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Andrej Martin and Hans Podlipnik were the defending champions but only Podlipnik chose to defend his title, partnering Andrés Molteni. Podlipnik lost in the first round to Mauricio Echazú and Michael Linzer. Sergio Galdós and Leonardo Mayer won the title after defeating Ariel Behar and Gonzalo Lama 6–2, 7–6(9–7) in the final. Seeds Draw References Main Draw Lima Challenger - Doubles
The Aristotelian Society for the Systematic Study of Philosophy, more generally known as the Aristotelian Society, is a philosophical society in London. History Aristotelian Society was founded at a meeting on 19 April 1880, at 17 Bloomsbury Square, London. It resolved "to constitute a society of about twenty and to include ladies; the society to meet fortnightly, on Mondays at 8 o'clock, at the rooms of the Spelling Reform Association…" The rules of the society stipulated: According to H. Wildon Carr, in choosing a name for the society, it was: The society's first president was Mr. Shadworth H. Hodgson. He was president for fourteen years from 1880 until 1894, when he proposed Dr. Bernard Bosanquet as his replacement. Professor Alan Willard Brown noted in 1947 that '[The Society]'s members were not all men of established intellectual position. It welcomed young minds just out of university as well as older amateur philosophers with serious interests and purposes. But many distinguished men were faithful members, and not the least virtue of the society has remained, even to the present day, the opportunity it affords for different intellectual generations to meet in an atmosphere of reasoned and responsible discussion.'." The society continues to meet fortnightly at the University of London's Senate House to hear and discuss philosophical papers from all philosophical traditions. The current President (2016–2017) is Tim Crane, a Professor of Philosophy at University of Cambridge. Its other work includes giving grants to support the organisation of academic conferences in philosophy, and, with Oxford University Press, the production of the 'Lines of Thought' series of philosophical monographs. Annual conference The society's annual conference, organised since 1918 in conjunction with the Mind Association, (publishers of the philosophical journal Mind), is known as the Joint Session of the Aristotelian Society and the Mind Association, and is hosted by different university departments in July each year. Publications The first edition of the society's proceedings, the Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society for the Systematic Study of Philosophy, now the Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, was issued in 1888. Papers from invited speakers at the Joint Session conference are published in June each year (i.e., before the joint conference) in The Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Supplementary Volume. The Proceedings and the Supplementary Volume are published by the society and distributed by Oxford University Press. The back run of both journals has been digitised by JSTOR. List of current and past presidents Many significant philosophers have served the society as its president: Notes References Brown, A.W., "The Metaphysical Society: Victorian Minds in Crisis, 1869–1880" New York: Columbia University Press (1947) Carr, H.W., "The Fiftieth Session: A Retrospect", Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Vol.29, (1928–1929), pp. 359–386. External links The Aristotelian Society for the Systematic Study of Philosophy Philosophical societies in the United Kingdom Organizations established in 1880 1880 establishments in England
Mezulla was a minor Hittite goddess. She and her daughter Zintuḫi were closely associated with the Sun goddess of Arinna; together they formed a triple deity. Mezulla had only local importance and is not mentioned in the oath lists of Hittite interstate treaties. Family Mezulla was the daughter of the Sun goddess of Arinna and the weather god Tarḫunna. Her daughter Zintuḫi was a goddess who had no special role. From the 13th century BC onwards, the corn god Telipinu, the Weather god of Zippalanda and the Weather god of Nerik are attested as her brothers. Role Like her mother, Mezulla was of Hattian origin and she was also known as Tappinu (Hattian: "her daughter"). As the daughter of the two chief Hittite deities, she could be called upon to act as an intermediary with either of them, especially their mother. She also aided military campaigns. Mezulla had a temple in the holy city of Arinna, which was the second most important in the city after that of her mother. No other temples of Mezulla are known, but worship of her is also attested in Ḫattuša, Taḫurpa, and other north Hittite cities. Like her mother she could also be worshipped in the form of a silver solar disc. Zintuḫi Zintuḫi, whose name is Hattian for "granddaughter", was worshipped along with her mother and grandmother. Like her mother, she could be invoked as an intermediary with the Sun goddess of Arinna. Queen Puduḫepa mentions her with the unclear epithet "Clothes pin on her breast." She had her own temple in Arinna, but she was not otherwise worshipped separately from the Sun goddess of Arinna. Bibliography Maciej Popko: Arinna. Eine heilige Stadt der Hethiter. (Studien zu den Boğazköy-Texten, Vol. 50). Wiesbaden 2009, . Volkert Haas: Geschichte der hethitischen Religion. (Handbuch der Orientalistik, Part. 1, Vol. 15). Brill, Leiden/ New York/ Köln 1994, . Hittite deities Hattian deities
was a prominent Japanese koto player, specializing in contemporary music. Her real name was . Overview Nosaka was born on May 6, 1938, in Tokyo. She was known for her work with the 20-string (nijū-gen) and 25-string bass kotos, which she helped to develop. The Japanese composers Minoru Miki and Akira Ifukube composed for her. Nosaka joined the Pro Musica Nipponia ensemble in 1965, continuing as an active member for 17 years. She released several CDs. In 2003, she adopted the name Sōju, the 2nd, after the death of her mother, the first Sōju. References Wade, Bonnie C. (1994). "Keiko Nosaka and the 20-Stringed Koto: Tradition and Modernization in Japanese Music." In The Musicological Juncture: Essays in Honor of Rulan Chao Pian, ed. Bell Yung and Joseph S. C. Lam (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University), pp. 184–98. External links Official website Keiko Nosaka biography So players Musicians from Tokyo 1938 births 2019 deaths
Hypocnemis is a genus of passerine birds in the family Thamnophilidae. They are resident breeders in tropical Central and South America. The genus Hypocnemis was introduced by the German ornithologist Jean Cabanis in 1847. The name combines the Ancient Greek words hupo "somewhat like" and knēmis "leggings". The type species was subsequently designated as the Guianan warbling antbird. The genus contains eight species: Guianan warbling antbird, Hypocnemis cantator Imeri warbling antbird, Hypocnemis flavescens Peruvian warbling antbird, Hypocnemis peruviana Yellow-breasted warbling antbird, Hypocnemis subflava Rondonia warbling antbird, Hypocnemis ochrogyna Spix's warbling antbird, Hypocnemis striata Manicoré warbling antbird, Hypocnemis rondoni Yellow-browed antbird, Hypocnemis hypoxantha The warbling antbird has traditionally been considered a single polytypic species, but recent evidence has led to it being split into six almost entirely parapatric species. References Bird genera Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
Nanyuanmen Subdistrict () is a subdistrict of Beilin District, Xi'an. See also List of township-level divisions of Shaanxi References Beilin District, Xi'an Township-level divisions of Shaanxi Subdistricts of the People's Republic of China
In enzymology, an anthranilate 3-monooxygenase (deaminating) () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction anthranilate + NADPH + H+ + O2 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate + NADP+ + NH3 The 4 substrates of this enzyme are anthranilate, NADPH, H+, and O2, whereas its 3 products are 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate, NADP+, and NH3. This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with NADH or NADPH as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into the other donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is anthranilate,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating, deaminating). Other names in common use include anthranilate hydroxylase, anthranilate 2,3-dioxygenase (deaminating), anthranilate hydroxylase (deaminating), anthranilic hydroxylase, and anthranilate 2,3-hydroxylase (deaminating). This enzyme participates in 3 metabolic pathways: benzoate degradation via hydroxylation, carbazole degradation, and nitrogen metabolism. References EC 1.14.13 NADPH-dependent enzymes Enzymes of unknown structure Anthranilates
Daniel Kaplan (born 28 April 1941) is a French condensed matter physicist whose main work concerns the electronic properties of semiconductors, magnetic resonance and ultra-short pulse lasers. He is a member of the French Academy of Sciences. Biography Daniel Kaplan is a physicist working in the fields of condensed matter physics, magnetic resonance and ultra-short pulse laser optics. After graduating from the École Polytechnique (Class of 1960), he joined the Condensed Matter Laboratory headed by Ionel Solomon at the École Polytechnique. He is defending a doctoral thesis on the magnetic resonance of conduction electrons in indium antimonide. In parallel, he is exploring new techniques to detect the magnetic resonance of electrons (spin-dependent recombination) and nuclei (nuclear field effect on magnetoresistance). Professional career From 1970 to 1972 Daniel Kaplan worked in the USA at IBM's T.J. Watson Research Center. He explores, using magnetic resonance, the structure of thin layers of amorphous silicon. It shows that, in pure amorphous silicon, a minimum number of unsatisfied chemical bonds is required to meet the stresses of the structure. These bond breaks produce paramagnetic sites and the reduction in the number of these sites is always due to additional chemical elements such as hydrogen. Hydrogenated amorphous silicon will later become a basic material for the production of large-area electronic devices such as flat screens or photovoltaic panels. In 1972, he joined the physics laboratory of the Central Research Laboratory of Thomson CSF (now Thales) in Palaiseau. His main research activity is focused on understanding the insulating-metal transition in oxides such as Vanadium Dioxide. The combination of optical, electrical and magnetic resonance measurements clarified the respective roles of the network distortion degeneration lift and the Mott transition in this phase change. At the same time, he is continuing his research on amorphous silicon. It shows that the paramagnetic resonance signals observed on vacuum-cleaved silicon crystal surfaces are due to contamination by small amorphous silicon particles. It also demonstrates the process of hydrogenation of pure amorphous silicon layers with hydrogen plasma. In addition, the mechanism of spin-dependent recombination in silicon is elucidated in a theoretical paper published by Kaplan, Solomon, and Mott. In 1983, he joined the medical branch of Thomson CSF (Thomson CGR) as Scientific Director. He then supervised research and development in the field of digital radiology, X-ray scanning and magnetic resonance imaging. In 1988, he became head of Thomson CSF's central research laboratory, which conducts research covering computer science, electronic and optical devices and new techniques for consumer electronics. He was President of the French Physical Society between 1992 and 1994. In 1993, he left the Thomson CSF group and created the Alloy company to develop an original way of conducting public-private partnership research. The Alloy company hires young researchers to work in public laboratories, in France or abroad, on industrial projects. Daniel Kaplan plays the role of project manager in these actions. He repeatedly presents this mode of operation and its importance in conferences. In 1999, he founded Fastlite with P Tournois to design and manufacture instruments in the field of ultra-short pulse lasers. The company's flagship product will be an original acousto-optical device (Dazzler™) allowing the electronic programming of the spectral phase of these lasers. This programming is an essential tool for the implementation of the CPA (Chirped Pulse Amplification) method, invented by Mourou and Strickland (Nobel Prize 2018), which has profoundly transformed the performance of ultra-intense lasers. The company will also invent and commercialize a new method for measuring the temporal form of pulses. Daniel Kaplan is currently President of Fastlite, which continues to develop its activity in the field of parametric amplification of ultra-short pulses. Distinctions 2013: Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur Member of the French Academy of Sciences, elected on 5 November 2001 Member of the French Academy of Technologies in 2000 Winner in 1984 of the Blondel medal awarded by the Société de l'électricité, de l'électronique et des technologies de l'information et de la communication Officier in the Ordre National du Mérite. Publication In collaboration with A. Aspect, R. Balian, G. Bastard, J.P. Bouchaud, B. Cabane, F. Combes, T. Encrenaz, S. Fauve, A. Fert, M. Fink, A. Georges, J.F. Joanny, D. Le Bihan, P. Léna, H. Le Treut, J-P Poirier, J. Prost and J.L. Puget, Demain la physique, Odile Jacob editions, 2009 ( ) References Members of the French Academy of Sciences French physicists École Polytechnique alumni Research directors of the French National Centre for Scientific Research 1941 births Living people
José Solano may refer to: José Solano (actor) (born 1971), American actor José Solano y Bote (1726–1806), Spanish naval officer José Solano, executive producer of the Mexican television soap opera Bellezas Indomables See also Solano (surname)
Cathedral Park may refer to: Cathedral Park, Philadelphia, a neighborhood Cathedral Park, Portland, Oregon, a neighborhood Cathedral Park (Portland, Oregon), a park for which the neighborhood is named Cathedral Provincial Park and Protected Area, British Columbia, Canada Cathedral Park, Timișoara, a park in Timișoara, Romania Cathedral Grove, MacMillan Provincial Park, British Columbia, Canada
Henriette may refer to: People Nobles Ordered chronologically Henriette of Cleves (1542–1601), Duchess of Nevers, Countess of Rethel and Princess of Mantua Henriette Marie of the Palatinate (1626–1651), daughter of Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia Princess Henriette Adelaide of Savoy (1636–1676), Electress of Bavaria Henriette Louise de Bourbon (1703–1772), French princess and abbess Henriette of France (1727–1752), French princess, daughter of King Louis XV Other Ordered alphabetically Henriette Chandet (1901-1989), French feminist, columnist, and historian Henriette Willemina Crommelin (1870-1957), Dutch labor leader and temperance reformer Henriette Dibon (1902–1989), French poet and short story writer Henriette Hansen (disambiguation) Henriette Löfman (1784–1836), Swedish composer Henriette Nissen-Saloman (1819–1879), Swedish opera singer Henriette Petit (1894–1983), Chilean painter Henriette Pressburg (1788–1863), mother of Karl Marx Henriette Reker (born 1956), German politician and first woman to be mayor of Cologne Henriette Sauret (1890–1976), French feminist, author, pacifist, journalist Henriette Yvonne Stahl (1900–1984), Romanian novelist, short story writer and translator Henriette Widerberg (1796–1872), Swedish opera singer Henriette Wienecke Stadfeldt (1819–1907), Norwegian-Danish composer Other uses Henriette, Minnesota Hurricane Henriette (disambiguation) La fête à Henriette, a 1952 French film often known simply as Henriette See also Henrietta (disambiguation) Feminine given names
Abul Aish (Arabic: ابو العيش) is a village in the island of Sitra, Bahrain. The Abul Aish Park is located in the village. Etymology Abul Aish is an Arabic word that means "father of rice". References Sitra
Abū ʿAbd Allāh al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib (; 10 January 626 – 10 October 680) was a grandson of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and a son of Ali ibn Abi Talib and Muhammad's daughter Fatima, as well as a younger brother of Hasan ibn Ali. He is the third Imam of Shia Islam after his brother, Hasan, and before his son, Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin. Being a grandson of the prophet, he is a member of the Ahl al-Bayt. He is also considered to be a member of the Ahl al-Kisa, and a participant in the event of Mubahala. Muhammad described him and his brother, Hasan, as "the leaders of the youth of Paradise." During the caliphate of Ali, Husayn accompanied him in wars. After the assassination of Ali, he obeyed his brother in recognizing the Hasan–Muawiya treaty, despite it being suggested to do otherwise. In the nine-year period between Hasan's abdication in AH 41 (660 CE) and his death in AH 49 (669 CE), Hasan and Husayn retreated to Medina, trying to keep aloof from political involvement for or against Mu'awiya. After the death of Hasan, when Iraqis turned to Husayn, concerning an uprising, Husayn instructed them to wait as long as Mu'awiya was alive due to Hasan's peace treaty with him. Prior to his death, Mu'awiya appointed his son Yazid as his successor, contrary to the Hasan–Muawiya treaty. When Mu'awiya died in 680, Yazid demanded that Husayn pledge allegiance to him. Husayn refused to do so. As a consequence, he left Medina, his hometown, to take refuge in Mecca in AH 60 (679 CE). There, the people of Kufa sent letters to him, invited him to Kufa and asked him to be their Imam and pledged their allegiance to him. On Husayn's way to Kufa with a retinue of about 72 men, his caravan was intercepted by a 1,000-strong army of the caliph at some distance from Kufa. He was forced to head north and encamp in the plain of Karbala on 2 October, where a larger Umayyad army of some 4,000 or 30,000 arrived soon afterwards. Negotiations failed after the Umayyad governor Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad refused Husayn safe passage without submitting to his authority, a condition declined by Husayn. Battle ensued on 10 October during which Husayn was martyred along with most of his relatives and companions, while his surviving family members were taken prisoner. The battle was followed by the Second Fitna, during which the Iraqis organized two separate campaigns to avenge the martyred of Husayn; the first one by the Tawwabin and the other one by Mukhtar al-Thaqafi and his supporters. The Battle of Karbala galvanized the development of the pro-Alid party (Shi'at Ali) into a unique religious sect with its own rituals and collective memory. It has a central place in the Shi'a history, tradition, and theology, and has frequently been recounted in Shi'a literature. For the Shi'a, Husayn's suffering and martyrdom became a symbol of sacrifice in the struggle for right against wrong, and for justice and truth against injustice and falsehood. It also provides the members of the Shi'a faith with a catalog of heroic norms. The battle is commemorated during an annual ten-day period during the Islamic month of Muharram by many Muslims especially Shi'a, culminating on tenth day of the month, known as the Day of Ashura. On this day, Shi'a Muslims mourn, hold public processions, organize religious gathering, beat their chests and in some cases self-flagellate. Sunni Muslims likewise regard the incident as a historical tragedy; Husayn and his companions are widely regarded as martyrs by both Sunni and Shi'a Muslims. Early life According to majority of narrations, Husayn was born on the 3rd of Sha'ban 4 AH (10 January 626 CE) in Medina and was still a child when his grandfather, Muhammad, died. He was the younger son of Ali, the cousin of Muhammad, and Fatima, the daughter of Muhammad, both from the Banu Hashim clan of the Quraysh tribe. Both Hasan and Husayn were named by Muhammad, although Ali had other names such as "Harb" in mind. To celebrate Husayn's birth, Muhammad sacrificed a ram, and Fatima shaved his head and donated the same weight of his hair in silver as alms. According to Islamic traditions, Husayn is mentioned in the Torah as "Shubayr" and in the Gospels as "Tab". Aaron, Moses' brother, gave the same names to his sons after learning the names God had chosen for Ali's children. Husayn was brought up in the household of Muhammad at first. The family formed from the marriage of Ali and Fatima was praised many times by Muhammad. In events such as Mubahala and the hadith of the Ahl al-Kisa, Muhammad referred to this family as the ahl al-bayt. In the Qur'an, in many cases, such as the verse of purification, the ahl al-bayt has been praised. According to Madelung, there are numerous narrations showing Muhammad's love for Hasan and Husayn, such as carrying them on his shoulders, or putting them on his chest and kissing them on the belly. Madelung believes that some of these reports may imply a little preference of Muhammad for Hasan over Husayn, or pointing out that Hasan was more similar to his grandfather. Other Hadiths of this kind are: "whoever loves them loves me and whoever hates them hates me", and "al-Hasan and al-Husayn are the sayyids [masters] of the youth of Paradise". The recent one is used by Shia to prove the right of Imamate for the descendants of Muhammad. is an epithet used by Shias to refer to each of Muhammad's grandsons. It is also narrated that Muhammad took Ali, Fatima, Hasan and Husayn under his cloak and called them ahl al-bayt and stated that they are free from any sin and pollution. Muhammad reported the Karbala incident on several occasions; For example, he gave a small bottle of soil to Umm Salama and told her that the soil inside the bottle would turn into blood after Husayn was killed. Event of Mubahala In the year 10 AH (631–632) a Christian envoy from Najran (now in northern Yemen) came to Muhammad to argue which of the two parties erred in its doctrine concerning Jesus. After likening Jesus' miraculous birth to Adam's creation —who was born to neither a mother nor a father— and when the Christians did not accept the Islamic doctrine about Jesus, Muhammad reportedly received a revelation instructing him to call them to Mubahala, where each party should ask God to destroy the false party and their families: In Shia perspective, in the verse of Mubahala, the phrase "our sons" would refer to Hasan and Husayn, "our women" refers to Fatima, and "ourselves" refers to Ali. Most of the Sunni narrations quoted by al-Tabari do not name the participants. Other Sunni historians mention Muhammad, Fatima, Hasan and Husayn as having participated in the Mubahala, and some agree with the Shia tradition that Ali was among them. The verse "God wishes only to remove taint from you, people of the Household, and to make you utterly pure" is also attributed to this event, during which Ali, Fatima, Hasan and Husayn stood under Muhammad's cloak. Thus the title, the Family of the Cloak, is related sometimes to the Event of Mubahala. During the caliphate of Abu Bakr, Umar and Uthman During the caliphate of Abu Bakr and Umar, Husayn was present at some events such as testifying about the story of Fadak. According to a narration, Husayn, while the second caliph, was sitting on the pulpit of Muhammad and giving a speech, objected to him for sitting on the pulpit of Muhammad, and Umar also stopped his sermon and came down from the pulpit. During the time of Uthman, he defended Abu Dharr al-Ghifari, who had preached against some of the actions of the tyrants and was to be exiled from Medina. According to several narrations, Ali asked Hasan and Husayn to defend the third Caliph during the Siege of Uthman and carry water to him. According to Vaglieri, when Hasan entered Uthman's house, Uthman was already assassinated. Another report says that Uthman asked Ali's help. The latter send Husayn in response. Then Uthman asked Husayn if he was able to defend himself against rebels. Husayn demurred, so Uthman sent him back. It is also narrated that Uthman's cousin, Marwan ibn Hakam, have said Husayn: "Leave us, your father incites the people against us, and you are here with us!" Haeri writes in the Encyclopedia of the Islamic World: According to some narrations, Husayn or Hasan were wounded in the case of defending Uthman. During the caliphate of Ali and Hasan During the Caliphate of Ali, Husayn, along with his brothers Hasan and Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya, and his cousin, Abdullah ibn Ja'far were among closest allies of Ali. He remained alongside him, accompanying him in the battlefields. According to a report by Tabari, Husayn was among Ali's major supporters who were cursed in public by the order of Mu'awiya. After the assassination of Ali people gave allegiance to Hasan. Mu'awiya who did not want go give allegiance to him, prepared to fight. To avoid the agonies of the civil war, Hasan signed a treaty with Mu'awiya, according to which Mu'awiya would not name a successor during his reign, and let the Islamic community () choose his successor. Madelung believes that Husayn did not recognize this treaty at first, but pressed by Hasan, accepted it. Later on when several Shia leaders suggested him to conduct a surprise attack on Mu'awiya's camp near Kufa, he refused, saying that as long as Mu'awiya was alive, he would abide by the terms of the peace treaty, however, after Mu'awiya's death, he will reconsider it. After signing the peace treaty, Mu'awiyah delivered a sermon in Kufa in which he declared that he had violated all the provisions of the treaty and also insulted Ali ibn Abi Talib. Husayn wanted to respond, but Hasan refused to do so, and Hasan delivered a sermon in response. Husayn adhered to the terms of the treaty even after Hassan's death. Husayn then left Kufa for Medina along with Hasan and Abdullah ibn Ja'far. He adhered to the terms of the treaty even after Hasan's death. During the caliphate of Mu'awiya According to the Shi'a, Husayn was the third Imam for a period of ten years after the death of his brother Hasan in 670 AD. All of this time except the last six months coincided with the caliphate of Mu'awiya. In the nine-year period between Hasan's abdication in AH 41 (660 AD) and his death in AH 49 (669 AD), Hasan and Husayn retreated to Medina, trying to keep aloof from political involvement for or against Mu'awiya. Sentiments in favor of the rule of Ahl al-Bayt occasionally emerged in the form of small groups, mostly from Kufa, visiting Hasan and Husayn asking them to be their leaders – a request to which they declined to respond. When Hasan was poisoned, he refused to tell Husayn the name of his suspect, probably Mu'awiya, in fear of provoking bloodshed. The burial of Hasan's body near that of Muhammad, was another problem which could have led to bloodshed, as Marwan ibn Hakam swore that he would not permit Hasan to be buried near Muhammad with Abu Bakr and Umar, while Uthman was buried in the cemetery of al-Baqi. After the death of Hasan, when Iraqis turned to Husayn, concerning an uprising, Husayn instructed them to wait as long as Mu'awiya was alive due to Hasan's peace treaty with him. Meanwhile, Marwan reported to Mu'awiya the frequent visits of Shias to Husayn. Mu'awiya instructed Marwan not to clash with Husayn, in the same time he wrote a letter to Husayn in which he "mingled generous promises with the advice not to provoke him." Later on, when Mu'awiya was taking allegiance for his son, Yazid, Husayn was among the five prominent persons who did not give his allegiance, as appointing a successor was in violation of Hasan's peace treaty with Mu'awiya. Before his death in April 680, Mu'awiya cautioned Yazid that Husayn and Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr might challenge his rule and instructed him to defeat them if they did. Yazid was further advised to treat Husayn with caution and not to spill his blood, since he was the grandson of Muhammad. Uprising Refusal to give allegiance to Yazid Immediately after Mu'awiya's death on 15th of Rajab 60 AH (22 April 680 AD), Yazid charged the governor of Medina, Walid ibn Utba ibn Abu Sufyan, to secure allegiance from Husayn with force if necessary. Yazid's goal was to take control of the situation in the city before the people became aware of Mu'awiya's death. Yazid's concern was especially about his two rivals in the caliphate; Husayn and Abdullah ibn Zubayr who had previously renounced allegiance. Husayn answered the summons but declined to pledge allegiance in the secretive environment of the meeting, suggesting it should be done in public. Marwan ibn Hakam told Walid to imprison or behead him, but due to Husayn's kinship with Muhammad, Walid was unwilling to take any action against him. A few days later, Husayn left for Mecca without acknowledging Yazid. He arrived in Mecca at the beginning of May 680, and stayed there until the beginning of September. He was accompanied by his wives, children and brothers, as well as Hasan's sons. Invitations from Kufa Husayn had considerable support in Kufa, which had been the caliphal capital during the reigns of his father and brother. The Kufans had fought the Umayyads and their Syrian allies during the First Fitna, the five-year civil war which had established the Umayyad Caliphate. They were dissatisfied with Hasan's abdication and strongly resented Umayyad rule. While in Mecca, Husayn received letters from pro-Alids in Kufa informing him that they were tired of the Umayyad rule, which they considered to be oppressive, and that they had no rightful leader. They asked him to lead them in revolt against Yazid, promising to remove the Umayyad governor if Husayn would consent to aid them. Husayn wrote back affirmatively that a rightful leader is the one who acts according to the Qur'an and promised to lead them with the right guidance. Then he sent his cousin Muslim ibn Aqil to assess the situation in Kufa. Ibn Aqil attracted widespread support and informed Husayn of the situation, suggesting that he join them there. Yazid removed Nu'man ibn Bashir al-Ansari as governor of Kufa due to his inaction, and installed Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad, then governor of Basra, in his place. As a result of Ibn Ziyad's suppression and political maneuvering, Ibn Aqil's following began to dissipate and he was forced to declare the revolt prematurely. It was defeated and Ibn Aqil was killed. Husayn had also sent a messenger to Basra, another garrison town in Iraq, but the messenger could not attract any following and was quickly apprehended and executed. Husayn was unaware of the change of political circumstances in Kufa and decided to depart. Abd Allah ibn Abbas and Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr advised him not to move to Iraq, or, if he was determined, not to take women and children with him. Nevertheless, he offered Husayn support if he would stay in Mecca and lead the opposition to Yazid from there. Husayn refused this, citing his abhorrence of bloodshed in the sanctuary, and decided to go ahead with his plan. Journey towards Kufa Despite the advice of Muhammad Hanafi, Abdullah ibn Umar, and the constant insistence of Abdullah ibn Abbas in Mecca, Husayn did not back down from his decision to go to Kufa. Ibn 'Abbas pointed out that the Kufis had left both Ali and Hassan alone, and suggested that Husayn go to Yemen instead of Kufa, or at least not take women and children with him if he were to go to Iraq. Husayn insisted on his decision and wrote about his motives and goals in a famous letter or will that he gave to Mohammad Hanafiya: "I did not go out for fun and selfishness and for corruption and oppression; Rather, my goal is to correct the corruptions that have occurred in the nation of my ancestors. I want to command the good and forbid the bad, and follow the tradition of my grandfather and the way of my father Ali ibn Abi Talib. So, whoever accepts this truth (and follows me) has accepted the way of God and whoever rejects (and does not follow me) I will walk (my way) with patience and perseverance so that God may be the judge between me and this nation and he is the best judge." Then, Husayn, who had not yet received the letters of the new events of Kufa, prepared to leave for Kufa on the 8th or 10th of Dhu al-Hijjah 60 AH / 10 or 12 September 680 AD. Instead of performing Hajj, he performed Umrah, and in the absence of the Governor of Mecca, Amr ibn Sa'id ibn As, who was performing Hajj on the outskirts of the city, secretly left the city with his companions and family. Fifty men from Husayn's relatives and friends – who could fight if needed – accompanied Husayn, including women and children. He took the northerly route through the Arabian Desert. On persuasion of Husayn's cousin Abd Allah ibn Ja'far, the governor of Mecca Amr ibn Sa'id sent his brother and Ibn Ja'far after Husayn in order to assure him safety in Mecca and bring him back. Husayn refused to return, relating that Muhammad had ordered him in a dream to move forward irrespective of the consequences. Further on the way, he received the news of the execution of Ibn Aqil and the indifference of the people of Kufa. He informed his followers of the situation and asked them to leave. Most of the people who had joined him on the way left, while his companions from Mecca decided to stay with him. On the way, Husayn encountered various people. In response to Husayn's question about the situation in Iraq, the poet Farzadaq explicitly told him that the hearts of the Iraqi people are with you, but their swords are in the service of the Umayyads. But Husayn's decision was unwavering, and in response to those who tried to dissuade him, he said that things were in God's hands and that God wanted the best for His servants and would not be hostile to anyone who was right. The news of the murder of Muslim ibn Aqeel and Hani ibn Arwa was reported by some travellers, for the first time in Thalabiyah. When Husayn reached the area of Zabalah, he found out that his messenger, Qais ibn Mushar Sa'idawi – or his brother-in-law, Abdullah ibn Yaqtar – who had been sent from Hejaz to Kufa to inform the people of Husayn's imminent arrival, was exposed and killed by falling from the roof of Kufa Palace. Upon hearing this, Husayn allowed his supporters to leave the caravan due to the depressing issues such as the betrayal of the Kufis. A number of those who had joined him on the way, parted away. But those who had come with Husayn from Hejaz did not leave him. The news from Kufa showed that the situation there had completely changed from what Muslim had reported. The political assessments made it clear to Husayn that going to Kufa was no longer apt. In the area of Sharaf or Zuhsam, armies emerged from Kufa under the leadership of Hurr ibn Yazid. With the weather being hot there, Husayn ordered water to be given to them and then announced his motives to the army and said: "You did not have an Imam and I became the means of uniting the ummah. Our family is more deserving of government than anyone else, and those in power do not deserve it and rule unjustly. If you support me, I will go to Kufa. But if you do not want me anymore, I will return to my first place." Ibn Ziyad had stationed troops on the routes into Kufa. Husayn and his followers were intercepted by the vanguard of Yazid's army, about 1,000 men led by Hurr ibn Yazid al-Tamimi, south of Kufa near Qadisiyya. Husayn said to them:I did not come to you until your letters were brought to me, and your messengers came to me saying, 'Come to us, for we have no imam.' ... Therefore, if you give me what you guaranteed in your covenants and sworn testimonies, I will come to your town. If you will not and are averse to my coming, I will leave you for the place from which I came to you. He then showed them the letters he had received from the Kufans, including some in Hurr's force. Hurr denied any knowledge of the letters and stated that Husayn must go with him to Ibn Ziyad, which Husayn refused to do. Hurr responded that he would not allow Husayn to either enter Kufa or go back to Medina, but that he was free to travel anywhere else he wished. Nevertheless, he did not prevent four Kufans from joining Husayn. Husayn's caravan started to move towards Qadisiyya, and Hurr followed them. At Naynawa, Hurr received orders from Ibn Ziyad to force Husayn's caravan to halt in a desolate place without fortifications or water. One of Husayn's companions suggested that they attack Hurr and move to the fortified village of al-Aqr. Husayn refused, stating that he did not want to start the hostilities. According to Valiri, Hurr ordered his army to take Husayn and his companions to Ibn Ziad without fighting and intended to persuade Husayn to do so. But when he saw that Husayn was moving his caravan, he did not dare to follow it. However, Madlung and Bahramian write that when Husayn was ready to leave, Hurr blocked his way and said that if Husayn did not accept the order given by Ibn Ziad, Hurr would not allow him to go to Medina or Kufa. He suggested to Husayn to neither go to Kufa nor to Medina, rather write a letter to Yazid or Ibn Ziad and wait for their orders, hoping to avoid this difficult situation by receiving an answer. But Husayn did not heed to his advice and continued to Azad or Qadisiyah. Hurr informed Husayn that he was doing this for Husayn and that if there would be a war, Husayn would be killed. Husayn, however, was not afraid of death and stopped in an area called Karbala, on the outskirts of Kufa. In one place, Husayn recited a sermon and said: "I do not see death except as martyrdom and living with the oppressors except as hardship." In another place, he explained the reason for his opposition to the government while recalling the bitterness of breaking the allegiance of the people of Kufa with his father and brother, saying, "These people have submitted to the obedience of Satan and have left the obedience of God the Merciful." On the way, he refused to accept the offer to go to the tribe of Tayy by pointing to his pact with Hur about not returning. Later, a messenger from Ibn Ziad came to Hur and without greeting Husayn, gave a letter to Hur in which Ibn Ziad had ordered him to not to stop in a place where Husayn can have easy access to water. With this letter, Obaidullah wanted to force Husayn to fight. Zuhair ibn Qayn suggested to Husayn to attack the small army of Hur and capture the fortified village of Akr. But Husayn did not accept; Because he did not want to start a war. On 2 October 680 (2 Muharram 61 AH), Husayn arrived at Karbala, a desert plain north of Kufa, and set up camp. On the following day, a 4,000-strong Kufan army arrived under the command of Umar ibn Sa'd. He had been appointed governor of Rayy to suppress a local rebellion, but then recalled to confront Husayn. Initially, he was unwilling to fight Husayn, but complied following Ibn Ziyad's threat to revoke his governorship. After negotiations with Husayn, Ibn Sa'd wrote to Ibn Ziyad that Husayn was willing to return. Ibn Ziyad replied that Husayn must surrender or he should be subdued by force, and that to compel him, he and his companions should be denied access to the Euphrates river. Ibn Sa'd stationed 500 horsemen on the route leading to the river. Husayn and his companions remained without water for three days before a group of fifty men led by his half-brother Abbas was able to access the river. They could only fill twenty water-skins. Husayn and Ibn Sa'd met during the night to negotiate a settlement; it was rumored that Husayn made three proposals: either he be allowed to return to Medina, submit to Yazid directly, or be sent to a border post where he would fight alongside the Muslim armies. According to Madelung, these reports are probably untrue as Husayn at this stage is unlikely to have considered submitting to Yazid. A mawla of Husayn's wife later claimed that Husayn had suggested that he be allowed to leave, so that all parties could allow the fluid political situation to clarify. Ibn Sa'd sent the proposal, whatever it was, to Ibn Ziyad, who is reported to have accepted but then persuaded otherwise by Shemr ibn Ziljawshan. Shemr argued that Husayn was in his domain and letting him go would be to demonstrate weakness. Ibn Ziyad then sent Shemr with orders to ask Husayn for his allegiance once more and to attack, kill and disfigure him if he was to refuse, as "a rebel, a seditious person, a brigand, an oppressor and he was to do no further harm after his death". If Ibn Sa'd was unwilling to carry out the attack, he was instructed to hand over command to Shemr. Ibn Sa'd cursed Shemr and accused him of foiling his attempts to reach a peaceful settlement but agreed to carry out the orders. He remarked that Husayn would not submit because there was "a proud soul in him". The army advanced toward Husayn's camp on the evening of 9 October. Husayn sent Abbas to ask Ibn Sa'd to wait until the next morning, so that they could consider the matter. Ibn Sa'd agreed to this respite. Husayn told his men that they were all free to leave, with his family, under the cover of night, since their opponents only wanted him. Very few availed themselves of this opportunity. Defense arrangements were made: tents were brought together and tied to one another and a ditch was dug behind the tents and filled with wood ready to be set alight in case of attack. Husayn and his followers then spent the rest of the night praying. Battle of Karbala After the morning prayer on 10 October, both parties took up battle positions. Husayn appointed Zuhayr ibn Qayn to command the right flank of his army, Habib ibn Muzahir to command the left flank, and his half-brother Abbas as the standard bearer. Husayn's companions, according to most accounts, numbered thirty-two horsemen and forty infantrymen. Ibn Sa'd's army totaled 4,000. The ditch containing wood were set alight. Husayn then delivered a speech to his opponents reminding them of his status as Muhammad's grandson and reproaching them for inviting and then abandoning him. He asked