm
National Space Center Future Energy Museum "Nur Alem" EXPO 2017 – the spherical building "Nur Alem" (Kaz. Shining World). Its height is 100 meters and its diameter is 80 meters
Nurjol Boulevard (formerly Water-Green Boulevard) is a recreational pedestrian zone with an Alley of Singing Fountains
Palace of Peace and Reconciliation is the Congress Hall, designed for summits and congresses of representatives of traditional Kazakhstan and world religions. Architect Norman Foster
Shabyt Palace – Kazakh National University of Arts
Theaters, concert halls, and museums
There are 27 libraries in Astana, whose services in 2011 were used by 153 people for every thousand residents, 8 state museums, which were visited by 415,500 people in 2011 and which conducted 68,514 excursions, 10 recreation parks, in 2011 1492.2 thousand visitors were received and 99 events, 6 state museums and 6 cinemas were held.
The Central Concert Hall Kazakhstan is a unique complex of the young capital designed for events of various levels: concerts of world and domestic stars, celebrations and official meetings, exhibitions, conferences, presentations. Architect Manfredi Nicoletti
Astana Circus is an entertaining circus institution in the city of Nur Sultan. One of the three main circuses of Kazakhstan; in the territory of the former USSR, one of the newest circuses and one of two unique circus buildings in the form of a "flying saucer" (along with the Kazan circus)
The National Opera and Ballet Theater named after K. Baiseitova is the youngest musical theater in the country, the bearer of the traditions of the Kazakh and world musical culture, comprehending the classical heritage and realizing the spiritual needs of the renewed Kazakhstani society
Astana Opera is a theater founded by the initiative of the first president of Kazakhstan, Nursultan Nazarbayev. The theater building, built in 2013, this Parthenon-styled edifice is one of the cultural centers of the city, staging both classical and original works, is recognized as an architectural monument of national importance
Kazakh Music and Drama Theater named after K. Kuanyshbaev
State Academic Russian Drama Theater named after Maxim Gorky
The National Museum of the Republic of Kazakhstan is the largest museum in Central Asia. The museum was created on behalf of the first president of the Republic of Kazakhstan N.A. *Nazarbayev in the framework of the State program "Cultural Heritage"
Modern Art Museum
Presidential Center of Culture – created on the initiative of the head of state N. Nazarbayev. The uniqueness of the research, cultural and educational complex of the capital is that its structure includes a museum, a library, a concert hall
ALZhIR (Akmola camp of wives of traitors to the motherland) – the largest Soviet women's camp, one of the three "islands" of the "Gulag Archipelago"
Atameken is an ethno-memorial complex of nature, architecture and life on a large-scale map of Kazakhstan
Museum of the First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan
Memorial complex of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (in honor of the heroes of the Great Patriotic War in the capital)
Museum of The Future (Nur-Alem Pavilion) – is more than just a monument of EXPO2017. The museum exhibition is all about the energy of the future. You can learn everything there is to know about renewable, green, and solar-powered energy sources, as well as see a model of the city proposed for 2050
Twin towns – sister cities
Astana is twinned with:
Amman, Jordan (2005)
Ankara, Turkey (2001)
Ashgabat, Turkmenistan (2017)
Bangkok, Thailand (2004)
Beijing, China (2006)
Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan (2011)
Damascus, Syria
Gdańsk, Poland (1996)
Hanoi, Vietnam (2009)
Islamabad, Pakistan
Kazan, Russia (2004)
Kyiv, Ukraine (1998)
Manila, Philippines
Moscow, Russia
Nice, France (2013)
Nusantara, Indonesia (2023)
Oulu, Finland (2013)
Putrajaya, Malaysia
Riga, Latvia (1998)
Saint Petersburg, Russia (1996)
Seoul, South Korea (2004)
Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Tbilisi, Georgia (1996)
Ufa, Russia (2010)
Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia (2019)
Uşak, Turkey
Vilnius, Lithuania
Warsaw, Poland (2002)
Zagreb, Croatia (2014)
Friendly cities
Astana also cooperates with:
Baku, Azerbaijan
Belgrade, Serbia
Berlin, Germany
Bucharest, Romania
Budapest, Hungary
Cairo, Egypt
Chelyabinsk, Russia
Chișinău, Moldova
Kurgan, Russia
Kursk, Russia
Minsk, Belarus
Omsk, Russia
Penza, Russia
Saratov, Russia
Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia
Tomsk, Russia
Ürümqi, China
Smart city initiative
The Smart Astana project is an initiative developed by the then-Astana city administration that incorporates technology-driven solutions in various sectors, like hospitals, schools, the ticket booking system and street lighting. These projects run on an interconnected application, the Smart Astana.
Astana's smart city sector includes the annual Astana Innovations Challenge, designed to bring attention to the smart city concept. In addition, the world's first smart sustainable city acceleration hub is set to open in Astana. This hub was planned to integrate from 10 to 15 startup solutions into the infrastructure of Kazakhstan.
See also
List of people from Astana
Footnotes
References
Further reading
External links
Official website of the BIE
Expo 2017 Astana-Kazakhstan
Akmolinsk Oblast (Russian Empire)
Weather extremes of Earth
Capitals in Asia
Cities and towns in Kazakhstan
Cities in Central Asia
Planned capitals
Populated places established in 1830
Regions of Kazakhstan
1830 establishments in the Russian Empire |
Ève Francis (born Eva Louise François; 20 August 1886 – 6 December 1980) was an actress and film-maker. She was born in Belgium but spent most of her career in France. She became closely associated with the writer Paul Claudel, and she was married to the critic and film-maker Louis Delluc.
Career
Ève Francis was born Eva Louise François at Saint-Josse-ten-Noode in Belgium. After completing her secondary education in Belgium, she embarked on a career as an actress and began working in the theatre in Paris in 1913. In 1914 she was introduced to the author Paul Claudel who chose her for the leading role in the first Paris production of his play L'Otage. Although only a few performances were given, the play was well received in literary and artistic circles and her reputation was established. Her long-lasting association with Claudel was at times personal as well as artistic, and in later years she described him as the most extraordinary person she had known and the dominant influence in her life. When Claudel wrote his Paroles au maréchal, addressed to Philippe Pétain after the collapse of France in 1940, Ève Francis gave a public recital of the poem in Vichy.
In 1913 Ève Francis met Louis Delluc, then a young novelist, poet and playwright, and a growing friendship led eventually to their marriage in January 1918. It was at her insistence that Delluc set aside his aversion to the film productions of the time and, in 1916, underwent a conversion to the possibilities of the new medium which would define the remainder of his career as a pioneering critic and film-maker. Her own career as a film actress developed fitfully from 1914 onwards, but in 1918 she made the first of several films with Germaine Dulac and became firmly linked with the avant-garde directors who contributed to the movement sometimes called impressionist cinema. When Louis Delluc turned to directing his own films in 1920, Ève Francis took the leading role in almost all of them, including La Femme de nulle part (1922) and L'Inondation (1924). She had one of her greatest successes in Marcel L'Herbier's El Dorado (1921) in which she played the ill-fated cabaret dancer Sibilla. Her style of acting has been described as balanced "between mannerism and pose; at its extreme it could be seen as an element of film architecture".
Although by the time of Delluc's early death in 1924, their personal relationship was becoming more distant, as his widow Ève Francis took charge of the substantial legacy of his writings and oversaw the posthumous publication of many of them. She greatly reduced the number of her own screen appearances, and during the 1930s she worked regularly as an assistant director with Marcel L'Herbier as well as giving lectures and writing film criticism. In the 1950s she gave support to the growing network of film societies in France ("ciné-clubs"), a project which Louis Delluc had first promulgated in 1920.
Ève Francis published two books of her own. Temps héroïques: théâtre, cinéma (Gand: Enseigne du chat qui pêche, 1949), with a preface by Paul Claudel, included her portrait of Louis Delluc. She recorded her recollections of Claudel himself in Un autre Claudel (Paris: Grasset, 1973).
After making two final screen appearances when in her late 80s, she died at Neuilly-sur-Seine on the outskirts of Paris on 6 December 1980 at the age of 94. She was buried in the cemetery at Bagneux, Hauts-de-Seine.
Filmography
Actress
1914 : La Dame blonde, directed by Charles Maudru
1917 : Un homme passa, directed by Henry Roussell
1917 : Le Roi de la mer, directed by Jacques de Baroncelli
1918 : Âmes de fou, directed by Germaine Dulac
1918 : Frivolité, directed by Maurice Landais
1919 : Le Bonheur des autres, directed by Germaine Dulac
1919 : La Fête espagnole, directed by Germaine Dulac
1920 : Fumée noire, directed by Louis Delluc
1920 : Le Silence, directed by Louis Delluc
1921 : Fièvre, directed by Louis Delluc
1921 : Le Chemin d'Ernoa, directed by Louis Delluc
1921 : Eldorado, directed by Marcel L'Herbier
1921 : Prométhée banquier, directed by Marcel L'Herbier
1922 : La Femme de nulle part, directed by Louis Delluc
1924 : L'Inondation, directed by Louis Delluc
1924 : Âme d'artiste (Heart of an Actress), directed by Germaine Dulac
1926 : Antoinette Sabrier, directed by Germaine Dulac
1936 : Club de femmes (Women's Club), directed by Jacques Deval
1937 : Forfaiture (The Cheat), directed by Marcel L'Herbier
1938 : La Brigade sauvage (Savage Brigade), directed by Marcel L'Herbier
1939 : Yamilé sous les cèdres, directed by Charles d'Espinay
1939 : La Mode rêvée, short film directed by Marcel L'Herbier
1940 : La Comédie du bonheur, directed by Marcel L'Herbier
1975 : La Chair de l'orchidée, directed by Patrice Chéreau
1975 : Adieu poulet, directed by Pierre Granier-Deferre
Assistant director
1933 : L'Épervier, directed by Marcel L'Herbier
1934 : Le Bonheur, directed by Marcel L'Herbier
1934 : Le Scandale, directed by Marcel L'Herbier
1935 : La Route impériale, directed by Marcel L'Herbier
1935 : Veille d'armes, directed by Marcel L'Herbier
1935 : Les Hommes nouveaux, directed by Marcel L'Herbier
1936 : La Porte du large, directed by Marcel L'Herbier
1936 : Le Roman d'un spahi, directed by Michel Berheim
1937 : La Citadelle du silence, directed by Marcel L'Herbier
1937 : Forfaiture, directed by Marcel L'Herbier
1939 : La Brigade sauvage, directed by Marcel L'Herbier
References
External links
Ève Francis recalls Paul Claudel: an interview filmed in 1973 and archived by INA. [In French]
1886 births
1980 deaths
People from Saint-Josse-ten-Noode
Belgian film actresses
Belgian silent film actresses
20th-century Belgian actresses
French stage actresses
French silent film actresses
French film actresses
Burials at the Cimetière parisien de Bagneux
Belgian emigrants to France
20th-century French actresses |
Perevalne (; ; ) (until 1945, Angara) is a village in Crimea, a disputed territory recognized by a majority of countries as part of Ukraine but administered by Russia as the Republic of Crimea. The village of Perevalne is administered by the Dobre Village Council, which in turn is subordinate to Crimea's Simferopol Raion (district) authorities.
According to the 2001 Ukrainian census, its population was 3,660. The village is located in the middle of the Crimean Mountains, next to the Chatyr-Dag massif. The Simferopol—Alushta—Yalta highway runs through the village, as well as the Crimean Trolleybus line, which has a stop in the settlement.
There is a garrison (воинская часть A-2320) in Perevalne. There's also a former Soviet training center for special forces. The Ukrainian 36th separate mechanized coastal infantry brigade was located there, and, during the 2014 annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, was surrounded by the Russian troops without military rank insignia or cockade.
Russia-Ukraine war
In 2023, several explosions were reported on social media at a military base near Perevalne after one of the war's largest drone attacks allegedly targeting the 126th brigade of the Russian Black Sea Fleet. The attack allegedly caused “...several dozen Russians killed and wounded. Ammunition storage facilities were also damaged. Military equipment was also seriously damaged.” Russian sources denied any casualties or damage.
References
External links
Villages in Crimea
Simferopol Raion
Simferopolsky Uyezd |
Jerry Bernard Simmons (born November 14, 1942) is a former American football wide receiver. He played college football at Bethune-Cookman University, and professionally for ten seasons in the National Football League (NFL) for the Pittsburgh Steelers, the New Orleans Saints, the Atlanta Falcons, the Chicago Bears, and the Denver Broncos.
External links
NFL.com player page
1942 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Bartow, Florida
Players of American football from Polk County, Florida
American football wide receivers
Bethune–Cookman Wildcats football players
Pittsburgh Steelers players
New Orleans Saints players
Atlanta Falcons players
Chicago Bears players
Denver Broncos players |
The Battle of Chaegunghyon or the Battle of Happy Valley was a conflict in the Korean War fought in Yangju by China and against Britain The Battle of Chaegunghyon took place on the night of 3–4 January 1951 and held back the advancing Chinese and North Korean forces helping to facilitate the evacuation of Seoul.
Chaegunghyon is currretly near Samha-ri, Jangheung-myeon, Yangju
Background
In December 1950, having been swept from North Korea by a shock Chinese offensive, defeated UN forces stood at bay in the South. On New Year's Day, 1951, the Chinese stormed over the border and South Korean forces disintegrated. Britain's crack 29th Infantry Brigade was thrust into the line near Yangju and Koyang, 12 miles northwest of Seoul.
Amid blizzards, the brigade dug a shaky line over the hills. On the left flank, reinforced by ten 8th Hussars Cromwell tanks (Cooper Force), stood the Royal Ulster Rifles (RUR). By 3 Jan there was nothing between them and the onrushing Chinese.
Before dawn that day, indistinct figures appeared in front of the RUR trenches. A patrol descended into the valley and men on the hills heard a staccato burst . . . then silence. The patrol had blundered into the main assault force and from nowhere the Chinese broke cover and charged. Two RUR platoons were overrun.
Galway native and acting battalion commander Major Tony Blake orchestrated the firepower of tanks, artillery and US jets in an immediate riposte. Second Lieutenant Mervyn McCord was part of a patrol that counter-attacked their old position after a napalm strike.
The men took the ridge without casualties and stood around congratulating themselves until a major arrived, roaring: "This is not a funfair!" Meanwhile, ‘B’ Company prepared to retake the other lost peak.
"We lined them up," said Captain Robin Charley, a Belfast man who had volunteered for Korea. "That attack went in exactly by the book — just like at the School of Infantry!"
The Ulstermen were ecstatic at having beaten off the previously undefeated Chinese. To their right, the Royal Northumberland Fusiliers had also fought a bloody, but successful battle. Elsewhere, though, the front had buckled. UN forces were falling back. Seoul was to be abandoned.
The RUR would be the last UN unit to withdraw, the US division on its left had already departed.
Memorial
A memorial was subsequently erected on the battlefield to the memory of those who fell at Chaegunghyon. It was later transported back to Ireland in H.M.S. Belfast and re-erected at the Royal Ulster Rifles barracks in Ballymena, Co. Antrim. These barracks were closed in March 2008 and, following a request from the British Korean Veterans' Association, Belfast City Council gave permission for the memorial to be relocated to the grounds of the City Hall, near the cenotaph.
References
External links
Battle of Chaegunghyon (Happy Valley) - Royal Irish
Battle of Chaegunghyon - The Queen's Royal Hussars Museum
Battle of Happy Valley
Battles of the Korean War
Battles of the Korean War involving the United Kingdom
Battles of the Korean War involving China |
This is a list of yearly Great American Conference football standings. The Great American Conference is a National Collegiate Athletic Association Division II conference for American football.
Great American standings
References
Standings
Great American Conference |
Well To Do (1963–1985) was a British-bred Thoroughbred racehorse who competed in National Hunt racing.
He is best known for winning the 1972 Grand National giving Tim Forster his first Grand National win of three.
He entered the National 14/1, a price which had dropped from 33/1 on confirmation that Graham Thorner would be his jockey.
Grand National record
References
1963 racehorse births
Racehorses bred in the United Kingdom
Racehorses trained in the United Kingdom
Grand National winners
1985 racehorse deaths |
Recco (Latin: Ricina / Recina) is a comune in the Metropolitan City of Genoa, region of Liguria, Italy.
Recco is home to the September 8 fireworks festival honoring the Virgin Mary. The town is also known for being home to the most successful waterpolo team in Italy, and among the best in Europe, Pro Recco.
History
Historically, Recco was populated by the Casmoriti, part of the Ligurian family. Later, it was conquered by the Romans who founded this ancient town, and gave the town the name of Recina or Ricina. At one point in time, it served as a Roman castrum (camp) on the Via Aurelia.
In 1943, during World War II, Recco was heavily bombed by the Allies, destroying the railway and severely damaging the town and about 80% of the town's infrastructure. "The town of Recco in Genoa province, a target because of its viaduct, had lost 90 percent of its buildings and 127 inhabitants" It was rebuilt in the late forties and early 1950s.
Sport
The city is home to the water polo team Pro Recco, winner of winner of 34 championships (the first in 1959, the last in 2022) in the Italian Serie A1, 16 Italian Cups, 10 LEN Champions League Cups and 8 LEN Super Cups. It is also the only Italian team for five times to have won the grand slam (Championship, Italian Cup, Champions Cup, European Super Cup).
Cuisine
Recco is known for its focaccia con il formaggio (focaccia with cheese) which is made with stracchino. The consortium that dictates the official recipe of the focaccia, supposedly the result of a Saracen attack in the 13th century, has obtained the European Union PGI status for the recipe.
Twin towns
Ponte di Legno, Italy
References
Cities and towns in Liguria
Coastal towns in Liguria |
is a small island located in Hachinohe, Aomori, in the Tōhoku region of northern Japan. Part of the Tanesashi Coast, it was incorporated into the Sanriku Fukkō National Park from May 2013.
Geography
The island has a length of and a width of . The highest point of the island measures in elevation. The total area of the island is approximately . Although called it is an island, it is connected to the mainland by a causeway constructed in 1942 so that people may walk to it from the shore.
Important Bird Area
The island is noted as a nesting ground for Black-tailed gulls and has been protected as a National Natural Monument of Japan since 1922. It has also been recognised as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International. The sound of the umi-neko at Hachinohe was selected by the Ministry of the Environment as one of the 100 Soundscapes of Japan.
Kabushima Shrine
is a small Shinto shrine located on Kabushima island. The shrine is a branch of the Itsukushima Shrine and is dedicated to Benzaiten. According to shrine legend, it was established in 1269 by local fishermen. The shrine burned completely down on 5 November 2015, but it was rebuilt and expanded at the cost of 5 billion yen. The shrine reopened on 26 March 2020 after a small reopening ceremony. The ceremony was scaled down due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The main festival of the shrine is held on the third Sunday of April.
References
External links
Hachinohe City tourist information
Official website
Kabushima on Nippon-Kichi
Shinto shrines in Aomori Prefecture
Islands of Aomori Prefecture
Natural monuments of Japan
Hachinohe
Tourist attractions in Aomori Prefecture
Important Bird Areas of Japan
Seabird colonies |
Sieburth is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Richard Sieburth (born 1949), American translator
John Sieburth (1927–2006), Canadian biologist
Scott Sieburth, American chemist, son of John |
Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor subfamily B member 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LILRB1 gene.
Function
This gene is a member of the leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor (LIR) family, which is found in a gene cluster at chromosomal region 19q13.4. The encoded protein belongs to the subfamily B class of LIR receptors which contain two or four extracellular immunoglobulin domains, a transmembrane domain, and two to four cytoplasmic immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs). The receptor is expressed on immune cells where it binds to MHC class I molecules on antigen-presenting cells and transduces a negative signal that inhibits stimulation of an immune response. It is thought to control inflammatory responses and cytotoxicity to help focus the immune response and limit autoreactivity. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.
See also
Cluster of differentiation
References
Further reading
External links
Clusters of differentiation
Immunoglobulin superfamily |
Shenmue: The Animation, also known simply as Shenmue, is a Japanese anime television series based on the Shenmue video game series by Yu Suzuki and published by Sega. A co-production between Crunchyroll and Adult Swim, the series aired from February to May 2022. A Japanese streaming release followed in April 2022. Shortly after its streaming debut in Japan, it was decided that a televised broadcast of the series would commence a month later on Tokyo MX in May 2022. The anime series adapts the storyline of the first two games, Shenmue (1999) and Shenmue II (2001).
Plot
After he witnesses his father's murder at the family dojo, Ryo Hazuki dedicates his life to finding the man responsible – a mission that takes him from the streets of Yokosuka, Japan, to the sprawling metropolis of Hong Kong and beyond. Ryo will learn that larger, mystical forces are at play as he trains to become the ultimate martial artist in his quest for revenge.
Characters
An 18-year-old Japanese teenager who goes on a journey to avenge his father.
A high-ranking member of the Chi You Men.
A mysterious teenager who becomes Ryo's traveling companion.
Ryo's close friend.
Master Chen's son.
A low-ranking member of the Chi You Men.
The youngest member of Wuying Ren's gang, the Heavens.
A young Chinese woman who can most often be seen around Aberdeen.
Xiuying Hong / Lishao Tao
A Tai Chi martial artist and master of the Man Mo Temple.
The leader of the notorious gang, the Heavens.
The leader of the Yellow Heads.
Production and release
The series was announced on September 4, 2020, at the virtual Crunchyroll Expo. The series was directed by Chikara Sakurai, best known for directing the second season of One-Punch Man. Shenmue creator Yu Suzuki was an executive producer on the series. Kento Shimoyama wrote the series' scripts, Kensuke Ishikawa designed the characters, and Kana Shibue composed the music. The series was animated by Telecom Animation Film with production management by Sola Entertainment. The opening theme is "Undead-Noid" performed by Kashitarō Itō, while the ending theme is "Sympathy" performed by Narudora. The series consists of 13 episodes and it aired on Adult Swim's Toonami programming block and was streamed on Crunchyroll from February 6 to May 1, 2022. The English dub of the series was provided by Sentai Studios. The series premiered in Japan on multiple streaming services on April 7, 2022. Shortly after its streaming launch in Japan, it was announced that Tokyo MX would begin broadcasting the series a month later starting on May 3, 2022.
According to the producer Yuu Kiyozono, the anime was in development for around two to three years during the time Shenmue III was produced and released. Kiyozono said that the production crew went to Yokosuka to get an accurate feel of the city's streets and atmosphere. Most of the core Japanese voice actors returned from the video games, although some of the cast included new voice actors to appeal to the game's younger fanbase.
Producer Joseph Chou said that Suzuki was heavily involved in the production to plan out the narrative with backstory information that was never implemented in the games. Sakurai added that some free roaming aspects were included with Ryo talking to people in the streets. On October 8, 2021, Shenmues first official trailer was revealed at New York Comic Con.
On September 28, 2022, Jason DeMarco confirmed that the series would not be renewed for a second season after it was removed from Adult Swim's website.
Episodes
Notes
References
External links
2022 anime television series debuts
Adult Swim original programming
Anime and manga about revenge
Anime television series based on video games
Crunchyroll anime
Crunchyroll Originals
Martial arts anime and manga
Shenmue
Television series set in 1986
Television series set in 1987
TMS Entertainment
Tokyo MX original programming
Toonami
Works based on Sega video games
ja:シェンムー#Webアニメ |
Saint-Étienne-du-Vigan (; Auvergnat: Sent Estève dau Vigan) is a commune in the Haute-Loire department in south-central France.
Population
See also
Communes of the Haute-Loire department
References
Communes of Haute-Loire |
Matteo Carrara (born 25 March 1979 in Alzano Lombardo) is an Italian former racing cyclist, who rode as a professional between 2001 and 2012. Carrara's greatest victory came at the 2019 Tour de Luxembourg where he won the Overall. In 2010 Carrara won stage 4 of Settimana Ciclistica Lombarda however, he was relegated due to irregular sprinting and the win was given to José Serpa.
Major results
Sources:
2000
1st Giro del Medio Brenta
3rd Gran Premio Industria e Commercio Artigianato Carnaghese
4th Rund um die Nürnberger Altstadt
2001
5th Rund um die Nürnberger Altstadt
9th Gran Premio Bruno Beghelli
2002
7th Overall Giro della Provincia di Lucca
2003
1st Criterium d'Abruzzo
4th Overall UNIQA Classic
5th Trofeo Matteotti
10th Grand Prix de Fourmies
Tour of Qinghai Lake
1st Stages 2 & 5
1st Points classification
Tour of Austria
1st Stage 5
1st Points classification
2004
2nd Criterium d'Abruzzo
3rd Gran Premio de Llodio
4th Giro della Toscana
5th Trofeo Matteotti
2005
3rd Overall Tour of Japan
3rd Urkiola Igoera
6th Ronde van Drenthe
8th Coppa Bernocchi
2006
2nd Memorial Cimurri
5th Grand Prix Chiasso
6th Giro di Lombardia
8th Coppa Sabatini
9th Brabantse Pijl
10th Milan–San Remo
2007
3rd Overall Brixia Tour
4th Overall Euskal Bizikleta
4th Overall Tour de Suisse
5th Overall Vuelta a La Rioja
8th Coppa Ugo Agostoni
2008
10th Overall Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré
2009
1st Overall Circuit de Lorraine
5th Overall Settimana Ciclistica Lombarda
5th Cholet-Pays De Loire
6th Overall Tour de Luxembourg
6th Paris–Camembert
7th Eschborn-Frankfurt City Loop
2010
1st Overall Tour de Luxembourg
3rd Overall Circuit de Lorraine
5th Overall Settimana Ciclistica Lombarda
6th Overall Four Days of Dunkirk
9th Overall Brixia Tour
2012
8th Overall Volta a Catalunya
Grand Tour general classification results timeline
Source:
References
External links
Palmares on Cycling Base (French)
1979 births
Living people
People from Alzano Lombardo
Italian male cyclists
Cyclists from the Province of Bergamo |
```c++
/** testpolymorph.cpp --- A sequence of polymorphism examples.
*
*
* Author: Eric M. Ludlam <eric@siege-engine.com>
*
* This file is part of GNU Emacs.
*
* GNU Emacs is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
* (at your option) any later version.
*
* GNU Emacs is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
*
* along with GNU Emacs. If not, see <path_to_url
*/
#include <cmath>
// Test 1 - Functions w/ prototypes
namespace proto {
int pt_func1(int arg1);
int pt_func1(int arg1) {
return 0;
}
}
// Test 2 - Functions w/ different arg lists.
namespace fcn_poly {
int pm_func(void) {
return 0;
}
int pm_func(int a) {
return a;
}
int pm_func(char a) {
return int(a);
}
int pm_func(double a) {
return int(floor(a));
}
}
// Test 3 - Methods w/ different arg lists.
class meth_poly {
public:
int pm_meth(void) {
return 0;
}
int pm_meth(int a) {
return a;
}
int pm_meth(char a) {
return int(a);
}
int pm_meth(double a) {
return int(floor(a));
}
};
// Test 4 - Templates w/ partial specifiers.
namespace template_partial_spec {
template <typename T> class test
{
public:
void doSomething(T t) { };
};
template <typename T> class test<T *>
{
public:
void doSomething(T* t) { };
};
}
// Test 5 - Templates w/ full specialization which may or may not share
// common functions.
namespace template_full_spec {
template <typename T> class test
{
public:
void doSomething(T t) { };
void doSomethingElse(T t) { };
};
template <> class test<int>
{
public:
void doSomethingElse(int t) { };
void doSomethingCompletelyDifferent(int t) { };
};
}
// Test 6 - Dto., but for templates with multiple parameters.
namespace template_multiple_spec {
template <typename T1, typename T2> class test
{
public:
void doSomething(T1 t) { };
void doSomethingElse(T2 t) { };
};
template <typename T2> class test<int, T2>
{
public:
void doSomething(int t) { };
void doSomethingElse(T2 t) { };
};
template <> class test<float, int>
{
public:
void doSomething(float t) { };
void doSomethingElse(int t) { };
void doNothing(void) { };
};
}
// End of polymorphism test file.
``` |
P4 Radio Hele Norge AS Norway's leading national, private radio station with 24% national market share, about one million daily listeners and two million weekly.
P4 Radio Hele Norge operates a nationwide public service-licence, with official requirements for news and information. It broadcasts via DAB+ and on the Internet. On 1 November 2006 the company launched an all-rock music station, Bandit, available via internet streaming, and previously also on DAB.
The headquarters is located in Lillehammer, with regional representation and broadcast-studios in Oslo. P4 have previously been represented with studios and offices in Sarpsborg, Bergen, Tromsø, Stavanger, Kristiansand and Trondheim.
Radio Stations
P4
NRJ Norway
P5 Hits
P6 Rock
P7 Klem
P8 Pop
P9 Retro
P10 Country
P11 Bandit
See also
Radio Norge: PFI's main radio competitor and former holder of the Norwegian P4 FM frequencies.
External links
P4
Bandit
Radio stations in Norway
Mass media companies of Norway
Nordic Entertainment Group
Companies based in Lillehammer
Mass media in Lillehammer
Radio stations established in 1994
Companies formerly listed on the Oslo Stock Exchange
1994 establishments in Norway |
Lethyna nexilis is a species of tephritid or fruit flies in the genus Lethyna of the family Tephritidae.
Distribution
Uganda.
References
Tephritinae
Insects described in 1957
Diptera of Africa |
```objective-c
//===-- CommandObject.h -----------------------------------------*- C++ -*-===//
//
// See path_to_url for license information.
