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was a Japanese samurai of the Heian period. The grandson of Minamoto no Yoshimitsu, Masayoshi was a resident of Hitachi Province. He was killed in battle by Minamoto no Yoshikuni around 1147. Masayoshi was the founder of the Satake clan. References "Ashikaga-shi (Kamakura kubō)" on Harimaya.com (Retrieved 20 August 2008) Satake clan Samurai 1081 births 1147 deaths Japanese warriors killed in battle
Jack Hirst (birth unknown – death unknown) was an English professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1920s and 1930s. He played at representative level for England and Yorkshire, and at club level for Featherstone Rovers (Heritage № 8), as a , i.e. number 3 or 4. Background Jack Hirst was born in Featherstone, Wakefield, West Riding of Yorkshire, England. Playing career International honours Jack Hirst won a cap for England while at Featherstone Rovers in 1923 against Wales, and in doing so became Featherstone Rovers' first international player. County honours Jack Hirst won caps for Yorkshire while at Featherstone Rovers; during the 1924–25 season against Lancashire and Cumberland, and during the 1925–26 season against Cumberland, and Lancashire. Jack Hirst had been selected for Yorkshire during the 1922–23 season, but had to withdraw through injury. County Cup Final appearances Jack Hirst played right-, i.e. number 3, in Featherstone Rovers' 0–5 defeat by Leeds in the 1928 Yorkshire County Cup Final during the 1928–29 season at Belle Vue, Wakefield on Saturday 24 November 1928. Club career Jack Hirst made his début for Featherstone Rovers as a right-, i.e. number 3, on Saturday 27 August 1921, he played his last match for Featherstone Rovers during the 1930–31 season, he appears to have scored no drop-goals (or field-goals as they are currently known in Australasia), but prior to the 1974–75 season all goals, whether; conversions, penalties, or drop-goals, scored 2-points, consequently prior to this date drop-goals were often not explicitly documented, therefore '0' drop-goals may indicate drop-goals not recorded, rather than no drop-goals scored. In addition, prior to the 1949–50 season, the archaic field-goal was also still a valid means of scoring points. Honoured at Featherstone Rovers Jack Hirst is a Featherstone Rovers Hall of Fame inductee. References External links England national rugby league team players English rugby league players Featherstone Rovers players Place of birth missing Place of death missing Rugby league centres Rugby league players from Featherstone Year of birth missing Year of death missing Yorkshire rugby league team players
The 1974 Wyoming Cowboys football team was an American football team that represented the University of Wyoming as a member of the Western Athletic Conference (WAC) during the 1974 NCAA Division I football season. In their fourth year under head coach Fritz Shurmur, the Cowboys compiled a 2–9 record (1–6 against conference opponents), finished last out of eight teams in the WAC, and were outscored by a total of 283 to 150. They played their home games at War Memorial Stadium in Laramie, Wyoming. Schedule References Wyoming Wyoming Cowboys football seasons Wyoming Cowboys football
Drzonowo Białogardzkie is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Tychowo, within Białogard County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately south-east of Tychowo, south-east of Białogard, and north-east of the regional capital Szczecin. For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania. References Villages in Białogard County
Antileukemic drugs, anticancer drugs that are used to treat one or more types of leukemia, include: 6-Mercaptopurine 6-Thioguanine Arsenic trioxide Asparaginase Cladribine Clofarabine Cyclophosphamide Cytosine arabinoside Dasatinib Daunorubicin Decitabine Etoposide Fludarabine Gemtuzumab ozogamicin Idarubicin Imatinib mesylate Interferon-α Interleukin-2 Melphalan Methotrexate Mitoxantrone Nelarabine Nilotinib Oblimersen Pegaspargase Pentostatin Ponatinib Prednisone Rituximab Tretinoin Vincristine Leukemia Lists of drugs
YMA may refer to: Young Muslim Association, an organization for people of all ages that promotes Islam in America Mayo Airport, the IATA code for the airport in Canada Yilan Museum of Art, a museum in Yilan County, Taiwan Yma Súmac, a noted dramatic coloratura soprano of Peruvian origin, born September 13, 1922 Young Mizo Association, an organization for the people of Mizo
Abu ol Baq (, also Romanized as Abū ol Baq; also known as Abol Beq) is a village in Howmeh Rural District, in the Central District of Damghan County, Semnan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 70, in 23 families. References Populated places in Damghan County
Dammer may refer to: Carl Lebrecht Udo Dammer (1860–1920), a German botanist Ober Dammer, the German name for Dąbrowa_Górna,_Lower_Silesian_Voivodeship, a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lubin, within Lubin County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland Dammer, the German name for Dąbrowa, a village in Namysłów County, Opole Voivodeship, in south-western Poland See also Dammers (disambiguation) Dahmer (disambiguation)
Jeff Jacoby may refer to: Jeff Jacoby (columnist) (born 1959), American journalist Jeff Jacoby (sound artist) (contemporary), American sound and radio artist
Roberto Gabriel Strechie (born 16 July 2000) is an Italian professional footballer born to Romanian parents who plays as a midfielder for Serie D club Este. Club career He made his debut for Venezia on 7 May 2017 in a game against Maceratese. On 30 August 2019, he signed a contract with Dinamo București. He was released in January 2020. Strechie played for Dinamo only in friendly games. On 24 January 2020, he signed a 3-year contract with Novara. On 9 September 2020, he moved to Swiss club Chiasso. References External links 2000 births Footballers from Venice Living people Italian men's footballers Men's association football midfielders Venezia FC players Lucchese 1905 players FC Dinamo București players Novara FC players FC Chiasso players AC Prato players AC Este players Serie B players Serie C players Swiss Challenge League players Serie D players Italian people of Romanian descent Italian expatriate men's footballers Expatriate men's footballers in Romania Italian expatriate sportspeople in Romania Expatriate men's footballers in Switzerland Italian expatriate sportspeople in Switzerland
Luke Mitrani (born July 20, 1990 in New York City) is a former professional snowboarder and a musician. He has 3 albums and has a love for live performances. Luke placed 1st in the halfpipe at the 2011 Winter Dew Tour with the highest score in Dew Tour history, 97.00. He has also placed 1st at many U.S Snowboarding Grand Prix competitions. Luke was the youngest person to ever make the US Snowboarding Team at the age of 12. Early life Luke was born in New York City on July 20, 1990. He was raised in Stratton, Vermont. Luke previously lived in Truckee, California with fellow snowboarder and friend, Danny Davis. Luke is a part of the Frends Crew made up of snowboarders Mason Aguirre, Kevin Pearce, Jack Mitrani, Keir Dillon, Danny Davis, Scotty Lago and Mikkel Bang. Sponsors Luke is sponsored by Volcom, Vestal Watches, Frends, Mammoth Mountain, Amp, Dragon, and the U.S. Snowboard Team. Other interests Luke is an avid skateboarder, guitar player and music lover. Some of his favorite artists are The Grateful Dead, Neil Young, Jimi Hendrix, Santana and Led Zeppelin. Luke's music can be found on music streaming platforms such as Apple Music and Spotify. References External links . Luke Mitrani's website The Frends' Crew Youtube Page Frends Crew Official Website 1990 births Living people American male snowboarders Sportspeople from New York City
Mahal may refer to: Places Mahal, India, a small town in Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh, India Mahal, Punjab, a village in Jalandhar district of Punjab State, India Mahal, Paschim Bardhaman, a census town in Pandabeswar CD Block in Durgapur subdivision of Paschim Bardhaman district, West Bengal, India Mahal, close to pargana, country subdivision in the Indian subcontinent Măhal, a village in Sânmartin, Cluj County, Romania Mahalla, an Arabic language country subdivision or neighbourhood term Mahalle, Turkish language country subdivision or neighbourhood term Malé, national capital of the Maldives Films Mahal (1949 film), Indian film directed by Kamal Amrohi and starring Ashok Kumar and Madhubala Mahal (1969 film), Indian film directed by Shanker Mukherjee Mahal, a 1989 Indian film directed by Keshu Ramsay Other Mahal (Eddie Henderson album), a 1978 album by Eddie Henderson Mahal (Toro y Moi album), a 2022 album by Toro y Moi Mahal (Israel), foreign military volunteers in Israel Mahal (palace), meaning "palace" in India Mahal dialect (also spelled 'Mahl'), dialect of Dhivehi language spoken on Minicoy Island, India Aulë, a fictional character from J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium, also named Mahal Jinder Mahal (born 1986), ring name of Canadian professional wrestler Yuvraj "Raj" Singh Dhesi Mahal (actress) (1974–2021), Filipino actress and comedian See also Mahale (disambiguation) Taj Mahal (disambiguation)
The Alabama beach mouse (Peromyscus polionotus ammobates) is a federally endangered subspecies of oldfield mouse that lives along the Alabama coast. Description The Alabama beach mouse is around 122 to 153 mm (2.8 to 6 in) long and can weigh anywhere from 10 to 17 g (0.78 to 0.88 oz.). The tail usually accounts for 55 to 65 percent of the total body length. Males are generally smaller than females. Its coloring ranges from brown to pale gray, with white undersides and feet. A dark brown mid-dorsal stripe is common. Distribution and status The range of the Alabama beach mouse historically included much of the Fort Morgan Peninsula on the Alabama Gulf coast, and extended from Ono Island to Fort Morgan. As of 2019, populations have been observed near Fort Morgan, in the Bon Secour National Wildlife Refuge, and a reintroduced population is surviving in Gulf State Park, although it is no longer believed to inhabit areas east of the park. The Alabama beach mouse is one of several subspecies of oldfield mice living only in coastal sand dune areas. They are nocturnal and live in burrowed nests in sand dunes, where they have some protection against flooding. They eat various plant seeds and insects. They prefer sand-covered slopes with patches of sea oats, beach grass, and other grasses and herbs. Beach mice are an important part of the coastal dune ecosystem. Thriving beach mouse populations indicate a healthy dune system. The mice themselves contribute by collecting and distributing seeds. Uneaten seeds grow into plants which help to stabilize dunes. Beach mice are also an important part of the food chain, providing a food source for dune predators such as snakes and owls. Coastal residential and commercial development and roadway construction have fragmented and destroyed habitat used by this species. Hurricanes, dune use by pedestrians, and tropical storms have also damaged or destroyed sand dunes and related habitats. Stalking by domestic and wild cats and dogs, birds, and raccoons, as well as other animals, plus competition from other rodents have also contributed to Alabama beach mouse declines. In 1986, the Alabama beach mouse was listed as endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The species is protected in areas such as the Bon Secour National Wildlife Refuge in Baldwin County, Alabama. In Sierra Club v. Babbitt, environmental organizations halted construction of housing in the Alabama beach mouse's habitat. References External links FWS report on the Alabama Beach Mouse Endemic mammals of the United States Endemic fauna of Alabama Peromyscus
Christian Chamber of Commerce and Industry is an organisation of Christian businesspeople in India. It was set up in 2010 to act as platform for Christian businesspeople so that they may benefit from networking and achieving a higher rate of growth. Its headquarters is in Hyderabad India. References Christian organisations based in India Organisations based in Hyderabad, India Business organisations based in India 2010 establishments in Andhra Pradesh Organizations established in 2010
Kishikawa Bosai Dam is a concrete gravity dam located in Saga Prefecture in Japan. The dam is used for flood control. The catchment area of the dam is km2. The dam impounds about 4 ha of land when full and can store 330 thousand cubic meters of water. The construction of the dam was started on and completed in 1962. References Dams in Saga Prefecture 1962 establishments in Japan
Sülüntaş, formerly known as Kardere, () is a village in the Mazgirt District, Tunceli Province, Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds of the Izol and Şadiyan tribes and had a population of 74 in 2021. The hamlet of Pınarönü is attached to the village. References Villages in Mazgirt District Kurdish settlements in Tunceli Province
The Anglican Province of Kwara is one of the 14 ecclesiastical provinces of the Church of Nigeria. It comprises 7 dioceses. The Archbishop of the Province of Kwara and Bishop of New Bussa is Israel Amoo. The dioceses are (2021): Igbomina (Bishop: Emmanuel Adekola) Igbomina-West (Bishop: Olajide Adebayo) Jebba (Bishop: Oluwaseun A. Aderogba) Kwara (Bishop: S. T. G. Adewole; first bishop, Herbert Haruna, consecrated 27 October 1974, Ibadan) New Bussa (Bishop: Israel Amoo) Offa (Bishop: Solomon Akanbi) Omu-Aran (Bishop: Festus Oyetola Sobanke) Ekiti Kwara (Bishop: Andrew O.A. Ajayi) Archbishops of Kwara Until 2017 Michael Akinyemi 2017 - 2019 Olusegun Adeyemi 2019 - date Israel Amoo References External links Anglican Province of Kwara at Anglican Communion Official Website Anglican Province of Kwara at Anglican Communion Official Website Church of Nigeria ecclesiastical provinces
In late 2014, Canadian radio host Jian Ghomeshi was arrested and charged with four counts of sexual assault, and one count of overcoming resistance by choking, in relation to three complainants. He was charged with three additional counts related to three more women on January 8, 2015. On October 1, 2015, Ghomeshi pleaded not guilty to one count of choking and four counts of sexual assault. The trial began on February 1, 2016. He was acquitted of all five charges on March 24, 2016. Background Early allegations Ghomeshi was the host and co-creator of the CBC Radio One show Q. He hosted the show from 2007 to 2014, until fired by the CBC. In 2010, the producer of Q, Kathryn Borel, approached her union, the Canadian Media Guild, reporting that Ghomeshi had repeatedly sexually harassed her starting in 2007. She also reported that there was "...emotional abuse, too: gaslighting and psychological games that undermined [her] intelligence, security and sense of self. Sometimes that hit harder than the physical trespassing." Borel declined to start a union arbitration or formal grievance but met with the executive producer of the show informally. Borel says that her union representative and the producer "did nothing." When Borel's allegations became public in 2014, CMG national president Carmel Smyth described Borel's experience as unacceptable and stated that sexual harassment is now a priority for the union. In 2012, journalism students at the University of Western Ontario were advised not to pursue internships at Q due to Ghomeshi's rumoured inappropriate behaviour toward young women. In 2013, journalist Carla Ciccone published an account of her date with a Canadian radio host to XoJane titled "I Accidentally Went on a Date With a Presumed-Gay Canadian C-List Celebrity Who Creepily Proved He Isn't Gay." Ciccone refers to the personality under a pseudonym but Toronto Life identified the individual as Ghomeshi. The article claims the radio host as making unwanted physical advances. Ghomeshi did not deny going on a date with Ciccone and claimed not to have read the article, but stated that much of it was untrue from what he had heard. In 2014, a Twitter account named for Ghomeshi's teddy bear, Big Ears Teddy, made accusations of abuse against him; these accusations included an April 9, 2014, tweet signed "every female Carleton U media grad." Dismissal from the CBC In the spring of 2014, Ghomeshi advised his employers at the CBC that the Toronto Star was looking into allegations by an ex-girlfriend that he had engaged in non-consensual rough sex and that he denied this accusation. The crisis management firm Navigator was hired to work for both Ghomeshi and the CBC. In early summer of 2014, reporter Jesse Brown contacted the CBC and warned that Ghomeshi's behaviour might have crossed into his work environment. The CBC investigated and concluded that there were no workplace complaints against Ghomeshi. According to an investigation by the CBC's The Fifth Estate, "almost all known staffers on... Q said they were not contacted by CBC management as part of any investigation." Ghomeshi denied the accusations again and the Toronto Star declined to go forward with the story at that time. In October 2014, Brown tweeted that he was working on a story that would be "worse than embarrassing for certain parties". Brown later said that he was referring to another story but Ghomeshi requested a meeting with CBC on October 23. During that meeting, the CBC viewed what it later described as "graphic evidence that Jian had caused physical injury to a woman". According to Vice, Ghomeshi showed his bosses lewd text messages on a CBC-owned phone and graphic personal sex videos. On October 24, Ghomeshi announced he was taking an indefinite leave of absence from the network to deal with personal matters. Two days later, the CBC terminated Ghomeshi's employment, with a CBC spokesperson saying "information came to our attention recently that in CBC's judgment precludes us from continuing our relationship with Jian." Ghomeshi subsequently released a "lengthy Facebook post" saying his dismissal was motivated by fear of an alleged smear campaign by an ex-girlfriend that according to Ghomeshi could release private details about his sexual life. Ghomeshi also said he refused an offer by the CBC to "walk away quietly." Chris Boyce, the head of CBC Radio, denied that such an offer was made. Ghomeshi filed a $55 million lawsuit against the CBC, alleging that the broadcaster misused "personal and confidential information provided to it in confidence". He also filed "a union grievance alleging wrongful dismissal and defamation," and stated through his lawyer that he "does not engage in non-consensual role play or sex and any suggestion of the contrary is defamatory." Ghomeshi withdrew his lawsuit on November 25, 2014. The terms of settlement stipulated that Ghomeshi will pay the CBC $18,000 in legal costs. Following his firing, the Toronto Star published allegations by three women who said that they experienced violence from Ghomeshi without consent, along with allegations by a former CBC colleague, who later revealed her identity as Kathryn Borel, who said that Ghomeshi had sexually harassed her in the workplace. A fifth woman gave an interview to CBC Radio's As It Happens on October 29, 2014, also revealing that Ghomeshi physically abused her on their first date. By December 16, 15 women and one man had approached media outlets with abuse allegations against Ghomeshi. Actress Lucy DeCoutere was the first woman to agree to the publication of her name in conjunction with the allegations, followed by author and lawyer Reva Seth. Jim Hounslow later came forward publicly accusing Ghomeshi of sexually assaulting him while the two were students at York University in the early 1990s. On October 30, Ghomeshi was dropped by Navigator and the public relations firm, Rock-it Productions, ended their association with Ghomeshi. Both Carleton University and the CBC launched private investigations into allegations against Ghomeshi. The CBC investigation was led by Janice Rubin, a prominent lawyer and leading authority on workplace harassment, and the results were released on April 16, 2015. The report stated that Ghomeshi "consistently breached the behavourial standard... of CBC by yelling at, belittling and humiliating others" and it referred to the "sexualized conduct and comments of Mr. Ghomeshi" in the workplace. The report stated that "[m]anagement knew or ought to have known of this behaviour and conduct and failed to take steps required of it in accordance with its own policies to ensure that the workplace was free from disrespectful and abusive conduct". The report stated that "[i]t is our conclusion that CBC management condoned this behaviour." Carleton University's review, however, found that none of their students were "affected" by Ghomeshi and that "no one has raised any concerns about their placements" with CBC. As a result of his firing and the accusations made against him, Ghomeshi was named QMI Agency's newsmaker of the year. On January 5, 2015, the CBC placed Boyce and Todd Spencer, the executive director of human resources and industrial relations for English services, on indefinite leave of absence because of the Ghomeshi scandal. The CBC announced their dismissal on April 16, 2015. Spencer sued CBC in May 2016 for wrongful dismissal, saying that he was "scapegoated" by the corporation. Criminal proceedings On November 26, 2014 Ghomeshi turned himself in to Toronto Police and was charged with four counts of sexual assault and one count of overcoming resistance by choking, after an investigation that began on October 31. The charges concern three separate women. He appeared in court on the same day and was released on $100,000 bail on the conditions that he surrender his passport, stay within Ontario and live with his mother. Ghomeshi appeared in court again on January 8, 2015, and was charged with three additional counts of sexual assault related to three more women. In a court appearance on February 26, 2015, a judicial pretrial was set for March 27, 2015, and was later put over to April 28, 2015. His lawyer, Marie Henein, stated that he would plead not guilty to all charges. On October 1, 2015, Ghomeshi pleaded not guilty to one count of choking and four counts of sexual assault. Trial and acquittal The trial of Ghomeshi began on February 1, 2016. On day one of the trial, the first complainant testified that Ghomeshi made a "sudden switch from charm to brutality", and that he punched her in the head and pulled her hair. The following day, Ghomeshi's defence lawyer, Marie Henein, "questioned the reliability of the complainant's memory and, at times, her honesty". Henein pointed out differing accounts of the complainant's story to police and during her testimony. The complainant, who had previously testified to having no contact with Ghomeshi after the alleged assaults, was confronted with two emails she had written to Ghomeshi more than a year afterwards, one included a picture of her in bikini; she described them as "bait" to get him to explain why he attacked her. On day three, Lucy DeCoutere testified, telling the court of a date with Ghomeshi in July 2003. She alleged that "he slapped her without warning and choked her until she couldn't breathe". During cross-examination, Henein presented court with a series of emails written by DeCoutere in the hours following the alleged assault, including an email written hours after the alleged assault which read "You kicked my ass last night and that makes me want to fuck your brains out", a handwritten letter that said "I love your hands", and a photo of her "fellating" a beer bottle in October 2005. DeCoutere said that she was trying to please and placate Ghomeshi because she blamed herself for the crimes and that none of that changed the fact that she was assaulted. The third complainant, who could not be named because of a publication ban, testified that Ghomeshi put his hands and teeth on her neck while they kissed on a park bench. Days before testifying, she said that after inadvertently hearing that emails from the previous complainants were read out in court, she told police about a date she had with Ghomeshi after the alleged assault in which she had a consensual sexual encounter with him that she did not disclose earlier. Under cross examination, Henein accused the complainant of lying to police in her initial statement, while the complainant called it "an omission". Henein also questioned her about her friendship with DeCoutere, including exchanging 5,000 text messages and sharing a lawyer and a publicist. The Crown asked the judge, Justice William Horkins, "...to allow a final witness to be deemed admissible, saying she would corroborate Ms. DeCoutere's version of events" on day six. The defense opposed to calling the witness, but Horkins ruled that the new witness could testify. Due to a snowstorm, the witness, actress Sarah E. Dunsworth, did not testify and instead a transcript of her statement to police and messages exchanged between her and DeCoutere were provided. On the last day of the trial, the Crown and defence team made their closing arguments to the judge. Crown prosecutor Michael Callaghan stated that the "...credibility of Ghomeshi's three accusers has nothing to do with the way they behaved after the alleged incidents". On March 24, 2016, the judge delivered the verdict. Ghomeshi was acquitted of all charges. Justice William Horkins stated that the inconsistency and "outright deception" of the witness' testimony had irreparably weakened the prosecution's case. "Each complainant," he wrote, "demonstrated, to some degree, a willingness to ignore their oath to tell the truth on more than one occasion." Referring to a witness' excuse that she was merely trying to "navigate" the proceeding, Horkins replied "'Navigating' this sort of proceeding is really quite simple: tell the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth." Separate charge One additional charge of sexual assault was expected to be addressed at a separate trial in June 2016. On May 11, 2016, however, the Crown withdrew the last remaining charge, involving the alleged sexual assault against former CBC co-worker, Kathryn Borel, after Ghomeshi signed a peace bond, which does not include an admission of guilt but which is premised on the complainant having a reasonable fear that the person entering the peace bond will cause personal injury to the complainant or their intimate partner, or damage to the complainant's property, or will post an intimate image without consent contrary to s.162.1 of the Criminal Code.. Ghomeshi also agreed to apologize to Borel and did so formally. "No workplace friendship or creative environment excuses this sort of behaviour, especially when there's a power imbalance as there was with Ms. Borel," Ghomeshi stated. Later that day, Borel issued a formal statement to the media, insisting that Ghomeshi was guilty of sexual assault. "There are at least three documented incidents of physical touching," she said. "A trial would have maintained his lie, the lie that he was not guilty, and would have further subjected me to the very same pattern of abuse that I am currently trying to stop," Borel added. Borel was critical of the CBC for its handling of her initial complaint about Ghomeshi's behaviour. The CBC apologized to Borel publicly, on May 11, the second such apology by the Corporation, in a statement by head of public affairs Chuck Thompson. Reactions and analysis 2016 Immediately after the verdict, supporters of the women expressed their disdain for the judge's ruling. They argued he was blaming the victims for not conforming to stereotypes of how women should behave, and that this could dissuade other women from coming forward in the future. Tom Mulcair, then head of the NDP party, tweeted that he believed the alleged survivors and critiqued the Canadian legal system. Other Canadian celebrities and activists voiced similar opinions. Andrew Burke, an associate professor of cultural studies at the University of Winnipeg, wrote "That was a total masterclass in misogynist, arrogant windbaggery just now from Judge Horkins." Outside the courtroom, dozens of protesters voiced their support for the women, shouting "Ghomeshi guilty". Ghomeshi's sister also read a short statement expressing relief about the verdict and criticizing the lack of "due process" up to this point. Toronto lawyer Jonathan Rosenthal, however, stated: "It's a very bad case for the victims' rights movement to be jumping up and screaming about. It's atypical: This is a case where, bottom line, the complainants all lied." The case was also atypical in that the police solicited victims to come forward, and that some were very active with media interviews (DeCoutere conducted 19 herself) which were used against them in cross examination. The complainants were also in an environment with supporters saying victims must be believed. This perceived solidarity led to two of the complainants exchanging more than 5,000 messages before the trial. The potential for this to be seen as collusion led to the Crown abandoning an application to make "similar fact" case which tied the three complaints together. After the verdict, Marie Henein, Ghomeshi's lead attorney, responded to criticisms of her and the legal process in a televised interview. In response to those who called her actions a betrayal of women, she said, "I respect their right to say that, I don't respect their opinion or agree with it" and "I'm not about to send myself back into the kitchen because somebody doesn't like what I do." Henein spoke highly of the Canadian Courts, arguing that people get justice but that should not be confused with getting what they want. Referring to criticism that she undermined the complainants, she pointed out that no one should be believed without question including the police, "It's never been to the benefit of the disadvantaged or the most marginalized." She had specific criticism of Tom Mulcair's comments: "When you are denigrating the legal system in which he worked ... not having read a word of transcript, and not having informed yourself of the case, that's disappointing and not something I would put much stock in." 2017 onwards 2022 In 2018, the federal government of Canada passed rape shield legislation limiting the extent to which past behaviour could be used against witnesses at sexual assault trials. The changes were the result of recommendations from a 2012 report from Senate of Canada, although they were not implemented until after Ghomeshi's trial. Following appeals about the new rules lodged in two court cases in Ontario and British Columbia, the Supreme Court of Canada held in 2022 that the rules were fair. The legal changes were described in the Globe and Mail newspaper as the Ghomeshi amendments. References 2016 in Canadian case law Ghomeshi, Jian Ghomeshi, Jian Ghomeshi, Jian 2016 in Ontario
The Earl Burns Miller Japanese Garden is a Japanese garden encompassing on the campus of California State University, Long Beach, in Long Beach, California, United States. It was dedicated in 1981. Ed Lovell, landscape master plan architect for the University, traveled to Japan and took inspiration from the Imperial Gardens in Tokyo before designing the garden. Among the annual events held at the Japanese garden is a Koi auction and a chrysanthemum show. It is adjacent to the village site of Puvunga. In the trenching for the garden, evidence of the ancient Tongva village was uncovered in the early 1970s. The garden is closed on Saturdays (when it is often rented out for weddings and receptions) and Mondays. See also List of botanical gardens in the United States References External links Official web site California State University, Long Beach Landmarks in Los Angeles Tourist attractions in Long Beach, California Japanese gardens in California Parks in Los Angeles County, California
The Handley Page H.P.39 is a wooden biplane that was constructed in 1929. The aircraft was intended to compete in a competition proposed by the Daniel Guggenheim Fund for the Promotion of Aeronautics - the Guggenheim Safe Aircraft Competition. The original working name for the aircraft was the Guggenheim Competition Biplane. The name Gugnunc was at first unofficial, coming from the Pip, Squeak and Wilfred newspaper cartoon (in the Daily Mirror and later in silent films), but it later became official. Construction and operation Only one example of the type was constructed, and it was allotted civil registration G-AACN. It used slots and flaps to achieve the necessary low speed and short takeoff and landing distances for the various Guggenheim prizes. The aircraft competed in the competition in 1929. Most of the competitors failed to enter due to mechanical problems or failure to satisfy the organizers' safety checks. The Gugnunc performed adequately but did not win any prizes. While at the competition, the Handley Page team noticed that the Curtiss competitors were using an unlicensed version of the Handley Page slot. In the following legal battles, the Curtiss lawyers brought up a postwar judgement that foreign aircraft (and particularly Handley Page aircraft) were prohibited from being imported into the US. On return to the UK, the aircraft continued experimental flying, was ultimately purchased by the Air Ministry, given registration K1908, and was allocated to the Royal Aircraft Establishment for further testing. The aircraft was struck off in 1934 and presented to the Science Museum. In 2016 it was installed as the centrepiece of the Winton Gallery of the museum. The curved overhead structure and layout of the gallery, designed by Dame Zaha Hadid represents the airflow around the aircraft. Specifications (H.P.39) See also References Notes Bibliography Barnes, C. H. Handley Page Aircraft Since 1907. London: Putnam & Company, Ltd., 1987. . Clayton, Donald C. Handley Page, an Aircraft Album. Shepperton, Surrey, UK: Ian Allan Ltd., 1969. . Flight 1930 HANDLEY PAGE TYPE 39 Guggenheim Competition Machine External links Science Museum (includes a picture of the aircraft) HP Gugnunc Mathematics And Aviation: The Handley Page ‘Gugnunc’ 6 December 2018</ref> 1920s British experimental aircraft 1920s British civil utility aircraft Gugnunc Sesquiplanes Single-engined tractor aircraft Aircraft first flown in 1929
French football club SC Bastia's 2000–01 season. Finished 8th place in league. Top scorer of the season, including 17 goals in 16 league matches have been Frédéric Née. Was eliminated to Coupe de France end of 16, the Coupe de la Ligue was able to be among the final 16 teams. Transfers In Summer Demetrius Ferreira from Nancy Michael Essien from Liberty Professionals David Faderne from Ajaccio Sébastien Piocelle from Nantes Winter Cyril Domoraud from Inter Out Summer Franck Jurietti to AS Monaco Zoumana Camara to Marseille Dan Petersen to Bastia B Winter David Mazzoncini to free Squad French Division 1 League table Results summary Results by round Matches Coupe de France Coupe de la Ligue Statistics Top scorers League assists Notes References SC Bastia seasons Bastia