to be allowed to leave. He was told that first he had to submit to Yazid's authority, which he refused to do. Husayn's speech moved Hurr to defect to his side. After Husayn's speech, Zuhayr ibn Qayn attempted to dissuade Ibn Sa'd's soldiers from killing Husayn, but in vain. Ibn Sa'd's army fired several volleys of arrows. This was followed by duels in which several of Husayn's companions were slain. The right wing of the Kufans, led by Amr ibn al-Hajjaj, attacked Husayn's force, but was repulsed. Hand-to-hand fighting paused and further volleys of arrows were exchanged. Shemr, who commanded the left wing of the Umayyad army, launched an attack, but after losses on both sides he was repulsed. This was followed by cavalry attacks. Husayn's cavalry resisted fiercely and Ibn Sa'd brought in armoured cavalry and five hundred archers. After their horses were wounded by arrows, Husayn's cavalrymen dismounted and fought on foot. Since Umayyad forces could approach Husayn's army from the front only, Ibn Sa'd ordered the tents to be burned. All except the one which Husayn and his family were using were set on fire. Shemr wanted to burn that one too, but was prevented by his companions. The plan backfired and flames hindered the Umayyad advance for a while. After noon prayers, Husayn's companions were encircled, and almost all of them were killed. Husayn's relatives, who had not taken part in the fighting so far, joined the battle. Husayn's son Ali Akbar was killed; then Husayn's half-brothers, including Abbas, and the sons of Aqil ibn Abi Talib, Jafar ibn Abi Talib and Hasan ibn Ali were slain. The account of Abbas' death is not given in the primary sources, al-Tabari and Baladhuri, but a prominent Shi'a theologian Shaykh Al-Mufid states in his account in Kitab al-Irshad that Abbas went to the river together with Husayn but became separated, was surrounded, and killed. At some point, a young child of Husayn's, who was sitting on his lap, was hit by an arrow and died. Death During the Battle of Karbala the Umayyad soldiers hesitated to initiate a direct attack on Husayn; however, he was struck in the mouth by an arrow as he went to the river to drink. He collected his blood in a cupped hand and cast towards the sky, complaining to God of his suffering. Later, he was surrounded and struck on the head by Malik ibn Nusayr. The blow cut through his hooded cloak, which Husayn removed while cursing his attacker. He put a cap on his head and wrapped a turban around it to staunch the bleeding. Ibn Nusayr seized the bloodied cloak and retreated. Shemr advanced with a group of foot soldiers towards Husayn, who was now prepared to fight as few people were left on his side. A young boy from Husayn's camp escaped from the tents, ran to him, tried to defend him from a sword stroke and had his arm cut off. Ibn Sa'd approached the tents and Husayn's sister Zaynab complained to him: "'Umar b. Sa'd, will Abu 'Abd Allah (the of Husayn) be killed while you stand and watch?" Ibn Sa'd wept but did nothing. Husayn is said to have killed many of his attackers. The Umayyad forces however were still unwilling to kill him and each of them wanted to leave this to somebody else. Eventually Shemr shouted: "Shame on you! Why are you waiting for the man? Kill him, may your mothers be deprived of you!" The Umayyad soldiers then rushed Husayn and wounded him on his hand and shoulder. He fell on the ground face-down and an attacker named Sinan ibn Anas stabbed and beheaded him. Aftermath Seventy or seventy-two people died on Husayn's side, of whom about twenty were descendants of Abu Talib, the father of Ali. This included two of Husayn's sons, six of his paternal brothers, three sons of Hasan ibn Ali, three sons of Jafar ibn Abi Talib and three sons and three grandsons of Aqil ibn Abi Talib. Following the battle, Husayn's clothes were stripped, and his sword, shoes and baggage were taken. The women's jewelry and cloaks were also seized. Shemr wanted to kill Husayn's only surviving son Ali Zayn al-Abidin, who had not taken part in the fighting because of illness, but was prevented by Ibn Sa'd. There are reports of more than sixty wounds on Husayn's body, which was then trampled with horses as previously instructed by Ibn Ziyad. The bodies of Husayn's companions were decapitated. There were eighty-eight dead in Ibn Sa'd's army, who were buried before he left. After his departure, members of the Banu Asad tribe, from the nearby village of Ghadiriya, buried the headless bodies of Husayn's companions. Husayn's family, along with the heads of the dead, were sent to Ibn Ziyad. He poked Husayn's mouth with a stick and intended to kill Ali Zayn al-Abidin, but spared him after the pleas of Husayn's sister Zaynab. The heads and the family were then sent to Yazid, who also poked Husayn's mouth with a stick. The historian Henri Lammens has suggested that this is a duplication of the report regarding Ibn Ziyad. No one was compassionate towards the women and Ali Zayn al-Abidin, One of his courtiers asked for the hand of a captive woman from Husayn's family in marriage, which resulted in heated altercation between Yazid and Zaynab. The women of Yazid's household joined the captive women in their lamentation for the dead. After a few years, the women were compensated for their belongings looted in Karbala and were sent back to Medina. The killing of the grandson of Muhammad shocked the Muslim community. The image of Yazid suffered and gave rise to sentiment that he was impious. Prior to the Battle of Karbala, the Muslim community was divided into two political factions. Nonetheless, a religious sect with distinct theological doctrines and specific set of rituals had not developed. Karbala gave this early political party of pro-Alids a distinct religious identity and helped transform it into a distinct religious sect. Heinz Halm writes: "There was no religious aspect to Shi'ism prior to 680. The death of the third imam and his followers marked the 'big bang' that created the rapidly expanding cosmos of Shi'ism and brought it into motion." Related uprisings A few prominent Alid supporters in Kufa felt guilty for abandoning Husayn after having invited him to revolt. To atone for what they perceived as their sin, they began a movement known as Tawwabin uprising, under Sulayman ibn Surad, a companion of Muhammad, to fight the Umayyads, and attracted large-scale support. The armies met in January 685 at Battle of Ayn al-Warda; which resulted killing most of them including Ibn Surad. The defeat of the Tawwabin left the leadership of the Kufan pro-Alids in the hand of Mukhtar al-Thaqafi. In October 685, Mukhtar and his supporters seized Kufa. His control extended to most of Iraq and parts of northwestern Iran. Mukhtar executed Kufans involved in the killing of Husayn, including Ibn Sa'd and Shemr, while thousands of people fled to Basra. He then sent his general Ibrahim ibn al-Ashtar to fight an approaching Umayyad army, led by Ibn Ziyad, which had been sent to reconquer the province. The Umayyad army was routed at the Battle of Khazir in August 686 and Ibn Ziyad was slain. Later on, in April 687, Mukhtar was killed. Historical analysis Based on an official report sent to caliph Yazid, which describes the battle of Karbala very briefly, stating that it lasted for no longer than a siesta, Lammens concludes that there was no battle at all but a quick massacre that was over in an hour; he suggests that the detailed accounts found in the primary sources are Iraqi fabrications, since their writers were dissatisfied with their hero being killed without putting up a fight. This is countered by the historian Laura Veccia Vaglieri, who argues that despite there being some fabricated accounts, all of the contemporary accounts together form "a coherent and credible narrative". She criticizes Lammens' hypothesis as being based on a single isolated report and being devoid of critical analysis. Similarly, Madelung and Wellhausen assert that the battle lasted from sunrise to sunset and that the overall account of the battle is reliable. Vaglieri and Madelung explain the length of the battle despite the numerical disparity between the opposing camps as Ibn Sa'd's attempt to prolong the fight and pressure Husayn into submission instead of attempting to quickly overwhelm and kill him. According to Wellhausen, the compassion that Yazid showed to the family of Husayn, and his cursing of Ibn Ziyad was only for show. He argues that if killing Husayn was a crime its responsibility lay with Yazid and not Ibn Ziyad, who was only performing his duty. Madelung holds a similar view; according to him, early accounts place the responsibility for Husayn's death on Ibn Ziyad instead of Yazid. Yazid, Madelung argues, wanted to end Husayn's opposition, but as a caliph of Islam could not afford to be seen as publicly responsible and so diverted blame onto Ibn Ziyad by hypocritically cursing him. According to Howard, some traditional sources have a tendency to exonerate Yazid at the cost of Ibn Ziyad and lower authorities. Primary and classic sources The primary source of the Karbala narrative is the work of the Kufan historian Abu Mikhnaf titled Kitab Maqtal Al-Husayn. Abu Mikhnaf's was an adult some twenty years after the Battle of Karbala. As such he knew many eyewitnesses and collected firsthand accounts and some with very short chains of transmitters, usually one or two intermediaries. The eyewitnesses were of two kinds: those from Husayn's side; and those from Ibn Sa'd's army. Since few people from Husayn's camp survived, most eyewitnesses were from the second category. According to Julius Wellhausen, most of them regretted their actions in the battle and embellished the accounts of the battle in favor of Husayn in order to dilute their guilt. Although as an Iraqi, Abu Mikhnaf had pro-Alid tendencies, his reports generally do not contain much bias on his part. Abu Mikhnaf's original text seems to have been lost and the version extant today has been transmitted through secondary sources such as the History of Prophets and Kings by al-Tabari; and Ansab al-Ashraf by Baladhuri. Tabari quotes either directly from Abu Mikhnaf or from his student Ibn al-Kalbi, who took most of his material from Abu Mikhnaf. Tabari occasionally takes material from Ammar ibn Mu'awiya, Awana and other primary sources, which, however, adds little to the narrative. Baladhuri uses same sources as Tabari. Information on the battle found in the works of Dinawari and Ya'qubi is also based on Abu Mikhnaf's Maqtal, although they occasionally provide some extra notes and verses. Other secondary sources include al-Mas'udi's Muruj al-Dhahab, Ibn Ath'am's Kitab al-Futuh, Shaykh al-Mufid's Kitab al-Irshad, and Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani's Maqatil al-Talibiyyin. Most of these sources took material from Abu Mikhnaf, in addition to some from the primary works of Awana, al-Mada'ini and Nasr ibn Muzahim. Although Tabari and other early sources contain some miraculous stories, these sources are mainly historical and rational in nature, in contrast to the literature of later periods, which is mainly hagiographical in nature. The Battle of Karbala was also reported by an early Christian source. A history by the Syriac Christian scholar Theophilus of Edessa, who was chief astrologer in the Abbasid court between 775 and 785, is partially preserved in a number of extant Christian chronicles, including those by Michael the Syrian and the Byzantine historian Theophanes the Confessor. Tomb Husayn ibn Ali's tomb is located in the city of Karbala, about 90 km southwest of Baghdad. This tomb was probably formed two centuries after the event of Karbala and was rebuilt and expanded until the thirteenth century AH. This place did not have a building at first and was marked with a simple sign. After that, in the third century AH, a monument was built on it, which was considered during the time of some Abbasid caliphs and Dailami princes and patriarchal and Ottoman rulers, and over time, the city of Karbala was built and expanded around it. There are several narrations about the burial place of Imam Husayn's head; For example, with his father Ali in Najaf, outside Kufa but not with Ali, in Karbala with his whole body, in Baqiya, in an unknown place in Damascus, in Raqqa, Syria, and in a mosque Mohsen Al-Amin in Cairo. Commemoration Shi'a Muslims consider pilgrimages to Husayn's tomb to be a source of divine blessings and rewards. According to Shi'a tradition the first such visit was performed by Husayn's son Ali Zayn al-Abedin and the surviving family members during their return from Syria to Medina. The first historically recorded visit is Sulayman ibn Surad and the Penitents going to Husayn's grave before their departure to Syria. They are reported to have lamented and beaten their chests and to have spent a night by the tomb. Thereafter this tradition was limited to the Shi'a imams for several decades, before gaining momentum under the sixth Shi'a imam Jafar Sadiq and his followers. Buyids and Safavids also encouraged this practice. Special visits are paid on 10 Muharram (Ashura Pilgrimage) and 40 days after the anniversary of Husayn's (Arba'een Pilgrimage). Husayn's martyrdom is often linked to the hagiography of John the Baptist and Jesus Christ. The soil of Karbala, is considered to have miraculous healing effects. Mourning for Husayn is considered by Shi'as to be a source of salvation in the afterlife, and is undertaken as a remembrance of his suffering. After the death of Husayn, when his family was being taken to Ibn Ziyad, Husayn's sister Zaynab is reported to have cried out after seeing his headless body: "O Muhammad!... Here is Husayn in the open, stained with blood and with limbs torn off. O Muhammad! Your daughters are prisoners, your progeny are killed, and the east wind blows dust over them." Shi'a Muslims consider this to be the first instance of wailing and mourning over the death of Husayn. Husayn's son Zayn al-Abideen is reported to have spent the rest of his life weeping for his father. Similarly, Husayn's mother Fatima is believed to be weeping for him in paradise and the weeping of believers is considered to be a way of sharing her sorrows. Special gatherings (majalis; sing. majlis) are arranged in places reserved for this purpose, called husayniyya. In these gatherings the story of Karbala is narrated and various elegies (rawda) are recited by professional reciters (rawda khwan). During the month of Muharram, elaborate public processions are performed in commemoration of the Battle of Karbala. In contrast to pilgrimage to Husayn's tomb and simple lamenting, these processions do not date back to the time of the battle, but arose during tenth century. Their earliest recorded instance was in Baghdad in 963 during the reign of the first Buyid ruler Mu'izz al-Dawla. The processions start from a husayniyya and the participants parade barefoot through the streets, wailing and beating their chests and heads before returning to the husayniyya for a majlis. Sometimes, chains and knives are used to inflict wounds and physical pain. In South Asia, an ornately tacked horse called Zuljenah, representing Husayn's battle horse, is also led riderless through the streets. In Iran, the battle scenes of Karbala are performed on stage in front of an audience in a ritual called taziya (passion play), also known as shabih. In India however, taziya refers to the coffins and replicas of Husayn's tomb carried in processions. Most of these rituals take place during the first ten days of Muharram, reaching a climax on the tenth day, although majalis can also occur throughout the year. Occasionally, especially in the past, some Sunni participation in majalis and processions has been observed. According to Yitzhak Nakash, the rituals of Muharram have an "important" effect in the "invoking the memory of Karbala", as these help consolidate the collective identity and memory of the Shi'a community. Anthropologist Michael Fischer states that commemoration of the Battle of Karbala by the Shi'a is not only the retelling of the story, but also presents them with "life models and norms of behavior" which are applicable to all aspects of life, which he calls the Karbala Paradigm. According to Olmo Gölz, the Karbala Paradigm provide Shi'as with heroic norms and a martyr ethos, and represents an embodiment of the battle between good and evil, justice and injustice. Rituals involving self-flagellation have been criticized by many Shi'a scholars as they are considered to be innovative practices. Iranian supreme leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei has banned the practice in Iran since 1994. Family life Husayn's first marriage was with Rubab. Her father, Imra' al-Qais, a chief of Banu Kalb, came to Medina during the Caliphate of Umar, and was appointed by him as the chief of the Quda'a tribes. Ali proposed her marriage with Husayn, but since Husayn and Imra al-Qais's daughter were too young at the time, the actual marriage took place later. Husayn had a daughter, Amena (or Amina or Omayma) who is known as Sakinah, from her. According to a narration recorded by Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani, Hasan has blamed Husayn for his excessive favors to Rubab. Husayn, in response, depicted his great love for Rubab and Sakinah in three lines of poetry. Later on Rubab bore a son, Abd Allah (or according to recent Shia sources, Ali al-Asghar) for him. Husayn's , Abu Abd Allah, probably refers to this son. After Husayn's death, Rubab spent a year in grief at his grave and refused to marry again. According to Madelung, Husayn had two sons named Ali. The older one, Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin who became the fourth Shia Imam later, was 23 years old when his younger brother (Ali al-Akbar) was killed in the Battle of Karbala at the age of 19. Ali al-Akbar was born from Layla, the daughter of Abi Murrah al-Thaqafi, who was an ally of the Umayyads. Husayn's marriage with Layla, according to Madelung, probably had material benefits for Husayn. Zayn al-Abidin's mother, on the other hand, was a slave probably from Sind named Ḡazāla, Solāfa, Salāma, Šāhzanān, or Shahrbanu. According to the reports, commonly accepted by Shia, she was the daughter of Yazdegerd III, the last Sassanid king of Iran to be captured during the Arab conquest. On the other hand, in narrative sources, mistakes and confusion have been made between Ali al-Asghar and Abd Allah. Contemporary Shiite circles have carefully identified Sajjad as Ali al-Awsat and Ali al-Asghar as an infant in Karbala; Among these children, Abd Allah – known by the mention of his name in the events of Ashura – is considered the other son of Husayn. According to Madelung, although early Sunni sources refer to Zayn al-'Abidin as 'Ali al-Asghar and Ali II as 'Ali al-Akbar, it is probably true that Sheikh Mufid and other Shi'ite writers are correct in stating the opposite. Ali II was killed in Karbala at the age of 19. His mother is Layla, the daughter of Abi Murrah ibn Urwah al-Thaqafi and Maymuna bint Abi Sufyan, the sister of Mu'awiya. According to Madelung, after Hasan's peace with Mu'awiya, Husayn married Layla, from whom Ali al-Akbar was born. Umm Ishaq, the daughter of Talha, was another wife of Husayn, who had previously married Hasan. Despite her allegedly bad character, Hasan was pleased with her and asked his younger brother, Husayn, to marry her when he himself died. Husayn did so and had a daughter from her, named Fatima, who later married with Hasan ibn Hasan. Hasan and Husayn were the only male descendants of the Muhammad from whom the next generations were born. Hence, any person who says that his lineage goes back to the Muhammad is either related to Hasan or to Husayn. Hasan and Husayn are different in this respect from their half brothers, such as Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya. Personality and appearance Husayn had a white face and sometimes wore a green turban and sometimes a black turban. He would travel with the poor or invite them to his house and feed them. Mu'awiyah said about Husayn that he and his father Ali were not deceitful, and Amr ibn al-As considered him the most beloved of the earthlings to the people of heaven. According to the Encyclopedia of Islam, one of the moral characteristics of Husayn is Tolerance, humility, eloquence, and finally traits that can be deduced from his behavior, such as despising death, hatred of a shameful life, pride, and the like. In many narrations, the resemblance of Husayn and his brother to Muhammad is mentioned, and each of them is likened to half of their grandfather's behavior. Husayn is described as looking like his grandfather, Muhammad, though not as much as his older brother, Hasan. According to Madelung, Husayn was similar to his father, Ali, while Hasan had the temperament of Muhammad and criticized the policies of his father, Ali. Madelung cites the fact that Hasan named two of his sons Muhammad and did not name any of them Ali and that Husayn named two of his four sons Ali and did not name either Muhammad as proof of this claim. Rasool Jafarian considers the narrations in which Husayn is like Ali and Hasan is like Muhammad to be fake; According to him, the image presented in these narrations could have been used to destroy the image of Ali and Ashura and to be useful to those who were in favor of Uthman tendencies. According to the Shia scholar, Muhammad Husayn Tabatabai, the opinion of some commentators about the difference in taste between Hasan and Husayn is misplaced; Because despite not swearing allegiance to Yazid, Husayn, like his brother, spent ten years in Mu'awiya's rule and never opposed it. Mohammad Emadi Haeri believes that Husayn is considered to be similar to Muhammad in most sources, and in one narration the most similar to him. There is also a narration that Ali considers Hussein to be the most similar person in terms of behavior. Husayn was known for his generosity in Medina, and he freed his slaves and maids if they saw any good behavior. There is a narration that Muawiyah sent a maid to Husayn with a lot of property and clothes. When the maid recited verses from the Qur'an and a poem about the instability of the world and the death of man, Husayn set her free and gave her property. Once one of Husayn's slaves did something wrong. But after the slave recited the verse "وَالْعافینَ عَنِ النَّاس", Husayn forgave him and after that the slave recited the verse "وَلَلَّهُ یُحِبُّ الْمُحسسِينَ" and Husayn released the slave because of this. There is a narration that Husayn gave the property and goods that he inherited before receiving them. Husayn gave his children's teacher a large sum of money and clothes; While acknowledging that this does not compensate for the value of the teacher's work. A Levantine man once cursed Husayn and Ali, but Husayn forgave him and treated him with kindness. It is said that the place of the food bags that Husayn carried for the poor was obvious on his body on the day of Ashura. In the Quran and Hadith In the verses of the Quran Many Sunni and Shiite commentators, such as Fakhr Razi and Muhammad Husayn Tabatabai, in their interpretation of Surah Al-Insan, attribute its revelation to Ali and Fatima and the story of the illness of their child or children and a vow for their recovery. Seyyed Mohammad Husayn Tabatabai in Tafsir al-Mizan said, the event of Mubahala tells the story of the confrontation between the Prophet of Islam and his family on the one hand and the Christians of Najran on the other. Tabatabai says that according to the narrations, the meaning of our sons in the verse of Mubahila was Hassan and Husayn. Many Sunni commentators have also stated that the people in it are Ali, Fatima, Hasan and Husayn. In interpreting the verse of purification in Al-Mizan, Tabatabai considers the addressee of this verse to be the Ahl al-Kisa and refers to its hadiths, which number more than seventy hadiths and are mostly from the Sunnis. Sunni commentators such as Fakhr Razi and Ibn Kathir, in their commentary, while narrating various narrations about the example of Ahl al-Bayt in this verse, consider Ali, Fatima, Hasan and Husayn as examples. In the explanation and interpretation of verse 23 of Surah ash-Shura, Tabatabai in Al-Mizan, while reporting and criticizing the various sayings of the commentators, has said that the meaning of "nearness" is the love of the Ahl al-Bayt of Muhammad; That is, Ali is Fatima, Hassan and Husayn. He goes on to cite various narrations from Sunnis and Shiites that have clarified this issue. Sunni commentators such as Fakhr al-Razi and Ibn Kathir have also referred to this issue. Verse 15 of Surah Al-Ahqaf talks about a pregnant woman who endures a lot of pain and suffering. This verse is considered a reference to Fatima Zahra, and the son is also known as Husayn, when God expressed his condolences to Muhammad about the fate of this grandson and Muhammad expressed this to Fatima Zahra, she was very upset. Other verses that the Shiites attribute to Husayn include verse 6 of Surah Al-Ahzab and 28 of Surah Az-Zukhruf, which have been interpreted to mean the continuation of the Imamate from his generation. Also, verses such as 77 Surah an-Nisa, 33 Surah al-Isra and 27th to 30th Surah Al-Fajr refer to the uprising and killing of Husayn from the Shiite point of view. In the biography of the Prophet of Islam Husayn is placed as an example for the second weight in the narrations related to "Thaqalin". In another group of narrations related to Hasnain, they are introduced as "the master of the youth of Paradise". His name and Hassan's, due to their young age, are among those who pledge allegiance in renewing allegiance to the Prophet, which indicates the Prophet's goal in strengthening their historical and social status. News of Husayn's fate There are narrations that Gabriel informed Muhammad at the time of Husayn's birth that his ummah would kill Husayn and that the Imamate would be from Husayn, and that Muhammad informed his companions of how Husayn had been killed. Except for Muhammad, Ali and Hasan, they had said the same thing. God also informed the previous prophets about the killing of Husayn. Ali also knew that Husayn would be killed in Karbala, and once he passed by this area, he stopped and cried and remembered the news of Muhammad. He interpreted Karbala(کربلا) as (کرب) anguish and (بلا) calamity. The slain of Karbala will enter Paradise without any reckoning. Works There are narrations, sermons and letters left from Husayn Ibn Ali which are available in Sunni and Shiite sources. Narrations about him can be divided into two periods before and after the Imamate. In the first period – which is the period of his life in the life of his grandfather, father, mother and brother – there are at least two types of narrations about him: first, his narrations from his relatives, and second, his personal hadiths. In Sunni sources, only the aspect of the narration of his hadith has been considered in these hadiths. These Musnads, like the Musnad of the Companions of the Prophet of Islam, also have a Musnad named Husayn Ibn Ali. In his Musnad, Abu Bakr Bazar has narrated the Musnad of Husayn Ibn Ali with 4 hadiths and Tabarani has narrated his Musnad with 27 hadiths, respectively. In the Musnad of Husayn ibn Ali, in addition to the hadiths of Husayn himself, there are also hadiths of the Prophet of Islam and Ali ibn Abi Talib. In the present era, Azizullah Atardi has compiled the document of the Imam of the Martyr Abi Abdullah Al-Husayn Ibn Ali. In the category of sermons of Husayn Ibn Ali, there are some sermons of him in the pre-Imamate period, some of which are very famous. Thus, the sermon of Husayn ibn Ali, after public allegiance to Ali ibn Abi Talib and others, is his sermon in the battle of Safin. Another example is a poem by Husayn about the loss of his brother Hasan after his burial. The sermons and letters of Husayn ibn Ali during his Imamate are more than before him. His letters to the Shiites, as well as his letters to Mu'awiyah regarding his adherence to the peace treaty, trace Mu'awiyah's actions, especially regarding Yazid, as well as his sermons and letters in the form of letters of recommendation at the beginning of Yazid's caliphate. An important part of the sermons and letters belong to the period of the uprising of Husayn bin Ali. Correspondence with Kufis, Basrians and people like Muslim Ibn Aqeel is like this. Hadiths on the subjects of jurisprudence, interpretation, beliefs, rulings and sermons, supplications, advice and poetry also remain from Husayn, which are scattered in Shiite and Sunni sources and have been compiled and published in the form of collections. There are also prayers left by Husayn Ibn Ali which have been published in the form of collections entitled Al-Sahifa Al-Husayn or prays of Imam Al-Husayn. One of the most famous Shia prayers, as well as the works of Husayn, recorded in the book, Mafatih al-Janan, is the Du'a Arafah. According to William C. Chittick, this prayer is the most famous prayer in terms of its beauty and spiritual structure and is recited every year on the Day of Arafah and during the Hajj season – that is, when it was first recited by Husayn ibn Ali – by Shia pilgrims. This prayer has a special and important role in Shia theology and Mulla Sadra, the philosopher and mystic, has referred to this prayer many times in his works. Views The killing of Husayn has had an emotional impact on Sunnis, who remember the event as a tragic incident and those killed in the company of Husayn as martyrs. The impact on Shi'a Islam has been much deeper. According to Vaglieri, only the adherents of the Umayyad who considered him as "a rebel against the established authority", condoned his murder by Yazid, but their opinion was opposed by the majority of Muslims. Therefore, almost all Muslims consider Husayn honorable because he was the grandson of Muhammad and because of the belief that he sacrificed himself for an ideal. Historian Edward Gibbon described the events at Karbala as a tragedy. According to historian Syed Akbar Hyder, Mahatma Gandhi attributed the historical progress of Islam, to the "sacrifices of Muslim saints like Husayn" rather than military force. Sunnis The positive attitude of the Sunnis towards Husayn, according to Vaglieri, is most likely due to the sad narrations that Abu Mikhnaf has collected, some of which have been narrated directly or with short chains of transmitters, mostly from Kufis who regretted their actions towards Husayn. These sad narrations of the Kufis, which were a sign of Abu Mikhnaf's Shia tendencies, became the source of the narrations used by later historians and spread throughout the Islamic world. According to Rasul Jafarian, the Shia historian, fatalism, being promoted by Mu'awiya, caused Husayn's move to never be considered an uprising against corruption by the Sunnis, and they only considered it an illegal insurrection (). Shias The most important components of Shia views about Husayn are the belief in the Imamate of Husayn and the characteristics of an Imam by the Shia religions; Twelvers, Ismailis and Zaydis. Like other Imams, Husayn is a mediator with God for those who call on him; "it is through his intercession () that his faithful followers obtain guidance and attain salvation." As a member of holy five he receives all the divine grace that exist in his older brother, Hasan; also as the grandson of Muhammad. According to Vaglieri, the basis of the Shias' glorification of Husayn is his outstanding sacred and moral action and the noble ideals to which he sacrificed himself. From the belief that "the Imams know all that was, that is, and that is to come, and that their knowledge does not increase with time," it is inferred that Husayn already knew the fate that awaited him and his followers. Hence, he left Mecca for Kufa, aware of his imminent sacrifice and yet without any hesitation or attempt to escape the will of God. A narration according to which Husayn was called by God to choose between sacrifice and Victory (with the help of an angel), gives even more value to his enterprise. About the reason for Husayn's sacrifice in Shia sources Vaglieri write: He is thus remembered as the prince of martyrs (Sayyed al-Shuhada). The historian G. R. Hawting describes the Battle of Karbala as a "supreme" example of "suffering and martyrdom" for Shi'as. According to Abdulaziz Sachedina, it is seen by Shi'as the climax of suffering and oppression, revenge for which came to be one of the primary goals of many Shi'a uprisings. This revenge is believed to be one of the fundamental objectives of the future revolution of the twelfth Shi'a Imam Muhammad al-Mahdi, whose return is awaited. With his return, Husayn and his seventy-two companions are expected to be resurrected along with their killers, who will then be punished. Believing that Husayn wanted to redeem people from their sins with his blood, and that his action was "a redemptive sacrifice for the salvation of the world", according to Vaglieri, is foreign to Shia belief; however it may have been penetrated to Shia ta'zieh and recent poems later on, since it is easy to make the transition from tawassul to this idea, or it may be influenced by Christian ideas. Among the verses that interpreted by some Shia sources as referring to Husayn is (Qur'an 46:15) which talks about a pregnant mother, Fatima, the mother of Husayn, who suffers a lot, when God expressed his condolences to Muhammad about the fate of this grandson, and Muhammad expressed this to Fatima; thus she was very upset. According to another narration, the mysterious letters of K.H.Y.A.S. at the beginning of the nineteenth chapter of the Qur'an (Maryam (surah)) refers to Husayn and his fate in Karbala, that was similar to the fate of John the Baptist who was also beheaded and his head was placed on a plate. It is also narrated that Ali knew that Husayn would be killed in Karbala, and when he passed by this area, he stopped and cried, remembering Muhammad's prophecy. Ali interpreted the name "Karbala" as "Karb" and "bala" meaning "affliction" and "trial". The slain of Karbala will enter Paradise without any reckoning. The traditional narration "Every day is Ashura and every land is Karbala!" is used by the Shi'a as a mantra to live their lives as Husayn did on Ashura, i.e. with complete sacrifice for God and for others. The saying is also intended to signify that what happened on Ashura in Karbala must always be remembered as part of suffering everywhere. Husayn's head in Isma'ilism The Fatimid vizier Badr al-Jamali conquered Palestine under Caliph al-Mustansir Billah and discovered the head of Husayn in AH 448 (1056 AD). He constructed the minbar, a mosque and the mashhad at the place of burial, known as the Shrine of Husayn's Head. The shrine was described as the most magnificent building in Ashkelon. During the British Mandate it was a "large maqam on top of a hill" with no tomb but a fragment of a pillar showing the place where the head had been buried. Israeli Defense Forces under Moshe Dayan blew up Mashhad Nabi Husayn in July 1950 as part of a broader operation. Around the year 2000, Isma'ilis from India built a marble platform there, on the grounds of the Barzilai Medical Center. The head remained buried in Ashkelon until 1153 (for about 250 years) only. Fearing the crusaders, Ashkelon's ruler Sayf al-Mamlaka Tamim brought the head to Cairo on 31 August 1153 (8 Jumada al-Thani, AH 548). Modern historical views on motivations of Husayn Vaglieri considers him to be motivated by ideology, saying that if the materials that have come down to us are authentic, they convey an image of person who is "convinced that he was in the right, stubbornly determined to achieve his ends..." Holding a similar view, Madelung has argued that Husayn was not a "reckless rebel" but a religious man motivated by pious convictions. According to him, Husayn was convinced that "the family of the Prophet was divinely chosen to lead the community founded by Moḥammad, as the latter had been chosen, and had both an inalienable right and an obligation to seek this leadership." He was, however, not seeking martyrdom and wanted to return when his expected support did not materialize. Maria Dakake holds that Husayn considered the Umayyad rule oppressive and misguided, and revolted to reorient the Islamic community in the right direction. A similar view is held by Mahmoud Ayoub. S. M. Jafri proposes that Husayn, although motivated by ideology, did not intend to secure leadership for himself. Husayn, Jafri asserts, was from the start aiming for martyrdom in order to jolt the collective conscience of the Muslim community and reveal what he considers to be the oppressive and anti-Islamic nature of the Umayyad regime. Others such as Wellhausen and Lammens, view his revolt as premature and ill-prepared, while others like Heinz Halm see it as a struggle for political leadership among the second generation of Muslims. Fred Donner, G. R. Hawting, and Hugh N. Kennedy consider Husayn's revolt an attempt to regain what his brother Hasan had renounced." Legacy Politics The first political use of the death of Husayn seems to have been during the revolt of Mukhtar, when he seized Kufa under the slogan of "Revenge for Husayn". Although the Penitents had used the same slogan, they do not seem have had a political program. In order to enhance their legitimacy, Abbasid rulers claimed to have avenged the death of Husayn by dethroning the Umayyads. During the early years of their rule, they also encouraged Muharram rituals. Buyids, a Shi'a dynasty originally from Iran which later occupied the Abbasid capital Baghdad while accepting the Abbasid caliph's suzerainty, promoted the public rituals of Muharram to portray themselves as patrons of religion and to strengthen the Shi'a identity in Iraq. After taking over Iran in 1501, Safavids, who were previously a Sufi order, declared the state religion to be Twelver Shi'ism. In this regard, Karbala and Muharram rituals came to be a vehicle of Safavid propaganda and a means of consolidating the dynasty's Shi'a identity. Riza Yildirim has claimed that the impetus of the Safvid revolution was the revenge of the death of Husayn. The founder of the dynasty, Shah Ismail, considered himself to be the Mahdi (the twelfth Shi'a Imam) or his forerunner. Similarly, Qajars also patronized Muharram rituals such as processions, taziya and majalis, to improve the relationship between the state and the public. Iranian Revolution Karbala and Shi'a symbolism played a significant role in the Iranian Revolution of 1979. In contrast to the traditional view of Shi'ism as a religion of suffering, mourning and political quietism, Shi'a Islam and Karbala were given a new interpretation in the period preceding the revolution by rationalist intellectuals and religious revisionists like Jalal Al-e-Ahmad, Ali Shariati and Nematollah Salehi Najafabadi. According to these, Shi'ism was an ideology of revolution and political struggle against tyranny and exploitation, and the Battle of Karbala and the death of Husayn was to be seen as a model for revolutionary struggle; weeping and mourning was to be replaced by political activism to realize the ideals of Husayn. After the White Revolution reforms of the Iranian Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, which were opposed by the Iranian clergy and others, Ruhollah Khomeini labelled the Shah as the Yazid of his time. Shi'i beliefs and symbols were instrumental in orchestrating and sustaining widespread popular resistance with Husayn's story providing a framework for labeling as evil and reacting against the Pahlavi Shah. Condemning the Iranian monarchy, Khomeini wrote: "The struggle of al-Husayn at Karbalâ is interpreted in the same way as a struggle against the non-Islamic principle of monarchy." Opposition to the Shah was thus compared with the opposition of Husayn to Yazid, and Muharram ritual gatherings became increasingly political in nature. According to Aghaie, the Shah's hostility towards various Muharram rituals, which he considered to be uncivilized, contributed to his fall. The Islamic republic that was established after the revolution has since promoted Muharram rituals. The clerics encourage public participation in elections as a form of "political activism" comparable to that of Husayn. Martyrdom spirit influenced by the death of Husayn was frequently witnessed in Iranian troops during the Iran–Iraq war. In art and literature Literature Mir Mosharraf Hossain's 19th century novel on Karbala, Bishad Sindhu (the Ocean of Sorrow), established the precedent of the Islamic epic in Bangali literature. South Asian philosopher and poet Muhammad Iqbal sees Husayn's sacrifice as being similar to that of Ishmael and compares Yazid's opposition to Husayn with the opposition of Pharaoh to Moses. Urdu poet Ghalib compares Husayn's suffering with that of Mansur al-Hallaj, a tenth century Sufi, who was executed on a charge of claiming divinity. Maqtal literature and legendary accounts Maqtal (pl. Maqatil) works narrate the story of someone's death. Although Maqatil on the deaths of Ali, Uthman and various others have been written, the Maqtal genre has focused mainly on the story of Husayn's death. As well as Abu Mikhnaf's Maqtal, other Arabic Maqatil on Husayn were written. Most of these mix history with legend and have elaborate details on Husayn's miraculous birth, which is stated to be on 10 Muharram, coinciding with his date of death. The universe as well as humanity are described as having been created on the day of Ashura (10 Muharram). Ashura is also asserted to have been the day of both Abraham's and Muhammad's birth and of the ascension of Jesus to heaven, and of numerous other events concerning prophets. Husayn is claimed to have performed various miracles, including quenching his companions' thirst by putting his thumb in their mouths and satisfying their hunger by bringing down food from the heavens, and to have killed several thousand Umayyad attackers. Other accounts claim that when Husayn died, his horse shed tears and killed many Umayyad soldiers; the sky became red and it rained blood; angels, jinns and wild animals wept; that light emanated from Husayn's severed head and that it recited the Qur'an; and that all of his killers met calamitous end. Maqtal later entered Persian, Turkish, and Urdu literature, and inspired the development of rawda. Marthiya and rawda When Shi'ism became the official religion of Iran in the 16th century, Safavid rulers such as Shah Tahmasp I, patronized poets who wrote about the Battle of Karbala. The genre of marthiya (poems in the memory of the dead, with popular forms of Karbala related marthiya being rawda and nawha), according to Persian scholar Wheeler Thackston, "was particularly cultivated by the Safavids." Various Persian authors wrote texts retelling romanticized and synthesized versions of the battle and events from it, including Sa'id al-Din's Rawdat al-Islam (The Garden of Islam) and Al-Khawarazmi's Maqtal nur 'al-'a'emmah (The Site of the Murder of the Light of the Imams). These influenced the composition of the more popular text Rawdat al-Shuhada (Garden of Martyrs), which was written in 1502 by Husain Wa'iz Kashefi. Kashefi's composition was an effective factor in the development of rawda khwani, a ritual recounting of the battle events in majalis. Inspired by Rawdat al-Shuhada, the Azerbaijani poet Fuzûlî wrote an abridged and simplified version of it in Ottoman Turkish in his work Hadiqat al-Su'ada. It influenced similar works in Albanian on the subject. Dalip Frashëri's Kopshti i te Mirevet is the earliest, and longest epic so far, written in the Albanian language; the Battle of Karbala is described in detail and Frashëri eulogizes those who fell as martyrs, in particular Husayn. Urdu marthiya is predominantly religious in nature and usually concentrates on lamenting the Battle of Karbala. South Indian rulers of Bijapur (Ali Adil Shah), and Golkonda Sultanate (Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah) were patrons of poetry and encouraged Urdu marthiya recitation in Muharram. Urdu marthiya afterwards became popular throughout India. Famous Urdu poets Mir Taqi Mir, Mirza Rafi Sauda, Mir Anees, and Mirza Salaamat Ali Dabeer have also composed marthiya. Comparing Karl Marx with Husayn, Josh Malihabadi argues that Karbala is not a story of the past to be recounted by the religious clerics in majalis, but should be seen as a model for revolutionary struggle towards the goal of a classless society and economic justice. Sufi poetry In Sufism, where annihilation of the self (nafs) and suffering in the path of God are paramount principles, Husayn is seen as a model Sufi. Persian Sufi poet Hakim Sanai describes Husayn as a martyr, higher in rank than all the other martyrs of the world; while Farid ud-Din Attar considers him a prototype of a Sufi who sacrificed himself in the love of God. Jalal ud-Din Rumi describes Husayn's suffering at Karbala as a means to achieve union with the divine, and hence considers it to be a matter of jubilation rather than grief. Sindhi Sufi poet Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai devoted a section in his Shah Jo Risalo to the death of Husayn, in which the incident is remembered in laments and elegies. He too sees Husayn's death as a sacrifice made in the path of God, and condemns Yazid as being bereft of divine love. Turkish Sufi Yunus Emre labels Husayn, along with his brother Hasan, as the "fountain head of the martyrs" and "Kings of the Paradise" in his songs. Ancestry See also References Notes Citations Sources Books Encyclopedia External links Al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī an article of Encyclopædia Britannica. hussain ibn 'Ali by Wilferd Madelung, an article of Encyclopædia Iranica. hussain ibn 'Ali in popular Shiism by Jean Calmard, an article of Encyclopædia Iranica. 626 births 680 deaths 7th-century imams Family of Muhammad 7th-century Muslims Arab Muslims Children of Ali Children of Rashidun caliphs Deaths by blade weapons Hussainiya People killed at the Battle of Karbala People of the Second Fitna Sahabah killed in battle Twelve Imams