//
//===your_sha256_hash------===//
#ifndef LLDB_INTERPRETER_COMMANDOBJECT_H
#define LLDB_INTERPRETER_COMMANDOBJECT_H
#include <map>
#include <memory>
#include <optional>
#include <string>
#include <vector>
#include "lldb/Utility/Flags.h"
#include "lldb/Interpreter/CommandCompletions.h"
#include "lldb/Interpreter/Options.h"
#include "lldb/Target/ExecutionContext.h"
#include "lldb/Utility/Args.h"
#include "lldb/Utility/CompletionRequest.h"
#include "lldb/Utility/StringList.h"
#include "lldb/lldb-private.h"
namespace lldb_private {
// This function really deals with CommandObjectLists, but we didn't make a
// CommandObjectList class, so I'm sticking it here. But we really should have
// such a class. Anyway, it looks up the commands in the map that match the
// partial string cmd_str, inserts the matches into matches, and returns the
// number added.
template <typename ValueType>
int AddNamesMatchingPartialString(
const std::map<std::string, ValueType> &in_map, llvm::StringRef cmd_str,
StringList &matches, StringList *descriptions = nullptr) {
int number_added = 0;
const bool add_all = cmd_str.empty();
for (auto iter = in_map.begin(), end = in_map.end(); iter != end; iter++) {
if (add_all || (iter->first.find(std::string(cmd_str), 0) == 0)) {
++number_added;
matches.AppendString(iter->first.c_str());
if (descriptions)
descriptions->AppendString(iter->second->GetHelp());
}
}
return number_added;
}
template <typename ValueType>
size_t FindLongestCommandWord(std::map<std::string, ValueType> &dict) {
auto end = dict.end();
size_t max_len = 0;
for (auto pos = dict.begin(); pos != end; ++pos) {
size_t len = pos->first.size();
if (max_len < len)
max_len = len;
}
return max_len;
}
class CommandObject : public std::enable_shared_from_this<CommandObject> {
public:
typedef llvm::StringRef(ArgumentHelpCallbackFunction)();
struct ArgumentHelpCallback {
ArgumentHelpCallbackFunction *help_callback;
bool self_formatting;
llvm::StringRef operator()() const { return (*help_callback)(); }
explicit operator bool() const { return (help_callback != nullptr); }
};
/// Entries in the main argument information table.
struct ArgumentTableEntry {
lldb::CommandArgumentType arg_type;
const char *arg_name;
CommandCompletions::CommonCompletionTypes completion_type;
OptionEnumValues enum_values;
ArgumentHelpCallback help_function;
const char *help_text;
};
/// Used to build individual command argument lists.
struct CommandArgumentData {
lldb::CommandArgumentType arg_type;
ArgumentRepetitionType arg_repetition;
/// This arg might be associated only with some particular option set(s). By
/// default the arg associates to all option sets.
uint32_t arg_opt_set_association;
CommandArgumentData(lldb::CommandArgumentType type = lldb::eArgTypeNone,
ArgumentRepetitionType repetition = eArgRepeatPlain,
uint32_t opt_set = LLDB_OPT_SET_ALL)
: arg_type(type), arg_repetition(repetition),
arg_opt_set_association(opt_set) {}
};
typedef std::vector<CommandArgumentData>
CommandArgumentEntry; // Used to build individual command argument lists
typedef std::map<std::string, lldb::CommandObjectSP> CommandMap;
CommandObject(CommandInterpreter &interpreter, llvm::StringRef name,
llvm::StringRef help = "", llvm::StringRef syntax = "",
uint32_t flags = 0);
virtual ~CommandObject() = default;
static const char *
GetArgumentTypeAsCString(const lldb::CommandArgumentType arg_type);
static const char *
GetArgumentDescriptionAsCString(const lldb::CommandArgumentType arg_type);
CommandInterpreter &GetCommandInterpreter() { return m_interpreter; }
Debugger &GetDebugger();
virtual llvm::StringRef GetHelp();
virtual llvm::StringRef GetHelpLong();
virtual llvm::StringRef GetSyntax();
llvm::StringRef GetCommandName() const;
virtual void SetHelp(llvm::StringRef str);
virtual void SetHelpLong(llvm::StringRef str);
void SetSyntax(llvm::StringRef str);
// override this to return true if you want to enable the user to delete the
// Command object from the Command dictionary (aliases have their own
// deletion scheme, so they do not need to care about this)
virtual bool IsRemovable() const { return false; }
virtual bool IsMultiwordObject() { return false; }
bool IsUserCommand() { return m_is_user_command; }
void SetIsUserCommand(bool is_user) { m_is_user_command = is_user; }
virtual CommandObjectMultiword *GetAsMultiwordCommand() { return nullptr; }
virtual bool IsAlias() { return false; }
// override this to return true if your command is somehow a "dash-dash" form
// of some other command (e.g. po is expr -O --); this is a powerful hint to
// the help system that one cannot pass options to this command
virtual bool IsDashDashCommand() { return false; }
virtual lldb::CommandObjectSP GetSubcommandSP(llvm::StringRef sub_cmd,
StringList *matches = nullptr) {
return lldb::CommandObjectSP();
}
virtual lldb::CommandObjectSP GetSubcommandSPExact(llvm::StringRef sub_cmd) {
return lldb::CommandObjectSP();
}
virtual CommandObject *GetSubcommandObject(llvm::StringRef sub_cmd,
StringList *matches = nullptr) {
return nullptr;
}
void FormatLongHelpText(Stream &output_strm, llvm::StringRef long_help);
void GenerateHelpText(CommandReturnObject &result);
virtual void GenerateHelpText(Stream &result);
// this is needed in order to allow the SBCommand class to transparently try
// and load subcommands - it will fail on anything but a multiword command,
// but it avoids us doing type checkings and casts
virtual bool LoadSubCommand(llvm::StringRef cmd_name,
const lldb::CommandObjectSP &command_obj) {
return false;
}
virtual llvm::Error LoadUserSubcommand(llvm::StringRef cmd_name,
const lldb::CommandObjectSP &command_obj,
bool can_replace) {
return llvm::createStringError(llvm::inconvertibleErrorCode(),
"can only add commands to container commands");
}
virtual bool WantsRawCommandString() = 0;
// By default, WantsCompletion = !WantsRawCommandString. Subclasses who want
// raw command string but desire, for example, argument completion should
// override this method to return true.
virtual bool WantsCompletion() { return !WantsRawCommandString(); }
virtual Options *GetOptions();
static lldb::CommandArgumentType LookupArgumentName(llvm::StringRef arg_name);
static const ArgumentTableEntry *
FindArgumentDataByType(lldb::CommandArgumentType arg_type);
int GetNumArgumentEntries();
CommandArgumentEntry *GetArgumentEntryAtIndex(int idx);
static void GetArgumentHelp(Stream &str, lldb::CommandArgumentType arg_type,
CommandInterpreter &interpreter);
static const char *GetArgumentName(lldb::CommandArgumentType arg_type);
// Generates a nicely formatted command args string for help command output.
// By default, all possible args are taken into account, for example, '<expr
// | variable-name>'. This can be refined by passing a second arg specifying
// which option set(s) we are interested, which could then, for example,
// produce either '<expr>' or '<variable-name>'.
void GetFormattedCommandArguments(Stream &str,
uint32_t opt_set_mask = LLDB_OPT_SET_ALL);
bool IsPairType(ArgumentRepetitionType arg_repeat_type);
bool ParseOptions(Args &args, CommandReturnObject &result);
void SetCommandName(llvm::StringRef name);
/// This default version handles calling option argument completions and then
/// calls HandleArgumentCompletion if the cursor is on an argument, not an
/// option. Don't override this method, override HandleArgumentCompletion
/// instead unless you have special reasons.
///
/// \param[in,out] request
/// The completion request that needs to be answered.
virtual void HandleCompletion(CompletionRequest &request);
/// The input array contains a parsed version of the line.
///
/// We've constructed the map of options and their arguments as well if that
/// is helpful for the completion.
///
/// \param[in,out] request
/// The completion request that needs to be answered.
virtual void
HandleArgumentCompletion(CompletionRequest &request,
OptionElementVector &opt_element_vector) {}
bool HelpTextContainsWord(llvm::StringRef search_word,
bool search_short_help = true,
bool search_long_help = true,
bool search_syntax = true,
bool search_options = true);
/// The flags accessor.
///
/// \return
/// A reference to the Flags member variable.
Flags &GetFlags() { return m_flags; }
/// The flags const accessor.
///
/// \return
/// A const reference to the Flags member variable.
const Flags &GetFlags() const { return m_flags; }
/// Get the command that appropriate for a "repeat" of the current command.
///
/// \param[in] current_command_args
/// The command arguments.
///
/// \return
/// std::nullopt if there is no special repeat command - it will use the
/// current command line.
/// Otherwise a std::string containing the command to be repeated.
/// If the string is empty, the command won't be allow repeating.
virtual std::optional<std::string>
GetRepeatCommand(Args ¤t_command_args, uint32_t index) {
return std::nullopt;
}
bool HasOverrideCallback() const {
return m_command_override_callback ||
m_deprecated_command_override_callback;
}
void SetOverrideCallback(lldb::CommandOverrideCallback callback,
void *baton) {
m_deprecated_command_override_callback = callback;
m_command_override_baton = baton;
}
void SetOverrideCallback(lldb::CommandOverrideCallbackWithResult callback,
void *baton) {
m_command_override_callback = callback;
m_command_override_baton = baton;
}
bool InvokeOverrideCallback(const char **argv, CommandReturnObject &result) {
if (m_command_override_callback)
return m_command_override_callback(m_command_override_baton, argv,
result);
else if (m_deprecated_command_override_callback)
return m_deprecated_command_override_callback(m_command_override_baton,
argv);
else
return false;
}
virtual bool Execute(const char *args_string,
CommandReturnObject &result) = 0;
protected:
bool ParseOptionsAndNotify(Args &args, CommandReturnObject &result,
OptionGroupOptions &group_options,
ExecutionContext &exe_ctx);
virtual const char *GetInvalidTargetDescription() {
return "invalid target, create a target using the 'target create' command";
}
virtual const char *GetInvalidProcessDescription() {
return "Command requires a current process.";
}
virtual const char *GetInvalidThreadDescription() {
return "Command requires a process which is currently stopped.";
}
virtual const char *GetInvalidFrameDescription() {
return "Command requires a process, which is currently stopped.";
}
virtual const char *GetInvalidRegContextDescription() {
return "invalid frame, no registers, command requires a process which is "
"currently stopped.";
}
// This is for use in the command interpreter, when you either want the
// selected target, or if no target is present you want to prime the dummy
// target with entities that will be copied over to new targets.
Target &GetSelectedOrDummyTarget(bool prefer_dummy = false);
Target &GetSelectedTarget();
Target &GetDummyTarget();
// If a command needs to use the "current" thread, use this call. Command
// objects will have an ExecutionContext to use, and that may or may not have
// a thread in it. If it does, you should use that by default, if not, then
// use the ExecutionContext's target's selected thread, etc... This call
// insulates you from the details of this calculation.
Thread *GetDefaultThread();
/// Check the command to make sure anything required by this
/// command is available.
///
/// \param[out] result
/// A command result object, if it is not okay to run the command
/// this will be filled in with a suitable error.
///
/// \return
/// \b true if it is okay to run this command, \b false otherwise.
bool CheckRequirements(CommandReturnObject &result);
void Cleanup();
CommandInterpreter &m_interpreter;
ExecutionContext m_exe_ctx;
std::unique_lock<std::recursive_mutex> m_api_locker;
std::string m_cmd_name;
std::string m_cmd_help_short;
std::string m_cmd_help_long;
std::string m_cmd_syntax;
Flags m_flags;
std::vector<CommandArgumentEntry> m_arguments;
lldb::CommandOverrideCallback m_deprecated_command_override_callback;
lldb::CommandOverrideCallbackWithResult m_command_override_callback;
void *m_command_override_baton;
bool m_is_user_command = false;
// Helper function to populate IDs or ID ranges as the command argument data
// to the specified command argument entry.
static void AddIDsArgumentData(CommandArgumentEntry &arg,
lldb::CommandArgumentType ID,
lldb::CommandArgumentType IDRange);
};
class CommandObjectParsed : public CommandObject {
public:
CommandObjectParsed(CommandInterpreter &interpreter, const char *name,
const char *help = nullptr, const char *syntax = nullptr,
uint32_t flags = 0)
: CommandObject(interpreter, name, help, syntax, flags) {}
~CommandObjectParsed() override = default;
bool Execute(const char *args_string, CommandReturnObject &result) override;
protected:
virtual bool DoExecute(Args &command, CommandReturnObject &result) = 0;
bool WantsRawCommandString() override { return false; }
};
class CommandObjectRaw : public CommandObject {
public:
CommandObjectRaw(CommandInterpreter &interpreter, llvm::StringRef name,
llvm::StringRef help = "", llvm::StringRef syntax = "",
uint32_t flags = 0)
: CommandObject(interpreter, name, help, syntax, flags) {}
~CommandObjectRaw() override = default;
bool Execute(const char *args_string, CommandReturnObject &result) override;
protected:
virtual bool DoExecute(llvm::StringRef command,
CommandReturnObject &result) = 0;
bool WantsRawCommandString() override { return true; }
};
} // namespace lldb_private
#endif // LLDB_INTERPRETER_COMMANDOBJECT_H
``` |
```c
This file is part of the GNU IO Library.
This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at
your option) any later version.
This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
along with this library; see the file COPYING. If not, write to
the Free Software Foundation, 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston,
MA 02111-1307, USA.
As a special exception, if you link this library with files
compiled with a GNU compiler to produce an executable, this does
not cause the resulting executable to be covered by the GNU General
other reasons why the executable file might be covered by the GNU
#include "libioP.h"
#ifdef __STDC__
#include <stdlib.h>
#endif
#ifdef _LIBC
# include <shlib-compat.h>
#else
# define _IO_new_fopen fopen
#endif
_IO_FILE *
_IO_new_fopen (filename, mode)
const char *filename;
const char *mode;
{
struct locked_FILE
{
struct _IO_FILE_plus fp;
#ifdef _IO_MTSAFE_IO
_IO_lock_t lock;
#endif
#if defined _LIBC || defined _GLIBCPP_USE_WCHAR_T || defined(_GLIBCPP_USE_TYPE_WCHAR_T)
struct _IO_wide_data wd;
#endif /* !(defined _LIBC || defined _GLIBCPP_USE_WCHAR_T) */
} *new_f = (struct locked_FILE *) malloc (sizeof (struct locked_FILE));
if (new_f == NULL)
return NULL;
#ifdef _IO_MTSAFE_IO
new_f->fp.file._lock = &new_f->lock;
#endif
#if defined _LIBC || defined _GLIBCPP_USE_WCHAR_T || defined(_GLIBCPP_USE_TYPE_WCHAR_T)
_IO_no_init (&new_f->fp.file, 0, 0, &new_f->wd, &_IO_wfile_jumps);
#else
_IO_no_init (&new_f->fp.file, 1, 0, NULL, NULL);
#endif
_IO_JUMPS (&new_f->fp) = &_IO_file_jumps;
_IO_file_init (&new_f->fp);
#if !_IO_UNIFIED_JUMPTABLES
new_f->fp.vtable = NULL;
#endif
if (_IO_file_fopen ((_IO_FILE *) new_f, filename, mode, 1) != NULL)
return (_IO_FILE *) &new_f->fp;
_IO_un_link (&new_f->fp);
free (new_f);
return NULL;
}
#ifdef _LIBC
strong_alias (_IO_new_fopen, __new_fopen)
versioned_symbol (libc, _IO_new_fopen, _IO_fopen, GLIBC_2_1);
versioned_symbol (libc, __new_fopen, fopen, GLIBC_2_1);
#endif
``` |
Lesle Lewis is an American poet and professor. She is author of five poetry collections, most recently "A Boot's a Boot", winner of the 2013 Cleveland State University Poetry Center Open Book Competition. In reviewing her previous collection, lie down too, winner of the 2010 Beatrice Hawley Award, (Alice James Books, 2011). Publishers Weekly, wrote "Few poets handle both syntax and sound as she does, and few flirt so well both with, and against, common sense, with and against ordinary adult experience." Her first collection, Small Boat (University of Iowa Press, 2003), won the 2002 Iowa Poetry Prize. Her poems have been published in many literary journals and magazines including American Letters and Commentary, Green Mountains Review, Barrow Street, Pool, The Hollins Critic, The Massachusetts Review, and Jubilat, and featured on the Academy of American Poets website.
Lewis earned a B.S. in education at the New York University, an M.A.L.S. in English at Keene State College, and an M.F.A. in poetry from the University of Massachusetts Amherst. She teaches at Landmark College in Putney, Vermont, and lives in Alstead, New Hampshire.
Published works
Rainy Days on the Farm. Fence Books, 2019
A Boot's a Boot. Cleveland State University Poetry Center, 2014
It's Rothko in Winter or Belgium. Factory Hollow Press, 2012
lie down too. Alice James Books, 2011
Landscapes I & II. Alice James Books, 2006
Small Boat. University of Iowa Press, 2003
References
External links
Alice James Books > Lesle Lewis > Author Page
University of Iowa Press > Author Page > Lesle Lewis
Landmark College > Faculty Bio > Lesle Lewis
Author Profile: New Hampshire State Council on the Arts > Arts & Artists > Featured Poet
Poem: Jubilat > Issue 13 > Lesle Lewis > The Continent Behind the College
Poems: Shampoo Poetry > Issue 14 > Lesle Lewis
Poem: Double Room > Issue #6, Fall 2005/Winter 2006 > Lesle Lewis > Yours Is a Contemplative Wine
Living people
Poets from New Hampshire
New York University alumni
Keene State College alumni
University of Massachusetts Amherst MFA Program for Poets & Writers alumni
American academics of English literature
People from Alstead, New Hampshire
American women poets
American women non-fiction writers
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American women writers |
The 1608th Air Transport Wing is a discontinued United States Air Force unit. It was last assigned to the Eastern Transport Air Force of Military Air Transport Service (MATS) at Charleston Air Force Base, South Carolina. It performed strategic airlift missions until it was discontinued on 8 January 1966 and replaced by the 437th Military Airlift Wing of Military Airlift Command, which inherited its honors, but not its lineage or history.
History
The wing was established in 1955 at Charleston Air Force Base, South Carolina When Military Air Transport Service (MATS) expanded its operations there after assuming jurisdiction of the base from Tactical Air Command three months earlier.
The 1608th was initially established as a Douglas C-54 Skymaster medium transport unit, transporting cargo within the United States to other USAF stations. It was upgraded to heavy transport wing and re-equipped with long-range intercontinental Douglas C-124 Globemaster IIs for cargo transportation and Lockheed C-121 Constellations for passenger overseas transportation. The wing established an aerial port in 1956 for embarkation to and from the United States as well as large air terminal for transshipment of cargo. The 1608th received Lockheed C-130E Hercules transports in 1962 to replace its C-121s. It added jet Lockheed C-141 Starlifters in 1965 to replace the C-124s.
In 1963, the wing supported Operation Deep Freeze, earning an Air Force Outstanding Unit Award for all wing elements deployed to support the operation.
As the host for Charleston the wing supported Air Weather Service and Air Rescue Service squadrons and aircraft as well as Air Defense Command interceptor aircraft and other air defense units.
The wing was discontinued on 8 January 1966. Its equipment and personnel were reassigned to the 437th Military Airlift Wing the same date. Its history and honors (although not its lineage) were bestowed on the 437th to indicate that its replacement was only a conversion from a major command controlled (MAJCON) wing to an Air Force controlled (AFCON) wing. Its component units with the number 1608 were replaced by units with the new wing's number with the exception of the 1608th USAF Dispensary, which was reassigned to the 437th.
Lineage
Designated as the 1608th Air Transport Wing, Medium
Organized on 1 March 1955
Redesignated as 1608th Air Transport Wing, Heavy on 24 November 1957
Discontinued on 8 January 1966
Assignments
Atlantic Division, Military Air Transport Service (later Eastern Transport Air Force), 1 March 1965 – 8 January 1966
Components
Groups
1608th Air Base Group, 1 July 1955 – 8 January 1966
1608th Air Transport Group, 1 March 1955 – 18 January 1963
1608th Maintenance Group, 1 July 1955 – 18 January 1963
Operational Squadrons
3d Air Transport Squadron, 18 January 1963 – 8 January 1966
17th Air Transport Squadron, 18 January 1963 – 8 January 1966
41st Air Transport Squadron, 18 January 1963 – 8 January 1966
76th Air Transport Squadron, 18 January 1963 – 8 January 1966
Support Squadrons
1608th Air Base Squadron, 1 March 1955 – 1 July 1955
1608th Air Terminal Squadron (later 1608th Aerial Port Squadron), 1 March 1955 – 31 March 1955, 1 January 1957 – 8 January 1966
1608th Communications and Electronics Maintenance Squadron, 18 January 1963 – 8 January 1966
1608th Field Maintenance Squadron, 18 January 1963 – 8 January 1966
1608th Organizational Maintenance Squadron, 18 January 1963 – 8 January 1966
1618th Organizational Maintenance Squadron, 18 January 1963 – 8 January 1966
1628th Organizational Maintenance Squadron, 1 July 1965 – 8 January 1966
Miscellaneous Units
Aerial Port of Embarkation, Charleston Air Force Base, 3 January 1956 – 8 January 1966
1608th USAF Dispensary, 1 March 1955 – 8 January 1966
Stations
Charleston Air Force Base, South Carolina, 1 March 1955 – 8 January 1966
Aircraft
VC-47D Skytrain, 1954–1966
C-45G Expeditor, 1954–1955
T-34A Mentor, 1954
Douglas C-54 Skymaster, 1954–1955
Lockheed C-121C Constellation, 1955–1963
Douglas C-124 Globemaster II, 1957–1965
Lockheed C-130E Hercules, 1962–1966
Lockheed C-141 Starlifter, 1965–1966
H-19B Chickasaw, 1954–1960
Kaman H-43 Huskie, 1960–1966
References
Notes
Bibliography
USAFHRA search 1608th Air Transport
Air transport wings of the United States Air Force
Military units and formations in South Carolina
Major command controlled wings of the United States Air Force
Military units and formations established in 1955
Military units and formations disestablished in 1966
1955 establishments in South Carolina |
Woolland Brothers was a department store in Knightsbridge, London, England next door to Harvey Nichols until closed in 1967.
History
Woolland Brothers was started in 1869, when two brothers from Bridford in Devon took over a draper's shop at 2 Lowndes Terrace in London. The business was initially aimed at the lower echelons of society, but was noted for its good window displays. The store expanded over the years so that by 1892 it had taken over the whole of the eastern half of Lowndes Terrace (95-107 Knightsbridge). The family of three bachelor brothers Samuel, William and Moses, together with their spinster sister, were living at 17 William Street during this period.
At this time the store had grown from a drapery shop to a department store, selling items as varied as household linens, soft furnishings, outfitting, haberdashery and accessories. The store had also moved up in class and was known to serve the aristocracy, with the Duchess of Portland shopping there in 1893 at the afterseason sale. In 1896 the business embarked on rebuilding the store, demolishing the original Lowndes Terrace piecemeal and completing the exercise by 1901. The new store was constructed using a steel frame and clad in Portland stone to an elaborate design by Henry L. Florence. Copper covered domes adorned each corner.
The store continued to serve the aspiring middle classes and aristocracy, being used by Edward VII's mistress Alice Keppel, who brought her two daughters down from Edinburgh at least four times a year. The store, however, began to appear outdated and cramped by the 1930s, and even though the business owned the freehold of the entire block between William and Seville Streets, there was no further development of the store.
In 1949 Debenhams, owners of neighbouring Harvey Nichols, purchased the store. They kept the business running as a separate entity until the 1960s when it was decided unviable to run two large department stores side by side. In 1966 the property was sold and in 1967 the store was closed. In 1969 the building was demolished to make way for the Sheraton Park Tower Hotel.
References
External links
The Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, Tag Archives: Wolland Brothers
Debenhams
Defunct department stores of the United Kingdom
Defunct retail companies of the United Kingdom
Demolished buildings and structures in London
British companies established in 1869
Retail companies established in 1869
Knightsbridge
Shops in London
1869 establishments in England |
Digital phobic is an informal phrase used to describe a reluctance to become fully immersed in the digital age for being fearful of how it might negatively change or alter everyday life.
The fast-paced development of the digital world in the twenty-first century has contributed to the digital divide becoming a very real problem for a segment of the population for whom a lack of education of, interest in, or access to digital devices has left them excluded from the technological world and fearful of its growing omnipresence.
Digital phobic is part of a growing dictionary of digital vocabulary exploring the social impact of the technological age. The phrase considers the fears associated with technological evolution and change, and acknowledges the possibility of exclusion as a result of a rising reliance on technology in day-to-day life.
Discourse
Everyday use of technology has increased dramatically since the turn of the century, significantly impacting both those embracing technological change as well as those reluctant to be a part of it.
A sharp rise in technological innovations during the 21st century has been responsible for changing much of the way we work, socialize, and learn – all of which can be at the foundation of distrust in the technological age. Psychologists, academics and researchers have begun to consider the base of these fears and consider the social, cultural and environmental circumstances which might catalyze someone to becoming 'digital phobic'.
Technophobia is used to discuss a fear of advanced technology in a formal capacity and can stem from a number, and combination of, concerns. With the oncoming of the digital age, worries have broadened from the very earliest fears that technology would eradicate artisanship to concerns over data protection, financial security, identity theft, technical inability and invasion of privacy.
There is no exhaustible list of reasons cited for fearing the digital world and, whilst research into both the cause and consequence of developing a digital phobia remains in its infancy, the presence of digital phobia regardless contributes towards an increasingly comprehensive picture of a series of profiles among digital users.
Recent research from Foresters, an international financial services organization, found 2% of the UK population to fall into this category of internet user. A further breakdown of this statistic, sees the percentage of users in development of a digital phobia increase, with 4% fearful of online shopping for worrying that someone will steal their card details, and 12% fearful that using social media will make it easier for people to find their personal details.
When asked to reason their attitude towards technology as part of this survey, a larger percentage of the UK population were revealed to be fearful of the impact it could be having on more traditional means of doing things. 31% believed technology was preventing us from communicating properly, while 32% thought advances in technology will result in long-held traditions being lost.
This fear has only been exacerbated over time as more and more data-holding, services and opportunities are transferred to the digital realm, and both the perceived and real nature of security and vulnerability risks increases. Worrying levels of time spent on devices, the invasion of privacy or the possible misuse or abuse of personal data entrusted to online sources are all contributing towards the development of a digital phobia among a proportion of the population.
Concerns about the negative, exclusionary or divisive consequences of living within a digital society are being voiced from various global platforms. April 2014 research conducted by Pew Research Center, in association with Smithsonian Magazine, revealed concerns about anticipated technological developments over the next half-century. 30% of Americans surveyed feared that technological changes would lead to a future in which people are worse off than they are at the time of being surveyed. Considered amid reports of dis-interest in the internet among Japan's residents despite its reputation as a high-tech nation, these reports contribute towards a growing understanding that high-tech advancements are not universally celebrated. Moreover, the May 2014 "right to be forgotten" ruling put in place in the European Union which allows internet users to request for their internet history to be un-searchable if deemed incorrect, outdated or irrelevant, and the thousands of requests received in the first few days following its announcement documents a, perhaps previously hidden, widespread fear of leaving a digital footprint and/or being falsely represented online.
Origins
Digital phobia is part of a wider societal conversation on how we relate to, trust in, and interact with technology and considers the potentially negative implications of what otherwise appears to be a positive advancement of the modern world.
This phrase has been developed by Foresters, the international financial services organisation, for the purpose of describing attitudes to technology among the UK population.
Developed within a digital vocabulary consisting of four other phrases (digital addict, digital omnivore, digital agnostic, digital denier), digital phobic is part of a scale of social description for online behavior within the digital age.
The phrase has been used as part of discussion on the more general use of technology within the 21st century and the importance of striking a balance between time spent on and offline. Research conducted by Foresters in association with Tech Timeout, a social communications initiative considering the role of technology in contemporary society, formed the basis of the descriptor and identified the key traits of each type of digital user based on answers from over 1,000 UK respondents.
Both anecdotal and research-based evidence suggests categories of internet use, whilst they cannot be linearly divided, are able to loosely describe attitudes to technology in society. The developed phrases are able to be used to greater understand and contextualize how new and existing technology is viewed and have been cited in international online newspapers and blog posts.
Whilst this phrase and definition were developed specifically from research on UK technology-users, the phrase is not UK-specific and is designed to be indicative of a global community of technology users who share in these characteristics.
Social and cultural impact
Digital phobia presents a real and pressing problem in the modern world where technology has become a central and essential resource. Internet culture has developed to become a part of the fabric of everyday life and is now even considered part of the make-up of national identity with a country's internet use and digital footprint an important modern index for international comparison, often associated with development and modernity.
The consequences of non-participation in the digital world are far reaching, and can affect the economic, cultural, social, occupational and educational life of a non-user. For example, in 2009 Price Waterhouse Coopers estimated that UK households offline are missing out on savings of £560 a year which could be saved if shopping or paying for bills online. Furthermore, in the United States older people without internet access or the skills to make the most of it are considered a disadvantaged proportion of the population as, amongst other important resources, vital healthcare information and initiatives conducted online are unavailable to those not a part of the digital world.
Heightened fears of how technology may be affecting the human population stems from a, for some very logical, fear of how technology is adapting the world we live in and at the pace and price with which it is doing so. With such a significance placed on online participation, concerns about the role of the internet in everyday life are not unfounded and not exclusive to those who prefer to stay away from the internet, avoid certain activities online, or use the internet without enthusiasm and only as necessitated.
A survey conducted by security firm Avira identified 84% of people fear social networking sites will steal or misuse their personal information, demonstrating the net majority of internet users share, at least partially, in distrusting the digital world. Whilst many will, despite this fear, adopt cautious optimism and still use social networking as part of their everyday lives this high percentage serves to demonstrate that a fear significant enough for some to avoid readily using online and digital services is a fear shared by a large number of internet users.
Whilst some digital phobics have preferred to remain distanced from technology due to hypothetical concerns others have attempted to join in societal interest but find themselves unable to stay caught up with new technology or would like to see its progression halted as evolution of the digital world has reached new speeds. The 2013 Oxford Internet Survey recognizes this concern among UK users, identifying distinct categories of both non-users and ex-users of internet-based technology who, for a variety of reasons, have discontinued or refuse to access the online world. This is further supported by results from a 2013 survey of internet use in America which found 32% of non-internet users avoiding the online world because of finding the internet difficult or frustrating to use, being physically unable or worried about other issues such as viruses, threat of hacking or spam – a figure considerably higher than in earlier years.
Concern over the presence of a digital divide, whether locally or globally, is only exacerbated by the knowledge that access to many government and council services, job applications, and social and cultural resources are now largely internet based. Internet access has become a hurdle in contemporary society which, for those without the necessary desire to learn or knowledge of internet-based systems, can be difficult to navigate around, often resulting in key services and vital resources being less easily accessible, leaving non-users feeling isolated. Private and government campaigns to tackle this issue further demonstrate the severity and long-lasting impact of having a proportion of the population disinclined or disinterested in going online.
As the online world becomes saturated, device options for connecting to the internet vary and news of technological inventions goes viral the exponential growth of the technological world is only contributing towards a growing number of 'digital phobic' tech-users amongst the global population.
Education
Digital phobia has had a negative impact on the field of education. Some teachers have expressed a fear that new and advanced technology is supplanting them as the masters of their fields of study and a study of teachers in Wilmington, Delaware has shown that educators in this area are acclimating to the new technology in their classrooms at a slower pace. The local researchers believe that there are many factors why that is the case and some of the things they have found are things such as a lack of technological education by the teachers, and also the lack of time, or incentive to adjust to the new technology. University Larry Cuban has stated that "The introduction of computers into school was supposed to improve academic achievement , and alter how teachers taught. Neither has occurred."
The constant infusion of new technology has many teachers fearing that they are losing their classroom. This new technology is essentially diminishing the role of a teacher in the classroom.
Researchers believe that educators are slow to adapt to technology because they aren't given time to acclimate to the new technology, causing them to hesitate to use it in the classroom and express fear that these technologies may interfere with genuine learning particularly in humanities and creative subjects. In an article for the New Media Reader, Theodor H. Nelson wrote that people are opposed to the computer because they believe it is "cold" and "inhuman", but a human can be just as inhuman and maybe even more so than the actual machine itself.
See also
Digital Age
Digital detox
Digital divide
Digital native
Internet addiction disorder
Notes
References
Browne, Clayton. "Americans both fear and embrace technology" Value Walk. 17 April 2014. Accessed: 23 June 2014.
Green, Marcus and Phill Rossall. "Age UK Digital Inclusion Evidence Report 2013" Age UK. 2013. Accessed: 27 August 2014.
Groselj, Darja "Internet users are very positive about tech; non-users are generally doubtful and fearful." Oxford Internet Surveys. 3 September 2013. Accessed: 26 August 2014.
Gurney-Read, Josie. "Digitally inclusive campaign launches today" The Telegraph. 14 January 2014. Accessed: 27 August 2014.
Gurney-Read, Josie. Fear of technology may hold back change in education, says Lord Puttman. The Telegraph. 4 February 2014. Accessed: 27 August 2014.
Houghton, Stuart. "The Internet of Things is nothing to fear" Tech Radar. 8 February 2014. Accessed: 25 June 2014.
Ragnedda, Massimo and Glenn W. Muschert ed. "The Digital Divide. The Internet and Social Inequality in International Perspective." Routledge. June 2013.
Smith, Gerry. "Without internet, urban poor fear being left behind in digital age" Huffington Post. 1 March 2012. Accessed: 27 August 2014
Soloman, Emma. Why it's important to get older people and carers confident online. The Guardian. 22 April 2013. Accessed: 27 August 2014.
Sullivan, Bob. "Online privacy fears are real." NBC News. 6 December 2013. Accessed: 27 August 2014.
Wakefield, Jane. * "Old meets new in digital divide" BBC News. 15 October 2010. Accessed: 27 August 2014.
"Truly a World Wide Web" Pew Research: Global Attitudes Project. 21 February 2006. Accessed: 25 June 2014.
"How tech savvy are you? Fear of technology affects more people than Aracnophobia" Mirror. 11 July 2013. Accessed: 27 August 2014.
Herold, Benjamin. “Why Ed Tech Is Not Transforming How Teachers Teach.” Education Week, 31 Aug. 2017. Accessed: 1 December 2017
Curtis, Polly. “Report Reveals Teachers' Fear of Classroom Technology.” The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 13 Sept. 2005. Accessed 1 December 2017
MindShift. “Does Our Current Education System Support Innovation?” MindShift, 17 July 2012. Accessed 2 December 2017
Carey, Jennifer. “How to Get Hesitant Teachers to Use Technology.” Powerful Learning Practice, 27 Mar. 2013. Accessed 2 December 2017
Wardrip-Fruin, Noah, and Nick Montfort. “No More Teachers' Dirty Looks.” The NewMediaReader, MIT Press, 2003, pp. 309–310.
Internet terminology
Technophobia
Internet culture
Digital divide
Technological change |
Agriculture in Concert with the Environment (ACE) is a program of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), administered cooperatively with United States Department of Agriculture's Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education (SARE) program, to fund research projects that reduce the risk of pollution from pesticides and soluble fertilizers.