Malankara Malpan Arch Corepiscopa Curien (Kurian) Kaniyamparambil was a priest in the Jacobite Syrian Christian Church and a scholar in Syriac language, who translated the Bible (വിശുദ്ധഗ്രന്ഥം) from ancient Peshitta text to Malayalam. This is the official bible used by Syriac Orthodox Church in India. Biography Kaniyamparambil Achan was born on 27 February 1913 to Paulose and Aayamma of a well-known Christian family Kaniyamparambil in Kanjiramattom. He did education in the schools at Kanjiramattom and Mulanthuruthy. Later he started learning the basics of Jacobite liturgy, Syriac and theology from Very Rev. Augen Ramban at Sion Kodanad. At the age of 15 he was able to master the sacred liturgical language Syriac. He modified Syriac prayer songs translated by Sabhakavi C P Chandy for usage in Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church. He completed his college education from C.M.S College, Kottayam. He was ordained as a priest by Malankara Metropolitan Paulose Mar Athanasius. During the apostolic visit of Patriarch of Antioch Saint Ignatius Elias III to Malankara, he served as his secretary. Apostolic Delegate of the Patriarch Mor Julius Elias raised him to the rank of Corepiscopa at the age of 37, the highest order the Church bestows on a married Kassisso. He also received many titles and medals from Moran Mor Aphrem I, Moran Mor Yakoob III, and Moran Mor Zakka I Iywas, Holy Patriarchs of Antioch and all the East. Funeral and memorials/ Death and entombment Kaniyamparambil Achan passed away at age 102 on 19 October 2015. The remains of Rev. (Dr.) Kurien Arch Corepiscopa, Kaniyamparambil are interred in a tomb in St.Ignatius Jacobite Syrian Church in Kanjiramattom, Ernakulam District, Kerala. Books Holy Bible (വിശുദ്ധഗ്രന്ഥം)(translation into Malayalam) Interpretation of the new testament (Malayalam) Sh'himo Namaskaram in Malayalam,1976 Syriac Reader and Meditative Lectures Suriyani Sabha Charithravum Viswasa Sathyangalum (Malayalam)(History of Jacobite Syrian Church(English)) The miracle's of our lord Vidhudha Vishwasa Pramanam Biography of Chathuruthil Mor Geevarghese Mar Gregorios of Parumala Biography of Ignatius Elias III Patriarch of Antioch Biography of Baselios Yeldo Maphrian of the East Biography of Baselios Sakralla III of Aleppo, Maphrian of the East Anchu Parishudhanmar Biography of Malankara Metropolitan Paulose Mar Athanasius 1001 speeches Rekshikkapeduvan Nee Enthu Cheyyanam (Malayalam) Prayers of Mother Mary 10 letters of Mother to the Daughter Syrian Church History in India (English & Malayalam) Joseph (Syriac drama) Margonino (Syriac novel) Subhashithanagal (Speech) The Miracles of Our Lord Syriac-English Dictionary 151 Speeches along with the history of the Holy Church Awards and recognition References Indian Oriental Orthodox Christians Syriac Orthodox clergy Translators to Malayalam Translators of the Bible into Malayalam Christian clergy from Kochi 1913 births 2015 deaths Indian centenarians 20th-century translators
Wanja Yvonne Michuki is a Kenyan family enterprise coach, consultant, advisor and financial analyst. She sits on a number of corporate boards of directors, including Kenya Agricultural Finance Corporation, based in Nairobi, Kenya and is a member of the advisory board at Columbia Global Centers, based in Nairobi. She also serves as the managing director at Be Bold Consoling and Advisory Limited, a Kenyan family enterprise coaching, consulting, and advisory firm that she founded in 2015. She is a member of the Family Firm Institute, based in Boston, Massachusetts, United States. She is also a Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) and a Salzburg Global Fellow. Background and education Michuki was born to Kenyan parents in 1974. Her father, the late John Michuki, was a cabinet minister in the government led by the late Mwai Kibaki, Kenya's third president. She is the youngest daughter in the family. She holds a Bachelor of Arts degree in Economics, from Bryn Mawr College in Pennsylvania, United States. Later, she obtained a Master of Business Administration degree from Columbia Business School in New York City. Career As an undergraduate she worked briefly as a summer associate at Meryll Lynch (today a component of Bank of America). She was a corporate analyst at Barclays Merchant Finance Limited and then as a research manager at Barclays Trust Investment Services Limited. In 2003, she founded The Highland Tea Company LLC, based in New York City. She ran that business until 2008. Between 2009 and 2014, she worked as a "Trade, Investment and Multilateral Diplomat" for the Kenyan Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, based in London, United Kingdom. In 2015, she founded Be Bold Consultancy and Advisory Limited, a private financial consulting and executive coaching company, where she serves as the firm's managing director to date. Other considerations She is a tea enthusiast. In 2020, she was appointed by the Ethical Tea Partnership (ETP), a tea lobby group, based in London, United Kingdom, to oversee the activities of the group in Kenya, Malawi and Rwanda, while based in Nairobi, Kenya. See also Diana Mulili References External links Michuki’s daughter gets respite in row over Sh184m As of 1 May 2022. 1970s births Living people Kikuyu people 21st-century Kenyan businesswomen 21st-century Kenyan businesspeople Kenyan business executives Bryn Mawr College alumni Columbia Business School alumni
Vaiano is a frazione of the comune of Castiglione del Lago in the Province of Perugia, Umbria, central Italy. It stands at an elevation of 371 metres above sea level. At the time of the Istat census of 2001 it had 234 inhabitants. References Frazioni of Castiglione del Lago
David Alejandro Salazar Zepeda (born August 5, 1991, in Monterrey, Nuevo León), known as David Salazar, is a Mexican professional footballer who plays for Atlante on loan from América. External links Living people 1991 births Footballers from Monterrey Liga MX players Men's association football midfielders Chiapas F.C. footballers Atlante F.C. footballers Lobos BUAP footballers Potros UAEM footballers Real Cuautitlán footballers Ascenso MX players Liga Premier de México players Tercera División de México players Footballers from Nuevo León Mexican men's footballers
Timpson High School is a public high school located in Timpson, Texas (USA) and classified as a 2A school by the UIL. It is part of the Timpson Independent School District located in northwest Shelby County. In 2015, the school was rated "Met Standard" by the Texas Education Agency. Athletics The Timpson Bears compete in these sports - Baseball Basketball Cross Country Football Powerlifting Softball Track and Field Volleyball State Titles Boys Track 1917(B), 1974(1A), 1979(1A) References External links Timpson ISD Public high schools in Texas Education in Shelby County, Texas
Lucinda Sewer Millin (August 26, 1892 – January 26, 1981) was an educator and legislator of the United States Virgin Islands. She studied in Antigua and began teaching in 1910 at a Moravian Church school. In 1923 she founded her own school. In 1954 she became the first woman elected to the Legislature of the Virgin Islands and she would serve ten years. In addition to education she had a strong interest in care for the elderly and the Lucinda Millin Home for the Aged was named for her. References 1892 births 1981 deaths United States Virgin Islands women in politics United States Virgin Islands people of African descent Senators of the Legislature of the United States Virgin Islands United States Virgin Islands educators Democratic Party of the Virgin Islands politicians 20th-century American educators 20th-century American women educators 20th-century American politicians 20th-century American women politicians
Chinese tokens (Traditional Chinese: 中國代用幣; Simplified Chinese: 中国代用币; Pinyin: zhōng guó dài yòng bì) were an alternative currency in the form of token coins produced in China during the late Qing dynasty around the time of the Taiping Rebellion in the province of Jiangsu but not by the Taiping government, which had issued its own currency. Later tokens were again issued in Jiangsu during the Japanese occupation. These tokens were typically made by merchants and local businesses as well as local authorities and had nominal values denominated in their value in cash coins. During the Qing dynasty Qing dynasty era Chinese tokens were cast in denominations of 100 cash, 200 cash, 500 cash, and 1000 cash as well as 1 chuàn (壹串, or 100 cash coins), 2 chuàn (贰串, or 200 cash coins), and 5 chuàn (伍串, or 500 cash coins) as the contemporary definition of a "string of cash coins" () in the province of Jiangsu at the time was a hundred cash coins but these tokens also had denominations of 1 guàn (一貫, or 1000 cash coins). The numbers that these Jiangsu tokens were denominated in were an indication that of economic instability in the region at the time as the difference between their intrinsic and nominal value was significant. In addition to their nominal value it was common for these Chinese tokens to contain various features of Chinese charms such as "good luck" symbols, and unlike most contemporary coins these Chinese tokens may also contain chop marks which were only a feature of silver coinage such as dragon dollars at the time. Chinese tokens often had coin-like inscriptions such as wàn lì tōng bǎo (萬曆通寶), but also contained other inscriptions describing their nominal value like bǎi hé tong yuán (百合同元, "this coin has the same worth as 100 of the primary currency"), chuán bù liú shǐ (傳不流矢, "(this token) circulates without losing value"), yì qiān wén zhèng (一仟文正, "(this token) is equal to one thousand cash coins"), and yì bǎi wén zhèng (一百文正) which means "one hundred cash coins only"). These Chinese tokens often had inscriptions usually found on Chinese charms and amulets like xiáng qìng róng huá (祥慶榮華, "happiness and celebration, prosperity and high position") and rì yòng guāng huī (日用光輝, "for daily use is glorious") and could also contain other charm features such as the eight trigrams. Some Chinese tokens could also resemble Jiā Qìng Tōng Bǎo (嘉慶通寶) cash coins but with a serrated edge. Lead tokens Two series of lead cash coins, one with the inscription "Shengji Zuoyong" (生記作用), the other with the inscription "Hengji Dangshi" (亨記當十), are said to have circulated as an alternative currency in the Jiaxing Prefecture, Zhejiang Province during the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom period, following the occupation of the region by the rebel government. Following the establishment of the central government Minting Bureau to issue its own holy currency the lead cash coins were recalled to be melted down. However, a few people did not exchange these lead cash coins to the royal government and a small number of them have been preserved to this day. According to insiders of the soy sauce making industry, the companies that operated the Shengji (生記) and Hengji (亨記) soy bean gardens had a large business scope during the Qing dynasty period and were also in the business of producing wine, wheat, beans, and rice, in order to do this they produced utensils made out of tin and lead. Because these two shops were equipped with tin and lead tools and the right equipment to produce lead tools, the lead cash coins produced by them is so well made. During the end of the Qing dynasty period, the people from the Jiaxing region also collected a lot of money from the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, including the locally produced lead cash coins that served as an alternative currency, leading them to be preserved quite well by the time an article was written about them in the Cultural Relics (文物) journal in 1959. During the Republic of China According to Zhang Guomin, during the early Republican era most of these token coins were manufactured and circulated in southern Jiangsu and Zhejiang, and were extremely common in the Wujin region. By the year 1938 several factors created the environment to make these token coins flourish, the occupying Japanese forces were seizing all copper coins for the production of weaponry, the international price of copper had risen substantially, and the Chinese resistance was hoarding copper and silver coins. The companies that had produced these Chinese tokens were previously medal-makers and silversmiths and saw their businesses boom due to the demand for these low denomination bronze tokens. A vast number of token coins were brought into general circulation and these coins were made from a number of different materials including bone, aluminium, bronze, lead, and re-used bronze. The most simple method of producing token coins was to take an old circulating coin, remove either all or only some of the coin's original design, and then stamp a new design on the coin. On 31 March 1941 the Japanese puppet government in Nanjing had issued the "Temporary Regulations about Punishment for Obstruction to the New Legal Currency" this law affected Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, and in the cities of Nanjing and Shanghai. There is no evidence that Chinese tokens were promoted by the Chinese resistance, but one of its issuers, Zhou Rongsheng, was a Chinese resistance faction leader in Shizhuang. The continued and illegal usage of these bronze token coins might have been a source of solidarity among the people of Jiangsu. After 1941 the Japanese puppet government over-issued paper money which lead to inflation and caused the smaller denomination token coins to disappear from circulation. Zheng Lu Bridge tokens Zheng Lu Bridge tokens (Traditional Chinese: 鄭陸橋錢; Simplified Chinese: 郑陆桥钱; Pinyin: zhèng lù qiáo qián) were a type of Chinese token that originated in the city of Changzhou, Jiangsu from 1939 until 1941, these tokens were manufactured contemporary to other Chinese tokens and bamboo tallies in the same area as the Japanese invasion of China disrupted the local economy forcing locals to start issuing their own currencies in the form of exonumia. Zheng Lu Bridge tokens were issued by a variety of local stores and others and had a very limited region of circulation. These tokens were issued due to various factors including a lack of small value currency, the profitability of accepting old Chinese copper coins to be exchanged for new local tokens, as well as the lack of confidence in the currencies issued by Japanese puppet banks. Zheng Lu Bridge tokens typically contain an image of the Zheng Lu Bridge which was a bridge built during the Ming dynasty in Changzhou where at one side of the bridge a lot of people had the surname Zheng and on the other side Lu and a man with the surname Zheng and a woman with the surname Lu fell in love with each other and as the family wished to arrange a wedding for them during the spring festival they had recommended against using a ferry so as both clans were affluent enough to pay for a bridge and the bridge was finished the day prior to their wedding, because of this association with love some Zheng Lu Bridge tokens contain images of hearts, and usually contained inscriptions indicating where these tokens were intended to circulate such as zhèng lù qiáo liú tōng (鄭陸橋流通, "Circulates in Zheng Lu Bridge"). "Xinsheng" tokens The Xinsheng [Trust Abundant] company was a delicatessen-brewery located at the Ligang East Street in the Xixishu Village, Ligang Town, Jiangyin City, Jiangsu owned by the Zhang family, in the year 1939 this company issued their own token coins which were known as "Xinsheng tokens". The brother of the owned of the Xinsheng [Trust Abundant] company owned a meat-store in the same street and concurrently issued his own token coins known as "Chao Ji" tokens. During this era issuing token coins was viewed as both a good way to increase a company's reputation as well as to promote their business. The Zhang family issued a total of 3,000 token coins, the cost of producing a 1 jiao token was 1 fen in legal currency, so the company made a 9 fen profit on every token coin of 1 jiao, which meant that the Zhang family made a profit of 270 yuan. Note that at this time a single dan (hectolitre) of rice cost 15 yuan, which meant that the Xinsheng delicatessen-brewery and the Zhang family made a large profit from issuing these "Xinsheng" tokens. Chinese tokens in the collection of the British Museum In the years 1992 and 1993 the British Museum had acquired 66 token coins from 1930s Southeast China. Of these coins, 65 are round in shape, and most of these coins are circa 28 millimeters in diameter and weigh between 7 and 8 grams, making them similar in size and weight as the contemporary Chinese 10 wén coins. The other token is long in shape. Most of the Chinese token coins in the collection of the British Museum have chops on their reverses and contain serial numbers. Most of the Chinese tokens in the collection of the British Museum are from Southern Jiangsu with the majority being from Lingtai County, Jiangsu. The most common design having the place-name on the top, the English inscription "TEN CENTS" at the bottom, and the Traditional Chinese inscription "一角" in their centre. References Token coins Exonumia of China Alternative currencies
Deena M. Mistri (21 May 1925 27 January 2011) was an educator from Pakistan. Early life and education Mistri was a member of the Parsi or Zoroastrian Community. She was born in Hyderabad, Sindh, on 21 May 1925, to Dhunmai & Seth Pestonjee Jamshedji Soparivala. She married Minoo Mistri in 1949 who was an architect. They were married for 57 years. Her husband died in 2006. Mistri received her Bachelor of Arts from the D.J. College in Karachi, now known as D.J. Sindh Government Science College. In those days, since Sindh was a part of the Bombay Presidency, the degree was formally awarded by Bombay University in 1945, and then she received her BEd with Honors in 1958 from the Government Teachers' Training College in Karachi. Career Deena Mistri started teaching English to the secondary classes in 1951. She became the principal of the Bai Virbaijee Soparivala Parsi High School in 1972 and then served in that position for many years the same school that was founded by her great grand father Seth Shapurji Hormusji Soparivala in 1859. It was after completing her B.A. degree that she started visiting the B. V. S. Parsi High School and helping students with elocution competitions and started tutoring English to those that needed extra help. She took partial retirement from this school with a warm send-off party in 2004. Then she was employed at two other schools from 2004 to 2011. She once told a major newspaper of Pakistan, "I think I was always a born teacher... I would take the servants' children and teach them the a, b, c". At the time of her death, Mistri was Chairperson of Westminster School and College, Karachi. Awards She was awarded the Pride of Performance by the President of Pakistan – General Pervez Musharraf on 23 March 2002 for her contributions towards providing quality education in Pakistan for over 60 years. She was awarded a Fulbright Scholarship from the US in 1962, where she completed her Diploma in Education. In America, she taught at the University of Athens in Ohio and at the University of Texas at Austin as a visiting professor. She was given Honorary Citizenship to Texas by Governor Price Daniel in 1962 for teaching at a local high school in Austin, Texas, and as a visiting professor at the University of Texas at Austin. Death Mistri died on 27 January 2011 at age 85 as a result of a brain infarction. In 1992, she was diagnosed with breast cancer and underwent a mastectomy and had recovered. She is survived by her two sons. Her funeral was held on 29 January in Karachi, with over 2,000 attending her funeral to pay their last respects. References External links Recipients of the Pride of Performance Pakistani educators Pakistani women educators 1925 births 2011 deaths Parsi people Pakistani Zoroastrians Academics from Karachi
Sturgess is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Albert Sturgess (1882–1957), English footballer Claire Sturgess (born 1967), British disc jockey Colin Sturgess (born 1968), British road and track cyclist Dawn Sturgess (1974–2018), British poison victim Eric Sturgess (1920–2004), South African tennis player Gary Sturgess (21st century), Australian businessperson Jim Sturgess (born 1978), English actor John Sturgess (19th century), English artist Kylie Sturgess (21st century), Australian educator and researcher Olive Sturgess (born 1933), Canadian-American actress Paul Sturgess (born 1987), British basketball player Reginald Sturgess (1892–1932), Australian artist Sydney Sturgess (1915–1999), Canadian actress Thomas Sturgess (1898–1974), Indian cricketer See also Sturges English-language surnames
Edmond Cloetens was a Belgian archer and Olympic champion. He competed at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, where he won an individual gold medal in fixed target (large birds), and also two gold medals with the Belgian team. Note Some sources list his name as Emile Cloetens, while most sources have Edmond Cloetens. References Belgian male archers Olympic archers for Belgium Archers at the 1920 Summer Olympics Olympic gold medalists for Belgium Year of death missing Olympic medalists in archery Year of birth missing Medalists at the 1920 Summer Olympics 20th-century Belgian people
Sulug Island () is an island located in the West Coast of Sabah, Malaysia. The island is part of the Tunku Abdul Rahman National Park. See also List of islands of Malaysia References External links Slovenský miliardár stavil na luxus. V Malajzii Islands of Sabah
The 506th Heavy Panzer Battalion (; abbreviated: "s.Pz.Abt. 506") was a german heavy Panzer Abteilung (independent battalion-sized unit) equipped with Tiger I tanks until 28 July 1944. During the period from 20 August to 12 September 1944, it was re-equipped with a full complement of 45 Tiger Ausf. B tanks. Some of the first Tiger IIs delivered to the 506th were examples fitted with the early production turret. The battalion saw action on the Eastern and Western Fronts during World War II. As with other German heavy tank battalions, it was attached as needed to larger formations. The 506th was unique in being the only Tiger battalion to include a fourth company. , equipped with Tiger I tanks, was consolidated with the 506th in 1944. It was also unique in that it regularly received new vehicles and replacements from other units to maintain a full complement. The unit served until the collapse of the Ruhr Pocket in April 1945, being officially disbanded by the battalion commander on 14 April. The unit performed well despite often poor conditions of deployment, officially credited with over 400 tank kills during its service with fewer than 75 combat losses. Equipment As with other Tiger battalions, the 506th's complement of tanks was supported by mechanized Reconnaissance infantry and Pioneers. The unit was also supported by a battery of four wirbelwind and four Möbelwagen self-propelled anti-aircraft guns. The 506th was the first of the Tiger battalions to be solely equipped with heavy tanks; it was never equipped with variants of the Panzer III for support. The Tiger I tanks of the 506th had a unique 2-digit enumeration system: The battalion staff platoon tanks were numbered '01,' '02,' and '03,' and each company's 14 tigers were simply numbered 1-14. The HQ and separate companies could be identified by the color of the numbers: black for the HQ, white for the 1st company, red for the 2nd, and yellow for the 3rd. This carried over to the unit insignia, where the color of the 'W' (commemorating Major Willing) matched that of the company's enumeration. When the unit was re-equipped with Tiger IIs and later received a 4th company consisting of Tiger Is, the numbering system was changed slightly. While retaining the 1-14 numbering scheme, a prefix digit was added (1, 2, or 3) to signify the company. Digits for tanks of the 2nd company received a white outline, while the yellow digits of the third company were changed to black with yellow outline. The tanks of the 4th company also used the 3-digit system (starting with a prefix of '4') and the color for the company was green (with white outline for the digits). Combat History Eastern Front The unit was established in St. Pölten on 20 July 1943 and formed from the men of 9th Panzer Division's 2nd Battalion, Pz.Rgt.33. Equipped with 45 Tiger Is, the 506th first saw combat on 20 September, attached to the 9.Pz.Div. Ten tigers, in support of a kampfgruppe from the 10th Panzergrenadier Regiment committed to an assault on the heavily-defended town of Pavlovka. The unsuccessful attack saw the unit lose its first Tiger. Several offensive and defensive operations in the area took place over the next few weeks. Six tanks were lost near Schevchenkove on the 24th and 26th (three on each day). During this period, the commander of the 3rd company, Oberleutnant Hoffmann, was killed. The staff of the 16th Panzergrenadier Division would later submit a report on these engagements. From these, it was clear that the Tiger I, even as early as September 1943, was not impervious to Soviet weaponry- including hits to the frontal armor. All six tanks lost from the 24th through the 26th were destroyed by hits from beyond 1km. The 506th saw extensive action in the Battle of the Dnieper and in October fought in the Krivoi Rog area, south of Kirovograd. The battalion commander, Major Gerhard Willing, was killed in action on 23 October. By the 30th, only 6 tanks were operational, but 14 back in running order on 10 November. On the 14th, three Tigers of 3./s.Pz.Abt.506, led by Leutnant Graef, found a group of refueling soviet tanks near Nedei Woda- the Tigers destroyed 19 tanks in the following action. On 25 November, the unit knocked out three T-34 tanks but suffered a loss to a rare example of fratricide when Unteroffizier Hendricks's Tiger was knocked out by a German AT gun. This was the first of two instances in which the 506th lost a Tiger to German weaponry. On 25 December 1943, Leutnant Bapistella's Tiger was knocked out by a German 8,8cm gun captured and deployed by the Soviets. On 28 November 1943, Hauptmann Eberhard Lange was assigned as battalion commander. With only a handful of tanks operational at a time, the battalion engaged in a number of deployments near Rassnyj during the first two weeks of December. The 506th's unusual numbering scheme for its tanks, not specifying the platoon with a digit, was because of the frequent ad-hoc deployment of Tigers. The unit commander argued that Kampfgruppen were usually formed from whatever tanks were available rather than by official platoon assignment. On December 16, the unit's 9 operational Tigers were deployed near Kirovograd in support of the 13th Panzer Division. By 20 December, none of the battalion's 27 remaining tanks were operational, but four were in running order the next day. On the 29th and 30th, thirteen Tigers- half of the 506th's remaining tanks- were transported by rail to Oratow to support III.Panzer-Korps where fighting would continue throughout the next month. The unit suffered heavy losses during operations alongside the 16th Panzer Division and had lost 16 of its 26 total tanks by 27 January, but 6 new tanks were delivered on both the 29th and 30th. Korsun-Cherkassy On 1 February, the battalion undertook a 100 km road march west of the Korsun–Cherkassy Pocket in preparation for a relief attempt. With 10 Tigers in running order, the 506th took Kutschkowa alongside the 16th Panzer Division on 4 February to begin Operation: Wanda. During the next few days, despite fuel shortages and the subsequent stalling of the advance, the 506th knocked out 49 enemy tanks with no losses of its own. It was strengthened with 5 Tigers and relocated to Winograd with 27 total tanks on 9 February before being attached to schwere Panzer Regiment Bäke on the 11th. Over the following week, the unit conducted relief operations around Lissjanka with support from the Luftwaffe and made contact with the 1st Panzer Division on the 14th. However, in the attempt to break 1.Pz.Div out from encirclement, the 506th was forced to withdraw and destroy 3 of its own tanks in the process. At the beginning of March, the remaining 24 Tiger tanks of the 506th were transferred to the 503rd Heavy Panzer Battalion and the unit marched to Lemberg for reconstitution. Dnieper River Defense On 29 March, the 506th began receiving Tiger I tanks. A total of 45 were delivered between that day and 8 April. On 2 April, the unit was ordered to Pomorjany with 22 tanks operational. Supporting the 227th Jäger Regiment of the 100th Jäger Division on 4 April, the western portion of Podhajtzi was taken. By 6 April, the unit had 14 operational Tigers. It succeeded in breaking through Soviet defensive positions west of Brangelowka, destroying 12 enemy tanks in the process. The following day, the 506th destroyed a further 20 tanks while defending against Soviet counterattacks. The unit continued to fight alongside the 100th Jäger Division until 10 April. Following a march to Slobodka, 22 Tigers were assembled before supporting Pz.Gren.Rgt.73 of the 19th Panzer Division in operations on the 16th. The 2nd company, commanded by Oberleutnant Brandt, assaulted Isakow on 19 April and followed this with defensive operations on the 20th. During the defense, Oberleutnant Brandt was killed and Oberfeldwebel Leihbauer's Tiger was knocked out when ambushed by a Soviet self-propelled gun. On 21 April, the 506th was again on the offensive, supporting the 1st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht). Five tanks were also employed with the 23rd Panzer Regiment in a successful attack northeast of Zaborkruki, but all five vehicles broke down. Two Tigers were total write-offs. By 29 April, Chocimierz had been captured by the 506th in tandem with Panzer-Regiment 23. Over the next several days, the 506th's remaining Tigers alongside the 23rd Panzer Regiment fought a series of tug-of-war skirmishes with Soviet forces. IS-1 tanks were encountered during this period, with one captured by German forces on 1 May. A Tiger of the 506th's third company was knocked out by one of these Soviet heavy tanks the next day. For the remainder of the month, the unit was attached to the 17th Panzer Division. On 1 June, the 506th was equipped with two Bergetiger recovery vehicles. With its 39 operational Tiger Is, the unit supported the retreat of the 1st Infantry Division across the Dnjestr for much of June before being recalled to an assembly area in Slobodka. In mid-July, it marched towards Zlozow where it fought in a series of unsuccessful relief attempts (for the encircled XIII. Armee-Korps) from the 16th to the 21st. Oberleutnant Panzl, commander of the 3rd company, was killed in action on 17 July when his tank was destroyed, leaving the unit with 40 operational tanks as of 18 July. The 506th fought a series of engagements from 18–24 July, withdrawing southwest to evade encirclement. Most of the unit's Tigers had to be destroyed to prevent capture. This was followed by a march for the next couple of days, during which one Tiger I broke through a 24-ton bridge. From 27-28 July, the 506th fought near Kudlatowka and Kalesch before being relieved and relocated to Munkatsch. The unit's 6 remaining operational Tigers were transferred to the 507th Heavy Panzer Battalion. On 15 August, the unit began transfer to Ohrdruf for refitting. This marked the end of the 506th's service on the Eastern Front. It would remain in the West for the remainder of the war. Western Front Operation: Market Garden The 506th received a full complement of 45 Tiger II tanks from 20 August to 12 September 1944 and was entrained to the Netherlands, arriving in Zevenaar on the night of 23/24 September and attached to 1.Fallschirm-Panzer Armee. The battalion's headquarters and 1./s.Pz.Abt.506 were sent to Aachen while the King Tigers of 2./s.Pz.Abt.506 (under Hauptmann Wacker) and 3./s.Pz.Abt.506 (under Hauptmann Otto) were assigned to 10th SS Panzer Division (10.SS.Pz.Div) and 9th SS Panzer Division (9.SS.Pz.Div), respectively, and deployed to counter Operation Market Garden. 2./s.Pz.Abt.506 fought with 10.SS.Pz.Div south of the Rhine River in the area of Elst (between Arnhem and Nijmegen). On 1 October, the first day of 10.SS.Pz.Div's counterattack, eight Tigers were lost. Four of these were later recovered, but the remainder were total write-offs. The road conditions in the area were poor and ill-suited for the Tigers; east of Elst, two tanks slid off of a narrow road and bogged down in the ditch. The first of these was subsequently disabled by British PIAT fire. After being hit, an explosion ripped the 15-ton turret from the vehicle. The second of the bogged down Tigers, tank 2-03, was not destroyed but had to be abandoned due to a lack of recovery vehicles. There is a photo of two burned out Jagdtiger tank destroyers (destroyed by air attack) originally captioned as being taken in Elst. If the caption is accurate, it would account for the other two losses suffered by the 506th in the area and would indicate one of the first combat deployments of the vehicle. This would be supported by British reports that mention two "Ferdinand" tank hunters knocked out in the same manner. Other sources, however, indicate the photo was taken near Letmathe, Germany in 1945 and depicts two vehicles of s.Pz.Jg.Abt.512. In either case, the 506th's records for 1 October indicate a loss of four "Tigers" as total write-offs, yet the battalion inventory of Tiger II tanks only decreases by two vehicles. The next day, five tanks of the company were deployed with the 116th Panzer Division "Windhund" in another attack northeast of Elst, but the advance was again halted by Allied counterattacks. 3./s.Pz.Abt.506 was deployed with KG Spindler and Allwoerden in the southeastern sector of Oosterbeek. The Tigers had difficulty operating in the narrow confines of urban combat for which they were not designed. The company lost a single Tiger II in Oosterbeek near the town's school. British paratroopers engaged it with a 6-pounder (57mm) anti-tank gun, hitting the right track and immobilizing the vehicle. A 75 mm howitzer was also used and the vehicle caught fire before being finished off by close range hits from PIAT anti-tank launchers. By this time, while the 506th was a veteran unit, a number of replacement crews lacked experience as the unit had only just finished its refit at the beginning of the month. Battle of Aachen and Operation: Queen On 7 October, 3 of the 4 tanks in a platoon at Alsdorf were knocked out by the American 743rd Tank Destroyer Battalion. Further fighting ensued on the 11th and 12th while the unit was in the midst of redeployment. Assembly was finished by 14 October and this was followed over the next several days by fighting alongside the 3rd Panzergrenadier Division in the area of the Probsteier Forest. On the 15th, Unteroffizier Wiedeschitz's tank shot down an enemy aircraft; he would receive a commendation certificate for this occurrence. By 20 October the 506th had 18 tanks operational out of 35 total. The unit was redeployed to Gereonsweiler after the fall of Aachen the next day. The unit had 35 operational Tigers on 1 November when it saw action with XXXVII Panzer Korps. Two additional Tigers were delivered the next day, and all but one of the battalion's 37 tanks were operational when the 506th was reassembled on 15 November near Merken. Early in the morning on 17 November, the 506th supported Panthers of the 9th Panzer Division under Generalmajor Harald Freiherr von Elverfedt in a counterattack against the 2nd Armored Division at the town of Puffendorf. 