Budig Hall is an academic building on the main campus of the University of Kansas in Lawrence, Kansas. The building houses one 1,000-seat lecture hall, two 500-seat lecture halls, and a computer lab. Hoch Auditorium Hoch Auditorium was a 5,500-seat multi-purpose arena on the same site that was built in 1927. It featured traditional Collegiate Gothic architecture on the exterior, with a full performance hall inside. A basketball court could be placed parallel to the stage and temporary seating placed on the stage, behind the benches on the floor. The Auditorium was named for Edward W. Hoch, 17th Governor of Kansas, member of the Board of Regents, and University supporter. It was home to the Kansas Jayhawks basketball teams until Allen Fieldhouse opened in 1955. In 1957, Andrew McKinley was the tenor soloist in the world premiere of Cecil Effinger's oratorio The Invisible Fire at Hoch Auditorium with the Kansas City Philharmonic under conductor Thor Johnson. In 1967, Hoch Auditorium became the site of a fatal accident when 15-year-old Lorraine Kelvin of Clayton, Missouri fell from a catwalk while attending the University of Kansas Midwestern Music and Arts Camp. On the afternoon of June 15, 1991, Hoch Auditorium caught fire after being struck by lightning. The auditorium and stage area were completely destroyed; only the limestone facade and lobby area were spared. When reconstruction of the building was complete in 1997, the rear half of the building was named Budig Hall, for then KU Chancellor Gene Budig. The original name on the facade was made plural to reflect the presence of multiple auditorium-style lecture halls within the building: Hoch Auditoria. See also List of oldest buildings on Kansas colleges and universities – A full list of the homes of the men's basketball team References Defunct college basketball venues in the United States Indoor arenas in Kansas Kansas Jayhawks basketball Sports venues in Kansas University of Kansas campus
The Hans Freudenberg Kolleg (HFK) is an independent dormitory in Karlsruhe, Germany, owned by the Studentenwohnheim e.V.. Founded in 1965, it is named after Hans Freudenberg, a German engineer. The HFK provides 100 rooms on 7 floors. Most students are from the University of Karlsruhe, while others are from HS Karlsruhe, PH Karlsruhe, or Hochschule für Musik Karlsruhe. References Hans Freudenberg (in German) External links http://www.studentenwohnheim-ev.de/ http://www.hfk-online.de/ Buildings and structures in Karlsruhe Educational institutions established in 1965 1965 establishments in West Germany
Andrew Thomas Campbell (born 18 February 1992), nicknamed Soupy, is an Australian professional baseball player for the Mannheim Tornados of the Baseball Bundesliga and the Brisbane Bandits of the Australian Baseball League (ABL). Campbell has played in all Australian Baseball League seasons for Brisbane. Career An Ipswich Musketeers junior and senior player, Campbell represented Queensland at various Australia National Youth Championships before making his professional debut with the Brisbane Bandits in the team's first game 11 November 2010 as a defensive replacement. Campbell signed with the Cleveland Indians prior to 2011 and played two seasons between the AZL Indians and Mahoning Valley Scrappers before being released at the conclusion of the 2012 season. In the 2011–12 Australian Baseball League season, Campbell was the runner-up Rookie of the Year after slashing .301/.387/.376 in 26 games. The Chinese Professional Baseball League invited Campbell and Brisbane and Australian teammate Logan Wade to the 2018 homerun derby where he won the title. His 2018-19 Australian Baseball League season was just as successful, hitting a career best line of .310/.415/.542 en route to the Bandits winning their fourth consecutive ABL Championship. In 2019, Campbell signed with the Mannheim Tornados of Germany's Baseball Bundesliga for the 2019 season. International career He was selected Australia national baseball team at the 2018 exhibition games against Japan, 2019 Canberra camp, and 2019 WBSC Premier12. See also CPBL Home Run Derby References External links Andrew Campbell stats ABL.com 1992 births Living people Arizona League Indians players Australian expatriate baseball players in Germany Australian expatriate baseball players in the United States Baseball outfielders Brisbane Bandits players Mahoning Valley Scrappers players Sportspeople from Ipswich, Queensland 2023 World Baseball Classic players Sportsmen from Queensland
Chipaya is a village in Bolivia located in the Sabaya Province (formerly Atahuallpa Province) of the Oruro Department. It is the seat of the Chipaya Municipality. In 2001 it had a population of 363. The village is situated in a remote area northeast of Lake Coipasa where the people have maintained special elements of their culture. Chipaya was declared a National Monument by Supreme Decrete No. 8171 on December 7, 1967. Climate See also Chipaya language Uru–Chipaya languages References Populated places in Oruro Department Indigenous peoples in Bolivia Tourist attractions in Oruro Department Archaeological sites in Bolivia
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In igneous petrology, eutaxitic texture describes the layered or banded texture in some extrusive rock bodies. It is often caused by the compaction and flattening of glass shards and pumice fragments around undeformed crystals. See also References Igneous rocks by texture
Norsk Målungdom (NMU, literally The Norwegian Language Youth) is an organization of youth working for the Nynorsk written standard of Norwegian and the Norwegian dialects. It is the youth organization of Noregs Mållag. See also Studentmållaget i Oslo External links Website of Norsk Målungdom Website of Noregs Mållag nynorsk.no - news about Nynorsk (in Norwegian) Language organisations of Norway Youth organisations based in Norway
Anna Maria Carew (fl. 1660s) was an English miniature painter. She is documented as having received a pension of 100 pounds from Charles II of England after the Restoration in 1662, which was raised to 200 pounds 10 days later. Though she was paid for miniature copies of portraits, no known works survive in the Royal Collection. Her works follow the style of the popular court miniature painter Samuel Cooper. She was probably related to the artist Richard Carew (antiquary). References Painting of Madonna and Child in the Cleveland Museum of Art CAREW, Anna Maria - Miniaturist in Bénézit 17th-century births Miniature painting English women painters Year of death unknown
Canopy Housing are a self-help housing organisation based in Leeds, UK. They were winners of the UN World Habitat Award 2015/16 in partnership with Giroscope. Canopy renovate empty properties with volunteers and homeless people, who become their tenants after creating good quality affordable homes for themselves. They bring derelict property back into use, house homeless families, train unemployed people in construction skills, create jobs, improve community cohesion and contribute to the regeneration of disadvantaged neighbourhoods. They now manage more than 80 properties, more than a third of which they own. Community Empty properties are well recognised as an issue nationally, particularly in urban areas, and fall under the remit of the Empty Homes Agency. This national body supports local responses such as Canopy's. It appreciates that the project's community focus and small size enable Canopy to retrofit the properties, maintain lengthy tenancies and respond to anti social behaviour and maintenance problems quickly, all of which contribute to improving the quality of the local environment for all residents living in the area. Many of the derelict properties they renovate have been standing empty for years. Empty homes can blight an area and become sites for vandalism and rubbish dumping. In 2019 there were around 6,500 properties in Leeds that had been empty for more than six months. Funding and partnership Most of Canopy's homes are Victorian or Edwardian terraced houses. The first fifty they acquired were leased, predominantly from Leeds City Council on peppercorn rents. The Empty Homes Programme, which ran from 2013-2016, allowed them to start buying their own homes then when the programme closed Leeds City Council stepped in, offering capital grants to Canopy funded by the sale of council homes under right-to-buy legislation. In 2019, Leeds City Council extended the leases on most of its properties to 99 years enabling Canopy to increase its borrowing and acquire more homes for retrofit. Rental income on the properties which have been improved provides around two thirds of Canopy's annual income, with the remainder coming from traditional charitable funding streams. Volunteers Through the practical work involved in renovating a property, Canopy brings together many volunteers from the local community to learn skills, increase confidence, break down barriers and make big improvements to local neighbourhoods. Canopy volunteers come from different communities in the local area, including people from various age groups and with differing abilities. Canopy works hard to ensure that its services are accessible to people from different countries, for example by providing translated information on its services to potential volunteers. People from different backgrounds interact and have the opportunity to learn from each other’s experiences and skills. Practical jobs volunteers get involved in include light building work, kitchen installation, insulation, plastering, tiling, painting, decorating, carpeting and furniture assembly. Mission Through their award-winning self-help model, they enable people to create decent affordable homes for themselves and their families. They provide volunteering opportunities, supporting and training their volunteers and tenants to help them move towards their life goals. They advise other groups keen to learn from their model, and seek to replicate their work in other areas, towns and cities. History 1996 Two local residents get together to address the problems of the large numbers of derelict and empty properties in the Burley Lodge area of Leeds. They want to get local people involved, particularly those who are young and disadvantaged, in the work and create self-help opportunities for homeless people to work to create decent homes for themselves. 1997 Planning takes shape and Canopy works with Leeds City Council and Leeds Federated Housing Association to access empty properties. Fundraising work begins to bear fruit and renovation work starts on the project base and resource centre at 66 Burley Lodge Road. Canopy starts work on its first house in October. 1998 Canopy takes legal form and is officially registered as “an industrial and provident society for the benefit of the community”. Volunteer involvement continues to grow and Canopy volunteers set up Hyde Park Source, working to renovate bin yards in Burley Lodge area. 1999 Work is completed on the project base with kitchen, workshop, office and meeting facilities. Canopy Apprenticeship Project scheme implemented. 2000 Development work starts for replicating Canopy’s work into the Beeston Hill area of South Leeds. 2001 The project in South Leeds gets started, called Beecan (Beeston Canopy) it starts work on the project resource centre at 114 Lady Pit Lane. The window box scheme is implemented throughout the Burley Lodge area. 2002 Canopy expands to commence a bin yard project in East End Park, over the next two years the project renovates 42 bin yards to create communal areas for residents. In Hyde Park our last house in the area is completed (20th) area and within months the first house in Beeston is started. 2004 Canopy begins to formally develop its work with the refugee and asylum community, providing housing and volunteer opportunities, amongst its existing diverse beneficiaries. Office space is shared with refugee community organisations. 2006 Canopy restructures and refocuses on the housing renovations and volunteer programme in Beeston, as well as starting to take on some properties in Holbeck. 2007 The project has worked with over 400 volunteers and completed a total of 36 property renovations. The volunteer programme is awarded the Investing in Volunteers standard. 2008 Canopy begins work in Harehills with the support of many local volunteers and organisations. East North East Homes Leeds supports Canopy with the provision of empty homes, the first of which is turned into a workshop and office with facilities for volunteers, tenants and local residents. 2009 Grants awarded in October–December enable the continuation of the work, but extra funding is still required to secure the staff team and other expenditure over the next five years. 2013 Canopy takes advantage of the Empty Homes Programme to purchase its first wholly-owned property. 2016 Canopy wins the UN World Habitat in partnership with Giroscope. 2019 Leeds City Council extends the leases on 39 of the properties managed by Canopy to 99 years. References Charities based in West Yorkshire Housing organizations 1998 establishments in England
Richard Lindsey Batten FRCS (29 September 1920 – 29 December 1997) was an English orthopaedic surgeon. He established the first blood bank in Nigeria, and introduced in Britain the AO technique for internal fixation of fractures. He taught orthopaedics at the Birmingham General Hospital, and was the first editor of the scientific trauma journal Injury Early life Richard was born 29 September 1920 in London, the son of Ellen Mary (Molly) Batten (née Turnbull) and Doctor Lindsey Willett Batten – the only family practitioner to have then been elected to the Fellowship of the Royal College of Physicians. Richard attended Westminster School singing in the choir at the coronation of King George VI. He then studied medicine at Trinity College in Cambridge University and at the Westminster Hospital in London. Army WWII medical career Entering the British army in 1944 as a medical officer, his three-week training included learning to ride a motor bicycle. He served in Italy and Yugoslavia. He wrote that "I was not courageous enough to be a conscientious objector, although my feelings were in that direction." Later he became a British forces medical officer in Venice: he bought a traditional sandolo boat to row himself to visit the sick, keeping the boat on the Grand Canal in front of Venice's Europa Hotel where he was billeted. His work included medical support for the many Italian pregnant brides of British soldiers. Hereford Hospital In the late 1940s he worked at Hereford hospital. He fell off his motor bike, concussed himself (crash helmets were little used then), and lost his sense of taste and smell. As an orthopaedic surgeon, he operated on many motor-bike riders after accidents and so campaigned vigorously for the use of crash helmets. He wrote to the then young Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, recounting his accident and hospital experience, suggesting Prince Philip promote the use of crash helmets – Prince Philip soon advocated them at a suitable function, and helmets were in wide use in Britain in two years. Nigeria In 1955, he established the trauma and orthopaedic service while working at the new University College Hospital in Ibadan, Nigeria. He there pioneered the use of Kuschner nails to fix femoral shaft fractures, and established Nigeria’s first blood bank. His older two children were born in Nigeria. Swiss AO technique Richard returned to Britain in 1961 to be a Consultant Orthopaedic and Trauma surgeon at the West Bromwich Hospital. In 1965 he took sabbatical leave to work in Chur, Switzerland with Professor Martin Allgöwer who in the early 1960s had pioneered a new internal fixation technique for fractures. Richard introduced to Britain this AO technique developed by the AO Foundation (the Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen). Convinced that this technique was a major advance in fracture management, he spread the technique throughout the UK via his orthopaedic registrars. Birmingham General Hospital From 1967 to 1983, he was a consultant orthopaedic and trauma surgeon and lecturer at Birmingham General Hospital. Earlier than most surgeons, he assisted his trainees in many operations – they emerged particularly competent in AO fixation and Wagner leg lengthening techniques. In the early 1970s he sent his trainees to learn the new Charnley total hip replacement technique. Many of his trainees attended his retirement party when he was presented with a mounted Charnley hip replacement. First editor of Injury journal In 1969, he became the first editor of the journal Injury which introduced academic rigour to the management of traumatic injuries. He was editor until 1983 for some 58 editions. The full journal title was originally Injury: The British Journal of Accident Surgery — later, as it had stronger international influence, it was changed to Injury: International Journal of the care of the Injured. Married life, retirement, muscular dystrophy He married Mary Longford in Hampstead, London on 18 December 1954, eventually retiring to Crockham Hill, near Edenbridge, Kent. They had three children Susan, Lindsey and Belinda. For some 30 years Richard suffered from Myotonia Dystrophica. He died on 29 December 1997: his funeral was on 9 January 1998 in Tunbridge Wells. References 1920 births English surgeons 1997 deaths 20th-century English medical doctors British expatriates in Nigeria Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge Academic staff of the University of Ibadan British Army personnel of World War II 20th-century surgeons
was a Japanese politician who was Prime Minister of Japan from 1980 to 1982. He was the last prime minister to have been born in the Meiji era. Early life and education Suzuki was born on 11 January 1911, Yamada, Iwate Prefecture, the eldest son of a fishery owner. He graduated from Tokyo University of Fisheries in 1935. Career Suzuki joined the Liberal Party in 1948, and helped merge it with another right of center party to establish the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) in 1955. He was Minister of Health from 1965 to 1966, and Minister of Agriculture & Fisheries from 1976 to 1977. Suzuki was appointed Prime Minister following the sudden death of Masayoshi Ōhira, who died of a heart attack during a general election campaign. The sympathy vote generated by Ohira's death resulted in a landslide for the ruling LDP, handing Suzuki the largest parliamentary majority any Prime Minister had enjoyed for many years. He chose not to run for reelection to the presidency of the LDP in 1982, and was succeeded by Yasuhiro Nakasone. He served during a period of instability; cabinet members frequently changed, and parties were often split by fractional politics. His diplomatic skills allowed him to chair his party's executive council ten times, winning him support in his early career. Despite his foreign policy gaffes as prime minister, he later helped further foreign relations with the United States, during a 1988 summit with Ronald Reagan. Personal life and death Suzuki's daughter, Chikako Aso, is the wife of Taro Aso, who served as the Prime Minister of Japan from 2008 to 2009. His son Shun'ichi Suzuki serves in the Diet. Suzuki died at the International Medical Center of Japan in Tokyo of pneumonia on 19 July 2004 at the age of 93. His wife died in 2015. Honours From the corresponding article in the Japanese Wikipedia Grand Cordon of the Order of the Chrysanthemum (July 2004; posthumous) References \|- \|- \|- \|- \|- \|- \|- \|- Prime Ministers of Japan 1911 births 2004 deaths 20th-century prime ministers of Japan Liberal Party (Japan, 1945) politicians Democratic Liberal Party (Japan) politicians Liberal Democratic Party (Japan) politicians 20th-century Japanese politicians Politicians from Iwate Prefecture
```java /* * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER. * * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it * published by the Free Software Foundation. Oracle designates this * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code. * * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that * accompanied this code). * * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA. * * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any * questions. / package org.graalvm.visualvm.api.caching; /* * Generic key/value persistor * Supports retrieving a value by the given key and storing a value with the given key * @author Jaroslav Bachorik / public interface Persistor<K, V> { /* * Retrieves {@linkplain Entry} for the given key * @param key The key to retrieve {@linkplain Entry} instance * @return Returns the retrieved {@linkplain Entry} instance or NULL / Entry<V> retrieve(K key); /* * Stores the {@linkplain Entry} together with its key * @param key The key to be used * @param value The value to be used / void store(K key, Entry<V> value); /* * The default (NULL-value) instance */ final public static Persistor DEFAULT = new Persistor() { @Override public Entry retrieve(Object key) { // do nothing return null; } @Override public void store(Object key, Entry value) { // do nothing } }; } ```
Wiang Kum Kam (; ) is an historic settlement and archaeological site along the Ping River, which was built by King Mangrai the Great as his capital before he moved it to Chiang Mai. It was flooded and abandoned more than 700 years ago; that move became more understandable in 2005, when the ancient city was flooded three separate times as the river overflowed its banks in that area of Chiang Mai. History Wiang Kum Kam is an ancient city ( wiang "walled city") located in Saraphi District in the northern region of Thailand, around south of the southeastern corner of Chiang Mai's city centre. According to the chronicles and archaeological evidence, the old city was built by King Mangrai around the latter part of the 13th century. The city was established as a new capital by the King after his victory over the Mon people's kingdom of Hariphunchai, modern Lamphun. Due to repeated flooding, a new capital, Chiang Mai, was built a few years later. Wiang Kum Kam flourished during the reign of the Mangrai dynasty until the late 16th century. The old city was then lost from history for many years after Chiang Mai was conquered by the Burmese in 1558. There is a presumption that it was seriously flooded again at this time and was finally abandoned. The people were moved back to this area again more than 200 years later with a new community, and it was then named Chang Kham village (). In 1984, the Department of Fine Arts Unit 4 discovered remnants of the old city around Wihan Kan Thom () at Wat Chang Kham () and afterwards excavation was begun; since then many new remains have been found and restoration has proceeded since that time. The main temple of the town is Wat Chedi Liam (originally Wat Ku Kham), which is still occupied by monks. List of sites Note that this list is definitely incomplete. Wat Chang Kham Wat Chang Kham (; "Elephant-Propped Temple") is within the grounds of a working modern temple. It is adjacent to the Wat That Noi site. The name is derived from elephant figures supporting one of the structures. Wat Chedi Liam / Wat Ku Kham Wat Chedi Liam (; "Temple of the Squared Pagoda"), formerly known as Wat Ku Kham (; "Temple of the Golden Stupa"), is named after its ancient five-level chedi (or Buddhist pagoda) of Mon style, which was copied from a similar structure at Wat Phra That Hariphunchai in Haripunchai (modern Lamphun). It is apparently the only ancient temple in the Wiang Kum Kam archaeological area that remains a working temple with resident monks. In keeping with its Mon roots, Brahma, the Hindu creator, is venerated at the temple in addition to Buddhism. Wat I Khang Wat I Khang (; "Langurs' Temple") is a ruined 16th or 17th century temple named after the former prevalence of wild old world monkeys at the site prior to its excavation and restoration, which are known as khang in Thai. It has a large, mostly intact chedi. Wat Nan Chang Wat Nan Chang (; "Nan Chang's Temple") is a ruined 16th or 17th century temple. Excavated from 2002 to 2003, it primarily provides evidence of ancient flooding in the region, having been inundated by some 1.8 meters of sediment. It is speculated that it was built to face a now dried up route of the Ping River, a major transportation and trade route of historic periods. Wat Phaya Mangrai Wat Phaya Mangrai (; "Temple of King Mangrai") is named after the historic figure Mangrai the Great. Very close to the south-eastern side of Wat Phrachao Ong Dam. Wat Phrachao Ong Dam Wat Phrachao Ong Dam (; "Temple of the Black-Bodied Lord") is named after a burnt bronze Buddha image that was discovered at the site. Very close to the north-western side of Wat Phaya Mangrai. Wat Pu Pia Wat Pu Pia (; "Temple of Old Man Pia") is notable for its relatively good state of preservation, including some stucco work and an intact layout. Wat That Khao Wat That Khao (; "Temple of the White Reliquary) is another ruined temple from the 16th or 17th century that is named after its formerly lime-plastered chedi. Wat That Noi Wat That Noi (; "Temple of the Little Reliquary") is another ruined temple of the area, so named because of its restricted scale. See also Chiang Saen Haripunchai History of Thailand Lanna References Former populated places in Thailand Buildings and structures in Chiang Mai Buddhist temples in Chiang Mai province 13th century in Chiang Mai
In Australian Aboriginal mythology, I'wai is the culture hero of the Koko Y'ao. I'wai was a crocodilian man who brought most of the Koko Y'ao religious rites and ceremonies. References Australian Aboriginal mythology Legendary reptiles
David Anthony Lock KC (born 2 May 1960) is a barrister and former Labour Party politician in the United Kingdom. He was educated at Esher Grammar School, Woking Sixth Form College, Jesus College, Cambridge (MA theology 1982), Polytechnic of Central London (Diploma in law 1984) and went on to Gray's Inn as a Wilson Scholar in 1985. He was elected as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Wyre Forest in the 1997 general election, but lost his seat in the 2001 election to Richard Taylor, the Independent Kidderminster Hospital and Health Concern candidate. He served as Parliamentary Under Secretary of State at the Lord Chancellor's Department from July 1999 to June 2001. He became the first Labour MP in the Wyre Forest for many years but lost his seat when he supported changes to the accident and emergency services at Kidderminster General Hospital in the face of public opposition. The downgrading of emergency services at Kidderminster were the first of many such changes across the country, many of which attracted trenchant local opposition. Following his election defeat he became a director of Searchflow Limited and founded a litigation funding company, IML Limited. In January 2002 he became Chair of the Service Authorities to the National Crime Squad and National Criminal Intelligence Service and was concerned with the merger of those bodies to become the Serious Organised Crime Agency. In late 2003 he returned to legal practice, heading up healthcare law at the law firm Mills & Reeve. He was then involved in a series of high-profile legal cases concerning healthcare and in 2008 returned to practice at the Bar. He is a member of Landmark Chambers, 180 Fleet Street, London. He was a member of the Department of Health Organ Donation Taskforce in 2008/09. He is Chair of the West Midlands Labour Finance and Industry Group and is a qualified paraglider pilot. He was made a KC in 2011 and was the Birmingham Law Society's choice of "Barrister of the Year" in April 2011. David Lock KC is a non-executive board director of Innovation Birmingham and also a non-executive director at Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust. He is also a Trustee of Brook, the sexual health advice charity for young people and a member of the British Medical Association Medical Ethics Committee. References External links 1960 births Living people Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies UK MPs 1997–2001 Alumni of Jesus College, Cambridge Alumni of the University of Westminster English barristers English King's Counsel
Giorgio Siani (born 9 January 1997) is an Italian footballer who plays mainly as a winger for Serie D club Villa Valle. Career Early career Siani was born in Milan in 1997, and began his career in the youth team of Serie A side Atalanta, located in Lombardy. He made a loan move to Varese before being signed to the youth teams of Serie A giants Juventus upon his return to Bergamo. He was loaned back to Atalanta and then on to Carpi for 6 months in 2016. Tuttocuoio Once he had returned from his loan to Carpi, Siani signed on loan to Lega Pro side Tuttocuoio for one year. He was an unused substitute in the 3–2 Coppa Italia loss to Casertana. His debut in the league on 9 October 2016, coming on as a substitute in a 1–4 loss to Alessandria, playing the final 14 minutes. His first goal for the club came in the last-16 stage of the Coppa Italia Lega Pro on 23 November 2016, when he started and scored twice in an eventual 3–1 win over Pontedera as Tuttocuoio progressed. Serie D On 10 September 2019, he joined Serie D club Savona. Piacenza On 7 August 2020 he moved to Serie C club Piacenza. Back to Serie D On 5 January 2021, he signed with Serie D club Caronnese. References External links 1997 births Footballers from Milan Living people Italian men's footballers Italian expatriate men's footballers Men's association football forwards AC Tuttocuoio 1957 San Miniato players FC Den Bosch players Ravenna FC players Savona FBC players Piacenza Calcio 1919 players SC Caronnese SSD players Serie C players Serie D players Eerste Divisie players Italian expatriate sportspeople in the Netherlands Expatriate men's footballers in the Netherlands
Al-Da'ais () is a sub-district located in Ba'dan District, Ibb Governorate, Yemen. Al-Da'ais had a population of 9790 as of 2004. References Sub-districts in Ba'dan District
Cooper Mountain Vineyards is an American winery located in Beaverton, Oregon, United States. Started in 1978, the certified organic wine maker produces Pinot noir, Pinot gris, Chardonnay, and Pinot blanc. Located in the Portland metropolitan area, the vineyard is sited on the western slopes of Cooper Mountain, an extinct volcano. In 2022, the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality fined Cooper Mountain Vineyards $5,640 for discharging wastewater to McKernan Creek without a permit. The civil penalty notice also claims the vineyard failed to collect wastewater land application data for 2019, 2020, and 2021. History The winery was founded in 1978 by Dr. Robert Gross and his wife Corrine and released its first vintage in 1987. The vineyards obtained state organic certification in 1995, and biodynamic certification in 1999. In 2004, the winery released a third tier of wine called Cooper Hill to add to its two existing tiers: Cooper Mountain Reserves and 5 Elements Series. The winery released its first balsamic vinegar in 2006. Current production at the winery is 20,000 cases. Organic All wines produced from Cooper Mountain are estate bottled and certified both organic and Biodynamic. The organic certification was done by Oregon Tilth, and the Biodynamic certification was done by Demeter International. The winery has of grapes in production, producing four varietals (Pinot noir, Pinot gris, Chardonnay, and Pinot blanc). This winery owns and manages five different vineyards with organic and biodynamic certification. The names of the four vineyard sites are Old Vines, planted in 1978, Meadowlark, planted in 1982, Farmington, planted in 1998, and Johnson School, planted in 2000 and Corrine planted in 1989. Cooper Mountain Vineyards produces a no-sulfite Pinot noir called Life Wine. Cooper Mountain is one of the small number of wineries in the state that are certified as biodynamic. See also Biodynamic wine Oregon wine References Further reading External links Wineries in Oregon Companies based in Beaverton, Oregon Food and drink companies established in 1978 1978 establishments in Oregon
Astrothelium octoseptatum is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling) lichen in the family Trypetheliaceae. Found in Brazil, it was formally described as a new species in 2016 by André Aptroot and Marcela Cáceres. The type specimen was collected by the authors in the Parque Natural Municipal de Porto Velho (Porto Velho, Rondônia), in a low-altitude rainforest. The lichen has a smooth and somewhat shiny, pale greenish-grey thallus that lacks a prothallus and covers areas of up to in diameter. The ascomata are pear-shaped (pyriform) and typically occur in groups of two to five, usually immersed in the bark tissue. The lichen contains lichexanthone, a substance that causes the surface of the pseudostroma to glow yellow when lit with a high-wavelength UV light. The species epithet octoseptatum refers to the ascospores, which usually have eight septa that divide the spore into distinct compartments. References octoseptatum Lichen species Lichens described in 2016 Taxa named by André Aptroot Taxa named by Marcela Cáceres Lichens of North Brazil
Willow Glen is a district of San Jose, California, in Santa Clara County. Willow Glen is known for its historic downtown, dining and shopping, and is one of the most expensive neighborhoods to live in San Jose. Willow Glen was originally an independent town, until it voted to be annexed by San Jose in 1936. History The neighborhood began in the mid-1800s as Rancho de los Coches and Rancho San Juan Bautista, Mexican land grants adjacent to the San Jose pueblo. Don Antonio Suñol, who owned Rancho de los Coches and built the Suñol House, is considered to be the founder of the community. "Willow Glen" was named for the marshy wet area between the Guadalupe River and Los Gatos Creek, which were abundant in willows and cattails, unusual for the rest of the region. By the 1860s the small unincorporated community needed its first school, and Willow Glen Elementary School was founded in 1863 on land donated by Ira Cottle. Much of Willow Glen was laid out by Frank Lewis and Isaac Bird (the namesake of "Bird Avenue"). In 1860, Lewis dug the channel between Willow Street and Curtner Avenue that carries the Guadalupe River to this day. That channel effectively drained the marsh and opened Willow Glen for farming. By the late 1800s, Willow Glen was generally considered one of the most prized locations in all of the Santa Clara Valley for raising wheat, barley, hay, tobacco and hops. By 1880, plots of Willow Glen farmland were priced nearly 10 times higher than similar plots in the valley. Lincoln Avenue was renamed from "Willow Glen Road" in 1865, shortly after the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln. Willow Glen continued as an unincorporated community until the 1920s, when the City of San Jose ordered the Southern Pacific Railroad to re-route the Southern Pacific Railroad trunk line which at that time was going down Fourth Street. The Southern Pacific then proposed to re-route down Lincoln Avenue. In order to forestall that attempt, Willow Glen was incorporated as a city in 1927. The railroad was instead re-routed to its current route through a then-unincorporated area now known as North Willow Glen, where its principal user is now Caltrain. Being a city, however, required thinking about issues such as sewage. Willow Glen had no sewer system – individual homes had their own cesspools or septic systems. Because the area was marshy before being drained for Willow Glen, the high water table resulted in raw sewage often spilling above-ground from flooded cesspools. Rather than build their own very expensive sewage treatment system, in 1936 Willow Glen's residents opted to be annexed to San Jose and be linked to San Jose's sewage system, the measure passing by a vote of 17 to 38. Geography Willow Glen includes areas within zip code 95125, though not all of the zip code area can actually be considered to be part of the Willow Glen neighborhood, and there are areas within the 95126 zip code that many people would consider to be part of Willow Glen. The Willow Glen Neighborhood Association's by-laws reserve voting memberships to individuals and businesses within boundaries of the Association defined by the San Jose 2009 Greenprint - Willow Glen Planning Area Map, and within 1/2 mile of the Greenprint boundary. Interstate 280 is almost universally accepted as the community's northern border. The Guadalupe River was the original eastern border of Willow Glen during its time as a municipality. The Los Gatos Creek originally served as a natural western end for the community, until 1866, when extreme flooding of the creek caused it to naturally cut a new channel running far west around what was traditionally considered Willow Glen. The reshaped creek left behind a dry creek bed, known as the "Dry Creek," and opened up Willow Glen for greater southwest expansion. Areas and neighborhood Palm Haven - historic residence park neighborhood Gardner/North Willow Glen - northern area of the district Lincoln Glen/Willow Glen South - southwestern area of the district Downtown Willow Glen - central shopping and dining area Culture Architecture Willow Glen neighborhoods are almost exclusively composed of custom or semi-custom homes in a diverse range of architectural styles. Many architect-commissioned houses can be seen in the neighborhood, including Victorian, Neoclassical (Queen Anne Cottage and Neocolonial), Colonial Revival, Craftsman, Mission, Prairie, Spanish Eclectic, Eichler Homes, and Tudor. In recent years many smaller houses have been replaced with larger houses. Dancin' on the Avenue Dancin' on the Avenue was Willow Glen's annual street party that occurs on one day in the summer, along Lincoln Avenue between Willow Street and Minnesota Avenue. The event was organized by the Willow Glen Business Association. It ran from 1995 to 2018. Founders' Day Founders' Day occurs in September although it has not been celebrated every year. The event celebrates the rich history, cultural heritage, and progressive present of the neighborhoods, homes, and community of Willow Glen. The highlight is a festive parade that proceeds down Lincoln Avenue. The origins of Founders' Day are not known. Archives of the Willow Glen Resident newspaper indicate it originates from the area's nine years of independence from San Jose between September 8, 1927 and September 4, 1936. Another view is that it celebrates the work of Antonio Suñol who built Laura Ville in 1847. Christmas decorations Willow Glen residents have a distinct Christmas tree decoration tradition. This tradition involves buying similar, very small, Christmas trees and placing them in the front yard ten feet from the sidewalk with multicolored lights. People and businesses in the neighborhood generally make significant decorations every year, both within the neighborhood and in the Lincoln Avenue business district, drawing visitors from all around the area. The tradition of a Christmas tree on each residence's lawn was started in 1950 by Robert and Arlene Cimino. Trees were purchased in bulk from the Knights of Columbus and delivered to participating homes. The Ciminos moved from the area in 1956 and the tradition was continued by Frank Badagliacca Jr. His wife, Dolores Badagliacca, came up with the idea of putting a single white light on the top of each tree. The tradition now stretches to over 200 streets in the greater San Jose area. Parks and Plazas Willow Street Frank Bramhall Park Fuller Park River Glen Park Wallenberg Park & Garden Wilcox Park Trails The two sections of the Los Gatos Creek Trail terminate in Willow Glen. The connection requires on-street travel through much of Willow Glen. One section of the Guadalupe River Trail terminates near the far north east edge of Willow Glen but otherwise does not run through it. The Highway 87 Bikeway runs along the eastern edge of Willow Glen but terminates at Willow Street at its most northern point. The Three Creeks Trail runs diagonally through Willow Glen and passes close to downtown. Transportation Although no railway stations exist within Willow Glen, the area is served by the nearby VTA light rail's Blue Line and Caltrain stations on or near its borders: Fruitdale, Race, Curtner, Tamien, Diridon, and Virginia. Notable residents Fred Warner - San Francisco 49ers player Evander Kane - Professional NHL veteran References External links Willow Glen by Team San Jose Willow Glen Business Association Willow Glen Neighborhood Association North Willow Glen Neighborhood Association Willow Glen Times newspaper Former municipalities in California Neighborhoods in San Jose, California