Origins
In 1991, the EPA partnered with the USDA through the Low-Input Sustainable Agriculture Program (LISA), now referred to as the SARE, and allotted a budget of $1,000,000 to the program. The LISA program pledged to match funds received from the EPA dollar for dollar each year.
Mission
The ACE program was created to aid in the prevention and reduction of agricultural pollution. To achieve this, the program created 3 main goals:
to reduce the use of pesticides and fertilizers in agricultural practices
to promote the implementation of nutrient management planning and use of reduced-risk pesticides and biological controls
to protect ecologically sensitive areas
References
Agriculture in the United States
Agriculture and the environment |
Strain–encoded magnetic resonance imaging (SENC-MRI) is a magnetic resonance imaging technique for imaging the strain of deforming tissue. It is undergoing testing to diagnose some heart diseases, particularly congenital right ventricle dysfunctions, which are difficult to diagnose. It is an improvement on magnetic resonance elastography in that it has a faster imaging time, and less post-processing time, to turn the acquired data into a useful image.
To use the technique, the gradient coils in the MRI equipment need to be driven with special pulse sequences, designed for specific tissues, that "tags" deformation of the tissue, such that tissue that deforms more is brighter, or darker, as needed. Using a baseline measurement of normal deformation, the measurements can show unusual amounts of pressure a tissue is exposed to, or indicate that the tissue is unusually stiff or flexible, in either case potentially revealing a pathology.
Inventors of the technique, Nael Osman and Jerry Prince, co-founded a company called DiagnoSoft to get regulatory approval for software enabling this technique and others from their academic lab, and make them available to doctors and patients.
See also
Harmonic phase (HARP) algorithm
References
Cardiac imaging
Magnetic resonance imaging
Medical imaging |
is a railway station in the town of Mitane, Yamamoto District, Akita Prefecture, Japan, operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East).
Lines
Kado Station is served by the Ōu Main Line, and is located 338.4 km from the terminus of the line at Fukushima Station.
Station layout
Kado Station has one side platform and one island platform serving three tracks, connected by a footbridge. Track 2 is used primarily for freight trains changing direction. Kado Station is a simple consignment station, administered by Higashi-Noshiro Station, and operated by Mitane municipal authority, with point-of-sales terminal installed. Ordinary tickets, express tickets, and reserved-seat tickets for all JR lines are on sale (no connecting tickets).
Platforms
History
Kado Station was opened on August 1, 1902 as a station on the Japanese Government Railways (JGR), serving the town of Kado, Akita. The JGR became the JNR (Japan National Railways) after World War II. The station was absorbed into the JR East network upon the privatization of the JNR on April 1, 1987. A new station building was completed in July 2007.
Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2018, the station was used by an average of 135 passengers daily (boarding passengers only).
Surrounding area
Kotooka Post Office
Kotooka Junior High School
See also
List of railway stations in Japan
References
External links
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1902
Railway stations in Akita Prefecture
Ōu Main Line
Mitane, Akita |
William Ogle, 1st Viscount Ogle ( 1600-14 July 1682) was an English soldier from Northumberland who settled in Hampshire and was Member of Parliament for Winchester from 1640 to 1643. He served in a number of wars and was Royalist governor of Winchester from 1643 to 1645.
Personal details
William Ogle was born around 1600 near Ashington, son of Cuthbert Ogle; the Ogles were landed gentry distributed throughout Northumberland, whose relatives included William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle, Royalist commander in Northern England from 1642 to 1644.
In 1627, Ogle married Charity Waller (1595-1645), cousin of the Parliamentarian general Sir William Waller and widow of Sir Thomas Phelips (1590-1626), MP for Winchester. Ogle lived on her estates nearby in Stoke Charity and although they had no children he became guardian of her sons Thomas (1621-1644), killed serving in the Royalist army, and James (1625-1652). In 1648 he married another widow, Sarah Stewkley (died after 1667), who owned property in Michelmersh, near Southampton; they had a daughter Sarah (died after 1682).
Career
Details of Ogle's military career prior to 1639 are scarce although it may have begun in Europe during the early stages of the Thirty Years War. He probably served in Ireland in this period, was knighted in 1628 and commanded a regiment during the 1639 and 1640 Bishops' Wars. In April 1640, he was elected MP for Winchester in the Short Parliament and re-elected to the Long Parliament in November.
Following the outbreak of the Irish Rebellion of 1641, Ogle commanded one of three regiments raised by Parliament, all of which were led by Irish veterans. They landed in Munster in May 1642 but just after the First English Civil War began in August, Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork reported to Parliament all three were severely weakened by sickness and exhaustion.
In September 1643, Charles I agreed a truce with Confederate Ireland, allowing him to transfer units of the Irish Royal Army to England. They included Ogle's regiment, although he may have returned prior to this as he was excluded from Parliament in June along with other former Irish officers who joined the king. He transferred to the army being assembled by Sir Ralph Hopton for an attack on Hampshire and Sussex, whose Wealden iron industry was Parliament's main source of armaments.
In late October, a scouting party led by Ogle discovered the Parliamentarian garrison of Winchester had been withdrawn and occupied the town. Unfortunately, his prompt action forced Hopton to advance before gathering enough supplies and money to pay and feed his men. On reaching Winchester in early November, some of the Irish troops in his force mutinied in protest and several were executed before order was restored.
Ogle was appointed Governor of Winchester Castle and retained it until October 1645. His two stepsons served in the garrison, Thomas dying in a skirmish just before the Cheriton in March 1644, a defeat that ended Hopton's hopes of regaining South East England. The destruction of the main Royalist field army in June 1645 at Naseby reduced their presence outside South West England to isolated garrisons like Winchester. On 28 September, a detachment of the New Model Army under Oliver Cromwell arrived at Winchester and began constructing gun emplacements. Cromwell offered terms which Ogle refused; by 4 October the Parliamentarian artillery had breached the walls and he surrendered the next day.
Since he had 700 men and plenty of supplies, Ogle was subsequently court-martialled by the Royalist high command but he may have influenced by the presence of civilians such as his sick wife, who died the same day. Under the prevailing military convention, a garrison which continued to resist after a "practicable breach" had been made could expect no quarter for themselves or their dependents. This happened at Basing House, the last significant Royalist position in Hampshire which was sacked on 14 October and many of its defenders killed.
Ogle was allowed passage to Oxford, where he was acquitted then ennobled as "Viscount Ogle of Catherlough" in the Peerage of Ireland. The selection of "Catherlough", now modern Carlow, provides a clue to his previous service, although the reason for the award is unclear; by now the Royalist high command had split into factions, each trying to secure support by handing out increasingly valueless posts. When Oxford surrendered in June 1646, Ogle was allowed to return home after paying a small fine.
According to a letter written by Cromwell, the death of his wife "deprived him of an income of £1,000 per year", while her estate went to her younger son James, who had served as a captain in the Winchester garrison. Although Ogle soon remarried, he was imprisoned for debt in 1665, while his second wife Sarah wrote a series of letters on his behalf asking he be compensated for expenses incurred while governor of Winchester. Little is known of his life after 1667; his monument in St Mary's records he died on 14 July 1682.
References
Sources
1682 deaths
Viscounts in the Peerage of Ireland
Peers of Ireland created by Charles I
English MPs 1640 (April)
English MPs 1640–1648
Cavaliers
Royalist military personnel of the English Civil War
1600s births |
```javascript
/* your_sha256_hash--------------
*
* # D3.js - basic donut chart
*
* Demo d3.js donut chart setup with .csv data source
*
* Version: 1.0
* Latest update: August 1, 2015
*
* your_sha256_hash------------ */
$(function () {
// Initialize chart
donutBasic('#d3-donut-basic', 120);
// Chart setup
function donutBasic(element, radius) {
// Basic setup
// ------------------------------
// Colors
var color = d3.scale.category20();
// Create chart
// ------------------------------
// Add SVG element
var container = d3.select(element).append("svg");
// Add SVG group
var svg = container
.attr("width", radius * 2)
.attr("height", radius * 2)
.append("g")
.attr("transform", "translate(" + radius + "," + radius + ")");
// Construct chart layout
// ------------------------------
// Arc
var arc = d3.svg.arc()
.outerRadius(radius)
.innerRadius(radius / 1.75);
// Pie
var pie = d3.layout.pie()
.sort(null)
.value(function(d) { return d.population; });
// Load data
// ------------------------------
d3.csv("assets/demo_data/d3/pies/pies_basic.csv", function(error, data) {
// Pull out values
data.forEach(function(d) {
d.population = +d.population;
});
//
// Append chart elements
//
// Bind data
var g = svg.selectAll(".d3-arc")
.data(pie(data))
.enter()
.append("g")
.attr("class", "d3-arc");
// Add arc path
g.append("path")
.attr("d", arc)
.style("stroke", "#fff")
.style("fill", function(d) { return color(d.data.age); });
// Add text labels
g.append("text")
.attr("transform", function(d) { return "translate(" + arc.centroid(d) + ")"; })
.attr("dy", ".35em")
.style("fill", "#fff")
.style("font-size", 12)
.style("text-anchor", "middle")
.text(function(d) { return d.data.age; });
});
}
});
``` |
The Military ranks of Benin are the military insignia used by the Benin Armed Forces. Being a former colony of France, Benin shares a rank structure similar to that of France.
Commissioned officer ranks
The rank insignia of commissioned officers.
Other ranks
The rank insignia of non-commissioned officers and enlisted personnel.
References
External links
Benin
Military of Benin |
Ovidiopol Raion () was a raion (district) in Odesa Oblast of Ukraine. Its administrative center was the urban-type settlement of Ovidiopol. The raion was abolished and its territory was merged into Odesa Raion on 18 July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Odesa Oblast to seven. The area of Ovidiopol Raion was split between Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi and Odesa Raions. The last estimate of the raion population was
At the time of disestablishment, the raion consisted of six hromadas:
Avanhard settlement hromada with the administration in the urban-type settlement of Avanhard, transferred to Odesa Raion;
Dalnyk rural hromada with the administration in the selo of Dalnyk, transferred to Odesa Raion;
Karolino-Buhaz rural hromada with the administration in the selo of Karolino-Buhaz, transferred to Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi Raion;
Ovidiopol settlement hromada with the administration in Ovidiopol, transferred to Odesa Raion;
Tairove settlement hromada with the administration in the urban-type settlement of Tairove, transferred to Odesa Raion;
Velykodolynske settlement hromada with the administration in the urban-type settlement of Velykodolynske, transferred to Odesa Raion.
The population of the district was 60,308 in 2001. According to the 2001 Ukrainian census the population was 79% Ukrainian, 15% Russian, 2% Moldovan, 1% Bulgarian, and 1% Belarusian.
The shore of the Black Sea formed the southeastern edge of the district and the shore of the Dniester Estuary formed the southwestern edge.
References
External links
Ovidiopolskyi Raion
Ovidiopolskyi Raion
Ovidiopolsky area
Ovidiopolsky area
Former raions of Odesa Oblast
1924 establishments in Ukraine
Ukrainian raions abolished during the 2020 administrative reform |
Environmental Research Letters is a quarterly, peer-reviewed, open-access, scientific journal covering research on all aspects of environmental science. It is published by IOP Publishing. The editor-in-chief is Daniel Kammen (University of California, Berkeley).
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
Chemical Abstracts
Inspec
Scopus
Astrophysics Data System
CAB Abstracts
Environmental Science and Pollution Management
GEOBASE
GeoRef
International Nuclear Information System
External links
Environmental social science journals
IOP Publishing academic journals
English-language journals
Academic journals established in 2006
Quarterly journals
Environmental studies journals
Environmental science journals
Open access journals |
Irena Strzelecka (4 January 1940 – 31 May 2017) was a Polish historian and senior custodian of the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum in Poland. She was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta for her work on the history of the Auschwitz concentration camp.
The author of over 30 articles on the camp, Strzelecka wrote about its hospitals, its medical experiments, and the situation of its female prisoners. She was the author of several articles in the five-volume monograph Auschwitz 1940–1945 (2000), including on the camp's construction and the punishment of prisoners; she also helped to retrieve and document the history of several of the Auschwitz subcamps. With Franciszek Piper, she edited a series on Polish political prisoners sent to Auschwitz from Kraków, Lublin, Radom and Warsaw.
Strzelecka was born in Przemyśl. A graduate of the history and philosophy department at Jagiellonian University, she joined the Department of Historical Research of the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum in 1965.
Selected works
(2008). Medical Crimes: The Experiments in Auschwitz. Oświęcim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum.
(2009). Medical Crimes: The Hospitals in Auschwitz. Oświęcim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum.
(2010). Punishment in Auschwitz. Oświęcim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum.
(2016). Women in Auschwitz. Oświęcim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum.
See also
List of recipients of the Order of Polonia Restituta
References
External links
Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum.
1940 births
2017 deaths
Historians of the Holocaust in Poland
Jagiellonian University alumni
Knights of the Order of Polonia Restituta
People from Przemyśl
20th-century Polish historians
21st-century Polish historians
Polish women historians |
Ilaria Galbusera (; born 3 February 1991) is an Italian deaf female model, beauty pageant contestant and volleyball player. She has represented Italy at the Deaflympics in 2009, 2013 and 2017 as a volleyball player. Ilaria won the 2011 Miss Deaf World global beauty contest which was held in Prague. Ilaria Galbusera was also the part of the Italian women's volleyball team which claimed silver medal during the 2017 Summer Deaflympics.
Miss Deaf World 2011
Ilaria Galbusera competed as one of the 38 finalists in the 11th edition of Miss Deaf World contest in 2011, held in Congress Hall Top Hotel, Prague, Czech Republic. She was crowned as the Miss Deaf World 2011 at the age of 20 while Elena Korchagina emerged as 1st runners-up and Dian Inggrawati emerged as 2nd runners-up. She also crowned as the Miss Deaf Sympathy 2011.
References
External links
1991 births
Deaf beauty pageant contestants
Italian deaf people
Deaf volleyball players
Italian beauty pageant winners
Italian female models
Italian women's volleyball players
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Sportspeople from the Province of Bergamo
Opposite hitters |
Resculum was a fort in the Roman province of Dacia.
See also
List of castra
Notes
External links
Castrul roman Bologa - reportaj sapaturi arheologice (in Romanian)
Roman castra from Romania - Google Maps / Earth
Roman legionary fortresses in Romania
Ancient history of Transylvania
Historic monuments in Cluj County |
People v. Marquan M., 2014 WL 2931482 (Ct. App. NY July 1, 2014) was the first case in which a US court weighed the constitutionality of criminalizing cyberbullying. In People v. Marquan M., the New York Court of Appeals struck down an Albany County law that criminalized cyberbullying, declaring its restrictions overly broad and thus in violation of the Free Speech Clause of the First Amendment.
Background
Historical context
As access to the internet and other information technology has become widespread, there has been a rise in the use of these technologies to bully others, particularly among children and teenagers. This online bullying has been termed cyberbullying, defined as "using the Internet, cell phones or other devices to send or post text or images intended to hurt or embarrass another person" by the National Crime Prevention Council. Following several cyberbullying cases where the victim committed suicide, states have pursued both educational and legislative approaches to combating the phenomenon. By 2011, over forty-five US states had implemented laws against digital harassment, although many of these were focused on school policies for dealing with bullying and harassment, rather than criminalizing cyberbullying.
However, in 2010, the Albany County legislature introduced a law that criminalized cyberbullying to fight the growing problem.
Facts of the case
In 2010, the Albany County Legislature introduced the offense of cyberbullying to address "non-physical bullying behaviors transmitted by electronic means[.]" The law defined cyberbullying as The law made cyberbullying a misdemeanor offense punishable by up to one year in jail with a $1000 fine.
One month after the law went into effect, the defendant Marquan M., a 16-year-old high school student, created a Facebook page under a pseudonym where he posted photos of classmates accompanied by descriptions of their alleged sexual practices, partners, and other personal information. After a police investigation determined that the defendant was the one responsible for the content, he was charged with cyberbullying under the Albany County law.
Procedural history
At trial, Marquan M. filed a motion to dismiss, arguing that the law violated the Free Speech Clause of the First Amendment because it was overbroad and unlawfully vague. Specifically, the defendant contended that the law was overbroad because it proscribed protected expression and unlawfully vague because it failed to give fair notice to the public. Following the City Court's denial of his motion to dismiss, the defendant pleaded guilty, but raised constitutional arguments on appeal. The County Court affirmed the City Court's denial of the motion to dismiss and held that the law did not violate the defendant's First Amendment rights. The county found that while parts of law are invalid, they are nonetheless severable, rendering the remainder of the law constitutional if interpreted in a restrictive manner. The New York Court of Appeals granted the defendant leave to appeal.
Court of Appeals
In a 5–2 decision, the court concluded that the law, as drafted, was "overbroad and facially invalid under the Free Speech Clause of the First Amendment." Basing its decision on the breadth and vagueness doctrines, the court concluded that the law is of "alarming breadth" as it criminalized a broad spectrum of protected communications "far beyond the cyberbullying of children." While recognizing that a court should strive to save a statute, the court found it could not employ the severance doctrine in a way that would "cure all of the law's constitutional ills." They concluded that it would require an excessive judicial revision, which could result in an unlawful rewriting of a legislative enactment. Under the First Amendment, free speech is generally protected and may not be restricted by the government except in limited categories and specific types of communication. A law is considered to be overbroad if it "prohibits a real and substantial amount of expression." Because the law criminalizes "any act of communicating ... by mechanical or electronic means ... with no legitimate ... personal ... purpose, with the intent to harass [or] annoy... another person," the court decided the law was overbroad because it includes communications with a much broader scope than bullying minors, such as those communications containing information meant to annoy or embarrass. However, the court stated that "the First Amendment permits the prohibition of cyberbullying directed at children, depending on how that activity is defined," and suggested that a more narrowly drafted law against cyberbullying may be constitutional.
Dissent
The dissent argued that the provisions found by the court to be unconstitutional could be "severed from the rest of the legislation and that what remains...be interpreted in a way that renders it constitutionally valid." Specifically, Judge Smith argued that the majority opinion was overly concerned with two aspects of the definition of cyberbullying provided by the law. The law forbids communications that have no legitimate purpose and whose intent is "to harass, annoy, threaten, abuse, taunt, intimidate, torment, humiliate, or otherwise inflict significant emotional harm." While the majority opinion argued that the definition was overbroad by criminalizing communications with the intent to annoy, the dissent argued that this language should be interpreted as a "non-exhaustive list of ways" that significant emotional harm could be inflicted, and that it only forbids communications whose intent is to annoy in order to inflict significant emotional harm. The dissent concluded that despite "flaws in the draftmanship of the... law," Albany County had a constitutional right to prohibit communications that have no legitimate purpose, are of private concern, and are intended to inflict significant emotional harm on children.
See also
United States v. Drew, a notable US Supreme Court case that prompted cyberbullying legislation.
References
External links
Full Text of the Decision
A brief overview of six cyberbullying cases
Cyberbullying Research Center
What is Cyberbullying?
2014 in United States case law
Victims of cyberbullying
Cyberbullying
Cybercrime
United States Internet case law
New York (state) state case law |
The Dumoine River is a river in western Quebec with its source in Machin Lake near La Vérendrye Wildlife Reserve. From Dumoine Lake, the river flows almost due south off the Canadian Shield and empties into the Ottawa River, just west of Rapides-des-Joachims, Quebec, or Rolphton, Ontario. The river is long and drains a watershed of . This relatively short river compared to its drainage area indicates that the Dumoine has a strong current and many steep-gradient rapids.
Primarily known today for its white water canoeing and fishing, the river has a rich history from the native Indian era to exploration, fur trading, and logging. Development is minimal along the river. Occasionally the river is crossed by logging roads but between river kilometres 20 and 30 are several cottages.
This river is often grouped together with the Noire and Coulonge Rivers as three of a kind. All three are in the same area, have similar characteristics, and are very popular with whitewater canoers.
The river is named after the French family of Le Moynes.
For almost its entire length, the Dumoine River forms the boundary between the Pontiac and Témiscamingue regional county municipalities.
History
The Algonquins named it Cakawitopikak Sipi and Ekonakwasi Sipi which means Alder River (for its many alders that line the river on both sides) and Desire River respectively. A 1755 map by Jacques-Nicolas Bellin shows the name Acounagousin River. Lotter, in 1762, and Carver, in 1776, named it likewise and they identify Lake Caouinagamic as its source.
The indigenous people, coming from the Great Lakes via the French and Mattawa Rivers, used the Dumoine as an alternate northern route to reach trading partners in the Mauricie, Quebec City and Atlantic regions. From portage to portage between the lakes and rivers, they would reach Lake "Caouinagamic" (probably modern-day Obedjiwan, which in turn became subsumed in the Gouin Reservoir), the source of the Saint-Maurice River, which would lead them in turn down to Trois Rivières on the St. Lawrence River, thereby avoiding the Outaouais region and Montreal, which were subject to raids by the Iroquois.
In 1762, Alexander Henry the elder passed by the mouth of the Dumoine when travelling to Sault Ste. Marie. He wrote: "at the mouth of the Du Moine River, there is another fort or trading post where I found a small camp of Maskegon Indians with whom I have traded many items for fur."
The 1801 map of Alexander Mackenzie shows the layout of the Dumoine River but not all the way to its source. It is named after the trading post built at the river's mouth towards the end of French rule. The post was abandoned in 1761, and Fort Dumoine took over its activities around 1785. But after 1800 this fort no longer gave any signs of life.
On May 14, 2008, the Quebec Minister of Sustainable Development, Environment and Parks announced interim protection for of the Dumoine River watershed. No industrial activities are allowed in the new interim protected area covering almost a third of the watershed and encompassed the Dumoine River from its head water to the Ottawa River.
Paddling
Paddling down the Dumoine is considered exciting and rewarding by canoeists because of the large number of runnable rapids and its fast, reliable current. Trips usually start at Lac Dumoine or via the North River from Ten Mile Lake, paddling in about 5 to 7 days; Lac Laforge, covering in 4 days, or Lac Benoit, running in about 3 to 4 days. Access is by floatplane or logging road.
The range of rapids is large, from uncomplicated swifts to un-runnable falls. Beginning from Lac Dumoine, some of the more notable rapids are:
km 64, "Fish Portage" (also called "Triple Play") - 3 sets of falls with approaches rated Class 1 and 2 on the International Scale of River Difficulty.
km 58, "Canoe Eater" - an interesting technical-Class 2 boulder run
km 55, "Log Jam"
km 54, "Little Steel"
km 44, "Big Steel" - Class 3 to 2
km 23, "Grande Chute" - impressive chute (not canoeable) followed by a Class 1 rapid
km 17, "Red Pine" - series of rapids ranging from Class 1 to 3
km 13, "Examination"
The section between Lac Benoit and Little Steel Falls (kilometres 60 to 50) is particularly engaging, featuring many Class 2-3 drop-and-pool rapids typical of Canadian Shield rivers.
The final waterfall, called Ryan's Chute, connects to the Ottawa River. This dangerous chute once had 35 pairs of hobnail boots nailed to surrounding trees as memorials to the loggers who had drowned there.
All rapids and falls have well maintained portages. However, some minor CAT1 rapids lack portages, and spotters are recommended to access portages around several falls because of close proximity to dangerous waters.
The Quebec shore of the Ottawa River at the end of the Dumoine River is undeveloped. For take-out, it requires either crossing the Ottawa River (2.5 km wide at this point) to Ontario's Driftwood Provincial Park, or paddling downstream to Rapides-des-Joachims, Quebec. Regardless, the Ottawa River is often very windy with stiff headwinds, and large waves that require caution.
See also
La Vérendrye Wildlife Reserve
Zec Dumoine
Ottawa River
References
External links
Campaign to Protect the Dumoine Watershed
Rivers of Outaouais
Rivers of Abitibi-Témiscamingue |
```javascript
"Hello\1World"
``` |
Anne-Marie Bănuță (born 16 November 1991) is a Romanian-French women's football forward who plays for Nantes in the Division 2 Féminine.
Career
She previously played for Toulouse and Saint-Étienne.
She chose to play for the Romanian national team, and made her debut on 31 March 2012 scoring two goals against Kazakhstan.
Personal life
Her brother Alexandru Bănuță is also a football player. Their father George Bănuță who emigrated to France, the same.
Honours
Club
Saint-Étienne
Coupe de France Féminine: runners-up 2012–13
References
1991 births
Living people
Footballers from Toulouse
French women's footballers
Toulouse FC (women) players
AS Saint-Étienne (women) players
Romanian women's footballers
French people of Romanian descent
Romania women's international footballers
Rodez AF (women) players
Division 1 Féminine players
Women's association football midfielders
Women's association football forwards |
Annoville () is a former commune in the Manche department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2023, Annoville merged with Lingreville to form Tourneville-sur-Mer.
Population
See also
Communes of the Manche department
References
Former communes of Manche
Populated places disestablished in 2023 |
Quang Bình () is a rural district of Hà Giang province in the Northeast region of Vietnam. As of 2019 the district had a population of
61 711. The district covers an area of 774 km². The district capital is Yên Bình.
References
Districts of Hà Giang province
Hà Giang province |
Jerzy Jan Maksymiuk (born 9 April 1936) is a Polish composer, pianist and orchestra conductor.
Personal life
Maksymiuk was born in Grodno, Second Polish Republic (now Belarus). He studied violin, piano, conducting and composition at the Warsaw Conservatory where his teachers included Piotr Perkowski (composition), Jerzy Lefeld (piano) and Boguslaw Madey (conducting). In 1964 he won first prize in the Paderewski Piano Competition; in 1973 he won an award of the Polish prime minister for his work with youth.
Conducting soon became his principal career, working with symphonic orchestras, mainly the radio orchestra with which he made several recordings. From 1970 to 1972 he was on the staff of the Warsaw Grand Theatre, conducting several operas. In 1972 he formed the Polish Chamber Orchestra, which soon became a renowned group around the world. It made its British debut in 1977 and toured all over the world. Between 1975 and 1977 Jerzy Maksymiuk also held the post of Principal Conductor of the Polish National Radio Symphony Orchestra in Katowice. In 1993, he became principal conductor of the Krakow Philharmonic.
From 1983 to 1993, Maksymiuk was Chief Conductor of the BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra (BBC SSO), with which he appeared each season at the Henry Wood Promenade Concerts in London. Together, they made many overseas tours, and he became the BBC SSO's Conductor Laureate. In Britain, Maksymiuk has also conducted the BBC National Orchestra of Wales, the BBC Philharmonic, the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra, the London Symphony Orchestra, London Philharmonic Orchestra and The Philharmonia. In addition he has conducted many other orchestras in Europe, the US and Japan, Australia and Israel.
Among premieres given by Maksymiuk are A Mind of Winter by George Benjamin in 1981, Still Movement by Harrison Birtwhistle in 1984, The Confession of Isobel Gowdie by James MacMillan in 1990, as well as works by Krzysztof Meyer, Paul Patterson and Kazimierz Sikorski.
In April 1990 he was awarded the Honorary Degree of Doctor of Letters by Strathclyde University. In 1999 he received the Elgar Medal conferred by the Elgar Society.
His recordings include the first uncut performance made in the West of Paderewski's massive Symphony in B minor "Polonia", which he has also performed in concert in Poland.
In film
2018 - Concerto for Two by Polish documentary film director Tomasz Drozdowicz.
References
External links
1936 births
Living people
Polish conductors (music)
Male conductors (music)
People from Grodno
People from Białystok Voivodeship (1919–1939)
21st-century conductors (music)
21st-century male musicians |
```swift
/*
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification,
are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or
other materials provided with the distribution.
3. Neither the name of the copyright holder(s) nor the names of any contributors
may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without
specific prior written permission. No license is granted to the trademarks of
the copyright holders even if such marks are included in this software.
THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR
SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
*/
import Foundation
import os.log
/// A protocol that describes user progress for a task.
public protocol CareTaskProgress {
/// The fraction of the task that completed between 0 and 1 inclusive.
///
/// When using CareKit, the value is clamped to ensure it's within the proper range.
var fractionCompleted: Double { get }
}
extension CareTaskProgress {
var clampedFractionCompleted: Double {
let isClampingRequired = fractionCompleted < 0 || fractionCompleted > 1
// Make sure to notify the developer if we need to clamp the value. The need to clamp
// the value is typically an indicator that there's an issue in their implementation of
// `fractionCompleted`.
if isClampingRequired {
if #available(iOS 14, watchOS 7, *) {
Logger.store?.error(
"Clamping progress value of \(fractionCompleted, privacy: .public) to be within range [0, 1]."
)
} else {
os_log(
"Clamping progress value of %{public}@ to be within range [0, 1].",
log: .store,
type: .error,
fractionCompleted
)
}
}
return min(max(fractionCompleted, 0), 1)
}
}
public extension CareTaskProgress {
/// A property set to `true` if the task is considered completed.
var isCompleted: Bool {
let isCompleted = fractionCompleted >= 1
return isCompleted
}
}
``` |
Alum Creek is a stream in the U.S. state of West Virginia. It is a tributary of Tug Fork.
The water of Alum Creek is impregnated with alum, hence the name.
See also
List of rivers of West Virginia
References
Rivers of Mingo County, West Virginia
Rivers of West Virginia |
```xml
import React, { SyntheticEvent } from 'react';
import { DtoHeader } from '../../common/interfaces/dto_header';
import { KeyValuePair } from '../../misc/key_value_pair';
import { Input } from 'antd';
import { StringUtil } from '../../utils/string_util';
import KeyValueList from './key_value_list';
import { KeyValueEditMode, KeyValueEditType } from '../../misc/custom_type';
const TextArea = Input.TextArea;
interface KeyValueComponentProps {
headers?: DtoHeader[];
mode: KeyValueEditMode;
onHeadersChanged(headers: DtoHeader[]);
isAutoComplete?: boolean;
showFav?: boolean;
showDescription?: boolean;
favHeaders?: DtoHeader[];
}
interface KeyValueComponentState { }
class KeyValueComponent extends React.Component<KeyValueComponentProps, KeyValueComponentState> {
private onHeadersChanged = (data: SyntheticEvent<any> | DtoHeader[]) => {
let rst = data as DtoHeader[];
const oldHeaders = this.props.headers || [];
if (!(data instanceof Array)) {
rst = StringUtil.stringToKeyValues(data.currentTarget.value) as DtoHeader[];
rst.forEach((h, i) => {
h.isFav = oldHeaders[i] ? oldHeaders[i].isFav : false;
h.description = oldHeaders[i] ? oldHeaders[i].description : '';
});
} else {
rst = rst.filter(header => header.key || header.value);
}
this.props.onHeadersChanged(rst);
}
public render() {
const headers = this.props.headers as KeyValuePair[];
return this.props.mode === KeyValueEditType.bulkEdit ?
(
<TextArea
className="req-header"
spellCheck={false}
value={StringUtil.headersToString(headers)}
onChange={(e) => this.onHeadersChanged(e)}
/>
) :
(
<KeyValueList
headers={this.props.headers as DtoHeader[]}
onChanged={this.onHeadersChanged}
isAutoComplete={this.props.isAutoComplete}
showFav={this.props.showFav}
showDescription={this.props.showDescription}
favHeaders={this.props.favHeaders}
/>
);
}
}
export default KeyValueComponent;
``` |
The 40th Daytime Emmy Awards, presented by the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences (NATAS), "recognizes outstanding achievement in all fields of daytime television production and are presented to individuals and programs broadcast from 2:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. during the 2012 calendar year". The ceremony took place on June 16, 2013, at The Beverly Hilton, in Beverly Hills, California beginning at 5:00 p.m. PST / 8:00 p.m. EST. The ceremony was televised in the United States by HLN and executive produced by Gabriel Gornell.
The evening was hosted by Sam Champion, A. J. Hammer and Robin Meade for the first time and the pre-show ceremony was hosted by Hammer and Christi Paul. The drama pre-nominees were announced on February 27, 2013, and the nominations were announced during an episode of Good Morning America on May 1, 2013.
The acceptance speech format was altered to add live on-stage interviews with recipients directly following their acceptance speeches for the first time in award show history. In related events, the 40th Annual Creative Arts Emmy Awards ceremony was held at the Westin Bonaventure in Los Angeles on June 14, 2013.