2nd Armored was, itself, initiating an attack when the two tank forces clashed outside the town. The terrain was quite soft on the Roer plains, but the Americans had foreseen this; most of 2.A.D's tanks were fitted with extended end connectors on their tracks and additional measures were taken to minimize the chances of tanks bogging down. Despite this, 2.A.D's narrow-tracked M4 tanks struggled greatly in the mud and were outmaneuvered by the wider-tracked Tigers and Panthers. Within two days (16-17 November), 2.A.D's Combat Command B alone lost a staggering 52 medium tanks and 19 light tanks. The division had suffered its heaviest casualties of the war- more than double those of the initial D-Day landings. During the battle of Puffendorf on the 17th, infantry action was largely inconsequential as both sides found their troops pinned by artillery fire for much of the fighting. The 506th lost 3 Tigers set ablaze by artillery fire from the 67th Artillery Regiment. The commander of one of these tanks and a platoon leader of the 3rd company, Stabsfeldwebel Kannenberg, would be awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross posthumously on 9 December. Exhausted of supplies and with few tanks left at 1600 hours, 2nd Armored was forced to withdraw into Puffendorf. On the 19th, the American 702nd Tank Destroyer Battalion counterattacked with M10 GMC tank destroyers and new M36 GMCs (armed with 90mm gun). An M36 destroyed a Tiger of the 506th north of Freialdenhoven with a shot to the turret side at . On 20 November, the Americans again attacked. The 506th and 9. Panzer were able to slow the advance to a halt, but not before the towns of Gereonsweiler and Ederen were captured. The 506th supported the 12th Volksgrenadier Division three days later in a counterattack near Pützlohn. Before 27 November, the 506th lost another Tiger in Ederen when the inexperienced crew made a U-turn after receiving hits. This gave M4 tanks of 2nd Armored a shot at the thinner rear armor and the vehicle was knocked out by a hit to the engine compartment. On 1 December, the 506th was withdrawn to Grevenbroich with 11 tanks operational out of 30 total. Twelve additional Tigers were delivered from the 8th to the 13th, but tank 2-11 (lead vehicle of the 2nd company's 3rd platoon) was captured by the American 129th Ordnance Battalion in Gereonsweiler on the 15th. Ardennes The 506th was one of two Tiger battalions to take part in the initial "Operation: Watch on the Rhine," the other being the 501st SS Heavy Panzer Battalion. The unit was transported to Eifel in preparation for the offensive, but orders were changed and the unit marched south before engaging in a skirmish at Andler on 17 December. The 506th and schwere Panzerabteilung 301 "Funklenk" were assigned to the 6th Panzer Army and on the 18th schwere Panzer-Kompanie "Hummel" was consolidated with the 506th. S.Pz.Kp "Hummel" had fought alongside the 506th previously during Market Garden. This formed the fourth company "Feuerwehr" (fire brigade) and reintroduced the Tiger I to the unit for the first time since being transferred to the Western Front. The same day, one of five Tiger IIs en route to Lullingerkamp was destroyed at close range, forcing the others to withdraw. The unit saw further action later in the day, knocking out three tanks and six anti-tank guns. Another Tiger was knocked out on 19 December when American tanks en route to Bastogne engaged the 506th. Over the course of the next several days the 506th fought a number of further engagements in Luxembourg, losing an additional Tiger on 24 December during an attack on Andler. The unit's assembly area in Eschdorf was attacked from the air on 25 December and two additional Tigers were destroyed. From 31 December to 1 January 1945, the 506th fought in the Bastogne area before being transferred west of Michamps to support the 12th SS Panzer Division. On 2 January, fighting near Wardin alongside the 12th SS saw the destruction of some 15 Sherman tanks. The following day, the 506th lost another Tiger to fire from the 81st Anti-tank Battalion; the hit caused an explosion that blew the turret from the hull. From 8 to 13 January, the 506th fought a series of engagements in the area, losing two vehicles on 13 January to bring the total count of Tigers to 33. One tank suffered a final drive failure and the other was lost to fire from the 6th Armored Division when sent to recover the broken-down tank. Two further Tiger IIs and a single Tiger I were destroyed by their own crews when the Americans broke out of Bastogne in mid-January. Eberhard Lange, now a Major, was relieved by Generaloberst Hasso von Manteuffel and command given to Hauptmann Heiligenstadt. The Headquarters and four combat companies prepared for reconstitution at the beginning of February with no operational tanks. Heiligenstadt's command was cut short when he was captured along with Hauptmann Wacker and Leutnant Bopp while conducting reconnaissance on 9 February. Hautpmann Jobst-Christoph von Römer was given command and on 16 February the 4th company was detached from the 506th with five operational Tiger Is; eight had seen combat in the Ardennes during the company's time with the 506th. On 26 February a Tiger of the 506th knocked out three American tanks near Irsch and the unit would see numerous small skirmishes throughout the month of March near Weinsheim. End of the War On 5 March 1945, the Americans broke through at Kyllburg and three Tigers of the 506th were knocked out. The advance was halted, but an additional five tanks were destroyed by their crew. On 6 March, with seven Tigers available in running order, the unit conducted offensive operations with the 340th Volksgrenadier Division, but another six tanks were destroyed the following day near Boxberg. With a pair of Tigers restored, the battalion was left with three operational tanks out of 15 total. Two new tanks were delivered to the unit in Welcherath on 8 March and dug into defensive positions, but they were destroyed by the unit due to a lack of fuel. The same day, the unit's trucks and wheeled vehicles, along with tankless crewmen, assembled near Hoehr-Grenzhausen. Thirteen new Tigers were scheduled for delivery on 12 March, but they failed to arrive. Four of these vehicles were deployed instead in defense (without fuel) by Kampfgruppe Dunker with elements of the 116th Panzer Division at Beckum. As of 15 March, the 506th had two operational tigers, but received seven additional tanks on 20 March - transferred from the 501st SS Heavy Panzer Battalion. The battalion, with 22 total vehicles, received a complement of Jagdtiger tank destroyers from the 512th heavy tank destroyer battalion on 22 March and the next day was joined by the 654th heavy tank destroyer battalion to form Panzergruppe Hudel. The unit launched a counterattack against American forces on 24 March but failed to progress and subsequently withdrew towards Siegen the next day. On 26 March, a Jagdtiger and two Tiger IIs were destroyed by their crew after being immobilized by suspension damage. The unit crossed the Sieg River near Wissen and the remaining Jagdtigers detached from the unit. The Tigers of the 506th engaged in defensive operations in and around Siegen for the next four days before being ordered to Schmallenberg; three tanks were left behind; destroyed by their crew outside Siegen. On 2 April, another shipment of six tanks from the 501st SS was received and 11 of the remaining Tigers marched on 3–4 April to join the 3rd Panzergrenadier Division in defensive operations. Three tanks broke down during the march. The 506th continued marches through 6 April when it was attached to Panzer Brigade 106 "Feldherrnhalle" with three Tigers in running order (eight having broken down in the preceding marches). Over the next few days, the 506th fought a series of skirmishes alongside the 176th Infantry Division and 338th Infantry Division. On 10 April, the battalion had seven operational tanks, but one was knocked out the following day near Marmecke. On 12 April, with most tanks out of fuel, the unit moved into the Eslohe-Kobbenrode area and a single Tiger was deployed east of Werdohl. On 13 April, the unit moved into Iserlohn and the tank crew served as infantry south of the city. On 14 April, s.Pz.Abt.506 was disbanded by Hauptmann von Römer in Iserlohn. Commanders Major Gerhard Willing (8 May 1943 – 29 October 1943). KIA 29-10-1943 Major Eberhard Lange (28 November 1943 - ? January 1945). Relieved January 1945 Hauptmann Heligenstadt (? January 1945 - 9 February 1945). POW 9-2-1945 Hauptmann Jobst-Christoph von Römer (9 February 1945 – 14 April 1945). Unit dissolution See also German heavy tank battalion Panzer division References Bibliography German heavy tank battalions Military units and formations established in 1943 Military units and formations disestablished in 1945
The Quarta Flottiglia MAS (Quarta Flottiglia Motoscafi Armati Siluranti) (Italian for "4th Assault Vehicle Flotilla") was an Italian flotilla of the Regia Marina (Italian Royal Navy) created during the Fascist regime. History By January 1942 many MAS boats were worn out or in need of refit, but losses had been quite light and the Regia Marina's Chief of Staff, Admiral Arturo Riccardi, could easily accept a German request made that month to deploy Italian coastal forces to the Black Sea. Rome regarded this as an opportunity to somewhat balance the German transfer of 15 S30 class Schnellboote and 15 R1 class motor minesweepers to the Mediterranean in November 1941. The Russian expeditionary force consisted of the IV Flottiglia, MAS 566-575 under Commander Francesco Mimbelli, who had distinguished himself with his torpedo boat Lupo during the battle of Crete in 1941. Beginning in April the boats trucked over the Alps and down the Danube River. Six midget submarines (CB 1-6), a Squadriglia of five MTSM attack craft (an enlarged and improved hull version of the earlier MTs, 8.3m long with two engines, one torpedo and better sea-keeping characteristics) and five explosive boats made the journey in the same fashion. A Navy motorised column supported the Squadriglia. This gave the force flexibility and mobility along the coastal front. The whole transfer process was completed by May 1942. From 27 May 1942 until 13 May 1943 the MAS Black Sea flotilla had ten encounters with Soviet surface forces and seven with submarines. The MAS made their first night attack on 2 June 1942, missing a freighter escorted by two destroyers and two patrol boats. On the night of 9/10 June MTSMs launched torpedoes against two destroyers and on the same night, off Sevastopol, MAS 571 cut through a Soviet escort including the destroyers Bditelny and Svobodny and a pair of minesweepers and torpedoed the Soviet motor ship Abkhazia (4,727 GRT) from 900m. German dive-bombers finished off the crippled freighter the next day. At dawn on 18 June, after an hour long engagement, MAS 570 and 571 led by Mimbelli sank two Russian launches full of troops. The next night MAS 571 torpedoed and sank the Soviet submarine near Cape Ai-Todor, recovering two sailors. On 29 June, Admiral Karlgeorg Schuster (Commander-in-Chief of Naval-Group-Command South of the Kriegsmarine) transmitted to Admiral Arturo Riccardi his personal congratulations, citing in an official radio broadcast 'the fighting spirit of the Italian crews under the command of Captain Francesco Mimbelli.' On 1 July MAS 570, 572 and 573 sank a patrol boat and recued 15 Soviet sailors. Some minutes after midnight on 2 August MAS 568 charged the . The MAS discharged both its torpedoes from 800m and one struck blowing off 20m of the cruiser's stern, she was out of action until late 1944. The Soviet destroyer tried to chase down the MAS, but the elusive boat discouraged pursuit by dropping depth charges in her path. In late 1942, the remaining five Italian CB-class midget submarines were refitted at the Constanța Shipyard in Romania. On the night of 13 March 1943 MAS 568 and 570 damaged, two Soviet patrol boats with machine gun fire and, on the night of 19 April, MAS 567, 568, 569 and 572 shot up two armoured gunboats. On 21 April MAS 567 and 569 damaged two Soviet MTBs during a brief mélee. The ltalian MAS also acted as a flank force in support of army operations off Sevastopol and Novorossiysk and, despite their obvious vulnerability, they captured more than a thousand Soviet troops during the course of their campaigns. The Flottiglia lost two torpedo boats and one midget submarine, all of them victims of bombing raids while in port. On 20 May 1943 the Regia Marina decided to repatriate the crew, leaving to German sailors the vessels that were still able to be used. Named S501-507 the Kriegsmarine's Black Sea MAS boats saw little use due to a lack of spares and German distaste for such small MTBs. S501, 506 and 507 were paid off by 20 October 1943 while the remaining four carried out anti-submarine patrols duties. The last units with Italian crews that continued to operate in the Black Sea were the five CB midget submarines, which, from the new Sevastopol base made, from June to August 1943, other 21 missions. On 26 August 1943, CB-4 torpedoed and sank the Soviet submarine Shch-203. After the Allied armistice with Italy in September 1943, the five extant Italian CB-class midget submarines (CB-1, CB-2, CB-3, CB-4 and CB-6) were transferred to the Royal Romanian Navy. They were all scuttled in the Black Sea in August 1944, after King Michael's Coup. Notes Bibliography MAS fleet Military units and formations of Italy in World War II Military units and formations established in 1942 Military units and formations disestablished in 1943 1942 establishments in Italy 1943 disestablishments in Italy Naval special forces units and formations
Pegomya hyoscyami, the beet leafminer or spinach leafminer, is a grey fly about long. It emerges in April–May and lays eggs on the undersides of leaves of beet, spinach, chard, and other greens. Eggs develop into larvae that burrow into the leaf hollowing out large patches of the leaf between leaf surfaces, often killing large parts of the leaf. Two to five white cylindrical eggs are laid on the underside of the leaf and hatch four to six days later. The larvae burrow into the leaf creating a thin trail at first and eventually a blotch or "blister." The larvae are mature seven to sixteen days later and drop into the ground where they pupate. Larvae may move from leaf to leaf before entering the soil. Larvae may also pupate in the leaf itself. The adult fly emerges in two to four weeks and repeats the cycle, creating several generations each year. Control is cultural, creating a barrier by using floating row covers or removing infestations as soon as they appear and destroying the damaged leaves off site. Yellow sticky traps may be used to trap adults. Pesticides are ineffective as the vulnerable stage, the maggots, are protected inside the leaf. Gallery References http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/pubs/plantsci/rowcrops/e1288.pdf Bugguide.net. Species Pegomya hyoscyami Anthomyiidae Insect vectors of plant pathogens Insects described in 1809 Leaf miners
The Port of Seattle Police is the police department of the Port of Seattle. It is headquartered in Seattle, Washington with additional facilities in SeaTac, Washington. History The Port of Seattle Police Department was activated in 1972 as a result of new legislation that permitted port districts to establish regular law enforcement agencies; previously the Port of Seattle employed a security guard force. Its first chief was Neil Moloney who served until 1981. In 2011 it was accredited by the Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies. It again received such accreditation in 2014 and 2017, each accreditation being valid for three years. As of 2016 the Port of Seattle Police had 108 commissioned law enforcement officers and a support staff of 33 persons. The department has had one line-of-duty death, Corporal Ronald Parker who died in 1987 while struggling with a suspect. Organization The Port of Seattle chief of police is appointed by the chief executive officer of the Port of Seattle who, in turn, is selected by the Port of Seattle Commission, an elected, five-member board. The bulk of officers are assigned to patrol and criminal investigations sections. In addition to those, the department has a six-officer bomb disposal unit activated from specially trained patrol officers on an as-needed basis; a twelve dog, full-time K-9 team; and contributes personnel to Valley SWAT (VSWAT), a regional SWAT team jointly maintained by the port and the cities of Auburn, Federal Way, Kent, Renton and Tukwila. A regularly staffed marine section operates a 37-foot patrol boat. As of 2011, the average pay for port police officers was $111,469, including overtime. Jurisdiction The Port of Seattle Police Department has jurisdiction on the premises of Sea-Tac Airport, a small portion of surrounding residential areas, at all cargo and cruiseship terminals operated by the Port of Seattle, at Fishermen's Terminal, and at Seattle's Centennial Park. As of 2016 its airport units responded to an average of 200 calls per day. The department has mutual aid arrangements with the municipalities of SeaTac, Tukwila, Renton, Kent and Federal Way, that allow it to summon officers from those jurisdictions in an emergency, and can also request support from the Washington State Patrol. References Specialist police departments of Washington (state) Port police departments of the United States Police
Mataika Tuicakau was a Fijian track and field athlete who competed in the shot put and discus throw events. Born on Tovu, Totoya on the Lau Islands of Fiji, Tuicakau was a tall athlete who excelled at throwing events. He was the first Fijian to have success internationally in the sport of athletics. At the 1950 British Empire Games he threw in the shot put to hold off England's Harold Moody and be declared the champion. He also claimed a silver medal in the discus behind Ian Reed of Australia, who broke the games record in the process. He was the first gold medallist for Fiji at the Commonwealth Games and remains their only athletics winner in the tournament's history. The shot put national record of he set in Suva in 1951 stood for over 50 years. He was the first entrant into the Fiji Sports Hall of Fame alongside rugby player Josefa Levula. References External links 20th-century births 20th-century deaths People from Totoya Fijian shot putters Male shot putters Fijian male athletes Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Fiji Commonwealth Games silver medallists for Fiji Commonwealth Games medallists in athletics Athletes (track and field) at the 1950 British Empire Games Fijian male discus throwers Medallists at the 1950 British Empire Games
Chris Slane (born 1957) is a New Zealand cartoonist. He has had cartoons published in Metro, New Zealand Herald and AA Directions magazine. Slane is currently the cartoonist for the New Zealand Listener and New Zealand Farmers Weekly. He has a degree in town planning from the University of Auckland, and contributed to the student magazine Craccum while studying there. Bibliography The Home: your guide to social welfare homes (1985) Sheep Thrills (1989) Let me Through, I have A Morbid Curiosity (1998) Maui: Legends Of The Outcast (1996) External links Slane - website Slane - biography. New Zealand Cartoon Gallery - a selection of Slanes latest cartoons. "Privacy Cartoons Part 1" "Privacy Cartoons Part 2" Slane's work on Star Wars Tales #10 Photos of Slane's puppets built (and puppeteered) for the Space Knights Television series 1957 births Living people New Zealand editorial cartoonists Artists from Auckland University of Auckland alumni
```html <html lang="en"> <head> <title>setvbuf - Untitled</title> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html"> <meta name="description" content="Untitled"> <meta name="generator" content="makeinfo 4.8"> <link title="Top" rel="start" href="index.html#Top"> <link rel="up" href="Stdio.html#Stdio" title="Stdio"> <link rel="prev" href="setlinebuf.html#setlinebuf" title="setlinebuf"> <link rel="next" href="siprintf.html#siprintf" title="siprintf"> <link href="path_to_url" rel="generator-home" title="Texinfo Homepage"> <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css"> <style type="text/css"><!-- pre.display { font-family:inherit } pre.format { font-family:inherit } pre.smalldisplay { font-family:inherit; font-size:smaller } pre.smallformat { font-family:inherit; font-size:smaller } pre.smallexample { font-size:smaller } pre.smalllisp { font-size:smaller } span.sc { font-variant:small-caps } span.roman { font-family:serif; font-weight:normal; } span.sansserif { font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:normal; } --></style> </head> <body> <div class="node"> <p> <a name="setvbuf"></a> Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="siprintf.html#siprintf">siprintf</a>, Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="setlinebuf.html#setlinebuf">setlinebuf</a>, Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="Stdio.html#Stdio">Stdio</a> <hr> </div> <h3 class="section">4.58 <code>setvbuf</code>—specify file or stream buffering</h3> <p><a name="index-setvbuf-307"></a><strong>Synopsis</strong> <pre class="example"> #include <stdio.h> int setvbuf(FILE <var>fp</var>, char <var>buf</var>, int <var>mode</var>, size_t <var>size</var>); </pre> <p><strong>Description</strong><br> Use <code>setvbuf</code> to specify what kind of buffering you want for the file or stream identified by <var>fp</var>, by using one of the following values (from <code>stdio.h</code>) as the <var>mode</var> argument: <dl> <dt><code>_IONBF</code><dd>Do not use a buffer: send output directly to the host system for the file or stream identified by <var>fp</var>. <br><dt><code>_IOFBF</code><dd>Use full output buffering: output will be passed on to the host system only when the buffer is full, or when an input operation intervenes. <br><dt><code>_IOLBF</code><dd>Use line buffering: pass on output to the host system at every newline, as well as when the buffer is full, or when an input operation intervenes. </dl> <p>Use the <var>size</var> argument to specify how large a buffer you wish. You can supply the buffer itself, if you wish, by passing a pointer to a suitable area of memory as <var>buf</var>. Otherwise, you may pass <code>NULL</code> as the <var>buf</var> argument, and <code>setvbuf</code> will allocate the buffer. <pre class="sp"> </pre> <strong>Warnings</strong><br> You may only use <code>setvbuf</code> before performing any file operation other than opening the file. <p>If you supply a non-null <var>buf</var>, you must ensure that the associated storage continues to be available until you close the stream identified by <var>fp</var>. <pre class="sp"> </pre> <strong>Returns</strong><br> A <code>0</code> result indicates success, <code>EOF</code> failure (invalid <var>mode</var> or <var>size</var> can cause failure). <pre class="sp"> </pre> <strong>Portability</strong><br> Both ANSI C and the System V Interface Definition (Issue 2) require <code>setvbuf</code>. However, they differ on the meaning of a <code>NULL</code> buffer pointer: the SVID issue 2 specification says that a <code>NULL</code> buffer pointer requests unbuffered output. For maximum portability, avoid <code>NULL</code> buffer pointers. <p>Both specifications describe the result on failure only as a nonzero value. <p>Supporting OS subroutines required: <code>close</code>, <code>fstat</code>, <code>isatty</code>, <code>lseek</code>, <code>read</code>, <code>sbrk</code>, <code>write</code>. <pre class="sp"> </pre> </body></html> ```
Tomges (, also Romanized as Tomegs; also known as Tonges and Tongsar) is a village in Dulab Rural District, Shahab District, Qeshm County, Hormozgan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 162, in 34 families. References Populated places in Qeshm County
Kaseni is a village development committee in Palpa District in the Lumbini Zone of southern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 4349 people living in 673 individual households. References Populated places in Palpa District
The Sanage Kiln (猿投窯 Sanageyō) is a generic name for a historic kiln dating back over 1,000 years. It is located about 20 km west of Toyota in the east of Aichi prefecture. Ash glazed pottery developed from the 9th century from high temperature fire burning. Ash glazed pottery was distributed throughout the Japanese archipelago as a domestic, high-class ceramic. References External links Culture in Aichi Prefecture History of Aichi Prefecture Japanese pottery kiln sites
Moreno Di Biase (born 5 November 1975) is an Italian former professional racing cyclist. He rode in five editions of the Giro d'Italia. Major results 1996 1st Trofeo Città di Castelfidardo 1997 1st Trofeo Franco Balestra 1st Gran Premio San Giuseppe 1st Stage 6 Giro delle Regioni 1999 1st Stage 5 Tour de Langkawi 1st Stage 6 Tour de Slovénie 1st Stage 1 Tour of Japan 2000 1st Stage 5 Giro d'Abruzzo 6th Giro della Provincia di Siracusa 9th Giro di Campania 2001 8th Giro della Provincia di Siracusa 8th Criterium d'Abruzzo 2002 Tour de Langkawi 1st Stages 4 & 7 1st Stage 3 Brixia Tour 2003 1st Stage 2 Tour of Georgia 2005 7th Giro della Provincia di Reggio Calabria Grand Tour general classification results timeline References External links 1975 births Living people Italian male cyclists People from Lanciano Cyclists from Abruzzo Sportspeople from the Province of Chieti 21st-century Italian people
Hakimabad Rural District () is in the Central District of Zarandieh County, Markazi province, Iran. At the National Census of 2006, its population was 8,327 in 2,183 households. There were 8,300 inhabitants in 2,479 households at the following census of 2011. At the most recent census of 2016, the population of the rural district was 8,669 in 2,794 households. The largest of its 72 villages was Hakimabad, with 1,322 people. References Zarandieh County Rural Districts of Markazi Province Populated places in Markazi Province Populated places in Zarandieh County
Butkų Juzė (July 21, 1893 – April 22, 1947) was the pen name of Juozas Butkus, a Lithuanian educator, poet, playwright and journalist. He worked for numerous newspapers from 1910 onwards, including Aušrinė, Žemaitis, Lietuvos žinios, and Naujojoje Lietuvoje. In 1932 he was inducted into the Lithuanian Journalists' Union. He wrote the play Palaidūnas (Prodigal) in 1925, and translated numerous works into Lithuanian, including Goethe's Egmont. He later worked as a museum curator and teacher at the Klaipėda Pedagogical Institute. References Lithuanian educators Lithuanian male poets Lithuanian journalists Lithuanian dramatists and playwrights 1893 births 1947 deaths Male journalists Male dramatists and playwrights Lithuanian translators 20th-century Lithuanian poets 20th-century dramatists and playwrights 20th-century translators People from Telšiai County University of Jena alumni 20th-century male writers Translators of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe 20th-century journalists
Alcones, formerly known as Los Halcones, is a Chilean village, currently part of Marchihue, Cardenal Caro Province. It is located south of the village of Sauce; north of Reto; east of Pichilemu; and southeast of Palmilla. References Populated places in Cardenal Caro Province
In automata theory, a co-Büchi automaton is a variant of Büchi automaton. The only difference is the accepting condition: a Co-Büchi automaton accepts an infinite word if there exists a run, such that all the states occurring infinitely often in the run are in the final state set . In contrast, a Büchi automaton accepts a word if there exists a run, such that at least one state occurring infinitely often in the final state set . (Deterministic) Co-Büchi automata are strictly weaker than (nondeterministic) Büchi automata. Formal definition Formally, a deterministic co-Büchi automaton is a tuple that consists of the following components: is a finite set. The elements of are called the states of . is a finite set called the alphabet of . is the transition function of . is an element of , called the initial state. is the final state set. accepts exactly those words with the run , in which all of the infinitely often occurring states in are in . In a non-deterministic co-Büchi automaton, the transition function is replaced with a transition relation . The initial state is replaced with an initial state set . Generally, the term co-Büchi automaton refers to the non-deterministic co-Büchi automaton. For more comprehensive formalism see also ω-automaton. Acceptance Condition The acceptance condition of a co-Büchi automaton is formally The Büchi acceptance condition is the complement of the co-Büchi acceptance condition: Properties Co-Büchi automata are closed under union, intersection, projection and determinization. Finite automata
Sydney A. Smith (August 31, 1883 – June 5, 1961) was an American professional baseball catcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Philadelphia Athletics and the St. Louis Browns in 1908, the Cleveland Naps from 1910 to 1911, and the Pittsburgh Pirates from 1914 to 1915. Smith was also the first head football coach at The Citadel, serving for one season, in 1905, and compiling a record of 2–3–1. Smith later worked for the South Carolina Employment Security Commission. He retired to Camden, South Carolina and died on June 5, 1961, at a hospital in Orangeburg, South Carolina. Head coaching record Football References External links 1883 births 1961 deaths Major League Baseball catchers Philadelphia Athletics players St. Louis Browns players Cleveland Naps players Pittsburgh Pirates players Minor league baseball managers Charleston Sea Gulls players Atlanta Crackers players Columbus Senators players Shreveport Gassers players South Carolina Gamecocks baseball coaches South Carolina Gamecocks baseball players Baseball players from South Carolina
This page details the match results and statistics of the South Africa national football team from 1947 to 1955. Results South Africa's score is shown first in each case. References South Africa national soccer team results
Kim Mi-Sun (born 6 June 1964) is a South Korean former field hockey player who competed in the 1988 Summer Olympics. References External links 1964 births Living people South Korean female field hockey players Female field hockey goalkeepers Olympic field hockey players for South Korea Field hockey players at the 1988 Summer Olympics Olympic silver medalists for South Korea Olympic medalists in field hockey Medalists at the 1988 Summer Olympics Asian Games medalists in field hockey Field hockey players at the 1982 Asian Games Field hockey players at the 1986 Asian Games Asian Games gold medalists for South Korea Asian Games silver medalists for South Korea Medalists at the 1982 Asian Games Medalists at the 1986 Asian Games
Upper Mediezie Ward also known as Upper Agri Ward is a ward located under Nagaland's capital city, Kohima. The ward falls under the designated Ward No. 17 of the Kohima Municipal Council. Education Educational Institutions in Upper Agri Ward: Schools Fernwood School Stella Higher Secondary School See also Municipal Wards of Kohima References External links Map of Kohima Ward No.17 Kohima Wards of Kohima
Binodini Dasi (1863–1941), also known as Noti Binodini, was an Indian Bengali actress. She started acting at the age of 12 and ended by the time she was 23, as she later recounted in her noted autobiography, Amar Katha (The Story of My Life) published in 1913. Biography She started her career as a tawaif and at age twelve she played her first serious drama role in Calcutta's National Theatre in 1874, under the mentorship of its founder, Girish Chandra Ghosh. Her career coincided with the growth of the proscenium-inspired form of European theatre among the Bengali theatre going audience. During a career spanning twelve years she enacted over eighty roles, which included those of Pramila, Sita, Draupadi, Radha, Ayesha, Kaikeyi, Motibibi, and Kapalkundala, among others. She was one of the first South Asian actresses of the theatre to write her own autobiography. Her sudden retirement from the stage is insufficiently explained. Her autobiography has a consistent thread of betrayal. She violates every canon of the feminine smritikatha and wrote down what amounted to her indictment of respectable society. Ramakrishna, the great saint of 19th century Bengal, came to see her play in 1884. She was a pioneering entrepreneur of the Bengali stage and introduced modern techniques of stage make-up through blending European and indigenous styles. In popular culture In Dinen Gupta's Bengali film Nati Binodini (1994), Debashree Roy played the character. Nati Binodini, a play based on her autobiography, Aamar Kathaa was first presented by National School of Drama Repertory Company in 1995 with the lead role played by actor, Seema Biswas, then in 2006, noted theatre director Amal Allana directed a play by the same name which premiered in Delhi. In Abohomaan (2010), directed by Rituparno Ghosh, the role of Binodini was essayed by Ananya Chatterjee. In Kadambari (2015), directed by Suman Ghosh, the role of Binodini was essayed by Sreelekha Mitra. In Prothoma Kadambini, Diya Mukherjee portrayed the role of Nati Binodini. Tuhinabha Majumdar directed Aamaar Katha: Story of Binodini, a documentary based on her autobiography. In upcoming biopic Binodini: Ekti Natir Upakhyan, directed by Ram Kamal Mukherjee, the role of Binodini will be essayed by Rukmini Maitra. References Sources Further reading Binodini Dasi: My Story and My Life as an Actress. Edited and translated by Rimli Bhattacharya. New Delhi: Kali for Women, 1998. External links Binodini: an immortal tale 1863 births 1941 deaths Feminist artists Writers from Kolkata Indian stage actresses 20th-century Indian women writers Indian autobiographers Indian courtesans Indian female prostitutes Women autobiographers 19th-century Indian actresses 20th-century Indian actresses Actors from British India 19th-century Indian women writers 19th-century Indian writers Indian women non-fiction writers Indian women biographers 19th-century Indian biographers Actresses from Kolkata 20th-century Indian biographers Writers from British India Actresses from British India People from the Bengal Presidency
Phalaenopsis amboinensis, also known as the month Sulawesi orchid, is a species of monopodial epiphytic orchid flower native to eastern Indonesia. This orchid species along with other Phalaenopsis species are highly valued in the market due to their resilience and beautiful flowers and are frequently hybridized with one another to create prettier flowers. Description Phalaenopsis amboinensis has two flower variations. The orchids in the Sulawesi region have dark yellow flowers with thick dark brown lines. The orchids in the Maluku region have light yellow flowers with thin light brown lines. The orchid's flowers bloom late winter to early spring lasting throughout the summer. The flowers range from 4.5–5 centimeters (1.7–2 in) in size and have elliptical petals. Multiple flowering stems grow 15–20 centimeters (5.9–7.9 in) from the base of the orchid which creates several fragrant, long-lasting flowers at once. Five to six leaves grow in a distichous arrangement at the base of the plant. The leaves are elliptical in shape ranging from 22–25 centimeters (8.6–9.8 in) in length and 7–8 centimeters (2.8–3.1 in) in width and are thick and glabrous. Habitat Phalaenopsis amboinensis can be found ranging from Sulawesi and Maluku. The orchid grows at elevations of 500-700m in well shaded areas beneath the tree canopy of the rain forest. The temperature of the rain forest range from 31°–32°C (87.8°– 89.6°F) during the summer and 29°–30°C (84.2°–86°F) during the winter and humidity ranges from 70% to 90%. Conservation Phalaenopsis amboinensis is considered an endangered species and is protected by the Government Regulation No.7/1999 in Indonesia. Habitat exploitation and land deforestation are the main threat to the orchid species' native population. In Situ and Ex situ conservation methods are both being practiced to help conserve this orchid species. However, it was found challenging to nurse the orchid to maturity due to its extensive juvenile phase. Various propagation methods have been developed and tested to successfully develop the plant. References amboinensis Plants described in 1911