Syed Thaha is a Singapore international football player who plays for Balestier Khalsa. Club career Previously, he played for Young Lions and Geylang United. International career Played for the National Team in 2006 by appearing as a substitute is his only cap to date for the National Team. Honours Geylang United Singapore Cup: 2009 Balestier Khalsa Singapore Cup: 2014 League Cup: 2013 External links Singaporean men's footballers Singapore men's international footballers Geylang International FC players Living people 1985 births Men's association football defenders Balestier Khalsa FC players Singapore Premier League players Young Lions FC players
Sericopelma is a genus of tarantula (family Theraphosidae), found in Central America from Nicaragua to Panama. The limits of the genus and its distribution have long been confused; it is closely related to the genus Aphonopelma. Sericopelma species are among the largest found in Central America. They can be kept as pets, although at least one species has been described as "very aggressive". Description Spiders in the genus Sericopelma are some of the largest found in Central America. Males have bodies long, females are somewhat longer at . They can be kept as pets in terraria, although S. melanotarsum is described as "very aggressive". Diagnosis Characters that distinguish species of the genus Sericopelma from other theraphosids found in the same localities include the following. The carapace is longer than wide, with a deep transverse pit (fovea) and distinct grooves radiating from it. The femur of the fourth leg has a dense pad of feathery (plumose) hair on the side facing away from the head of the animal (retrolateral); the metatarsus of the same leg has a divided and reduced trace of tuft-like (scopulate) hairs at the end furthest from the body. The first leg lacks stridulatory hairs. Females have spermathecae with a single lobe, expanded at the apex to form a P-shape in cross-section. Males lack tibial spurs and their palpal bulbs have an embolus of a characteristic shape. Taxonomy Sericopelma was initially described by Anton Ausserer in 1875 as a subgenus of Eurypelma (now Avicularia) with the type species E. rubronitens. It was given full generic status by Simon in 1892. Until the middle of the 20th century only males were known by formal descriptions. The genus as a whole was described in 2015 as "poorly defined". Confusion with genera such as Brachypelma has been frequent; two species were transferred from that genus in 2015. A molecular phylogenetic study in 2016 produced the cladogram shown below, showing that Sericopelma is embedded in the genus Aphonopelma, as the latter is currently circumscribed. It is likely that generic boundaries will change with further research. Species , the World Spider Catalog accepted 14 species: Sericopelma angustum (Valerio, 1980) - Costa Rica Sericopelma commune F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897 - Panama Sericopelma dota Valerio, 1980 - Costa Rica Sericopelma embrithes (Chamberlin & Ivie, 1936) - Panama Sericopelma fallax Mello-Leitão, 1923 - Brazil Sericopelma ferrugineum Valerio, 1980 - Costa Rica Sericopelma generala Valerio, 1980 - Costa Rica Sericopelma immensum Valerio, 1980 - Costa Rica Sericopelma melanotarsum Valerio, 1980 - Costa Rica Sericopelma panamanum (Karsch, 1880) - Panama Sericopelma panamense (Simon, 1891) - Mexico, Panama Sericopelma rubronitens Ausserer, 1875 (type) - Central America Sericopelma silvicola Valerio, 1980 - Costa Rica Sericopelma upala Valerio, 1980 - Costa Rica In synonymy Sericopelma balboanum (Chamberlin, 1940) = Sericopelma rubronitens Sericopelma consocius (Chamberlin, 1940) = Sericopelma rubronitens Nomen dubium Sericopelma striatum (Ausserer, 1871) – Venezuela Transferred to other genera Sericopelma carapoense (Lucas, 1983) → Nhandu carapoensis Distribution Specimens placed in the genus have been given localities ranging from Mexico to Brazil. However, detailed studies by Gabriel and Longhorn in 2011 and 2015 suggest that some of these were errors, and that the true range of the genus is from Nicaragua to Panama. References Theraphosidae Theraphosidae genera Spiders of Central America
The United States Constabulary was a United States Army military gendarmerie force. From 1946 to 1952, in the aftermath of World War II, it acted as an occupation and security force in the U.S. Occupation Zone of West Germany and Austria. Reason The concept of a police-type occupation of Germany arose from the consideration of plans for the most efficient employment of the relatively small forces available. The speed of redeployment in the fall of 1945, and the certainty that the occupational troop basis would have to be reduced speedily, dictated the utmost economy in the use of manpower. The basic principle of the police-type occupation—that the lack of strength in the forces of occupation must be made up for by careful selection, rigid training, and high mobility—cannot be attributed to any single individual, or indeed to any single agency. Before any plans were worked out for the organization of the United States Constabulary, units of the United States Army assigned to occupational duties in Germany had experimented with the organization of parts of their forces into motorized patrols for guarding the borders and maintaining order in the large areas for which they were responsible. In September 1945, the G-2 Division of European Theater Headquarters put forward a plan, which was carried into effect towards the end of the years for the organization of a special security force known as the District Constabulary. In October 1945, the War Department asked European Theater Headquarters to consider the feasibility of organizing the major portion of the occupational forces into an efficient military police force on the model of state police or constabulary in the United States. Ideas crystallized rapidly. At the end of October 1945, General Eisenhower, announced to the proper authorities that the population of the United States Zone of Germany would ultimately be controlled by a super-police force or constabulary. In early November, the strength of the proposed constabulary was announced as 38,000. Planning was well advanced by the end of 1945, when the European Theater Headquarters notified the War Department that the constabulary would be organized as an elite force, composed of the highest caliber personnel obtainable under the voluntary re-enlistment program, and that it would be equipped with an efficient communications network, sufficient vehicles and liaison airplanes to make it highly mobile, and the most modern weapons. During the paper stage, the organization was known by a series of names. "State Police" was discarded for "State Constabulary." Then it was thought that "State" would be confusing, as the main United States Zone of Germany had been divided, for purposes of civil administration, into three states, or Länder. When the organization emerged from the planning stage, it was known as the "Zone Constabulary," but before it became operational it was named "United States Constabulary." Command and staff On 10 January 1946, Major General Ernest N. Harmon, wartime commander of the 1st and 2nd Armored Divisions and the XXII Corps, was appointed Commanding General of the United States Constabulary. At the direction of Lieutenant General Lucian K. Truscott, Commanding General, Third United States Army, a small group was detailed to assist General Harmon in carrying forward the planning for the new force. Its headquarters was established at Bad Tölz. Theater Headquarters had already announced the principle that the Constabulary would be organized along geographical lines to coincide as nearly as possible with the major divisions of the German civil administration, in order to facilitate liaison with the German police and United States Offices of Military Government. Thus, there would be one Constabulary Headquarters for the entire United States Zone, a brigade headquarters at each of the capitals of the three German Länder, and group, squadron, and troop headquarters established at points selected for ease in performing the mission. Theater Headquarters had also directed that the organization charts of the Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron would be used in planning the organization of the Constabulary. The primary unit of the Constabulary, the troop, was organized on the pattern of the mechanized cavalry troop used in the war. In view of its tasks of road and border patrolling and its police-type jobs, the Constabulary needed a greater number of hand weapons and light vehicles, such as jeeps and armored cars. Each troop was divided for patrolling purposes into sections or teams, each of which was equipped with three jeeps and one armored car serving as a command vehicle and as support in case of emergency. A mobile reserve of one company equipped with light tanks was established in each Constabulary regiment. Horses were provided for patrolling in difficult terrain along the borders and motorcycles for the control of traffic on the super-highways (Autobahnen). Static border control posts were established at the crossing points. Uniforms The uniform of the Constabulary trooper was designed both to make him easily recognizable and to distinguish him as a member of an elite force. The "Lightning Bolt" shoulder patch consisting of a circular yellow shoulder patch with the border of the patch and the letter "C" in the middle being in blue. A red lightning bolt appeared diagonally angled downward from right to left in the center of the "C". The yellow, blue, and red combined the colors of the cavalry, infantry, and artillery. Their motto was "Mobility, Vigilance, Justice." To make the troops more distinctive they were given US Cavalry bright golden yellow scarves, combat boots with a smooth outer surface designed to be spit shined, and helmet liners bearing the Constabulary insignia and yellow and blue stripes. One ex-member of the force remembered being called a "circle C cowboy" by soldiers from American regular army units. Creation To create a high morale in the Constabulary as quickly as possible, elements of the 1st and 4th Armored Divisions and certain cavalry groups were assigned to form the basis for the new organization. The units converted into Constabulary squadrons and regiments included armored infantry, field artillery, tank, tank destroyer, antiaircraft battalions, and cavalry squadrons. The Constabulary was also called the Circle C Cowboys because they had approximately 300 horses on duty in Berlin, the U.S. Zone of Germany, and Austria, with two veterinarians to treat them. Organization The VI Corps Headquarters became Headquarters, United States Constabulary on 1 May 1946. The 1st Armored Division, activated at Fort Knox, Kentucky, in June 1940 and one of the first American divisions to fight on the other side of the Atlantic, supplied many tank and infantry units. The 4th Armored Division furnished the three brigade headquarters for the Constabulary. These veteran units, seriously depleted by redeployment, now approached a task quite different from that of waging war, but one demanding initiative and high standards in training and discipline. Some of the combat units assigned to the Constabulary were carried temporarily as mere paper organizations, redeployment having taken all their officers and men. Other units had up to 75 percent of their allotted strength, but all the units taken together averaged only 25 percent of their authorized strength. In February 1946, Constabulary Headquarters was established in Bamberg. During the period when tactical units, released from the Third and Seventh Armies, were being redesignated as Constabulary units, the main tasks were training and reorganization. Continuous training was prescribed for the trooper so that he might attain an acceptable standard of discipline and all around efficiency in the use of weapons, vehicles, and communications equipment. Education and training Early in the planning stage the need for a Constabulary School became evident. The Constabulary trooper, it was seen, must know, not only the customary duties of a soldier, but also police methods, how to make arrests, and how to deal with a foreign population. A school was also needed to develop among the members of the Constabulary a spirit which would lift them towards the required high standards of personal appearance, soldierly discipline, and unquestioned personal integrity. The Constabulary School was established at Sonthofen, Germany, in a winter sports area at the foot of the Allgau Alps. This citadel had been formerly used as a Nazi school to train youthful candidates for positions of leadership in the Party. The curriculum for Constabulary officers and noncommissioned officers included instruction in the geography, history, and politics of Germany. The technical and specialist training for the trooper included the theory and practice of criminal investigation, police records, self-defense, and the apprehension of wanted persons. The trooper's indoctrination in the mission of the Constabulary gave him a knowledge of his responsibilities and the functions of the Constabulary. The Constabulary School had standards comparable to those of Army Service Schools in the United States. A graduate of Sonthofen was qualified, not only to perform his duties, but also to serve as an instructor in his unit. By the end of 1946, 5,700 officers and enlisted personnel had been graduated. A Trooper's Handbook was written to cover the basic rules to be followed by him in the execution of his duties. To prepare this manual, the Constabulary obtained the services of Colonel J. H. Harwood, formerly State Police Commissioner of Rhode Island. The training program, as originally planned, aimed at the progressive development of the Constabulary so as to attain a common standard of efficiency throughout the organization. 1 July 1946 was set as the date upon which the Constabulary would become operational and, in preparation for that day, the training program was divided into three phases. During the first phase, prior to 1 April, attention was concentrated on the training of cadre and on the establishment of regimental and squadron headquarters so that the Constabulary would be prepared to receive the approximately 20,000 men expected to fill the ranks. During this phase, the emphasis from the point of view of control by the main headquarters was shifted from the squadron to the regiment, since each of the latter directed three of the former. The second phase, between 1 April and 1 June, was a period of intensive training in the duties of both individuals and units. The final phase was planned as on-the-job training during June. The last phase, however, was not completed because of delay in receiving reinforcements. The Constabulary became operational on 1 July 1946 as scheduled, despite the fact that its training program had not been completed. Changes in the redeployment rules caused the loss within a few weeks of 8,000 troopers, 25 percent of the total strength. During the first two months of operations 14,000 men, or 42.7 percent of the total strength, were lost through redeployment. The replacement and training task at that time were staggering. To make matters worse, there was a critical shortage in the Constabulary of junior officers during the late summer of 1946. This delayed the Constabulary in attaining the desired standards in discipline and operations, and was the cause of many changes in operational techniques. Despite all of these difficulties, the Constabulary attained its goal of selecting high caliber personnel. The main reason for seeking troopers of high caliber and for giving them higher ratings than are available in other military organizations was the realization that the Constabulary was only as good as the individual trooper. Small groups of two or three troopers operated far from their headquarters and were empowered with unusual authority in matters of arrest, search, and seizure. In conducting their daily duties, they faced many temptations, such as those offered by persons willing to pay almost any price for immunity after crossing the border, or for illegal concessions in the black market. Maintaining high standards in the Constabulary was all the more difficult because most of the combat veterans had gone home and had been replaced by men in the age group of 18 to 22 years. Mission The mission of the United States Constabulary was to maintain general military and civil security, to assist in the accomplishment of the objectives of the United States government in Germany, and to control the borders of the United States Zone. The Constabulary set up a system of patrols throughout the entire area and along the borders. The territory to be patrolled had an area of over 40,000 square miles (100,000 km2) and included nearly 1,400 miles of international and interzonal boundaries, extending from Austria in the South to the British Zone in the North, and from Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Zone in the East to the Rhine River and the French Zone in the West. Approximately the area of Pennsylvania in size, the United States Zone of Occupation in Germany had similar contours, with flat lands, hills, mountains, and forests, crisscrossed by many rivers and streams. More than sixteen million German people lived in this area, and it included many cities of considerable size. The entire Zone was covered by a network of roads, while here and there were the Autobahnen—the four-lane express highways. Operations At first the Constabulary tried to patrol everywhere in the Zone. Troopers traveled on country roads, through small villages, over narrow and rough mountainous roads. They moved up and down the streets of large cities like Munich and Stuttgart, and of the smaller ones like Fritzlar, Weiden, Hof, and Passau—names which have become as familiar to the Constabulary trooper as Pittsburgh, Akron, Richmond, Clay Center, and Abilene. Wherever patrols operated, they were in constant communication by radio or telephone with their platoon or troop headquarters, which were in turn linked in a chain of communications reaching up to Constabulary Headquarters. The telephone lines used by the Constabulary were, for the most part, those of the German system, although some military lines and equipment were also available. In addition to radio and telephone, the Constabulary was hooked up in a teletype system, which was the most comprehensive and effective communications network operated by the United States Army in Europe. In the performance of their mission, Constabulary patrols visited periodically the German mayors (Bürgermeister), German police stations, United States investigating agencies, and other military units in their areas. They were always prepared to assist any one or all of these. Like the State police units in the United States, Constabulary patrols worked closely with the municipal, rural, and border police, even though the German police were part of the administration of an occupied country. The Constabulary troopers became acquainted with the local policemen, received reports from them of what occurred since the last visit, and worked out with them methods of trapping criminals and of forestalling possible disturbances. As they roamed their beat in their yellow and blue striped jeep, each pair of Constabulary troopers was usually accompanied by a German policeman who rode in the back seat. The German policeman knew some English and the troopers were trained at the Constabulary school to understand a number of German phrases useful in police work. If the patrol investigated a disturbance in a German home, the troopers stood by while the German officer made the arrest. If they apprehended suspected displaced persons outside their camp, the troopers again stood by while the German policeman handled the situation. If the offender was an American or Allied soldier or civilian, the troopers made the arrest. This procedure built up the prestige of the new German police in the eyes of their own people. Border control was an important element in the security of the United States Zone. On 1 July 1946, the Constabulary replaced the troopers of the 1st, 3d, and 9th Infantry Divisions at the many static control posts along the borders. At these border posts, often in isolated locations, Allied soldiers met and exchanged greetings across the red and white barricades as they performed their duties of customs inspection, passport control, and law enforcement. During the second half of 1946, 120 border posts employing 2,800 Constabulary troopers turned back from the border over 26,000 undocumented transients. An additional 22,000 illegal crossers were apprehended by patrols within the ten-mile (16 km) border zone and turned over to military government. As the patrols of the Constabulary increased, illegal crossings showed a downward trend because travelers became aware of the regulations and the effectiveness of the Constabulary in their enforcement. Modernization As a result of continuous study of crime statistics, emphasizing the location and time of commission, the patrolling of the interior areas of the American Zone was modified so as to provide for more frequent visits to disorderly areas than to the relatively quiet localities. The potential sources of trouble were judged to be, not in rural areas where peasants gazed in wonder at Constabulary patrols, but in areas where large urban populations scrambled among ruins for food and for jerry-built shelter. Here the patrols, passing every two hours, found that they were missing the real disturbances. Night reports of holidays and weekends told of assaults, robbery, and other serious crimes being perpetrated, but too often the Constabulary was not on the spot to act. Operating procedures were changed to provide for concentration on the high-incident areas at critical times. In large cities, tanks, armored cars, and jeeps of the Constabulary paraded in the streets in considerable numbers to show the Germans that the Americans meant business, and were properly trained and equipped to meet emergencies. Troopers' lives As the Constabulary trooper became accustomed to his duties, he gained more confidence and self-assurance. He possessed a thorough knowledge of police functions; he learned not to abuse his authority. No situation seemed insoluble. Consequently, two or three men could answer a call for assistance where formerly a section or more had gone out. In the Kaserne the trooper had the recreational facilities and comforts which constituted his home life in Germany—Service Men's Clubs with their snack bars and entertainments, motion pictures, American Red Cross facilities, and trans-Atlantic telephone service. The trooper whose family lived in a military community found living and recreation within his means. All members of the Constabulary and their families had the possibility of wide-ranging travel in Germany, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and Italy. During the first six months of its activities the Constabulary made 168,000 patrols in jeeps, tanks, and armored cars, and on horseback and on foot. Its troopers traveled on these patrols more than five million miles, mostly in jeeps. The mileage covered by the vehicles of the United States Constabulary was equivalent to nine vehicles circling the earth every twenty-four hours. The mileage covered by foot patrols was equivalent to circling the globe once each week. The liaison airplanes of the Constabulary flew more than 14,000 hours on 11,000 missions during the first six months' period. In 1946, the Constabulary made many swoop raids, known officially as "check and search operations," against displaced persons' and refugees' camps and the German population. No raids were made unless requested by the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration, military commanders, military government, or investigative agencies which had reason to suspect black-market or subversive activities. The trooper operating in the municipalities was a deterrent to the individuals and groups who were the mainstay of the black market. In six months, 2,681 black-market transactions and 173 subversive acts were uncovered in Constabulary operations. The Constabulary assisted military government in the reorganization and development of the German police force. The Constabulary realized that its task would be greatly simplified with an increase in the strength and efficiency of the German police, a rise in the self-confidence of German police officers, and a gain in their prestige in the eyes of the civilian population. The ties between the two law-enforcement agencies steadily became stronger. The Constabulary left the less important matters in the hands of the German police and concentrated more and more on the apprehension of major criminals and black marketeers. Eventually, the United States Constabulary played mainly the role of adviser and supporter, ready to assist the German police on call. Equipment From the beginning, the Constabulary set high standards for itself. Vehicles The troopers were selected from the best soldiers available, and it was desired that all of them be volunteers. They were to be trained as both soldiers and policemen. They were to operate in an efficient, alert manner calculated to inspire confidence and respect in all persons they met, whether Germans, Allies, or Americans. Next to its need for well-qualified men, the Constabulary depended most, for success in its mission, upon its system of communications and upon vehicles suited to the needs of the job and to the condition of the German roads. Better radio equipment was being furnished at the end of 1946, though it was not yet of the standard of that used by State Police and Highway Patrol forces at home. The German telephone system, hampered by a lack of spare parts, was not in good condition. The jeep, while excellent for combat, did not prove to be the best vehicle for Constabulary patrol work. There were far too many accidents and some of them were undoubtedly due to defects in the design of the jeep with reference to the road conditions encountered. The jeep's best points were that it had the power and the sturdiness to travel German roads, then in a bad state of repair. If the roads were better maintained, the sedan would be a more satisfactory patrol vehicle. The Constabulary also made use of the M8 Greyhound armoured car and M24 Chaffee light tank. To maintain its mobility, the Constabulary waged a constant struggle to overcome deficiencies in its transportation facilities. The vehicles originally issued to the Constabulary, numbering approximately 10,000, were taken from the large concentrations of combat motor vehicles left behind by units returning to the United States for demobilization. Many of these vehicles were already worn out in the campaign and many others had deteriorated in disuse. The original condition of the vehicles placed a severe test upon the Constabulary which, at the time it was inaugurated, had no service elements. Weaponry The standard shoulder weapons of the Constabulary included the .30-06 cal M1 Garand rifle, .30-cal M1/M2 carbines, and .45-cal M1/M1A1Thompson submachine gun or M3 grease gun. Additionally, each Constabulary member was issued an M1911A1 .45 pistol. The standard 13-man (reconnaissance) patrol had seven rifle and five sub-machine gun armed men. Strength The US Constabulary consisted of up to 38,000 men organized into: Headquarters, United States Constabulary, Located first at Bamberg then moved to Stuttgart. Three Brigades, 1st, 2nd and 3rd 10 Regiments, 1st through 3rd and 5th through 9th, assigned to the brigades. The 4th Regiment, an independent unit with: Two squadrons in Austria and One squadron in West Berlin. Controlling: Thirty Squadrons. Each battalion-size squadron had five (at first) and then later on only four company-size troops. Disbanding The Constabulary was disbanded in 1952, after Germany had developed its own police forces. Many of the Constabulary troopers returned home and joined local and state police forces. As the perception of the threat to border security changed from one of criminal activity to a potential invasion by the Soviet Army, the border operations mission along the Soviet zones in Germany, Czechoslovakia, and Austria was taken over by armored cavalry units of the U.S. Army. While the Constabulary did not have a direct successor, its duty of close cooperation with German authorities is now maintained by Military and Civilian Police Officers of the U.S. Armed Forces. A strong working relationship continues to exist today between German Police Forces and United States Forces Europe Police who operate out of U.S. military installations throughout Germany. Joint patrols involving U.S. Military Police, U.S. Army Civilian Police, and local German Police are still relatively commonplace throughout towns near U.S. military installations in Germany. These patrols are directed at enhancing the safety and security of military and German communities by instilling a culture of mutual trust and cooperation between U.S. and German Police forces. A small monument to the U.S. Constabulary was erected in 2008 on Patch Barracks in Germany. See also Military police Constabulary Philippine Constabulary Gendarmerie 4th Armored Division (United States) References Further reading Robert Perito, Where is the Lone Ranger When We Need Him?, outlines a proposal for integrating military and civilian personnel to form a "U.S. force for stability" that would become part of a U.S. intervention force. External links The U.S. Constabulary in Post-War Germany (1946-52)(USACMH) United States Constabulary Association homepage A United States Constabulary page US Army Command and General Staff College PDF article US Army Command and General Staff College PDF article on the establishment on use of a modern USC Chapter 3 Constabularies Riding Through History of Elusive Peace: U.S. Constabulary Capabilities in the Post-Cold War World by Tammy S. Schultz Allied occupation of Germany Military history of Germany Border guards Military police agencies of the United States Military police of the United States Army United States military in Germany Defunct gendarmeries
Fox is a small lunar impact crater on the far side of the Moon. It is named after the American astronomer Philip Fox. It lies near the northern rim of the crater Wyld, and to the southeast of Babcock. This crater is bowl-shaped, with a roughly circular rim, simple sloping walls and a relatively level, featureless interior. There is some talus along the northern inner wall. Satellite craters By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Fox. References External links LTO-64D3 Fox — L&PI topographic map Fox at The Moon Wiki Impact craters on the Moon
Eric Guerrero (born May 15, 1977 in San Jose, California) is a retired amateur American freestyle wrestler, who competed in the men's lightweight category. He won three consecutive NCAA (1997–1999) and four U.S. Open titles (2001–2004), scored two medals in the 58 and 60-kg division at the Pan American Games (1999 and 2003), and represented the United States at the 2004 Summer Olympics. A graduate of Oklahoma State University, Guerrero has also served as a member of the wrestling squad for the Oklahoma State Cowboys. Being part of the university's staff, he has led the Cowboys to two NCAA tournament trophies, eleven national champions, five Big-12 conference titles, and thirty-six NCAA All-Americans. For displaying his sportsmanship and expertise in coaching, Guerrero has been inducted to the USA Wrestling Hall of Fame in June 2014. Career College Guerrero began his sporting career as a member of the Independence High School wrestling team. While still in high school, he won a cadet world title in 1993, was a first-team ASICS All-American (1994 and 1995), won junior world and national titles in 1995, and was named California Male Athlete of the Year. Due to his stellar high school career, Guerrero was recruited by Oklahoma State University in Stillwater, Oklahoma, where he became a star member of the Cowboy wrestling squad under head coach and two-time Olympic champion John Smith. Guerrero compiled a 117–13 overall record while wrestling for the Cowboys from 1996 to 1999. As a true freshman, he took fifth-place at the NCAA Division I Wrestling Championships. In 1997, he won his first NCAA Championship at the 126-pound weight class and would repeat this triumph in 1998 at 126 pounds, and in 1999 at 133 pounds. In his final year, Guerrero dominated the field, highlighted by a perfect 31–0 record in which he recorded four straight technical falls in his first four matches, finishing with twelve technical falls and seven major decisions overall, and then prevailing 3–1 over Iowa State University's Cody Sanderson in achieving his third-straight NCAA title. Guerrero was a key contributor to the Oklahoma State Cowboys' success during his time there, becoming one of only twelve four-time NCAA All-Americans in Oklahoma State University's wrestling history. Additionally, he was recognized as a two-time Academic All-America selection. Freestyle wrestling Upon completing his college career at Oklahoma State in 1999, Guerrero joined the U.S. world wrestling team, eventually earning his first berth at the World Championships. In the same year, he picked up a silver medal in the 58-kg division at the Pan American Games in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, losing only to the host nation's Guivi Sissaouri on the final bout. While competing internationally, Guerrero achieved four U.S. Open titles (2001–2004), won a World Cup series trophy in 2003, and took part as a member of the U.S. wrestling team in three more World Championships. At the 2003 Pan American Games in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, Guerrero pinned his Puerto Rican rival Luis Ortiz to clinch the bronze medal in the 60-kg division. Guerrero qualified for the U.S. wrestling team on his major debut in the men's 60 kg class at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens. Earlier in the process, he thrashed his opponent Mike Zadick on the final bout to claim a spot on the U.S. team from the Olympic Trials. Guerrero lost two straight matches each at 1–3 in overtime to Mongolia's Oyuunbilegiin Pürevbaatar and Georgia's David Pogosian, leaving him on the bottom of the pool and placing sixteenth in the final standings. Shortly after the Games, Guerrero retired from competitive wrestling to turn his focus on coaching. Coaching Guerrero initially joined his alma mater's team staff as a strength and conditioning coach in 2001, until he was promoted into the position of a full-time assistant coach for the Oklahoma State Cowboys, following the 2004 Summer Olympics. During his time in the staff, he helped the Cowboys produce four consecutive NCAA titles, eight Big 12 Conference titles, and thirty-six NCAA All-Americans to their college records. Additionally, he coached eleven wrestlers from the team, whom they later became NCAA champions in their respective weight categories, including 2012 Olympic bronze medalist Coleman Scott in men's . In 2009, Guerrero was appointed as head coach for the U.S. team at the FILA Junior World Wrestling Championships in Ankara, Turkey, and led his squad to a most spectacular display in 11 years. Following his nine-year duration on the Oklahoma State wrestling staff, Guerrero was upgraded to his position as an associate head coach for the 2012–2013 season. On June 21, 2014, Guerrero was formally inducted into the USA Wrestling Hall of Fame as a Distinguished Member. Personal life Guerrero was married to former Miss Texas and Miss America top-ten finalist Kristen Blair in the summer of 2012. The couple resided in Stillwater, Oklahoma with their two children. He has four children (3 sons and 1 daughter). References External links Profile – International Wrestling Database Eric Guerrero OSU Bio 1977 births Living people American wrestling coaches Olympic wrestlers for the United States Wrestlers at the 2004 Summer Olympics Wrestlers at the 1999 Pan American Games Wrestlers at the 2003 Pan American Games Pan American Games silver medalists for the United States Pan American Games bronze medalists for the United States Oklahoma State University alumni Oklahoma State Cowboys wrestlers Oklahoma State Cowboys wrestling coaches Sportspeople from San Jose, California People from Stillwater, Oklahoma Sportspeople from Oklahoma American male sport wrestlers Pan American Games medalists in wrestling Medalists at the 1999 Pan American Games Medalists at the 2003 Pan American Games
was a Japanese philosopher who promoted the concept of World Government for purposes of peace. Career Tanikawa studied in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Kyoto, where he was one of the students of Kitaro Nishida, the leader of the Kyoto School. Tanikawa introduced philosophical ideas in Japan through his translations of Georg Simmel and Immanuel Kant. His major philosophical influence was Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. He questioned how world peace could be realized in the face of nuclear proliferation at the beginning of the Cold War. He was the father of the poet Shuntarō Tanikawa. References 1895 births 1989 deaths 20th-century Japanese translators Kyoto University alumni 20th-century Japanese philosophers
Lindamägi is a park in Tallinn, Estonia. The park is located on the Swedish Bastion. Swedish Bastion was built in 1690s. In 1850s, the Swedish Bastion was changed to the park. In 1920, the bronze sculpture Linda was erected in the park. The sculpture was made by August Weizenberg. The park is named after this sculpture. References Parks in Tallinn
Jerte is a municipality in the province of Cáceres and autonomous community of Extremadura, Spain. The municipality covers an area of , and as of 2011 had a population of 1316 people. References Municipalities in the Province of Cáceres
Busi Kheswa is an oral historian as well as lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) activist from South Africa. She is most notable for directing the Forum for the Empowerment of Women (FEW). FEW works to promote and protect the rights of LBT women in South Africa. Career Kheswa is a member in multiple organizations that are involved in LGBT rights in South Africa, including the Gay and Lesbian Archives (GALA) and Lesbian and Gay Equality Project (LGEP) as well as FEW. GALA is an organization that records the struggles and histories of LGBT South Africans, and uses their stories for documentaries which challenge homophobia and promote gay rights. Kheswa was in charge of acquiring histories for the visual collections put together by GALA, as well as contributing to public education projects. The LGEP is an activists group that works on improving the legislation to ensure the freedom of LGBT South Africans. As a director for the FEW foundation, Kheswa's work has been instrumental in lobbying for protection against hate crimes, including corrective rapes against women, which happen routinely and often go unpunished, despite being in opposition to South African law which states that LGBT people have fair and equal rights. Women often face physical torture, rape, and even death. The FEW was established in 2002 in Johannesburg, and uses a variety of tools to increase the recognition of gay rights including leadership programs to encourage people to stand up for themselves and their communities, organization of campaigns that lobby for hate crime legislation, and health rights projects. Personal life Kheswa is also an elder at Hope and Unity Metropolitan Community Church, which is Africa's first openly gay congregation. References External links Forum for the Empowerment of Women LGBT Protestants South African LGBT rights activists Living people Oral historians Year of birth missing (living people) 21st-century South African LGBT people