The Bold and the Beautiful won the most awards, with four trophies including for Outstanding Drama Series Directing Team and five other Creative Arts Emmy Awards out of their 11 nominations. Days of Our Lives won two awards including Outstanding Drama Series. The Ellen DeGeneres Show won its fourth award in the Outstanding Talk Show Entertainment category. The Young and the Restless had received the most nominations, with a total of 23 (including Creative Arts Emmy Awards). Steve Harvey received two nominations for hosting duties, one in Outstanding Game Show Host for Family Feud and the other in Outstanding Talk Show Host for Steve Harvey. The Lifetime Achievement Awards were presented to Monty Hall and Bob Stewart. The ceremony attracted 913,000 viewers.
Winners and nominees
In the lists below, the winner of the category is shown first, with a double-dagger (), followed by the other nominees.
Lifetime Achievement Award
Monty Hall
Bob Stewart
Presenters and performances
The following individuals presented awards or performed musical acts.
Presenters
Performers
References
040
Daytime Emmy Awards
Emmy Awards |
I tabù n. 2 (also released as Macabro) is a 1965 Italian documentary film directed by Romolo Marcellini.
References
External links
1965 films
1960s Italian-language films
Italian documentary films
1965 documentary films
Films directed by Romolo Marcellini
Mondo films
1960s Italian films |
Sven von Storch (born 23 December 1970) is a Chilean-German businessman and digital activist who collaborates with conservatives leaders like Jair Bolsonaro and José Antonio Kast. Similarly, he is an admirer of Steve Bannon.
His Chilean older brother Klaus is an aerospace engineer.
According to the scholar Alexander Häusler, he and his wife Beatrix are responsible of a network campaign in favour of Alternative für Deutschland (AfD). The positions promoted by these media are conservative and consist of issues such as euroscepticism, anti-globalism, anti-communism, criticism of gender studies and sexual education, opposition to same-sex marriage, opposition to immigration, among others.
Biography
Family background
Sven von Storch's father moved to Chile at the end of the Second World War after the expropriation of his large estate in Parchow by the Soviet occupation forces in Mecklenburg, Rostock district. He then built up a new life as agricultural entrepreneur in the South American country, where he met his wife, who also was of aristocratic German descent.
Early life
Sven grew up as one of his parents' four sons in Chile and received his school education there.
After graduating from high school, in 1988, Sven went to Germany to study a BA in business administration and thus live in Germany ever since. After the reunification, his brother Thomas achieved the recovery of their grandparents' estate from the state; Thomas died in an airplane accident in 2004.
References
External links
1970 births
Living people
Chilean people of German descent
German people of Chilean descent
Chilean anti-communists
Alternative for Germany politicians
Far-right politics in Chile
Far-right politics in Germany
German untitled nobility |
The women's freestyle 50 kg was a competition featured at the 2022 European Wrestling Championships, and was held in Budapest, Hungary on March 30 and 31.
Medalists
Results
Legend
F — Won by fall
Main Bracket
Repechage
Final standing
References
External links
Draw
Women's Freestyle 50 kg
2022 in women's sport wrestling |
The Skidegate Band Council, also known as the Skidegate First Nation, is a band government of the Haida people, one of two of the Haida Tribal Society aka the Council of the Haida Nation. Its offices are located in Skidegate, British Columbia.
Indian reserves
Indian reserves under the administration of the Skidegate Band Council are:
Black Slate 11, on Slatechuck Creek, about west of its mouth on Kagan Bay, Skidegate Inlet .
Cumshewa 7, north shore of Cumshewa Inlet west of McCoy Cove, east side of Moresby Island, .
Deena 3, south shore of Skidegate Inlet on north side of South Bay, north end of Moresby Island, .
Kaste 6, at mouth of Copper Creek, on Copper bay, northeast coast of Moresby Island, .
Khrana 4, east end of Maude Island, in Skidegate Inlet, between Graham and Moresby Islands, .
Lagins 5, mouth of Lagins Creek at head of Graham Island, Skidegate Inlet, .
New Clew 10, on north shore of Louise Island, .
Skaigha 2, east coast of Graham Island at Halibut Bay, north of Skidegate Mission, .
Skedance 8, on east tip of Louise Island, (near, but not at the site, of the village of Skedans).
Skidegate 1, at Skidegate Mission, mouth of Skidegate Inlet, southeast of Graham Island, .
Tanoo 9, east shore of Tanoo Island, .
References
First Nation Detail, Indian and Northern Affairs Canada
Reserves/Settlements/Villages Detail, Indian and Northern Affairs Canada
External links
band website
Haida governments
Haida Gwaii |
Brian Christopher Stephney (born 12 October 1983) is a West Indian cricketer. Stephney is a right-handed batsman who bowls leg break googly. He is Montserratian, but was born at Suddie in Guyana.
Stephney played at Under-19 level for Guyana in 2002, making four appearances. Having moved to Montserrat, he became eligible to be selected for the Leeward Islands, making his first-class debut against Jamaica in the 2004/05 Carib Beer Cup, taking what would be his only first-class wicket when he dismissed Xavier Marshall in Jamaica's first-innings. He made a second first-class appearance in that season's competition, against Barbados.
In 2006, Montserrat were invited to take part in the 2006 Stanford 20/20, whose matches held official Twenty20 status. Stephney made his Twenty20 debut for Montserrat in their first-round match against Guyana, with their first-class opponents winning the match by 8 wickets. He ended Montserrat's innings of 115/8 unbeaten without scoring. In Guyana's innings, he bowled four expensive wicketless overs, conceding 39 runs. In January 2008, Montserrat were again invited to part in the 2008 Stanford 20/20, where Stephney made a further Twenty20 appearance against Nevis in the first round. In Nevis' innings, he ran out Carlon Smithen, as well as taking the wicket of Tonito Willett to finish with figures of 1/32 from four overs. In Montserrat's unsuccessful chase of 186, he was dismissed for a single run by Ian Byron.
References
External links
Brian Stephney at ESPNcricinfo
Brian Stephney at CricketArchive
1983 births
Living people
Guyanese emigrants to Montserrat
Leeward Islands cricketers
Montserratian cricketers
People from Pomeroon-Supenaam |
Max Schnapp (1905 – January 10, 1995) was a German-born animal and labor rights activist.
Biography
Schnapp was born in Austria-Hungary in a German family. He began his career by joining the Socialist Party.
In 1923, Schnapp moved to the United States and started to work as a knitting machine mechanic.
While working for the International Ladies Garment Workers Union in the 1930s, he conducted strikes and mobilized factory employees. During the Great Depression, he was a member of the International Workers Order and taught displaced tenants how to organize in the face of eviction and homelessness.
In 1970, Schnapp co-founded the Pet Owners Protection Association along with Paula Asch and served as its president. He was also a member of the Sierra Club.
References
1905 births
1995 deaths
American animal rights activists |
Antananivo Haut is a town and commune () in Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Bealanana, which is a part of Sofia Region. The population of the commune was estimated to be approximately 5,000 in 2001 commune census.
References and notes
Populated places in Sofia Region |
Pure Moods is the first United States release of a series of compilation albums of new-age music released by Virgin Records. The original was titled Moods – A contemporary Soundtrack and released in the UK in 1991. This was followed by Moods 2 in 1992. The series focuses on the genres of new-age, ambient, world music, and to a lesser extent, downtempo, trip-hop and smooth jazz. Several artists are featured regularly throughout the series such as Massive Attack, Moby, Delerium, Enigma, Enya, Adiemus, Sacred Spirit and Yanni.
The original volume of the series was initially promoted and sold by direct response television commercials. The first volume was initially released in 1994, with a different track listing from the 1997 re-release. There are twelve albums released by Virgin Records in the series — five "main entry" albums and six spin-off albums (Celtic, Scottish, Instrumental, Romantic, Gregorian and Christmas). Scottish Moods stands alone as an album featuring a single performer, David Methen and The Munros, while all the others are albums featuring multiple artists.
Track listings
Pure Moods (original 1994 release)
Pure Moods (1997 re-release)
Release Date: April 1, 1997
Label / Catalog #: Virgin Records US: 42186
UPC: 7 24384 21862 1
Instrumental Moods (original 1995 UK release)
Release Date: November 6, 1995
Label / Catalogue Number: Virgin Records UK: VTCD 65
UPC: 7 24384 11232 5
Cinema Moods (1995)
Release Date: 1995
Gregorian Moods (1997)
Release Date: July 1997
Label / Catalogue Number: Virgin Records UK: VTCD 171
Celtic Moods (1997)
Release Date: November 11, 1997
Label / Catalog #: Virgin Records US: 44951
Instrumental Moods (1998)
Release Date: February 24, 1998
Label / Catalog #: Virgin Records US: 45397
Christmas Moods (1998)
Release Date: October 20, 1998
Label / Catalog #: Virgin Records US: 46753
Pure Moods II (1998)
Release Date: November 17, 1998
Label / Catalog #: Virgin Records US: 46796
Scottish Moods (1999)
Release Date: February 23, 1999
Label / Catalog #: Virgin Records US: 46986
Pure Moods III (2001)
Release Date: February 6, 2001
Label / Catalog #: Virgin Records US: 50935
Pure Moods IV (2002)
Release Date: October 1, 2002
Label / Catalog #: Virgin Records US: 12082
Romantic Moods (2002)
Release Date: 2002
Pure Moods: Celestial Celebration (2004)
Release Date: February 24, 2004
Label / Catalog #: Virgin Records US: 96797
References
External links
Pure Moods collection promo on YouTube
Pure Moods, Vol.2 on AllMusic
Compilation album series
New-age compilation albums
1994 albums |
Eugène Louis Lami (12 January 1800 – 19 December 1890) was a French painter and lithographer. He was a painter of fashionable Paris during the period of the July Monarchy and the Second French Empire and also made history paintings and illustrations for books such as Gil Blas and Manon Lescaut.
Biography
He worked at the studio of Horace Vernet then studied at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris with Camille Roqueplan and Paul Delaroche under Antoine-Jean Gros. While there, he learned watercolor technique from Richard Parkes Bonington and later became a founding member of the Society of French Watercolorists.
Lami began working in lithography and in 1819 produced a set of 40 lithographs depicting the Spanish cavalry. These, plus a collaboration with Vernet on a large set of lithographs titled Collections des uniformes des armées françaises de 1791 à 1814 helped build a reputation for doing military scenes which transferred to his paintings. His 1829 portrait of the English king, Charles I of England as he was being led to imprisonment in Carisbrooke Castle was purchased by King Louis-Philippe of France and was on display in the French National Assembly from 1848 to 1969.
Today, this work along with his 1840 painting of Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon-Penthièvre, duchesse d'Orléans in the gardens of the Tuileries Palace are both in the Louvre. Lami's painting of the Battle of New Orleans, depicting the moment of the American victory over the British on 26 January 1815 is in the Louisiana State Museum at The Cabildo in New Orleans. He also painted a scene of the storming of Redoubt #10 during the Siege of Yorktown.
Gallery
References
19th Century Watercolors by Christopher Finch (1991) Abbeville Publishing Group (Abbeville Press, Inc.)
External links
Prints & People: A Social History of Printed Pictures, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Lami (see index)
1800 births
1890 deaths
19th-century French painters
French male painters
French lithographers
Pupils of Antoine-Jean Gros
19th-century French male artists |
Koyi Thampuran was the title of the Prince Consorts of the Queens and Princesses of Travancore. The Koyi Thampurans' gained prominence and prestige in Kingdom of Travancore as they were the fathers of the then reigning Kings. In Travancore, there were ten clans of Koyi Thampurans. The most ancient were the ones settled at Kilimanoor (in Attingal); others were Kirthipuram (in Mavelikkara), Pallam (in Kottayam), Paliyakkara (in Thiruvalla) and Nirazhi (in Changanasseri), Ananthapuram (in Karthikapalli), Chemprol (in Chengannur), Cherukol (in Pathanamthitta), Karazhma (in Mavelikara) and Vatakkemadham.
History
Adoption of Princess from Kolathiri Kingdom After the invasion of Malik Kafur in 1310, Veera Udaya Marthandavarma was forced to abdicate in favour of the Princesses sent from the Kolathiri Royal Family (also a family descending from the Cheras and Ay) called Attingal and Kunnumel Ranis. The line of kings after Ravi Varma continued through the Marumakkathayam law of matrilineal succession of Nairs. Thus, the Southern Chera-Ay dynasty adopted Matriarchy/Marumakkathayam after 1310. With the adoption of Attingal and Kunnumel Ranis to Venad in 1310, only the sons of the Attingal Rani had the right to become the King and the Kings own sons from non aristocratic Nair women did not have the right to become the next king. The Attingal Queen started adopting prince and princesses from the other Matriarchal dynasties of Kerala from the Koalthiri dynasty to the Venads Chera-Ay Royal houses. Soon after Ravi Varma's death two princesses were adopted from the Kolathiri Royal family and installed as Ranis or Queens at Attingal. The Venad Royal family continued thus in the female line. Whenever there were no females to take forth the line, princesses were adopted from the Kolathiri family, the latest adoption being in 1994. This tradition was reciprocal with several adoptions from the Venad Family also going into Kolathiri. The Koyi Thampurans were aristocratic men who were chosen to become the Prince Consorts or husbands to these Attingal Ranis.
Title and Status
The females of the royal family are styled as the "Queens of Attingal" with the titles of Attingal Mootha Thampuran (Senior Queen of Attingal) and "Attingal Elaya Thampuran" (Junior Queen of Attingal) and "Attingal Kochu Thampuran" (First Princess). According to historians, the Koyi Thampuran's or the Prince Consorts were selected from 10 major aristocratic houses or palaces which are closely related to the Travancore Dynasty. The Prince Consorts of the Senior and Junior Maharanis are known as the Valiya Koyi Thampuran and Kochu Koyi Thampuran respectively.
Even though the Koyi Thampurans attained prestige through marriage to the Attingal Ranis, the historians state that they were considered inferior to their spouses and their royal children. They weren't allowed to travel by the same vehicles and were not allowed to be seated next to the Queens and Princesses who were their wives. They were also supposed to provide their royal spouses and children all marks of respect and could only address them with the proper royal titles in public. They had no part in the Kingdom's administration even though couple of them tried to exert their influence illegally on their spouses. Compared to the status of the Travancore King's non aristocratic Nair spouses Ammachi Panapillai Ammas, the Koyi Thampuran's status were much better and had high degree of public respect. By the 20th Century, a lot of changes had taken place in the status of Koyi Thampurans. In 1924, Maharani Regent Sethu Lakshmi Bayi chose to seat her consort next to her in the Court despite some oppositions. And with the wedding of Karthika Thirunal Lakshmi Bayi, the sister of Maharajah Sree Chithira Thirunal, with the then Capt. G. V. Raja almost all of those restrictions were lifted. Even then, the Koyi Thampurans weren't allowed to meddle in the administration. Maharajah Sree Chithira Thirunal eventually did handed his brother-in-law, Capt. G. V. Raja, duties & position in the then royal government.
Famous Koyi Thampurans
Kerala Varma Valiya Koil Thampuran, Prince Consort of Maharani Bharani Thirunal Lakshmi Bayi, and Col G. V. Raja, consort of Maharani Karthika Thirunal Lakshmi Bayi, went on to become famous in their own terms.
Kerala Varma Valiya Koil Thampuran (1845–1914) was renowned as Kalidasa of Kerala. He served as a member of the Assembly for three years. His interest in Kathakali made him write Kathakali songs in Malayalam, Karnataka, Telugu and Tamil. His famous works are the translation of Kalidasa's 'Abhijnana Shakunthalam'. This was the first drama in Malayalam literature, which earned the title 'Kerala Kalidasan' to him. He has also written Mayura Sandesam on the line of Kalidasa's Megha Duth, while in house arrest. In the poem, he used the peacocks of Haripad temple to send his messages to his wife, Bharani Thirunal Lakshmi Bayi stationed in Trivandrum. He died of injuries as a result of a car accident that he suffered in 1914.
Another royal consort who attained immortal fame was Karthika Nal Godavarma Raja (1908–1971) of Poonjar dynasty, famously known as Lt. Col. G. V. Raja, the Koyi Thampuran of Maharani Karthika Thirunal Lakshmi Bayi. A major exception to the rule of selection and status of Prince Consort was made when Maharajah Sree Chithira Thirunal chose the then Captain. Godavarma Raja (later Lt. Col.), of the Poonjar Royal House as the Prince Consort for his only sister, Maharani Karthika Thirunal Lakshmi Bayi in 1934. The Maharajah felt that it was fine to make a different choice so as to find a suitable spouse for his sister and for the first time chose a bridegroom from the Poonjar dynasty. Usually, the Koyi Thampurans were chosen from Travancore's aristocratic houses such as Paliyakkara, Kilimanur, Chembrol etc. The Maharajah entrusted Capt. Raja with the responsibility of dealing with foreign dignitaries; he was also appointed as the head of the sports and tourism departments of the then royal government. Capt. Raja then developed Kovalam as a major tourism destination by inviting many foreign dignitaries and by promoting the place by organising parties at the Kovalam Palace, according to Kerala Tourism Development Corporation. Capt. Raja was also appointed as one of the Commanding Officers of Nair Brigade of Travancore Military. He served in it till 1949 and retired as a Lt. Col. Col. Raja established Travancore Sports Council (later renamed Kerala Sports Council), Travancore-Cochin Cricket Association(later renamed Kerala Cricket Association), Travancore Royal Flying Club (later renamed Thiruvananthapuram International Airport), and other twenty or more institutions dedicated to sports and tourism promotion in Kerala and was also the founder President of the aforementioned institutions. The CricInfo website reports that Col. Raja was the first Malayali to become the vice-president of Board of Control for Cricket in India, and had he lived, he would have become President of the Board of Control for Cricket in India. He established the first travel agency of the state named Kerala Travels in 1959. He also took the initiative to develop the Trivandrum Airport. He was killed in a light air plane crash in 1971.
References
Royal consorts
Travancore royal family
People from Thiruvananthapuram district
Year of birth missing
1971 deaths
Military personnel from Kerala
Kingdom of Travancore |
Cushing Peak () is a peak in the north part of Stribog Mountains, standing southeast of Guyou Bay on Brabant Island in the Palmer Archipelago. It surmounts the head of Lister Glacier to the east and Oshane Glacier to the west.
The peak was shown on an Argentine government chart in 1953, but not named. Photographed by Hunting Aerosurveys Ltd in 1956–57, and mapped from these photos in 1959, it was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee for Harvey Cushing, an American pioneer of neurosurgery.
Maps
Antarctic Digital Database (ADD). Scale 1:250000 topographic map of Antarctica. Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR). Since 1993, regularly upgraded and updated.
British Antarctic Territory. Scale 1:200000 topographic map. DOS 610 Series, Sheet W 64 62. Directorate of Overseas Surveys, Tolworth, UK, 1980.
Brabant Island to Argentine Islands. Scale 1:250000 topographic map. British Antarctic Survey, 2008.
References
Mountains of the Palmer Archipelago |
Jacob Heerbrand (12 August 1521 – 22 May 1600) was a German Protestant theologian, reformer and controversialist.
Life
He was born at Giengen in Swabia on 12 August 1521. He was educated at the school at
Ulm, and at the universities of Wittenberg (M.A., 1543) and Tübingen (D.Theol., 1550). He was for five years (1538–43) the pupil of Martin Luther and Philip Melanchthon.
In 1543 he entered the service of the Württemberg Church and accepted a diaconate at Tübingen, in order to continue his studies. For refusing to accept the Interim he was removed from his office, along with Erhard Schnepf, on 11 November 1548 but remained in Tübingen to study Hebrew under Oswald Schreckenfuchs, in company with Jakob Andreä. On 11 February 1551 he became pastor at Herrenberg, near Ehingen, where Johann Brenz was then residing.
In June 1551 Heerbrand with other local theologians subscribed to the Confessio Wirtembergica, and in March 1552, with Brenz and Jakob Beurlin he was sent to defend it at the Council of Trent. Heerbrand cooperated with the Swabians in their efforts to allay the Osiandrian controversies (1552–53), and in May 1554 he was sent to a conference of theologians at Naumburg. On the invitation of the Margrave of Baden-Pforzheim he went to Pforzheim in September 1556, as pastor and director of the State Church, which had just been reformed on the basis of the Württemberg agenda. In September 1557, he returned to Tübingen as professor of theology, a position which he retained for forty years, being the last pupil of the Wittenberg Reformers to occupy this chair. He was at the same time superintendent of the stipendium, and eight times rector of the university. In 1590 he succeeded
Andreä as chancellor of the university and provost of the cathedral church.
He was a frequent festival orator at great academic ceremonies, including the memorial service in honor of Melanchthon in 1560, and at the university jubilee in 1578. On 5 January 1599 he resigned his offices because of infirmity. He died at Tübingen on 22 May 1600.
Works
As a dogmatician he exerted influence through his disputations and his Compendium theologicae methodi quaestionibus tradatum (Tübingen, 1573). During the negotiations of the Tübingen theologians with Patriarch Jeremias II of Constantinople, it was translated by Martin Crusius into Greek, and circulated to Constantinople, Alexandria, Greece, and Asia Minor.
Heerbrand as a controversialist engaged many Roman Catholic theologians: with the Dominican Peter a Soto, in vindication of the Confessio Wirtembergica in 1561; with Melchior Zanger of Ehingen-Rottenburg; with E. Gotthard of Passau; with J. B. Fickler of Salzburg; with Wilhelm Lindanus, bishop of Ruremond; with the Polish Stanislas Socolocius; with the Freiburg professors F. Lorichius and Michael Hager, and especially with the Jesuits Heinrich Blissemius of Prague and Graz, Gregory of Valencia at Ingolstadt, Sigmund Emhofer of Vienna, and Georg Scherer of Graz. Heerbrand claimed that the ultimate aim of the Jesuit party's literary activity was calumny of Protestantism, adulation of Roman Catholic princes, and subversion of religious peace (Refutatio crassissimorum errorum, ii. 17; Apologia explicationis, p. 55).
References
1521 births
1600 deaths
German Lutheran theologians
16th-century German Protestant theologians
Participants in the Council of Trent
German male non-fiction writers
16th-century German male writers |
"Argument Clinic" is a sketch from Monty Python's Flying Circus, written by John Cleese and Graham Chapman. The sketch was originally broadcast as part of the television series and has subsequently been performed live by the group. It relies heavily on wordplay and dialogue, and has been used as an example of how language works.
Plot
After the episode's end credits have scrolled, a BBC voiceover announces that there will be "Five more minutes of Monty Python's Flying Circus." In the ensuing sketch, an unnamed man portrayed by Michael Palin approaches a receptionist (Rita Davies) and says that he would like to have an argument. She directs him to a Mr. Barnard who occupies an office along the corridor. Palin initially enters the wrong office, in which a man played by Graham Chapman hurls angry insults at him. Palin says that he came into Chapman's room for an argument, causing Chapman to apologize and clarify that his office is dedicated to "abuse". Even after politely sending Palin on his way, Chapman calls him a "stupid git".
Palin enters the next office, which contains Mr. Barnard played by John Cleese. Palin asks if he is in the right office for an argument, to which Cleese responds that he has already told him he is. Palin disputes this, and the men begin an argumentative back-and-forth exchange. Their exchange is a very shallow one, consisting mostly of petty and contradictory "is/isn't" responses, to the point that Palin feels that he is not getting what he paid for. They then argue over the very definition of an argument until Cleese rings a bell and announces that Palin's paid time has concluded.
Palin is dissatisfied and tries to argue with Cleese over whether he really got as much time as he paid for, but Cleese insists that he is not allowed to argue unless Palin pays for another session. Palin finally relents and pays more money for additional arguing time, but Cleese continues to insist that he has not paid, and another argument breaks out over that issue. Palin believes that he has caught Cleese in a contradiction—arguing without being paid—but Cleese counters that he could be arguing in his spare time. Frustrated, Palin storms out of the room.
The original broadcast version features Palin exploring other rooms in the clinic; he enters a room marked "Complaints" hoping to lodge a complaint, only to find that it is a complaint clinic in which Eric Idle is complaining about his shoes. The next office contains Terry Jones offering "being-hit-on-the-head lessons", which Palin finds a stupid concept. Eventually, a series of policemen enter the room to end the sketch, one remarking on the frequency of sketches that end in policemen halting the skit. As he realizes that he is a part of the skits’ absurdity, another policeman enters the room, and the sketch ends.
Writing
The sketch parodies modern consumer culture, implying that anything can be purchased, even absurd things such as arguing, abuse, or being hit over the head.
The sketch was typical for Cleese's and Chapman's writing at the time, as it relied on verbal comedy. Python author Darl Larsen believes the sketch was influenced by music hall and radio comedy, particularly that of the Goons, and notes that there is little camera movement during the original television recording.
One line in the middle of the sketch, "An argument is a connected series of statements intended to establish a definite proposition" was taken almost verbatim from the Oxford English Dictionary.
Performances
The sketch originally appeared in the 29th episode of the original television series, entitled "The Money Programme", and was released (in audio only) on the LP Monty Python's Previous Record, on Charisma Records in 1972.
The sketch was subsequently performed live at the Hollywood Bowl in September 1980, which was filmed and released as Monty Python Live at the Hollywood Bowl. The sketch features the discussion with the receptionist (played here by Carol Cleveland), the abuse from Chapman, and most of the argument between Cleese and Palin. It is then ended abruptly by the entrance of Terry Gilliam, on wires, singing "I've Got Two Legs". A further live performance occurred in 1989 at the Secret Policeman's Ball, where Cleveland's and Chapman's roles were replaced by Dawn French and Chris Langham. This performance was subsequently released on DVD. The sketch was performed again in July 2014 during Monty Python Live (Mostly), with Terry Jones filling in for Chapman's role and Gilliam reprising "I've Got Two Legs".
Cultural references
The sketch has been frequently used as an example of how not to argue, because, as Palin's character notes, it contains little more than ad hominem attacks and contradiction, and does not contribute to critical thinking. It has also been described as a "classical case in point" of dialogue where two parties are unwilling to co-operate, and as an example of flawed logic, since Palin is attempting to argue that Cleese is not arguing with him.
The text of the argument has been presented as a good example of the workings of English grammar, where sentences can be reduced to simple subject/verb pairs. It has been included as an example of analysing English in school textbooks. The sketch has become popular with philosophy students, who note that arguing is "all we are good at", and wonder about the intellectual exercise one could get from paying for a professional quality debate.
The Python programming language, which contains many Monty Python references as feature names, has an internal-only module called "Argument Clinic" to pre-process Python files.
The sketch is referenced in a line of dialogue in the TV show House, season 6, episode 10, 'Wilson'. The character Dr. Wilson says to Dr. House "I didn't come here for an argument", to which House replies "No, right, that's room 12A", echoing the lines from the 'abuse room' in the Argument Clinic sketch.
See also
Equivocation
Ipse dixit
Kettle logic
References
Citations
Sources
External links
Live performance at the Secret Policeman's Ball (from the official channel)
Transcription of the script
Arguments
Monty Python sketches
1972 in British television |
Hugh Howard (27 January 1761 – 3 November 1840), styled The Honourable from 1776, was an Anglo-Irish politician.
Early life
Howard was born in 1761 as a younger son of Ralph Howard, 1st Viscount Wicklow and the former Alice Forward who was made suo jure Countess of Wicklow in 1793 after the death of his father. Among his siblings was Robert Howard, 2nd Earl of Wicklow, a Representative Peer for Ireland from 1800 to 1815 and William Howard, 3rd Earl of Wicklow.
Career
Howard was elected to the Irish House of Commons as the Member of Parliament for St Johnstown in 1790, and held the seat until its disenfranchisement following the Acts of Union 1800.
Personal life
On 20 December 1792, Howard was married to Catharine Bligh, the second daughter of Very Rev. Robert Bligh, Dean of Elphin. Together, they were the parents of:
Sir Ralph Howard, 1st Baronet (1801–1873), an MP who married Charlotte Anne Fraser, the widow of Lt.-Col. Sir James John Fraser, 3rd Baronet, and only child of Daniel Craufurd, in 1837.
Robert Howard (d. 1833)
Frances Howard (d. 1814), who married William Parnell Hayes of Avondale in 1810.
Isabella Howard (d. 1836), who married Granville Proby, 3rd Earl of Carysfort, in 1818.
Theodosia Howard (d. 1836), who married, as his second wife, Richard Wingfield, 5th Viscount Powerscourt, in 1822.
Howard died on 3 November 1840.
References
1761 births
1840 deaths
18th-century Anglo-Irish people
Hugh
Irish MPs 1790–1797
Irish MPs 1798–1800
Younger sons of viscounts
Members of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801) for County Donegal constituencies |
Super Live in Japan is a DVD by Queen + Paul Rodgers, capturing the performances in Saitama Super Arena in Japan on 27 October 2005 from their world tour, featuring songs from both Queen and Rodgers' catalogues. 15 of these songs became available on DVD to the rest of the world as a Bonus DVD for the Queen + Paul Rodgers studio album The Cosmos Rocks (2008). The songs are marked as such: *. "Fire and Water" was released on the digital single for "C-lebrity", and "Fire and Water" and "The Show Must Go On" will be available to download on the "C-lebrity" iTunes exclusive single.
Disc one
Lead vocals by Paul Rodgers, except where noted.
"Reaching Out" *
"Tie Your Mother Down" *
"Fat Bottomed Girls" *
"Another One Bites the Dust" *
"Fire and Water" *
"Crazy Little Thing Called Love"*
"Say It's Not True" * Lead vocals: Roger Taylor
"'39" * Lead vocals: Brian May
"Love of My Life" * Lead vocals: Brian May
"Teo Torriatte (Let Us Cling Together)" ** Lead vocals: Brian May and Paul Rodgers
"Hammer to Fall"
"Feel Like Makin' Love"
"Let There Be Drums"
"I'm in Love with My Car" * Lead vocals: Roger Taylor
"Guitar Solo"
"Last Horizon"
"These Are the Days of Our Lives" ** Lead vocals: Roger Taylor
"Radio Ga Ga" ** Lead vocals: Roger Taylor and Paul Rodgers
"Can't Get Enough" *
"A Kind of Magic"
"Wishing Well"
"I Want It All"
"Bohemian Rhapsody" * Lead vocals: Freddie Mercury (pre-recorded) and Paul Rodgers
"I Was Born to Love You" ** ''Lead vocals: Brian May and Roger Taylor
"The Show Must Go On"
"All Right Now" *
"We Will Rock You" *
"We Are the Champions" *
"God Save the Queen" (tape) *
DVD produced by Simon Lupton.Audio for DVD produced by Justin Shirley-Smith & Kris Fredriksson.Mixed by Joshua J Macrae
Disc two
The Second Disc contains a Queen + Paul Rodgers documentary shot in Budapest.
External links
Queen + Paul Rodgers - Super Live in Japan (2006) DVD releases & credits on Discogs.com
Queen + Paul Rodgers albums
Concert films
Albums recorded at Saitama Super Arena |
The is an electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated by Kintetsu Railway in Japan on limited express services on the Osaka and Nagoya Lines.
Variants
5200 series: 4-car sets which are designated as the first batch introduced in 1988.
5209 series: 4-car sets with backup auxiliary power source switched to a static inverter introduced in 1991.
5211 series: 4-car sets with modified bogies introduced in 1993.
Overview
Formations
5200 series sets are formed as follows.
The two 5209 series sets (5209–5210) are formed as follows.
The three 5211 series sets (5211–5213) are formed as follows.
Interior
Seating consists of perpendicular seating throughout.
History
The trains were introduced in 1988 to fulfill a need for long-distance services as well as for replacing aging 2600 series trainsets.
The design of the trains revolved around three principles:
More comfortable
Multi purpose (Vehicles suitable for morning and evening commuting, daytime long-distance express transportation, and for private charters)
Modern technology (For ease of maintenance)
In 1988, the series won the Good Design Award by the Japan Institute of Design Promotion.
In September 2014, set 5205 was repainted in a commemorative livery from the 1960s.
References
External links
Kintetsu official website
Electric multiple units of Japan
5200 series
Kinki Sharyo multiple units
1500 V DC multiple units of Japan |
Events from the 1210s in the Kingdom of Scotland.
Monarchs
William I, 1165–1214
Alexander II, 1214–1249
Events
4 December 1214 – King William I dies in Stirling and is succeeded by his son, King Alexander II.
6 December 1214 – Alexander II is crowned at Scone.
1217 – Culross Abbey is established by Maol Choluim I, Earl of Fife in Culross.