Mary Wilson Thompson (October 30, 1866 – April 2, 1947) was a Delaware civic leader. As leader of the Delaware Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage, she is credited with the Delaware General Assembly's failure to ratify the 19th Amendment, which granted women the right to vote in the United States. Life Mary Wilson Thompson was born at Stockford Estate near Wilmington, Delaware, on October 30, 1866. She was the daughter of Civil War General James Harrison Wilson. She attended the fashionable Misses Hebb's School in Wilmington and travelled extensively before she married wealthy textile businessman Henry Burling Thompson. The couple were leaders in Wilmington civic society. In a memoir written in the 1930s, Thompson explained her position against women's suffrage: I have always opposed votes for women. It is constitutional with me. It is not that I feel women cannot vote or are not the mental equal of our men folks, but I feel that it is duplicating our work. It is putting an extra burden on the women and it has weakened materially our power with the legislatures. Thompson drew upon her connections to influence politicians against voting for suffrage. She wrote to President Woodrow Wilson, a friend of her husband's, in 1916: A woman can be one of the most useful & ornamental creatures in her own sphere, but in Politics she is dangerous, treacherous & revengeful - therefore sooner her political activity is curbed the better... The same year she wrote to Willard Saulsbury, US Senator from Delaware, asking that he use his franking privileges to send 260 thousand pieces of anti-suffrage literature to West Virginia. He declined. In March 1920, only one more state was needed to ratify the Nineteenth Amendment, making the Delaware State Legislature a pitched battleground where Thompson was at the forefront. She spoke before the legislature opposite such suffragists as Florence Bayard Hilles, Mabel Ridgely, and Carrie Chapman Catt. At one point she chased down a legislator and demanded he sign a proxy statement allowing her to act on his behalf. Twice after winning key legislative votes, Thompson was hoisted aloft in her chair by anti-suffragists. Despite these efforts, the Nineteenth Amendment was still ratified nationwide, with Tennessee being the deciding vote. Decades later Thompson continued to assert that "the country has certainly not benefited by the women’s vote." Thompson bought a lot on Park Avenue in Rehoboth Beach, Delaware, from Irénée du Pont and constructed a large two-story summer home there in 1927 she dubbed Mon Plaisir (French, "my pleasure"). She designed the home herself with the assistance of her son, who was studying architecture at Princeton University. It had large screened-in porches (or "mosquito parlors") necessitated by the presence of mosquitos. Mosquitos were so incessant that Thompson was forced to wrap newspaper around her ankles while gardening. Thompson enlisted Governor C. Douglass Buck to create two Civilian Conservation Corps camps at Lewes and Slaughter Beach to eradicate the mosquitos and their habitat. Thompson was active in numerous civic causes and organization, including historic preservation and fighting infantile paralysis. Historian Richard B. Carter wrote “Had she lived in a slightly later age, she could easily have won election to high political office (had she wished to pursue it). Yet she refused to consider that women should be made the political equals of men. She was a paradox of the passing of the Victorian era from Delaware.” Death and legacy Mary Wilson Thompson died on April 2, 1947, at her home Brookwood Farm in Greenville, Delaware. Thompson had five children. Her son James Harrison Wilson Thompson became a Thai silk magnate and disappeared under mysterious circumstances in Malaysia in 1967 and was declared dead in 1974. Her daughter Katherine Thompson Wood was bludgeoned to death in 1967 in a murder that remains unsolved. References Created via preloaddraft 1860s births 1947 deaths Anti-suffragists People from Wilmington, Delaware
Zhang Zhao (156–236), courtesy name Zibu, was a Chinese calligrapher, essayist, military general, and politician. He served as an official of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period of China. Born in the late Eastern Han dynasty, Zhang Zhao started his career as a scholar in his native Xu Province before the chaos towards the end of the Eastern Han dynasty forced him to flee south to the Jiangdong (or Wu) region for shelter. In Jiangdong, Zhang Zhao became an adviser to the rising warlord Sun Ce. After Sun Ce's death in the year 200, Zhang Zhao played a key supporting role to Sun Ce's younger brother and successor, Sun Quan, as he consolidated power and his control over the Jiangdong territories. In 208, Zhang Zhao strongly urged Sun Quan to surrender to Cao Cao, a rival warlord, because he believed that they stood no chance against an impending invasion by Cao Cao. However, Sun Quan refused to listen to Zhang Zhao and instead heeded the advice of Lu Su and Zhou Yu. Sun Quan's forces ultimately scored a decisive victory over Cao Cao at the Battle of Red Cliffs in the winter of 208. From 200 until his death in 236, Zhang Zhao served under Sun Quan through the collapse of the Eastern Han dynasty and into the Three Kingdoms period after Sun Quan became the founding emperor of the Eastern Wu state. Throughout his career, Zhang Zhao was known for being a stern, uncompromising and intimidating figure who commanded respect from both his colleagues and Sun Quan. Despite Zhang Zhao's seniority and experience, Sun Quan passed him over twice as a candidate for the position of Imperial Chancellor in 222 and 225 as he believed that Zhang Zhao was so headstrong and stubborn that he would not be able to effectively lead the administration. Nevertheless, Sun Quan paid his due respects to Zhang Zhao as a mentor-like figure who saw him through his formative years to his accession to the throne. Early life Zhang Zhao was born in the late Eastern Han dynasty in the Pengcheng State (), a principality in Xu Province centred around present-day Xuzhou, Jiangsu. As a youth, he was known for being diligent in his studies and for specialising in the clerical script style of calligraphy. He studied the Zuo zhuan and Chunqiu under the tutelage of Bohou Zi'an (), and was known for being well read in history. He was also a close friend of two other well-known scholars, Zhao Yu () and Wang Lang. When Zhang Zhao reached the age of adulthood around 19, he was nominated as a xiaolian (civil service candidate) to serve in the government. However, he declined the offer and chose to join Wang Lang in compiling an essay on the ancient use of taboo names. They received praise from other Xu Province scholars, such as Chen Lin, for their work. The essay contradicted the arguments of Ying Shao, another celebrated scholar from Runan Commandery (汝南郡; around present-day central Henan). Sometime later, when Tao Qian, the Governor of Xu Province, nominated Zhang Zhao as a maocai (茂才; outstanding candidate) to serve in the government, Zhang Zhao declined the offer again. Tao Qian perceived Zhang Zhao's rejection as an insult, so he ordered the latter's arrest. However, Zhao Yu, who was serving in Tao Qian's administration at the time, managed to convince the governor to pardon Zhang Zhao. Service under Sun Ce When chaos broke out throughout China in the 190s, many people living in Xu Province fled their homes and crossed the Yangtze River to take shelter in Yang Province (or the Jiangdong region) in the south. Zhang Zhao followed suit and moved from Pengcheng State to Jiangdong. Between 194 and 199, the warlord Sun Ce conquered the territories in Jiangdong and established his own regime in the region. During this time, he heard of Zhang Zhao and wanted to recruit him as an adviser. After Zhang Zhao agreed and joined him, he was so delighted that he told Zhang Zhao: "Now that I have expanded my domain in all the four corners, I should treat learned and virtuous men with the utmost respect. I won't treat you in any degrading manner." He then appointed Zhang Zhao as a Colonel () and honoured him like a teacher. Later on, Sun Ce made Zhang Zhao his Chief Clerk () and promoted him from Colonel to General of the Household Who Pacifies the Army (). Apart from paying his respects to Zhang Zhao's mother and treating Zhang Zhao like an old friend, Sun Ce also consulted Zhang Zhao on various matters related to civil and military policy. Receiving flattering letters While serving under Sun Ce, Zhang Zhao received several flattering letters from his fellow literati in the north. He faced a dilemma on how to deal with those letters. On one hand, he was afraid that if he kept quiet about those letters, Sun Ce would start questioning his loyalty. On the other hand, he was also worried that others would scorn him for being boastful if he revealed the letters. When Sun Ce found out, he laughed and told Zhang Zhao: "In the past, when Guan Zhong was the chancellor of Qi, he was called zhongfu. With his help, Duke Huan of Qi became a hegemon among the feudal lords. Today, as I have a virtuous talent like Zibu to assist me, isn't his glory also mine?" Sun Ce entrusting Sun Quan to Zhang Zhao's care In the year 200, before Sun Ce died, he entrusted his younger brother and successor, Sun Quan, to Zhang Zhao's care. He told Zhang Zhao: "If Zhongmou turns out to be incompetent, you may replace him. If there is no way to overcome the difficulties, you can gradually retreat back to the west where you will have no worries." After Sun Ce's death, Zhang Zhao led all of Sun Ce's former subjects to support Sun Quan and pledge their allegiance to him. Zhang Zhao also wrote a memorial to the Han central government to inform them about Sun Ce's death and that Sun Quan had succeeded his brother. He also wrote to all the key appointment holders throughout Sun Quan's domain to order them to continue performing their duties as before. Service under Sun Quan Assisting Sun Quan in consolidating power When an 18-year-old Sun Quan first came to power, he was so overwhelmed with grief over his brother's death that he spent his time mourning instead of taking charge of the regime established by his brother in Jiangdong. Zhang Zhao told him: Sun Quan's biography in the Sanguozhi recorded that Zhang Zhao told the young Sun Quan: Sun Quan heeded Zhang Zhao's advice. He changed out of his mourning attire, got onto horseback with Zhang Zhao's help, and inspected his troops as they assembled in formation. Sun Ce's former subjects accepted Sun Quan's leadership and pledged their allegiance to him. Sun Quan also appointed Zhang Zhao as his Chief Clerk () and ordered him to perform the same duties as he did under Sun Ce. With Zhang Zhao's assistance, Sun Quan managed to consolidate his control over the unstable Jiangdong regime left behind by Sun Ce. Apart from pacifying and winning over the people, he also recruited many talented and capable persons to serve in his administration. Whenever Sun Quan went into battle, he left Zhang Zhao behind to guard his base and oversee day-to-day affairs in the Jiangdong territories. During this time, Zhang Zhao suppressed an uprising by remnants of the Yellow Turban rebels. Battle of Jiangxia In the spring of 208, Gan Ning, who had recently joined Sun Quan, pointed out to Sun Quan that Cao Cao, the warlord who controlled the Han central government and most of northern China, was planning to attack Jing Province (covering present-day Hubei and Hunan) to the west of the Jiangdong (or Wu) territories. He also noted that Liu Biao, the Governor of Jing Province, was incapable of defending his domain, so it would be better for Sun Quan to seize Jing Province before Cao Cao could do so. The first step in Gan Ning's plan was to attack Jiangxia Commandery (江夏郡; around present-day Wuhan, Hubei), which was guarded by Liu Biao's subordinate Huang Zu. Sun Quan approved Gan Ning's plan, but Zhang Zhao strongly objected and said: "The territories in Wu have not been completely pacified yet. If we proceed with this campaign, I am afraid there will be chaos." Gan Ning rebuked Zhang Zhao: "Our lord has entrusted responsibilities to you as if you were Xiao He. If you can't even be confident that there won't be chaos under your watch, how can you expect to be like Xiao He?" Sun Quan ignored Zhang Zhao and put Gan Ning in charge of planning and leading the campaign. They emerged victorious in the campaign as they killed Huang Zu in battle and conquered Jiangxia Commandery. Battle of Red Cliffs In the late autumn of 208, Cao Cao launched a military campaign aimed at eliminating all forces in southern China who opposed him. He swiftly conquered Jing Province (covering present-day Hubei and Hunan) after the provincial governor Liu Cong surrendered without a fight. When Sun Quan's subjects heard that Cao Cao had gained control of Jing Province along with its tens of thousands of land and naval troops, they became fearful as they knew that Cao Cao's next target was Sun Quan's territories in the Jiangdong region. Sun Quan summoned them for a meeting and showed them a threatening letter he received from Cao Cao, in which Cao Cao claimed that he had 800,000 troops. Some of Sun Quan's subjects, including Zhang Zhao and Qin Song, suggested that Sun Quan surrender to Cao Cao because, in their opinion, they could not win a battle against Cao Cao. However, Sun Quan ultimately heeded the advice of Lu Su and Zhou Yu and hardened his decision to go to war with Cao Cao. He also told Lu Su and Zhou Yu privately that he was deeply disappointed with Zhang Zhao, Qin Song and those who advised him to surrender to Cao Cao. After making up his mind, he summoned all his subjects, drew his sword, slashed the table in front of him and said: "Any of you who dares to speak of surrendering to Cao Cao shall end up like this table!" In the winter of 208–209, Sun Quan and his ally Liu Bei scored a decisive victory over Cao Cao at the decisive Battle of Red Cliffs. After the Battle of Red Cliffs, while Zhou Yu led Sun Quan's forces to attack Cao Cao's garrison at Jiangling, Sun Quan personally led another army to attack Hefei, a heavily fortified city under Cao Cao's control. During the campaign, he ordered Zhang Zhao to lead a separate detachment of troops to assault Kuangqi (), another of Cao Cao's fortresses in Guangling Commandery (廣陵郡; around present-day Huai'an, Jiangsu). Sun Quan and Zhang Zhao did not manage to capture Hefei and Kuangqi, while Zhou Yu successfully conquered Jiangling. Zhang Zhao later led Sun Quan's forces to attack and eliminate bandit forces led by Zhou Feng () in Yuzhang Commandery (豫章郡; around present-day Nanchang, Jiangxi). After this battle, Zhang Zhao hardly assumed positions of military command again as Sun Quan decided to keep him by his side as a strategist and adviser. Sun Quan also treated him very respectfully because of his senior status in the administration. In late 209 or early 210, after Sun Quan received the appointment of acting General of Chariots and Cavalry () from the Han central government through Liu Bei's nomination, he appointed Zhang Zhao as his Army Adviser (). Lecturing Sun Quan on hunting excursions Sun Quan enjoyed going on hunting excursions as a leisure activity. On one occasion, while he was hunting a tiger on horseback with a bow and arrows, the tiger suddenly attacked him and clawed at his saddle. When Zhang Zhao heard about it, he lectured Sun Quan: Sun Quan then apologised to Zhang Zhao: "I am young and lacking in wisdom. Sir, I am sorry for letting you down." Despite being lectured, Sun Quan was unwilling to give up on his favourite pastime so he designed a chariot for his hunting excursions. The chariot had squarish openings but no roof. Accompanied by only a driver to drive the chariot, Sun Quan fired arrows at wild beasts through the openings. When they encountered animals who left their packs/herds and came very close to the chariot, Sun Quan got out and took pleasure in hand-to-hand combat with the animal. When Zhang Zhao found out, he repeatedly urged Sun Quan to stop engaging in such dangerous activities but the latter laughed and ignored him. Service under the King of Wu In late 220, Cao Cao's son and successor Cao Pi usurped the throne from Emperor Xian, ended the Eastern Han dynasty and established the state of Cao Wei (or Wei) with himself as the emperor. This event marked the beginning of the Three Kingdoms period in China. In September 221, Sun Quan pledged nominal allegiance to Cao Pi and agreed to become a vassal of Wei. In return, Cao Pi sent an emissary, Xing Zhen (), to confer the title "King of Wu" () on Sun Quan. On 23 September that year, when Xing Zhen arrived at Wuchang (武昌; present-day Ezhou, Hubei), the capital of Sun Quan's domain, for the conferment ceremony, he did not dismount from his carriage when he reached the city gates. Zhang Zhao told him: Upon hearing what Zhang Zhao said, Xing Zhen immediately got off the carriage and entered the city on foot. After Sun Quan became the King of Wu, he awarded Zhang Zhao the appointment of General Who Pacifies Distant Lands () and the peerage of Marquis of Youquan (). Zhang Zhao, along with Sun Shao, Teng Yin, Zheng Li () and others, drafted the rules of imperial protocol for the Kingdom of Wu based on those of the Zhou and Han dynasties. Lecturing Sun Quan on making merry When Sun Quan was in Wuchang (武昌; present-day Ezhou, Hubei), he once hosted a drinking party on a terrace and invited all his subjects to attend. He ordered his servants to splash water at everyone, after which he jokingly declared: "The party shall not end until everyone gets dead drunk." Zhang Zhao did not say anything, put on a stern face, walked out of the party, and sat inside his carriage alone. Sun Quan sent someone to ask him to come back, and then asked him: "This is a time for all of us to make merry and be happy. Sir, why are you angry?" Zhang Zhao replied: Sun Quan fell silent and looked embarrassed after hearing Zhang Zhao's words. He then called off the party. Not chosen to be Imperial Chancellor In November 222, Sun Quan broke ties with Cao Pi and declared himself an independent ruler of his Kingdom of Wu by adopting an era name for his reign. After that, he wanted to create the position of Imperial Chancellor () in his government, so he consulted his subjects on suitable candidates to fill in this post. Although all of them came to the consensus that Zhang Zhao was the best candidate, Sun Quan said: "We are living in times of chaos. Such key appointments are to be filled by persons capable of shouldering great responsibilities; they shouldn't be treated like honorary positions." Sun Quan ultimately selected Sun Shao to be the first Imperial Chancellor of Wu. After Sun Shao died in office in the summer of 225, Sun Quan's subjects nominated Zhang Zhao to succeed Sun Shao as Imperial Chancellor. However, Sun Quan refused again and said: "It's not that I am being unkind towards Zibu (by not choosing him). The person holding the position of Imperial Chancellor has to deal with so many issues on a daily basis. (Zhang Zhao) is too headstrong. If people don't listen to him, there will be a lot of conflicts. It won't be helpful at all." He then chose Gu Yong to be the second Imperial Chancellor of Wu. Service under the Emperor of Wu In the summer of 229, after Sun Quan declared himself emperor of Wu, Zhang Zhao retired from active service on the grounds of old age and poor health. He resigned from his position as General Who Pacifies Distant Lands () and returned command of his troops to the Wu government. Sun Quan embarrassing Zhang Zhao in public According to the Jiang Biao Zhuan, although Sun Quan highly respected Zhang Zhao for his loyal, bold and forthright character, he never forgot that Zhang Zhao had advised him to surrender to Cao Cao before the Battle of Red Cliffs. After he became emperor, he told all his subjects: "I wouldn't have become an emperor today if there wasn't Zhou Yu to assist me." Just as Zhang Zhao prepared to hold up his hu and congratulate Sun Quan, the emperor remarked: "If I had listened to Lord Zhang, I'd be begging for food today." Zhang Zhao felt deeply embarrassed and he broke out in a cold sweat as he sank to his knees. Pei Songzhi, in his annotations to Zhang Zhao's biography in the Sanguozhi, argued that Zhang Zhao had never intended to help Sun Ce or Sun Quan become rulers in their own right; all he desired was to assist them in bringing peace to the common people living under their control. When he saw that Cao Cao had pacified northern China and conquered Jing Province just before the Battle of Red Cliffs, he advised Sun Quan to surrender to Cao Cao because he saw that as an opportunity for the fragmented Han Empire to be reunified under Cao Cao's control. If the Han Empire were reunified, there would be no more conflicts among the warlords, and the common people would finally be able to live in peace. Pei Songzhi thus concluded that although Zhang Zhao may not be considered loyal towards Sun Quan, he had the greater interests of the common people at heart. The Australian sinologist Rafe de Crespigny believed that this account from the Jiang Biao Zhuan is probably false because Sun Quan stood to gain little for his own reputation and authority from making such an extraordinary public insult at Zhang Zhao. Life in retirement Although Zhang Zhao had effectively retired, Sun Quan still gave him an honorary position as General Who Assists Wu (), whose status was just below the Three Ducal Ministers in the hierarchy of the Eastern Wu government. Sun Quan also changed Zhang Zhao's peerage from the Marquis of Youquan () to the Marquis of Lou (), and awarded him a marquisate comprising 10,000 taxable households. Zhang Zhao stayed at home after retiring and he spent his time writing a guide to the Zuo zhuan and an annotated copy of the Analects. Sun Quan once asked Yan Jun to recite something he memorised in his childhood. Yan Jun thus recited "The Scope and Meaning of the Treatise", the opening paragraph of the Classic of Filial Piety. Zhang Zhao, who was also present, remarked: "Yan Jun is a mediocre scholar. I humbly seek permission to recite for Your Majesty." After Sun Quan approved, Zhang Zhao recited "The Service of the Ruler", another paragraph in the Classic of Filial Piety. Sun Quan's other subjects agreed that Zhang Zhao had a good understanding of what he should recite in front of the emperor. Quarrel with Sun Quan Zhang Zhao was known for being very outspoken, forthright and blunt in his speech whenever he spoke up in Sun Quan's imperial court. On one occasion, after he openly defied an order from Sun Quan, he was not allowed to enter the imperial court for some time. During this time, Wu's ally state Shu sent an ambassador to Wu for an official visit. The Shu ambassador sang praises about Shu in front of Sun Quan and his imperial court. Some Wu officials tried to challenge the Shu ambassador but failed. Sun Quan sighed: "If Lord Zhang were here, (the Shu ambassador) would feel intimidated before he could even debate with us, much less boast about his state!" The following day, Sun Quan sent a messenger to visit Zhang Zhao at his residence and invite him back to the imperial court. When Zhang Zhao showed up, he apologised to Sun Quan but refused to take his seat, so Sun Quan knelt down and begged him to stop. Zhang Zhao then sat down, with his eyes looking up, and said: Sun Quan apologised to him and left. Quarrel with Sun Quan over the Liaodong issue In 233, the Liaodong-based warlord Gongsun Yuan pledged allegiance to Sun Quan and expressed willingness to become a vassal of Eastern Wu. Sun Quan was delighted as he saw Gongsun Yuan as a potential ally against Wu's rival state, Wei. He then wanted to send Zhang Mi () and Xu Yan () as his representatives to Liaodong to meet Gongsun Yuan and grant him the title "King of Yan" (). However, Zhang Zhao strongly objected and said: Sun Quan and Zhang Zhao had a heated quarrel over this issue; Zhang Zhao, adamant that he was right, stubbornly refused to yield. Sun Quan eventually lost his temper, placed his hand on the hilt of his sword, and angrily told Zhang Zhao: "When the people of Wu enter the palace, they pay respects to me. Outside the palace, they pay respects to you. My respect for you has already reached the maximum possible extent, yet you humiliate me in front of everyone. I am really afraid that I will lose control of myself and end up hurting you." Zhang Zhao stared at Sun Quan for some time before replying: He then broke down in tears. Sun Quan dropped his sword and started crying too. When Sun Quan ultimately sent Zhang Mi and Xu Yan to Liaodong, Zhang Zhao felt so frustrated with the emperor for not heeding his advice that he claimed that he was sick and refused to show up in the imperial court. An angry Sun Quan then ordered the entrance of Zhang Zhao's residence to be sealed by piling up earth in front of it to block people from entering or leaving. In response, Zhang Zhao also ordered his servants to pile up earth too and block the entrance from the inside. In the autumn of 233, Gongsun Yuan betrayed Sun Quan and executed Zhang Mi and Xu Yan. When Sun Quan heard about it, he realised that he was in the wrong. After Zhang Zhao ignored his apologies several times, Sun Quan personally went to Zhang Zhao's residence and called him to come out but Zhang Zhao refused and claimed that he was ill. Sun Quan then set fire to the entrance of Zhang Zhao's residence to scare him and force him to come out. His plan backfired as Zhang Zhao not only refused to come out, but also shut all the doors and windows of his residence. Left with no choice, Sun Quan ordered his servants to put out the fire, and he stood at the entrance for a long time. Zhang Zhao's sons then helped their father out, while Sun Quan arranged for a carriage to fetch Zhang Zhao to his palace. At the palace, Sun Quan apologised profusely to Zhang Zhao, who finally forgave him and returned to work. The Jin dynasty historian Xi Zuochi praised Sun Quan for acknowledging his mistake and doing his best to show his remorse and apologise to Zhang Zhao. However, he also criticised Zhang Zhao for his pompous and condescending attitude towards Sun Quan. He argued that Zhang Zhao, as a subject of a ruler, should know his place and refrain from pushing things to such an extreme even if he was right. Death Throughout his life, Zhang Zhao was known for maintaining a dignified and solemn appearance, and for having an awe-inspiring bearing. His colleagues in the Wu imperial court saw him as an intimidating figure. Sun Quan once said: "When I speak to Lord Zhang, I don't dare to say anything in jest." Zhang Zhao died at the age of 81 (by East Asian age reckoning) in 236 during the Jiahe era (232–238) of Sun Quan's reign. Before he died, he gave instructions that he wanted to be buried in a coffin of simple design and to be dressed in plain clothes. Sun Quan donned mourning garments and attended his funeral in person. He also honoured Zhang Zhao with the posthumous title "Marquis Wen" (). Family Zhang Zhao was survived by at least two sons, who both served as military generals in Eastern Wu. His first son, Zhang Cheng, had already received a peerage of his own, so his second son Zhang Xiu inherited his peerage and became the next Marquis of Lou (). Zhang Zhao's nephew, Zhang Fen (), designed a war chariot to serve as a siege engine when he was only 19. Bu Zhi recognised his talent and recommended him to serve in the Wu army. However, Zhang Zhao disapproved as he told Zhang Fen: "You are still young. Why do you want to put yourself through hardship by serving in the army?" Zhang Fen replied: "In the past, Wang the boy died a hero while Ziqi governed E. I may be untalented but I am no longer young." He then served in the army and rose through the ranks to become a general. The highest appointment he held was Chief Controller of Pingzhou (). He was also enfeoffed as the Marquis of Lexiang Village (). Appraisal Chen Shou, who wrote Zhang Zhao's biography in the Sanguozhi, appraised him as follows: "Zhang Zhao received a mission to assist (Sun Quan). His contributions were outstanding. He was loyal, outspoken and upright; his actions were not for his own interests. However, he was feared because he was too stern, and he was shunned by others because he liked to assume the moral high ground. He was given neither the role of a chancellor nor an imperial tutor. Instead, he had a rather unimpressive career and spent his old age in retirement. This shows that Sun Quan was not as wise as Sun Ce." The Dianlue () recorded that Liu Biao, the governor of Jing Province, once wrote a letter to Sun Ce. Before sending, he showed it to Mi Heng, who disdainfully remarked: "Is this letter for children in Sun Ce's domain to read out? Or is it for Zhang Zibu's perusal?" This remark showed that even the notoriously haughty Mi Heng acknowledged Zhang Zhao's literary talent. In Romance of the Three Kingdoms Zhang Zhao's fictionalised persona in the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms is generally similar to its historical counterpart. In the novel, he first appears in Chapter 15 when Zhou Yu recommends him and Zhang Hong (not related to Zhang Zhao), who are collectively referred to as the "Two Zhangs" () of Jiangdong", as talents to assist Sun Ce. Sun Ce then visited them at their homes and succeeded in recruiting them to serve as his advisers. In Chapter 29, when Sun Ce is about to die, he says that if Sun Quan cannot make decisions on domestic and external issues, he can consult Zhang Zhao and Zhou Yu respectively. In chapters 43 to 49, when Sun Quan is discussing with his subjects about how to counter an impending invasion by Cao Cao just before the Battle of Red Cliffs, his subjects are divided into two camps: one advocating surrender to Cao Cao, and the other advocating going to war with Cao Cao. Zhang Zhao is one of the leading figures in the former camp. Chapter 43, in particular, describes a fictitious debate between Zhuge Liang and the various scholar-officials serving under Sun Quan. Zhang Zhao is the first among those scholar-officials to challenge Zhuge Liang, who manages to silence all of them through his eloquent responses to their queries and comments, as well as taunts and insults. See also Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms Notes References Chen, Shou (3rd century). Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi). Luo, Guanzhong (14th century). Romance of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguo Yanyi). Pei, Songzhi (5th century). Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi zhu). 156 births 236 deaths Generals from Jiangsu Eastern Wu calligraphers Eastern Wu essayists Eastern Wu generals Eastern Wu government officials Han dynasty calligraphers Government officials under Sun Quan Politicians from Xuzhou Writers from Xuzhou
The Copenhagen interpretation is a collection of views about the meaning of quantum mechanics, stemming from the work of Niels Bohr, Werner Heisenberg, Max Born, and others. The term "Copenhagen interpretation" was apparently coined by Heisenberg during the 1950s to refer to ideas developed in the 1925–1927 period, glossing over his disagreements with Bohr. Consequently, there is no definitive historical statement of what the interpretation entails. Features common across versions of the Copenhagen interpretation include the idea that quantum mechanics is intrinsically indeterministic, with probabilities calculated using the Born rule, and the principle of complementarity, which states that objects have certain pairs of complementary properties that cannot all be observed or measured simultaneously. Moreover, the act of "observing" or "measuring" an object is irreversible, and no truth can be attributed to an object except according to the results of its measurement (that is, the Copenhagen interpretation rejects counterfactual definiteness). Copenhagen-type interpretations hold that quantum descriptions are objective, in that they are independent of physicists' personal beliefs and other arbitrary mental factors. Over the years, there have been many objections to aspects of Copenhagen-type interpretations, including the discontinuous and stochastic nature of the "observation" or "measurement" process, the apparent subjectivity of requiring an observer, the difficulty of defining what might count as a measuring device, and the seeming reliance upon classical physics in describing such devices. Still, including all the variations, the interpretation remains one of the most commonly taught. Background Starting in 1900, investigations into atomic and subatomic phenomena forced a revision to the basic concepts of classical physics. However, it was not until a quarter-century had elapsed that the revision reached the status of a coherent theory. During the intervening period, now known as the time of the "old quantum theory", physicists worked with approximations and heuristic corrections to classical physics. Notable results from this period include Max Planck's calculation of the blackbody radiation spectrum, Albert Einstein's explanation of the photoelectric effect, Einstein and Peter Debye's work on the specific heat of solids, Niels Bohr and Hendrika Johanna van Leeuwen's proof that classical physics cannot account for diamagnetism, Bohr's model of the hydrogen atom and Arnold Sommerfeld's extension of the Bohr model to include relativistic effects. From 1922 through 1925, this method of heuristic corrections encountered increasing difficulties; for example, the Bohr–Sommerfeld model could not be extended from hydrogen to the next simplest case, the helium atom. The transition from the old quantum theory to full-fledged quantum physics began in 1925, when Werner Heisenberg presented a treatment of electron behavior based on discussing only "observable" quantities, meaning to Heisenberg the frequencies of light that atoms absorbed and emitted. Max Born then realized that in Heisenberg's theory, the classical variables of position and momentum would instead be represented by matrices, mathematical objects that can be multiplied together like numbers with the crucial difference that the order of multiplication matters. Erwin Schrödinger presented an equation that treated the electron as a wave, and Born discovered that the way to successfully interpret the wave function that appeared in the Schrödinger equation was as a tool for calculating probabilities. Quantum mechanics cannot easily be reconciled with everyday language and observation, and has often seemed counter-intuitive to physicists, including its inventors. The ideas grouped together as the Copenhagen interpretation suggest a way to think about how the mathematics of quantum theory relates to physical reality. Origin and use of the term The term refers to the city of Copenhagen in Denmark, and was apparently coined during the 1950s. Earlier, during the mid-1920s, Heisenberg had been an assistant to Bohr at his institute in Copenhagen, where they helped originate quantum mechanical theory. At the 1927 Solvay Conference, a dual talk by Max Born and Heisenberg declared "we consider quantum mechanics to be a closed theory, whose fundamental physical and mathematical assumptions are no longer susceptible of any modification." In 1929, Heisenberg gave a series of invited lectures at the University of Chicago explaining the new field of quantum mechanics. The lectures then served as the basis for his textbook, The Physical Principles of the Quantum Theory, published in 1930. In the book's preface, Heisenberg wrote: On the whole, the book contains nothing that is not to be found in previous publications, particularly in the investigations of Bohr. The purpose of the book seems to me to be fulfilled if it contributes somewhat to the diffusion of that 'Kopenhagener Geist der Quantentheorie' [Copenhagen spirit of quantum theory] if I may so express myself, which has directed the entire development of modern atomic physics. The term 'Copenhagen interpretation' suggests something more than just a spirit, such as some definite set of rules for interpreting the mathematical formalism of quantum mechanics, presumably dating back to the 1920s. However, no such text exists, and the writings of Bohr and Heisenberg contradict each other on several important issues. It appears that the particular term, with its more definite sense, was coined by Heisenberg around 1955, while criticizing alternative "interpretations" (e.g., David Bohm's) that had been developed. Lectures with the titles 'The Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Theory' and 'Criticisms and Counterproposals to the Copenhagen Interpretation', that Heisenberg delivered in 1955, are reprinted in the collection Physics and Philosophy. Before the book was released for sale, Heisenberg privately expressed regret for having used the term, due to its suggestion of the existence of other interpretations, that he considered to be "nonsense". In a 1960 review of Heisenberg's book, Bohr's close collaborator Léon Rosenfeld called the term an "ambiguous expression" and suggested it be discarded. However, this did not come to pass, and the term entered widespread use. Principles There is no uniquely definitive statement of the Copenhagen interpretation. The term encompasses the views developed by a number of scientists and philosophers during the second quarter of the 20th