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Ciego de Avila is a suffragan Latin diocese of the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Camagüey, in Cuba. Its cathedral episcopal see is St. Eugene's Cathedral, Ciego de Ávila. History Established on 1996.02.02 as Diocese of Ciego de Ávila / Cæci Abulen(sis) (Latin), on Cuban territory split off from the then Diocese of Camagüey, now its Metropolitan. Statistics As per 2015, it served 190,343 Catholics (40.9% of 465,628 total) on 7,887 km2 in 5 parishes and 36 missions with 8 priests (6 diocesan, 2 religious), 2 deacons, 18 lay religious (2 brothers, 16 sisters) and 1 seminarian . Episcopal ordinaries (all Roman Rite) Suffragan Bishops of Ciego de Ávila Mario Eusebio Mestril Vega (2 February 1996 - retired 2017.07.08), previously Titular Bishop of Cediæ (16 November 1991 – 2 February 1996) as Auxiliary Bishop of Camagüey (Cuba) Bishop-elect Juan Gabriel Diaz Ruiz (8 July 2017 – ...), no previous prelature. See also List of Catholic dioceses in Cuba Sources and external links GCatholic, with Google satellite photo - data for all sections Roman Catholic dioceses in Cuba Religious organizations established in 1996 Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century Roman Catholic Ecclesiastical Province of Camagüey
Marcos Ulises Abreliano (born 9 April 1998) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a right-back for San Martín de Tucumán, on loan from Arsenal de Sarandí. Career Abreliano's career began in the ranks of Arsenal de Sarandí. He made his professional debut in April 2018, featuring for the full duration of an Argentine Primera División loss to Belgrano at El Gigante de Alberdi. Career statistics . References External links 1998 births Living people People from Berazategui Partido Argentine men's footballers Men's association football defenders Argentine Primera División players Primera Nacional players Arsenal de Sarandí footballers San Martín de Tucumán footballers Footballers from Buenos Aires Province
Trichodesmium erythraeum is a species of cyanobacteria that are unique in being visible to the naked eye. This species is also known as "sea sawdust". It was originally discovered in 1770 by Captain Cook off the coast of Australia. Anatomy This is a prolific nitrogen-fixing and phosphorus-reducing species of bacteria that fixes approximately half of the nitrogen in the food chain of the ocean and contributes to the turn over of phosphorus. Unlike other bacteria, it can also photosynthesize. This is a colonial species that forms long filaments and tends to accumulate with other Trichodesmium. It is gram-negative and motile. Some of the bacteria in the colony fix the nitrogen, and others are specialized for photosynthesis. However, the two processes must be done with two of them, because the oxygen byproduct that results from photosynthesis would interfere with the nitrogen-fixing process. This is done either by, having two separate cells share resources with each other or by separating the processes by time in the same cell. If the cells are physically separated, then one cell specializes as a diazotroph and undergoes nitrogen fixation while other cells undergo photosynthesis. Alternatively, T. erythraeum also has been shown to separate the processes of photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation in the same cell by separating the time at which these processes occur. When this is done T. erythraeum will stop photosynthesizing at midday or night and begin oxygen scavenging as it begins nitrogen fixation. Additionally, T. erythraeum have gas vesicles that account for 60–70% of the cell's volume. These vesicles allow T. erythraeum to move in the water column up to 200 m using its buoyancy based on the concentrations of carbohydrates in order to search out nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and iron. Genetics T. erythraeum has one of the largest bacterial genomes sequenced so far at 7.75 mbp. It has a GC content of 34% and contains approximately 40% non-coding DNA. There is evidence to suggest that the genome is in an expanding dynamic state due to the expansion of the genome through horizontal gene transfer. T. erythraeum shows a 98% homology with T. thiebautii but only a 75% homology with other cyanobacteria such as Oscillatoria. Environment T. erythraeum was isolated off the coast of North Carolina. It resides in tropical and subtropical areas of the ocean typically from the surface to 40m however they can travel as deep as 200 m in search of nutrients. They have a pH optima of 7.8–8.4 and an optimal temperature of 24–30 degrees Celsius in aerobic conditions. T. erythraeum can, however, survive in lower temperatures and through periods of darkness. Discoloration of the Red Sea This species can also literally turn the Red Sea a red color that can be seen from outer space. The cause of this is unknown, but most scientists believe that a species of bacteria of the Trichodesmium genus, most likely this species, is the cause. References Oscillatoriales
Brinscall railway station was a railway station that served the village of Brinscall, Lancashire, England. History The station was opened by the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway. It was on the Blackburn to Chorley Line. On 4 January 1960 the station closed to passengers, although goods traffic survived until 1966. No trace of the station now exists due to redevelopment which lowered the land level and subsequent property (bungalow) construction. However, a very small section of stone wall at the one time goods yard entrance is still visible. Services References Disused railway stations in Chorley Former Lancashire Union Railway stations Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1960 Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1869
Publishers Weekly (PW) is an American weekly trade news magazine targeted at publishers, librarians, booksellers, and literary agents. Published continuously since 1872, it has carried the tagline, "The International News Magazine of Book Publishing and Bookselling". With 51 issues a year, the emphasis today is on book reviews. The magazine was founded by bibliographer Frederick Leypoldt in the late 1860s, and had various titles until Leypoldt settled on the name The Publishers' Weekly (with an apostrophe) in 1872. The publication was a compilation of information about newly published books, collected from publishers and from other sources by Leypoldt, for an audience of booksellers. By 1876, The Publishers' Weekly was being read by nine tenths of the booksellers in the country. In 1878, Leypoldt sold The Publishers' Weekly to his friend Richard Rogers Bowker, in order to free up time for his other bibliographic endeavors. Eventually the publication expanded to include features and articles. Harry Thurston Peck was the first editor-in-chief of The Bookman, which began in 1895. Peck worked on its staff from 1895 to 1906, and in 1895, he created the world's first bestseller list for its pages. In 1912, Publishers Weekly began to publish its own bestseller lists, patterned after the lists in The Bookman. These were not separated into fiction and non-fiction until 1917, when World War I brought an increased interest in non-fiction by the reading public. Through much of the 20th century, Publishers Weekly was guided and developed by Frederic Gershom Melcher (1879–1963), who was editor and co-editor of Publishers' Weekly and chairman of the magazine's publisher, R. R. Bowker, over four decades. Born April 12, 1879, in Malden, Massachusetts, Melcher began at age 16 in Boston's Estes & Lauriat Bookstore, where he developed an interest in children's books. He moved to Indianapolis in 1913 for another bookstore job. In 1918, he read in Publishers' Weekly that the magazine's editorship was vacant. He applied to Richard Rogers Bowker for the job, was hired, and moved with his family to Montclair, New Jersey. He remained with R. R. Bowker for 45 years. While at Publishers Weekly, Melcher began creating space in the publication and a number of issues dedicated solely to books for children. In 1919, he teamed with Franklin K. Mathiews, librarian for the Boy Scouts of America, and Anne Carroll Moore, a librarian at the New York Public Library, to create Children's Book Week. When Bowker died in 1933, Melcher succeeded him as president of the company; he resigned in 1959 to become chairman of the board of directors. In 1943, Publishers Weekly created the Carey–Thomas Award for creative publishing, naming it in honor of Mathew Carey and Isaiah Thomas. Writers and readers In 2008, the magazine's circulation was 25,000. In 2004, the breakdown of those 25,000 readers was given as 6000 publishers; 5500 public libraries and public library systems; 3800 booksellers; 1600 authors and writers; 1500 college and university libraries; 950 print, film and broad media; and 750 literary and rights agents, among others. Subject areas covered by Publishers Weekly include publishing, bookselling, marketing, merchandising and trade news, along with author interviews and regular columns on rights, people in publishing, and bestsellers. It attempts to serve all involved in the creation, production, marketing and sale of the written word in book, audio, video and electronic formats. The magazine increases the page count considerably for four annual special issues: Spring Adult Announcements, Fall Adult Announcements, Spring Children's Announcements, and Fall Children's Announcements. Book reviews The book review section of Publishers Weekly was added in the early 1940s and grew in importance during the 20th century and through the present day. It currently offers prepublication reviews of 9,000 new trade books each year, in a comprehensive range of genres and including audiobooks and e-books, with a digitized archive of 200,000 reviews. Reviews appear two to four months prior to the publication date of a book, and until 2014, when PW launched BookLife.com, a website for self-published books, books already in print were seldom reviewed. These anonymous reviews are short, averaging 200–250 words, and it is not unusual for the review section to run as long as 40 pages, filling the second half of the magazine. In the past, a book review editorial staff of eight editors assigned books to more than 100 freelance reviewers. Some are published authors, and others are experts in specific genres or subjects. Although it might take a week or more to read and analyze some books, reviewers were paid $45 per review until June 2008, when the magazine introduced a reduction in payment to $25 a review. In a further policy change that month, reviewers received credit as contributors in issues carrying their reviews. Currently, there are nine reviews editors listed in the masthead. Now titled "Reviews", the review section began life as "Forecasts." For several years, that title was taken literally; reviews were followed with italicized comments that attempted to predict a book's sales success. Genevieve Stuttaford, who greatly expanded the number of reviews during her tenure as the nonfiction "Forecasts" editor, joined the PW staff in 1975. Previously, she was a Saturday Review associate editor, reviewer for Kirkus Reviews and for 12 years on the staff of the San Francisco Chronicle. During the 23 years Stuttaford was with Publishers Weekly, book reviewing was increased from an average of 3,800 titles a year in the 1970s to well over 6,500 titles in 1997. She retired in 1998. Several notable PW editors stand out for making their mark on the magazine. Barbara Bannon was the head fiction reviewer during the 1970s and early 1980s, becoming the magazine's executive editor during that time and retiring in 1983. She was, notably, the first reviewer to insist that her name be appended to any blurb of her reviews, thus drawing attention to herself, to the review and to the influence of the magazine in predicting a book's popularity and salability. Sybil Steinberg came to Publishers Weekly in the mid-1970s and served as a reviews editor for 30 years, taking over after Barbara Bannon retired. Under Steinberg, PW instituted the starred review, a first in the industry, to indicate books of exceptional merit. She also called out particular books of merit by starting the practice of boxed reviews, a precursor to the PW "signature reviews," boxed reviews that are attributed to the reviewer. The "Best Books" lists were also Steinberg's brainchild, and these lists are still published annually, usually in November ahead of "Best Books" lists from The New York Times and other prominent review venues. Steinberg edited the magazine's author interviews, and beginning in 1992 put together four anthologies of them in book form, published by the Pushcart Press. Formerly of InStyle magazine, novelist Louisa Ermelino took the reins of the PW review section in 2005. Under her watch, the number of reviews grew once again, to nearly 9,000 per year from 6,500. In a sea change for the magazine, Ermelino oversaw the integration of self-published book reviews into the main review section of the magazine. Review editors vet and assign self-published books for review, which reviews are then published alongside the reviews of traditionally published books each week in the magazine. Publishers Weekly does not charge for self-published book reviews, bucking a trend within the industry led by Kirkus Reviews and Forewords Clarion fee-for-review service, both of which offer independent book reviews in exchange for fees in the hundreds of dollars. Publishers Weekly does syndicate its reviews to a variety of online retail venues such as Amazon, Apple Books, Powell's Books, Books-a-Million, and others. The reviews are also carried by library database services such as Baker and Taylor, ProQuest, Bowker, Cengage, EBSCO and others. Magazines and mergers For most of its history, Publishers Weekly, along with the Library Journal-related titles, were owned by founding publisher R. R. Bowker. When Reed Publishing purchased Bowker from Xerox in 1985, it placed Publishers Weekly under the management of its Boston-based Cahners Publishing Company, the trade publishing empire founded by Norman Cahners, which Reed Publishing had purchased in 1977. The merger of Reed with the Netherlands-based Elsevier in 1993 led to many Cahners cutbacks amid takeover turmoil. Nora Rawlinson, who once headed a $4 million book selection budget at the Baltimore County Library System, edited Library Journal for four years before stepping in as editor-in-chief of Publishers Weekly from 1992 to 2005. Beginning 2005, the magazine came under the direction of a new editor-in-chief, veteran book reviewer Sara Nelson, known for her publishing columns in the New York Post and The New York Observer. Nelson began to modernize Publishers Weekly with new features and a makeover by illustrator and graphic designer Jean-Claude Suares. The switch to a simple abbreviated logo of initials effectively changed the name of the magazine to PW, the name long used for the magazine within the book industry. She also introduced the magazine's short-lived Quill Awards, with nominees in 19 categories selected by a nominating board of 6,000 booksellers and librarians. Winners were determined by the reading public, who could vote at kiosks in Borders stores or online at the Quills site. Reed Business dropped the Quill Awards in 2008. Since 1872 the front covers of Publishers Weekly were used to display advertisements by book publishers. PW editorial covers now feature illustrations and author photographs tied to interior articles, these covers follow the front cover advertisement. The visual motif of each cover is sometimes repeated on the contents page. The Nelson years were marked by turbulence within the industry as well as a continuing trend away from serious writing and towards pop culture. Publishers Weekly has enjoyed a near monopoly over the past decades, but now with vigorous competition from Internet sites, e-mail newsletters, and daily newspapers. Advertising downturn and sale In 2008, faced with a decline in advertising support, Reed's management sought a new direction. In January 2009, Sara Nelson was dismissed along with executive editor Daisy Maryles, who had been with PW for more than four decades. Stepping in as editorial director was Brian Kenney, editorial director of School Library Journal and Library Journal. The dismissals, which sent shockwaves through the industry, were widely covered in newspapers. In April 2010, George W. Slowik Jr., a former publisher of the magazine, purchased Publishers Weekly from Reed Business Information, under the company PWxyz, LLC. Cevin Bryerman remained as publisher along with co-editors Jim Milliot and Michael Coffey. On September 22, 2011, PW began a series of weekly podcasts: "Beyond the Book: PW's Week Ahead". In 2019 The Millions was acquired by PWxyz. Archives PW maintains an online archive of past book reviews from January 1991 to the present. The earliest articles posted in PWs online archive date back to November 1995. A redesigned website was unveiled on May 10, 2010. See also Publishers Weekly list of bestselling novels in the United States in the 2010s, or the decades before Booklist Editor & Publisher San Francisco Review of Books Books in the United States References Further reading External links Hathi Trust. The publishers weekly. Digitized issues 1873 – . Interview on magazine's history 20th Century American Bestsellers Sybil Steinberg discusses Publishers Weekly BookLife official site Finding aid to the Publishers Weekly records at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library. Publishers Weekly 1903 1872 establishments in the United States Book review magazines Literary criticism Magazines established in 1872 Magazines published in New York City News magazines published in the United States Professional and trade magazines Weekly magazines published in the United States Works about book publishing and bookselling
Amphilepidida is an order of echinoderms belonging to the class Ophiuroidea. Families: Amphilepididae Amphilimnidae Amphiuridae Hemieuryalidae Ophiactidae Ophiolepididae Ophionereididae Ophiopholidae Ophiopsilidae Ophiothamnidae Ophiotrichidae References Ophiuroidea Echinoderm orders
This is the progression of world record improvements of the high jump W60 division of Masters athletics. Also see Masters women high jump world record progression. Key References Masters Athletics High Jump list Masters athletics world record progressions High
Ceylonthelphusa alpina is a species of freshwater crabs in the family Gecarcinucidae. The species is endemic to Sri Lanka, and is classed as an endangered due to habitat degradation. References Ceylonthelphusa Taxonomy articles created by Polbot Crustaceans described in 2005
Sabah National Momogun Party or (MOMOGUN) was a Kadazan-based party in Sabah, Malaysia that was initially formed as Malaysian National Momogun Party () in August 1985. MOMOGUN contested only once, in Malaysian general election, 1986. It later changed its name to Parti Momogun Kebangsaan Sabah (Sabah National Momogun Party). MOMOGUN has since become dormant History General election results State election results External links Facebook Parti Momogun Kebangsaan Sabah See also Politics of Malaysia List of political parties in Malaysia References Defunct political parties in Sabah 1985 establishments in Malaysia Political parties established in 1985 Political parties with year of disestablishment missing
Troubling a Star () is the last full-length novel in the Austin family series by Madeleine L'Engle. The young adult suspense thriller, published in 1994, reunites L'Engle's most frequent protagonist, Vicky Austin, with Adam Eddington, both of whom become enmeshed in international intrigue as they travel separately to Antarctica. The story takes place several months after the end of A Ring of Endless Light, the novel in which Vicky and Adam first met. Like several previous books about Vicky Austin, Troubling a Star is told in the first person, with Vicky as the narrator. It begins with Vicky stranded alone on an iceberg off the coast of Antarctica. The novel proceeds to tell in memory flashbacks how Adam's Great Aunt Serena paid for Vicky to visit Adam at Eddington Point in Antarctica, and of the interesting people and unexpected dangers she meets along the way. Despite Vicky's concerns about an apparent cooling in Adam's affection for her, it is established that their everlasting romantic relationship is quite a strong and close one. New Characters Protagonists Serena "Aunt Serena" Eddington - Adam's generous great-aunt who sends Vicky off to Antarctica to visit Adam at Lenoir Station and Eddington Point. Adam "Cookie" Cook - Aunt Serena's chef who is going to visit his brother in The Falklands, who watches Vicky for a while until his ship arrives. Siri Evensen - Vicky's new friend who plays the harp and who is a teacher. She eventually finds deep and close romantic love within Benjy. Otto Zlatovitcx - The prince of the nation of Zlatovica, which was once part of the Soviet Union. Benjy Stone - A penguin expert aboard the Argosy, the cruise ship which takes Vicky to Antarctica, who strongly falls romantically in love with Siri. Dick and Angelique Hawkins - A couple going to Antarctica with Vicky and her friends. Sam White - A generous elderly man who is the oldest passenger on the Argosy, with Vicky being the youngest. Seth "Papageno" Cook - Cookie's brother who got maimed by a fur seal and almost died. He has a nasty scar over his eye from the experience. Quimby "Quim" Forrest - One of the lecturers on the Argosy. Leilia - A kind, elderly Alaskan woman who is a school teacher. She also is traveling on the ship, the Argosy. Antagonists Jorge Maldonado - A cameraman who does secret illegal business with Jack Nessinger on the ship. Jack Nessinger - A Texan who does secret business with Maldonado and who escapes to Vespugia in the end. Esteban - Adam Eddington's guide when Adam visited the Vespugian pyramids. He is a young soldier and oboist and one of Vicky's persistent suitors. He dies in the end by a gunshot from Otto. Captain Nausinio - A rather stupid commander of Esteban who leaves Esteban to die on an iceberg while he escapes in a motorboat. Greta - One of Maldonado's stooges who comes from Germany. She was apparently Hitlers “best friend”. Setting Part of the story takes place in Vespugia, the fictional country first mentioned in A Swiftly Tilting Planet. The events of that book have a strong bearing on the dangers Vicky faces approximately thirteen years later. Title The title comes from "The Mistress of Vision", a poem by the English poet Francis Thompson. 1994 American novels American young adult novels American thriller novels Novels by Madeleine L'Engle Novels set in Antarctica Novels set in fictional countries 1994 children's books Children's books set in Antarctica
In the United States military, a squad leader or squad commander is a non-commissioned officer (NCO) who leads a squad of typically nine Soldiers (U.S. Army: squad leader and two fireteams of 4 men each) or 13 Marines (U.S. Marine Corps: squad leader and three fireteams of 4 men each) in a rifle squad, or three to eight men in a crew-served weapons squad. In the U.S. Army the Table of Organization and Equipment (TO&E), the rank of a rifle squad leader is staff sergeant and in the Marine Corps the rank is sergeant, though a corporal may also act as a squad leader in the absence of sufficient numbers of sergeants. Squad leaders of crew-served weapons squads range from corporal through staff sergeant, depending upon the branch of service and type of squad. In some armies, notably those of the British Commonwealth, in which the term section is used for units of this size, the NCO in charge, which in the British Army and Royal Marines is normally a corporal, is termed a section commander. A section is referred to as a squad, in the British Army, only on the parade ground. Equivalent selection Equivalent appointments or assignments to squad leader in other armed forces are as follows: German Bundeswehr = Gruppenführer (en: group leader) Austrian Bundesheer = Gruppenkommandant (en: group commander) References See also Team leader Platoon leader Military ranks Military organization Military leadership
Felicity Landon is a British freelance journalist specialising in global maritime, industry and logistics. She is based near Stowmarket, in Suffolk. Landon works as a feature writer, reporter, columnist and editor. She has worked in the maritime sector for more than 25 years. Early life Landon grew up in Essex, where she attended New Hall School, near Chelmsford. She went on to study journalism at Harlow College. Career Landon worked for the East Anglian Daily Times before becoming a freelance journalist. She has worked in the maritime sector since 1990, writing for publications such as Port Strategy, Seatrade Maritime, Shipping Network, Heavy Lift & Project Forwarding International, Lloyd's List and Industry Europe. Landon has also written company history books, including a commemorative book to celebrate the centenary of Dunlop Aircraft Tyres, a history of e2v and a history of the international law firm Stephenson Harwood. Awards Landon has received a number of awards from the Seahorse Freight Association (Seahorse Club): Maritime Journalist of the Year 2022 Innovation Journalist of the Year 2017 Supply Chain Journalist of the Year 2012 Runner-up: Journalist of the Year 2018; Journalism on Innovation Award 2016; Supply Chain Journalist of the Year 2016; Journalist of the Year 2009 References Living people British journalists English journalists English magazine editors People educated at New Hall School Alumni of Harlow College Year of birth missing (living people)
Ballerina Posing for a Photographer is an oil on canvas painting by Edgar Degas, from 1875. It depicts a young ballet dancer posing in front of a standing mirror; in the background, through a large window, is seen an elevated view of the walls of the houses opposite and the snow-covered rooftops of Paris. It is held in the Pushkin Museum, in Moscow. Description In this work, Degas's relentless eye captures a sparsely furnished interior with a ballerina standing on a grayish wooden floor as the object of his attention. She is not displaying herself for an audience, but for a photographer who came to immortalize her in her work: therefore, she is looking for a nice position with the help of a mirror. As in other works by Degas, the dancer's gesture is not taken at the intense moment of an artistic performance, but when her limbs, exhausted, assume a strangely deformed, almost grotesque aspect. Provenance The painting was first exhibited in London in the Spring of 1875. It was sold by Durand-Ruel in 1902 to the Russian collector Sergei Shchukin for 35,000 francs, who displayed his extensive private collection to the public at his palace in 1909. After the Revolution in 1917, Shchukin left Russia and his collection was nationalized and his palace became a museum. In 1923 the collection was merged with that of Iwan Morozov. In 1948, they were divided between Moscow and Leningrad (Saint Petersburg) and the Degas piece ended up in the Pushkin Museum. References Paintings in the Pushkin Museum Paintings by Edgar Degas 1875 paintings Dance in art
World Basketball League (WBL) was a minor professional basketball league in the United States and Canada that ran from 1988 to 1992. It was founded as the International Basketball Association in November 1987, before changing its name prior to the 1988 season. One of the major differences between it and other leagues was that it had a height restriction. Players over 6 ft 5 in (1.95 m) were not allowed to play; this restriction was raised to 6 ft 7 in (2.0 m) in 1991. Basketball Hall-of-Famer and Boston Celtic great Bob Cousy (6'1" tall) was one of the league's founders. Norm Drucker, a 25-year veteran referee with the National Basketball Association and American Basketball Association, and a former supervisor of officials for the NBA, served as the WBL's supervisor of officiating. One of the league's founders, Michael Monus, was eventually convicted of having embezzled $10 million to finance the league, from a privately owned company he had founded, Phar-Mor. He was sentenced to nine (9) years in federal prison. In addition to games against other teams in the league, games were also played against international teams. The league had several of its games broadcast on television. In Canada, the games were broadcast on the CanWest Global System. In the United States, the games were broadcast on SportsChannel America. Mike Rice was the primary analyst for the SportsChannel broadcasts. After the league folded in 1992, the surviving Canadian-based teams formed the National Basketball League. This league played two seasons before it folded as well. Teams International Teams Champions of WBL 1988 Las Vegas Silver Streaks 102 Chicago Express 95 (one-game playoff) 1989 Youngstown Pride won best of three series two games to none over Calgary 88's 1990 Youngstown Pride won best of five championship series three games to two over the Calgary 88's 1991 Dayton Wings won best of five championship series three games to none over the Calgary 88's 1992 Dayton Wings declared champions as leaders of regular season (due to league folding on August 1) Awards WBL Championship MVP 1988: Jamie Waller, Las Vegas Silver Streaks 1989: Barry Mitchell, Youngstown Pride 1990: Barry Mitchell, Youngstown Pride 1991: Perry McDonald, Dayton Wings Player of the Year This award was established in 1991. 1991: Tracy Moore, Florida Jades Rookie of the Year This award was established in 1991. 1991: J. J. Eubanks, Nashville Stars Sixth Man of the Year 1988: Chip Engelland, Calgary 88s 1989: Keith Smart, Worcester Counts 1990: Troy Lewis, Youngstown Pride 1991: Kelsey Weems, Calgary 88s Coach of the Year 1988: Mike Thibault, Calgary 88s 1989: Bob Patton, Youngstown Pride 1990: Sonny Allen, Las Vegas Silver Streaks 1991: Pat Haley, Dayton Wings Statistical leaders Notable players NBA players These players played at least 1 game in the NBA Vincent Askew Dudley Bradley Scott Brooks Carlos Clark Fred Cofield Mario Elie David Henderson Alfredrick Hughes Cedric Hunter Darryl Johnson Anthony Jones Doug Lee Tim Legler Jim Les Sidney Lowe Kenny Natt Craig Neal Jose Slaughter Keith Smart John Starks Jim Thomas Andre Turner Mark Wade Milt Wagner Jamie Waller Perry Young Other leagues These players have won at least 1 individual award while playing in professional leagues Joe Dawson Aivar Kuusmaa Darryl McDonald Igors Miglinieks Barry Mitchell Clyde Vaughan References External links History of the league SportsChannel Defunct basketball leagues in the United States Basketball leagues in Canada
Dan Hayden, known as Danny Hayden, is an American college baseball coach, serving until May 2023 as head coach of the Miami RedHawks baseball program for 10 seasons. He was named to that position prior to the 2014 season. Miami announced that it had parted ways with Hayden in May 2023. His record in 10 seasons was 241-274. Hayden played baseball at Miami for one season before transferring to Xavier when coaching staffs changed. After his college career, he served as director of baseball operations and volunteer assistant coach at Miami for one season each before earning a full-time assistant position at Xavier in 2011. In July 2013, he was named head coach of the RedHawks. His family has made significant financial contributions to the Miami athletic department. The RedHawks' home field, Hayden Park, is named for Dan's grandfather, Joseph P. Hayden. And the baseball office and practice facility, the Jay Hayden Baseball Center, is named for Dan's father. Head coaching record Below is a table of Hayden's yearly records as an NCAA head baseball coach. See also List of current NCAA Division I baseball coaches References Living people 1984 births Baseball catchers Miami RedHawks baseball coaches Miami RedHawks baseball players Xavier Musketeers baseball players Xavier Musketeers baseball coaches Baseball players from Cincinnati
Two ships of the Royal Navy have borne the name HMS Jonquil, after the flower: was an sloop launched in 1915 and sold in May 1920 to Portugal, becoming Portuguese warship NRP Carvalho Araújo, discarded 1959. was a launched in 1940 and sold in 1946 becoming the mercantile Lemnos Royal Navy ship names
For King & Country, stylised as for KING & COUNTRY and formerly known as Joel & Luke as well as Austoville, is a Christian pop duo composed of Australian brothers Joel (born 5 June 1984) and Luke Smallbone (born 22 October 1986). The brothers were born in Australia and immigrated to the United States as children, settling in the Nashville area. After releasing a short EP as Joel and Luke, in 2012 they released their debut record Crave. The band was declared by Billboard as one of the "New Artists to Watch" for 2012. American Songwriter described them as "Australia's answer to Coldplay". In 2014, they released their second studio album, Run Wild. Live Free. Love Strong., which won a Grammy award. In 2018, they released Burn the Ships, which achieved gold status. The album featured four singles, including "God Only Knows", which achieved platinum status, and "Joy" and "Burn the Ships", which reached gold status. In 2020, they released a full-length Christmas album, A Drummer Boy Christmas. In 2022, they released their fifth studio album, What Are We Waiting For? The band has collaborated with many artists on their work, including Dolly Parton, Timbaland, Tori Kelly, Lecrae, Needtobreathe, and others. History Early music career The brothers supplied background vocals and other supporting roles for their sister and family members, Rebecca St. James, and various bands in concerts across America. Shortly after Luke graduated from high school, the brothers decided to explore the possibility of forming a band, and in 2007, they began performing as their band. They began their career as "Joel & Luke", which they later changed to "Austoville", before settling on their current name. In 2008, "Joel & Luke" released a six-song EP titled A Tale of Two Towns. Three of those songs ("Missing", "Sane", and "Love's to Blame") appeared on Crave with slightly different melodies and lyrics. The other three songs were "Broken Lullabies", "Believe Me Now", and "Something's Gotta Give". Love's to Blame was co-written by St. James. Rename to "for King & Country" and Crave In 2009, they signed on with Warner Music Group with Ben Glover as their producer. They changed their name to "For King & Country", after a British battle cry. Luke said, "We wanted a band name that carried more meaning. We were in the studio recording our debut record that Joel had the idea of All The King's Men, like the Humpty Dumpty nursery rhyme. Our producer overheard our conversation and swung around in his chair and said, 'What about For King & Country?' And we all felt a sense of providence at that moment. "For King and Country" was the battle cry of English soldiers willing to lay down their lives for their king and their country. And now it has become our mission, to lay down our lives for our King and our country." In 2011, they released For King & Country: The EP. Their song "Busted Heart (Hold On to Me)" was released as a single and peaked at No. 3 on Billboards Christian Songs chart. They described "Busted Heart" as "really a universal cry of humanity for something greater than ourselves...We think we've got it all sorted out, and life will deal you those blows." "Busted Heart" was the fastest-rising single of 2011 in their genre, climbing the Top 10 for weeks. Their debut album Crave was released on 28 February 2012. The album hit No. 2 on the iTunes Top Christian & Gospel albums on its day of release and No. 42 on the overall chart. It peaked at No. 4 on Billboards Christian Albums chart, and remained on the chart for 41 weeks. It also reached No. 128 on the Billboard 200 chart. The album has received positive reviews from critics. Shortly after Craves release, they released "The Proof of Your Love" as a single, remixed and titled "The Proof of Your Love: The Monologue Mix". The single differs from the album version with a monologue spoken by Joel from (The Message) as the bridge instead of the guitar riff on the album version. The single reached No. 8 on Billboards Hot Christian Songs chart and spent 29 weeks on the chart. The band toured on the 2012 Winter Jam Tour Spectacular. In May 2012, they appeared on the Huckabee show on Fox News Channel. Their debut hit song, "Busted Heart (Hold On to Me)" was featured on 28 October 2012 episode of VH1's Rehab with Dr. Drew. Among other television placements, their songs "People Change" and "Love's To Blame" have been featured on The CW's Vampire Diaries, and "Light It Up" and "Sane" have been featured on the Lifetime show Drop Dead Diva. In July 2012, they announced The Proof of Your Love Tour with Jason Castro and Dara Maclean to visit 30 cities from September through November 2012. In October 2012, they released an original Christmas song: "Baby Boy"; it reached No. 20 on the Hot Christian Songs chart. During the summer of 2013, the band was forced to take time off when the Luke dropped to due to an attack of ulcerative colitis. In June 2013, Joel Smallbone appeared in a non-singing role as King Xerxes in the film, The Book of Esther from Pure Flix Entertainment. In August 2013, the band released Hope Is What We Crave: Live, a live album and DVD, both recorded at The Factory in Nashville on the last night of the band's first headlining tour. They also released "Hope Is What We Crave" as a single. It is a reworked version of "Crave" from their album. They toured with Casting Crowns starting in February 2014. Rise in popularity For King and Country released a new album Run Wild. Live Free. Love Strong. on 16 September 2014. The album spent 17 weeks on the Billboard 200, peaking at No. 13, and reached No. 12 on the Digital Albums Chart. The band performed their songs "Run Wild" and "Fix My Eyes" on Jimmy Kimmel Live! on 25 March 2015. They were part of the Winter Jam Tour 2015 in the central and eastern parts of the United States and part of Winter Jam 2016. The duo released a deluxe anniversary edition of the album on 23 October 2015, including three new songs: "Priceless", "Ceasefire" and "Wholehearted", as well as a reworked version of "It's Not Over Yet", called "The Encore". In 2016, Curb Records acquired Warner Music Group's stake in the band's record label, Word Entertainment, thus becoming King & Country's record label. After releasing their second album, the brothers focused much of their time on the feature film Priceless, which stars Joel in a story about human trafficking. They wrote several songs for the film, part of the reason it took four years to release their next studio album. They also wrote a song, accompanied by a music video, entitled "Ceasefire" for the 2016 adaptation of Ben-Hur; the song was used in the second official trailer for the film and released as part of the official soundtrack. On 27 October 2017, they released Christmas: Live from Phoenix, and shortly thereafter embarked on "A Glorious Christmas" tour with Casting Crowns. Continued success The band announced that they had begun writing their third studio album, in January 2017. The album's lead single, "Joy", was released on 18 May 2018. It reached No. 35 on Billboard'''s Adult Top 40 chart and No. 2 on the Hot Christian Songs chart. Burn the Ships was released on 5 October 2018. The brothers described it as the "most mature record that we've made just in understanding who we are as a duo, who we are as men and maybe understanding life because we are a bit older than we were last time around." Two of the songs were written about the weighty topics of addiction and suicide, and two were written to and about their wives (who sing in the final track, "Pioneers", and appear in the accompanying music video). The album contains ten songs and they released five music videos to accompany them. "Joy" was nominated for the 2019 Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Christian Music Performance/Song. On 11 January 2019, "God Only Knows" was released to radio becoming the second single from the album. The song had crossover success, reaching the Billboard Hot 100 and peaking at #17 on the Adult Contemporary chart. The band collaborated with Dolly Parton, who was featured on a new version of "God Only Knows". They also released new versions of the song featuring collaborations with Timbaland and Echosmith. The Burn the Ships album won a Grammy in 2019, as did the single "God Only Knows". In 2020, after cancelling its scheduled tour due to the coronavirus pandemic, the band performed drive-in style outdoor concerts where attendees listened and watched from their cars. The band announced they had reached over one billion digital streams of their songs. In October 2020, the band released A Drummer Boy Christmas, a full-length Christmas album featuring collaborations with Needtobreathe and Gabby Barrett. In 2021, Burn the Ships achieved RIAA gold certification. The band also released a deluxe edition featuring remixes and collaborations with Parton, Timbaland, Echosmith, Tori Kelly, Lecrae, and Kirk Franklin. Also in 2021, the band released "Relate", a single from their forthcoming studio album What Are We Waiting For?, which was released in March 2022. "Relate" became the band's seventh straight number one hit on the Christian Airplay chart. On 24 September 2021, the band released a single titled "For God Is with Us", which would eventually also be on What Are We Waiting For?. The song peaked at 1 on the Christian Airplay chart, which became their eighth straight single to reach the mark. The band then embarked on a fall tour titled Relate \| The Fall Tour \| promoting these two singles. On 7 January 2022, the band released a promotional single titled "Unsung Hero", which is about their mom. The song peaked at 42 on the Hot Christian Songs chart. On the same date, pre-ordering for the new album started. On 18 February 2022, the band released their second promotional single from the album, titled "Love Me Like I Am". The song originally charted at 38 on the Hot Christian Songs chart. On 3 March 2022, they became the first Christian act to perform at RodeoHouston. The band's fifth studio album, What Are We Waiting For?, was released 11 March 2022. The album debuted at #1 on the Billboard Top Christian albums chart and #7 on the Billboard 200. One of the songs, "Broken Halos" peaked at 37 on the Hot Christian Songs chart, as a music video was released along with the song. On 7 October 2022, the band re-released their song "Love Me Like I Am" as a single featuring American singer and actress, Jordin Sparks who was the winner of season 6 of American Idol. In addition to featuring Sparks, the song included reworked instruments. The song peaked at No. 10 on the Hot Christian Songs chart. On 16 June 2023, the band released the single "What Are We Waiting For?", which had not previously been a track on an album. On 10 August, the band announced the deluxe version of the album along side the release of the music video for "What Are We Waiting For?". It is slated to be released on 15 September, and feature 4 additional songs, including "What Are We Waiting For?", collaborations with Hillary Scott and Jordin Sparks on "For God Is with Us" and "Love Me Like I Am", respectively, and an unreleased track, titled "Better Man". Music and influencesSUSIE Magazine stated, "It takes only one listen to the brothers' rich, upbeat, alternative sounds and thoughtful lyrics to understand their sudden popularity." In a 2012 interview, they described their philosophy: "The power of music can impact our mood, emotions, our day. But when you merge the strength of music with the heart, hope and passion of the Gospel... it has the ultimate power not only to change someone's day, but to impact them for eternity. This is why we write music and sing songs – we hope that people will be moved, encouraged and stirred to live a life for Someone greater than themselves." They cite U2, Mutemath, OneRepublic, the Beatles, Goo Goo Dolls, and Switchfoot, as well as film scores, such as those from Braveheart and Gladiator, as their musical influences. Also in an interview with Jesus Music, member Joel Smallbone discussed the 80's hair metal band Stryper and their early influence on the band. Personal lives Joel David Smallbone was born on 5 June 1984 and Luke James Smallbone was born on 22 October 1986. Both were born in Sydney, to David and Helen Smallbone, and moved to Nashville, Tennessee in 1991, after their father's job relocation. Their father was a music promoter, and Joel recalls, "going to these rock concerts, sitting on my father's shoulders, plugging my ears...Honestly, in a lot of ways, I feel like music chose me and as I grew older, I made a clear decision to fully lean into it." The Smallbones are the younger brothers of Christian recording artist and speaker Rebecca St. James, and the brothers-in-law of Jacob Fink, former bassist for the band Foster the People. They were raised with another sister, Libby, and three other brothers, Ben, Dan, and Josh. On 26 June 2010, Luke married Courtney Helm. Their first child was born on 19 December 2012. They also have a son. In late 2016, Luke announced via social media that he and his wife are expecting their third child. From 2013 to 2015, Luke battled a life-threatening case of ulcerative colitis, pushing him near death and causing him to miss 40 of the band's live shows. He went into remission in 2015. He and his wife also nearly lost their two-month-old son to sudden infant death syndrome in 2018; he has since made a full recovery after skull reconstruction surgery. On 7 July 2013, Joel married Moriah Peters, who is also a recording artist, in California. They now reside in Franklin, Tennessee. Both brothers are dual citizens of Australia and the United States. Discography Crave (2012) Run Wild. Live Free. Love Strong. (2014) Burn the Ships (2018) A Drummer Boy Christmas (2020) What Are We Waiting For? (2022) Other media Film In 2014, Joel Smallbone starred in the movie "Like A Country Song" which also starred multi-platinum selling recording artist Billy Ray Cyrus and Two And A Half Men's Jennifer Taylor. Joel Smallbone was the lead actor in a 2016 drama about human trafficking entitled Priceless, which was released in theatres in October 2016. Luke was one of the producers (together with their father) and their brother Ben directed the movie. Some of the music for the film was written by For King & Country. In 2019, it was announced that the brothers were working on a musical under the title The Drummer Boy with the Erwin brothers, though no new information has since been released. On 30 November 2022, the brothers announced via social media that they had made a movie with their brother Ben, called Unsung Hero, which is about their mother, although they didn't announce a release date. On 1 August 2023, the brother announced via their social media that the movie was going to be released via Lionsgate on April 26, 2024. Novel A novel, Priceless: She's Worth Fighting For, based on the film Priceless, was released on 6 September 2016. Awards and nominations In December 2012, iTunes selected Crave as their Breakthrough Christian & Gospel Album of 2012 while at the inaugural K-LOVE Fan Awards held 1 June 2013, they collected the "Breakthrough Artist of the Year". In 2015, they won two Grammy Awards at the 57th Grammy Awards, one for Best Contemporary Christian Music Album and one for Best Contemporary Christian Music Performance/Song. Billboard Music Awards \|- ! scope="row" rowspan="3" \| 2019 \| For King & Country \| Top Christian Artist \| \|- \| Burn the Ships \| Top Christian Album \| \|- \| "Joy" \| Top Christian Song \| \|- ! scope="row" rowspan="2" \| 2020 \| For King & Country \| Top Christian Artist \| \|- \| "God Only Knows" \| Top Christian Song \| \|- ! scope="row" rowspan="2" \| 2021 \| For King & Country \| Top Christian Artist \| \|- \| "Together" \| Top Christian Song \| \|- ! scope="row" \| 2022 \| For King & Country \| Top Christian Artist \| \|} Grammy Awards \|- ! scope="row" rowspan="2" \| 2015 \| Run Wild. Live Free. Love Strong.