Births
Full date unknown
c. 1210 – Gilbert, Earl of Orkney (died c. 1256)
c. 1210 – Dervorguilla of Galloway (died 1290)
c. 1210 – William de Moravia, 1st Earl of Sutherland (died 1248)
1211 – Henry, Earl of Atholl
c. 1213 – Patrick III, Earl of Dunbar (died 1289)
1214 – Alexander Stewart, 4th High Steward of Scotland (died c. 1282)
c. 1215 – John Comyn I of Badenoch (died c. 1274)
c. 1215 – Robert de Brus, 5th Lord of Annandale (died 1295)
Deaths
16 July 1212 – William de Brus, 3rd Lord of Annandale
4 December 1214 – King William I (born c. 1142)
17 June 1219 – David, Earl of Huntingdon (born 1152)
Full date unknown
c. 1211 – Gofraid mac Domnaill
c. 1217 – Ailín II, Earl of Lennox
c. 1219 – Hugh de Moravia
See also
List of years in Scotland
Timeline of Scottish history
References
1210s |
Chanda Rubin and Sandrine Testud were the defending champions, but Testud could not compete this year after suffering a stress fracture in her rib during the 2000 Summer Olympics. Rubin teamed up with Magüi Serna and lost in first round to Alexandra Fusai and Nathalie Tauziat.
Martina Hingis and Anna Kournikova won the title by defeating Arantxa Sánchez Vicario and Barbara Schett 6–4, 6–2 in the final.
Seeds
Draw
Draw
References
External links
Official results archive (ITF)
Official results archive (WTA)
Porsche Tennis Grand Prix Doubles
2000 Women's Doubles |
Samaspur Bird Sanctuary is a protected area situated near Salon in Raebareli district, Uttar Pradesh, India, about 122 km from Lucknow on Lucknow-Varanasi highway. It was established in 1987 on about 780 hectares of land. The nearest railway station is Unchahar and the nearest airport is Fursatganj. More than 250 varieties of birds can be seen there, some of which travel more than 5000 km to get there, including the greylag goose, pintail, common teal, Eurasian wigeon, northern shoveler, and ruddy shelduck (Surkhab). Local birds include the knob-billed duck, lesser whistling-duck, Indian spot-billed duck, Eurasian spoonbill, kingfishers, and vultures. There are twelve varieties of fish in the lake at Samaspur.
References
External links
www.india9.com/i9show/Samaspur-Bird-Sanctuary-23359.htm
Bird sanctuaries of Uttar Pradesh
Ramsar sites in India
Raebareli district
1987 establishments in Uttar Pradesh
Protected areas established in 1987 |
Vipul R. Patel, FACS is the founder and Medical Director of the Florida Hospital Global Robotics Institute, founder and Vice President of the Society of Robotic Surgery, and founder and Editor Emeritus of The Journal of Robotic Surgery. He is board certified by the American Urological Association and specializes in robotic surgery for prostate cancer. As of June, 2023 he performed his 17,000th robotic-assisted prostatectomy. The large volume of prostatectomies he has performed has enabled him to amass a large amount of statistical evidence regarding the efficacy of robotic techniques which has been used in developing and refining techniques. Patel credits the use of robotic assisted surgery with helping surgeons achieve better surgical outcomes with the "trifecta" of cancer control, continence and sexual function. In the course of his career Patel has led and participated in studies that have resulted in developing improved outcomes for robotic surgery and urologic treatment.
Biography
In January, 2008 Patel left Ohio and moved to Florida where he became Medical Director of the Global Robotics Institute at Florida Hospital Celebration Health and Director of Urologic Oncology at the Florida Hospital Cancer Institute.
In 2012 Patel founded the International Prostate Cancer Foundation, a charitable institution with the goals of promoting research in testing for genetic predisposition to prostate cancer, patient and physician education, and global screening for early detection of prostate cancer. Patel serves as chairman of the foundation.
Academic career
Patel has played a major role in training and mentoring students in robotic technologies and in establishing robotic surgery programs in many countries. He was instrumental in developing guidelines for training and credentialing the next generation of robotic surgeons.
He leads the robotic training team at the Nicholson Center, is a Professor of Urology at the University of Central Florida, and a Clinical Associate Professor of Urology at Nova Southeastern University.
He wrote the first textbook on robotic urologic surgery, now in a second edition.
He has helped to establish and train robotic surgery units around the world. For example, in 2004 he established a robotic surgery department at the Hospital Kuala Lumpur in Malaysia. In 2008 he trained the first Russian robotic surgery team and performed the first robotic prostatectomy in Russia, for which he was inducted into the Russian Academy of Sciences
Works
Textbooks as editor
Patel, Vipul. (2015). Robotic Urologic Surgery. (2nd ed- Chinese Translation). Beijing, China: World Publishing Xi'an Corporation Ltd.
Patel, Vipul. (2012). Robotic Urologic Surgery. (2nd ed.). London, England: Springer.
Patel, V., Ramalingam, M. (2009) Operative Atlas of Laparoscopic Reconstructive Urology. London, England: Springer.
Patel, Vipul. (2007). Robotic Urologic Surgery. London, England: Springer.
Articles
Patel has published more than one hundred articles in scientific and medical journals. The most cited include:
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American medical journalists
Baylor College of Medicine alumni |
Old Elizabethans may refer to:
The former name of the alumni of the Royal Grammar School Worcester. They are now called the Worcester "Alice Ottlians and Old Elizabethans".
Alumni of Elizabeth College, Guernsey, see :Category:People educated at Elizabeth College, Guernsey
Alumni of Queen Elizabeth's Hospital, Bristol, see :Category:People educated at Queen Elizabeth's Hospital, Bristol |
Max Quinzani (born March 20, 1988) is an MLL professional lacrosse player, formerly of the NCAA Division I college lacrosse team in Duke University. Quinzani played attack at 5'8 and 170 pounds in his collegiate career.
Career
Quinzani attended Duke University and played in the Attack position for Lacrosse across all 5 years of his collegiate career. He has the nation’s longest scoring streak at 46 games, ranks sixth on the Duke career list for goals, and received the ACC Academic Honor Roll choice and a two-time Academic All-America selection. On May 31, 2010, Max and the Duke Lacrosse team won their first ever Division I NCAA Men's Lacrosse Championship. During his collegiate career, Quinzani scored 199 goals, which is second all time in Division I Lacrosse. In 2010, Quinzani was chosen third overall by the Boston Cannons in the 2010 MLL Draft. Max played his first professional game on Saturday, June 12, 2010 . He scored a hat-trick in the game. Former Duxbury High School teammates Chris Ajemian, Chris Nixon and Kevin Gould were also selected by the Boston Cannons in the Draft. Quinzani has since been cut by the Long Island Lizards.
Family
Quinzani's two brothers also play college lacrosse with Gus Quinzani playing at St. Joes and Wes Quinzani who will be playing at Middlebury College in Vermont. Quinzani also famously scored the go ahead goal for the Cannons with seconds left in the 2011 MLL Semifinal. He was unable to produce points in the Final despite a winning outcome for his team.
Quinzani was a four-year letterman at Duxbury under coach Chris Sweet, where his team won state championships in 2004, 2005 and 2006.
Duke University
(a) 2nd in NCAA Division I career goals
References
http://www.goduke.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=4200&ATCLID=792851, http://www.majorleaguelacrosse.com/draft-center/
http://www.seniorclassaward.com/athletes/max_quinzani/
External links
Facebook page
Duke University
See also
Duke Blue Devils men's lacrosse
NCAA Men's Division I Lacrosse Records
1988 births
Living people
Lacrosse players from Massachusetts
Duke Blue Devils men's lacrosse players
Major League Lacrosse players
People from Duxbury, Massachusetts
Sportspeople from Plymouth County, Massachusetts
Duxbury High School alumni |
This is a list of lighthouses in El Salvador.
Lighthouses
See also
Lists of lighthouses and lightvessels
References
External links
El Salvador
Lighthouses
Lighthouses |
The 2009–10 South Carolina Gamecocks women's basketball team will represent the University of South Carolina in the 2009–10 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Gamecocks will be coached by Dawn Staley. The Gamecocks are a member of the Southeastern Conference and will attempt to win the NCAA championship.
Offseason
May 4: The Gamecocks will participate in the 2009 US Virgin Islands Paradise Jam at University of Virgin Islands. The event is celebrating its tenth anniversary. Games will be played at the U.V.I. Sports and Fitness Center, a basketball facility located in Charlotte Amalie, St. Thomas.
May 15: The South Carolina women's basketball 2009 recruiting class has been ranked the fourth-best in the nation by All-Star Girls Report. The Gamecocks have added four players for the 2009–10 season, including Kelsey Bone and Ieasia Walker who were named ESPNrise.com All-Americans this week. Only Baylor, North Carolina and California signed better classes than the Gamecocks, according to the organization's rankings.
May 16: Gamecocks basketball coach Dawn Staley returned to her alma mater, the University of Virginia, to give the valedictory address
May 17: Gamecocks signee Kelsey Bone was named one of 14 finalists for the 2009 USA Women's U19 World Championship Team
May 22:Dawn Staley announced that Ebony Wilson (Newark, N.J./Rend Lake College/Malcolm X Shabazz) has signed a National Letter of Intent to attend the University of South Carolina and play basketball for the Gamecocks. She will have three years of eligibility beginning with the 2009–10 academic year.
Preseason
2009 US Virgin Islands Paradise Jam
Regular season
The Gamecocks will participate in the Carolina's Challenge on December 20. From December 28–29, the Gamecocks will participate in the St. Joseph's Hawk Challenge.
Roster
Schedule
Player stats
Postseason
NCAA basketball tournament
Awards and honors
Team players drafted into the WNBA
See also
2009–10 NCAA Division I women's basketball season
2009 South Carolina Gamecocks football team
References
External links
Official Site
South Carolina Gamecocks women's basketball seasons
South Carolina |
Malavalli Venkatappa Chandrashekara Murthy (Kannada: ಮಳವಳ್ಳಿ ವೆಂಕಟಪ್ಪ ಚಂದ್ರಶೇಖರ ಮೂರ್ತಿ; 1 September 1939 – 21 November 2001), sometimes spelled M. V. Chandrashekhara Murthy, was an Indian Union Minister of State for Finance and a member of parliament representing Kanakapura (Lok Sabha constituency) of Karnataka State in the 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th and 13th Lok Sabhas.
Early life
Chandrashekara Murthy was born on 1 September 1939 in Mysore, Karnataka, to Malavalli V. Venkatappa and Gowramma. Venkatappa was an agriculturalist and entrepreneur (Sri Udayaranga Motor Service, a popular bus line plying between Bangalore and Chamarajanagara, is one of his better known ventures). Venkatappa was also a Member of the Legislative Council of Karnataka for a term.
Education
Chandrashekara Murthy's early schooling was in Mysore under the guidance of his maternal grandfather. He graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree from the Central College, Bangalore, and a Bachelor of Law degree from the Government Law College, Bangalore.
Personal life
Chandrashekara Murthy married Umadevi Murthy (née Nanjappa) on 20 May 1968. They have two children, son Venkatesh Murthy, and daughter Srivally Murthy. Umadevi Murthy's father, V. Nanjappa was the youngest brother of Kengal Hanumanthaiah.
Political career
Chandrashekara Murthy entered politics in the year 1977 winning the parliamentary elections from the erstwhile Kanakapura (Lok Sabha constituency).
Chandrashekara Murthy was always an ardent supporter of the Nehru-Gandhi family. He, as executive member of the Congress Parliamentary Party, was the one that proposed Rajiv Gandhi’s name for party president after Indira Gandhi’s death by suggesting "Let us celebrate the Congress Party centenary under the leadership of a person from the great family of the Nehrus."
Chandrashekara Murthy was always known to be honest and corruption-free. Dr. Manmohan Singh, during a memorial service, said "I was really fortunate that when I was Finance Minister this portfolio of revenue department was in [the] honest hands of Sri M. V. Chandrashekara Murthy."
Chandrashekara Murthy lost an election only once, to H. D. Kumaraswamy in 1996, which was a result of betrayal by S. M. Krishna based on his secret understanding with H. D. Deve Gowda. He, however, won his next election by such a margin that H. D. Kumaraswamy faced his worst ever defeat, even losing his deposit.
Positions held
1977: Elected to 6th Lok Sabha
1979–80: General Secretary, Pradesh Congress Committee [P.C.C. (I)] Karnataka
1980: Re-elected to 7th Lok Sabha (2nd term)
1983–84: Chairman, House Committee
1984: Re-elected to 8th Lok Sabha (3rd term)
1984: Member, Public Account Committee
1984: Member, Consultative Committees, Ministries of Industry, Food and Civil Supplies and Civil Aviation
1985–86: Chairman, Committee on Papers laid on the Table
1989: Re-elected to 9th Lok Sabha (4th term)
1990: Member, Consultative Committee, Ministry of Industry
1991: Re-elected to 10th Lok Sabha (5th term)
1993–96: Union Minister of State, Finance (Revenue and Expenditure)
1999: Re-elected to 13th Lok Sabha (6th term)
1999–2000: Member, Committee on Finance
Source: Lok Sabha
Death
Chandrashekara Murthy died on 21 November 2001, after a prolonged battle with cancer. He was honoured with a state funeral. His mortal remains are buried in his home town of Malavalli, Mandya District, Karnataka.
The bye-elections resulting from Chandrashekara Murthy's death was won by H. D. Deve Gowda of the Janata Dal (Secular), with D. K. Shivakumar of the Indian National Congress losing. Shivakumar was first encouraged in politics by Chandrashekara Murthy. It has been suggested that the by-election could have easily been won by Umadevi Murthy, who was surprisingly denied the party ticket to contest since it was generally the convention of the party to consider a near relative of deceased incumbents where possible. S. M. Krishna was blamed for this, as he was Chandrashekara Murthy's bête noire, both being powerful Vokkaliga leaders from the same region and party. It has also been suggested that S. M. Krishna had a secret understanding with H. D. Deve Gowda, as in the past. Notably, H. D. Deve Gowda had gone on record that he would not have contested if Umadevi Murthy was fielded.
References
External links
Official website
1939 births
India MPs 1980–1984
India MPs 1984–1989
India MPs 1989–1991
India MPs 1991–1996
India MPs 1977–1979
India MPs 1999–2004
Lok Sabha members from Karnataka
People from Mandya district
2001 deaths |
The Battle of Labuan was an engagement fought between Allied and Imperial Japanese forces on the island of Labuan off Borneo during June 1945. It formed part of the Australian invasion of North Borneo, and was initiated by the Allied forces as part of a plan to capture the Brunei Bay area and develop it into a base to support future offensives.
Following several weeks of air attacks and a short naval bombardment, soldiers of the Australian 24th Brigade were landed on Labuan from American and Australian ships on 10 June. The Australians quickly captured the island's harbour and main airfield. The greatly outnumbered Japanese garrison was mainly concentrated in a fortified position in the interior of Labuan, and offered little resistance to the landing. The initial Australian attempts to penetrate the Japanese position in the days after the invasion were not successful, and the area was subjected to a heavy bombardment. A Japanese raiding force also attempted to attack Allied positions on 21 June, but was defeated. Later that day, Australian forces assaulted the Japanese position. In the following days, Australian patrols killed or captured the remaining Japanese troops on the island. A total of 389 Japanese personnel were killed on Labuan and 11 were captured. Australian casualties included 34 killed.
After securing the island, the Allied forces developed Labuan into a significant base. The 24th Brigade left from the island to capture the eastern shore of Brunei Bay in late June, and the island's airfield was repaired and expanded to host Royal Australian Air Force units. While occupying Labuan, the Allies had to reconstruct the island's infrastructure and provide assistance to thousands of civilians who had been rendered homeless by the pre-invasion bombardment. Following the war, a major Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemetery was established on Labuan.
Background
Labuan is a small island in the mouth of Brunei Bay with an area of . Before the Pacific War, it formed part of the British-administered Straits Settlements and had a population of 8,960. The island had a town, Victoria, on its south coast which fronted onto Victoria Harbour, with a population of 8,500 and limited port facilities. Aside from a beach just to the east of Victoria, the coast was ringed by coral.
On 3 January 1942, Japanese forces captured Labuan unopposed during the Battle of Borneo. The Japanese developed two airfields (Labuan and Timbalai) on the island, which were built by labourers who had been conscripted from the Lawas and Terusan regions of mainland Borneo. The island population was also subjected to harsh occupation policies. After Japanese forces suppressed a revolt at the town of Jesselton in late 1943, which was led by Chinese-ethnic civilians, 131 of the rebels were held on Labuan. Only nine rebels survived to be liberated by Australian forces in 1944. Until mid-1944, few Japanese combat units were stationed in Borneo.
In March 1945 the Australian Army's I Corps, whose main combat elements were the veteran 7th and 9th Divisions, was assigned responsibility for liberating Borneo. Planning for the offensive was undertaken over the following weeks. While invading the Brunei Bay area did not form part of the initial iteration of the plans, it was added in early April after a proposed landing on Java was cancelled. The main purpose of attacking Brunei Bay was to secure it as a base for the British Pacific Fleet (BPF), and gain control of oil fields and rubber plantations in the area. Labuan was to be developed as an airbase and form part of a string of strategic positions which would allow the Allies to control the seas off the Japanese-occupied coast between Singapore and Shanghai.
While the liberation of the Brunei area had been authorised by the United States Joint Chiefs of Staff, it was not supported by the British Chiefs of Staff Committee. The British leadership did not want the BPF to be diverted from the main theatre of operations off Japan and preferred to establish a base for the fleet in the Philippines. In response to a suggestion from the Joint Chiefs of Staff that Brunei Bay could support future operations in south-east Asia, the Chiefs of Staff Committee judged that it would take too long to establish facilities there, especially as Singapore might have been recaptured by the time they were complete.
Preparations
Allied planning
The plans for the invasion of Borneo evolved considerably during April. Initially, the offensive was to commence on 23 April with the landing of a brigade from the 6th Division on the island of Tarakan, off the east coast of Borneo. The 9th Division would then assault Balikpapan followed by Banjarmasin in south-east Borneo. These positions would be used to support the invasion of Java by the remainder of I Corps. After the attack on Java was cancelled, it was decided to employ two brigades of the 7th Division at Brunei Bay, and I Corps conducted further preparations on this basis. However, on 17 April General Douglas MacArthur's General Headquarters (to which I Corps reported) swapped the roles of the 7th and 9th Divisions. Accordingly, the final plan for the attack against Borneo specified that one of the 9th Division's brigades would land on Tarakan island on 29 April (later postponed to 1 May), with the remainder of the division to invade the Brunei Bay area on 23 May. The 7th Division was scheduled to assault Balikpapan on 1 July. The Borneo campaign was designated the "Oboe" phase of the Allied offensive through the southern Philippines towards the Netherlands East Indies, and the landings at Tarakan, Brunei Bay and Balikpapan were designated Operations Oboe One, Six and Two respectively.
The 9th Division began to move from Australia to the island of Morotai in the Netherlands East Indies, where the Borneo campaign would be staged, in March 1945. The division had seen extensive combat in North Africa and New Guinea, and its officers and enlisted men were well trained for amphibious operations and jungle warfare. However, the 9th Division had been out of action since early 1944, leading to poor morale among its combat units. A large number of support, logistics and Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) units were assigned to the division for the operations at Brunei Bay, taking its strength to over 29,000 personnel (including 1,097 in United States and British units).
Final preparations for the landings in the Brunei Bay area took place in May 1945. After shortages of shipping delayed I Corps' movement from Australia to Morotai, General Headquarters agreed on 8 May to reschedule the operation from 23 May to 10 June. The 9th Division's staff completed their plans for operations in the Brunei Bay area on 16 May. The 24th Brigade Group was assigned responsibility for capturing Labuan, and the 20th Brigade Group was tasked with securing Brunei and Muara Island. Both brigades were to land simultaneously on the morning of 10 June. The invasion of the Brunei Bay region was to be preceded by attacks on Japanese bases and transport infrastructure across western and northern Borneo by United States and Australian air units, as well as three days of minesweeping operations in the bay itself.
The 24th Brigade Group was commanded by Brigadier Selwyn Porter. His main combat units for operations on Labuan were the 2/28th and 2/43rd Battalions, the 2/11th Commando Squadron and the 2/12th Field Regiment. In addition, a squadron from the 2/9th Armoured Regiment (equipped with Matilda II tanks), a company of the 2/2nd Machine Gun Battalion and a range of engineer, signals and logistics units formed part of the brigade group. A party of 13 officers from the British Borneo Civil Affairs Unit (BBCAU) was also attached to the 24th Brigade and were tasked with restoring the colonial government on the island and distributing supplies to its civilian population. The 24th Brigade's third infantry battalion, the 2/32nd Battalion, was assigned to the 9th Division's reserve force. Porter and the 2/28th Battalion's commander, Lieutenant Colonel Hugh Norman, had a difficult relationship which generated ill-feeling between the two men and their respective headquarters. Porter considered relieving Norman of command before the landing on Labuan in the belief that he was exhausted and not capable of effectively leading his battalion, but decided against doing so after Norman made an emotional appeal to remain in his position.
The plans for the capture of Labuan specified that the 24th Brigade Group's two infantry battalions were to land simultaneously on the beach near Victoria (designated Brown Beach) at 9:15 am, with the 2/28th Battalion coming ashore on the western side of the beach and the 2/43rd to the east. The 2/11th Commando Squadron was to be initially held in reserve on board the invasion fleet. The brigade group's objectives were to secure a beachhead, capture the main airfield (located north of Victoria and designated "No. 1 Strip" by the Australians), destroy the Japanese garrison, and prepare for further operations on the eastern shore of Brunei Bay. Priority was given to rapidly opening the port and airfield so that they could be used to support other operations.
Porter expected that fighting for the main objectives would begin soon after the landing, and decided to begin landing his artillery and heavy mortars with the assault waves of infantrymen, just before the tanks came ashore. The 2/28th Battalion was initially assigned responsibility for securing Victoria and Flagstaff Hill to its north, while the 2/43rd Battalion was tasked with capturing the airfield. Once these areas were in Australian hands, the 2/28th Battalion would secure the western part of the island while the 2/11th Commando Squadron captured the western shore of Victoria Harbour. Due to the Australian Army's manpower shortages, all elements of the 9th Division were under orders to minimise their casualties during the Borneo Campaign and unit commanders would rely heavily upon the available air and artillery support during operations. The Australians estimated that the Japanese garrison on Labuan comprised 650 personnel, made up of 400 airfield troops, 100 naval troops and 150 other lines-of-communications personnel.
Japanese preparations
As the Allies advanced towards Borneo, additional units were dispatched from Japan during the second half of 1944 and the 37th Army was established in September to coordinate the island's defence. In December 1944, Japanese staff officers deduced that it was likely that Australian troops would be landed at strategic points on the east and west coasts of Borneo in about March the next year (by which time they also expected United States forces to have liberated the Philippines). Accordingly, several Japanese units stationed in north-east Borneo were ordered to march to the western side of Borneo. This movement proceeded slowly, owing to the distances involved and disruptions caused by Allied air attacks.
By June 1945 around 550 Japanese military personnel were stationed on Labuan. The main unit on the island was the 371st Independent Infantry Battalion (almost in its entirety, save for one company located elsewhere) with a strength of around 350. This battalion formed part of the 56th Independent Mixed Brigade, which had arrived at Tawao in north-east Borneo from Japan in July 1944 with six infantry battalions. During early 1945 the brigade headquarters, 371st Independent Infantry Battalion and three other battalions marched across the island to assume responsibility for defending the Brunei Bay area. Many of the 56th Independent Mixed Brigade's soldiers fell sick during the march, and all four combat battalions were considerably below their authorised strength by the time they arrived at Brunei Bay. In June 1945 the 371st Independent Infantry Battalion was commanded by Captain Shichiro Okuyama. A detachment of about 50 men from the 111th Airfield Battalion was also on Labuan, along with around 150 men assigned to other small units. In line with Japanese doctrine, the Labuan garrison did not make preparations to contest the Allied landing force as it came ashore. Instead, it constructed defensive positions inland from the island's beaches. Documents captured by Australian soldiers during the fighting on Labuan indicated that Okuyama had instructions to attempt to withdraw his force from the island if the battle went against him.
Battle
Pre-invasion operations
Australian and United States air units began their pre-invasion attacks on north Borneo in late May. The first attack on the Brunei Bay area took place on 3 May, and included a raid targeting the town of Victoria on Labuan. A large number of further attacks were conducted to suppress Japanese airfields and other facilities throughout north-western and north-eastern Borneo. The plans for the invasion of Brunei Bay had specified that the landings would be supported by aircraft based at Tarakan, but delays in rebuilding the airfield there rendered this impossible and reduced the scale of the pre-invasion bombardment.
United States Navy minesweepers commenced operations in Brunei Bay on 7 June, and a flotilla of four cruisers and seven destroyers (including an Australian light cruiser and destroyer) served as a covering force. The minesweeping operation was successful, though struck a mine on 8 June and sank with the loss of four lives. Underwater demolition teams investigated all of the landing beaches on 9 June searching for obstacles which could impede the landing craft. The teams assigned to clear obstacles off Labuan were endangered by an unauthorised attack on the island conducted by a force of American B-24 Liberator heavy bombers. Following the landings on 10 June, American Thirteenth Air Force aircraft flying from a base on Palawan Island in the Philippines provided close air support for the forces on Labuan until RAAF units based on the island were ready to take over.
The Australian Services Reconnaissance Department (SRD) also collected intelligence on Labuan and other parts of the Brunei Bay area during May. On the first of the month several RAAF PBY Catalina aircraft carrying SRD personnel overflew Labuan. These aircraft later landed near two native prahu and questioned their crews; two sailors were flown back to an Allied base for further questioning. On 15 May two Malays working for the SRD were landed in Brunei Bay by a Catalina, and sailed to Labuan on board a prahu. These agents recruited a local civilian from Labuan, and the party was extracted by a Catalina near the mainland village of Kampong Mengalong on 19 May. The intelligence gained from these operations provided the Australians with a good understanding of Labuan's geography and infrastructure. In addition, civilians who had been recruited by the SRD's SEMUT 2 team (which had been parachuted into Borneo during April) provided intelligence on the size and movements of Labuan's garrison force.
During the last days of May the 9th Division embarked at Morotai onto the ships which would transport it to Brunei Bay, and undertook rehearsals for the landing. Due to a shortage of shipping, the available vessels were heavily loaded and many soldiers were forced to endure cramped and hot conditions during the ten days before the landing. Australian official historian Gavin Long later wrote that for many troops these conditions "were as uncomfortable as any of the experiences that followed" during the campaign. The 24th Brigade Group was carried by a variety of landing ships: the two large Australian LSIs and , as well the attack cargo ship , LSD , ten LSTs, five LCIs and seven LSMs from the United States Navy. A total of 38 small LCVPs and 26 LCMs were also assigned to land the brigade once it arrived off Labuan. Due to the coral reefs surrounding the island, the assault waves landed in LVTs of the US Army's 727th Amphibious Tractor Battalion. The convoy carrying the 9th Division left Morotai on 4 June and arrived in Brunei Bay before dawn on 10 June. The main body of the convoy anchored off Labuan, and the remainder proceeded to the Brunei area. A Japanese aircraft dropped a bomb near two of the transport ships off Labuan at 6:51 am, but caused no damage.
Landing
The landing of the assault troops at Labuan went well. The Allied fleet began bombarding the landing area from 8:15 am, and seven Australian B-24 Liberators dropped anti-personnel bombs in the area behind the intended beachhead. No Japanese forces opposed the two battalions' assault forces as they came ashore in LVTs, and the landing of later waves of infantry and tanks went smoothly. The 2/43rd Battalion rapidly advanced north and captured No. 1 Strip in the evening of 10 June. Some Japanese soldiers attempted to defend the airfield area, and the 2/43rd Battalion claimed to have killed 23 Japanese for the loss of four Australians wounded.
A company from the 2/28th Battalion captured Victoria shortly after coming ashore, and the battalion first met opposition at Flagstaff Hill at 10:45 am. One of the battalion's companies subsequently captured the hill, while its other companies continued to advance. The 2/28th Battalion encountered increasing opposition as the day progressed, particularly to the west of its area of responsibility. During the afternoon of 10 June the battalion engaged Japanese troops in the area west of Flagstaff Hill (at the junction of Callaghan and MacArthur Roads), with the infantrymen being supported by tanks and mortars; the Australians counted 18 Japanese dead by the end of the day, and suffered several fatalities and men wounded in this fighting. After civilians reported that no Japanese were stationed on the Hamilton peninsula which formed the western side of Victoria Harbour, a troop from the 2/11th Commando Squadron was landed in the area during 10 June and secured it without opposition.
During the afternoon of 10 June a group of senior officers, including General Douglas MacArthur, his air commander General George Kenney, and Australians Lieutenant General Leslie Morshead and Air Vice Marshal William Bostock (head of RAAF Command), made an inspection tour of the Labuan beachhead. MacArthur insisted on seeing Australian soldiers in action, and the party visited a group of infantrymen from the 2/43rd Battalion before departing. The Australians had just killed two Japanese soldiers and fighting was still taking place in the area when MacArthur and the other senior officers arrived. The process of unloading supplies from the invasion fleet during 10 June proceeded quickly, and the ships began to depart for Morotai during the afternoon of 11 June.
The 24th Brigade's goal for 11 June was to secure the airfield area. The 2/43rd Battalion patrolled to the north and west of the airfield during the day, meeting only light opposition. In contrast, the 2/28th Battalion (which was tasked with advancing into Labuan's interior) encountered entrenched Japanese forces, and it became clear that it was facing the main body of the island's garrison. Norman manoeuvred his companies to push the Japanese back, but the rate of advance was slow. The airfield engineers of No. 62 Wing RAAF were also landed during 11 June to begin work on returning No. 1 Strip to service; reconstruction of the airfield began the next day.
On the basis of the fighting on 11 June, Porter judged that the Japanese were withdrawing into a stronghold position located to the north of Victoria and about to the west of the airfield. On 12 June he directed the two battalions to patrol around the stronghold area. The 2/43rd Battalion patrolled the interior of Labuan to the west of No. 1 Strip, but located only a single Japanese position. This position was attacked and destroyed that day by the 2/43rd Battalion's C Company supported by three tanks. The 2/28th Battalion sent patrols towards the stronghold area, with a company supported by a tank troop meeting heavy resistance as it pushed westwards along a track towards MacArthur Road. The 2/11th Commando Squadron also advanced north, and linked up with elements of the 2/43rd Battalion near the centre of Labuan during the late afternoon. The 371st Independent Infantry Battalion's main radio was destroyed during an air attack on 12 June, cutting the unit off from the 37th Army's headquarters. As a result of the patrolling, by the end of 12 June the location of the Japanese position was fairly well known to the Australian force. The 24th Brigade's casualties to this point in the battle were 18 killed and 42 wounded, and the Australians believed that at least 110 Japanese had been killed. The 2/32nd Battalion was also landed on Labuan during 12 June, but remained in divisional reserve.
On 13 and 14 June the 24th Brigade Group continued operations aimed at forcing the Japanese garrison into the stronghold—dubbed "the Pocket" by the Australians. The 2/43rd Battalion secured the emergency airstrip at Timbalai on Labuan's west coast on 13 June, and elements of the 2/28th Battalion continued to push west into the Pocket along MacArthur Road. A company from the 2/28th Battalion made another attack into the Pocket the next day after the 2/12th Field Regiment had fired 250 rounds into the area, but was forced to withdraw after being unable to overcome heavy resistance. By the conclusion of 14 June the Australians judged that, aside from the Pocket, the island was now secure. Porter assessed that an attack on this position would need to be made in strength using well-coordinated forces. This task was largely assigned to the 2/28th Battalion, with the 2/43rd being used to patrol the island.
Following the landing the BBCAU detachment and 24th Brigade were faced with a significant humanitarian challenge. The Allied air and naval attacks had destroyed almost all of the buildings on Labuan, rendering large numbers of civilians homeless. Within days of the invasion, about 3,000 civilians were housed in a compound within the beachhead. The BBCAU party were unable to assist so many civilians, and the 24th Brigade needed to assign soldiers to support them and transport supplies. Local civilians who had worked for the pre-war British colonial government joined the new administration.