century. This lack of a single, authoritative source that establishes the Copenhagen interpretation is one difficulty with discussing it; another complication is that the philosophical background familiar to Einstein, Bohr, Heisenberg, and contemporaries is much less so to physicists and even philosophers of physics in more recent times. Bohr and Heisenberg never totally agreed on how to understand the mathematical formalism of quantum mechanics, and Bohr distanced himself from what he considered Heisenberg's more subjective interpretation. Bohr offered an interpretation that is independent of a subjective observer, or measurement, or collapse; instead, an "irreversible" or effectively irreversible process causes the decay of quantum coherence which imparts the classical behavior of "observation" or "measurement". Different commentators and researchers have associated various ideas with the term. Asher Peres remarked that very different, sometimes opposite, views are presented as "the Copenhagen interpretation" by different authors. N. David Mermin coined the phrase "Shut up and calculate!" to summarize Copenhagen-type views, a saying often misattributed to Richard Feynman and which Mermin later found insufficiently nuanced. Mermin described the Copenhagen interpretation as coming in different "versions", "varieties", or "flavors". Some basic principles generally accepted as part of the interpretation include the following: Quantum mechanics is intrinsically indeterministic. The correspondence principle: in the appropriate limit, quantum theory comes to resemble classical physics and reproduces the classical predictions. The Born rule: the wave function of a system yields probabilities for the outcomes of measurements upon that system. Complementarity: certain properties cannot be jointly defined for the same system at the same time. In order to talk about a specific property of a system, that system must be considered within the context of a specific laboratory arrangement. Observable quantities corresponding to mutually exclusive laboratory arrangements cannot be predicted together, but considering multiple such mutually exclusive experiments is necessary to characterize a system. Hans Primas and Roland Omnès give a more detailed breakdown that, in addition to the above, includes the following: Quantum physics applies to individual objects. The probabilities computed by the Born rule do not require an ensemble or collection of "identically prepared" systems to understand. The results provided by measuring devices are essentially classical, and should be described in ordinary language. This was particularly emphasized by Bohr, and was accepted by Heisenberg. Per the above point, the device used to observe a system must be described in classical language, while the system under observation is treated in quantum terms. This is a particularly subtle issue for which Bohr and Heisenberg came to differing conclusions. According to Heisenberg, the boundary between classical and quantum can be shifted in either direction at the observer's discretion. That is, the observer has the freedom to move what would become known as the "Heisenberg cut" without changing any physically meaningful predictions. On the other hand, Bohr argued both systems are quantum in principle, and the object-instrument distinction (the "cut") is dictated by the experimental arrangement. For Bohr, the "cut" was not a change in the dynamical laws that govern the systems in question, but a change in the language applied to them. During an observation, the system must interact with a laboratory device. When that device makes a measurement, the wave function of the system collapses, irreversibly reducing to an eigenstate of the observable that is registered. The result of this process is a tangible record of the event, made by a potentiality becoming an actuality. Statements about measurements that are not actually made do not have meaning. For example, there is no meaning to the statement that a photon traversed the upper path of a Mach–Zehnder interferometer unless the interferometer were actually built in such a way that the path taken by the photon is detected and registered. Wave functions are objective, in that they do not depend upon personal opinions of individual physicists or other such arbitrary influences. There are some fundamental agreements and disagreements between the views of Bohr and Heisenberg. For example, Heisenberg emphasized a sharp "cut" between the observer (or the instrument) and the system being observed, while Bohr offered an interpretation that is independent of a subjective observer or measurement or collapse, which relies on an "irreversible" or effectively irreversible process, which could take place within the quantum system. Another issue of importance where Bohr and Heisenberg disagreed is wave–particle duality. Bohr maintained that the distinction between a wave view and a particle view was defined by a distinction between experimental setups, whereas Heisenberg held that it was defined by the possibility of viewing the mathematical formulas as referring to waves or particles. Bohr thought that a particular experimental setup would display either a wave picture or a particle picture, but not both. Heisenberg thought that every mathematical formulation was capable of both wave and particle interpretations. Nature of the wave function A wave function is a mathematical entity that provides a probability distribution for the outcomes of each possible measurement on a system. Knowledge of the wave function together with the rules for the system's evolution in time exhausts all that can be predicted about the system's behavior. Generally, Copenhagen-type interpretations deny that the wave function provides a directly apprehensible image of an ordinary material body or a discernible component of some such, or anything more than a theoretical concept. Probabilities via the Born rule The Born rule is essential to the Copenhagen interpretation. Formulated by Max Born in 1926, it gives the probability that a measurement of a quantum system will yield a given result. In its simplest form, it states that the probability density of finding a particle at a given point, when measured, is proportional to the square of the magnitude of the particle's wave function at that point. Collapse The concept of wave function collapse postulates that the wave function of a system can change suddenly and discontinuously upon measurement. Prior to a measurement, a wave function involves the various probabilities for the different potential outcomes of that measurement. But when the apparatus registers one of those outcomes, no traces of the others linger. Since Bohr did not view the wavefunction as something physical, he never talks about "collapse". Nevertheless, many physicists and philosophers associate collapse with the Copenhagen interpretation. Heisenberg spoke of the wave function as representing available knowledge of a system, and did not use the term "collapse", but instead termed it "reduction" of the wave function to a new state representing the change in available knowledge which occurs once a particular phenomenon is registered by the apparatus. Role of the observer Because they assert that the existence of an observed value depends upon the intercession of the observer, Copenhagen-type interpretations are sometimes called "subjective". This term is rejected by many Copenhagenists because the process of observation is mechanical and does not depend on the individuality of the observer. Wolfgang Pauli, for example, insisted that measurement results could be obtained and recorded by "objective registering apparatus". As Heisenberg wrote, In the 1970s and 1980s, the theory of decoherence helped to explain the appearance of quasi-classical realities emerging from quantum theory, but was insufficient to provide a technical explanation for the apparent wave function collapse. Completion by hidden variables? In metaphysical terms, the Copenhagen interpretation views quantum mechanics as providing knowledge of phenomena, but not as pointing to 'really existing objects', which it regards as residues of ordinary intuition. This makes it an epistemic theory. This may be contrasted with Einstein's view, that physics should look for 'really existing objects', making itself an ontic theory. The metaphysical question is sometimes asked: "Could quantum mechanics be extended by adding so-called "hidden variables" to the mathematical formalism, to convert it from an epistemic to an ontic theory?" The Copenhagen interpretation answers this with a strong 'No'. It is sometimes alleged, for example by J.S. Bell, that Einstein opposed the Copenhagen interpretation because he believed that the answer to that question of "hidden variables" was "yes". By contrast, Max Jammer writes "Einstein never proposed a hidden variable theory." Einstein explored the possibility of a hidden variable theory, and wrote a paper describing his exploration, but withdrew it from publication because he felt it was faulty. Acceptance among physicists During the 1930s and 1940s, views about quantum mechanics attributed to Bohr and emphasizing complementarity became commonplace among physicists. Textbooks of the time generally maintained the principle that the numerical value of a physical quantity is not meaningful or does not exist until it is measured. Prominent physicists associated with Copenhagen-type interpretations have included Lev Landau, Wolfgang Pauli, Rudolf Peierls, Asher Peres, Léon Rosenfeld, and Ray Streater. Throughout much of the 20th century, the Copenhagen tradition had overwhelming acceptance among physicists. According to a very informal poll (some people voted for multiple interpretations) conducted at a quantum mechanics conference in 1997, the Copenhagen interpretation remained the most widely accepted label that physicists applied to their own views. A similar result was found in a poll conducted in 2011. Consequences The nature of the Copenhagen interpretation is exposed by considering a number of experiments and paradoxes. Schrödinger's cat This thought experiment highlights the implications that accepting uncertainty at the microscopic level has on macroscopic objects. A cat is put in a sealed box, with its life or death made dependent on the state of a subatomic particle. Thus a description of the cat during the course of the experiment—having been entangled with the state of a subatomic particle—becomes a "blur" of "living and dead cat." But this can't be accurate because it implies the cat is actually both dead and alive until the box is opened to check on it. But the cat, if it survives, will only remember being alive. Schrödinger resists "so naively accepting as valid a 'blurred model' for representing reality." How can the cat be both alive and dead? In Copenhagen-type views, the wave function reflects our knowledge of the system. The wave function means that, once the cat is observed, there is a 50% chance it will be dead, and 50% chance it will be alive. (Some versions of the Copenhagen interpretation reject the idea that a wave function can be assigned to a physical system that meets the everyday definition of "cat"; in this view, the correct quantum-mechanical description of the cat-and-particle system must include a superselection rule.) Wigner's friend "Wigner's friend" is a thought experiment intended to make that of Schrödinger's cat more striking by involving two conscious beings, traditionally known as Wigner and his friend. (In more recent literature, they may also be known as Alice and Bob, per the convention of describing protocols in information theory.) Wigner puts his friend in with the cat. The external observer believes the system is in state . However, his friend is convinced that the cat is alive, i.e. for him, the cat is in the state . How can Wigner and his friend see different wave functions? In a Heisenbergian view, the answer depends on the positioning of Heisenberg cut, which can be placed arbitrarily (at least according to Heisenberg, though not to Bohr). If Wigner's friend is positioned on the same side of the cut as the external observer, his measurements collapse the wave function for both observers. If he is positioned on the cat's side, his interaction with the cat is not considered a measurement. Different Copenhagen-type interpretations take different positions as to whether observers can be placed on the quantum side of the cut. Double-slit experiment In the basic version of this experiment, a light source, such as a laser beam, illuminates a plate pierced by two parallel slits, and the light passing through the slits is observed on a screen behind the plate. The wave nature of light causes the light waves passing through the two slits to interfere, producing bright and dark bands on the screen – a result that would not be expected if light consisted of classical particles. However, the light is always found to be absorbed at the screen at discrete points, as individual particles (not waves); the interference pattern appears via the varying density of these particle hits on the screen. Furthermore, versions of the experiment that include detectors at the slits find that each detected photon passes through one slit (as would a classical particle), and not through both slits (as would a wave). Such experiments demonstrate that particles do not form the interference pattern if one detects which slit they pass through. According to Bohr's complementarity principle, light is neither a wave nor a stream of particles. A particular experiment can demonstrate particle behavior (passing through a definite slit) or wave behavior (interference), but not both at the same time. The same experiment has been performed for light, electrons, atoms, and molecules. The extremely small de Broglie wavelength of objects with larger mass makes experiments increasingly difficult, but in general quantum mechanics considers all matter as possessing both particle and wave behaviors. Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen paradox This thought experiment involves a pair of particles prepared in what later authors would refer to as an entangled state. In a 1935 paper, Einstein, Boris Podolsky, and Nathan Rosen pointed out that, in this state, if the position of the first particle were measured, the result of measuring the position of the second particle could be predicted. If instead the momentum of the first particle were measured, then the result of measuring the momentum of the second particle could be predicted. They argued that no action taken on the first particle could instantaneously affect the other, since this would involve information being transmitted faster than light, which is forbidden by the theory of relativity. They invoked a principle, later known as the "Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen (EPR) criterion of reality", positing that, "If, without in any way disturbing a system, we can predict with certainty (i.e., with probability equal to unity) the value of a physical quantity, then there exists an element of reality corresponding to that quantity". From this, they inferred that the second particle must have a definite value of position and of momentum prior to either being measured. Bohr's response to the EPR paper was published in the Physical Review later that same year. He argued that EPR had reasoned fallaciously. Because measurements of position and of momentum are complementary, making the choice to measure one excludes the possibility of measuring the other. Consequently, a fact deduced regarding one arrangement of laboratory apparatus could not be combined with a fact deduced by means of the other, and so, the inference of predetermined position and momentum values for the second particle was not valid. Bohr concluded that EPR's "arguments do not justify their conclusion that the quantum description turns out to be essentially incomplete." Criticism Incompleteness and indeterminism Einstein was an early and persistent supporter of objective reality. Bohr and Heisenberg advanced the position that no physical property could be understood without an act of measurement, while Einstein refused to accept this. Abraham Pais recalled a walk with Einstein when the two discussed quantum mechanics: "Einstein suddenly stopped, turned to me and asked whether I really believed that the moon exists only when I look at it." While Einstein did not doubt that quantum mechanics was a correct physical theory in that it gave correct predictions, he maintained that it could not be a complete theory. The most famous product of his efforts to argue the incompleteness of quantum theory is the Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen thought experiment, which was intended to show that physical properties like position and momentum have values even if not measured. The argument of EPR was not generally persuasive to other physicists. Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker, while participating in a colloquium at Cambridge, denied that the Copenhagen interpretation asserted "What cannot be observed does not exist". Instead, he suggested that the Copenhagen interpretation follows the principle "What is observed certainly exists; about what is not observed we are still free to make suitable assumptions. We use that freedom to avoid paradoxes." Einstein was likewise dissatisfied with the indeterminism of quantum theory. Regarding the possibility of randomness in nature, Einstein said that he was "convinced that He [God] does not throw dice." Bohr, in response, reputedly said that "it cannot be for us to tell God, how he is to run the world". The Heisenberg cut Much criticism of Copenhagen-type interpretations has focused on the need for a classical domain where observers or measuring devices can reside, and the imprecision of how the boundary between quantum and classical might be defined. This boundary came to be termed the Heisenberg cut (while John Bell derisively called it the "shifty split"). As typically portrayed, Copenhagen-type interpretations involve two different kinds of time evolution for wave functions, the deterministic flow according to the Schrödinger equation and the probabilistic jump during measurement, without a clear criterion for when each kind applies. Why should these two different processes exist, when physicists and laboratory equipment are made of the same matter as the rest of the universe? And if there is somehow a split, where should it be placed? Steven Weinberg writes that the traditional presentation gives "no way to locate the boundary between the realms in which [...] quantum mechanics does or does not apply." The problem of thinking in terms of classical measurements of a quantum system becomes particularly acute in the field of quantum cosmology, where the quantum system is the universe. How does an observer stand outside the universe in order to measure it, and who was there to observe the universe in its earliest stages? Advocates of Copenhagen-type interpretations have disputed the seriousness of these objections. Rudolf Peierls noted that "the observer does not have to be contemporaneous with the event"; for example, we study the early universe through the cosmic microwave background, and we can apply quantum mechanics to that just as well as to any electromagnetic field. Likewise, Asher Peres argued that physicists are, conceptually, outside those degrees of freedom that cosmology studies, and applying quantum mechanics to the radius of the universe while neglecting the physicists in it is no different from quantizing the electric current in a superconductor while neglecting the atomic-level details. Alternatives A large number of alternative interpretations have appeared, sharing some aspects of the Copenhagen interpretation while providing alternatives to other aspects. The ensemble interpretation is similar; it offers an interpretation of the wave function, but not for single particles. The consistent histories interpretation advertises itself as "Copenhagen done right". More recently, interpretations inspired by quantum information theory like QBism and relational quantum mechanics have appeared. Experts on quantum foundational issues continue to favor the Copenhagen interpretation over other alternatives. Physicists who have suggested that the Copenhagen tradition needs to be built upon or extended include Rudolf Haag and Anton Zeilinger. Under realism and determinism, if the wave function is regarded as ontologically real, and collapse is entirely rejected, a many-worlds interpretation results. If wave function collapse is regarded as ontologically real as well, an objective collapse theory is obtained. Bohmian mechanics shows that it is possible to reformulate quantum mechanics to make it deterministic, at the price of making it explicitly nonlocal. It attributes not only a wave function to a physical system, but in addition a real position, that evolves deterministically under a nonlocal guiding equation. The evolution of a physical system is given at all times by the Schrödinger equation together with the guiding equation; there is never a collapse of the wave function. The transactional interpretation is also explicitly nonlocal. Some physicists espoused views in the "Copenhagen spirit" and then went on to advocate other interpretations. For example, David Bohm and Alfred Landé both wrote textbooks that put forth ideas in the Bohr–Heisenberg tradition, and later promoted nonlocal hidden variables and an ensemble interpretation respectively. John Archibald Wheeler began his career as an "apostle of Niels Bohr"; he then supervised the PhD thesis of Hugh Everett that proposed the many-worlds interpretation. After supporting Everett's work for several years, he began to distance himself from the many-worlds interpretation in the 1970s. Late in life, he wrote that while the Copenhagen interpretation might fairly be called "the fog from the north", it "remains the best interpretation of the quantum that we have". Other physicists, while influenced by the Copenhagen tradition, have expressed frustration at how it took the mathematical formalism of quantum theory as given, rather than trying to understand how it might arise from something more fundamental. (E. T. Jaynes described the mathematical formalism of quantum physics as "a peculiar mixture describing in part realities of Nature, in part incomplete human information about Nature—all scrambled up together by Heisenberg and Bohr into an omelette that nobody has seen how to unscramble".) This dissatisfaction has motivated new interpretative variants as well as technical work in quantum foundations. See also Bohr–Einstein debates Einstein's thought experiments Fifth Solvay Conference Philosophical interpretation of classical physics Physical ontology Popper's experiment Von Neumann–Wigner interpretation Notes References Further reading Interpretations of quantum mechanics Quantum measurement University of Copenhagen
Profiles in Folly is a historical book written by Alan Axelrod which is composed of many other true stories within the book itself, beginning with the Trojan War in "The Decision To Let Danger In", and ending with Hurricane Katrina in "The Decision to Stop Short of Leadership". It is a follow-up book to Profiles in Audacity, and studies 35 of the worst mistakes in history. Each mistake is told in story form and is designed to teach the reader lessons through Axelrod's opinion. Division of the book The book is separated into six main parts, all focusing on different decisions leaders made in their actions of folly. These decisions are: The Decision to Gamble and Hope The Decision to Manipulate The Decision to Leap (Without Looking) The Decision to Retreat The Decision to Destroy and The Decision to Drift. Within each of these decisions are short, historical stories such as "John F. Kennedy and the Bay of Pigs" under The Decision to Drift, or "The British Empire and Gandhi" under The Decision to Retreat. There are a total of thirty-five mini stories within the entire book. The book focuses on mainly contemporary stories, but goes as far back as to the Trojan War (the very first story) under The Decision to Gamble and Hope. See also Alan Axelrod Sterling Publishing References External links Sterling Publishing website 2008 non-fiction books 21st-century history books History books about politics History books about the Trojan War History books about the United States History books about the British Empire Sterling Publishing books
George Farmer may refer to: George Farmer (Royal Navy officer) (1732–1779), officer of the Royal Navy George Farmer (footballer, born 1862) (1862–?), footballer who played for Stoke City George Farmer (footballer, born 1863) (1863–1905), Wales international footballer who played for Everton George Farmer (luger) (born 1938), American Olympic luger George Farmer (wide receiver, born 1948), American football player for the Chicago Bears and Detroit Lions, college basketball player George Farmer (wide receiver, born 1958), American football player for the Los Angeles Rams and Miami Dolphins George Farmer (running back) (born 1993), American football player for the Seattle Seahawks George Farmer (aquascaper), British aquascaper Buck Farmer (George Runie Farmer, born 1991), American baseball pitcher George Farmer, husband of Candace Owens and son of Michael Farmer, Baron Farmer See also Farmer George
North Eastern Warriors is a badminton team representing Guwahati, Assam owned by The Eastern Warriors Pvt. Ltd. for the Premier Badminton League (PBL). The team's home ground is Karmabir Nabin Chandra Bordoloi Indoor Stadium, Guwahati. The team is coached by Indonesian coach Edwin Iriawan. Current squad Coach Edwin Iriawan Indian players Foreign players References External links Team profile Premier Badminton League teams Sport in Guwahati
The Broken Record campaign is a campaign expressing music creators’ discontent with the streaming business model and asking for fairer remuneration. The campaign was created by Tom Gray, a musician and part of the rock band, Gomez, in April 2020. The campaign sought UK government regulation of the music industry and improved rights for music creators under UK Copyright Law. The campaign also sought the shift of business model from the current use of “pro-rata” or “revenue share” model to a user-centric model. In July 2021, the Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Committee published a report recommending alterations to the streaming business model, while in January 2022, the Competition & Markets Authority announced a study into the music streaming market. Overview During the COVID-19 pandemic, musicians could not perform live shows and had to rely on income from music streaming. As per the current system of streaming services, artists receive around 16% of the total income from streams, while the record companies take approximately 41% and streaming services takes an average of 29%. In April 2020, Tom Gray first used the hashtag, #BrokenRecord on Twitter commenting on the state of the modern music industry. The hashtag was used by other music creators to voice their own dissatisfaction. In May 2020, the campaign hosted a Twitter listening party featuring Boy George, The Shins, KT Tunstall and John Grant. The campaign also received support from the Musicians' Union and The Ivors Academy. In October 2020, the Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Committee, announced an inquiry into the ‘Economics of Streaming’. The inquiry received evidence from more than 300 artists’ including oral evidence from Nile Rodgers, Ed O'Brien, Guy Garvey, Nadine Shah and organizations including Sony Music, Warner Music, Universal Music, Spotify, Amazon, Apple and YouTube. In April 2021, the campaign wrote to the then British Prime Minister, Boris Johnson, calling for improved rights and remuneration for music creators and a referral of the industry to the UK Competition & Markets Authority. The letter was co-signed by Paul McCartney, Kate Bush, The Rolling Stones, Chris Martin and over 200 other notable people in the British music industry. Result In June 2021, Sony Music announced to clear historic debts held against their artists. In July 2021, the Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Committee published their report recommending alternative payment systems for artists, measures to be introduced allowing music creators to recapture the rights to their work from labels after a period of time, legally enforceable obligations to normalize licensing arrangements for user-generated content-hosting services, and asked publishers and collecting societies to publish royalty chain information. In September 2021, the UK government accepted the recommendation to refer to the Competition & Markets Authority, and initiated research from the UK’s Intellectual Property Office alongside representatives from the industry to further look at the select committee’s recommendations. In January 2022, the Competition & Markets Authority announced a study into the music streaming market. In April 2022, Universal and Warner Music Groups also announced to clear unrecouped balances so that their contracted artists can earn from their recorded music. In June 2022, Kevin Brennan, a Member of the UK Parliament, introduced a Private Members Bill to the House of Commons called ‘Copyright (Rights and Remuneration of Musicians, etc.)’ which is currently in second reading. References Music streaming services Music industry Gomez (band) songs
This is a list of notable alumni of Harvard Law School. Law and politics United States government Executive branch U.S. presidents Rutherford B. Hayes, 19th President of the United States Barack Obama, 44th President of the United States U.S. attorneys general Francis Biddle Charles Joseph Bonaparte, also United States Secretary of the Navy and founder of the precursor to the FBI William M. Evarts, also Secretary of State and a Senator from New York Merrick Garland, also former Chief Judge, United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit Alberto Gonzales Ebenezer R. Hoar Loretta Lynch Richard Kleindienst Richard Olney, later also Secretary of State Janet Reno Elliot Richardson William French Smith Other cabinet and cabinet-level officials Spencer Abraham, Secretary of Energy, Senator from Michigan Elliott Abrams, Deputy National Security Advisor Dean Acheson, Secretary of State; instrumental in the creation of Lend-Lease, the Marshall Plan, NATO, the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, together with the precursors of the European Union and the World Trade Organization, and influential in the decision to enter the Korean War Alexander Acosta, Secretary of Labor Brock Adams, Secretary of Transportation, Senator and Representative from Washington Charles Francis Adams III, Secretary of the Navy Bruce Babbitt, Secretary of the Interior, Governor of Arizona William Bennett, Secretary of Education, "Drug Czar," and conservative political pundit Sandy Berger, National Security Advisor Charles Joseph Bonaparte, Secretary of the Navy, United States Attorney General, founded the precursor to the Federal Bureau of Investigation Joseph Califano, Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare John Chafee, Secretary of the Navy, Governor of Rhode Island, Senator from Rhode Island Michael Chertoff, Secretary of Homeland Security William Thaddeus Coleman Jr., Secretary of Transportation John Thomas Connor, Secretary of Commerce Elizabeth Dole, Secretary of Labor, Secretary of Transportation, Senator from North Carolina James Freis, global fraud expert and former Director of the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) Robert Todd Lincoln, Secretary of War, Ambassador to the United Kingdom Ray Mabus, Secretary of the Navy Ogden L. Mills, United States Secretary of the Treasury Mike Pompeo, Secretary of State (2018-2021), Director of the Central Intelligence Agency (2017–2018) Samantha Power, U.S. Permanent Representative to the United Nations William Ruckelshaus, Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency (1970–73; 1983–85) Henry L. Stimson, Secretary of State, Secretary of War, Governor General of the Philippines Caspar Weinberger, Secretary of Defense (1981–1987) Willard Wirtz, Secretary of Labor (1962–1969) Robert Zoellick, Deputy Secretary of State, United States Trade Representative, President of the World Bank Ron Klain, White House Chief of Staff (2021-); Chief of Staff to Vice President Joe Biden, (2008–11) Legislative branch (U.S. Congress) Senators Spencer Abraham, Senator from Michigan (1995–2001), United States Secretary of Energy(2001–05) Brock Adams, Senator (1987–1993) and Representative (1965–1977) from Washington, United States Secretary of Transportation, (1977–79) Ralph Owen Brewster, Senator from Maine (1941–1952), Governor of Maine(1925–1929) John Chafee, Senator from Rhode Island (1976–1999), Governor of Rhode Island (1963–69), Secretary of the Navy (1969–72) Tom Cotton, Arkansas Senator, (2015–present) and Representative (2013–2015) Mike Crapo, Senator (1999–present) and Representative (1993–1999) from Idaho Ted Cruz, Senator (2013–present) from Texas Elizabeth Dole, Senator from North Carolina (2003–2009), Secretary of Labor (1989–1990), Secretary of Transportation (1983–1987) Thomas Eagleton, Senator from Missouri (1968–1987), Democratic Vice-Presidential nominee (1972) Sam Ervin, Senator from North Carolina (1954–1974) Russ Feingold, Senator from Wisconsin (1993–2011) George G. Fogg, Senator from New Hampshire (1866–1867) Hiram Leong Fong, Senator from Hawaii (1959–1977) David H. Gambrell, Senator from Georgia (1971–1972) Frederick H. Gillett, U.S. Senator (1925–1931) and U.S. Representative (1893–1925) from Massachusetts, Speaker of the House (1919–1925) Bob Graham, Senator from Florida (1987–2005), Governor of Florida (1979–87) George Frisbie Hoar, Senator from Massachusetts (1877–1904) Jim Jeffords, Senator from Vermont (1989–2007) Tim Kaine, Senator from Virginia (2013–present) Governor of Virginia (2006–2010), Democratic Vice-Presidential nominee (2016). Kenneth Keating, Senator (1959–1965) and Representative (1953–1959) from New York Carl Levin, Senator from Michigan (1979–2015) Henry Cabot Lodge, Senator (1893–1924) and Representative (1887–1893) from Massachusetts Spark Matsunaga, Senator (1977–1990) and Representative (1971–1977) from Hawaii Claude Pepper, Senator (1936–1951) and Representative (1963–1989) from Florida Larry Pressler, Senator from South Dakota (1979–1997) Jack Reed, Senator from Rhode Island (1997–present) Mitt Romney, Senator from Utah (2019–present) Governor of Massachusetts (2003-2007) William Roth, Senator (1971–2001) and Representative (1967–1970) from Delaware Leverett Saltonstall, Senator from Massachusetts (1945–1967), Governor of Massachusetts (1939–45) Paul Sarbanes, Senator (1977–2007) and Representative (1971–1977) from Maryland Charles Schumer, Senator (1999–present) and Representative (1981–99) from New York Ted Stevens, Senator from Alaska (1968–2009) Adlai Stevenson III, Senator from Illinois (1970–1981) Charles Sumner, Senator from Massachusetts (1851–1874) Robert A. Taft, Senator from Ohio, (1939–1953) Robert Taft Jr., (L.L.B. 1942) Senator (1971–1976) and Representative (1967–71) from Ohio Mark Warner, U.S. Senator from Virginia (2009–present), and Governor of Virginia, (2002–2006) Representatives Richard S. Aldrich, Rhode Island (1923–33) Tom Allen, Maine (1997–2009) John Anderson, Illinois (1961–1981) and independent candidate in the 1980 Presidential election John Barrow, Georgia (2005–2015) Anthony Brown, Maryland (2017–present) and Lieutenant Governor of Maryland (2009–2016) Anson Burlingame, Massachusetts (1855–1861) Tom Campbell, California (1989–1993, 1995–2001) and dean of the Haas School of Business Joaquin Castro, Texas (2013–present) Patrick A. Collins, Massachusetts (1883–1889), Mayor of Boston, Massachusetts (1902–1905) Jim Cooper, Tennessee (1983–present) Christopher Cox, California (1989–2005), Chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission (2005–2009) William C. Cramer, Florida (1955–1971) Artur Davis, Alabama (2003–2011) William