\| Best Contemporary Christian Music Album \| \|- \| "Messengers" \| Best Contemporary Christian Music Performance/Song \| \|- ! scope="row" \| 2017 \| "Priceless" \| Best Contemporary Christian Music Performance/Song \| \|- ! scope="row" \| 2019 \| "Joy" \| Best Contemporary Christian Music Performance/Song \| \|- ! scope="row" rowspan="2" \| 2020 \| "God Only Knows" \| Best Contemporary Christian Music Performance/Song \| \|- \| Burn the Ships\| Best Contemporary Christian Music Album \| \|- ! scope="row" \| 2023 \| "For God Is with Us" \| Best Contemporary Christian Music Performance/Song \| \|} GMA Dove Awards \|- ! scope="row" rowspan="6" \| 2013 \| rowspan="2" \| "The Proof of Your Love" \| Song of the Year \| \|- \| Contemporary Christian Performance \| \|- \| Crave\| Pop/Contemporary Album of the Year \| \|- \| "Caught Dreaming" \| Rap/Hip-Hop Song of the Year \| \|- \| For King & Country \| New Artist of the Year \| \|- \| "The Proof of Your Love" \| Short Form Music Video of the Year \| \|- ! scope="row" rowspan="2" \| 2015 \| For King & Country \| Contemporary Christian Artist of the Year \| \|- \| Run Wild. Live Free. Love Strong.\| Pop/Contemporary Album of the Year \| \|- ! scope="row" \| 2016 \| For King & Country \| Contemporary Christian Artist of the Year \| \|- ! scope="row" rowspan="5" \| 2019 \| "Joy" \| Song of the Year \| \|- \| For King & Country \| Songwriter of the Year (Artist) \| \|- \| For King & Country \| Artist of the Year \| \|- \| "God Only Knows" \| Pop/Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year \| \|- \| Burn the Ships\| Pop/Contemporary Album of the Year \| \|- ! scope="row" rowspan="6" \| 2020 \| "Burn the Ships" \| Song of the Year \| \|- \| rowspan="2" \| For King & Country \| Contemporary Christian Artist of the Year \| \|- \| Artist of the Year \| \|- \| "Burn the Ships" \| Pop/Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year \| \|- \| "Solo Dios Sabe (God Only Knows)" ) \| Spanish Language Recorded Song of the Year \| \|- \| "God Only Knows" \| Short Form Video of the Year \| \|- ! scope="row" rowspan="7" \| 2021 \| "Together" \| Song of the Year \| \|- \| rowspan="2" \| For King & Country \| Contemporary Christian Artist of the Year \| \|- \| Artist of the Year \| \|- \| "Together" \| Pop/Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year \| \|- \| rowspan="2" \| A Drummer Boy Christmas\| Christmas / Special Event Album of the Year \| \|- \| Recorded Music Packaging of the Year \| \|- \| Burn The Ships Concert Film\| Long Form Video of the Year \| \|- ! scope="row" rowspan="6" \| 2022 \| For King & Country \| Artist of the Year \| \|- \| rowspan="2" \| "Relate" \| Pop/Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year \| \|- \| Short Form Music Video of the Year (Concept) \| \|- \| What Are We Waiting For?\| Pop/Contemporary Album of the Year \| \|- \| "For God Is with Us" \| Short Form Music Video of the Year (Performance) \| \|- \| What Are We Waiting For? The Worldwide Special'' \| Long Form Video of the Year \| \|- ! scope="row" rowspan="3" \| 2023 \| For King & Country \| Artist of the Year \| \|- \| "Love Me Like I Am" \| Pop/Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year \| \|- \| Do You Hear What I Hear? \| Short Form Music Video of the Year (Performance) \| \|- \|} Tours Headlining The Proof of Your Love Tour (2012) (featuring Dara Maclean and Jason Castro) You Matter \| The Tour (2014–2015) Priceless: The Tour (2015–2016) (featuring KB and Jordan Feliz) A For King & Country Christmas (2016) (featuring Lauren Daigle) Burn the Ships World Tour (2018–2020) Little Drummer Boy \| The Christmas Tour (2018) (featuring Cory Asbury and Zach Williams) Together Again (2020) A Drummer Boy Christmas Tour (2020–2023) Relate: The Fall Tour (2021) What Are We Waiting For Tour (2022–2023) (featuring Dante Bowe) Co-headlining Winter Jam 2016 (with Matthew West) (featuring Crowder, Lauren Daigle, Red, KB, Tedashii, Trip Lee, Sidewalk Prophets, and NewSong) A Glorious Christmas (2017) (with Casting Crowns) The Roadshow 2018 (with Matthew West, Natalie Grant, Bethel Music, Zach Williams, and Social Club Misfits) joy.UNLEASHED (2018) (with Skillet) Supporting Winter Jam Fall Tour 2011 (Newsboys, Kutless, Matthew West, Red, Fireflight, KJ-52, NewSong, Dara Maclean, and Patrick Ryan Clark) Winter Jam 2012 (Skillet, Sanctus Real, Peter Furler, Kari Jobe, NewSong, Building 429, and Group 1 Crew) RESTART Tour (2013) (Newsboys) (supporting with Rapture Ruckus, Moriah Peters, and CAMPBELL) K-Love Christmas Tour (2013) (Big Daddy Weave) (supporting with Meredith Andrews) The Thrive Tour (2014) (Casting Crowns) Winter Jam 2015 (Skillet, Jeremy Camp, Francesca Battistelli, Building 429, NewSong, and Family Force 5) Other live performances In addition to performing on a number of concert tours over the years, the band usually spends the summers performing at summer festivals across the United States and Canada. The band is a regular performer at Lifest in Oshkosh, Wisconsin, Alive Festival in Mineral City, Ohio, and SoulFest in Gilford, New Hampshire. The band has also performed at a number of non-christian music festivals such as the Florida Strawberry Festival, Kentucky State Fair, L.A. County Fair, and Summerfest. References External links Alternative rock groups from Tennessee American multi-instrumentalists American performers of Christian music American pop music groups Australian Christian rock groups Australian alternative rock groups Australian emigrants to the United States Australian expatriates in the United States Australian performers of Christian music Christian musical groups Christian rock groups from Tennessee Christians from Tennessee Curb Records artists Fervent Records artists Grammy Award winners Musical groups established in 2007 Musicians from Nashville, Tennessee Musicians from Sydney Performers of contemporary Christian music Sibling duos
Melanophila acuminata, known generally as the black fire beetle or fire bug, is a species of metallic wood-boring beetle in the family Buprestidae. It is found in the Caribbean, Europe and Northern Asia (excluding China), Central America, North America, and Southern Asia. They get their common name due to the fact that they swarm freshly burned conifer trees, which they find using sensors on their thorax. Adults are black and 7-11 mm in length. It has been suggested that that fly is the pyrotocon, an insect said to be born from fire, of the Natural history by Pliny the Elder. References Further reading External links Buprestidae Articles created by Qbugbot Beetles described in 1774 Taxa named by Charles De Geer
The Harehills riot took place in the multi-ethnic Leeds district of Harehills (West Yorkshire, England) in 2001. The riot occurred after the alleged wrongful arrest of an Asian man by the West Yorkshire Police which was alleged to have been heavy-handed. More than 100 Asian, White, and Black youths were together involved in the six-hour-long rioting against the police. The West Yorkshire Police later stated that any attempt to legitimise criminal behaviour by saying it is connected with racial tension or the style of policing is just an excuse for young males committing crime on the streets. It was the first rioting in Leeds since the Hyde Park riots of 1995. The Police Officer involved in the alleged wrongful arrest was questioned, and later cleared of any wrongdoing. Wrongful arrest allegations The wrongful arrest allegations involved Hossein Miah, who was arrested over a suspicious tax disc. Miah alleged that the arresting officer pulled him from his vehicle causing him injury. The Police Complaints Authority cleared the officer of any charges relating to the incident, but expressed regret for "any distress which has been caused to either Mr Miah or his family." Start of rioting Sporadic unrest had already begun in the area when a hoax 999 call was made at 20:25 saying a police officer had been hit by a petrol bomb. The police could not locate this, however the call lured them into Banstead Park, where they were met by a barricade of burning washing machines and furniture, looted from a nearby second hand shop. It was in Banstead Park where most of the confrontation took place, although the disturbances spread onto Roundhay Road, Roseville Road and smaller residential streets towards the south side of Harehills. By the time darkness had fallen the rioting had begun, and continued into the early hours of the following morning. End of rioting After over 200 participants spent over seven hours rioting, the police managed to make enough arrests to quell the size of the crowd to a point where it dispersed and the police could regain control. Damage Over the course of the rioting 26 cars were burnt out, two police officers and two journalists were severely injured, and a shop was set alight. Both police officers and members of the public were pelted with bottles and bricks. Aftermath Many arrests took place following the rioting, local shops were advised only to secure their premises and not to reglaze, as the police feared more rioting would take place, however the riot seemed to be an isolated incident and the violence did not continue beyond 6 June 2001. Sentencing On 7 March 2002, nine months after the riots, 25 men were imprisoned after being found guilty of their involvement in the riot. See also Chapeltown riot (1975) Chapeltown riot (1981) Chapeltown riot (1987) References 2001 in England 2001 riots 2000s in Leeds Crime in Leeds Harehills June 2001 crimes June 2001 events in the United Kingdom Race riots in England Riots and civil disorder in Leeds
Louisville Fall City were a professional baseball team based in Louisville, Kentucky which played in the Negro leagues. The Fall City team played in the National Colored Base Ball League, also known as the League of Colored Baseball Clubs, throughout that league's brief existence in 1887. References Defunct baseball teams in Kentucky Defunct sports clubs and teams in Louisville, Kentucky Negro league baseball teams Baseball teams established in 1887 Baseball teams disestablished in 1887 1887 establishments in Kentucky 1887 disestablishments in Kentucky
Thank You for Coming is a 2023 Indian Hindi-language sex comedy film directed by Karan Boolani and produced by Rhea Kapoor and Ekta Kapoor. Written by Radhika Anand and Prashasti Singh, the film stars Bhumi Pednekar, Shehnaaz Gill, Dolly Singh, Kusha Kapila and Shibani Bedi. The film premiered at the 48th 2023 Toronto International Film Festival (TIFF) in the Gala Presentations section on 15 September 2023 and was theatrically released on 6 October 2023 to mixed reviews from critics. Premise The film follows Kanika Kapoor (Bhumi Pednekar) on a quest for love and sexual pleasure. Cast Bhumi Pednekar as Kanika Kapoor Shehnaaz Gill as Rushi Kalra Dolly Singh as Pallavi Khanna Kusha Kapila as Neha alias "The Queen" Shibani Bedi as Tina Das Pradhuman Singh as Jeevan Natasha Rastogi as Beena Gautmik as Karan, Pallavi's husband Sushant Divgikar as Rahul Saloni Daini as Rania Das, Tina's daughter Dolly Ahluwalia as Nani Kishori Karan Kundrra as Arjun Malhotra Anil Kapoor as Professor (special appearance) Soundtrack The music of the film is composed by QARAN, The Jamroom, Hanita Bhambri, Vishal Mishra and Aman Pant while lyrics are written by QARAN, IP Singh, Siddhant Kaushal, Raajesh Johri, Hanita Bhambri, Kumaar and Farmaan. The song Pari Hoon Main is remake version of the famous Suneeta Rao's song Paree Hoon Main from the album Dhuan (1991). Marketing The marketing of the film involved a month long promotional tour with Pednekar, Gill, Singh, Bedi and Kapila that included many fan events and the 48th 2023 Toronto International Film Festival (TIFF). Reception Critical reception On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 77% of 10 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 6.4/10. The performances of Bedi, Rastogi and Pednekar were praised but the excessive amount of themes covered and comedy in the second half was criticised. Shubhra Gupta of The Indian Express gave the film 3/5 stars stating, "Bhumi Pednekar film is a heartfelt slap in the face of the zillions of movies that are about privileged boys and their putrid toys." Marya E. Gates of Indie Wire gave the film a B- stating, "Anand and Singh’s script tries to tackle too many thematic issues, ultimately short-changing most of them. However, it’s hard to deny Pednekar’s irrepressible charm." In a more positive review, Meera Navlakha of Mashable stated, "If its purpose is to serve as a feminist romp for modern India, it succeeded – and executed with fun. This is a welcome addition to the genre, reinforcing that female stories deserve to be told with humor, light and meaning." Box office Thank You for Coming had an opening day of crore with an average occupency of 67.52%. The film witnessed a 44% growth gross on day two, grossing crore but has continuously shown decline since. As of 14 October 2023, Thank You for Coming has grossed crore in India and crore overseas for a worldwide gross of crore. References External links 2020s Hindi-language films 2023 comedy-drama films Indian comedy-drama films
Tabernaemontana undulata, the becchete or bëcchëte (pronounced b'-chéw-teh, a Matis and Matsés word for a medicinal plant) is a plant species in the family Apocynaceae. It occurs in the Amazon rainforest. Effects When applied directly to the eye, becchete is reported by tribes to have the effect of giving the environment greater texture and dimension, making it easier to spot animals during hunting. The effects are reported to be long-term, lasting days or weeks, not just a few hours. In addition to visual enhancement, there is also an increase in energy. On application, the eyes sting, however this would be expected considering that becchete is extracted with Amazonian river water that is high in tannic acid, which on its own would sting and burn the eyes. In the Amazonian Ethnobotanical Dictionary by James A. Duke and Rodolfo Vásquez, it is reported that Amazonian Indians from the Ticuna tribe mix the latex from a closely related species, Tabernaemontana sananho, with water in order to treat eye wounds. In addition to be applied to the eyes as the Matis and Ticuna tribes do, it is most commonly taken orally by the Matsés. Active ingredients Tabernaemontana undulata contains iboga alkaloids, naturally occurring psychoactive compounds. Ibogaine is used in pain management and to treat opiate addiction. In low dosages, ibogaine is a stimulant and aphrodisiac. History Scott Wallace of National Geographic was the first person to report the use of this indigenous Amazonian medicine by the Matis tribe. Dan James Pantone, one of the founders of the Movement in the Amazon for Tribal Subsistence and Economic Sustainability (MATSES), discovered that the Matsés tribe also uses becchete. In September 2008, Pantone collected plant samples from the Amazon rainforest in the Matsés Indian Territory in the region of the Yaquerana River on the border of Peru with Brazil. Working together with other botanists at the Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana (UNAP) in Iquitos, Peru, he was able to identify the plant species as Tabernaemontana undulata, part of the genus Tabernaemontana and the plant family Apocynaceae. Pantone has produced a documentary video showing the Matis using Becchete as a traditional medicine. See also Tabernaemontana palustris References undulata Medicinal plants
The long-clawed shrew (Sorex unguiculatus) is a species of shrew. An adult long-clawed shrew has a weight of less than and a body length of to , with a tail of to . It is distributed through the uplands of northeastern Asia, including northeastern North Korea. References Sorex Mammals of Korea Mammals described in 1890
Thomas Glanville Taylor (22 November 1804 – 4 May 1848) was an English astronomer who worked extensively at the Madras Observatory and produced the Madras Catalogue of Stars from around 1831 to 1839. Life He was the son of Thomas Taylor, assistant at the Royal Greenwich Observatory, and his wife Susannah née Glanville, born at Ashburton, Devon. John Pond, the Astronomer Royal, suggested that the young boy choose a career in astronomy and he joined the observatory in 1820. From August 1822 he was in charge of making transit observations, and his ability was noted by Sir Edward Sabine. Taylor then worked on Stephen Groombridge's star catalogue. Taylor was appointed director of the East India Company's observatory at Madras, arriving there on 15 September 1830. He brought with him new equipment including transit telescopes and a mural circle. He worked with four Indian assistants, who took observations when he went to join the Great Trigonometrical Survey. Taylor collaborated with John Caldecott of the Travancore observatory to make observations on the magnetic field, especially the magnetic equator, of the earth around 1837. A Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society and the Royal Society (elected 10 February 1842) Taylor helped establish an observatory at Doddabetta in Ootacamund. He was suffering from tuberculosis when he went to visit his ailing daughter in England in 1848. She died in April, and he himself died a month later, in Southampton. He was succeeded at the Madras Observatory by William Stephen Jacob (1813-1862). Works Taylor began the publication of the Madras General Catalogue of Stars which was praised by Sir George Airy. His catalogues were of importance in navigation and in the Trigonometrical Survey for determining longitude as well as latitude. Family Taylor married Eliza Baratty, daughter of Colonel Eley, on 4 July 1832. They had three sons and a daughter. References External links Results Of Astronomical Observations Made At The Honorable The East India Company's Observatory At Madras, Vol.1 For The Year 1831, Volume IV A General Catalogue of the Principal Fixed Stars from observations made at the Honorable, The East India Company's Observatory at Madras 1804 births 1848 deaths 19th-century British astronomers Fellows of the Royal Society People from Ashburton, Devon
CBTF (Centro de Bachillerato Tecnologico Forestal is a chain of Mexican high schools (known in Mexico as ) which offers programs to upgrade the regular degree to a technical-professional level. CBTF has campuses in four states. All CBTF jointly with all CBTA high schools are part of the technical school of the Dirección General de Educación Tecnológica Agropecuaria (DGETA), and are dependent of Secretaría de Educación Pública of Mexico. Location There are 6 CBTF in Mexico. See also CBTA (Centro de Bachillerato Tecnológico Agropecuario) CBTIS (Centro de Bachillerato Tecnológico Industrial y de Servicios) CEB (Centro de Estudios de Bachillerato) CETAC (Centro de Estudios Tecnológicos en Aguas Continentales) CETIS (Centro de Estudios Tecnológicos Industrial y de Servicios) CETMAR (Centro de Estudios Tecnológicos del Mar) PFLC (Preparatoria Federal Lázaro Cárdenas) PREFECO (Preparatoria Federal por Cooperación) References External links DGETA High schools in Mexico
Martha Friedlander (; 19 February 1928 – 14 November 2016) was a British-New Zealand photographer. She emigrated to New Zealand in 1958, where she was known for photographing and documenting New Zealand's people, places and events, and was considered one of the country's best photographers. Early life Friedlander was born on 19 February 1928 in the East End of London to Jewish immigrants from Kyiv, Ukraine. From the age of three she grew up in a Jewish orphanage in London with her sister Anne. She won a scholarship at the age of 14 and attended Camberwell School of Art, where she studied photography. From 1946 to 1957 she worked as an assistant to fashion photographers Douglas Glass, an expatriate New Zealander, and Gordon Crocker. She married Gerrard Friedlander, a New Zealander of German Jewish origin, in 1957 and emigrated to New Zealand with him in 1958. She became a naturalised New Zealander in 1977. Career Friedlander's first impressions of New Zealand were of a strange country with different land, people and social customs from her previous experience. She felt constrained by what she saw as New Zealand's conservatism compared to the lifestyle she had enjoyed in London, and she began taking photographs to document and understand the country and people around her. She was particularly interested in people and social movements, especially protests and activism – one of the first photographs she took in New Zealand was in Auckland in 1960, of people protesting the New Zealand rugby team's tour of South Africa. The photograph was later purchased by the BBC and used in a television series on rugby. Initially, the couple lived in Te Atatū South, and Friedlander worked as a dental assistant in her husband's dental practice. She joined the Titirangi Camera Club, and was encouraged by photographers Olaf Petersen, Steve Rumsey and Des Dubbelt, editor of the magazine Playdate, to pursue photography as a career, which she began to do in 1964. In 1972 her work became well known through her collaboration with social historian Michael King, photographing Maori women and their traditional moko tattoos. Friedlander considered this project the highlight of her career, and in 2010 she donated the series of 47 portraits to the national museum, Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. Friedlander's photography career lasted over 40 years, during which time she photographed a diverse range of subjects, including famous and ordinary people, and rural and urban landscapes. Her work was published in books, magazines and newspapers such as Wine Review, New Zealand Listener and the British Journal of Photography. She held exhibitions at a number of galleries, including the Photographers' Gallery in London, the Wynyard Tavern in Auckland (1966) and the Waikato Art Museum (1975). In 2001, a retrospective exhibition of 150 of her photographs from 1957 to 1986 was held at the Auckland Art Gallery, followed by a tour of New Zealand galleries the following year. In 2006, Friedlander's work was included in an exhibition of contemporary New Zealand photography for the , which was subsequently also shown at the Pingyao International Photography Festival in China. Publications Friedlander's work was featured in the books Moko: Maori Tattooing in the 20th Century (1972) with Michael King; Larks in a Paradise (1974) with James McNeish; Contemporary New Zealand Painters A–M (1980) with Jim and Mary Barr; Pioneers of New Zealand Wine (2002) with Dick Scott; Marti Friedlander: Photographs (2001) with Ron Brownson and Marti Friedlander with Prof. Leonard Bell (2009). The book Marti Friedlander: Photographs was shortlisted at the 2001 Montana Book Awards. In 2013 Friedlander published an autobiography, Self-Portrait, written with oral historian Hugo Manson. Honours and recognition In the 1999 New Year Honours, she was appointed a Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to photography, and in 2004 she was the subject of a documentary by Shirley Horrocks entitled Marti: the Passionate Eye. In 2007 the Arts Foundation of New Zealand launched the Marti Friedlander Photographic Award, presented every two years to an experienced photographer. In 2011 she received an Arts Foundation of New Zealand Icon Award. She was awarded an honorary Doctorate of Literature by the University of Auckland in 2016. Personal life In October 2016, Friedlander revealed that she was suffering from late-stage breast cancer. She died at her home in Auckland on 14 November 2016 aged 88. She was a member of the New Zealand Labour Party and photographed Prime Minister Norman Kirk in 1969. References External links Auckland Art Gallery Toi o Tāmaki: works by Friedlander 'Wonderland' article and statement Friedlander in the collection of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa An index of sale results and essays about Friedlander's work 1928 births 2016 deaths British emigrants to New Zealand English Jews New Zealand Jews New Zealand people of Russian-Jewish descent New Zealand photographers New Zealand women photographers Naturalised citizens of New Zealand Companions of the New Zealand Order of Merit New Zealand autobiographers Deaths from breast cancer Deaths from cancer in New Zealand Women autobiographers Photographers from Auckland
```xml import * as path from 'path'; import { fusebox, pluginLess, pluginSass, sparky } from '../../src'; class Context { isProduction; runServer; getConfig() { return fusebox({ entry: 'src/index.tsx', target: 'browser', webIndex: { embedIndexedBundles: true, template: 'src/index.html', }, stylesheet: { autoImport: [{ file: 'src/resources/resources.scss' }], paths: [path.join(__dirname, 'src/config')], }, cache: true, plugins: [pluginSass('mod.scss', { asModule: {} })], hmr: true, watcher: true, devServer: true, }); } } const { exec, rm, task } = sparky<Context>(Context); task('default', async ctx => { rm('./dist'); ctx.runServer = true; const fuse = ctx.getConfig(); await fuse.runDev({ uglify: true, bundles: { app: 'app.js' } }); }); task('preview', async ctx => { ctx.runServer = true; ctx.isProduction = true; const fuse = ctx.getConfig(); await fuse.runProd({ uglify: false, bundles: { app: 'app.js' } }); }); task('dist', async ctx => { ctx.runServer = false; ctx.isProduction = true; const fuse = ctx.getConfig(); await fuse.runProd({ uglify: false }); }); ```
Chief Mporokoso (also spelled 'Mpolokoso' and 'Mumpolokoso') is a senior chieftainship of the Bemba people of Zambia, and a subordinate chief of Paramount Chief Chitimukulu. The chief's palace is located in the Northern Province town of Mporokoso named after the chieftainship. Notes Traditional rulers in Zambia Living people Bemba Year of birth missing (living people)
Pestalotiopsis leprogena is a fungal plant pathogen infecting bananas. References External links Fungal plant pathogens and diseases Banana diseases leprogena
Kiamba is a small Queensland, rural locality within Australia. Region of Kiamba is sunshine coast, state of Queensland, Australia. Koppen climate type is Cfa : Humid subtropical climate. It is located approximately 100 km from the capital Brisbane covering an area of 16.481 square kilometres. Kiamba has a recorded population of 191 residents. There is Australian Eastern Standard Time zone Australia/Brisbane. Geography The south branch of the Maroochy River forms much of the southern boundary before flowing through to the north-east where it enters the Wappa Dam, also in the locality. Rocky Creek enters from the north-west and flows east to join the South Maroochy above the dam. References Further reading Suburbs of the Sunshine Coast Region Localities in Queensland
Deramalo is one of the woredas in the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Gamo Gofa Zone, Deramalo is bordered on the southeast by Bonke, on the southwest by Kemba, on the west by Zala, on the north by Kucha, and on the east by Dita. Towns in Deramalo include Wacha. Deramalo was part of former Dita Dermalo woreda. Demographics Based on the 2007 Census conducted by the CSA, this woreda has a total population of 81,025, of whom 41,618 are men and 39,407 women; 3,220 or 3.97% of its population are urban dwellers. The majority of the inhabitants were Protestants, with 46.02% of the population reporting that belief, 33.01% practiced Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, and 17.07% practiced traditional beliefs. Notes Districts of the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region
Le Bocasse () is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Normandy region in northern France. Geography A farming village with associated light industry situated some north of Rouen, at the junction of the D53 and the D6 roads and also the D927 and D99. Population Places of interest The church of Notre-Dame, dating from the sixteenth century. The château de Cleres, dating from the seventeenth century. The sixteenth century manor house at Valmartin. The church of St. Georges, Valmartin, dating from the twelfth century. A museum of agricultural machinery. Cleres zoo park. Parc du Bocasse, an Amusement park See also Communes of the Seine-Maritime department References External links A website about Bocasse Communes of Seine-Maritime
The TV Set is a 2006 American comedy-drama film written and directed by Jake Kasdan and starring David Duchovny, Sigourney Weaver, Ioan Gruffudd, and Judy Greer. The film follows an idealistic writer attempting to bring his vision for a TV show to fruition on the small screen. Synopsis Idealistic scriptwriter Mike Klein (Duchovny) tries to navigate his TV pilot through the mine-laden path of casting, production, and the madness of prime-time scheduling—all while trying to stay true to his vision. Along the way he has to juggle the agendas of headstrong network president Lenny (Weaver), volatile young stars, his pregnant wife Natalie (Bateman), and an ever-optimistic personal manager Alice (Greer), while suffering very serious back pain. Cast David Duchovny as Mike Klein Sigourney Weaver as Lenny Ioan Gruffudd as Richard McCallister Judy Greer as Alice Fran Kranz as Zack Harper Lindsay Sloane as Laurel Simon Justine Bateman as Natalie Klein Lucy Davis as Chloe McCallister Philip Rosenthal as Cooper Matt Price as Berg Willie Garson as Brian M. C. Gainey as Hutch Simon Helberg as TJ Goldman Kaitlin Doubleday as Jesse Filmore Philip Baker Hall as Vernon Maxwell Allison Scagliotti as Bethany Jonathan Silverman as himself (cameo) Seth Green as himself, Slut Wars Host (uncredited) Don Hany Production and vision The film's writer/director Jake Kasdan had originally intended Ben Stiller for the role of Lenny, however Kasdan cast Weaver for the role, which changed his idea of what the character should be. Kasdan does not regard the film as satire, as he sees nothing exaggerated in its depiction of bringing a pilot to production. Releases The film was first screened on the Tribeca Film Festival on April 28, 2006. Following almost a year of festival screenings, it was released in cinemas on April 6, 2007. A DVD edition was released through 20th Century Fox on September 25, 2007. It features commentary tracks, a "making of" featurette and a deleted scene. Reception On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 64% based on reviews from 76 critics, with an average score of 6.28/10. The website's critics consensus reads: "Offering both broad and insider jokes, The TV Set is a sharp satire that will please both the average moviegoers and pop culture aficionados." See also The Big Picture, a film following a similar theme Episodes, a TV series following a similar theme State and Main, an award-winning comedy film about an obstacle-fraught film production References External links 2006 films 2006 comedy films 2006 comedy-drama films 2006 drama films 20th Century Fox films 2000s American films 2000s English-language films American comedy-drama films Films about television Films directed by Jake Kasdan Films scored by Michael Andrews
Akem Manah is an American doom metal band from Eugene, Oregon, formed in 2009. They have released three albums and one EP. Since April 2012, Dead Nedry is the only founding member and the only current member of the band. History 2009–2012: Band formation and first two albums Akem Manah was formed in 2009 in Seattle, Washington by Dead Nedry and Kyle Simms. The original lineup was Dead Nedry (vocals & guitar), Mike Bonnetti (guitar), Kyle Simms (bass) & Brian Murray (drums). In 2009, the band made their initial demo. Up to January 2010, this group continued to produce music and perform. Kyle Simms left after the rest of the band made the move to Seattle in October and couldn't continue commuting back and forth. In January 2010, Robert Ingraham was brought in to replace Kyle. They recorded their second demo called "The Devil". Mike Bonnetti left the band soon after. In February 2010, the band entered the studio and recorded their first album The Devil is In All of You. It was released on July 9, 2010. In the following months after the release of the debut album, the band released two singles, "Children Of Evil" and "Funeralopolis" (a cover of an Electric Wizard song). On March 29, 2011, the band released an EP called Horror In The Eyes. It featured songs that were recorded during the recording of the debut album. The two previously released single were featured on this EP. Horror in the Eyes has had a few good reviews since its release. In July 2011, Nedry stated that they were planning to begin work on a new EP in August. But it had been pushed back until November due to busy schedules of all the members. In December it was stated through the band's Facebook page that they would enter the studio in January to record their album, Night Of The Black Moon. On February 24 the band released the single "Witches Ride" for free digitally via CD Baby. The song also became available on the compilation, Humid Records: Vol.1, on March 12 on Amazon along with their song "Creatures In The Walls" (mis-labeled as, by Dead Nedry). Night Of The Black Moon was released on March 23, 2012. 2012–present: Lineup change and third album In April 2012, it was announced via the band's Facebook the Brain Murray and Robert Ingraham had left the band to focus on college and their careers. It was stated that a new EP was in the works and that former White Zombie drummer Ivan de Prume and former Nile bassist Chris Lollis would be featured on the recording. A new single from the upcoming studio release called "Reign Of Terror", was released on December 14, 2012. It featured lead guitar by Scott Von Heldt. It was announced in early 2013 that the EP had become an album, Demons Of The Sabbat, set for release in late 2013. Members Current Dead Nedry – lead vocals, guitars, keyboards (2009–present) Former Kyle Simms – bass (2009–2010) Mike Bonnetti – guitars (2009–2010, 2011) Brian Murray – drums, percussion (2009–2012) Robert Ingraham – bass (2010–2012) Session Chris Lollis (ex-Nile) – Bass (2012, 2013–present) Ivan de Prume (ex-White Zombie) – Drums (2012–present) Adam Richardson (ex-Ramesses) – Vocals (2012) Scott Von Heldt (ex-Brian "Head" Welch) – Lead Guitar (2012) Live Jason Thrash – guitars (2010) Discography Albums The Devil Is in All of You (2010) Night of the Black Moon (2012) Demons of the Sabbat (2014) Miscellaneous Akem Manah (Demo, 2009) The Devil (Demo, 2010) Horror In The Eyes (EP, 2011) Akem Manah (Compilation, 2012) Compilations appearances Humid Records Vol. 1 (digital Humid Records 2012) References External links Akem Manah biography at Cdbaby Akem Manah at Encyclopaedia Metallum American doom metal musical groups Heavy metal musical groups from Oregon Musical groups established in 2009 Musical groups from Eugene, Oregon 2009 establishments in Oregon
Bembidion nigripes is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It is found in Europe and Northern Asia (excluding China) and North America. References Further reading nigripes Articles created by Qbugbot Beetles described in 1837
Phacelia viscida is a species of phacelia known by the common names sticky phacelia and tacky phacelia. It is native to the coastal hills and mountains of central and southern California and Baja California, where it grows in local habitat types such as coastal sage scrub, chaparral, and sandy recently burned areas. Description Phacelia viscida is an annual herb growing erect to a maximum height near 70 centimeters. It is glandular and sticky and coated in soft and stiff hairs. The leaves have toothed oval blades borne on petioles. The hairy, glandular inflorescence is a curving cyme of five-lobed flowers. Each flower is up to 2 centimeters wide and nearly white to deep blue in color with a paler, mottled center. The five protruding stamens are tipped with white anthers. References External links Jepson Manual Treatment: Phacelia viscida Phacelia viscida — U.C. Photo gallery viscida Flora of Baja California Flora of California Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands Natural history of the California Coast Ranges Natural history of the Channel Islands of California Natural history of the Transverse Ranges Natural history of the Santa Monica Mountains Flora without expected TNC conservation status