Destruction of the Japanese garrison
The Japanese stronghold position was about long from north to south, and wide. The terrain within this area comprised a series of small jungle-covered ridges, and the position was bordered on the western and southern sides by swamps. The main terrain features within the Pocket were three areas of high ground named Lushington Ridge, Norman Ridge and Lyon Ridge by the Australians. There were only two feasible routes into the area. The first was a track which led south into the position along Lyon Ridge and Norman Ridge; this was passable by tanks but heavily mined. The other route was a track which ran into the eastern side of the Pocket from MacArthur Road along Lushington Ridge and joined the other track at Norman Ridge. It is likely that around 250 Japanese personnel were initially stationed within the Pocket.
In order to minimise the casualties to his brigade, Porter decided to isolate the Pocket with two infantry companies while a heavy artillery barrage was fired into the area over several days. An attempt to capture the Pocket would only be made once it was judged that the Japanese were no longer capable of resisting effectively. As part of this plan, the 2/12th Field Regiment eventually fired 140 tons of shells into the Pocket between 15 and 20 June.
The 2/28th Battalion probed into the Pocket on 16 June. The previous day a 2/11th Commando Squadron patrol had reported that the track along Lyon Ridge would be passable by tanks if a bomb crater was filled, and on the morning of the 16th A Company from the 2/28th Battalion accompanied by a troop of three tanks and a bulldozer began to move south along it. After the bulldozer filled the crater, the force continued along Lyon Ridge but became pinned down by heavy fire from Japanese troops on Eastman Spur to the south-east of the ridge. One of the Australian tanks was damaged. A subsequent attempt by a section from the 2/11th Commando Squadron to advance towards Eastman Spur to the east of A Company was also beaten back, with two Australians killed and another wounded. A Company resumed its advance during the afternoon, supported by a new troop of tanks. The three tanks moved ahead of the infantry, and killed eight or ten Japanese personnel, but one was damaged by a bomb and another became bogged. By the end of the day, A Company had suffered five men killed and 23 wounded. Overall, 150 patients were admitted by the 24th Brigade's attached medical units during 16 June, which stretched their capacity.
Due to the losses his brigade suffered on 16 June, Porter decided to continue the bombardment before undertaking further attacks. On 18 and 19 June the bombardment of the Pocket was intensified when the heavy cruiser HMAS Shropshire fired into the area. Infantrymen supported by tanks conducted another probe into the Pocket on 19 June, and killed 10 Japanese; three Australians were wounded. On 20 June the 2/12th Field Regiment fired a particularly heavy bombardment and six Allied bombers attacked the Pocket. Porter judged that this would be sufficient to suppress the Japanese defenders, and ordered that the Pocket be attacked by two companies from the 2/28th Battalion supported by tanks (including "Frog" flamethrower variants of the Matilda II) the next day.
In the early hours of 21 June a force of about 50 Japanese troops slipped out of the Pocket and attempted to attack Australian positions on Labuan. Different groups of Japanese troops attacked a prisoner of war enclosure, dock facilities and No. 1 Strip, but all were defeated by Australian and American logistics personnel and engineers. A total of 32 Japanese personnel were killed around Victoria, and another 11 were killed at the airfield. Three Americans and two Australians were killed in these engagements.
The Japanese attack did not delay the Australian assault on the Pocket. At 10 am on 21 June, C Company of the 2/28th Battalion began to advance to the west along Lushington Ridge, and D Company moved south from Eastman Spur. D Company was supported by a troop of three conventional Matilda tanks and two Frog flamethrowers. C Company advanced about half of the way into the Pocket before being halted by Norman who was concerned that they might be accidentally attacked by D Company, which was also making good progress. The force built around D Company subsequently completed the occupation of the Pocket, with the flamethrower tanks playing a key role. The Japanese soldiers who had survived the artillery bombardment offered little resistance to the Australian forces. The 24th Brigade assessed that 60 Japanese personnel were killed in the final assault on the Pocket, with 117 being killed by the artillery bombardment which had preceded it.
From 21 June, the 2/12th Commando Squadron conducted patrols of the outlying areas of Labuan to clear them of any Japanese forces; up to this point the squadron had formed part of the 9th Division's reserve. Each troop of the squadron was assigned a different sector of Labuan, and by mid-July had completed its task. During these patrols the squadron killed 27 Japanese soldiers, mainly as part of repelling a raid on the BBCAU compound on 24 June, and captured a single prisoner. A British soldier, three local police and two civilians were killed in the raid on the BBCAU compound. The 2/12th Commando Squadron was subsequently directed to undertake topographic work in order to improve the quality of maps of the island. The 24th Brigade's total combat casualties in its operations on Labuan were 34 killed and 93 wounded. The Australian soldiers counted 389 Japanese dead and took 11 prisoners.
Aftermath
The process of bringing No. 1 Strip back into service went well. Nos 4 and 5 Airfield Construction Squadrons were assigned the task. A unsurfaced temporary runway was constructed at a 5° angle to the existing strip. The first RAAF aircraft, two P-40 Kittyhawks from No. 76 Squadron, landed on the strip on 17 June, and commenced operations from this base the next day. No. 457 Squadron, which was equipped with Spitfires, arrived on 18 June though two of its aircraft crashed on the still-unfinished runway and had to be written off. The units based at the airfield took over responsibility for providing air support for the Army units on Labuan that day, and flew their first close air support sorties over the island on 19 June. No. 86 Wing's two flying squadrons—No. 1 and No. 93—also arrived on Labuan in late July, but conducted few operations from this base before the end of the war. The wing had originally been scheduled to move to Labuan in late June, but it took longer than expected to extend No. 1 Strip's runway to the length needed by No. 1 Squadron's Mosquito light bombers.
To reconstruct No. 1's existing runway as an all-weather strip, the bomb craters had to have the water pumped out of them and then be filled in. Sandstone from a quarry on northern Labuan was placed over the clay and sand subbase, and the runway was topped with crushed coral from the west coast of the island, and sealed with bitumen. The runway had 70 hardstandings for aircraft. With 70 also on the dry weather strip, the air base could accommodate 140 aircraft. The 9th Division's engineers also undertook a wide range of construction projects on Labuan. These included building of storage, new port facilities, bridges and oil tanks as well as surfacing of roads. A wharf for Liberty ships was begun on 18 June, allowing the first ship to berth on 10 July. A fuel jetty was in operation by 20 June, and a fuel tank farm with seven tanks was completed on 12 July, as was a 600-bed hospital. Work then began on a 1,200-bed general hospital. The 2/4th and 2/6th Australian General Hospitals were transferred from Morotai to Labuan during July, though the later unit's hospital facilities were not completed until 17 September.
Once Labuan was secured, the 24th Brigade was ordered to capture the eastern shore of Brunei Bay. On 16 June, the 2/32nd Battalion was transported from Labuan to Padas Bay. The battalion captured the town of Weston the next day. The remainder of the 24th Brigade was transported across the bay during the last weeks of June, and the force advanced inland to capture the town of Beaufort which was defended by between 800 and 1,000 Japanese personnel. Following some heavy fighting, the town was secured on 28 June. The brigade then advanced further inland to Papar in early July. Later that month the 9th Division's commander, Major General George Wootten, relieved Norman from command over an incident in which he had lost control of the 2/28th Battalion during the fighting on Labuan. Following the announcement of the surrender of Japan on 15 August 1945 and the formal ceremony held in Tokyo Bay on 2 September, the commander of the 37th Army, Major General Masao Baba, surrendered to Wootten on 10 September at a ceremony conducted at the 9th Division's headquarters on Labuan.
After the war, Labuan was one of several locations at which the Australian military conducted trials to prosecute suspected Japanese war criminals. A total of 16 trials were held on the island between 3 December 1945 and 31 January 1946, during which 128 men were convicted and 17 acquitted. Labuan War Cemetery was also established as the burial place for all of the Commonwealth personnel killed on or near Borneo. It includes 3,900 graves, most of which are for prisoners of war who died while being held by the Japanese.
Memorials have also been erected on Labuan to mark its wartime history. These include the Australian Battle Exploit Memorial at Brown Beach, a plaque marking the location of the 37th Army's surrender ceremony and a Japanese peace park.
References
Citations
Works consulted
(page numbers cited are those of the PDF document on the AWM website)
1945 in the British Empire
Battles of World War II involving Australia
Battles of World War II involving Japan
Battles of World War II involving the United States
British North Borneo
Conflicts in 1945
Labuan
Military history of Malaya during World War II
South West Pacific theatre of World War II
Borneo campaign
June 1945 events in Asia |
Szubin may refer to:
Places
Szubin, a town in Nakło County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland, located southwest of Bydgoszcz.
Gmina Szubin, or Szubin Commune, an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Nakło County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland
Szubin-Wieś, a village in the administrative district of Gmina Szubin, within Nakło County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland
Persons
Adam Szubin, American politician, served as US Secretary of the Treasury of the United States
See also
Szubina, a village in the administrative district of Gmina Krośniewice, within Kutno County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland
Szubinianka Szubin, a football club from Szubin, Poland |
```ruby
require 'chain'
chain = Chain::Client.new
signer = Chain::HSMSigner.new
key = chain.mock_hsm.keys.create
signer.add_key(key, chain.mock_hsm.signer_conn)
chain.assets.create(alias: 'gold', root_xpubs: [key.xpub], quorum: 1)
chain.accounts.create(alias: 'alice', root_xpubs: [key.xpub], quorum: 1)
chain.accounts.create(alias: 'bob', root_xpubs: [key.xpub], quorum: 1)
issuance_tx = chain.transactions.submit(signer.sign(chain.transactions.build { |b|
b.issue asset_alias: 'gold', amount: 200
b.control_with_account account_alias: 'alice', asset_alias: 'gold', amount: 100
b.control_with_account account_alias: 'alice', asset_alias: 'gold', amount: 100
}))
# snippet alice-unspent-outputs
alice_unspent_outputs = chain.unspent_outputs.query(
filter: 'account_alias=$1',
filter_params: ['alice'],
).each do |utxo|
puts "Unspent output in alice account: #{utxo.transaction_id}:#{utxo.position}"
end
# endsnippet
# snippet gold-unspent-outputs
goldUnspentOutputs = chain.unspent_outputs.query(
filter: 'asset_alias=$1',
filter_params: ['gold'],
).each do |utxo|
puts "Unspent output containing gold: #{utxo.id}"
end
# endsnippet
prev_transaction = chain.transactions.query(filter: 'id=$1', filter_params: [issuance_tx.id]).first
# snippet build-transaction-all
spend_output = chain.transactions.build do |b|
b.spend_account_unspent_output output_id: prev_transaction.outputs[0].id
b.control_with_account account_alias: 'bob', asset_alias: 'gold', amount: 100
end
# endsnippet
chain.transactions.submit(signer.sign(spend_output))
# snippet build-transaction-partial
spend_output_with_change = chain.transactions.build do |b|
b.spend_account_unspent_output output_id: prev_transaction.outputs[1].id
b.control_with_account account_alias: 'bob', asset_alias: 'gold', amount: 40
b.control_with_account account_alias: 'alice', asset_alias: 'gold', amount: 60
end
# endsnippet
chain.transactions.submit(signer.sign(spend_output_with_change))
``` |
Heinrich Finkelstein (31 July 1865 in Leipzig, Germany – 28 January 1942 in Santiago de Chile), was a German Jewish pediatrician and a pioneer in pediatric nutrition.
Life
His father was a businessman and the head of the local Jewish community in Leipzig. Heinrich studied first Natural Sciences in Munich and Leipzig, and eventually awarded a Ph.D. in Geology. Only then he began the study of Medicine, graduating in 1893.
Career
He chose to specialize in Pediatrics under Prof. Otto Heubner, following him from Leipzig to Berlin, where Heubner had been appointed as the first professor of Pediatrics at the Charité. From 1901 to 1918 Finkelstein was the assistant medical director of the Berlin Asylum Kürassierstraße for Children and the Municipal Orphanage, where he combined medical skills with social commitment.
In 1910 Finkelstein, together with Langstein, von Pfaundler, von Pirquet, and Salge, founded the Zeitschrift für Kinderheilkunde.
In 1918, after the death of Adolf Aron Baginsky, he was appointed Medical Director of the Emperor and Empress Frederick Children's Hospital in Berlin. His scientific work was mainly on eating disorders, skin diseases and birth-related damage to the newborn.
As medical director of the Emperor and Empress Frederick Children's Hospital, Finkelstein reduced the infant mortality rate to 4.3%, a value not to be exceeded in Germany until many decades later. His idea of a comprehensive public infant care was ahead of time, some of which was not realized until decades later. In 1905 he called for inter alia the extension of the statutory care for working pregnant women and new mothers, the introduction of an appropriate rest period before and after delivery, the free distribution of a "perfect" baby milk to the poor and the establishment of infant homes. Together with Ludwig Ferdinand Meyer, he developed the first artificial milk protein milk, thus saving the life of thousands of infants who suffered from eating disorders.
Although respected and honored internationally as a pediatrician, being a Jew, he never received an Ordinary professorship and was only a lecturer at the Berlin University.
On 1 March 1933, shortly before the Nazis gained power, he retired. But in 1935, he lost his teaching position and license to practice medicine. In 1936 he was invited as visiting professor to Chicago but soon returned to Berlin to be near his sister, his only family (he never married).
The November pogrom of 1938 led him to leave Germany for good. Heinrich Finkelstein immigrated to Chile, but he was too old and too sick to start again from scratch. Salvador Allende, who later became Chile's president, was then the health minister, and put him an honorary pension which was withdrawn shortly after the fall of the government. Colleagues from the University of Santiago procured him a pro forma appointment as doorman to the Hospital, which secured him his daily bread. Nevertheless, in difficult cases, he kept being called as a consultant.
Finkelstein's wrote a book on infant diseases (Lehrbuch der Säuglingskrankheiten) that was printed both in German and Spanish, in which he summarized his experience and his vision of a holistic medicine. This work became a standard reference textbook for generations of pediatricians in Europe and Latin America, well into the postwar period.
On 28 January 1942 Heinrich Finkelstein died in Santiago de Chile.
Works
Heinrich Finkelstein: Der Laubenstein bei Hohen-Aschau. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Brachiopodenfacies des unteren alpinen Doggers. Dissertation, München 1888. (Auch in: Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie. Beilageband VI)
Heinrich Finkelstein: Die durch Geburtstraumen hervorgerufenen Krankheiten des Säuglings. Fischers Medizinische Buchhandlung, Berlin 1902 (Berliner Klinik, Heft 168)
Heinrich Finkelstein: Lehrbuch der Säuglingskrankheiten. Privatdruck, Fischers Medizinische Buchhandlung, Berlin 1903–1912
Louis Ballin, Heinrich Finkelstein: Die Waisensäuglinge Berlins und ihre Verpflegung im Städtischen Kinderasyl. Ein Beitrag zu Fragen der Anstaltsbehandlung von Säuglingen. Urban & Schwarzenberg, Berlin, Wien 1904
Heinrich Finkelstein: Lehrbuch der Säuglingskrankheiten. Verlag H. Kornfeld, Berlin 1905–1912
Heinrich Finkelstein, Ludwig F. Meyer: Über Eiweißmilch. Ein Beitrag zum Problem der künstlichen Ernährung. Karger, Berlin 1910 in Jahrbuch für Kinderheilkunde. Bd. 71, der dritten Folge 21. Bd.)
Heinrich Finkelstein; Eugen Emanuel Galewsky; Ludwig Halberstaedter (Hrsg.): Hautkrankheiten und Syphilis im Säuglings- und Kindesalter. Ein Atlas. J. Springer, Berlin, 1922
Heinrich Finkelstein; Ferdinand Rohr: Die Behandlung der tuberkulösen Bauchfellerkrankungen im Kindesalter. Halle a. S. 1922–1923 (Sammlung zwangloser Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Verdauungs- und Stoffwechselkrankheiten. Band 8,1)
Heinrich Finkelstein: Lehrbuch der Säuglingskrankheiten. 3., vollständig umgearbeitete Auflage, Julius Springer, Berlin 1924
Heinrich Finkelstein: Der gesunde Säugling. Safari Verlag, Berlin o.J. [um 1930]
Heinrich Finkelstein: Säuglingskrankheiten. Elsevier, Amsterdam 1938
Heinrich Finkelstein: Tratado de las enfermedades del lactante. Ed. Labor, Barcelona; Madrid; Buenos Aires; Rio de Janeiro 1941
Sources
Wunderlich P.: Heinrich Finkelstein (1865–1942)--pediatrician and pioneer in social pediatrics. A biographical sketch]. Kinderarztl Prax. 1990 Nov;58(11):587-92.Article in German
Robert J. Karp, MD; Sabine Chlosta, MD: Failure to Thrive: Recalling Milton Levine and Heinrich Finkelstein Pediatric Annals November 2008
I. A. A.: HEINRICH FINKELSTEIN, M.D. 1865–1942 Obituaries | March 1942 Am J Dis Child. 1942;63(3):582.
Biography in the website of the Charite Hospital
Reflist
External links
1865 births
1942 deaths
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to Chile
German pediatricians
Jewish scientists
19th-century German Jews |
Jäätma is a village in Rakvere Parish, Lääne-Viru County, in northeastern Estonia.
References
Villages in Lääne-Viru County |
Dafuniks is hip-hop/soul Danish band comprising Justmike, DJ Nyber, PrinceJuice, Christian Jespersen, Thomas Cox, and Tue Damskov, as well as rappers Elias and Joseph Agami. It was founded in 2008 in Copenhagen. Their first album, "Enter the Sideshow Groove," was released in 2012, and their second album, "Past Present Future," was released in March 2015.
References
External links
Facebook page
Danish hip hop groups
Musical groups established in 2008 |
R v Davidson, also known (particularly among medical practitioners) as the Menhennitt ruling, was a significant ruling delivered in the Supreme Court of Victoria on 26 May 1969. It concerned the legality of abortion in the Australian state of Victoria. The ruling was not the end of the case, but rather answered certain questions of law about the admissibility of evidence, so as to allow the trial to proceed.
In the ruling, Justice Menhennitt ruled that abortion might be lawful if necessary to protect the physical or mental health of the woman, provided that the danger involved in the abortion did not outweigh the danger which the abortion was designed to prevent. It was the first ruling on the legality of abortion in any part of Australia. The principles put forward by Justice Menhennitt have since been drawn upon in other parts of the country.
Background to the ruling
Charles Davidson, a medical doctor, was charged with four counts of unlawfully using an instrument to procure the miscarriage of a woman, and one count of conspiring to do the same, offences prohibited in the Victorian Crimes Act 1958. When Justice Menhennitt gave this ruling, the trial had been going for eight days. The prosecution was about to call expert medical testimony, and Menhennitt anticipated that the admissibility of that evidence might be challenged, so he decided to rule on certain questions of law in advance.
The relevant section of the Crimes Act, section 65, stated that:
Whosoever... with intent to procure the miscarriage of any woman whether she is or is not with child unlawfully administers to her or causes to be taken by her any poison or other noxious thing, or unlawfully uses any instrument or other means with the like intent, shall be guilty of a felony, and shall be liable to imprisonment for a term of not more than fifteen years.
, the only subsequent change to this law is in the classification of the crime, from felony to indictable offence. The remainder of the wording remains the same. Menhennitt discussed the background of the section, saying that it was drawn from an 1861 English law, the Offences against the Person Act 1861, which in turn derived from English laws from 1837, 1828 and 1803.
Arguments
The main issue to be considered was what the word "unlawfully" meant in this context. Justice Menhennitt noted that the inclusion of the word implied that some abortions might be lawful. The word "unlawfully" had also appeared in the earlier English legislation from which the Victorian law had derived, and the same word was also used in earlier common law indictments. The word was not defined in any of those statutes, although in the United Kingdom the Abortion Act 1967 had been passed in the meantime, which provided a definition of when abortions were lawful. That legislation had no equivalent in Victoria however, and "unlawfully" remained undefined.
English precedent
The only case that had specifically considered what "unlawfully" meant in the context of abortion was a 1938 English case heard in the Courts of Assize, Rex v Bourne. In that case, Dr Bourne was charged with the crime of abortion under section 58 of the Offences Against The Person Act 1861 (the same section on which the Victorian law drew). During his summing up, the trial judge instructed the jury that "no person ought to be convicted [of the crime of abortion] unless the jury are satisfied the act was not done in good faith for the purpose only of preserving the life of the mother." The trial judge said that first this was the appropriate definition of abortion at common law, and secondly that although particular wording did not appear in the definition of the crime of abortion, it did appear in the definition of the crime of child destruction (which applies when a person kills a child during childbirth), and that the word "unlawfully" in the definition of abortion implied that the wording should also apply to abortion.
The trial judge continued, saying:
I think those words ought to be construed in a reasonable sense, and, if the doctor is of opinion, on reasonable grounds and with adequate knowledge, that the probable consequence of the continuance of the pregnancy will be to make the woman a physical or mental wreck, the jury are quite entitled to take the view that the doctor who, under those circumstances and in that honest belief, operates, is operating for the purpose of preserving the life of the mother.
Justice Menhennitt described why the proviso from the definition of child destruction in the English legislation should also apply to the definition of abortion, by pointing out that under another provision of the same law, abortion was an alternative charge to child destruction and vice versa (that is, the jury could choose to substitute one charge for the other). As such, there was a strong argument to say that the same proviso should apply to both.
However, as Justice Menhennitt pointed out, the Victorian definition of child destruction (in section 10 of the Crimes Act) does not include the proviso in the English legislation; instead, it simply says "unlawfully". As such, that argument would not apply in Victoria, and "what is lawful and what is unlawful must be determined by other legal principles."
Necessity
Justice Menhennitt then considered a discussion of R v Bourne by Glanville Williams, in his book The Sanctity of Life and the Criminal Law, in which Williams said:
The judge's direction to the jury, which resulted in Mr. Bourne's acquittal, is a striking vindication of the legal view that the defence of necessity applies not only to common law but even to statutory crimes. It is true that the direction proceeded in some slight degree on the analogy of the child destruction statute, which contains an express exemption for the preservation of the life of the mother; but the exception in the one statute was not in itself a ground for reading a similar exception into the other.
On this basis, although there were differences in the Victorian legislation, the definition in R v Bourne of "unlawfully" in the context of abortion could indeed be useful in Victoria, if recognised as an expression of the common law defence of necessity.
Justice Menhennitt discussed various definitions of necessity, noting that the concepts of necessity and proportion are usually present. He also quoted a test for necessity laid down by a previous decision of the Supreme Court of Victoria in R v MacKay, a case about the killing of an escaping prisoner:
...the test laid down by the law today for determining whether the homicide is justifiable or not is a twofold test which may be stated in this form: (1) Did the accused honestly believe on reasonable grounds that it was necessary to do what he did in order to prevent the completion of the felony or the escape of the felon? and (2) Would a reasonable man in his position have considered that what he did was not out of proportion to the mischief to be prevented?
In the context of abortion under Victorian law, this principle of necessity would mean that anyone performing a termination would have to have an honest and reasonable belief that conducting the termination was necessary to prevent some serious harm from occurring to the woman. Thus the test would be a subjective one, with the requirement that the beliefs be held reasonably.
Judgment
Justice Menhennitt decided in favour of using the principle of necessity to give substance to "unlawfulness" in this context. He expressed a test for deciding whether a termination would be unlawful or not in this way:
For the use of an instrument with intent to procure a miscarriage to be lawful the accused must have honestly believed on reasonable grounds that the act done by him was (a) necessary to preserve the woman from a serious danger to her life or her physical or mental health (not being merely the normal dangers of pregnancy and childbirth) which the continuance of the pregnancy would entail; and (b) in the circumstances not out of proportion to the danger to be averted.
Consequences
The trial proceeded, and Davidson was found not guilty by the jury on all five charges, on 3 June 1969.
The primary significance of the decision was that it referred to both physical and mental health of the mother as a factor in a lawful abortion.
The principles in the ruling were largely adopted in the state of New South Wales by the District Court of New South Wales in 1971 in the case of R v Wald, which also involved the prosecution of a doctor for performing a termination. That case expanded the definition slightly, by pointing out that "it would be for the jury to decide whether there existed in the case of each woman any economic, social or medical ground or reason which in their view could constitute reasonable grounds upon which an accused could honestly and reasonably believe there would result a serious danger to her physical or mental health". In the state of Queensland, the principles in the Menhennitt ruling were cited in the 1986 case of R v Bayliss & Cullen. In the other states, and in the Northern Territory (but not the Australian Capital Territory), legislation has been adopted to define which abortions are legal and which are not.
In 1974, the Whitlam government provided that Medibank (now called Medicare) benefits could be paid to women who underwent a termination procedure. In 1979, however, there was a motion in the Australian House of Representatives from Stephen Lusher to end medical benefits for terminations, and the debate spilled over to the legality of abortion. Although the decisions in Davidson and Wald were fiercely criticised by some members of parliament, who insisted that abortion was still illegal, others defended the validity of the decisions. Former Prime Minister Billy McMahon said "it has been stated rather foolishly, by a member not very closely attuned to the law – that there has been no appeals. But there could have been an appeal. There was no restriction in either State, Liberal Country Party or Labor government as to appeal."
Despite some disquiet from the anti-abortion lobby, no appeals have been lodged against the Menhennitt ruling or the other decisions, and in most states there have been no successful prosecutions for consensual abortion since those decisions. Anti-abortion writers contend that most abortions remain illegal, and that the courts and the prosecutors are lax in protecting the rights of unborn children. Other commentators argue that calling abortion technically illegal is incorrect, or otherwise pointless, since that is "a meaningless category in law."
In 2008, after a conscience vote in the Victorian parliament, legislation reforming abortion laws was passed. The new law legalizes abortion on request up to 24 weeks pregnancy; after that time, two doctors must certify that they "reasonably believe that the abortion is appropriate in all the circumstances", with those circumstances encompassing "all relevant medical circumstances; and the woman's current and future physical, psychological and social circumstances."
See also
Abortion in Australia
Australian criminal law
References
R v Davidson (Australia)
R v Davidson
Australian criminal law
Supreme Court of Victoria cases
1969 in Australian law
R v Davidson (Australia) |
Ludwig-Friedrich Bonnet de Saint-Germain, FRS (12 December 1670 – 7 April 1761) was a Swiss physician, lawyer, scholar, and politician. He was also a diplomat in the service of Prussia.
He was born in Geneva in 1670, into a family of French Protestants (Huguenots) from Provence, who had fled to Switzerland during the French Wars of Religion and married there into the family of the eminent German Calvinist theologian Friedrich Spanheim. Ludwig-Friedrich Bonnet studied medicine at Leiden University. Both him and his older brother Frédéric then followed their uncle Ezekiel von Spanheim into the diplomatic service of the government of Prussia (officially Brandenburg-Prussia until 1701, afterwards the Kingdom of Prussia). Posted to England, he was known there as Louis Frederick Bonet.
In London, Bonnet concerned himself with church matters, including the relief of Huguenot refugees. He was a member of the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge and received a doctorate of civil law from the University of Oxford in 1706. Bonnet became a fellow of the Royal Society in 1711, having been proposed by John Chamberlayne. He reported extensively to Berlin on contemporary parliamentary and financial matters in England. After his brother Frédéric's untimely death in 1694, Ludwig-Friedrich Bonnet succeeded him as "resident" in London of Brandenburg-Prussia.
In 1712, Bonnet sat in the Royal Society's committee that investigated the priority dispute between Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz over the development of the calculus. That committee subscribed a report, which Newton himself had drafted, identifying Newton as "first inventor" of the calculus and absolving John Keill of libel against another fellow of the Royal Society for having suggested that Leibniz might have taken some of his results from Newton's unpublished letters. In 1713 Bonnet was elected as a foreign member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences and rewarded with the Ordre de la Générosité in 1715.
Under the terms of the Parliamentary Act of Settlement of 1701, the British throne passed in 1714 to a Protestant German prince, the Elector of Hanover, who reigned as George I of Great Britain. In 1716, the King in Prussia, Frederick William, appointed Bonnet as his ambassador extraordinary to the new British court (the Court of St James's).
Bonnet returned to Switzerland in 1720. After 1739 he served in the Grand Council of the Republic of Geneva. He died in Geneva in 1761.
References
Fellow entry for the Royal Society
Member entry for the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities (in German)
1670 births
1761 deaths
Physicians from the Republic of Geneva
Prussian diplomats
18th-century diplomats
German diplomats
Fellows of the Royal Society
Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences |
The Wolfe Pack is a literary society devoted to Rex Stout's character Nero Wolfe.
History
As publicity for William S. Baring-Gould's book Nero Wolfe of West 35th Street, Viking Press ran a "Mammoth New Nero Wolfe Contest" in The New York Times Book Review. Four years later, John McAleer began working on what would become Rex Stout: A Biography. McAleer obtained the contest mailing list and began correspondence with one of the fans, Ellen Krieger. Krieger desired to form a literary society devoted to Wolfe and McAleer provided the name: The Wolfe Pack.
The first Nero Wolfe dinner was held in 1977 at The Lotus Club in New York City. The dinner, entitled "Maitre D'tective: Rex Stout," honored John McAleer and his book Rex Stout: A Biography, recently published by Little, Brown and Company. There were 131 guests who included Otto Penzler editor, publisher, and owner of The Mysterious Bookshop which would open two years after the dinner; Eleanor Sullivan, then-editor of Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine; and Dilys Winn, founder of Murder Ink, the West Side mystery bookstore that sponsored the dinner.
At the dinner, guests received a questionnaire to determine interest in an ongoing Wolfe Pack society. Six months later the society was born.
Over the course of the numerous novels and short stories, Rex Stout gave numerous addresses for Wolfe's brownstone. In 1996, The Wolfe Pack investigated the issue and found that only one possibility matched the description given in the stories: 454 West 35th Street. With the aid of the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation, the group had a commemorative plaque placed at the address.
Activities
The Wolfe Pack holds an annual Black Orchid Banquet, at which the Nero Award and the Black Orchid Novella Award are presented.
Publications
The group publishes a journal, The Gazette: the Journal of the Wolfe Pack, which is distributed to members. Marvin Kaye compiled selected articles and fiction from The Gazette into two books, The Nero Wolfe Files and The Archie Goodwin Files.
References
External links
The Wolfe Pack
Literary fan clubs
Literary societies
Nero Wolfe
Arts organizations established in 1978
1978 establishments in the United States |
Kirişçiler is a neighbourhood of the municipality and district of Kepez, Antalya Province, Turkey. Its population is 1,207 (2022).
References
Neighbourhoods in Kepez District |
Wumengosaurus is an extinct aquatic reptile from the Middle Triassic (late Anisian stage) Guanling Formation of Guizhou, southwestern China. It was originally described as a basal eosauropterygian and usually is recovered as such by phylogenetic analyses, although one phylogeny has placed it as the sister taxon to Ichthyosauromorpha while refraining from a formal re-positioning. It was a relatively small reptile, measuring in total body length and weighing .
In 2021, Qin et al. described an additional specimen from Guizhou (Panzhou District) as a new species of Wumengosaurus, W. rotundicarpus.
Classification
In the 2023 description of Luopingosaurus, Xu et al. recovered Wumengosaurus as a derived pachypleurosaurid, as the sister taxon to the clade formed by Luopingosaurus and Honghesaurus. The results of their phylogenetic analyses are shown in the cladogram below:
References
Fossil taxa described in 2008
Monotypic prehistoric reptile genera
Sauropterygian genera
Middle Triassic reptiles of Asia
Reptiles of China
Aquatic reptiles
Anisian life
Anisian genus first appearances
Guanling Formation |
Green Acre Baháʼí School is a conference facility in Eliot, Maine, in the United States, and is one of three leading institutions owned by the National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of the United States. The name of the site has had various versions of "Green Acre" since before its founding in 1894 by Sarah Farmer.
It had a prolonged process of progress and challenge while run by Farmer until about 1913 when she was indisposed after converting to the Baháʼí Faith in 1900. ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, then head of the religion, visited there during his travels in the West in 1912. Farmer died in 1916 and thereafter it had evolved into the quintessential Baháʼí school directly inspiring Louhelen Baháʼí School and Bosch Baháʼí School, the other two of the three schools owned by the national assembly, and today serves as a leading institution of the religion in America. It hosted diverse programs of study, presenters, and been a focus for dealing with racism in the United States through being a significant venue for Race Amity Conventions (later renamed Race Unity Day meetings) and less than a century later the Black Men's Gatherings and further events.