Thomas Ellis, Kentucky (1889–1895) George Eustis, Louisiana (1855–1859) Daniel J. Flood, Pennsylvania (1945–1947, 1949–1953, 1955–1980) Barney Frank, Massachusetts (1981–2012) Alan Grayson, Florida (2009–2017) Josh Gottheimer, New Jersey (2017–present) Jane Harman, California(1993–1999; 2001–2011) Bill Jefferson, Louisiana (1991–2009) Joseph P. Kennedy III, Massachusetts (2013–2021) Sander Levin, Michigan (1983–2019) Walter I. McCoy, New Jersey (1911–1914) Tom Petri, Wisconsin (1979–2015) John Sarbanes, Maryland (2007–present) Adam Schiff, California (2001–present) Pat Schroeder, Colorado (1973–1997) (first woman elected to position) Terri Sewell, Alabama (2011–present) Brad Sherman, California (1997–present) William H. Sowden, Pennsylvania (1885–1889) Juan Vargas, California (2013–present) Laurence Hawley Watres, Pennsylvania (1923–1931) Judicial branch Supreme Court justices Harry Blackmun Louis Brandeis William Brennan Stephen Breyer Harold Hitz Burton Benjamin Curtis Felix Frankfurter Horace Gray Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. Ketanji Brown Jackson (sitting) Elena Kagan (sitting) Anthony Kennedy Lewis Powell John Roberts (Chief Justice, sitting) Edward T. Sanford Antonin Scalia David Souter Neil Gorsuch (sitting) Federal Court judges R. Lanier Anderson III, Circuit Judge, United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit Christine Arguello, (1980) District Judge, United States District Court for the District of Colorado Morris S. Arnold, Senior Circuit Judge, Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals based in Little Rock Richard S. Arnold, Circuit Judge, Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals, federal courthouse in Little Rock bears his name David J. Barron (J.D. 1994), Circuit Judge, United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit John R. Bartels, United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York Deborah Batts, former District Judge, United States District Court for the Southern District of New York Cathy Bissoon, (J.D. 1993) District Judge, United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania Victor Allen Bolden (J.D. 1989), District Judge, United States District Court for the District of Connecticut Michael Boudin, (LL.B. 1964) Senior Judge, United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit Andrew L. Brasher (J.D. 2006), Circuit Judge, United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit Vernon S. Broderick (J.D. 1988), District Judge, United States District Court for the Southern District of New York Patrick J. Bumatay (J.D. 2006), Circuit Judge, United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit John K. Bush (J.D. 1989), Circuit Judge, United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit Edward Earl Carnes (J.D. 1975) Circuit Judge, United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit Susan L. Carney, (J.D. 1977), Circuit Judge, United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit Andrew L. Carter Jr. (J.D. 1994), District Judge, United States District Court for the Southern District of New York Denise J. Casper (J.D. 1994), District Judge, United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts Herbert Young Cho Choy (J.D. 1941), Circuit Judge, United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit Theodore D. Chuang (J.D. 1994), District Judge, United States District Court for the District of Maryland Geoffrey W. Crawford (J.D. 1980), Chief Judge, United States District Court for the District of Vermont Tiffany P. Cunningham (J.D. 2001), Circuit Judge, United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit Paul A. Engelmayer (J.D. 1987), District Judge, United States District Court for the Southern District of New York Katherine Polk Failla (J.D. 1993), District Judge, United States District Court for the Southern District of New York Beth Labson Freeman (J.D. 1979), District Judge, United States District Court for the Northern District of California Henry Friendly, (LL.B. 1927), Circuit Judge, United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, 1959–1974; senior circuit judge, 1974–1976 John P. Fullam, (LL.B. 1948), former District Judge, United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania Marvin J. Garbis (J.D. 1961), District Judge, United States District Court for the District of Maryland James Knoll Gardner (J.D. 1965), District Judge, United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania Mark A. Goldsmith (J.D. 1977), District Judge, United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan Andrew Patrick Gordon (J.D. 1987), District Judge, United States District Court for the District of Nevada Myron L. Gordon, late District Judge, United States District Court for the Eastern District of Wisconsin Joseph A. Greenaway, (J.D. 1981), Circuit Judge, United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit Learned Hand, (LL.B. 1896) Circuit Judge, United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit George C. Hanks Jr. (J.D. 1989), District Judge, United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas Harris Hartz, (J.D. 1972), Circuit Judge, United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit Amy Berman Jackson (J.D. 1979), District Judge, United States District Court for the District of Columbia R. Brooke Jackson (J.D. 1972), District Judge, United States District Court for the District of Colorado Michael J. Juneau (J.D. 1987), District Judge, United States District Court for the Western District of Louisiana Gregory G. Katsas (J.D. 1989), Circuit Judge, United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit William J. Kayatta Jr. (J.D. 1979), Circuit Judge, United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit Jane L. Kelly (J.D. 1991), Circuit Judge, United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit Matthew Kennelly, (J.D. 1981), District Judge, United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois Whitman Knapp, (LL.B. 1934, District Judge, United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. Investigated corruption in the NYPD Jonathan A. Kobes (J.D. 2000), Circuit Judge, United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit Lucy Koh (J.D. 1993), District Judge, United States District Court for the Northern District of California William Francis Kuntz (J.D. 1979), District Judge, United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York Dominic W. Lanza (J.D. 2002), District Judge, United States District Court for the District of Arizona John Z. Lee (J.D. 1992), District Judge, United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois Kenneth K. Lee (J.D. 2000), Circuit Judge, United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit Matthew Frederick Leitman (J.D. 1993), District Judge, United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan Pierre Leval (J.D. 1963) Senior Judge, United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit Gregory E. Maggs (J.D. 1988), Judge, United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces D. Price Marshall Jr. (J.D. 1989), Chief Judge, United States District Court for the Eastern District of Arkansas Patricia Millett (J.D. 1988), Circuit Judge, United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit Kevin Newsom (J.D. 1997), Circuit Judge, United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit John T. Noonan Jr. (LL.B. 1954), Senior Judge, United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit Diarmuid O'Scannlain (J.D. 1963), Senior Judge, United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit Andy Oldham (J.D. 2005), Circuit Judge, United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit Cornelia Pillard (J.D. 1987), Circuit Judge, United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit Richard A. Posner (LL.B. 1962), Circuit Judge, United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit Jed S. Rakoff (J.D. 1969), Senior Judge, United States District Court for the Southern District of New York Edgardo Ramos (J.D. 1987), District Judge, United States District Court for the Southern District of New York Thomas Morrow Reavley (J.D.1948), Senior Circuit Judge, United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit Lee Rudofsky (J.D. 2005), District Judge, United States District Court for the Eastern District of Arkansas Bruce Marshall Selya (LL.B. 1958), Senior Judge, United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit Laurence Silberman (J.D. 1961), Senior Judge, United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit Michael H. Simon (J.D. 1981), District Judge, United States District Court for the District of Oregon James R. Spencer (J.D 1974), Senior Judge, United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia Josephine Staton (J.D. 1986), District Judge, United States District Court for the Central District of California A. Wallace Tashima (LL.B. 1961), third Asian American to be appointed to the United States Court of Appeals Amy Totenberg (J.D. 1977), District Judge, United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia Lawrence VanDyke (J.D. 2005), Circuit Judge, United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit Lawrence J. Vilardo (J.D. 1980), District Judge, United States District Court for the Western District of New York Justin R. Walker (J.D. 2009), District Judge, United States District Court for the Western District of Kentucky Derrick Watson (J.D. 1991), District Judge, United States District Court for the District of Hawaii Robert L. Wilkins (J.D. 1989), Circuit Judge, United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit Mark L. Wolf (J.D. 1971), Senior Judge, United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts Joshua Wolson (J.D. 1999), District Judge, United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania Kimba Wood (J.D. 1969), Senior Judge, United States District Court for the Southern District of New York Wilhelmina Wright (J.D. 1989), District Judge, United States District Court for the District of Minnesota State government Governors Ron DeSantis, Governor of Florida, Former Member of the United States House of Representatives(JD,2005) Bruce Babbitt, Governor of Arizona, United States Secretary of the Interior Percival Proctor Baxter (1901), Governor of Maine (1921–1925) Owen Brewster, Governor of Maine, Senator from Maine John Chafee, Governor of Rhode Island, Senator from Rhode Island, Secretary of the Navy Jim Doyle, Governor of Wisconsin Michael Dukakis, Governor of Massachusetts; Democratic presidential nominee (1988) Pierre S. du Pont, IV, Governor of Delaware; US Representative from Delaware Joseph B. Ely, Governor of Massachusetts (1931–1935) Bob Graham, Governor of Florida, Senator from Florida Jennifer Granholm, Governor of Michigan Deval Patrick, Governor of Massachusetts Sylvester Pennoyer, Governor of Oregon Robert E. Quinn, Governor of Rhode Island and Judge for the Rhode Island Superior Court Leverett Saltonstall, Governor of Massachusetts, Senator from Massachusetts Eliot Spitzer, Governor of New York Bruce Sundlun, Governor of Rhode Island Aníbal Acevedo Vilá, Governor of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico William Weld, Governor of Massachusetts State politicians Michael G. Adams, Secretary of State of Kentucky John O. Bailey, State Senator and Representative in Oregon, Chief Justice of the Oregon Supreme Court F. Elliott Barber Jr., Vermont Attorney General Brent Barton, State Representative of Oregon Mike Beltran, Florida State Representative; litigator Daniel Bigelow, served in first legislature of Washington Territory, 1854 Wendy Davis, Texas State Senator and 2014 Democratic Gubernatorial nominee Jesse Gabriel, State Assemblyman of California Raj Goyle, State Representative of Kansas Craig Greenberg (born 1973), businessman, lawyer, and politician; Mayor-elect of Louisville Harold Groves, State Senator and Assemblyman of Wisconsin George Howe, State's Attorney of Windham County, United States Attorney for the District of Vermont, member of the Vermont Senate Brad Hoylman-Sigal, State Senator of New York Sheila Kuehl, first openly gay member of the California legislature; child actress Patrick D. McGee (1916–70), California State Assembly and Los Angeles City Council member in the mid–20th Century Jonathan Miller, State Treasurer of Kentucky, democratic candidate for Governor of Kentucky, 2007 James M. Ogden, Indiana Attorney General Steve Pajcic, State Representative of Florida, democratic candidate for Governor of Florida, 1986 Alvin C. Reis, State Senator and Assemblyman of Wisconsin Lycurgus J. Rusk, State Assemblyman of Wisconsin Eric Schneiderman, New York Attorney General Ilana Rubel, State Representative of Idaho Scott Wiener, State Senator of California State judges John F. Aiso (LL.B. 1934), Associate Justice of the California Court of Appeal. First Japanese American Judge in the US. John O. Bailey, Chief Justice of the Oregon Supreme Court, state Senator and Representative in Oregon Norman L. Bassett, Associate Justice of the Maine Supreme Court Samuel H. Blackmer (LL.B., 1927), Associate Justice of the Vermont Supreme Court Andre G. Bouchard, former Managing Partner Bouchard, Margules, & Friedlander, Chancellor of the Delaware Court of Chancery Amos Noyes Blandin Jr. (LL.B., 1921), Justice of the New Hampshire Supreme Court James T. Brand, Chief Justice of the Oregon Supreme Court Bruce Bromley, Associate Judge of the New York Court of Appeals, partner at Cravath, Swaine & Moore Raoul G. Cantero III, Associate Justice of the Florida Supreme Court Chester C. Cole, Chief Justice of the Iowa Supreme Court, founder of the University of Iowa College of Law, founder of Drake University Law School Federico Hernández Denton, Chief Justice of the Puerto Rico Supreme Court James Emmert (1923), Justice of the Indiana Supreme Court and Indiana Attorney General. Jennifer Walker Elrod (J.D. 1992), Texas state district judge Patrick F. Fischer, Justice of the Supreme Court of Ohio Paul C. Gartzke, Presiding Judge of the Wisconsin Court of Appeals W. Michael Gillette, Oregon Supreme Court justice Ernest W. Gibson III (LL.B. 1956), Associate Justice of the Vermont Supreme Court Benjamin N. Hulburd (LL.B. 1928), Chief Justice of the Vermont Supreme Court Masaji Marumoto (1906-1995), Associate Justice of the Hawaii Supreme Court Sherman R. Moulton, Chief Justice of the Vermont Supreme Court Mary Mullarkey, Chief Justice of the Colorado Supreme Court John S. Murdock (1899), Justice of the Rhode Island Supreme Court from 1929 to 1935. Stuart Rabner, Chief Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court Gerald Schroeder, Chief Justice of the Idaho Supreme Court Nathaniel Tompkins, Associate Justice of the Maine Supreme Judicial Court City government Isaac Adler, Mayor of Rochester, New York David Chiu (J.D.), City Attorney of San Francisco Robert A. Dressler (J.D. 1973), Mayor of Fort Lauderdale, Florida (1982–1986) Jorge Elorza (J.D.), Mayor of Providence, Rhode Island (2015–present) Karen Freeman-Wilson, Mayor of Gary, Indiana (2012–2019) Sam Liccardo (J.D. 1996), Mayor of the City of San Jose, California (2015–present) James Marshall Head, Mayor of Nashville, Tennessee (1900–1904) Randal William McGavock, Mayor of Nashville, Tennessee (1858–1859) and Confederate Lt. Col. Neville Miller (LL.B. 1920), Mayor of Louisville, Kentucky (1933–1937) Adrian Perkins, Mayor of Shreveport, Louisiana (2018–present) Joel Wachs, Los Angeles City Council member (1970–2001), president of the Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts Anthony A. Williams (J.D.), Mayor of Washington, D.C. (1999–2007) U.S. diplomatic figures Norman Armour, career diplomat, chief of mission in eight countries, Assistant Secretary of State Richard L. Baltimore, United States Ambassador to Oman (2002–2006) Joseph Hodges Choate, United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom (1848–1852) Norman L. Eisen (J.D. 1991), United States Ambassador to the Czech Republic Nicholas Fish II, held various diplomatic posts across Europe Charles W. Freeman Jr., United States Ambassador to Saudi Arabia (1989–1992) Evan G. Galbraith, United States Ambassador to France (1981–1985) Rita Hauser, United States Ambassador to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights (1969–1972) Philip Lader, United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom, White House Deputy Chief of Staff, Administrator of the Small Business Administration Robert Todd Lincoln, United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom, United States Secretary of War Jamie Metzl (J.D.), holder of various diplomatic and human rights positions Crystal Nix-Hines, attorney; television writer and producer; U.S. Permanent Representative to the United Nations William Phillips, twice an Undersecretary in the State Department Samantha Power, U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations Andrew H. Schapiro, former United States Ambassador to the Czech Republic; partner of Quinn Emanuel Urquhart & Sullivan Todd Stern, Special Envoy for Climate Change Sheldon Vance, United States Ambassador to the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Chad Robert Zoellick, Deputy Secretary of State, US Trade Representative, President of the World Bank Other U.S. political figures Paul V. Applegarth, first CEO of the Millennium Challenge Corporation John B. Bellinger III, Legal Adviser of the Department of State Richard C. Breeden, Chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission Charles Burson, chief of staff to Vice President Al Gore and Tennessee Attorney General Pedro Albizu Campos, leader of the Puerto Rico independence movement and the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Calvin G. Child (1858), United States Attorney for the District of Connecticut, and a city judge in Norwich, Connecticut Lawrence Clayton (LL.B. 1916), Federal Reserve Board of Governors (1934–1949) Paul Clement, Solicitor General of the United States Archibald Cox, Solicitor General of the United States and special prosecutor during the Watergate scandal Raj Date, Special Advisor for the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (2011–2012) A. J. Delgado, senior advisor to the 2016 Donald Trump presidential campaign and member of the Trump transition team Viet D. Dinh, Assistant Attorney General of the United States Glenn A. Fine (J.D. 1985), Inspector General of the Justice Department (2000–present) Patrick Fitzgerald, U.S. Attorney for the Northern District of Illinois, prosecutor of many notable corruption trials David Frum, author and speechwriter for President George W. Bush Ray Garrett Jr., Chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission Julius Genachowski, Chairman of the Federal Communications Commission David Gergen, political consultant and presidential advisor David Ginsburg, presidential adviser and executive director of the Kerner Commission Josh Gottheimer, speechwriter for Bill Clinton, strategist, candidate for the United States House of Representatives Erwin Griswold, Solicitor General of the United States and Dean of Harvard Law School Conrad K. Harper, Legal Adviser of the Department of State and president of the New York City Bar Association Denison Kitchel (LL.B. 1933), national campaign manager for Barry M. Goldwater in 1964 Jerome Kurtz (1955), Commissioner of the Internal Revenue Service (1977–1980) Michael Leiter, Director of the National Counterterrorism Center David Lilienthal, head of the Tennessee Valley Authority Karen L. Loeffler, United States Attorney for the District of Alaska Ronald Machen, United States Attorney for the District of Columbia Kent Markus, advisor to Ohio Gov. Ted Strickland and former nominee to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit Kevin J. Martin, Chairman of the Federal Communications Commission Fernando Martín García, Puerto Rican politician and former member of the Senate of Puerto Rico Timothy Massad, Chairman of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission John J. McCloy, assistant Secretary of War, administered US occupation of Germany, president of the World Bank Wade H. McCree, Solicitor General of the United States Joseph A. McNamara, U.S. Attorney for Vermont Ken Mehlman, chairman of the Republican National Committee; campaign manager for George W. Bush's second presidential run Ralph Nader, Green Party presidential candidate (1996, 2000, 2004); consumer advocate Michelle Obama, First Lady of the United States Matthew G. Olsen, Director of the National Counterterrorism Center David Peyman, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Counter Threat Finance and Sanctions (2018– ) Loulan Pitre Jr., New Orleans lawyer and former member of the Louisiana House of Representatives for Lafourche Parish, Louisiana Franklin Raines, Director of the United States Office of Management and Budget Edith Ramirez, Chairwoman of the Federal Trade Commission Joseph Sandler, longest serving General Counsel of the Democratic National Committee (1993–2009) Bob Shrum, political consultant William Howard Taft IV, Legal Adviser of the Department of State Elisse B. Walter, Chairperson of the Securities and Exchange Commission Harold M. Williams, Chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission and first president of the J. Paul Getty Trust Lee S. Wolosky, former White House counterterrorism official Juan Zarate, Deputy National Security Advisor Non-United States government Non-United States political figures Canada Michael Bryant, (LL.M., magna cum laude, 1994) Attorney General of Ontario Loring Christie, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the United States (1939–1941) Francis Fox, Canadian cabinet minister and Principal Secretary Joseph Ghiz, Premier of Prince Edward Island, Canada Robert Stanfield, Premier of Nova Scotia, Canada Nigel S. Wright, Chief of Staff of the Office of the Prime Minister India Shankar Dayal Sharma, former President of India Kapil Sibal (LLM, 1977), held various ministerial posts (2004–2014), Member of Parliament (Rajya Sabha for Uttar Pradesh 2016–present); former Additional Solicitor General of India (1989–1990); three-time President of the Supreme Court Bar Association (1995–96, 1997–98 and 2001–2002) Taiwan Annette Lu (LL.M.), former Vice President of the Republic of China Ma Ying-jeou (S.J.D.), President of the Republic of China, Chairman of the Kuomintang, former Mayor of Taipei United Kingdom Greville Janner, Baron Janner of Braunstone, British Labour Party politician David Lammy (LLM), UK Minister of State for Higher Education, former Minister of Culture, MP for Tottenham Anthony Lester, Baron Lester of Herne Hill, Liberal Democrat member of the British House of Lords Other countries Ben Bot, former Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands Juan Ponce Enrile (LL.M.), Senator at the Senate of the Philippines Daniel Friedmann, Israeli Minister of Justice José García-Margallo, former Minister of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of Spain Lindsay Grant, former Leader of the People's Action Movement of Saint Kitts and Nevis Ho Peng Kee (LL.M. 1981), former Member of Parliament and Senior Minister of State in the Ministry of Law and the Ministry of Home Affairs in Singapore Daniel Lipšic, Interior Minister of Slovakia, former Minister of Justice Fientje Moerman, Belgian, and later Flemish, Minister of Economy, Enterprises, Innovation, Science and Foreign Trade Khalid Jawed Khan, Attorney General of Pakistan Kiraitu Murungi, Kenyan Minister of Justice and Constitutional Affairs and Energy Luis María Ramírez Boettner, former Minister of Foreign Affairs of Paraguay Mary Robinson, former President of the Republic of Ireland and UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Nawaf Salam, Lebanon's Permanent Representative to the United Nations Jovito Salonga (LL.M.), Philippine senator Lobsang Sangay, Sikyong Tibetan Government in Exile Surakiart Sathirathai, Deputy Prime Minister of Thailand Gilbert Teodoro (LL.M.), Incumbent Secretary of the Department of National Defense of the Philippines and former Congressman Ahmed Zaki Yamani, Saudi Arabian Oil Minister and OPEC official Sonny Angara (LL.M.), Senator at the Senate of the Philippines Roberto Dañino (LL.M.), Prime Minister of Peru (2001-2002) and Ambassador of Peru to the United States (2002-2003) Non-United States judicial figures International court judges Georges Abi-Saab, Egyptian jurist who served on the Appeals Chamber of the International Criminal Tribunal for Yugoslavia and International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, as Chairman of the Appellate Body of the World Trade Organization, and as judge ad hoc at the International Court of Justice Richard Reeve Baxter, United States judge appointed to the International Court of Justice Thomas Buergenthal, United States judge appointed to the International Court of Justice and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights Charles N. Brower, United States judge appointed to the Iran-US Claims Tribunal O-Gon Kwon, South Korean judge who served as Vice President of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia Sir Robert Yewdall Jennings, British judge appointed to the International Court of Justice Kenneth Keith, New Zealand judge appointed to the International Court of Justice Koen Lenaerts (LL.M. 78), Belgian judge at the European Court of Justice Theodor Meron, United States jurist serving as President of the International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals, former President of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia Raul Pangalangan, Filipino lawyer appointed to the International Criminal Court Navi Pillay, South African judge appointed to the International Criminal Court and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda Nawaf Salam, Lebanese judge appointed to the International Court of Justice Sang-Hyun Song, South Korean lawyer who served as President and judge of the Appeals Chamber of the International Criminal Court Solomon Areda Waktolla (LL.M’14 and MPA’13) the United Nations General Assembly appointed Justice Waktolla to serve as a Judge of United Nations Dispute Tribunal (half time). He is also appointed to the membership of the permanent Court of Arbitration at Hague Netherlands.He was the Former Deputy Chief Justice of Ethiopia National court judges United Kingdom Mary Arden, Lady Arden of Heswall. Former Justice of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom Nicholas Hamblen, Lord Hamblen of Kersey. Current Justice of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom Hong Kong Andrew Cheung Kui-nung (LLM 1985), Permanent Judge of the Court of Final Appeal of Hong Kong (2018– ); former Chief Judge of the High Court of Hong Kong and President of the Court of Appeal of Hong Kong (2011–2018) India Rohinton Fali Nariman (LLM), Judge, Supreme Court of India; former Solicitor General of India; youngest Senior Advocate designated by the Supreme Court of India in the history of Republic of India Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud, 50th Chief Justice of India Other countries Albert Francis Judd (LL.B. 1864, LL.D. 1894), Chief Justice, Kingdom of Hawaii Supreme Court Bora Laskin (LL.M. 1939) Puisne Justice of the Supreme Court of Canada (1970–1973), Chief Justice of Canada (1973–1984) Gertrude Lübbe-Wolff (LL.M.), Second Senate, Federal Constitutional Court of Germany Sandile Ngcobo (LL.M.), Chief Justice of South Africa Solomon Areda Waktolla (LL.M'14 and MPA'13),Judge at United Nations Dispute Tribunal (half time), Former Deputy Chief Justice of the Federal Supreme Court of Ethiopia , member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration at Hague Netherlands Masaharu Ōhashi (LL.M. 1976), Justice of the Supreme Court of Japan Ivan Rand (LL.B. 1912) Puisne Justice of the Supreme Court of Canada (1943–1959) Bernard Rix (LL.M. 1969), Lord Justice, English Court of Appeals Wishart Spence (LL.M. 1929), Puisne Justice of the Supreme Court of Canada Vicente Abad Santos (LL.M.), associate justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines Freda Steel (1978), Manitoba Court of Appeal judge Lai In-jaw (S.J.D.), former President of the Judicial Yuan (Chief Justice of the Constitutional Court) of the Republic of China Sundaresh Menon (LL.M. 1991), Chief Justice of Singapore Andrew Phang (LL.M. 1984, S.J.D. 1987), Judge of Appeal, Supreme Court of Singapore Renato Corona (LL.M.), former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines Elijah Legwaila (LL.M. 1980), Judge of the Court of Appeal of Botswana Gonçalo de Almeida Ribeiro (LL.M. 2007, S.J.D. 2012), Judge of the Constitutional Court of Portugal International organizations figures Radhika Coomaraswamy, Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations, Special Representative for Children and Armed Conflict Gerald L. Neuman, United Nations Human Rights Committee Navanethem Pillay (LLM 1982, SJD 1988), UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Mary Robinson, former UN High Commissioner on Human Rights Robert Zoellick, President of the World Bank Group Eduardo Valencia Ospina, (LL.M. 1963) Chair of the UN International Law Commission, former Registrar of the International Court of Justice Attorneys Daniel J. Arbess (LL.M.), partner at White & Case Michael F. Armstrong, attorney Rayhan Asat (LL.M. 2016), attorney and human rights advocate Joaquin Avila, voting rights advocate Bennett Boskey (LL.B. 1939), law clerk to Judge Learned Hand and two U.S. Supreme Court justicesof Edmund N. Carpenter II (LL.B. 1948), former president Richards, Layton & Finger; past president of the Delaware State Bar Association and of the American Judicature Society Morgan Chu (J.D. 1976), intellectual property lawyer and co-managing partner at Irell & Manella H. Rodgin Cohen, corporate lawyer noted for representation of large financial institutions during 2008 financial crisis Susan Estrich, attorney; author; political commentator; first female president of Harvard Law Review; first female presidential campaign manager (Dukakis) Bert Fields (LL.B., 1952), entertainment lawyer, clients included The Beatles, James Cameron, Tom Cruise, and Michael Jackson Joseph H. Flom, name partner at Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom Haben Girma, disability rights advocate, first deafblind graduate of Harvard Law School Jill Collen Jefferson, human-rights lawyer at Julian legal Khizr Khan, legal consultant Christopher Landau, partner of Quinn Emanuel Urquhart & Sullivan Dana Latham (LL.B.), co-founder of Latham & Watkins, Commissioner of Internal Revenue (1958-1961) Francis Draper Lewis, co-founder of Morgan, Lewis & Bockius John B. Quinn, founder and name partner of Quinn Emanuel Urquhart & Sullivan Alex Spiro, former Assistant District Attorney for Manhattan; partner of Quinn Emanuel Urquhart & Sullivan Kathleen Sullivan, former Dean of Stanford Law School; name partner of Quinn Emanuel Urquhart & Sullivan Bethuel M. Webster, founder of Webster & Sheffield Academia University presidents Jonathan R. Alger, James Madison University Lawrence S. Bacow, Tufts University Derek Bok, twice Harvard University Kingman Brewster Jr., Yale University and United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom Thomas V. Chema, Hiram College Colin Diver, Reed College Thomas Ehrlich, Indiana University Ken Gormley, Duquesne University David Leebron, Rice University William C. Powers, the University of Texas Jennifer Raab, Hunter College, City University of New York Father Michael Scanlan, Franciscan University of Steubenville Joel Seligman, University of Rochester John Sexton, New York University Adel Tamano (LL.M.), University of the City of Manila of the Philippines and dean of Law of Liceo de Cagayan University Michael K. Young, University of Washington Legal academia Law school deans Andres D. Bautista (LL.M. 1993), law faculty dean at Far Eastern University in the Philippines Mary Anne Bobinski, (LL.M. 1989), dean of the Allard School of Law at the University of British Columbia, 2003–2015 Tom Campbell (J.D. 1976), dean of the Chapman University School of Law Erwin Chemerinsky (J.D. 1978), founding dean of University of California, Irvine School of Law; former constitutional law scholar at Duke Law School Jim Chen, dean of University of Louisville School of Law Robert C. Clark (J.D. 1972), dean (1989–2003) and professor at Harvard Law Clarence Clyde Ferguson Jr. (LL.B. 1951), dean and professor at Harvard Law, diplomat and U.S. Ambassador to Uganda Charles Hamilton Houston, dean of Howard University School of Law and NAACP litigation director Peter Hogg, (LL.M. 1963), dean of Osgoode Hall Law School of Toronto, constitutional scholar Bruce Jacob (S.J.D.), alumnus, professor, and dean of Stetson University College of Law, dean of Mercer University Law School Kevin Johnson, dean of the UC Davis School of Law (King Hall) Elena Kagan (J.D. 1986), dean of Harvard Law (2003–2009) Joseph D. Kearney (J.D. 1989), dean of the Marquette University Law School Edwin R. Keedy (LL.B. 1906), Dean of the University of Pennsylvania Law School W. Page Keeton, dean of the University of Texas School of Law Harold Hongju Koh (J.D. 1980), dean of Yale Law School and Assistant Secretary of State Tommy Koh (LL.M. 1964), former dean of National University of Singapore Faculty of Law, Ambassador-at-Large for the Government of Singapore Charles T. McCormick, dean of the University of Texas Law School and the University of North Carolina School of Law Robert Mundheim (LLB 1957), dean of the University of Pennsylvania Law School Makau W. Mutua (LL.M. 1985, S.J.D. 1987), dean of the University at Buffalo Law School, The State University of New York William L. Prosser, dean of the Boalt Hall School of Law at UC Berkeley Symeon C. Symeonides (LL.M. 1974, S.J.D. 1980), dean of the Willamette University College of Law Cesar L. Villanueva (LL.M. 1989), dean of the Ateneo de Manila Law School in the Philippines Goh Yihan (LL.M. 2010), dean of the SMU School of Law at the Singapore Management University Conflict of laws Joseph Henry Beale, professor of conflict of laws, corporations, and criminal law at Harvard Law School (acting dean, 1929-1930) and University of Chicago Law School (1st dean, 1902-1904) Constitutional law Jack Balkin, studies constitutional law and the impact of technology on law Robert Delahunty (J.D. 1983), professor of constitutional law at the University of St. Thomas School of Law Michael C. Dorf, professor of constitutional law at Columbia Law School Patrick J. Monahan, senior policy analyst to Ontario AG Ian Scott during Canadian Meech Lake Accord John Ordronaux, Civil War army surgeon, professor of medical jurisprudence at Columbia Law School, pioneering mental health commissioner Richard Pildes, professor of constitutional law and public law at NYU School of Law Nadine Strossen, professor of constitutional law and scholar of civil liberties at New York Law School, former president of the ACLU Kathleen Sullivan, constitutional law scholar at Stanford Law School Arthur E. Sutherland Jr. (J.D. 1925), professor of constitutional and commercial law at Harvard Law School; clerked with Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.; took two cases before the US Supreme Court, one on price fixing in New York, and one on the Massachusetts Blue Laws; author and editor of numerous law texts Laurence Tribe (J.D. 1966), professor of constitutional law at Harvard Law School Paul C. Weiler, Henry J. Friendly Professor of Law, Emeritus, Harvard Law School; influenced the Canadian 1982 Constitution Criminal law Robert Blecker, criminal law professor at New York Law School and national expert on and advocate for the death penalty Bernard Harcourt (J.D. 1989), criminological critical theorist Dan Markel, law professor at Florida State University College of Law specializing in penology Stephen Schulhofer (born 1942), Professor of Law at the University of Pennsylvania Law School and NYU Law School Legal history Richard B. Bernstein (J.D. 1980), constitutional historian at New York Law School Richard H. Helmholz (LL.B. 1965), property, natural resource, and legal history scholar at the University of