The Nantgarw dance tradition (Welsh: Traddodiad dawns Nantgarw) is a Welsh dancing tradition that originates from the Nantagarw area in south Wales. Tradition Nantgarw tradition is a style of Welsh folk dancing from the South and Valleys regions of Wales, specifically associated with the small village of Nantgarw. The style encompasses both handkerchief and stick dances. The dances call for eight dancers in four pairs. The style was first put into dance notation by Dr. Ceinwen Thomas (1911–2008), who wrote down what her mother, Catherine Margretta Thomas, could remember of the dances that had been danced locally when she was young. Etymology The Nantgarw dances take their name from the village of Nantgarw in the county borough of Rhondda Cynon Taf where they are said to have first been performed. Origins Catherine Margretta Thomas was born in 1880 in the village of Nantgarw. Her parents were Daniel and Hannah Davies. As a child she enjoyed watching the local dances as they were performed in an open space below Twyn Chapel in Caerphilly and at Nantgarw and Y Groes Wen. Due to the hostility of the local churches to folk dancing, Catherine Margretta Thomas' own mother was not keen on her daughter going to see these dances, but Catherine was able to convince her father to take her along to witness the displays. The rise of Nonconformism in Wales meant that by the time Catherine Margretta Thomas was in her teens folk dancing had practically been eradicated in Nantgarw. Welsh National Folk Dance Society Dancing had died hard if inconsistently by 1911 when Catherine Margretta Thomas' daughter, Ceinwen Thomas (later Dr. Ceinwen Thomas), was born. But the influence of Nonconformism waned and by the time Ceinwen Thomas was attending school she was discussing the tradition of dancing in Nantgarw with her mother. After Ceinwen Thomas had left college she met Walter Dowding of the Welsh National Folk Dance Society. She told him about her mother's recollections of folk dancing in Nantgarw. He put her in touch with Doris Freeman. Together Catherine Margretta Thomas, Ceinwen Thomas and Doris Freeman worked to notate the dance steps from the traditional dances that Catherine Margretta Thomas could remember. These notes were then passed on to the Welsh National Folk Dance Society by Ceinwen Thomas. Criticism There has been skepticism expressed over the claims by Dr. Ceinwen Thomas that the dances which her mother recalled were authentic and original Welsh dances reflecting a long and integral Welsh culture of folk dancing. The BBC Welsh Affairs Editor Vaughan Roderick wrote in a blog in 2009 that he doubted the history of these dances. He questioned why only Margretta Thomas had any recollection of these dances being performed. He wrote that his great-grandfather had been a minister in Nantgarw in the 1880s but had not seen these dances. References Welsh culture Welsh traditions
Charles Hay, MBE (23 April 1930 – 4 August 2017) was a Scottish curler and World Champion. He skipped the Scottish team that won the 1967 World Curling Championships, known then as the Scotch Cup. The other members of the Scottish team were John Bryden, Alan Glen and Dave Howie. They defeated Sweden in the final. Scotland did not win another men's world title until 1991 when David Smith's rink (including Chuck's eldest son David) beat Canada in Winnipeg. Hay was made an MBE in 1977 for his promotion of curling. In 2011, he received the Elmer Freytag Award for services to curling and was inducted into the World Curling Federation Hall of Fame in 2012. Hay worked as a farmer in Perthshire. Teams References External links 1930 births 2017 deaths Scottish male curlers World curling champions Members of the Order of the British Empire Scottish curling champions Scottish farmers People from Perthshire
Edward Tyer (6 February 1830 - 25 December 1912) was an English railway engineer who developed the Tyer's Electric Train Tablet system widely used in the 19th and 20th centuries on single-track railways. He devised it after the Thorpe rail accident of 1874, which left 21 people dead. He was also an astronomer. See also References (Edward Tyer on Luxembourgish Wikipedia) 1830 births 1912 deaths British railway pioneers English electrical engineers British railway civil engineers 19th-century British engineers British astronomers
The hook-billed kingfisher (Melidora macrorrhina) is a species of kingfisher in the subfamily Halcyoninae that is resident in the lowland forested areas of New Guinea and some of the nearby islands. It is the only member of the genus Melidora. Taxonomy The first formal description of the hook-billed kingfisher was by the French surgeon and naturalist René Lesson in 1827 under the binomial name Dacelo macrorrhina. The hook-billed kingfisher is now the only species placed within the genus Melidora which was introduced by Lesson in 1830. The name of the genus probably comes from the classical Greek mēlis for "yellow" and doru for "spear". The specific epithet macrorrhina is from the classical Greek makros for "long" and rhis for "nose". There are three subspecies: M. m. waigiuensis Hartert, 1930 – Waigeo Island M. m. macrorrhina (Lesson, R, 1827) – west, central, and east New Guinea, Misool and Batanta Islands M. m. jobiensis Salvadori, 1880 – north New Guinea and Yapen Island Description The hook-billed kingfisher is a large dumpy kingfisher with a length of and a weight of . It has a long, white stripe below its eyes. Its underside is white. It has dull yellow feet. The call and song are mainly given at night. The most common call is a long whistle followed by a series of higher pitched short notes. Behaviour Breeding The hook-billed kingfisher excavates a nest chamber in an active arboreal termite nest above the ground. The clutch is two white eggs which hatch asynchronously. The male helps to incubate the eggs and brood the young. Feeding It feeds on insects and frogs. It may dig into the soil searching for prey in a similar manner to the shovel-billed kookaburra. References External links Xeno-canto: audio recordings of the hook-billed kingfisher hook-billed kingfisher Birds of New Guinea hook-billed kingfisher Taxa named by René Lesson Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
```html <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> <HTML> <HEAD> <TITLE>Lua 5.4 Reference Manual - contents</TITLE> <LINK REL="stylesheet" TYPE="text/css" HREF="lua.css"> <LINK REL="stylesheet" TYPE="text/css" HREF="index.css"> <META HTTP-EQUIV="content-type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> </HEAD> <BODY> <H1> <A HREF="path_to_url"><IMG SRC="logo.gif" ALT="Lua"></A> Lua 5.4 Reference Manual </H1> <P> The reference manual is the official definition of the Lua language. <BR> For a complete introduction to Lua programming, see the book <A HREF="path_to_url">Programming in Lua</A>. <DIV CLASS="menubar"> <A HREF="manual.html">start</A> · <A HREF="#contents">contents</A> · <A HREF="#index">index</A> · <A HREF="path_to_url">other versions</A> </DIV> <P> <SMALL> Freely available under the terms of the <A HREF="path_to_url">Lua license</A>. </SMALL> <H2><A NAME="contents">Contents</A></H2> <UL CLASS="contents menubar"> <LI><A HREF="manual.html">1 – Introduction</A> <P> <LI><A HREF="manual.html#2">2 – Basic Concepts</A> <UL> <LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.1">2.1 – Values and Types</A> <LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.2">2.2 – Environments and the Global Environment</A> <LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.3">2.3 – Error Handling</A> <LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.4">2.4 – Metatables and Metamethods</A> <LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.5">2.5 – Garbage Collection</A> <UL> <LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.5.1">2.5.1 – Incremental Garbage Collection</A> <LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.5.2">2.5.2 – Generational Garbage Collection</A> <LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.5.3">2.5.3 – Garbage-Collection Metamethods</A> <LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.5.4">2.5.4 – Weak Tables</A> </UL> <LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.6">2.6 – Coroutines</A> </UL> <P> <LI><A HREF="manual.html#3">3 – The Language</A> <UL> <LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.1">3.1 – Lexical Conventions</A> <LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.2">3.2 – Variables</A> <LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.3">3.3 – Statements</A> <UL> <LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.3.1">3.3.1 – Blocks</A> <LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.3.2">3.3.2 – Chunks</A> <LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.3.3">3.3.3 – Assignment</A> <LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.3.4">3.3.4 – Control Structures</A> <LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.3.5">3.3.5 – For Statement</A> <LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.3.6">3.3.6 – Function Calls as Statements</A> <LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.3.7">3.3.7 – Local Declarations</A> <LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.3.8">3.3.8 – To-be-closed Variables</A> </UL> <LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.4">3.4 – Expressions</A> <UL> <LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.4.1">3.4.1 – Arithmetic Operators</A> <LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.4.2">3.4.2 – Bitwise Operators</A> <LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.4.3">3.4.3 – Coercions and Conversions</A> <LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.4.4">3.4.4 – Relational Operators</A> <LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.4.5">3.4.5 – Logical Operators</A> <LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.4.6">3.4.6 – Concatenation</A> <LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.4.7">3.4.7 – The Length Operator</A> <LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.4.8">3.4.8 – Precedence</A> <LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.4.9">3.4.9 – Table Constructors</A> <LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.4.10">3.4.10 – Function Calls</A> <LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.4.11">3.4.11 – Function Definitions</A> </UL> <LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.5">3.5 – Visibility Rules</A> </UL> <P> <LI><A HREF="manual.html#4">4 – The Application Program Interface</A> <UL> <LI><A HREF="manual.html#4.1">4.1 – The Stack</A> <UL> <LI><A HREF="manual.html#4.1.1">4.1.1 – Stack Size</A> <LI><A HREF="manual.html#4.1.2">4.1.2 – Valid and Acceptable Indices</A> <LI><A HREF="manual.html#4.1.3">4.1.3 – Pointers to strings</A> </UL> <LI><A HREF="manual.html#4.2">4.2 – C Closures</A> <LI><A HREF="manual.html#4.3">4.3 – Registry</A> <LI><A HREF="manual.html#4.4">4.4 – Error Handling in C</A> <UL> <LI><A HREF="manual.html#4.4.1">4.4.1 – Status Codes</A> </UL> <LI><A HREF="manual.html#4.5">4.5 – Handling Yields in C</A> <LI><A HREF="manual.html#4.6">4.6 – Functions and Types</A> <LI><A HREF="manual.html#4.7">4.7 – The Debug Interface</A> </UL> <P> <LI><A HREF="manual.html#5">5 – The Auxiliary Library</A> <UL> <LI><A HREF="manual.html#5.1">5.1 – Functions and Types</A> </UL> <P> <LI><A HREF="manual.html#6">6 – The Standard Libraries</A> <UL> <LI><A HREF="manual.html#6.1">6.1 – Basic Functions</A> <LI><A HREF="manual.html#6.2">6.2 – Coroutine Manipulation</A> <LI><A HREF="manual.html#6.3">6.3 – Modules</A> <LI><A HREF="manual.html#6.4">6.4 – String Manipulation</A> <UL> <LI><A HREF="manual.html#6.4.1">6.4.1 – Patterns</A> <LI><A HREF="manual.html#6.4.2">6.4.2 – Format Strings for Pack and Unpack</A> </UL> <LI><A HREF="manual.html#6.5">6.5 – UTF-8 Support</A> <LI><A HREF="manual.html#6.6">6.6 – Table Manipulation</A> <LI><A HREF="manual.html#6.7">6.7 – Mathematical Functions</A> <LI><A HREF="manual.html#6.8">6.8 – Input and Output Facilities</A> <LI><A HREF="manual.html#6.9">6.9 – Operating System Facilities</A> <LI><A HREF="manual.html#6.10">6.10 – The Debug Library</A> </UL> <P> <LI><A HREF="manual.html#7">7 – Lua Standalone</A> <P> <LI><A HREF="manual.html#8">8 – Incompatibilities with the Previous Version</A> <UL> <LI><A HREF="manual.html#8.1">8.1 – Incompatibilities in the Language</A> <LI><A HREF="manual.html#8.2">8.2 – Incompatibilities in the Libraries</A> <LI><A HREF="manual.html#8.3">8.3 – Incompatibilities in the API</A> </UL> <P> <LI><A HREF="manual.html#9">9 – The Complete Syntax of Lua</A> </UL> <H2><A NAME="index">Index</A></H2> <TABLE CLASS="menubar" WIDTH="100%"> <TR> <TD> <H3><A NAME="functions">Lua functions</A></H3> <P> <A HREF="manual.html#6.1">basic</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-_G">_G</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-_VERSION">_VERSION</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-assert">assert</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-collectgarbage">collectgarbage</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-dofile">dofile</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-error">error</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-getmetatable">getmetatable</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-ipairs">ipairs</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-load">load</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-loadfile">loadfile</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-next">next</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-pairs">pairs</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-pcall">pcall</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-print">print</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-rawequal">rawequal</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-rawget">rawget</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-rawlen">rawlen</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-rawset">rawset</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-require">require</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-select">select</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-setmetatable">setmetatable</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-tonumber">tonumber</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-tostring">tostring</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-type">type</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-warn">warn</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-xpcall">xpcall</A><BR> <P> <A HREF="manual.html#6.2">coroutine</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-coroutine.close">coroutine.close</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-coroutine.create">coroutine.create</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-coroutine.isyieldable">coroutine.isyieldable</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-coroutine.resume">coroutine.resume</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-coroutine.running">coroutine.running</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-coroutine.status">coroutine.status</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-coroutine.wrap">coroutine.wrap</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-coroutine.yield">coroutine.yield</A><BR> <P> <A HREF="manual.html#6.10">debug</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-debug.debug">debug.debug</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-debug.gethook">debug.gethook</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-debug.getinfo">debug.getinfo</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-debug.getlocal">debug.getlocal</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-debug.getmetatable">debug.getmetatable</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-debug.getregistry">debug.getregistry</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-debug.getupvalue">debug.getupvalue</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-debug.getuservalue">debug.getuservalue</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-debug.sethook">debug.sethook</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-debug.setlocal">debug.setlocal</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-debug.setmetatable">debug.setmetatable</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-debug.setupvalue">debug.setupvalue</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-debug.setuservalue">debug.setuservalue</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-debug.traceback">debug.traceback</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-debug.upvalueid">debug.upvalueid</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-debug.upvaluejoin">debug.upvaluejoin</A><BR> <P> <A HREF="manual.html#6.8">io</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-io.close">io.close</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-io.flush">io.flush</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-io.input">io.input</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-io.lines">io.lines</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-io.open">io.open</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-io.output">io.output</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-io.popen">io.popen</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-io.read">io.read</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-io.stderr">io.stderr</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-io.stdin">io.stdin</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-io.stdout">io.stdout</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-io.tmpfile">io.tmpfile</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-io.type">io.type</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-io.write">io.write</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-file:close">file:close</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-file:flush">file:flush</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-file:lines">file:lines</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-file:read">file:read</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-file:seek">file:seek</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-file:setvbuf">file:setvbuf</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-file:write">file:write</A><BR> </TD> <TD> <H3> </H3> <P> <A HREF="manual.html#6.7">math</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.abs">math.abs</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.acos">math.acos</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.asin">math.asin</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.atan">math.atan</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.ceil">math.ceil</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.cos">math.cos</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.deg">math.deg</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.exp">math.exp</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.floor">math.floor</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.fmod">math.fmod</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.huge">math.huge</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.log">math.log</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.max">math.max</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.maxinteger">math.maxinteger</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.min">math.min</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.mininteger">math.mininteger</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.modf">math.modf</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.pi">math.pi</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.rad">math.rad</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.random">math.random</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.randomseed">math.randomseed</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.sin">math.sin</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.sqrt">math.sqrt</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.tan">math.tan</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.tointeger">math.tointeger</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.type">math.type</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.ult">math.ult</A><BR> <P> <A HREF="manual.html#6.9">os</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-os.clock">os.clock</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-os.date">os.date</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-os.difftime">os.difftime</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-os.execute">os.execute</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-os.exit">os.exit</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-os.getenv">os.getenv</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-os.remove">os.remove</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-os.rename">os.rename</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-os.setlocale">os.setlocale</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-os.time">os.time</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-os.tmpname">os.tmpname</A><BR> <P> <A HREF="manual.html#6.3">package</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-package.config">package.config</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-package.cpath">package.cpath</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-package.loaded">package.loaded</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-package.loadlib">package.loadlib</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-package.path">package.path</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-package.preload">package.preload</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-package.searchers">package.searchers</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-package.searchpath">package.searchpath</A><BR> <P> <A HREF="manual.html#6.4">string</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-string.byte">string.byte</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-string.char">string.char</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-string.dump">string.dump</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-string.find">string.find</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-string.format">string.format</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-string.gmatch">string.gmatch</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-string.gsub">string.gsub</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-string.len">string.len</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-string.lower">string.lower</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-string.match">string.match</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-string.pack">string.pack</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-string.packsize">string.packsize</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-string.rep">string.rep</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-string.reverse">string.reverse</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-string.sub">string.sub</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-string.unpack">string.unpack</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-string.upper">string.upper</A><BR> <P> <A HREF="manual.html#6.6">table</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-table.concat">table.concat</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-table.insert">table.insert</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-table.move">table.move</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-table.pack">table.pack</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-table.remove">table.remove</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-table.sort">table.sort</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-table.unpack">table.unpack</A><BR> <P> <A HREF="manual.html#6.5">utf8</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-utf8.char">utf8.char</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-utf8.charpattern">utf8.charpattern</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-utf8.codepoint">utf8.codepoint</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-utf8.codes">utf8.codes</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-utf8.len">utf8.len</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-utf8.offset">utf8.offset</A><BR> <H3><A NAME="metamethods">metamethods</A></H3> <P> <A HREF="manual.html#2.4">__add</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#2.4">__band</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#2.4">__bnot</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#2.4">__bor</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#2.4">__bxor</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#2.4">__call</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#3.3.8">__close</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#2.4">__concat</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#2.4">__div</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#2.4">__eq</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#2.5.3">__gc</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#2.4">__idiv</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#2.4">__index</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#2.4">__le</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#2.4">__len</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#2.4">__lt</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-getmetatable">__metatable</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#2.4">__mod</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#2.5.4">__mode</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#2.4">__mul</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#luaL_newmetatable">__name</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#2.4">__newindex</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-pairs">__pairs</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#2.4">__pow</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#2.4">__shl</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#2.4">__shr</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#2.4">__sub</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-tostring">__tostring</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#2.4">__unm</A><BR> <H3><A NAME="env">environment<BR>variables</A></H3> <P> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-LUA_CPATH">LUA_CPATH</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-LUA_CPATH_5_4">LUA_CPATH_5_4</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-LUA_INIT">LUA_INIT</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-LUA_INIT_5_4">LUA_INIT_5_4</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-LUA_PATH">LUA_PATH</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-LUA_PATH_5_4">LUA_PATH_5_4</A><BR> </TD> <TD> <H3><A NAME="api">C API</A></H3> <P> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_Alloc">lua_Alloc</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_CFunction">lua_CFunction</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_Debug">lua_Debug</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_Hook">lua_Hook</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_Integer">lua_Integer</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_KContext">lua_KContext</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_KFunction">lua_KFunction</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_Number">lua_Number</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_Reader">lua_Reader</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_State">lua_State</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_Unsigned">lua_Unsigned</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_WarnFunction">lua_WarnFunction</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_Writer">lua_Writer</A><BR> <P> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_absindex">lua_absindex</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_arith">lua_arith</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_atpanic">lua_atpanic</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_call">lua_call</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_callk">lua_callk</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_checkstack">lua_checkstack</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_close">lua_close</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_closeslot">lua_closeslot</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_compare">lua_compare</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_concat">lua_concat</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_copy">lua_copy</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_createtable">lua_createtable</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_dump">lua_dump</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_error">lua_error</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_gc">lua_gc</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_getallocf">lua_getallocf</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_getextraspace">lua_getextraspace</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_getfield">lua_getfield</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_getglobal">lua_getglobal</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_gethook">lua_gethook</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_gethookcount">lua_gethookcount</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_gethookmask">lua_gethookmask</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_geti">lua_geti</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_getinfo">lua_getinfo</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_getiuservalue">lua_getiuservalue</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_getlocal">lua_getlocal</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_getmetatable">lua_getmetatable</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_getstack">lua_getstack</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_gettable">lua_gettable</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_gettop">lua_gettop</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_getupvalue">lua_getupvalue</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_insert">lua_insert</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_isboolean">lua_isboolean</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_iscfunction">lua_iscfunction</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_isfunction">lua_isfunction</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_isinteger">lua_isinteger</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_islightuserdata">lua_islightuserdata</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_isnil">lua_isnil</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_isnone">lua_isnone</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_isnoneornil">lua_isnoneornil</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_isnumber">lua_isnumber</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_isstring">lua_isstring</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_istable">lua_istable</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_isthread">lua_isthread</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_isuserdata">lua_isuserdata</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_isyieldable">lua_isyieldable</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_len">lua_len</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_load">lua_load</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_newstate">lua_newstate</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_newtable">lua_newtable</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_newthread">lua_newthread</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_newuserdatauv">lua_newuserdatauv</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_next">lua_next</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_numbertointeger">lua_numbertointeger</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_pcall">lua_pcall</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_pcallk">lua_pcallk</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_pop">lua_pop</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_pushboolean">lua_pushboolean</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_pushcclosure">lua_pushcclosure</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_pushcfunction">lua_pushcfunction</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_pushfstring">lua_pushfstring</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_pushglobaltable">lua_pushglobaltable</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_pushinteger">lua_pushinteger</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_pushlightuserdata">lua_pushlightuserdata</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_pushliteral">lua_pushliteral</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_pushlstring">lua_pushlstring</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_pushnil">lua_pushnil</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_pushnumber">lua_pushnumber</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_pushstring">lua_pushstring</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_pushthread">lua_pushthread</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_pushvalue">lua_pushvalue</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_pushvfstring">lua_pushvfstring</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_rawequal">lua_rawequal</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_rawget">lua_rawget</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_rawgeti">lua_rawgeti</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_rawgetp">lua_rawgetp</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_rawlen">lua_rawlen</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_rawset">lua_rawset</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_rawseti">lua_rawseti</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_rawsetp">lua_rawsetp</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_register">lua_register</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_remove">lua_remove</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_replace">lua_replace</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_resetthread">lua_resetthread</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_resume">lua_resume</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_rotate">lua_rotate</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_setallocf">lua_setallocf</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_setfield">lua_setfield</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_setglobal">lua_setglobal</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_sethook">lua_sethook</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_seti">lua_seti</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_setiuservalue">lua_setiuservalue</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_setlocal">lua_setlocal</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_setmetatable">lua_setmetatable</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_settable">lua_settable</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_settop">lua_settop</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_setupvalue">lua_setupvalue</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_setwarnf">lua_setwarnf</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_status">lua_status</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_stringtonumber">lua_stringtonumber</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_toboolean">lua_toboolean</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_tocfunction">lua_tocfunction</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_toclose">lua_toclose</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_tointeger">lua_tointeger</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_tointegerx">lua_tointegerx</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_tolstring">lua_tolstring</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_tonumber">lua_tonumber</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_tonumberx">lua_tonumberx</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_topointer">lua_topointer</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_tostring">lua_tostring</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_tothread">lua_tothread</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_touserdata">lua_touserdata</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_type">lua_type</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_typename">lua_typename</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_upvalueid">lua_upvalueid</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_upvalueindex">lua_upvalueindex</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_upvaluejoin">lua_upvaluejoin</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_version">lua_version</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_warning">lua_warning</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_xmove">lua_xmove</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_yield">lua_yield</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#lua_yieldk">lua_yieldk</A><BR> </TD> <TD> <H3><A NAME="auxlib">auxiliary library</A></H3> <P> <A HREF="manual.html#luaL_Buffer">luaL_Buffer</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#luaL_Reg">luaL_Reg</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#luaL_Stream">luaL_Stream</A><BR> <P> <A HREF="manual.html#luaL_addchar">luaL_addchar</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#luaL_addgsub">luaL_addgsub</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#luaL_addlstring">luaL_addlstring</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#luaL_addsize">luaL_addsize</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#luaL_addstring">luaL_addstring</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#luaL_addvalue">luaL_addvalue</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#luaL_argcheck">luaL_argcheck</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#luaL_argerror">luaL_argerror</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#luaL_argexpected">luaL_argexpected</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#luaL_buffaddr">luaL_buffaddr</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#luaL_buffinit">luaL_buffinit</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#luaL_buffinitsize">luaL_buffinitsize</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#luaL_bufflen">luaL_bufflen</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#luaL_buffsub">luaL_buffsub</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#luaL_callmeta">luaL_callmeta</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#luaL_checkany">luaL_checkany</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#luaL_checkinteger">luaL_checkinteger</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#luaL_checklstring">luaL_checklstring</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#luaL_checknumber">luaL_checknumber</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#luaL_checkoption">luaL_checkoption</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#luaL_checkstack">luaL_checkstack</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#luaL_checkstring">luaL_checkstring</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#luaL_checktype">luaL_checktype</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#luaL_checkudata">luaL_checkudata</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#luaL_checkversion">luaL_checkversion</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#luaL_dofile">luaL_dofile</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#luaL_dostring">luaL_dostring</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#luaL_error">luaL_error</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#luaL_execresult">luaL_execresult</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#luaL_fileresult">luaL_fileresult</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#luaL_getmetafield">luaL_getmetafield</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#luaL_getmetatable">luaL_getmetatable</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#luaL_getsubtable">luaL_getsubtable</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#luaL_gsub">luaL_gsub</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#luaL_len">luaL_len</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#luaL_loadbuffer">luaL_loadbuffer</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#luaL_loadbufferx">luaL_loadbufferx</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#luaL_loadfile">luaL_loadfile</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#luaL_loadfilex">luaL_loadfilex</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#luaL_loadstring">luaL_loadstring</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#luaL_newlib">luaL_newlib</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#luaL_newlibtable">luaL_newlibtable</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#luaL_newmetatable">luaL_newmetatable</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#luaL_newstate">luaL_newstate</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#luaL_openlibs">luaL_openlibs</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#luaL_opt">luaL_opt</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#luaL_optinteger">luaL_optinteger</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#luaL_optlstring">luaL_optlstring</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#luaL_optnumber">luaL_optnumber</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#luaL_optstring">luaL_optstring</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#luaL_prepbuffer">luaL_prepbuffer</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#luaL_prepbuffsize">luaL_prepbuffsize</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#luaL_pushfail">luaL_pushfail</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#luaL_pushresult">luaL_pushresult</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#luaL_pushresultsize">luaL_pushresultsize</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#luaL_ref">luaL_ref</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#luaL_requiref">luaL_requiref</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#luaL_setfuncs">luaL_setfuncs</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#luaL_setmetatable">luaL_setmetatable</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#luaL_testudata">luaL_testudata</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#luaL_tolstring">luaL_tolstring</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#luaL_traceback">luaL_traceback</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#luaL_typeerror">luaL_typeerror</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#luaL_typename">luaL_typename</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#luaL_unref">luaL_unref</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#luaL_where">luaL_where</A><BR> <H3><A