Origin
The Piscataqua River by which Green Acre Baháʼí school stands was named from Abenaki Native Americans of the Wabanaki Confederacy describing where a river separates into several parts – "a place where boats and canoes ascending the river together from its mouth were compelled to separate according to their several destinations." The town of Eliot was founded 1810 from Kittery, Maine, which itself was founded in the 1600s. By the mid-1800s the area served as a shipyard, including launching the in 1851. At the time of the founding of the school there were some 1,400 people in Eliot and the town has grown in recent years to near 7,000 today.
The Farmers
Sarah Farmer's mother, Hannah Tobey Farmer (1823–1891) was raised Methodist. Her father, Moses Gerrish Farmer (1820–1893) a Dartmouth graduate in 1844, had success in the new field of electrical engineering and telegraph work and was a heartfelt Christian, though he has also been called a Spiritualist and Transcendentalist. Moses and Hannah married in 1844 and Sarah was born 1847. It is said that the Farmer's home, before they lived in Eliot, was part of the Underground railroad.
It is unclear when the land in Eliot came to be owned by the Farmer family. However, they lived in a variety of places in New England until, after 1880, when the family moved to Eliot and Moses retired. The home they built in Eliot was called Bittersweat, or Bittersweet-in-the-Fields. Hannah established a memorial non-segregated service called "Rosemary" as a retreat for unwed or poor mothers and working women in Eliot where, for a donation of $7 ($181 in 2014,) families would have a two-week vacation, up to 40 at a time in 1888. In 1887 Sarah re-animated the Eliot Library Association and set a number of meetings with speakers while also serving as secretary and helping build a list of patrons of the library of some 700 people. Singer Emma Cecilia Thursby recalled her first visit to what was called "Greenacre" was in 1889. Greenacre is and was situated on a bluff overlooking the river which is a mile wide. In 1890 a group of investors signed a contract to set up a hotel initially called the Eliot Hotel or Inn at the site. In 1891 there were paying customers staying at the Inn. Farmer had an originating idea about a spiritual theme for the development of the property in June 1892 and then journeyed with her father to the Chicago Columbian Exposition in late 1892 where she met with Swedenborgian Charles C. Bonney, the "visionary" behind the World's Parliament of Religions, and gained encouragement for her vision for a center of learning for spiritual teachers - an idea blessed by family friends Arthur Wesley Down and John Greenleaf Whittier. Her father died that spring, 1893, and she had to leave before the Parliament took place. She took a brief trip to Norway with Sara Chapman Bull in her grief, and she made it back to the Parliament only in October 1893 after it was over. Farmer made what she recorded in her diary as a "solemn vow" to building the school for spiritual teachers on 4 February 1894. However, by about 1894 the hotel was called a failure and was boarded up when Farmer approached the investors with the plan to use Greenacre as a place to host lectures on religion. Farmer proposed to her investors to use the closed Inn. By 1897 it was capable of housing 75 or more guests and had a number of cottages around the property with a grassy plain that sometimes hosted a tent camp.
Sarah Farmer's inauguration of Greenacre
Following the enthusiasm of the Parliament, Farmer set up the beginnings of using the Greenacre Inn as a summer center of cross-religion gatherings and cultural development. She had success attracting support from Bostonian businessmen, wives of businessmen and politicians, most especially Phoebe Hearst. The work was inaugurated in 1894 with her words "The spirit of criticism will be absolutely laid down – if it comes in it will be gently laid aside; each will contribute his best and listen sympathetically to those who present different ideals. The comparison will be made by the audience, not by the teachers." The early collection of religious interests was wide - Farmer participated with Spiritualist trance-speakers who appeared to channel her father so convincingly the family dog responded, a fact William James took note of.
One of the first such promulgators of spiritual insight there was Carl H. A. Bjerregaard where he would frequent through at least 1896. Swami Vivekananda, a prominent Hindu monk serving in interfaith awareness efforts spent nearly two months there in the summer of 1894. His words were printed in the short lived The Greenacre Voice established with the school-and-conference center running at least to 1897. A review appeared in the local Boston Evening Transcript.
A short list of presentations was published in the newspaper even as far away as Chicago also featured academic scholars as well as priests presenting on religions: Professor Ernst Fenollosa, Boston Museum of Fine Arts – "The Relation of Religion to Art"; Rev. Dr. Edward Everett Hale, "Sociology"; Rev. Dr. William Alger, "Universal Religion"; Edwin Meade, "Immanuel Kant"; Professor Thomas C. Wild, "Union for Practical Progress"; Frank B Sanborn, "The Humane treatment of Mental and Spiritual Aberrations"; Margaret B. Peeke from Sandusky Ohio, "The Soul in its search after God"; and Abby Morton Diaz, "The Work of humanity for humanity" were among the "well known" presenters but the distinction of the summer school was of lecturers who were younger and less well known than those of the earlier Concord School of Philosophy maintained by the Transcendentalists previously which closed about 1887 and less about philosophy than of comparative study initially. The sessions were positively reviewed. Sanborn would soon be among the leaders operating at Greenacre. Professor Lewis G. Janes was there giving talks on "Darwin and Spencer", "Social Tendencies under Evolution" and "Life as a Fine Art" and would also soon take a leading role in developments as well. There was also something of a windstorm that year. The "school" had a winter session in Cambridge with several repeat appearances hosted by Sara Chapman Bull. Indeed, these winter sessions continued some years and came to be called the Cambridge Conferences directed by Janes.
1895 to 1899
An 1895 address book of Farmer's revealed she had contact information on a number of leaders of thought and religion in America. That summer among those that met at the conference center were evolutionists, and Farmer invited Lewis Janes to assist with the program development. Janes was a student of Herbert Spencer. An engine inventor also presented. The conference grew to the point the Inn itself was too small and a tent camp arose as well as buildings to provide shelter from rain or sun were added.
In 1896 Sanborn organized an "Emerson Day" (after Ralph Waldo Emerson) and it continued for more than a decade. That year a formal reunion of the Concord School of Philosophy was also held. In addition to the talks on art, actual musical concerts, painters, sculptors, poets began to make appearances at Greenacre. Strong calls for peace against war from the conference got printed in the Boston Evening Transcript.
The "Monsalvat School for the Comparative Study of Religion", a progressive or liberal development seen against conservative religious experience, was established formally in 1896 as an institution hosted at Greenacre and the first director was Lewis Janes. Monsalvat was named after the sacred mountain in Wagner's Parsifal where the Holy Grail was kept, though it is most often spelled Montsalvat. However, Farmer and Janes differed often – Janes wanted academic credentials among his speakers and a businesslike plan for the economic solvency of the work by charging everyone rather than trusting on contributions. They had serious difficulty even agreeing on what they were talking about – "This difference of understanding could never have occurred between two men accustomed to business methods," Janes wrote in 1899. Farmer framed the school as a place for encounter between religious leaders for "a fuller realization" of unity among religions, and relied on generosity and enthusiasm to overcome the challenges of economy. Nevertheless, the school and Greenacre continue to operate and was noted in newspapers.
The August 1897 season opened with the new lecture hall the "Eirenion", ("place of peace",) and Sarah Farmer and Greenacre made the New York Times. A book was circulated in Japan about it too. Prominent Buddhist monk Anagarika Dharmapala stayed at Greenacre where he worked on practices himself and offered classes and talks on specific meditational disciplines as well as quotes on the teachings of the Buddha. He was enthusiastic about the kind of interfaith coming together process of Greenacre. Unitarian Alfred W. Martin closed the 1897 season with a talk "Universal Religion and the World's Religions", the theme of which became his life's work. Electrical engineers met at the conference center at least in 1897 as the fiftieth anniversary of the invention of the electric tolley car.
The 1898 session on the Monsalvat school listed a variety of people including Janes himself on "Relation of Science to Religious Thought", Swami Abhedananda on "Vedanta philosophy and Religions of India", "Hebrew Prophets" by Prof. Nathaniel Schmidt, "Literature, Ethics and Philosophy of the Talmud" by Rabbi Joseph Krauskopf, "Islam and the Koran" by Emil Nabokoff, "Philosophy and Religions of the Jains" by Vichand Raghavji Gandhi and others.
A diary of Charles W. Chesnutt noted he was a replacement speaker for Walter Hines Page for a talk in 1899 on the condition of African-Americans in the South, and commented on witnessing a diversity of clothing representing cultures of the world. Farmer's farewell address for the 1899 season was printed in the Boston Evening Transcript and contained warm thoughts of the development of the work and its ongoing goals. A beatific booklet Greenacre on the Piscataqua of some 22 pages with a section written in August 1899 and another in September 1900 was published. Baháʼís have identified a quote from the religion in the 1899 program and speculate Farmer had heard of the religion. However, in Farmer's life and the structure of Greenacre there was crisis. According to scholar Eric Leigh Schmidt Sanborn was working for a "creation of a new shrine" for transcendentalism akin to reforming the Concord school centered on Emerson and used his coverage work of Greenacre in newspaper stories to frame that development while at the same time Janes drifted explicitly from Farmer's approach by charging people for the classes and insisting on academic credentials and approaches to understand the diversity of religions. Janes' disconnect from Farmer had reached the point of shutting down the Monsalvat school. There were also tensions between Sanborn and Janes and among other groups. There had been speculation on Farmer being bought out, creditors were nervous, and her business partners had thought to force Farmer to sell out.
Transformation
1900–1906
Farmer's encounter with the Baháʼí Faith
While her partners were seeking to meet with her, Farmer was already aboard the SS Fürst Bismarck out of New York as a guest of Maria P. Wilson trying to release herself of her worries in first week of January 1900. Wilson and Farmer ran into friends Josephine Locke and Elizabeth Knudson aboard ship – and eventually learned they were on the way to see ʻAbdu'l-Bahá who was leader of a new religion and had in their possession an early prayer book. Wilson was dubious but eventually the ladies changed their plans and went along. They waited in Egypt where there are pictures of her with Mírzá Abu'l-Faḍl and scenes there, before leaving for Haifa March 23, 1900.
A few years later her friend Mary Hanford Ford related some of what took place meeting ʻAbdu'l-Bahá as a second hand account. A few facts are detailed - Farmer had met ʻAbdu'l-Bahá and accepted the religion on one occasion, and on another wanted to ask him a series of questions in the context of a review of her whole life - but when she wrote it all down she left the notebook in the hurry of being called to come to him in the early morning. She reported he answered the questions spontaneously and in the right order starting in such a way that the translator was confused because no question had been asked. At the end of that interview she cried "... strange tears of ecstatic happiness, and went to her room to recover the composure which had been shaken by these surprising and illuminating events." This list of questions is referred to in another briefer recollection. Anise Rideout had a similar record of the incident. Rideout reports that ʻAbdu'l-Bahá wrote an inscription in Farmer's Bible dated March 26. For Maria Wilson's part she also joined the religion and was the first Baháʼí to move to Boston.
After being in Haifa and Egypt the women also spent some time in Paris among a small group of Baháʼís after the visit, and Rome.
Back at Greenacre
The Summer 1900 program went on without Farmer, though the Monsalvat school was suspended that year. Farmer returned to the United States in November, injured on arrival according to one account. There were also reports that the translator at the meeting had come to the United States with Farmer on the return voyage. She was noted back in Eliot in May 1901. An organizational meeting came together May 22 and dedicated a site on nearby "Mount Monsalvat", as Farmer called it, to eventually host a school. Kate C. Ives was among those present. That Spring of 1901 she also met with Phoebe Hearst, who herself had been to see ʻAbdu'l-Bahá a few years earlier and she too had adopted the religion.
Farmer was publicly linked with the religion in June 1901. Of the Baháʼí Faith, it was explained, "... she has found the common faith in which all devout souls may unite and yet be free." At the time there were some 700 Baháʼís in the United States.
Amidst her conflict with Janes and newfound attachment to the Baháʼí Faith she offered free classes in parallel, even conflicting on time, with Janes' Monsalvat school classes. In 1901 the charge for the entire season of classes with Janes' group was five dollars for the Monsalvat school – in inflation terms that would be $140 in 2014.
Schmidt featured Farmer and Greenacre in a chapter "Freedom and Self-Surrender" of a book Restless Souls: The Making of American Spirituality published by the University of California Press in 2012:
The struggle at the heart of liberal spirituality ... was over the firmness and fragility of religious identity in the modern world. ... Was the point precisely the freedom of spiritual seeking? Or was the real point to find a well-marked path and to submit to the disciplines of a new religious authority in order to submerge the self in a larger relationship to God and community? ... Farmer's eventual acceptance of the Baha'i faith or "the Persian Revelation" ... discomfited her liberal, universalistic friends, many of whom preferred ongoing inquiry to actually finding one path to follow. For Farmer, the vision that she found in the Baha'i faith of a new age of religious unity, racial reconciliation, gender equality, and global peace was the fulfillment of Transcendentalism's reform impulses and progressivism's millennial dreams. To her skeptical associates, her turn to the Persian Revelation represented a betrayal of their deepest ideals as free-ranging seekers whose vision of a cosmopolitan piety dimmed at the prospect of one movement serving as a singular focus for the universal religion.
Nevertheless, Farmer focused the efforts of the institution on Baháʼí themes. In her words in 1902:
My joy in the Persian Revelation is not that it reveals one of the streams flowing to the great Ocean of Life, Light and Love, but that it is a perfect mirror of that Ocean. What, in Green Acre, was a vision and a hope becomes, through it a blessed reality now. It has illuminated for me every other expression of Truth which I had hitherto known and place my feet on a Rock from which they cannot be moved. And it is the Manifestation of the Fatherhood - Behá'u'lláh (ed - as it was spelled in those days) - who had taught me to look away from even the Greatest and find within the One 'Powerful, Mighty, and Supreme' who is to be the Redeemer of my life. It is a Revelation of Unity such as I had never before found. By means of its Light, as shown the life of the Master Abbas Abdul Beha, I have entered into a joy greater than any I have hitherto known. Green Acre was established as a means to that end and in proportion as well lay aside all spirit of criticism of others and seek only to live the Unity we find, shall we be able to help others to the same divine realization.
Farmer opened the 1901 session at Greenacre with an address "The Revelation of Baháʼu'lláh and its relation to the Monsalvat School" while others gave related talks – "The New Jerusalem, or the City We Want", "Lecture on the Persian Revelation", and "Utterances of Baháʼu'lláh." Mírzá Abu'l-Faḍl, among the most scholarly trained Baháʼís of the time, was there, and his talk was "Lectures on the Revelations of the Báb and Baháʼu'lláh of Persia". Ali Kuli Khan, to serve as his translator, arrived in the United States in June. Abu'l-Faḍl had accompanied Anton Haddad, the first Baháʼí to live in the United States, on his return trip to America. They had been sent by ʻAbdu'l-Bahá. The later well known Baháʼí Agnes Baldwin Alexander, later appointed to a high office of the religion, was also there. Esther Davis reports others were there that summer of 1901: she herself, Raffii, the translator at one of Farmer's meetings with ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, and "Mother Beecher" (Ellen Tuller Beecher.) Mary Hanford Ford was there giving one of her talks on literature, and it was at these classes with Abu'l-Faḍl it is considered she joined the religion. Out of this the community of Baháʼís began to form in Boston. Farmer and ʻAbdu'l-Bahá began an active exchange of letters some twenty-plus of his which were gathered and printed initially in 1909 and then the third edition in 1919.
Nevertheless, Farmer did not embark on a heavy handed approach to the presence of the religion and made various compromises to limit its mention and presence, and this fits the Baháʼí teaching about not proselytizing. Her problems did not go away though Janes suddenly died in the fall of 1901. A memorial was held at Greenacre September 6. Fillmore Moore, the director of the Comparative Religion school after Janes, continued the criticism. Others sided with Janes' views including Sanborn and investor Sara Chapman Bull. Meanwhile, a number of eastern teachers presenting their own religions, beyond those of the Baháʼís themselves, began to appear officially on the programs of Monsalvat School beyond those of academically interested non-believers - Muslim Shehadi Abd-Allah Shehadi in 1901, (and later lived in Providence, RI and had a park named after him,) Buddhist Sister Sanghamitta before she left for India as a new convert, B. S. Kimura of Japan, in 1902, Dharmpala, M. Barukatulah, Baha Premanand in 1904, and C. Jinaradadaen in 1905. Fadl and Khan were profiled along with a review of the religion in 1903.
Ralph Waldo Trine wrote a book while at Greenacre and published it in 1903. Additionally music concerts became more common – one of the first was directed by early Baháʼí Edward Kinney. Myron H. Phelps, as part of the transition of the Monsalvat School in his position as director in 1904 and 5 gave a talk on the religion at the 1904 conference following his 1903 book, (though it was later judged to be full of inaccuracies by the Baháʼís.) Articles based on the work were printed in various journals, some noting Greenacre as well.
In the face of the changing realms of support Phoebe Hearst was particularly stabilizing for Farmer in 1902 followed by Helen E. Cole in 1906. Another factor in the progress of Greenacre was that steamer boat service from Portsmouth ran regularly in 1895, and the arrival of electric train service in Eliot near the hotel in 1902. Finally in 1902 Farmer initiated a voluntary board – a "Fellowship" – "a sustaining body to help carry forward the Green Acre Conferences of which Sarah J. Farmer is the director." Amidst this Farmer's personal home burned to the ground in 1904, and Randolph Bolles, whose sister and niece were well known Baháʼís, took up residence living there until he died in 1939.
Year of Peace
In 1904 and 1905 Japanese diplomats visited Greenacre – Yokoyama Taikan, Okakura Kakuzō and Kentok Hori, signing Farmer's autograph book with quotations and drawings for a special tea service and presentations. As an institution Greenacre developed a brief set of "branch" associations including one in Washington D.C. in 1905 that began to host peace conferences.
Farmer's connections and determination for peace was such that she was present at the signing of the Portsmouth Peace Treaty and indeed was the only woman on the naval base. The event was remembered in more recent times. Diplomats from the treaty meeting attended functions at Greenacre. Some 300 attended, including a few reporters from Japan, though President Roosevelt and the Russian delegation did not. There were several talks presented on peace including by Minister Takahira and Ali Kuli Khan, who, in a letter to his wife Florence Breed Khan, called it the most important day in the history of Green Acre to that point.
At the same time a few became interested in the Baháʼí Faith at Green Acre – Harlan Ober and Alfred E. Lunt were Bostonians who joined the religion in the summer of 1905 at Greenacre with Ober learning of the religion first through Lua Getsinger and Alice Buckton, and then Lunt learned of the religion from Ober. Ober had been in shipping interests. Ober and Lunt were leaders in Republican party politics on college campuses, in the era of the Fourth Party System also known as the Progressive Era. About 1905 a formal board to supervise Greenacre called the "Green Acre Fellowship" superseded the earlier voluntary one and was arranged with five trustees – Francis Keefe, Aldred E. Lunt, Horatio Dresser, Maria Wilson, and Fillmore Moore, (two were Baháʼí, three not.)
In the summer of 1906 Stanwood Cobb learned of the religion from a series of articles in the Boston Transcript and went to Green Acre to learn more. He conversed with Sarah Farmer. Thornton Chase, the "first occidental Baháʼí" was also there giving a series of talks. It was on that occasion that Cobb joined the religion. Others were also there giving talks, as well as a meeting of civil war veterans. Ponnambalam Ramanathan's talk that year was featured in the Boston Evening Transcript.
Others also came to Greenacre. In 1906 among others noted, then Third assistant Secretary of State Huntington Wilson, then retired General O. O. Howard, and Ex-Governor John Green Brady of Alaska all gave talks or hosted meetings. Marsden Hartley took a job as a handyman there and through his association he secured his first exhibition, and was friends with Ober and Lunt.
1907–1912
In 1907 it was still possible to review things at Greenacre without mentioning Baháʼís. May Wright Sewall spoke in 1907 at Green Acre. Newspaper coverage began to cover the division and resolution at Greenacre and Farmer managed to keep the reputation of Greenacre high through 1907. Coverage of events occurred in Indianapolis.
Baháʼís sometimes objected that contradictory ideas were presented together while others sometimes objected there was too much Baháʼí coverage. ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's advise to Farmer was to be more direct about the religion and less supportive of "mouldered, two thousand years old superstitions". However, in 1907 other events took hold when, at the age of 60, Farmer fell off a train car in Boston, was injured and never fully recovered. She checked herself into McLean Hospital possibly with a severe injury to her back, when it was a sanitorium.
The 1908 season went on though with perhaps a reduced schedule. Fillmore Moore pressed her to surrender the right of trustee appointing and issued a pained statement in 1909. Writer Diane Iverson feels Farmer progressed in her hospitalization over a broken heart from the contention over Greenacre. Her care transferred to a private duty nurse in Portsmouth and from there, when she "became 'too much to handle'", into the care of early psychologist Dr. Edward Cowles.
Farmer's last public appearance at Green Acre was in 1909. The season was successful with singer Mary Lucas (who had joined the religion in 1905,) and many others. That year the Green Acre Fellowship board voted to rebuild Farmer's residence on the site of her father's home at a cost of $5000.
Farmer changed her will to bequeath Greenacre to the Baháʼís in the event of her death via an agent of Phoebe Hearst. Her family involuntarily committed her to a mental institution in July 1910, At the same time the by-laws of the institution allowed Farmer to appoint 3 of its 5 trustees, fill vacancies, and remove any of the trustees. All this was just before the centenary of the town of Eliot itself was celebrated including at Greenacre. Meanwhile, early Canadian Baháʼís, the Magees, began to be regular summer visitors. Among the several presenters and singers were a few Baháʼís, as well as W. E. B. Du Bois and Swami Paramananda.
Ali Kuli Khan was appointed Iranian Charge D'Affaires in Washington D. C. in 1910.
A review of the history of Greenacre was published in 1911 in the local paper though there was more description of the alienness of Vivekananda in racist terms. The season had many speakers.
ʻAbdu'l-Bahá in the area
ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, then head of the religion, embarked on travels to the West following release from imprisonment. While the regular season at Greenacre ran in July, he was there from 16 to 23 August.
ʻAbdu'l-Bahá referred to renaming it "Green Acre" vs "Greenacre" in relation to the Baháʼí presence where the founder of the religion is buried - referring to Acre, Syria. Though Farmer herself referred to "Green Acre" since 1902 and publicly in 1903 and the formation documents of the Fellowship also used "Green Acre" - nevertheless Schmidt notes the change in use as a dividing line among the groups involved. Another name sometimes used is "Green-acre-on-the-Piscataqua" dating from 1897 and in modern times. Greenacre itself as a name for the site seems to predate the building of the hotel.
Some five or eight hundred people were there to hear ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's first talk. The talk was about ways of knowing the truth – he disavowed individual approaches like pure reason, simple authority, individual inspiration, etc., but affirmed:
[A] statement presented to the mind accompanied by proofs which the senses can perceive to be correct, which the faculty of reason can accept, which is in accord with traditional authority and sanctioned by the promptings of the heart, can be adjudged and relied upon as perfectly correct, for it has been proved and tested by all the standards of judgment and found to be complete.
Some repudiated their former beliefs in the sanctity in pure inspiration.
ʻAbdu'l-Bahá then visited Farmer at her home.
That evening ʻAbdu'l-Bahá addressed the audience at the Eirenion and he wrote a prayer for Farmer. He was in the program speaking August 16, 17, 18, and 19 with Herbert Peckham speaking at most of the remaining schedule of the week. Several of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's talks were gathered and published in The Promulgation of Universal Peace pages 253–275. He also visited the homes of other Baháʼís – Mason Remey, Carrie and Edward Kinney. At other talks members of the audience wept during his prayers or fainted. He spoke to a girls club camp group by the river on August 19. In a letter he declared Farmer was not insane but experiencing "religious exultation" and not suffering from female hysteria as these things were viewed in the day. He met with individuals on other days at Green Acre or the home of Kate Ives, the first woman member of the religion, offering advice and a listening ear to each.
Fred Mortensen arrived August 20. Mortensen had been a criminal that fled arrest – his lawyer was Baháʼí Albert Hall of Minnesota from whom he learned of the religion. Riding from Minneapolis to Cleveland he then went on to Green Acre – all by way of Freighthopping. Being introduced in a crowd he was embarrassed at his dirty appearance and then was told to sit down amid the company of people in fine dress and wait but soon ʻAbdu'l-Bahá returned and began to speak closely with Mortensen His inquiry revealed how Mortensen had traveled.
Mortensen had arrived on a day ʻAbdu'l-Baha had arranged as a feast which was held on "Mount Monsalvat" and a large panomramic picture taken. Mortensen is seated farthest on the left. Farmer was also reportedly there led by the hand by ʻAbdu'l-Bahá across the hill for a few minutes and had a long conversation then publicly pointed out the area would be host to the second Baháʼí Temple for America as well as a university and then praised Farmer openly.
There followed a few more talks and farewell visits on topics like elimination of prejudice. He was said to characterize the work as "like that of the exhausted iron worker's apprentice whose master said to him 'Die, but pump.'
ʻAbdu'l-Bahá again visited Farmer and they went on a car tour including a stop to view the shipyard where the treaty had been signed. On the return trip she was not allowed to step off the car when it stopped at Green Acre.
On the last day at Green Acre he met with individuals and then left stopping at Farmer's hospitalization again this time by carriage – she wept at his feet on that occasion.
Baháʼí management
1913–1916
With news that Farmer was visible, if only briefly, her health was celebrated, but the "more urgent" appeal by some was to warn people that Green Acre was "threatened with dire calamity" in June 1913. A meeting in June seemed to present a calm front, and noted Farmer had previously appointed a guardian while she was indisposed, but the controversy continued in July. What had happened was that the terms of the trust Green Acre had specified authority resting on Farmer as long as she could direct the program. However, in 1913 she could not and a re-arrangement was undertaken by the board allowing a trustee to run the conference and maintain the program - a step feared by the Sanborn and Fillmore affiliated groups. Sanborn published arguments over rights of access. Public rallies were echoed in print in Open Court and newspapers especially opposing a sense of the religious self-surrender and the foreignness of the Baháʼí Faith. Nevertheless, the board was expanded to nine members and William Randall, shipping businessman and Baháʼí since before 1912, was appointed a trustee, and only one was not a Baháʼí. Scary headlines in various places continued near and far. A program was carried on regardless. Kate Ives, the first Baháʼí of Boston, wrote a letter to the editor inviting Portsmouth residents to a talk on the religion. Debates began about who was Farmer's guardian started in January 1914 with news there was another guardian of her affairs. But Farmer then had been declared sane in February, though the matter was raised again in March when Farmer's family sought to have her guardian appointed by them. Amidst partisan charges in the newspaper the doctor agreed Farmer was sane and competent to run her own affairs in June.
Meanwhile, in May 1914 Alfred E. Lunt was elect to the national leadership of the religion along with William Randall.
The controversy at Green Acre grew more tense. In July Farmer's mental condition was challenged with complaints and support statements all brought into court again as well as the rightful jurisdiction of two guardians of Farmer raised to superior courts.
The July 1914 program at Green Acre went on – it included a talk by later Baháʼí Howard Colby Ives which was printed in the newspaper, as well as Alice Breed, Alfred E. Lunt, and others, while others gave protesting talks from the street. The Fellowship board of Green Acre had argued over money ultimately in court which was settled, but the propriety of the expanded elected board was affirmed and required by-law amendments to be not just by the trustees but by the whole group of investors.
Early Canadian Baháʼí Hariet Magee died at Green Acre in January 1915. Early in 1915 Randall oversaw the electrification of the Inn and driveway. Following the Baháʼí participation at the Panama–Pacific International Exposition in spring 1915, Lunt again served on the national board of Baháʼís in the United States; this time as president, with Ober as secretary. Baháʼís then began to buy several neighboring properties to Green Acre. Still Farmer was not released from hospitalization despite several rounds of judging her sane and fit to mind her own affairs and she had been treated with drugs and electroshock therapy. Now Baháʼís began to plan for Farmer's release - primarily William Randall, Urbain Ledoux, and Montford Mills – and tried various approaches. Ultimately they gathered a chief of police and a judge to accompany a court order with some intercepting the doctor physically and others carried Farmer to a waiting car to effect her freedom. A cousin of Farmer, Helen Green, also participated and recorded her testimony retained in the Baháʼí national archives. Randall and Ober and others were visible at Green Acre a week later. Farmer managed to have her next birthday in comparative freedom, quietly. ʻAbdu'l-Bahá praised the work freeing Farmer. There was a session that summer at Green Acre.
The case was appealed questioning jurisdiction in the argument over guardians in late 1915. The courts settled the case over guardianship against Sanborn's group in 1916. Meanwhile, the donation of Helen Cole in 1902 was set for building what became called the Fellowship House constructed in the middle 1916. Farmer was interviewed in the Boston Post in August during which the reporter had an experience he couldn't explain, (though there also several typos in the article and mis-labeling), and Farmer then died in November, while walking in her family cemetery. There was a guard to protect her body lest it be taken. Sanborn called for an official inquiry of her death. The eulogy was read by Kate Ives and attending were Lunt, Ober and Randall among others of Boston and the area - Ober was noted an officer of Green Acre along with Lunt. With Farmer and her Will supporting the Baháʼís the case ended. The transcendentalists school were, to put it mildly, upset, as were the supporters of the academic school. The Baháʼís inherited the $25k in debt too. Though at the time the newspaper coverage was dismissive over her work, modern coverage noted "She anticipated the peace movement, women's liberation and the New Age culture." Farmer's contribution was considered a "singularly important" to the development of Baháʼí schools. Posthumously, Shoghi Effendi, later head of the religion, appointed her as one of the Disciples of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá. Baháʼís noted her individual service as raising a status of organization vs institutionalization, setting a place for the rise of some of Americas' most active supporters of the religion, and the very nature of that place. However, liberal religious idealization noticed that a democratic system had awarded Green Acre to sectarian view. It is true that before 1900 there were about a half dozen Baháʼís in New England and that most of the growth of the religion in the region is attributed to the work done at Green Acre.
There is no record of a summer session in 1916. Ober wrote a letter to the editor about the religion and Green Acre earlier in August.
Green Acre and contributing to the national leadership
The 1917 Spring national convention of Baháʼís with meetings held at Green Acre and Boston. In 1917 William Randall was again elected to the national board of the religion and that year he was elected as president of the board and Harlan Ober was elected to the board as well. Among the speakers on the summer schedule at Green Acre in 1917 were Horace Holley, Randall, Albert R. Vail, Louis G. Gregory, Eshteal Ebn Kalanter, Lunt, and Albert Hall. Randall spoke at Green Acre on "The mission of Green Acre" and another "Talks of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá" as well as others by Frederick Strong on several topics as well as Edward Getsinger.
The military discussed taking over the Green Acre property for its workmen in 1918. Randall was again elected to the national board of the religion, this time as treasurer, in 1918. Though the Inn did not open there was still a summer session with James F. Morton Jr. and a national Esperanto conference being held. Martha Root attended. And Mr and Mrs. Ober, Lunt, and May Maxwell were noted in the services for the funeral program for a close friend of Farmer who died. Randall along with Juliet Thompson, May Maxwell and Albert Vail, debated the position of Green Acre on whether to raise the Peace Flag and ultimately decided it should be raised. Prayers were said at Green Acre to end World War I.
Randall was on Baháʼí pilgrimage after the war, in 1919 and ʻAbdu'l-Bahá encouraged him to continue the work of Farmer at Green Acre. Randall served as the administrator of Green Acre from 1919 to 1929 when he died. Harlan Ober was at the 1919 national convention of Baháʼís was held in New York. The 1919 convention was a major event in the religion because it was also the place the Tablets of the Divine Plan of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá were published.
Traveling teacher of the religion Fádil Mazandarání gave several talks at Green Acre in 1920. Randall was elected to the national board again in 1920 as treasurer and addressed the convention. Randall was listed as the contact for announcing events and reserving rooms at Green Acre in 1920 by Albert Vail.
Siegfried Schopflocher, later to become another Hand of the Cause, joined the religion at Green Acre in 1921 and helped improve the property. A Tea House and gift shop were established. Paul Haney and May Maxwell were also known at the facility in 1921. A major memorial for the death of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá was held in 1922. Otherwise there is no known program in 1921. In 1922 a program was carried on by Louis Gregory, Albert Watson, Juliet Putnam, George Latimer, Mr. and Mrs. Aldo Randagger, Mrs. E. Boye, W H Randall. Randall was appointed to the supervisory board of the Baháʼí periodical Star of the West in 1922, and contributed an article on Green Acre. In 1923 he was noted as chairman of the board of Green Acre while continuing as treasurer for the newly designated National Spiritual Assembly. A general renovation was begun in 1921 and completed in 1924 – repairs, painting, and clearing away scrub growth, etc., was done. A program went on in 1923 with Fádil Mazandarání giving a talk, among the program that summer. The "Eirenion" burned down in 1924, right before the summer season of Green Acre was held with an international theme and presence and the first appearance of Glenn A. Shook, professor of Wheaton College (Massachusetts).