Chicago Law School Bernard Hibbitts (LL.M. 1988), legal history and technology of law scholar at the University of Pittsburgh School of Law Morton Horwitz (LL.B. 1967), torts and legal history scholar John H. Langbein (LL.B. 1968), Sterling Professor of Law and Legal History at Yale Law School Daniel H. Lowenstein (LLB 1967), election law at UCLA Law School Charles Warren, Pulitzer Prize–winning legal historian and Assistant Attorney General International law Payam Akhavan (LL.M. 1990, S.J.D. 2001), UN Special Rapporteur, Visiting Fellow at Oxford University, Member of Permanent Court of Arbitration at the Hague Francis Boyle, international law professor at the University of Illinois Amy Chua (J.D. 1987), international law and economics scholar at Yale Law School Louis Henkin (LL.B 1940), international law and human rights authority David Kennedy, critical theorist of international law Joe Oloka-Onyango (LL.M., S.J.D.), Ugandan legal academic at Makerere University Eric Posner, international law scholar at the University of Chicago Law School Brad R. Roth, professor of international law and political science at Wayne State University Rangita de Silva de Alwis (LL.M., S.J.D.), adjunct professor of global leadership at the University of Pennsylvania Simon Tay, associate professor at the National University of Singapore Faculty of Law Edith Brown Weiss, professor of law at Georgetown University and former President of the American Society of International Law Law and literature Jane C. Ginsburg, art and literary law property professor at Columbia Law Dan Fenno Henderson (1949), founder of the University of Washington Asian law program; author of several works related to Japanese law James Boyd White (1964), founder of the Law and Literature movement Legal philosophy Randy Barnett, libertarian legal theorist Ronald Dworkin, legal and political philosopher Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld (LL.B. 1904), professor at Stanford and Yale Law Schools, progenitor of the concepts of claim rights and liberty rights and the bundle of rights Richard Posner (LL.B. 1962), professor at the University of Chicago Law School, started the law and economics movement, judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit Peter Tillers, professor at Cardozo Law School and theorist of the law of evidence Law and technology Jack Balkin, studies constitutional law and the impact of technology on law William W. Fisher, intellectual property law professor at Harvard Law School and director of the Berkman Center for Internet and Society Peter Junger (LL.B. 1958), Internet law activist and professor at Case Western Reserve University Charles Nesson, professor at Harvard Law School and founder of the Berkman Center for Internet & Society Michael Rustad, intellectual property scholar, author, and professor at Suffolk University Law School Tim Wu (J.D. 1998), professor of law and technology at Columbia; coined the term "net neutrality"; writer for Slate Jonathan Zittrain (J.D. 1995), professor of Internet Law at Harvard Law School and Harvard Kennedy School Other legal academia Alberto Alemanno, legal scholar at New York University Stephen Barnett (1935–2009), legal scholar at Berkeley Law who opposed the Newspaper Preservation Act of 1970 George Bisharat, expert on Middle East legal and political affairs Andrew Burrows (LL.M. 1981), Professor of the Law of England at the University of Oxford and senior research fellow at All Souls College Hugh Collins (LL.M. 1976), Vinerian Professor of English Law at the University of Oxford and fellow of All Souls College Kimberlé Crenshaw, professor at Columbia Law School and UCLA Law School and Centennial Professor at the London School of Economics; critical race scholar, civil rights advocate, introduced and developed intersectional theory Susan Estrich, feminist and legal commentator for Fox News Owen M. Fiss, Sterling Professor at Yale Law School Robert P. George, professor of jurisprudence at Princeton University Martin D. Ginsburg (J.D. 1958), taxation law expert, professor of law at Georgetown University Law Center Annette Gordon-Reed (J.D. 1984), professor at Harvard Law School and Pulitzer Prize for History winner Robert A. Gorman (LL.B. 1962), law professor at the University of Pennsylvania Law School John Chipman Gray (LL.B. 1861), property law professor and founder of the law firm Ropes & Gray Livingston Hall, Roscoe Pound Professor of Law at Harvard Law School until his 1971 retirement George Haskins (1942), Algernon Sydney Biddle Professor of Law at the University of Pennsylvania Law School John Honnold (1939), William A. Schnader Professor of Commercial Law at the University of Pennsylvania Law School William A. Jacobson, Cornell Law School professor and blogger Christine M. Jolls, professor of law and economics at Yale Law School Jerry Kang, Professor at the UCLA School of Law and UCLA's first vice chancellor for equality, diversity and inclusion Thio Li-ann (LL.M. 1993), professor at the National University of Singapore Faculty of Law Lance Liebman, professor at Columbia Law School and director of the American Law Institute John F. Manning, Bruce Bromley Professor at Harvard Law School Mari Matsuda, professor at Georgetown University Law Center, a leading voice in critical race theory, and first tenured female Asian American law professor in the U.S. Arthur R. Miller, professor at NYU School of Law, former professor at Harvard Law School Paul Steven Miller, disability rights expert, EEOC Commissioner, professor at the University of Washington School of Law, Special Assistant to the President Charles ("Chuck") W. Mooney Jr., the Charles A. Heimbold Jr. Professor of Law, and former interim Dean, at the University of Pennsylvania Law School Herbert B. Newberg, class action attorney John V. Orth (J.D. 1974), professor of law at UNC-Chapel Hill John Palfrey, Executive Director of the Berkman Center for Internet and Society and Harvard clinical professor of law Lawrence Solan (J.D. 1982), professor of law at Brooklyn Law School Reed Shuldiner (J.D. 1983), Alvin L. Snowiss Professor of Law at the University of Pennsylvania Law School Cass Sunstein (J.D. 1978), professor at Harvard Law School Amy Wax (first year of law school, 1981), Robert Mundheim Professor of Law at the University of Pennsylvania Law School Patricia J. Williams (J.D. 1975), proponent of critical race theory in law Other academia Edward N. Beiser (1977), political scientist Wallace Clift (J.D. 1952), psychology and religion, author of books including Jung and Christianity: The Challenge of Reconciliationde Herbert J. Davenport, economist John Fiske, philosopher and historian Harvey J. Levin (Fellow in Law and Economics, 1963–64), communications economist John Matteson, English professor and Pulitzer Prize–winning literary biographer Cheryl Mendelson, ethics philosopher and novelist Samuel Moyn (J.D. 2001), intellectual historian Eli Noam (J.D. 1975), professor of finance and economics at Columbia Business School David Riesman, sociologist; author of The Lonely Crowd Anne-Marie Slaughter, dean of the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University Robert Somol, director of the University of Illinois at Chicago architecture school Activism George Thorndike Angell, anti-animal cruelty activist Richard Barnet (J.D. 1954), disarmament activist and co-founder of the leftist think tank Institute for Policy Studies Larissa Behrendt (LL.M. 1994), Australian aboriginal rights activist, novelist Janet Benshoof, human rights lawyer, founder of the Center for Reproductive Rights and the Global Justice Center Luke Cole, environmental lawyer and co-founder of the Center on Race, Poverty & the Environment John P. Davis (LL.B. 1933), African American activist Alfred-Maurice de Zayas, human rights advocate and historian George Esser, civil rights advocate Sandra Froman, attorney & past president of the National Rifle Association of America Jennifer Gordon, immigrant labor organizer Jodi Grant, executive director of the Afterschool Alliance Mark Green, public interest author, candidate for Senator from New York (1986), Mayor of New York City (2001) and New York State Attorney General (2006) Archibald Grimké, co-founder of the NAACP Marjorie Heins, free speech and civil liberties advocate Mary Howell (J.D. 1991), fought to open medical schools to women Muhammad Kenyatta, civil rights leader and professor Irene Khan, Secretary General of Amnesty International Brink Lindsey, Cato Institute libertarian activist Hans F. Loeser (J.D. 1950), anti-Vietnam War activist John Maktos, revised punishments for genocide David A. Morse, winner of the Nobel Peace Prize for leadership of the International Labour Organization Ethan Nadelmann, anti-War on Drugs activist Ralph Nader, consumer advocate and frequent Green Party presidential candidate Basil O'Connor, polio research advocate and president of the American Red Cross Rebecca Onie, CEO of Health Leads and MacArthur Fellowship recipient Wendell Phillips (1934), abolitionist and Native American rights advocate Louis L. Redding (LL.B. 1928), NAACP lawyer and civil rights advocate; first African American admitted to the Delaware bar Randall Robinson, anti-apartheid and pro-Haitian immigrant activist; founded the TransAfrica Forum Harvey A. Silverglate, founder of the Foundation for Individual Rights in Education Silda Wall Spitzer, founder of Children for Children, former First Lady of New York State Bryan Stevenson, founder and executive director of the Equal Justice Initiative, and author of Just Mercy Moorfield Storey, president of the NAACP and the Anti-Imperialist League Nadine Strossen, president of the American Civil Liberties Union William English Walling, co-founder of the NAACP and founder of the Women's Trade Union League Evan Wolfson, civil rights attorney, founder and president of Freedom to Marry Harry Rothenberg, civil rights/injury attorney, son of Allen Rothenberg head of COLPA Arts Acting Justin Deabler, starred in The Real World: Hawaii (1992) Jared Delgin, child actor David Dorfman, film and television actor, child prodigy Hill Harper, film, television, and stage actor Samuel S. Hinds, starred in It's a Wonderful Life and Abbott & Costello films Sheila Kuehl, child actress, first openly gay member of the California legislature Architecture Paul Byard, architect and director of the Columbia architecture school historic preservation program Comedy Richard Appel, comic writer, The Simpsons and The Cleveland Show John Cochran, comedy writer and television personality Fred de Cordova, producer of The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson Greg Giraldo, stand-up comedian and television personality Film Sidney Salkow, director Literature Benjamin Vaughan Abbott (LL.B. 1851), novelist and author of the New York State penal code Seth Abramson (J.D. 2001), poet Jacob M. Appel, short story writer, playwright (Arborophilia, The Mistress of Wholesome, Creve Coeur) John Ballem (LL.M. 1950), murder mystery/thriller novelist Louis Begley (LL.B. 1959), PEN/Hemingway Award-winning novelist; author of About Schmidt Alexander Boldizar (J.D. 1999), writer and critic Susan Cain (J.D. 1993), attorney, New York Times bestselling writer (Quiet: The Power of Introverts... and Bittersweet) Viola Canales (J.D. 1989), novelist and short story writer John Casey, novelist Max Ehrmann, poet Amy Gutman (J.D. 1993), novelist Mohsin Hamid (J.D. 1997), novelist; author of the PEN/Hemingway Award finalist Moth Smoke and the Booker Prize-nominated The Reluctant Fundamentalist Murad Kalam (J.D. 2002), novelist and short story writer Brad Leithauser, poet, novelist, essay James Russell Lowell, romantic poet, satirist, literary critic, United States Ambassador to Spain, and United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom Archibald MacLeish (LL.B. 1919), Pulitzer Prize–winning modernist poet, playwright and Librarian of Congress John Matteson (J.D. 1986), Pulitzer Prize–winning biographer James Alan McPherson, Pulitzer Prize–winning short story writer and essayist Cheryl Mendelson, novelist and philosopher of medical ethics John Jay Osborn Jr., author of The Paper Chase Wena Poon (J.D. 1998), Singaporean author Susan Power, PEN/Hemingway Award-winning novelist William Henry Rhodes (LL.B. 1846), poet, essayist, short story writer Akhil Sharma, PEN/Hemingway Award-winning short story writer, novelist Pamela Thomas-Graham, author of the Ivy League Mysteries series Arthur Train (LL.B. 1899), author of legal thrillers Scott Turow (J.D. 1978), author of legal thrillers Walter Wager, mystery and spy fiction novelist Ayelet Waldman (J.D. 1991), novelist; wrote Mommy-Track Mysteries, Love and Other Impossible Pursuits; former columnist for Slate Sabin Willett (J.D. 1983), novelist and defense lawyer for Guantanamo Bay detainment camp inmates Lauren Willig, historical romance novelist William Winter (LL.B. 1857), author and literary critic Owen Wister (LL.B. 1888), writer of westerns, including The Virginian Austin Tappan Wright (L.L.B. 1908), writer and legal scholar, wrote Islandia Music Samim Bilgen (1962), Turkish composer Ruben Blades, salsa singer-songwriter and Panamanian Minister of Tourism Jackie Fuchs (J.D., 1991), bassist for the music group The Runaways under her former stage name of Jackie Fox Bridgit Mendler, singer and actress James Cutler Dunn Parker, composer Visual arts George Hitchcock, painter William Wetmore Story, sculptor Business John Jacob Astor III, financier and member of the Astor family Lloyd Blankfein, chairman and CEO of Goldman Sachs David Bonderman, co-founder of private equity firm TPG Capital Doug Carlston, founder of computer game company Brøderbund Software Finn M. W. Caspersen (J.D. 1966), financier, philanthropist, CEO of Beneficial Corporation and Knickerbocker Management Kenneth Chenault, chairman and CEO of American Express Domenico De Sole, chairman of Tom Ford International and Sotheby's Russ DeLeon, founder of online gambling site PartyGaming Marc Dreier, sole equity partner in Dreier LLP convicted of securities fraud for selling $700 million in fictitious promissory notes James Martin Eder Jonathan Greenleaf Eveleth, founder of first U.S. oil company Roger W. Ferguson Jr. (J.D. 1979), CEO of TIAA-CREF Kenneth Frazier (J.D. 1978), President and CEO of Merck & Co. Tully Friedman, founder of Friedman Fleischer & Lowe and Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the American Enterprise Institute Gerald Grinstein, CEO of Delta Air Lines Douglas Hagerman, General Counsel, Secretary, and Senior Vice President of Rockwell Automation Charles E. Haldeman, CEO of Freddie Mac Glenn Hutchins, co-founder of private equity firm Silver Lake Partners Mitchell R. Julis, co-founder of hedge fund Canyon Capital Advisors Jeff Kindler, CEO of Pfizer Reginald Lewis, first African American financier to create a billion-dollar business Kenneth Lipper, investment banker, novelist, film producer Alfred Lee Loomis Mathew Martoma (born 1974 as Ajai Mathew Mariamdani Thomas), hedge fund portfolio manager, convicted of insider trading Charlie Munger, Vice-Chairman of Berkshire Hathaway L. L. Nunn, entrepreneur and educator Adebayo Ogunlesi, Chairman of private equity firm Global Infrastructure Partners Ellen Pao, interim CEO of Reddit Abram Nicholas Pritzker, founder of the Hyatt hotel chain Keith Rabois, technology entrepreneur, executive and investor Clarence B. Randall, Chairman of the Inland Steel Company Sumner Redstone, Chairman of National Amusements Leonid Rozhetskin, financier Anthony Scaramucci, founder and co-managing partner of SkyBridge Capital Paul Singer, founder and CEO of Elliott Management Corporation and founder of the Paul E. Singer Family Foundation Jeff Smisek, Chairman, President, and CEO of United Airlines Gerald L. Storch, Chairman and CEO of Toys "R" Us Pamela Thomas-Graham, CEO of CNBC Charlemagne Tower, railroad executive Jon Vander Ark, president of Republic Services Bruce Wasserstein, CEO of Lazard William Woodward Sr., banker and thoroughbred horse racer Mortimer Zuckerman, editor-in-chief of U.S. News & World Report, owner of the New York Daily News Entertainment industry Paul Attanasio, TV/film screenwriter and producer; worked on House and Homicide: Life on the Street Ronald Bass, Academy Award-winning screenwriter and film producer; wrote Rain Man Peter Blake, consulting producer for House Debra Martin Chase, Hollywood producer Clive Davis, Grammy Award-winning music producer Fred de Cordova (1933), film and television director and producer Bill Jemas, comic book writer and producer Christopher Keyser, TV screenwriter for Party of Five Jeff Kwatinetz, music manager and television producer Ken Ludwig, playwright and theater director Jeffrey Orridge, television executive David Otunga, actor; former reality tv contestant; WWE wrestler and commentator; two-time WWE Tag Team Champion; lawyer; former husband of Jennifer Hudson Cary Sherman, Chairman and CEO of the Recording Industry Association of America David Sonenberg, music manager and film producer Jon F. Vein, founder and CEO of MarketShare (subsidiary of Neustar); Emmy Award-winning animation producer David Zippel, Tony Award-winning musical theater lyricist Media and journalism Commentators Keith Boykin, author, commentator; hosts My Two Cents on BET Jim Cramer, host of CNBC's Mad Money and co-founder of TheStreet.com Ben Shapiro, host of The Ben Shapiro Show and co-founder of The Daily Wire. Debra Dickerson, essayist on race Rebecca Eisenberg (J.D. 1993), early blogger and writer on technology Susan Estrich, feminist and legal commentator for Fox News David Frum, author and speechwriter for President George W. Bush Thomas Geoghegan, legal commentator Lawrence Otis Graham, writer on contemporary race and class issues Norman Hapgood, editor and critic George Stillman Hillard, biographer, journalist, and Maine state politician John H. Hinderaker, conservative blogger Elie Honig (J.D., 2000) assistant United States Attorney and CNN senior legal analyst Mickey Kaus, journalist and blogger for Slate Carol Platt Liebau (1992), political analyst and commentator Eric Liu, writer on race and mentorship; columnist for Slate Ruth Marcus (J.D. 1984), columnist for The Washington Post Kevin Philips, political commentator, Richard Nixon campaign strategist Samantha Power, Pulitzer Prize–winning writer on genocide, human rights, and foreign policy Laurie Puhn, commentator, self-help author, and television hostess Dong Puno, Philippine columnist, television host and producer Ben Shapiro, conservative commentator for The Daily Wire Jeffrey Steingarten, columnist for Vogue and Slate magazines; food critic James B. Stewart, Pulitzer Prize–winning journalist Jeffrey Toobin, legal analyst for CNN and staff writer for The New Yorker Lis Wiehl (1987), legal analyst for Fox News and NPR Tim Wu, writer for Slate; coined the term "net neutrality"; professor of law and technology at Columbia Journalists Ben Bradlee, former editor-at-large of The Washington Post Adam Cohen, editorial page editor for The New York Times William L. Laurence, Pulitzer Prize–winning science journalist who covered the testing and dropping of the atomic bomb Rob Simmelkjaer, anchor/correspondent for ABC News Now Gregory White Smith, 1991 Pulitzer Prize–winning author of Jackson Pollock: An American Saga James B. Stewart, 1988 Pulitzer Prize winner for explanatory journalism Publishers Robert C. Bassett, publisher of the Milwaukee Sentinel Martin S. Fox (1924–2020), publisher Phil Graham, publisher of The Washington Post Tim Hays, publisher of the Riverside Press-Enterprise Boisfeuillet Jones Jr., publisher and CEO of The Washington Post Cliff Sloan, publisher of Slate magazine Military John F. Aiso, highest-ranking Japanese American Army Officer in WW2, Legion of Merit honoree, later judge Charles J. Biddle, flying ace during the First World War, attorney and author Raynal Bolling, first high ranking American officer killed in the First World War David M. Brahms, brigadier general in the United States Marine Corps Ben Ferencz, chief prosecutor for the U.S. Army at the Einsatzgruppen trial Manning Ferguson Force (1848), Union leader in the American Civil War Hildreth Frost, Judge Advocate in Colorado National Guard during the Colorado Coalfield War George Henry Gordon, Union general during the American Civil War; military historian Albert G. Jenkins (1850), Confederate brigadier general during the American Civil War and Congressman from Virginia (1857–61) Mark S. Martins (1990), Brigadier General (United States Army) and Chief Prosecutor of Military Commissions Samuel Underhill, naval aviator Ken Watkin, Brigadier General and Judge Advocate General of the Canadian Forces Charles White Whittlesey, led the Lost Battalion in the Argonne Forest during the First World War Spies Helge Boes, CIA agent John T. Downey, CIA agent captured in China Alger Hiss, alleged spy of the Soviet Union Sports Sandy Alderson (J.D., 1976), senior advisor of the Oakland Athletics Bob Arum, boxing promoter Mike Brown, owner of the Cincinnati Bengals Sashi Brown, president of the Baltimore Ravens Brian Burke, president of hockey operations for the Calgary Flames Dick Button, figure skater and figure skating commentator Steve Clark, freestyle swimmer, multiple Olympic gold medallist and former world record holder Don Cohan, Olympic bronze medalist in sailing Lou DiBella, boxing promoter Len Elmore, professional basketball player, sportscaster Larry Fleisher, sports agent; helped found the NBA Players Association Russ Granik, deputy commissioner of the NBA Eddie Grant, Major League Baseball player (1905–1915), nicknamed "Harvard Eddie" Rick Hahn (J.D., 1996), general manager of the Chicago White Sox Rick Horrow, sports business expert Ralph Horween, Harvard Crimson and NFL football player Hayes Alan Jenkins, figure skater Rob Manfred, commissioner of Major League Baseball Jeffrey Orridge, commissioner of the Canadian Football League Tony Petitti, president and CEO of the MLB Network Michael Weiner (J.D. 1986), executive director of the Major League Baseball Players Association Other Myron Avery, Appalachian Trail hiker and travel guide author Andy Bloch, champion poker player Ken Fisher (J.D. 1987), pen name Ruben Bolling, cartoonist, author of Tom the Dancing Bug Richard Henry Dana Jr. (1837), writer on sea life and expert on maritime law William Austin Dickinson, older brother of poet Emily Dickinson Amanda Goad, winner of the Scripps National Spelling Bee and Jeopardy! Teen Tournament Charles Goldfarb, co-inventor of the markup language concept Erika Harold, winner of the Miss America contest Gardiner Greene Hubbard, founder and first president of the National Geographic Society Arnold W. G. Kean, developed civil aviation law Joel I. Klein, New York City School Chancellor Richard Lederer, author of books on language and wordplay Robert Malley, analyst of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict Scotty McLennan, author and Dean of Religious Life at Stanford University George S. Morison (1866), bridge designer Cara Mund, Miss America 2018 Michelle Obama, First Lady of the United States George Padmore, Pan-Africanist figure Francis Parkman, freelance historian and horticulturalist Joan Whitney Payson, philanthropist and patron of the arts Professor Michael Rustad, noted law school professor and prolific author Walter H. Seward (LL.B. 1924), third oldest living American and seventh-oldest living human David Spindler, independent scholar of the Great Wall of China William Stringfellow, lay theologian Sonam Dechen Wangchuck (LL.M. 2007), Princess of Bhutan Mary Allen Wilkes, LINC computer designer and first home computer user Non-graduates These students attended Harvard Law but, for various reasons, did not graduate. Brooks Adams, historian Larz Anderson, diplomat and businessman, U.S. Ambassador to Japan (1912–13) William Christian Bullitt Jr. (dropped out 1914), U.S. Ambassador to the Soviet Union (1933–1969) William Bundy, CIA figure who had a role in planning the Vietnam War Allan B. Calhamer, developed the board game Diplomacy Daniel Henry Chamberlain (dropped out 1863), Governor of South Carolina Frank Church (transferred), U.S. Senator from Idaho (1957–81) John Sherman Cooper (dropped out), U.S. Senator from Kentucky (1946–1949, 1952–1955, 1956–1973) Danny Fields (dropped out 1959), figure in the underground New York punk rock scene Melville Fuller (dropped out 1855), Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court Ruth Bader Ginsburg (transferred), U.S. Supreme Court Justice (1993–2020) Arthur A. Hartman (dropped out 1948), U.S. Ambassador to France (1977–1981), United States Ambassador to the Soviet Union (1981–1987) Henry James, novelist; author of The Bostonians and Washington Square Jodi Kantor (dropped out), reporter and editor on culture and politics for The New York Times Philip Kaufman, film screenwriter and director Joseph P. Kennedy Jr., left before his last year to serve in WWII, where he was killed Michael Kinsley (transferred), journalist, editor, and host of Crossfire Nicholas Longworth (transferred), Speaker of the House (1925–31) Greg Mankiw (dropped out 1984), economist Pat McCormick, comic actor and writer Gordon McLendon, created Top 40 radio format Louis Menand (dropped out 1974), American cultural and intellectual historian William Henry Moody (dropped out), U.S. Supreme Court Justice (1906–1910), U.S. Attorney General (1904–1906), U.S. Secretary of the Navy (1902–1904), Congressman from Massachusetts (1895–1902) George Murdock, anthropologist John Negroponte (dropped out 1960), U.S. Deputy Secretary of State, Director of National Intelligence Cole Porter, composer and songwriter Roscoe Pound (dropped out 1890), dean of Harvard Law School Donald Regan, U.S. Secretary of the Treasury (1981–1985), White House Chief of Staff (1985–1987) Angelo Rizzuto, photographer Robert Rubin (dropped out), Secretary of the Treasury William James Sidis (dropped out 1919), famous child prodigy Alfred Dennis Sieminski (dropped out 1936), Congressman from New Jersey (1951–1959) Adlai Stevenson II (dropped out), Governor of Illinois (1949–1953) and Democratic presidential candidate (1952, 1956) Joe Vila (dropped out), sports writer Robert W. Welch Jr. (dropped out), founder of the anticommunist John Birch Society Fictitious alumni Philip Banks, character on the TV series The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air Rafael Barba, Manhattan ADA on Law & Order: Special Victims Unit Oliver Barrett, main character in the film Love Story and its sequel Oliver's Story Cable, superhero from the X-Force and X-Men comic books, as disclosed in X-Force Vol. 1 No. 40 Lindsay Dole, character on the TV series The Practice Jerry Espenson, character on the TV series Boston Legal Artemus Gordon, character in the film Wild Wild West Ainsley Hayes, character on the TV Series The West Wing Miranda Hobbes, character on the TV series Sex and the City Thurston Howell, III, character on the TV series Gilligan's Island Annalise Keating, main character on the TV series How to Get Away With Murder Louis Litt, character on the TV series Suits Ally McBeal, main character in the eponymous TV series Mitch McDeere, main character in the TV series The Firm and the John Grisham novel which it was adapted from Harvey Specter, character on the TV series Suits Elle Woods, main character in the Legally Blonde films and musical Jamie Reagan, main character on Blue Bloods (TV series) Frank Underwood, fictional Majority Whip of US House of Representatives, Vice President of the United States and President of the United States,main character on the TV series House of Cards References Law School alumni Lists of people by university or college in Massachusetts
The Enemy Property Act, 1968 is an Act of the Parliament of India, which enables and regulates the appropriation of property in India owned by Pakistani nationals. The act was passed following the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. Ownership is passed to the Custodian of Enemy Property for India, a government department. There are also movable properties categorized as enemy properties. Amendments: Enemy Property (Amendment and Validation) Act, 2017 Minister of State for Home Affairs Kiren Rijiju in Modi Government introduced the Enemy Property (Amendment and Validation) Bill, 2016. The measure seeks to replace an ordinance promulgated to this effect on 7 January 2016. The 2016 bill seeks to do the following: The Bill amends the Enemy Property Act, 1968, to vest all rights, titles and interests over enemy property in the Custodian of the Enemy Property for India. The Bill declares transfer of enemy property by the enemy, conducted under the Act, to be void. This applies retrospectively to transfers that have occurred before or after 1968. The Bill prohibits civil courts and other authorities from entertaining disputes related to enemy property. The Bill was passed by the Rajya Sabha on 10 March 2017. The Bill, with amendments made in the Rajya Sabha, was passed by the Lok Sabha on 14 March 2017. See also Custodian for Enemy Property for India, for the government takeover of property of rulers who migrated to Pakistan Political integration of India Central Wakf Council Evacuee Trust Property Board Privy Purse in India References 1968 in Indian law Modi administration Indira Gandhi administration
Eduardo Jonatão Samuel "Dinho" Chingunji (son of Kafundanga Chingunji) (born 7 September 1964) served as a political leader in UNITA, a pro-Western rebel group in Angola. During Angola's civil war (1975–2002), all of Chingunji's brothers died in mysterious circumstances, except for him. Rumors attributed their deaths to assassination plots ordered by UNITA leader Jonas Savimbi. Angolan troops killed Savimbi in 2002, bringing the civil war to an end. UNITA held its ninth Congress in Viana, Angola from June 24 to 27, 2003. Chingunji, Isaías Samakuva, and Paulo Lukamba Gato contested UNITA's presidency at the Congress. Chingunji overwhelmingly lost to Samakuva, receiving only 20 votes to Samakuva's 1,067 votes and Gato's 277. See also 2000s in Angola References 1964 births Living people People of the Angolan Civil War Angolan rebels Angolan warlords UNITA politicians 20th-century Angolan people 21st-century Angolan people Angolan revolutionaries
The 2016–17 Hong Kong Second Division League will be the 3rd season of Hong Kong Second Division League since it became the third-tier football league in Hong Kong in 2014–15. Teams Changes from last season From Second Division Promoted to First Division Eastern District Tung Sing Relegated to Third Division Tsuen Wan Happy Valley To Second Division Relegated from First Division Lucky Mile Metro Gallery Sun Source Promoted from Third Division Central & Western Hoi King League table References Hong Kong Second Division League seasons
Goreswar railway station is a railway station on Rangiya–Murkongselek section under Rangiya railway division of Northeast Frontier Railway zone. This railway station is situated beside Baihata-Goreswar Road at Goreswar in Baksa district in the Indian state of Assam. References Railway stations in Baksa district Rangiya railway division
Major General Gamini Hettiarachchi, WWV, RWP, RSP, VSV, USP is a retired Sri Lankan Army officer who served as the Commander, Security Forces Headquarters – East, General Officer Commanding, 21 Division and Brigade Commander, Special Forces Brigade. Having founded the Special Forces Regiment of the Sri Lankan Army, he is known as the "Father of the Special Forces Regiment". Hettiarachchi joined the Sri Lanka Army as a cadet officer in 1973 and received his basic training at the Army Training Center in Diyatalawa. On completing his training he was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant in the Sri Lanka Armoured Corps (SLAC). He served as a Troop Commander and a Squadron Commander in the 1st Reconnaissance Regiment, SLAC. In 1985, the army formed a Combat Tracker Team under the command of Major Hettiarachchi consisting of two officers and 38 men to conduct direct action and covert reconnaissance against LTTE units operating in the thick jungles in the northern part of the island in small groups. This team was renamed the Rapid Deployment Force (RDF) (Special Force). This was the inception of the Special Forces Regiment which was officially formed on 10 December 1988 with Major Hettiarachchi as its commanding officer. With the formation of the Special Forces Brigade in 1996, Brigadier Hettiarachchi served as its second brigade commander in 1998. In March 2000, he was appointed General Officer Commanding of the 21 Division and was promoted to the rank of Major General on 1 February 2001. He then served as Colonel Commandant of the Sri Lanka Armoured Corps from 2001 to 2003. Commander, Security Forces Headquarters – East from 2004 to 2005. He retired from the army in 2006. A graduate of the Army War College, Mhow and the National Defence College, India; he has been awarded the Weera Wickrama Vibhushanaya, the Rana Wickrama Padakkama, the Rana Sura Padakkama, the Vishista Seva Vibhushanaya and the Uttama Seva Padakkama. In July 2005, the President of Sri Lanka appointed Major General Hettiarachchi as the Director General of the Disaster Management Centre (DMC) tasked with establishing the Disaster Management Centre following the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, in which capacity he served till May 2014. In December 2014, he was awarded the National Leadership Award for Disaster Resilience by the Ministry of Disaster Management along with the Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre, Bangkok. He is also a Fellow of the Academic Commons of the Disaster Resilience leadership Academy of the Tulane University. From 2015 to 2017, he served as the Chairmen of the Vocational Training Authority of Sri Lanka and thereafter Director Security of the [[Sri Lanka Ports Authority]]. References Sri Lankan major generals Sri Lanka Armoured Corps officers Special Forces Regiment officers Sinhalese military personnel Sri Lanka Military Academy graduates Year of birth missing (living people) Living people Army War College, Mhow alumni National Defence College, India alumni
Tor Egil Førland (born 5 May 1959) is professor of history at the University of Oslo. Career Between 2003 and 2004 Førland was Subdean of education at the Faculty of Humanities at the University of Oslo, responsible for implementing the Quality Reform at the faculty. Førland was Head of education and Deputy head of Department of Archaeology, Conservation and History (IAKH) during 2009–2012. Førland has been Head of Department since 2013. As a historian, Førland has specialized in the radicalism of the 1960s and 1970s and in contemporary international history. He has published books and articles on the history of the EU, European integration, the Cold War and the 1968 protests. Førland has also contributed to the debate on objectivity and values in historiography, taking a stance against the postmodern relativization of truth. He has applied the philosopher Peter Railton’s concept of the “ideal explanatory text” to argue that the ideal of objectivity in historiography is attainable. Select bibliography “Cutting the Sixties Down to Size: Conceptualizing, Historicizing, Explaining”. Journal for the Study of Radicalism 9/2 (2015), pp. 125–148 “Brought Up to Rebel in the Sixties: Birth Order Irrelevant, Parental Worldview Decisive”. With Trine Rogg Korsvik and Knut-Andreas Christophersen. Political Psychology 33/6 (2012), pp. 825–838 Cold Economic Warfare: CoCom and the Forging of Export Controls, 1948-1954. Dordrecht: Republic of Letters Publishing, 2009 “Historiography without God: A Reply to Gregory”. History and Theory 47/4 (2008), pp. 520–532 “Acts of God? Miracles and Scientific Explanation”. History and Theory 47/4 (2008), pp. 483–494 “The Ideal Explanatory Text in History: A Plea for Ecumenism”. History and Theory 43/3 (2004), pp. 321–340 “Far Out: International History in Norway”. Scandinavian Journal of History 20/3 (1995), pp. 167–183 “Bringing It All Back Home or Another Side of Bob Dylan: Midwestern Isolationist”. Journal of American Studies 26/3 (1992), pp. 337–355 “‘Selling Firearms to the Indians’: Eisenhower’s Export Control Policy, 1953-54”. Diplomatic History 15/2 (1991), pp. 221–244 “‘Economic Warfare’ and ‘Strategic Goods’: A Conceptual Framework for Analyzing COCOM”. Journal of Peace Research 28/2 (1991), pp. 191–204 “An Act of Economic Warfare? The Dispute over NATO's Embargo Resolution, 1950-1951”. The International History Review 12/3 (1990), pp. 490–513 References External links Tor Egil Førland′s profile page at the University of Oslo 1959 births Living people 20th-century Norwegian historians Academic staff of the University of Oslo 21st-century Norwegian historians