NAME="library">standard library</A></H3> <P> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-luaopen_base">luaopen_base</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-luaopen_coroutine">luaopen_coroutine</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-luaopen_debug">luaopen_debug</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-luaopen_io">luaopen_io</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-luaopen_math">luaopen_math</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-luaopen_os">luaopen_os</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-luaopen_package">luaopen_package</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-luaopen_string">luaopen_string</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-luaopen_table">luaopen_table</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-luaopen_utf8">luaopen_utf8</A><BR> <H3><A NAME="constants">constants</A></H3> <P> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-LUA_ERRERR">LUA_ERRERR</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-LUA_ERRFILE">LUA_ERRFILE</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-LUA_ERRMEM">LUA_ERRMEM</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-LUA_ERRRUN">LUA_ERRRUN</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-LUA_ERRSYNTAX">LUA_ERRSYNTAX</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-LUA_HOOKCALL">LUA_HOOKCALL</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-LUA_HOOKCOUNT">LUA_HOOKCOUNT</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-LUA_HOOKLINE">LUA_HOOKLINE</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-LUA_HOOKRET">LUA_HOOKRET</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-LUA_HOOKTAILCALL">LUA_HOOKTAILCALL</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-LUAL_BUFFERSIZE">LUAL_BUFFERSIZE</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-LUA_MASKCALL">LUA_MASKCALL</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-LUA_MASKCOUNT">LUA_MASKCOUNT</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-LUA_MASKLINE">LUA_MASKLINE</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-LUA_MASKRET">LUA_MASKRET</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-LUA_MAXINTEGER">LUA_MAXINTEGER</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-LUA_MININTEGER">LUA_MININTEGER</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-LUA_MINSTACK">LUA_MINSTACK</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-LUA_MULTRET">LUA_MULTRET</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-LUA_NOREF">LUA_NOREF</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-LUA_OK">LUA_OK</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-LUA_OPADD">LUA_OPADD</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-LUA_OPBAND">LUA_OPBAND</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-LUA_OPBNOT">LUA_OPBNOT</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-LUA_OPBOR">LUA_OPBOR</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-LUA_OPBXOR">LUA_OPBXOR</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-LUA_OPDIV">LUA_OPDIV</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-LUA_OPEQ">LUA_OPEQ</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-LUA_OPIDIV">LUA_OPIDIV</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-LUA_OPLE">LUA_OPLE</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-LUA_OPLT">LUA_OPLT</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-LUA_OPMOD">LUA_OPMOD</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-LUA_OPMUL">LUA_OPMUL</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-LUA_OPPOW">LUA_OPPOW</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-LUA_OPSHL">LUA_OPSHL</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-LUA_OPSHR">LUA_OPSHR</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-LUA_OPSUB">LUA_OPSUB</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-LUA_OPUNM">LUA_OPUNM</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-LUA_REFNIL">LUA_REFNIL</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-LUA_REGISTRYINDEX">LUA_REGISTRYINDEX</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-LUA_RIDX_GLOBALS">LUA_RIDX_GLOBALS</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-LUA_RIDX_MAINTHREAD">LUA_RIDX_MAINTHREAD</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-LUA_TBOOLEAN">LUA_TBOOLEAN</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-LUA_TFUNCTION">LUA_TFUNCTION</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-LUA_TLIGHTUSERDATA">LUA_TLIGHTUSERDATA</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-LUA_TNIL">LUA_TNIL</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-LUA_TNONE">LUA_TNONE</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-LUA_TNUMBER">LUA_TNUMBER</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-LUA_TSTRING">LUA_TSTRING</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-LUA_TTABLE">LUA_TTABLE</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-LUA_TTHREAD">LUA_TTHREAD</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-LUA_TUSERDATA">LUA_TUSERDATA</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-LUA_USE_APICHECK">LUA_USE_APICHECK</A><BR> <A HREF="manual.html#pdf-LUA_YIELD">LUA_YIELD</A><BR> </TD> </TR> </TABLE> <P CLASS="footer"> Last update: Wed Mar 3 13:04:44 UTC 2021 </P> <!-- Last change: revised for Lua 5.4.3 --> </BODY> </HTML> ```
The Compton Spectrometer and Imager (COSI), is a gamma-ray telescope expected to launch in 2027 as a NASA small astrophysics mission. It is intended to study the recent history of star birth, star death, and the formation of chemical elements in the Milky Way. "For more than 60 years, NASA has provided opportunities for inventive, smaller-scale missions to fill knowledge gaps where we still seek answers", said Thomas Zurbuchen, associate administrator for the agency's Science Mission Directorate in Washington, D.C. "COSI will answer questions about the origin of the chemical elements in our own Milky Way galaxy, the very ingredients critical to the formation of Earth itself". COSI will study gamma rays from radioactive atoms produced when massive stars exploded to map where chemical elements were formed in the Milky Way. The mission will also probe the mysterious origin of our galaxy's positrons, also known as antielectrons – subatomic particles that have the same mass as an electron but a positive charge. The principal investigator is John Tomsick at the University of California, Berkeley. The mission will cost approximately US$145 million, not including launch costs. NASA will select a launch provider later. The COSI team spent decades developing their technology through flights on scientific balloons. In 2016, they sent a version of the gamma-ray instrument aboard NASA's super pressure balloon, which is designed for long flights and heavy lifts. NASA's Explorers Program is the agency's oldest continuous program. It provides frequent, low-cost access to space using principal investigator-led space research relevant to the astrophysics and heliophysics programs. Since the 1958 launch of Explorer 1, which discovered Earth's radiation belts, the program has launched more than 90 missions. The Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE), another NASA Explorer mission, led to a Nobel Prize in 2006 for its principal investigators. NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, manages the program for NASA. See also Gamma-ray astronomy Compton scattering Semiconductor detector: Germanium detectors References External links Project web site How the instrument functions The Compton Spectrometer and Imager Astro2020 APC White Paper (Tomsick et al) Space telescopes Explorers Program 2027 in spaceflight
Barry Smith (born 13 May 1939) is a South African organist, choral and orchestral conductor, author, and musicologist. Early life, education, and career Born in Port Elizabeth in South Africa, Smith was a chorister at St Mary's Collegiate Church, Port Elizabeth. Educated at the Grey School in Port Elizabeth (1946–1955), in 1956 Smith was awarded a scholarship to Rhodes University, where he completed his PhD degree. In 1960, Smith went to the United Kingdom on scholarship to the Royal School of Church Music. Smith then returned to South Africa to serve as Director of Music for two years at the Michaelhouse senior school for boys in KwaZulu-Natal province from 1962 to 1964. He was appointed as Organist and Master of the Choristers at St George's Cathedral, Cape Town in 1964 – the first South African to hold this position, in which he continued for 42 years. Work From 1966 to 1999, Smith was an Associate Professor on the staff of the Faculty of Music at the University of Cape Town, and during his time there, he completed a PhD at Rhodes University on the subject of Peter Warlock. Later, he was also awarded a DMus from the University of Cape Town in 1996. In 1964, Smith founded the St. George's Singers, which he directed until 2015. Besides conducting in the United Kingdom, Austria, and Israel, Smith has made several solo recital tours both in America, England and Australia and played in Westminster Abbey and King's College, Cambridge. He has adjudicated in Hong Kong and directed music courses in Perth, Australia and in Washington D.C. In June 2007, Smith and his St George's Singers took part in the Sir Edward Elgar 150th Anniversary Celebrations in Worcester, England, where he also conducted the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra in Worcester Cathedral. In 2013, he conducted the English Symphony Orchestra at the Bromsgrove Music Festival. Smith was the choirmaster and organist at St Michael's Catholic Church. in Rondebosch, Cape Town from 2007 until 2014. He now plays for the Sunday morning service at the Gardens Presbyterian Church in Cape Town. Honours and awards In 1989 Archbishop Desmond Tutu awarded Smith with the Order of Simon of Cyrene, the highest honour the Anglican Church of Southern Africa can bestow on a layman. Smith has received honorary fellowships from the Guild of Church Musicians in the United Kingdom in 1989, the Royal School of Church Music in 1994, and the Academy of St Cecilia in 2008. He is an honorary associate of the Centre for the History of Music in Britain, the Empire and the Commonwealth at the University of Bristol. In 2009 the Cape Tercentenary Foundation awarded him the Gold Molteno Medal for lifetime achievement in the performing arts. Smith received the Parnassus award from the Stellenbosch University music department in 2010, and in 2011 a mayor's medal from Cape Town mayor Dan Plato. In May 2013 he was appointed President of the Peter Warlock Society. Publications 4 volumes. Kaikhosru Sorabji's Letters to Philip Heseltine (Peter Warlock) edited by Brian Inglis and Barry Smith (Routledge, 2020). Notes and references External links Barry Smith's site 1939 births Living people People from Port Elizabeth South African organists Male organists South African conductors (music) Alumni of Grey High School Rhodes University alumni Academic staff of the University of Cape Town 21st-century conductors (music) 21st-century organists 21st-century male musicians Recipients of the Molteno medal
Daniel Héctor Ahmed (born 22 November 1965) is an Argentine football coach and former player who played as a forward. External links Profile at Futbol XXI at Fútbol XXI larepublica.pe 1965 births Living people Argentine men's footballers Men's association football forwards San Lorenzo de Almagro footballers Cádiz CF players Cerro Porteño players Deportes Concepción (Chile) footballers Argentine football managers Sporting Cristal managers Club Alianza Lima managers Atlético Grau managers Argentine people of Syrian descent Arab Christians Argentine expatriate men's footballers Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Chile Expatriate men's footballers in Chile Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Japan Expatriate men's footballers in Japan Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Spain Expatriate men's footballers in Spain Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Paraguay Expatriate men's footballers in Paraguay Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Peru Expatriate football managers in Peru Footballers from Buenos Aires
Vera Franceschi (May 5, 1926 – July 12, 1966) was an Italian American pianist who had a prolific career during the 1950s. Life and career The daughter of Italian parents (both of Tuscan origin), she was born in San Francisco, California. She began her studies in the United States; but in 1936 moved with her family to Rome, Italy. In 1939, at a very young age, she graduated from the Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia (Santa Cecilia Conservatory), where she was able to study with Alfredo Casella and Germano Arnaldi. She debuted at eighteen as a soloist at the Teatro alla Scala in Milan. During the same time, she began recording for Parlophon. Later she moved to Cetra Records. After World War II, she perfected her training at the Manhattan School of Music in New York, studying with Harold Bauer and Carl Friedberg, and in 1948 she made her debut with the San Francisco Symphony Orchestra under the direction of Pierre Monteux. She became one of the most acclaimed interpreters of Chopin during those years. In the early 1950s, she signed with RCA and then Victrola, and recorded many albums performing the compositions of the Polish composer. During the same time, she met the tenor Daniele Barioni, whom she married on October 28, 1957 in New York and with whom she had a son in 1958. He was named Giulio Barioni. After a long hospitalization for leukemia at Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center in New York, she died in July 1966. Partial discography 78 rpm 1949: Sonata in sol minore n° 5/Sonata in do minore n° 1/Sonata in mi bemolle maggiore n° 2 (Cetra, CB 20273) 1949: Sonata/Toccata (Cetra, CB 20274) 33 rpm 1955: Muzio Clementi - 4 Sonatas for Piano (Westminster, WN 18091) 1956: Luigi Cherubini - 6 Sonatas for Clavier (Westminster, XWN 18276) 1959: Domenico Cimarosa - 32 sonate per pianoforte vol. 1 (Victrola, KV 104) 1966: Chopin - VALZER - Raccolta completa (RCA Victrola, KV 159) Bibliography Pianista Vera Franceschi, published on Musica e dischi n° 31 of January 1949, pag. 1 1926 births People of Tuscan descent Musicians from San Francisco 1966 deaths Deaths from leukemia 20th-century American pianists American classical pianists American women classical pianists 20th-century American women pianists Classical musicians from California Deaths from cancer in California Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia alumni
Chalagnac (; ) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France. Population See also Communes of the Dordogne department References Communes of Dordogne
The M49 Spotting Scope, also known as the M49 Observation Telescope, is a multipurpose scope system used primarily for long range marksmanship observation. It can also be used for observing the effects of artillery fires and other general purposes. The M49 is a fixed 20-power telescope with an eyepiece focus. It has a field of view of 2 degrees and an exit pupil diameter of 0.108 inches. The M49 is an erect image instrument that is magnified by the lenses in the eyepiece. The M49 does not have an adjustable sunshade; however, the front end of the body tube extends approximately three-quarters of an inch beyond the objective providing a permanent sunshade. The telescope is focused by turning the knurled focusing sleeve. Additional Information Length: 14 ½ in Power: 20x Field of view: 2 degrees 12 minutes References Military optical devices
WPXX-TV (channel 50) is a television station in Memphis, Tennessee, United States, affiliated with Ion Television. Owned by Inyo Broadcast Holdings, WPXX-TV maintains studios and transmitter facilities on Brother Boulevard in Bartlett, Tennessee. The station also serves as the de facto Ion outlet for the Jackson, Tennessee and Jonesboro, Arkansas markets. History The station first signed on the air on December 31, 1994, under the call letters WFBI; it was owned by Flinn Broadcasting, a company owned by Memphis businessman, radiologist (and later Shelby County commissioner) George Flinn. The station initially aired programming from the Home Shopping Network (sharing the affiliation with Holly Springs, Mississippi-based WBUY-TV channel 40, now a TBN owned-and-operated station), until Paxson Communications (now Ion Media) began operating the station under a local marketing agreement in 1998, when the station became a charter affiliate of the upstart Pax TV network (now Ion Television). During this time, the station also carried rebroadcasts of some WMC-TV newscasts. The station also carried a selected slate of Memphis Grizzlies games produced by Fox Sports Southeast from the team's inception until sometime in the late 2000s. On February 22, 2006, News Corporation announced the launch of a new "sixth" network called MyNetworkTV, which would be operated by Fox Television Stations and its syndication division Twentieth Television. MyNetworkTV was created to compete against another upstart network that would launch at the same time that September, The CW (an amalgamated network that originally consisted primarily of UPN and The WB's higher-rated programs) as well as to give UPN and WB stations that were not mentioned as becoming CW affiliates another option besides converting to independent stations. Although WLMT (channel 30) had served as the market's UPN and WB affiliates, the MyNetworkTV affiliation instead went to WPXX, which officially joined the network (as a secondary affiliation) on September 5, 2006, branding itself as "My50 Memphis". In mid-August 2007, Ion Media announced that it would purchase WPXX and sister station WPXL-TV in New Orleans outright from Flinn Broadcasting for $18 million. The sale was approved by the Federal Communications Commission and was completed on January 2, 2008. On September 28, 2009, WPXX dropped MyNetworkTV programming as the network converted to a syndicated programming service. CW affiliate WLMT chose to pick up the MyNetworkTV affiliation, but only for the purposes of carrying WWE SmackDown (which it aired on Saturday evenings, rather than on its recommended Friday night timeslot), declining to run the remainder of the network's schedule. That lasted until SmackDown moved to the Syfy cable channel in October 2010, at which point WLMT's second digital subchannel picked up the full MyNetworkTV lineup while Retro Television Network programing (which would be dropped in November 2011 in favor of MeTV) outside of prime time. Technical information Subchannels The station's digital signal is multiplexed: Analog-to-digital conversion WPXX-TV discontinued regular programming on its analog signal, over UHF channel 50, on June 12, 2009, as part of the federally mandated transition from analog to digital television. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 51, using PSIP to display WPXX-TV's virtual channel as 50 on digital television receivers. References External links Ion Television affiliates Court TV affiliates Grit (TV network) affiliates Defy TV affiliates Scripps News affiliates Television channels and stations established in 1994 1994 establishments in Tennessee PXX-TV
T.T. the Bear's Place (often referred to as T.T. the Bear's or, simply, TT's) was a live music venue in Central Square in Cambridge, Massachusetts that operated from 1984 until July 25, 2015. History T.T. the Bear's began in 1973, opened by New Hampshire native, Bonney Bouley, and her boyfriend at the time, Miles Cares, as something of a dive bar, originally located on the corner of Pearl and Green Streets, around the corner from its final location. They closed it briefly in 1978, only to reopen at a new location, 10 Brookline Street, in Central Square, in 1980, originally as a restaurant; due to back taxes, Ms. Bouley filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, then changed the format to a full-time music club in 1984. T.T.'s helped define Central Square, along with The Middle East and, across the street, Manray. TT's had a capacity of only 300 patrons, which contributed to its intimacy between performer and audience. The club's name originated from the need to be unique, to not have a name like any other establishment; the owners considered their own names, Miles & Bonney's; eventually they decided to name it after their pet "Teddy Bear"-style hamster, who was nicknamed Tough Teddy, hence they settled on T.T. the Bear's Place. For 42 years, TT's was a prominent venue within the Boston music scene; it played host to both national touring acts and local bands, with 250 nights each year featuring live music. TT's celebrated its 40th anniversary in 2013. Bonney Bouley was the owner of the establishment for its entire 42-year run. In December 2014, the building was purchased by Joseph and Nabil Sater, owners of the adjacent Middle East restaurant and music venue complex. In early 2015, the owners announced that there was to be a substantial rent increase, and a lease of five years, with an option for another five years. Ms. Bouley did not agree to the terms (she considered the rent high and the lease to be "short-term") and, without the new lease, the club could not be successfully sold to a new owner. Bouley decided in May 2015 that the club would close. Many bands paid tribute to TT's during its final month. TT's last open night was Saturday, July 25, 2015, and the final scheduled bands on stage were O-Positive followed by Scruffy The Cat, with Dave Minehan of The Neighborhoods sitting in on vocals and guitar for the late Charlie Chesterman. Scruffy was personally chosen by Ms. Bouley to be the closing band as she had a long relationship with the band, who played her venue multiple times per year in the 1980s when she was getting started. Bonney Bouley spoke at the finale: “The talent that is in this town and comes through this town is unbelievable. . . . It's been a wonderful journey and I hope to see you down the road." A choked-up Bouley added that she hoped the club “won't go all corporate now.” Asked what she will do next, Bouley, who resides in Dorchester, Massachusetts, said: “I'm going to take some time off to breathe." After July 15, 2015, the official Twitter page heading changed to "That's all, folks! Thank you for the past 42 years". The new building owner, Mr. Sater, has stated that he would like the venue to remain as a home to some sort of nightlife. On March 31, 2017, the venue reopened as a completely renovated live music venue called Sonia, now part of The Middle East complex. Notable musical performances TT's has hosted such well-known Boston and national acts, examples being: Headband The Push Kings Pixies Plain Jane Automobile Mighty Mighty Bosstones Jane's Addiction Morphine Lemonheads Dropkick Murphys Tommy Stinson of The Replacements Mike Watt Brian Jonestown Massacre Arcade Fire Sloan Someone Still Loves You Boris Yeltsin Bettie Serveert Chuckelhead Dinosaur Jr. Scruffy the Cat Blake Babies Mission of Burma The Shins Letters To Cleo Gregory and the Hawk Til Tuesday The Dogmatics The Neighborhoods Mary Lou Lord Peter Wolf of J Geils Band Bikini Kill Lyres (band) Rivers Cuomo of Weezer Tanya Donelly Nelly Furtado Indigo Girls The Outlets Willie Alexander The Fools Smashing Pumpkins Sublime Wheat Orbit Fuzzy (band) Scarce (band) Crocodile Shop Tidal Wave (band) Collapsis Ween Manic Street Preachers Clairvoyance TT's hosted Boston's Rock 'n' Roll Rumble competition from 2011 until 2015. Awards 2009 Best Music Venue, small (Boston Magazine) 2008 Best Live Music Venue, small (Boston Magazine) References External links Official Twitter Page Nightclubs in Massachusetts
Montville is a town in New London County, Connecticut in the United States. The town is part of the Southeastern Connecticut Planning Region. The population was 18,387 at the 2020 census. The villages of Chesterfield, Mohegan, Oakdale, and Uncasville are located within the town; the latter two have their own ZIP Codes. Town residents often identify with these villages more than the Town of Montville as a whole. The Mohegan Sun casino resort is located in the village of Uncasville. History In the 17th century, when English settlers arrived, southeastern Connecticut was the scene of rivalry between the Pequot people, the dominant Native American group in the New London area, and the newly independent Mohegan. The latter became friendly to the English. For defense against the Pequot, the Mohegan sachem Uncas had established a fortified village on a promontory above the Thames River within what is now the town of Montville. The Mohegan village, now known as Fort Shantok, was protected on the inland side by palisades first built in about 1636 at the time of the Pequot War, rebuilt during wars with the Narragansett people –1657, and rebuilt again at the time of King Philip's War (1675–1676). When the boundaries of New London (then called "Pequot") were first defined in 1646, the Oxoboxo River formed the northern boundary. Parts of the modern town of Montville lying south of the river were included in New London, while the area north of the river was treated as Mohegan land. Over time the settlers assumed control of the Mohegan lands. The first grants were made by Uncas in 1658 to Richard Houghton and James Rogers, consisting of valuable farms along the river. Some Mohegan grants were gifts of friendship or by fair trade, while others were openly fraudulent. By 1703 the area between the Oxoboxo River and Norwich (now part of the town of Montville) was annexed by New London. In 1786 Montville was separated from New London and incorporated as a separate Town. Before incorporation, it was known as the North Parish of New London. In 1819 the adjacent Town of Salem was formed from parts of the towns of Montville, Lyme, and Colchester. The name "Montville" signifies "mountain village". National Register of Historic Places Four properties in town are listed on the National Register of Historic Places: Bridge No. 1860 on Massapeag Side Rd. (Rt. 433) over Shantok Brook, Fort Shantok SP (added August 29, 1993) Fort Shantok Archeological District (added April 20, 1986) Raymond-Bradford Homestead on Raymond Hill Rd. (added May 16, 1982) Uncasville School, which now serves as the Montville Town Hall, at 310 Norwich-New London Turnpike (added March 23, 2001) Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which is land and , or 5.06%, is water. Principal communities Chesterfield Kitemaug Massapeag Mohegan Oakdale Palmertown Uncasville Town residents often identify with these villages more than the Town of Montville as a whole. The center of Oakdale is small, consisting of only a few private residences and the post office. The Mohegan Sun casino resort is often referred to as being in Uncasville, although the village is three miles to the south. The Mohegan refer to Uncasville as it is named for a prominent sachem of theirs from the 17th century. Demographics As of the census of 2000, there were 18,546 people, 6,426 households, and 4,678 families residing in the town. The population density was . There were 6,805 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 86.03% White, 5.49% African American, 1.46% Native American, 1.89% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 2.23% from other races, and 2.86% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.45% of the population. There were 6,426 households, out of which 34.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.6% were married couples living together, 9.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.2% were non-families. 21.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.63 and the average family size was 3.05. In the town, the population was spread out, with 23.6% under the age of 18, 8.5% from 18 to 24, 34.2% from 25 to 44, 22.8% from 45 to 64, and 10.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 117.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 119.7 males. The median income for a household in the town was $55,086, and the median income for a family was $61,643. Males had a median income of $40,922 versus $30,206 for females. The per capita income for the town was $22,357. About 3.1% of families and 4.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.3% of those under age 18 and 4.5% of those age 65 or over. Part of Montville is also treated by the U.S. Census Bureau as a census-designated place called Oxoboxo River. American Indians The Mohegan Native American Tribal Nation has been a presence in this area of Connecticut since the 16th century, and descended from indigenous cultures in the area for thousands of years. In the seventeenth century, the colony of Connecticut granted them a reservation, located north of the present-day village of Uncasville. Although the reservation is within the borders of the town of Montville, the tribe is federally recognized as a sovereign nation not subject to local or state laws. In addition to operating the Mohegan Sun, a casino resort that opened in 1996, the tribal nation also provides educational programs about their nation's heritage and history. Residents of Chinese descent Since at least the 1990s, people of Chinese descent have moved into the area drawn either by the work available at Mohegan Sun and the rising prices in the Northeast's Chinatowns. Their presence, the subject of an exhibition that travelled from the Lyman Allyn Museum in New London to New York City's Museum of Chinese in America, has sparked at least one racist incident. Education Public schools in Montville are overseen by Montville Public Schools, the town's public school system, operated by a board that includes nine elected members and two high school student representatives. The school system operates a regular high school, an alternative high school, a middle school, and three elementary schools. Montville High School serves grades 9 through 12. Enrollment is approximately 800 students. Economy Power plant NRG Energy Inc., based in La Jolla, California, operates an oil and natural gas-powered electricity generating plant in Montville, labeled by environmentalists as one of the "Sooty Six", the dirtiest power plants in the state. The plant was required to install pollution controls to comply with the state's 2002 power plant pollution law. In June 2006 the company proposed building a new type of coal-powered plant on the site for $1.6 billion. In return for building the plant, the company demanded that the state guarantee NRG long-term contracts for buying the electricity it generates and pick NRG's proposal over other plans for building new power plants in the state. At the time of NRG's proposal, only 18 plants in the world and two in North America used the Integrated Gasification Combined-Cycle technology which the company suggested. Contracts were to be awarded by the DPUC in early 2007. The company said the new plant could open in 2012. NRG Energy announced plans on August 5, 2013 to add fuel cells, solar and biomass conversion to the plant Notable people George Miller Beard (1839–1883), neurologist who coined the term "neurasthenia" in 1869 Charles W. Comstock (1857–1917), United States Attorney for the District of Connecticut and former Connecticut Judge Sidney E. Frank (1919–2006), billionaire businessman who promoted Grey Goose vodka and Jägermeister Ned Hanlon (1857–1937), member of the Baseball Hall of Fame James Hillhouse (1754–1832), real estate developer who constructed significant areas of New Haven. He was a congressman, U.S. senator and, for many years, treasurer of Yale University David Jewett (1772–1842), 19th Century naval commander Samson Occom (1723–1792), Mohegan minister and preacher John Gideon Palmer (1845–1901), Corporal, Co. F, 21st CT Infantry, Medal of Honor Recipient for heroism at Battle of Fredericksburg, VA, 13 December 1862 Oliver Hillhouse Prince (1787–1837), represented Georgia in the U.S. Senate for less than a year Mercy (Sands) Raymond (1665–1741), "enriched by the apron" by the infamous pirate William Kidd and then built the Raymond-Bradford Homestead Politics See also References External links Town of Montville official website 1786 establishments in Connecticut Populated places on the Thames River (Connecticut) Towns in Connecticut Towns in New London County, Connecticut Towns in Southeastern Connecticut Planning Region, Connecticut
Pleurotomella pandionis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Raphitomidae. Description The length of the shell attains 43 mm. (Original description) The large, thick shell is dull brownish yellow, with a very acute, elevated spire. It contains nine whorls, very oblique, moderately convex, concave below the suture. The whole surface is covered with close lines of growth, which recede in a broad curve on the subsutural band. Numerous fine, unequal, raised, spiral lines cover the whole surface, except the subsutural band. The upper whorls are also crossed by sixteen to eighteen blunt, transverse ribs, about as broad as their interspaces, most elevated on the middle of the whorls, fading out above and below. The aperture is elongated and narrow. The sinus is broad and well marked, just below the suture. The siphonal canal is short and nearly straight. The operculum is absent. Distribution P. pandionis can be found off the North American coastline, ranging from New Jersey south to Florida. References External links Rosenberg, G.; Moretzsohn, F.; García, E. F. (2009). Gastropoda (Mollusca) of the Gulf of Mexico, Pp. 579–699 in: Felder, D.L. and D.K. Camp (eds.), Gulf of Mexico–Origins, Waters, and Biota. Texas A&M Press, College Station, Texas Gastropods.com: Pleurotomella (Pleurotomella) pandionis pandionis Gastropods described in 1880
Eurysacca melanopicta is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Povolný in 1986. It is found in Argentina. References Eurysacca Moths described in 1986
Theo Piniau (born 8 June 1993) is a Papua New Guinean track and field athlete. At the 2016 Summer Olympics he competed in the Men's 200 m. References External links 1993 births Living people Papua New Guinean male sprinters Olympic athletes for Papua New Guinea Athletes (track and field) at the 2016 Summer Olympics Commonwealth Games competitors for Papua New Guinea Athletes (track and field) at the 2014 Commonwealth Games Athletes (track and field) at the 2018 Commonwealth Games People from East New Britain Province
```xml /* * @license Apache-2.0 * * * * path_to_url * * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. / import iterFresnelc = require( './index' ); /* * Returns an iterator protocol-compliant object. * * @returns iterator protocol-compliant object / function iterator() { return { 'next': next }; } /* * Implements the iterator protocol `next` method. * * @returns iterator protocol-compliant object */ function next() { return { 'value': true, 'done': false }; } // TESTS // // The function returns an iterator... { iterFresnelc( iterator() ); // $ExpectType Iterator } // The compiler throws an error if the function is provided a first argument which is not an iterator protocol-compliant object... { iterFresnelc( '5' ); // $ExpectError iterFresnelc( 5 ); // $ExpectError iterFresnelc( true ); // $ExpectError iterFresnelc( false ); // $ExpectError iterFresnelc( null ); // $ExpectError iterFresnelc( undefined ); // $ExpectError iterFresnelc( [] ); // $ExpectError iterFresnelc( {} ); // $ExpectError iterFresnelc( ( x: number ): number => x ); // $ExpectError } // The compiler throws an error if the function is provided insufficient arguments... { iterFresnelc(); // $ExpectError } ```
Doctor () is a 2023 Russian drama film directed by Artyom Temnikov. It stars Sergei Puskepalis. This film was theatrically released on April 13, 2023. Plot The film takes place in a psycho-neurological department for adolescents, in which one patient almost died. Adults believe that one of the guys is to blame. Doctors are afraid that something similar will happen again. A talented psychiatrist, Ivan Khristoforov, who is known for his pedagogical methods, will have to figure this out. Cast Sergei Puskepalis as dr. Khristoforov Anna Begunova as Swick's mother Igor Chernevich as Boris Anna Churina as Elata's mother Tatyana Grishkova as Anna Arkadyevna Roman Konoplyov as Creature Tatyana Korovina as Roza Denis Loginov as Vanechka References External links 2023 films 2020s Russian-language films 2023 drama films Russian drama films Films based on Russian novels Films about physicians
Cédric Baseya (born 19 December 1987) is a former professional footballer who played as a forward. Born in France, he made one appearance for the DR Congo U20 national team. Club career Baseya was born in Brétigny-sur-Orge, Essonne. He formerly played for Southampton in the English Championship. On 17 November 2007, he made his debut with Crewe Alexandra after signing for them on loan for one month the previous day. He made his Southampton debut as a last-minute substitute against Ipswich Town on 1 March 2008 but did not touch the ball in the short time he was on the pitch. Baseya moved to Lille on a Bosman on 2 July 2008, and was loaned out on 10 August 2009 to Le Havre AC. On 21 September 2011, Baseya signed a 12-month contract with Reading. On 24 November 2011, he was loaned out on a short-term deal to League Two side Barnet, making his debut on 25 November in a 2–1 home win against Macclesfield Town when he came on as a second-half substitute for Mark Marshall. At the end of the season, 2 May 2012, Baseya was released by Reading. In November 2013 Baseya joined Bulgarian A PFG side PFC Lokomotiv Sofia on a two-year contract. Baseya scored on his Lokomotiv debut, coming on as a 57th-minute substitute and scoring in the 69th minute, in a 2–1 defeat against Chernomorets Burgas. Baseya made his first start for Lokomotiv in their next game, a 2–0 away win over Slavia Sofia in which he scored the first goal, in the second leg of the second round of the Bulgarian Cup. Baseya played for Monza in 2015. In 2017, Baseya signed for A.C.B.B. International career Although born in France, he qualifies to play for the Democratic Republic of Congo via his parents. He was called up for their full international side but the game was cancelled and he has since represented them at Under 20 level in a 2–1 defeat by Argentina. References External links Player profile on Southampton's website 1987 births Living people People from Brétigny-sur-Orge French sportspeople of Democratic Republic of the Congo descent Citizens of the Democratic Republic of the Congo through descent French men's footballers Footballers from Essonne Men's association football forwards Democratic Republic of the Congo men's footballers Ligue 1 players English Football League players First Professional Football League (Bulgaria) players Southampton F.C. players Crewe Alexandra F.C. players Lille OSC players AS Cherbourg Football players Reading F.C. players Barnet F.C. players FC Lokomotiv 1929 Sofia players AC Monza players AC Boulogne-Billancourt players French expatriate men's footballers Democratic Republic of the Congo expatriate sportspeople in England Expatriate men's footballers in England Democratic Republic of the Congo expatriate sportspeople in France Expatriate men's footballers in France Democratic Republic of the Congo expatriate sportspeople in Bulgaria Expatriate men's footballers in Bulgaria Democratic Republic of the Congo expatriate sportspeople in Italy Expatriate men's footballers in Italy Black French sportspeople
Anlage may refer to: Allele, a specific version of a gene, as used by Gregor Mendel Anlage Süd, a headquarters facility of the German Third Reich in Strzyżów, Poland Primordium, the initial clustering of embryonic cells from which a body part develops Temperament, the predisposition personality type in psychology
Dikdukei Soferim (Hebrew: דקדוקי סופרים) is the name of a series of books written by Rabbi Raphael Nathan Nata Rabbinovicz, which bring different textual variants of the Babylonian Talmud from the Munich 95 manuscript (written in 1342, the only surviving manuscript covering the entire Talmud and without Christian censorship), alongside comparisons to other manuscripts, old printings, and writings of the rishonim. It also includes notes which clarify the meaning of the different variants, and sometimes include the author's opinion of which of the variants is preferable. Fifteen volumes of the series were published sequentially between 1867 and 1886. The author died in 1888, and the sixteenth volume was published postmortem in 1897, based on his notes. These 16 volumes do not cover the entire Talmud; a variety of more recent projects have attempted to complete the project for the remaining tractates. References Talmud Judaic studies

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