In 1925 there were a number of developments. First the national convention was held at Green Acre. Famous African-American leader Alain Locke, a Baháʼí since 1918, spoke at the 1925 convention. Second, the national election was held under new rules fully endorsed by the head of the religion. That year a local assembly was elected for the first time in Eliot. And lastly it was announced the administrative offices of the religion would be run from Green Acre. The members of the Eliot local assembly were – Horace and Doris Holley, Kate Ives, Ivy Drew Edwards, Marion Jack, Colonel Henry and Mary Culver, Ella Roberts and Phillip Marangella. Lunt was noted on the board of trustees of Green Acre. Baháʼí Mary Lucas who had performed at Green Acre several times held her professional school for singers there.
While the history of persecution of Baháʼís in Persia goes back some many years the first known newspaper mention in the area was in 1926. That summer the program was "Green Acre Summer School of World Unity" in August. But the National Assembly acquired direct authority of the Green Acre establishment. At the same time the national assembly began a "Plans of Unified Action" process that included a plan to centralize all Baháʼí funding of projects through one national fund including Green Acre resulting in a learning process for the assembly and the community in maintaining priorities in a nationwide context – a process that extended into the 1930s during the Great Depression. Education reformer Stanwood Cobb established "Mast Cove Camp" at Eliot that year too.
Programs and model
In 1927 Green Acre hosted its first Race Amity Convention in mid-July following an initiative push by Shoghi Effendi, then head of the religion, in April. The first convention had been held in Washington D.C. in 1921 followed by a lapse, and this 1927 convention was arranged by a committee appointed by the US Baháʼí National Spiritual Assembly – Agnes Parsons, Coralie F. Cook, Louis Gregory, Zia Bagdadi, Alain Locke, Elizabeth G. Hopper and Isabel Ives, (though Locke appears on the program he did not actually speak at the convention.) Prominent contributors at the convention included Devere Allen of The World Tomorrow, Samuel McComb of the Emmanuel Movement, Rev. William Stafford Jones and recent pilgrims Edwina Powell and S. E. J. Oglesby. According to Louis Gregory he had to chair one of the sessions "so that the affair would not be too one-sided" in the face of low participation despite "a little under-current of bad feeling" among some Baháʼís. This proved the first of a series of annual race amity conferences. However, the event turned out to be so successful that money from the national budget to support the event was in fact covered by generous individuals caught up in the event and instead the allotment of about $400,(alittle over $5400 in 2014 dollars,) was returned to be contributed to the costs for building the American Baháʼí Temple. There was a peace program the following August.
The success of Green Acre as a Baháʼí institution began to inspire other regional schools for the religion: first came Bosch Baháʼí School becoming more formally a Baháʼí school in 1927 and another in 1931 at Louhelen Baháʼí School.
The pace of race amity meetings continued nationwide for Baháʼís into 1928 when it was again held at Green Acre in August. Randall also took part in it. Perhaps Randall's final appearance was August 1928 at a commemoration of the visit of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá to Green Acre. Randall died Feb 11, 1929. Meanwhile, in 1928 Ober gave a talk in Brooklyn, and Grace hosted an evening social at Green Acre. That year the official board of Green Acre, the "Fellowship", formally deeded Green Acre to a trustees appointed by the National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of the United States. Lunt served on the national assembly that year.
The regular program at Green Acre ran in 1930 with talks and services by Albert Vail, Glenn Shook, Stanwood Cobb, Genevieve Coy, Doris Gregory, Allen McDaniel, A B Herst, Mrs Willard McKay, and Louis Gregory. A third Race Amity Convention was also held at Green Acre that year despite the onset of The Great Depression and among which officers of the national Urban League assisted. The 1931 summer conference included a talk by William Leo Hansberry of Howard University discussing the science behind recognizing "Negro civilizations in Ancient Africa". In the 1930s Genevieve Coy directed studies at Green Acre and more formal classes were undertaken than lectures – on languages and Baháʼí texts for example. Fundraising at Green Acre was undertaken to aid in the construction of the Baháʼí House of Worship (Wilmette, Illinois). By 1932 both Farmer and Randall were noted as Disciples of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá. The 1932 season was noted in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The Ober family purchased a home near Green Acre in 1932 in the midst of the Great Depression, and Harlan soon was reading on the radio at Portsmouth's WHEB station weekly after noon from spring into the fall from 1933 into 1935 (with occasional gaps). Grace spoke at the Portsmouth chapter of Hadassah and Ober was also visible at other events – a funeral, and several series of talks in 1933. In 1933 he also gave a program series on "Psychology and Life" for Alpha Beta sorority and a ladies club. The regular summer season at Green Acre took place. Glenn Shook's talk was profiled in the local paper. And a "Race Amity Conference" was held too, following which Gregory expressed satisfaction with the now long history of Race Amity meetings at Green Acre despite the economic troubles during the Great Depression.
A Race Amity Convention was held at a time when few others were being held across the country in August 1934. It proved to be the last in the 1930s. In 1936 the national assembly had noted that race amity meetings had sometimes emphasized race differences rather than unity and reconciliation when held at a national level and instead asked local communities to provide meetings which a few communities continued to do later into the 1930s. In November Ober gave a talk in Eliot for the Christian Endeavor Society, and Zeta Alpha Men's Club of a Baptist church. The family wintered in New York to February 1935, and their college student daughter visited them in the summer of 1935. There was also smaller race amity conference that year as part of the general session. It hosted week long course on "Racial likenesses and differences: the scientific evidence and the Baháʼí Teachings" by Genevieve Coy and there were individual talks by Coy, Glenn Shook, Standwood Cobb, Lunt and Samuel Chiles Mitchell, past president of the University of South Carolina (1909–1913).
Ober was a substitute speaker in January 1936 at Green Acre, and lead a funeral there. The Summer schedule at Green Acre went on including Montford Mills, Louis G. Gregory, Manses L. Sato, Dorothy Beecher Baker, Mary Collison, Hishmat Alai, and featuring Stanwood Cobb. Then there was another "Race Amity" session during the summer session of the school. The structure of the classes and offerings at Green Acre further transitioned from summer conferencing to focused classes that year too noting participation by Horace Holley, Edward H. Adams, Louis G. Gregory with music by Evelyn Loveday, sessions by Mrs. M. B. Trotman, Maxwell Miller, Mrs. Bishp Lewis, Ludmilla Bechtold, Theodore C. A. McCardy, and more music by Martha Boutwell.
After serving on the national assembly off an on into the 1930s Lunt died from an illness in 1937 and Shoghi Effendi asked the entire national assembly to assemble at his gravesite on his behalf in Boston. That year a Hall was built replacing the burned down Eirenion a decade earlier and the fourth floor of the Inn was renovated.
Grace Ober died immediately after giving a talk at the Chicago Baháʼí national convention in April 1938 – Harlan was then serving on the national spiritual assembly after traveling in Louisville Kentucky. Harlan gave the next talk at Green Acre that July 1938, and the August schedule for Green Acre took place. Ober then toured universities in December, and served on the Green Acre summer committee for the school in 1939. The 1939 season at Green Acre went on with among the teachers Louis Gregory, and Horace Holley and officers of the program committee including Mrs. Harold Bowman, Ober, Lorna Tasker and Marjorie Wheeler; and there was a focus on discussing international problems.
Nancy Bowditch
Also known as Mrs. Harold Bowditch, Nancy was the daughter of George de Forest Brush who was active in Dublin, New Hampshire, as well as Europe. Though she was among those who had met ʻAbdu-l-Bahá at Green Acre her life changed with the unexpected death of her husband shortly after and she and her new child soon moved away - it wasn't until she came across the religion again in 1927 and heard Randal speak that she considered the religion. This may have been an event the Boston Baháʼí community hosted called a "World Unity Conference" as part of a series sponsored by the National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of the United States. A report of the conference was published in the Boston Evening Transcript. Randall helped organize and spoke at it. She then credits Randall, Louise Drake Wright and her sister Mrs. George Nelson as aiding her inquiry into the religion while she read books like Baháʼu'lláh and the New Era. She officially joined the religion in 1929. She was visible in the 1930 Race Amity Convention held at Green Acre, and left on Baháʼí pilgrimage in late March 1931 with her then 19 yr old daughter. They spent three weeks in the area of Haifa and left by way of Jerusalem taking in Christian paths of pilgrimage. She then attended the 1931 national convention reporting on events in Boston as the chair of the Boston Assembly.
Bowditch repeated her activity at the Green Acre Race Amity conference in 1934 including an event at her home. In 1936 she assisted in World Order magazine publications with some cover art. In 1937 she offered a talk for the summer program at Green Acre that also dedicated a new hall. In 1938 she took up residence in a summer studio at Green Acre and ran a program on art for the school. There is a break in visible activity in 1940 and her father died April 24, 1941, but she was again involved at Green Acre in July 1941 for a pageant. After another year gap in activity she was on the centenary committee of 1943–44, to commemorate the founding of the religion in 1844. In Portsmouth she offered a program at the Baháʼí library about her pilgrimage, as well as at Green Acre. She was on the maintenance committee for Green Acre across 1945–1947. In Teaneck, New Jersey she offered a program for youth on dramatizations of the religion, and her poem "The Song of Tahirih" was published in July 1947 World Order magazine. In 1948 she was listed as the corresponding secretary of the Baháʼí group of Brookline, Massachusetts, and offered a program in nearby Hamilton, Massachusetts. Her mother died in 1949. In 1950 she published a play "The desert tent: An Easter play in three episodes".
In 1953 Bowditch was noted helping a Portsmouth community pageant, and her family moved to Peterborough, New Hampshire, in the south of the state in 1959, attended the 1963 Baháʼí World Congress with her husband and a granddaughter, and in 1965 Bowditch is pictured on the first local Spiritual Assembly of Brookline, the local administrative organization of the religion.
1972 she was noted for a Portsmouth Friends of the Library, spoke at Meriden Connecticut on her memory of meeting ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, and aided in costumes for play at Keene State College.
She died May 1, 1979 and a posthumously published memoir, "The Artist's Daughter: Memoirs 1890–1979" was printed with the aide of her grandchildren.
Regular hosts at Green Acre were Bahiyyih Randall and Harry Ford along with Mildred Mottahedeh in the 1940s. Louis Gregory and Curtis Kelsey led a race unity workshop at Green Acre in August 1940 and there was a focus on religion and science in a series of talks as well as individual talks. During the tenure of Randall and Ford, Randall gathered historical materials both at Green Acre and from the Baháʼí national archives, the fourth floor of the Inn was renovated, and a new separate building, Baha'i Hall, was built.
In 1941 a trusteeship was created for Green Acre for the National Spiritual Assembly of the United States and Canada – its members were Allen McDaniel, Dorothy Baker, Roy Wilhelm, Horace Holley, Siegfried Scholpflocher, Leroy Ioas, Amelia Collings, Louis Gregory, Harlan Ober. The Baháʼís officially announced the new name of the institution as the "Green Acre Baháʼí School". The extended program of events carried on with wide attendance. That year the site also began to host annual race unity conferences – that year having talks by Louis Gregory, Roy Wilkins of the NAACP and The Crisis, Matthew Bullock and Dorothy Baker.
In July 1942 Helen Archambault, William Kenneth and Robert Christian, Harry Ford, Ober and Cobb all gave talks at the summer session of Green Acre, followed by a study class series by William Kenneth, Roberta Christian, and Ober. Paul Haney married Helen Margery Wheeler there in 1942. Shook's talk at Green Acre in July 1942 was profiled in the local paper, and his presentations went on into September along with other events. A number of prominent Baháʼís were in a Green Acre "Race Amity" conference in August 1942 – Dorothy Beecher Baker, Matthew Bollock, Ali Kuli Khan, Mabel Jenkins, Harlan Ober, Lorna Tasker, Louis Gregory, Doris McKay, Hillery Thorne, and Harriet Kelsey were all on the speaker list. Among the other presenters were Phyllis Weatley and James Weldon Johnson. Ober continued at a general session at Green Acre a few days later.
1943
1943 was a year of race riots around the United States – the Beaumont race riot of 1943 of mid-June, the Detroit race riot of 1943 of late June, and the Harlem riot of 1943 of early August. Profiles of the religion's teaching of race unity had been highlighted by Alice Simmons Cox in The New York Age in the winter-spring Dorothy Beecher Baker had a talk series including the subject of race unity in Rochester, NY, in late July just before the Green Acre summer session and Mrs. Charles Witt talk on race unity over in Los Angeles, CA. Ober was one among several present in an August series of talks at Green Acre – Mary Coristine, Philip Sprague, Lorraine Welsh, Lorna Tasker, Mary McClendon, Gertrude Atkinson, Louis Gregory, Horace Holley, Mrs. Florence Breed Khan, Hesmat Ala'i, Maud Mickle, and Mabel Jenkins all contributed on topics of equality of women and unity of humanity, with the largest attendance of the season, partly from a nationwide call for the prominence of the topic, while the late August session also featured a review of the life of Muhammad. The National assembly had set in motion a series of efforts in anticipation of the Centenary of the Declaration of the Báb, saying the situation of race in the country "demands our devoted attention and endeavor throughout September and October, the fundamental teaching of the Faith, its most challenging principle, its swift healing antidote for the ills of a divided world." There was a specific attempt to reach the public, and on the subject of the oneness of mankind – race unity. The conference achieved some newspaper publicity, and there was indeed a breadth of many talks by Baháʼís into November. Among them were Dorothy Beecher Baker, Louis G. Gregory, and Alain Locke.
The next summer, of 1944, had its own crisis. There was a series by managed by Ober and Nancy Bowditch in early July, but pleas came from the National Assembly that Tera Cowart-Smith drop her plans in Atlanta and arrange to be at Green Acre to take over the management of the summer session.p. 61–7 She reports great difficulty in deciding to go in the face of having to drop her clients, and in getting there, and many privations figuring out how to feed the guests. Mildred Mottahedeh was there assisting her through the period and 75 guests came. The public news covered her at Green Acre. The race unity meeting had Genevieve Coy, Mildred Mottahedeh, Ober, Gregory, Lydia Martin and Sarah Martin (Pereira), and Matthew Bullock (who himself recalled the bitter disappointment of integrated service in the military and returning home to a segregated society.) The national assembly advertised for managers for Green Acre in November. Ober also gave a later series at the Portsmouth Baháʼí Center late in the year and into spring 1945. Sessions of near one hundred people ran in the 1945 race unity meeting and in 1946 a week long study was done on "The Negro in American Life". Gregory called it "the most wonderful season in its history, save that of 1912 when His Holidness ʻAbdu'l-Bahá Himself taught here."
Winter season classes were begun in 1947 by Emanuel (Manny) and Janet Reimer in their cottage "on campus" which grew to be housed in the main "Fellowship Hall". Though talks were held in June 1949, during the rest of 1949 and 1950 the executive decision was made by then head of the religion Shoghi Effendi to close Green Acre School for two years of "austerity" while the final push to finish the Baháʼí House of Worship was under way. A program for World Religion Day did take place in January 1950 over in Portsmouth with Baháʼí support and others Shook was elected chair of the Eliot assembly in 1950 – the other members were Lucien McComb, Mrs McComb, Thorton Pearsall, Vincent Minutti, Mrs Delbert Cress, Mrs Dudley Blakely, Mrs John Marlow, Emaniel Reimer – and other smaller events took place.
1950s
Green Acre Baháʼí School was reopened in 1951 thanks in part to youth groups working on getting the facility ready.
Louis G. Gregory
Louis G. Gregory went to Green Acre in the fall of 1911 for the first time – it was just a few months after his return from Baháʼí pilgrimage. In 1912 he married Louise Matthews. He was next known at Green Acre in 1917 when he gave a talk "Prophetic proofs of the Baha'i Revelation." In 1920 the Gregories were able to spend some ten days together after many months each traveling in different directions for the religion amidst a time where inter-racial marriage was socially troubled and he was "so onerous and irritable, so unlike himself" that his wife was in despair over his condition - nevertheless he set out on the longest of his teaching tours the following year. From then on most summers they were able to be in the environment at Eliot and it became their "home base". In 1922, while a member of the National Spiritual Assembly, he chaired the summer program and gave two talks at Green Acre – "Prayer and Praise", and "The Holy Mariner". They were there in 1923. He attended the organizing 1925 national convention held at Green Acre. The 1926 summer program at Green Acre had Gregory as co-director with Albert Vail and Howard MacNutt. They were there in June 1929 before the Green Acre program started. Like many leaders in the religion, the Gregories began to serve overseas for extended periods in the 1930s – Louise in Europe at first and then the both of them in Haiti. The Gregorys returned to Green Acre in 1938 but wintered in Cambridge.
In 1940 the Gregories bought a different summer cottage in Eliot, and a winter apartment in Portsmouth. A small community held Nineteen Day Feast in September 1941. Gregory served several years on the Green Acre school committee itself in the 1940s and loved to work with children's classes. From 1946, now that Louise was over eighty years old and less independent, Gregory stayed more at home than traveling the country as he had done for decades. Both his race and their inter-racial marriage seemed well accepted in Eliot. Friends often saw them on the porch or at events in Green Acre and their garden was doing well at home.
In December 1948 Gregory suffered a stroke a couple months after returning from a funeral for a friend and between him and his wife, whose health also declined, began to stay closer to home. His recovery was more than the doctor predicted when a couple months later he had regained his hand-writing though slanted. By the summer of 1949 he was again carrying on an active correspondence. In particular Gregory carried on correspondence with U.S. District Court Judge Julius Waties Waring and his wife in 1950–51 who was involved in Briggs v. Elliott even while Green Acre was closed for austerity.
Gregory died aged seventy-seven on July 30, 1951. He is buried at Eliot and just a few days later during the memorial service a telegram arrived stating he was appointed as one of the Hands of the Cause, the highest office open to individuals in the religion, by then head of the religion, Shoghi Effendi.
Other activities
Ober stayed home in the summer of 1951, and officiated at the funeral of Louis G. Gregory, which was followed up with a series of talks at Green Acre, as well as other opportunities. For a few years the public mentions of Ober are a couple funerals he oversaw, but in 1956 he gave a series of talks.
In 1952 the room ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's used while staying there was set aside for prayers and meditation.
Legal cases began to question the roll of Green Acre as a religious institution and its status for tax reasons. In 1954 the Supreme Judicial Court of Maine ruled that the Green Acre Baháʼí Institute was entitled to tax exemption as a charitable institution. Horace Holley made public some material on the legal timeline of Green Acre in 1955 sharing information affecting its tax status. Nathan Rutstein lived at Green Acre in the summer of 1955 with his new wife before getting into television production and appointed as an Auxiliary Board member for the religion.
1960s - 1990s
In the 1960s, the first full-time staff of the school and the first year-round live-in caretaker were hired – Stuart Rhode and Emma Rice. The first full-time property manager, Edwin Miller was hired in the 1970s. Emma Rice, former Knight of Baháʼu'lláh for Sicily, became the resident caretaker of the Fellowship House. The tax status of Green Acre Baha'i Institute was contested in 1963 and the same court removed the tax exemption, based on a 1957 law limiting exemptions to institutions that primarily serve residents of Maine. Richard Grover grew into the first full-time administrator of Green Acre in the 1980s. The administration of Green Acre transferred to Ray Labelle around 1990 and then James and Jeannine Sacco in 1995–96. Later, in 1997, the US Supreme Court declared the Maine law unconstitutional reverting the tax status of Green Acre. Green Acre became recognized as "paradigmatic of a Baháʼí institution".
A variety of individuals visited in the 1960 and into the 1970s in addition to regular presenters. The 1960 session included Firuz Kazemzadeh. A Pennacook Indian, Gerard Morin aka Little Bishop, presented on local Indian culture in Green Acre in 1966. Hand of the Cause Ali Akbar Furutan visited in 1969. Hand of the Cause William Sears visited in 1978 with his wife Marguerite Reimer Sears as part of establishing the Reimer award for service to Green Acre. Its first recipient was Emma Rice.
It was also during the 1960s that the first Baháʼí studies of the history of Sarah Farmer, Green Acre, and Monsalvat took place by Douglas Martin and H.T.D. Rost. This was extended in the 1980s with occasional lectures entitled Farmer Family Memorial Lectures began, while Kenneth Walter published a polemical compilation of the rise and fall of transcendentalism at Green Acre in 1980 recalling the vehemence against the Baháʼís. The Association for Baháʼí Studies held its first regional conference at Green Acre in 1983. Sessions began to be held preserving Green Acre history and in 1986 the National Spiritual Assembly made the restoration of the Sarah Farmer Inn a goal for the Baháʼís of the Northeast. In 1989 local chapters of peace groups offered programs at Green Acre, and centennial observances began starting with its inception in 1890. Restoration of the Sarah Farmer Inn continued for many years as funds became available and was finally completed in summer of 1994, the centennial of the first Greenacre Meeting entitled "100 Years for Peace" commemorated with a post office cancelation and some 1500 guests (greater than the population of the town of Eliot when the site opened.) Some 300 attended program of the Vedanta Society to commemorate Swami Vivekenda's presence in 1894 with a plaque along with publishing a collection of poetry, Voice of Lovers. Baháʼí academies and training sessions by the Baháʼí International Community office at the United Nations were held in the 1990s.
In 1998 the institution of the "Black Men's gathering" began annual meetings at Green Acre Baháʼí School after being hosted at Louis Gregory Baháʼí Institute and other places until it ended in 2011. Each year the group walked in procession to Gregory's gravesite. Green Acre Baháʼí School has also been home to the annual "Turning 15 Academy"/"Badasht Prep Academy"/"Badasht Academy" (variously named and often named after the Conference of Badasht) since the summer of 1999 as a week-long intensive study of Baháʼí history and religious practices.
Since 2000
In 2000 Ruhi Institute courses were offered. Observances memorializing the deaths in 9-11 were held in cooperation with the Eliot public library and the local congregational church. In 2002 the old Baha'i Hall was taken down and replaced the same year with the Curtis and Harriet Kelsey Center which featured an auditorium for 220 seats and seven classrooms. Noted scholar on Khalil Gibran, Suheil Bushrui spoke at Green Acre Baháʼí school in 2003 giving a two-day course on ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's teachings on peace. Renovations and expansion at Green Acre as part of an investment across all the Baháʼí schools was initiated in 2000 under the name "Kingdom Project" and finished in 2005.
In 2004 a commemorative peace garden was established at the School and the property of the home of the Gregory's was added to the holdings of Green Acre Baháʼí School in Eliot.
In 2005 the centenary of the Portsmouth Peace Treaty and Farmer's involvement was established in a Sarah Farmer Peace Award by the Baháʼís of Eliot and has been given out annually and Ryozo Kato, Japanese Ambassador to the United States in 2005, made an official visit to Green Acre commemorating the treaty. The events were held included re-enactments for Theodore Roosevelt, Ida B. Wells, Thomas Edison, William Jennings Bryan, and Fred Harvey as well as Sarah Farmer herself, along with contributions from speakers, writers and artists were held at Green Acre Baháʼí School itself as well as a meeting of the Association of Baháʼí Studies of the US and Canada.
The School also continued to network with the area chapter of the NAACP.
In 2007 sessions included the sitting Chair for Peace from the University of Maryland, Dr. John Grayzel, gave a class with the chair of the Portsmouth Peace Treaty Anniversary Committee.
The Eliot 2010 bicentenary was celebrated and there was a play at Green Acre as part of it. Green Acre was also reviewed in line with other movements of the turn of the 20th century in a documentary about peace activism related to the Treaty of Portsmouth and was premiered on the campus in 2012 during the centenary of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's visit. Four more buildings were dedicated after a four-year construction project: the Harry Randall Guest House, Louise and Louisa Gregory Cottage, Mildred and Rafi Mottahedeh Cottage, and Emma Rice Cottage replacing four of the older cottages on the property. In Washington D. C. a commemorative tour recalled Stanwood Cobb's association with Green Acre and Eliot.
Don Tennant appreciated living in the atmosphere of honesty at Green Acre while he wrote Spy the lie, published in 2012, while his wife worked at Green Acre.
Further reading
References
External links
Official Website
Some of the Talks given by Jináb-i-Fadil-i-Mazindarani at Green Acre in 1921 and 1923
Bahá'í educational institutions
Bahá'í Faith in the United States
1894 establishments in Maine
Tourist attractions in York County, Maine
Eliot, Maine |
Guéreins () is a commune in the Ain department in eastern France.
Population
Twin towns
Guéreins is twinned with Bottens in Switzerland.
See also
Communes of the Ain department
References
Communes of Ain
Ain communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia |
The 2015–16 Boston College Eagles women's basketball team will represent Boston College during the 2015–16 college basketball season. The Eagles, are led by fourth year head coach Erik Johnson. The Eagles, members of the Atlantic Coast Conference, will play their home games at the Conte Forum. They finished the season 15–16, 2–14 in ACC play to finish in fourteenth place. They advanced to the second round of the ACC women's tournament where they lost to NC State.
2015–16 media
Boston College IMG Sports Network Affiliates
Select BC games, mostly home games and conference road games, will be broadcast on ZBC Sports. BC Game notes and stories will continue to be posted through their athletic website and on Twitter by following @bc_wbb.
Roster
Schedule
|-
!colspan=9 style="background:#660000; color:#E7D692;"| Non-conference regular season
|-
!colspan=9 style="background:#660000; color:#E7D692;"| ACC regular season
|-
!colspan=9 style="background:#790024; color:#C5B358;"| ACC Women's Tournament
Rankings
2015–16 NCAA Division I women's basketball rankings
See also
Boston College Eagles women's basketball
2015–16 Boston College Eagles men's basketball team
References
Boston College Eagles women's basketball seasons
Boston College
Boston College Eagles women's basketball
Boston College Eagles women's basketball
Boston College Eagles women's basketball
Boston College Eagles women's basketball |
The Elder Statesman is a luxury clothing, fashion and lifestyle brand based in Los Angeles founded in 2007 by Greg Chait.
History
Founder Greg Chait was inspired by the gift of a cashmere blanket in 2002 to pursue a niche market. After he made some cashmere blankets for himself, Maxfield in Los Angeles sold some of his samples and requested more product. The brand was founded in 2007 and expanded into a West Hollywood appointment-only studio in 2011.
As of 2011, the brand's clothing lines were carried in stores such as Barneys New York.
As of 2014, the brand was known for its knitwear, was carried in stores worldwide, had 25 employees and had relocated to a Culver City factory. In June 2014, the company opened up an online store. The brand is expected to open its first store in Los Angeles in late 2014.
Chiat had previously been chief executive officer of niche Australian denim brand Ksubi. In December 2011, Justin Doss of GQ selected The Elder Statesman as his editor's pick.
In 2012, founder Greg Chait was recognized with the $300,000 CFDA/Vogue Fashion Fund Award.
During New York Fashion Week in February 2014, the brand was featured in The Wall Street Journal for its unique artistic installation of its cashmere line. The brand is known for its intricacy, quality, and limited quantity of supply.
Corporate partners
In March 2014, The Elder Statesman received a minority-stake equity investment from "cult luxury jewellery [sic] and accessories brand Chrome Hearts". In September 2014, the brand partnered with private plane charter company XOJet to provide its customers with various luxury wares.
Notes
External links
2007 establishments in California
2010s fashion
Clothing brands of the United States
American companies established in 2007
Clothing companies established in 2007
Retail companies established in 2007
Companies based in Los Angeles
Knitwear manufacturers |
Shane McNamara is an Australian television and film actor who is best known for his many appearances in the recurring role of Gino Esposito in the Australian soap opera Neighbours.
He has also played a character called 'Rat in a Hat' in the children's television show Bananas in Pyjamas (in both the original live-action series and CGI animated series). He has made numerous television appearances in other Australian series including Satisfaction, All Saints, Blue Heelers, Snobs, Water Rats and The Girl from Tomorrow.
Filmography
A Fortunate Life (TV mini-series 1985)
Home and Away (TV series 1989)
All the Rivers Run 2 (TV movie 1990)
Prisoners of the Sun (1990)
A Country Practice (TV series 1991)
The Girl from Tomorrow (TV movie 1992)
The Girl from Tomorrow (TV mini-series 1992)
Turtle Beach (1992)
The Custodian (1993)
Bananas in Pyjamas (TV series 1992–2001, 2011–2013)
G.P. (TV series 1993–1994)
Fallen Angels (TV series 1997)
Water Rats (TV series 1999)
Child Star: The Shirley Temple Story (TV movie 2001)
Hetty (2002)
Dirty Deeds (2002)
Blue Heelers (TV series 2002)
Snobs (TV series 2003)
All Saints (TV series 2004)
Neighbours (TV series 2001–2007)
Satisfaction (TV series 2008)
City Homicide (TV series 2008)
Rescue Special Ops (TV series 2009)
External links
Australian male television actors
Living people
1956 births |
The 1995–96 season was the 57th season in UE Lleida's existence, and their 2nd year in Segunda División after relegation, and covered the period from July 1, 1995 to June 30, 1996.
First-team squad
Transfers
In
Competitions
Pre-season
Segunda División
Copa del Rey
Results summary
1996
Lleida
Lleida
Lleida |
```dart
/*
* or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
* distributed with this work for additional information
* regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
*/
import 'package:flutter_test/flutter_test.dart';
import 'package:playground_components/playground_components.dart';
import 'common.dart';
void main() {
const urlString = 'path_to_url
group('HttpExampleLoadingDescriptor', () {
final descriptor = HttpExampleLoadingDescriptor(
sdk: Sdk.go,
uri: Uri.parse(urlString),
viewOptions: viewOptions,
);
test('toJson -> tryParse', () {
final map = descriptor.toJson();
final parsed = HttpExampleLoadingDescriptor.tryParse(map);
expect(parsed, descriptor);
});
test('copyWithoutViewOptions', () {
expect(
descriptor.copyWithoutViewOptions(),
HttpExampleLoadingDescriptor(
sdk: descriptor.sdk,
uri: descriptor.uri,
),
);
});
test('token', () {
expect(descriptor.token, urlString);
});
});
}
``` |
Lyrical King (From the Boogie Down Bronx), from 1987, is the debut album of hip-hop emcee T La Rock. It was released after the EP He's Incredible, and none of the tracks from that record were on the original release of the album. Singles released were "Back to Burn," "Tudy Fruity Judy," "It's Time to Chill," and, in the UK, "Big Beat in London." Kurtis Mantronik produced several tracks, and Greg Nice of Nice & Smooth contributed human beat boxing. When the album was rereleased in digital form by Traffic Entertainment Group in 2006, two of the tracks from He's Incredible and two non-album tracks produced by Kurtis Mantronik were added. In addition, the Rick Rubin-produced classic "It's Yours," which was originally released on a different label, was also included because of its common ownership in the present day.
Cover
On the cover can be seen T La Rock wearing an Adidas Laser track top with the logo of the French Football Federation. Actually, T La Rock won this suit from a streetball game against Akhenaton, one of the emcees of the French hip hop group IAM, when the group came to New York City in 1986.
Track listing
Original 1987 album:
Lyrical King
Back to Burn
Tudy Fruity Judy
Having Fun
Three Minutes of Beat Box
Bust These Lyrics
This Beat Kicks
Big Beat in London
It's Time to Chill
Live Drummin' with the Country Boy
2006 additions:
It's Yours (12-Inch Radio Mix)
Breakdown (12-Inch Version)
He's Incredible (12-Inch Version)
Breaking Bells (12-Inch Version)
Bass Machine (12-Inch Version)
Additional personnel
Editors: Chep Nuñez, Omar Santana, Carlos Barios
Mastering engineer: Howie Weinberg
Later samples
Samples of "It's Yours" can be heard in the following songs and in countless others.
"Paul Revere" by the Beastie Boys from the album "Licensed to Ill"
"Louder Than a Bomb" by Public Enemy from the album It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back
"The World Is Yours" by Nas from the album Illmatic
"Rewind" by Nas from the album Stillmatic
"Fumbling Over Words That Rhyme" by Edan from the album Beauty and the Beat
"Party People" and "Can You Party" by Royal House from its self-titled album
"Interloper" by Slipknot from the album Slipknot
References
1987 debut albums
Fresh Records (US) albums
East Coast hip hop albums
Albums produced by Kurtis Mantronik |
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