Subzero, nicknamed "Subbie" (26 September 1988 – 29 August 2020), was an Australian thoroughbred racehorse that won the 1992 Melbourne Cup. Life and career Subzero was foaled in Australia. Trained by Lee Freedman and ridden by veteran jockey Greg Hall, the four-year-old revelled in the rain-affected going in the 1992 Melbourne Cup to defeat the favourite, Veandercross, and the two-miler Castletown. The win was to be Subzero's last, but as one of the few grey winners of the race in the post-War era, his fame was assured. Upon retirement from racing, Subzero was employed as the clerk of the course's horse by Racing Victoria's long-time clerk, Graham Salisbury, and made numerous appearances on television, at charity functions and schools. In July 2008, he was fully retired as he had developed arthritis. In October 2009, it was reported that Subzero might need to be put down as the medication he needed for his arthritis became unavailable in Australia. The medication was subsequently sourced from the United States and Subzero continued to appear in public. In his retirement he was gentle natured, very patient with children and remained with Graham Salisbury until Salisbury's death in June 2020. On 29 August 2020, he was euthanized at the Bendigo Equine Hospital due to the onset of heart failure. He was 31. See also List of millionaire racehorses in Australia List of Melbourne Cup winners References Further reading External links Product-maker flies the Pacific to help ailing Cup winner - Horsetalk.co.nz 1.11.09 Subzero's pedigree and partial racing stats Subzero visiting the Living Legends park 1988 racehorse births 2020 racehorse deaths Racehorses bred in Australia Racehorses trained in Australia Melbourne Cup winners Thoroughbred family 4-m
The Vilcek Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences (formerly the Sackler Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences) at the NYU School of Medicine is a division of the New York University Graduate School of Arts and Science, leading to the Ph.D. degree and, in coordination with the Medical Scientist Training Program, combined M.D./Ph.D. degrees. The institute sets the policies for its admissions, curriculum, stipend levels, student evaluations and Ph.D. requirements. In the Chronicle of Higher Education's 2007 Faculty Scholarly Productivity Index, the Vilcek Institute ranked as the number 8 Biomedical Sciences program, nationally. Four of the Vilcek Institute's programs also ranked in the top ten of their respective disciplines. Curriculum Vilcek Institute's degree programs are: Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Biomaterials Science Biomedical Imaging Biostatistics Cell & Molecular Biology Computational Biology Developmental Genetics Epidemiology Immunology and Inflammation Parasitology Microbiology Molecular Oncology & Immunology Molecular Pharmacology Neuroscience & Physiology Pathobiology Stem Cell Biology Structural Biology In their first year, all students take half of their course work in a core curriculum (biochemistry, cellular and molecular biology, cell signaling, bio-informatics and genetics) and the remainder in a wide variety of electives. First year students are also required to complete at least 3 three-month lab rotations. By the end of the first year, students must select a thesis mentor and program. Then, after becoming a member of a specific program, students must meet the academic requirements of that program. At the end of the second year, Vilcek students must also pass qualifying examinations before moving on to thesis research. The average time to degree at the Vilcek Institute is 5.4 years. Facilities The Vilcek Institute is housed at the Langone Medical Center, which also houses the NYU School of Medicine, Tisch Hospital, the Rusk Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine and the Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine. The Vilcek Institute's faculty consists of >180 faculty members at the Medical Center whose appointments are in basic science or clinical departments, as well as associated faculty located at the main campus (Applied Mathematics, Biology, Chemistry, Computer Sciences, Center for Neural Science and Physics). Name controversy Following allegations of mass addiction caused by the promotion of opioids by the Sackler family and associated companies, NYU announces that "continuing to use the Sackler name as inconsistent with our institution’s values and incompatible with our mission, which is dedicated to patient care, education, and research to improve human health." The school was renamed the Vilcek Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences. Notable people Faculty Rodolfo Llinas, Professor of Neuroscience and Physiology Martin J. Blaser, Professor, M.D., 1973, established the Foundation for Bacteria Richard W. Tsien, Director of the NYU Neuroscience Institute, a world leader in the study of calcium channels and neurotransmission Alumni Jan Vilcek, Professor of Microbiology, inventor of Remicade Severo Ochoa, Professor of Biochemistry, Nobel laureate for the synthesis of RNA Arthur Kornberg, student of Severo Ochoa, Nobel laureate for discovery of the mechanisms of DNA synthesis Homer Smith, kidney research and the discovery of insulin Ruth Sonntag Nussenzweig, C.V. Starr Professor of Medical and Molecular Parasitology, breakthroughs in Malaria vaccinations References New York University schools
Balakrishna Vishwanath Keskar (1903 – 28 August 1984) was an Indian politician and Union Minister for Information and Broadcasting between 1952 and 1962. Remembered for creating the Vrinda Vadya and promoting classical music through All India Radio, Keskar, who was India's longest serving Minister for Information and Broadcasting, was also responsible for banning Hindi film music, cricket commentaries and the harmonium on All India Radio. Early life and education Born in Pune to Vishwanath Keskar in 1903, Keskar was educated at the Kashi Vidyapith and the Sorbonne from where he earned a D. Litt degree. Keskar worked as a lecturer at Benaras' Sanskrit Vidyapith and was trained in dhrupad by Hari Narayan Mukherji of Banaras. Early political career Keskar joined the Indian National Congress during the Non-Cooperation Movement of 1921 and served as a Secretary in the Foreign Department of the All India Congress Committee during 1939–1940 and was a General Secretary of the party in 1946. Keskar also served as a member of the Constituent Assembly of India representing the United Provinces. Political career in independent India After Independence, Keskar was appointed a Deputy Minister in the Ministry of External Affairs and in the Ministry of Railways and Transport between 1948 and 1952. In 1952, he was elected to Parliament from Sultanpur and was made Minister of Information and Broadcasting a post he held from 1952 to 1962. Keskar was twice elected to Parliament from Sultanpur and Musafirkhana. Minister for Information and Broadcasting Keskar was the third person to head the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting in independent India and had a decade long tenure at the helm, making him the longest serving minister in that ministry. Keskar believed Indian music had degenerated under the Muslims and the British. He held that centuries of Muslim rule had divorced Indian music from Hindu civilization and caused its bifurcation through the emergence of Hindustani music. Keskar belonged to a generation of Maharashtrian Brahmins who sought to reassert Hindu cultural influence in classical music by purging Islamic influences which they believed had led to its eroticisation and drift from its spiritual core. Keskar deemed film songs vulgar, cheap and Westernised. This led him to initially impose a 10 percent quota on airtime for film music and subsequently to ban the broadcasting of film music on All India Radio. Film music had a growing audience in India and Keskar's decision to ban it on All India Radio allowed Radio Ceylon to capitalise on the opportunity. Radio Ceylon, which had launched its Hindi Service in 1950, attained great popularity throughout India with its programs like the Binaca Geetmala, Purani Filmo Ke Geet and Aap Hi Ke Geet. It even set up a Radio Advertising Services in Bombay to rake in advertising revenue. Gradually, All India Radio began to lose listeners and revenue forcing it in 1957 to launch the Vividh Bharati service. Keskar was also responsible for banning cricket commentaries and the harmonium on All India Radio. As General Secretary of the All India Congress Committee, Keskar had noted that cricket would not survive the British Raj, arguing that its popularity in India depended on an "atmosphere of British culture and language". Even though his statement had drawn much opposition, Keskar chose to ban cricket commentaries and was subsequently forced to repeal his decision and allow live cricket broadcasts. Keskar has however been credited with providing the common man with access to classical music and musicians with patronage that had disappeared with the abolition of princely states after independence. It was under Keskar's initiative that the National Programme of Music, since broadcast over All India Radio on weekends, was begun in 1952. In 1954, the annual Akashvani Sangeet Sammelan was started by All India Radio that served as a platform for both established and emerging young artistes in Indian classical music. Keskar was also responsible for the establishment of the Vadya Vrinda as a national orchestra and created a new genre of 'light music' by commissioning the sitarist Ravi Shankar to head the Vadya Vrinda and to provide a 'light' musical alternative to the classical musical broadcasts. Later life and death Despite his decade long tenure, Keskar remained politically a lightweight and never enjoyed cabinet rank with the ministry being lowered in rank to that of a Minister of State during his second stint from 1957 to 1962. Keskar lost the General Elections of 1962 from Fatehpur and was defeated again, this time by the Socialist leader Ram Manohar Lohia, in the by-election from the Farrukhabad parliamentary constituency in 1963. Indira Gandhi is said to have told Roberto Rossellini that Keskar had managed to retain his post for so long only because there was an "acute shortage of ministerial talent" in newly independent India. Keskar authored and edited several books including Indian Music: Problems and Prospects and India -The land and people and later headed the National Book Trust. Keskar died in Nagpur on 28 August 1984. References 1903 births 1984 deaths Date of birth missing Politicians from Pune Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh University of Paris alumni India MPs 1957–1962 India MPs 1952–1957 Ministers for Information and Broadcasting of India People from Sultanpur district Members of the Constituent Assembly of India
Oba Feyisara John Odimayo (January 5, 1922 – 1993) was the reigning king of Ode-Irele in Ondo State, Nigeria from 1976 to 1993. He was from a group of people called 'Ikale' a sub tribe of the Yoruba tribe in Nigeria. The throne of Olofun of Irele Kingdom is primarily owned by the Orunbemekun Royal Family. The crown wore by the founding fathers of Irele Kingdom was brought from Ode-Ugbo, in the present day Ilaje Local Government Area of Ondo State, Nigeria. With the death of Olugbo Ameto (the 8th Olugbo of Ugbo Kingdom), his two princes: Ajana (elder) and Gbagba (younger), contested the vacant stool of their forefathers. The table was turned in favour of the younger brother, Gbagba, to the disadvantage of the elder brother, Ajana. This event angered Ajana and he left Ugbo Kingdom with his own men to found Irele Kingdom. The contemporary Irele Kingdom is an expanse of land which initially began from Orofun (the present day Igbekebo in Ese-Odo Local Government Area of Ondo State). At Orofun, Ajana was crowned the first Olofun, exercising supreme control over the expanse of land boardering till the present day Ode Irele. Upon the death of Ajana, his two princes: Orunbemekun (elder) and Ogeleyinbo also known as Orungberuwa (younger) also contested the vacant stool of their fathers. Orunbemekun was eventually installed as the second Olofun. With the installation of Orunbemekun as the apparent heir and successor to the throne of Olofun, his younger brother, Ogeleyinbo left his elder brother to establish a kingdom known as Ode-Erinje up till today, thereby becoming the first king to be recognized as Orungberuwa of Ode Erinje. Orunbemekun offsprings of Irele Kingdom today constitute the extended children of the Olugbo of Ugbo Kingdom. Orunbemekun offsprings are now the Orunbemekun Royal Family of Irele Kingdom. Apart from the princes, two other families are recognized by the Orunbemekun Royal Family as royal families: the Jagboju and the Oyenusi. These two were children from the daughter of Orunbemekun Royal Family. The daughter was named Lobimitan. At various occasions, the sons of Orunbemekun have ascended Throne of their forefathers, Olofun of Irele Kingdom. Also, the Orunbemekuns have extended this kind gesture to the sons of their sister, princess Lobimitan. Oba Aladetubokanwa, Orunbemekun VIII, Olofun of Irele Kingdom, passed away in 1971, leaving the stool of Olofun of Irele Kingdom vacant until 1976, when it was occupied by Oba Feyisara Odimayo (one of the descendants from the daughter of Orunbemekun: Lobimitan). Oba Feyisara Odimayo, the Jagboju VIII and Olofun of Ode-Irele ascended the throne of Ode Irele five years after his predecessor Oba Aladetubokanwa died. He was the 12th king with the title 'Olofun of Irele'. Oba Feyisara Odimayo descended from a long line of Jagbojus, a ruling house in Irele. Irele, a town located in the eastern part of Ondo State within the Okitipupa division was a place people looked up to for modern education. Irele also generated the highest amount of income tax for Ikale Local Government. Oba Feyisara Odimayo's accession to the throne was controversial. Ode-Irele has three ruling houses; Jagboju, Oyenusi and Orunbemekun. Each ruling house takes turns in Kingship. According to traditional law, once a (Oba)king dies, it is the turn of a representative from the next ruling house to be King. The Ruling Families had rotational turns on the Irele throne. Between 1971 and 1976, there were disputes between the Oyenusi ruling house and the Jagboju ruling house about whose turn it was to ascend the Irele throne. After court appeals, the Kingmakers of the district, the Chief Judge of Ondo State, the Commissioner of Local Government and Chieftaincy affairs and the Governor of Ondo State declared Oba Odimayo the rightful heir to the Irele throne. Oba Odimayo assisted in the establishment of Irele Community High School in September, 1978. Oba Odimayo was also the President of the Ikale Local Government council in Ondo State, Nigeria. Oba Odimayo's reign in Ode-Irele was successful and had a large economic growth impact in the community. Oba Odimayo's reign saw the establishment of Barclay's Bank (November 1, 1978) in Ode-irele, currently called the Union Bank of Nigeria. Barclay's bank was formerly called Colonial Bank (1917) during the British colonial era. Oba Feyisara Odimayo's rule also saw the launch of Mother Therese's Catholic Hospital on May 31, 1978 which oversaw the health welfare of the community. Oba Odimayo's reign also saw deep financial crisis in 1983 but was resolved after all local Chiefs and Oba's readjusted their financial budget in the Ikale Local Government. Oba Feyisara Odimayo had eleven wives and thirty six children. References 1922 births 1993 deaths Nigerian royalty Yoruba monarchs People from Ondo State
Edvart Christensen (21 February 1867 – 13 August 1921) was a Norwegian sailor. He was born in Ramnes. He competed in the 6 metre class at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, placing tied fifth with the boat Sonja II, together with Hans Christiansen and his son Eigil Christiansen. References 1867 births 1921 deaths People from Re, Norway Norwegian male sailors (sport) Sailors at the 1912 Summer Olympics – 6 Metre Olympic sailors for Norway Sportspeople from Vestfold og Telemark
Roots is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Blair County, Pennsylvania, United States. It was first listed as a CDP prior to the 2020 census. The CDP is in northwestern Blair County, in the center of Antis Township. It sits on Pennsylvania Route 865, which leads southeast to Bellwood and northwest up the Allegheny Front to Blandburg. Roots is on the north side of Bells Gap Run, which flows southeast off the Allegheny Front and joins the Little Juniata River at Bellwood. Demographics References Census-designated places in Blair County, Pennsylvania Census-designated places in Pennsylvania
Alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminide alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ST6GALNAC1 gene. This enzyme adds a N-Acetylneuraminic acid (Sialic Acid/Neu5Ac) to an O-linked N-Acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) on a peptide/proteins (also called Tn antigen) with an α2-6 linkage to produce the sialyl-Tn antigen. It has been shown that the enzyme prefers Thr over Ser containing GalNAc residues. References Further reading
Czarnotka is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Piotrków Kujawski, within Radziejów County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. References Czarnotka Brześć Kujawski Voivodeship Warsaw Governorate Warsaw Voivodeship (1919–1939) Pomeranian Voivodeship (1919–1939)
Vauhini Vara is a Canadian and American journalist and author. She has written and edited for The Atlantic, The New Yorker, and The New York Times Magazine. Her debut novel, The Immortal King Rao, was a finalist for the 2023 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction. Early life and education Born in Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada, Vauhini Vara was raised in Prince Albert, Saskatchewan, Canada, and in Edmond, Oklahoma and Seattle, Washington in the United States. After graduating from Stanford University in 2004, she became a technology reporter for the The Wall Street Journal. In 2008 she took a leave of absence from the WSJ to attend the Writers' Workshop at the University of Iowa. She graduated with her MFA in 2010 and then returned to the WSJ for the next three years. Career Vara was a technology reporter at the Wall Street Journal for almost ten years, covering Silicon Valley and California politics. In 2013, she left the Wall Street Journal to work at the New Yorker’s website. She has also published articles in The New York Times Magazine, The Atlantic, Harper's Magazine, Fast Company, Businessweek, WIRED, and elsewhere. Vara is a recipient of the O. Henry Award for her fiction writing, and has published stories in Tin House, ZYZZYVA, and other publications. In 2021, she wrote the viral piece "Ghosts," a nine-part essay about losing her older sister to cancer, using an early model of the AI that would become Chat GPT. Her novel, The Immortal King Rao, was published in 2022. Vara is a Visiting Assistant Professor of English at Colorado State University for 2023-24. In 2015, Vara received the O. Henry Award for her story I, Buffalo. Her fiction writing has also received honors from the Rona Jaffe Foundation, the Canada Council for the Arts, MacDowell, and Yaddo. Her debut novel, The Immortal King Rao, was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize and was shortlisted for the National Book Critics’ Circle’s John Leonard Prize and the Center for Fiction’s First Novel Prize. In India, the novel won the Atta Galatta-Bangalore Literature Festival Book Prize and the Times of India AutHer Award. Personal life Vara is on the board of the Krishna D. Vara Foundation. She lives in Colorado with her husband Andrew Foster Altschul. They have one son. Bibliography The Immortal King Rao (2022) This is Salvaged (2023) References External links Official website http://www.newyorker.com/contributors/vauhini-vara Living people Year of birth missing (living people) The New Yorker editors The Wall Street Journal people American reporters and correspondents People from Mercer Island, Washington Women magazine editors American women non-fiction writers 21st-century American women Writers from Prince Albert, Saskatchewan
Ken Hixon is an American screenwriter, best known for films including Welcome to the Rileys, City by the Sea and Inventing the Abbotts. He is married to Melanie Otey and has two children: Lillian and Samuel Hixon. His son, Sam, is a filmmaker. Early life Born in Indianapolis, Indiana, Hixon studied acting at the American Conservatory Theater in San Francisco. His classmates included Anna Deavere Smith, Gregory Itzin, M. C. Gainey and Harry Hamlin. Career Hixon was a stage actor who worked in regional theatre prior to his move to Los Angeles, where his roles in film and television included appearances in George A. Romero's Knightriders (1981), Bitter Harvest (1981), and The Hollywood Knights (1980). He later gained work as a screenwriter. Other films included Incident at Deception Ridge (1994), Morgan Stewart's Coming Home (1987), and Grandview, U.S.A. (1984). Two of his television films, Secret Sins of the Father (1994) and Caught in the Act (1993), were nominated for the Edgar Allan Poe Award by the Mystery Writers of America. City by the Sea was adapted from the article Mark of a Murderer (1997) in Esquire, written by Michael McAlary. In 2019, he co-wrote the heist thriller Finding Steve McQueen, based on the United California Bank robbery. References External links American male screenwriters Writers from Indianapolis Living people Screenwriters from Indiana Year of birth missing (living people)
Dominik Furch (born April 19, 1990) is a Czech professional ice hockey goaltender who is currently playing for HC Kometa Brno of the Czech Extraliga (ELH). Playing career He was previously under contract with Severstal Cherepovets and Avangard Omsk of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL) and has played in the Czech Extraliga with HC Slavia Praha. On 2 May 2019, Furch signed his first contract in Sweden as a free agent, agreeing to a one-year deal with Örebro HK of the Swedish Hockey League (SHL). As the starting goaltender for Örebro HK, Furch enjoyed a successful 2019–20 season, posting a 2.26 goals against average in 46 regular season games. In the off-season, Furch opted to return to the KHL, agreeing to a one-year contract with Belarusian club, HC Dinamo Minsk, on 3 July 2020. References External links 1990 births Living people Avangard Omsk players Czech ice hockey goaltenders HC Dinamo Minsk players Färjestad BK players HC Kometa Brno players Severstal Cherepovets players HC Slavia Praha players Örebro HK players HC Plzeň players BK Havlíčkův Brod players HC Berounští Medvědi players Ice hockey people from Prague Czech expatriate ice hockey players in Russia Czech expatriate ice hockey players in Sweden Expatriate ice hockey players in Belarus Czech expatriate sportspeople in Belarus
James E. Briles (March 31, 1926 - July 11, 1992) was an American Republican politician. He served as a member of the Iowa House of Representatives from 1957 to 1965, and the Iowa Senate from 1965 to 1984. References 1926 births 1992 deaths People from Adams County, Iowa Republican Party members of the Iowa House of Representatives Republican Party Iowa state senators 20th-century American politicians
Rodolfo David Aguilar Dorantes (born June 17, 1983), better known as El David Aguilar is a Mexican singer and songwriter. He was released several studio albums, both independently and under a record label, and has worked with artists such as Mon Laferte, Jorge Drexler and Natalia Lafourcade. He has received nine Latin Grammy Award nominations, including a nomination for Album of the Year and three for Song of the Year. Career Aguilar began his career releasing several albums independently through the 2000s, Frágil in 2004, Tornazul in 2005, Grabadora Portátil in 2008 and Estelar and Ventarrón, both in 2010. Ventarrón was an album more leaned towards Mexican regional music that included the original songs "El Niño Perdido" and "La Cuchi" alongside other songs from the genre, Aguilar said about the album that "in all the other songs I sing the lyrics as if they were mine, they include the heartbroken polka "Nadie", a ranchera called "Gaviota" and "Fogata", a son that talks about the weather in Culiacán". In 2010, he also composed the songs in the album Eco by Áaron Cruz Trio (Áaron Cruz, Hernán Hecht and Mark Aanderud), released in 2011. He started using the name "El David Aguilar", adding the article "el" (the in Spanish) to his own name, in 2010 after searching for available web domains and finding out that the ones with his name alone were already taken. In May 2014, he released his self titled album El David Aguilar, the album received considerately more promotion than his previous efforts, being available in different digital platforms and record stores, the album also featured a more diverse instrumentation aside from just the vocals and the guitar. In 2017, he co-wrote the song "Abracadabras" with Jorge Drexler for his album Salvavidas de Hielo (2017), the song is performed by Drexler alongside Julieta Venegas in the album, he also co-wrote "Soledad y el Mar" and "Danza de Gardenias" with Natalia Lafourcade for her albums Musas (2017) and Musas, Vol. 2 (2018), respectively. Also in 2017, he released Siguiente, the album featured a different producer for each track including producers such as Alan Saucedo, Miguel Inzunza and David Bravo, among others. At the 19th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Aguilar received five nominations, Album of the Year and Best Singer-Songwriter Album, both for Siguiente, two nominations for Song of the Year for "Embrujo" and "Danza de Gardenias" and Best New Artist. In 2018, Aguilar collaborated in Mon Laferte's Norma, featuring in the song "Si Alguna Vez" as well as co-writing some songs from the album. In 2020, he released Reciente, the album was nominated for Best Singer-Songwriter Album at the 21st Annual Latin Grammy Awards while "Causa Perdida", a song from the album, was nominated for Best Alternative Song the year prior, at the 20th Annual Latin Grammy Awards. In 2021, he published the book Afuerismos del Interior, composed of a compilation of tweets he made from 2010 to 2019. During the same year he collaborated again with Mon Laferte, in her album Seis, for the song "Que Se Sepa Nuestro Amor", Aguilar received nominations for Song of the Year and Best Regional Mexican Song at the 22nd Annual Latin Grammy Awards as songwriter. In 2022, he released Agendas Vencidas, produced by Adán Jodorowsky. Discography Frágil (2004) Tornazul (2005) Grabadora Portátil (2008) Estelar (2010) Ventarrón (2010) El David Aguilar (2014) Siguiente (2017) Reciente (2020) Agendas Vencidas (2022) Awards and nominations Latin Grammy Awards References Mexican musicians Living people 1983 births
Noel Edward Noel-Buxton, 1st Baron Noel-Buxton, PC (9 January 1869 – 12 September 1948) was a British Liberal and later Labour politician. He served as Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries under Ramsay MacDonald in 1924 and between 1929 and 1930. Background and education Born Noel Edward Buxton, the second son of Sir Thomas Buxton, 3rd Baronet and brother of Charles Roden Buxton, he was educated at Harrow and at Trinity College, Cambridge. Political career In 1896, Buxton acted as Aide-de-Camp to his father during his time as Governor of South Australia. He served on the Whitechapel Board of Guardians and Central Unemployment Body, and was a Member of the Home Office Departmental Committee on Lead Poisoning. Buxton stood unsuccessfully for Ipswich in 1900. He was elected as Liberal Member of Parliament for Whitby in 1905, a seat he held until 1906. He was out of parliament until the January 1910 general election, when he was returned for Norfolk North. He joined the Labour Party in 1919 and in 1922 he successfully contested his Norfolk North seat as a Labour candidate. He continued to represent the constituency until 1930. When Labour came to power under Ramsay MacDonald in January 1924, Buxton was appointed Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries, with a seat in the cabinet, and sworn of the Privy Council. He remained as Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries until the government fell in December 1924. He resumed the post in 1929 (once again as a member of the cabinet) when Labour returned to office under MacDonald, and held it until 1930, when he was raised to the peerage as Baron Noel-Buxton, of Aylsham in the County of Norfolk. He changed his surname at this point to 'Noel-Buxton', so enabling that to be his title. Balkans The Balkans became a very important part of Buxton's career. In 1912, as Buxton had been warning, war broke out between the newly independent Balkan countries of Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro and Serbia and the Ottoman Empire. Buxton was Chairman of the Balkan War Relief Committee. Shortly after the war had broken out, he visited Bulgaria with Mabel St Clair Stobart, founder of the Women's Sick and Wounded Convoy Corps. He helped her convince the government to agree to send an all-female medical unit to the war. During the First World War (1914–1915), he went on a political mission with his brother Charles with the object of securing the neutrality of Bulgaria. While in Bucharest, Romania in October 1914, an assassination attempt was made on them, by Turkish activist, Hasan Tahsin. Buxton was wounded and his brother was shot through the lung. They both recovered and continued to have an interest in the region. After their return, they published a book describing the region and its recent history, The War and the Balkans (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1915). It begins with these words: No one now denies the supreme importance of the Balkans as a factor in the European War. It may be that there were deep-seated hostilities between the Great Powers which would have, in any case, produced a European War and that if the Balkans had not offered the occasion, the occasion would have been found elsewhere. The fact remains that the Balkans did provide the occasion. A great part of the Serbo-Croat race found itself under the Austrian Empire, and with its increasing consciousness of nationality became more and more dissatisfied with its lot. The independent kingdom of Serbia for its part has taken active steps to spread abroad the idea of uniting its brothers under its own flag. It was Austria's ambition to crush this dangerous little State, the one rallying point of a vigorous and determined race. Buxton's publications include: Europe and the Turks (1907), With the Bulgarian Staff (1913), Travels and Reflections (1929); and he was part-author of The Heart of the Empire (1902), Travel and Politics in Armenia (1914), The War and the Balkans (1915), Balkan Problems and European Peace (1919), and Oppressed Peoples and the League of Nations (1922). Family Noel was the great-grandson of the abolitionist, Sir Thomas Fowell Buxton he married Lucy Edith Pelham Burn in 1914. She succeeded him as Member of Parliament for Norfolk North in 1930. The couple had three sons and three daughters. Noel-Buxton died in September 1948, aged 79, and was succeeded in the barony by his eldest son, Rufus Alexander(1917-1980). Lady Noel-Buxton died in December 1960. Noel Buxton Trust Inspired by the abolitionism of his great-grandfather, he established the Noel Buxton Trust in 1919. This had a commitment to "a worldwide view of human welfare". The initial grant was made to the Fight the Famine Council, led by Eglantyne Jebb and his sister-in-law, Dorothy Buxton, which later became the Save the Children Fund. The charity funded the Family Rights Group, the Community Chaplaincy Association (working with ex-prisoners), and Excellent, a charity supporting sustainable development with subsistence communities in Africa. References External links 1869 births 1948 deaths People educated at Harrow School Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies British Secretaries of State Noel-Buxton, Noel Buxton, 1st Baron Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom Agriculture ministers of the United Kingdom UK MPs 1900–1906 UK MPs 1910 UK MPs 1910–1918 UK MPs 1922–1923 UK MPs 1923–1924 UK MPs 1924–1929 UK MPs 1929–1931 Noel-Buxton Younger sons of baronets Noel Noel-Buxton War correspondents of the Balkan Wars Barons created by George V Spouses of British politicians
Çayırlı District is a district of Erzincan Province in Turkey. The municipality of Çayırlı is the seat and the district had a population of 8,383 in 2021. Its area is 1,062 km2. The district was established in 1954. Composition The district encompasses one municipality (Çayırlı), forty-eight villages and thirty-one hamlets. The villages are: Aşağıkartallı Balıklı Başköy Boybeyi Bozağa Bölükova Büyükgelengeç Büyük Yaylaköy Cennetpınar Coşan Çamurdere Çataksu Çaykent Çayönü Çilhoroz Çilligöl Doğanyuva Doluca Esendoruk Eşmepınar Gelinpınar Göller Harmantepe Hastarla Karataş Küçükgelengeç Mazlumağa Mirzaoğlu Oğultaşı Ortaçat Ozanlı Paşayurdu Pınarlı Saraycık Sarıgüney Saygılı Sırataş Toprakkale Tosunlar Turnaçayırı Verimli Yaylakent Yaylalar Yazıkaya Yeşilyaka Yukarıçamurdere Yukarıkartallı Yürekli Religion In 1989, anthropologist Andrews counted 64 villages in the district of which Alevis were present in 54 villages and Sunni Muslims in 13 villages. References Districts of Erzincan Province
The Evening News was a newspaper published in Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia. History This newspaper commenced on 3 January 1863 as the Northern Argus. It was published three times a week by Arthur Leslie Bourcicault. The editor was William Herbert Robison. From 1 January 1875, it was published as the Daily Northern Argus. It was published daily by Arthur Leslie Bourcicault. The editor was Francis Hodgson Nixon. From 2 January 1897, it was merged with the Record and was published as the Daily Record. From 31 July 1922, it was published as The Evening News. The publisher was Walter Sewell Buzacott. The last issue was on 31 July 1941. Digitisation The paper has been digitised as part of the Australian Newspapers Digitisation Program of the National Library of Australia. References External links Defunct newspapers published in Queensland Rockhampton 1863 establishments in Australia Newspapers established in 1863 Publications disestablished in 1941 1941 disestablishments in Australia
Aeronaves Dominicanas or AERODOMCA is an air charter airline established in 1980 with facilities in Samaná El Catey International Airport, and main offices in the La Isabela International Airport, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. The airline serves all the cities of the Dominican Republic and the Caribbean. The services offered are transfer, freight, overflight, helicopter, advertising, air ambulance, and tour services. Destinations Destinations served by AERODOMCA (as of September 2009): Barahona - Barahona Airport Samaná - Samaná Airport La Romana - La Romana Airport Punta Cana - Punta Cana Airport Las Terranas - Portillo Airport Santo Domingo - Las Américas Airport Santo Domingo - La Isabela Airport Santiago - Santiago Airport Puerto Plata - Puerto Plata Airport Monte Cristi - Monte Cristi Airport Cap-Haïtien () - Cabo Haitiano Airport Santiago de Cuba - Santiago de Cuba Airport AERODOMCA had the following scheduled flights (as of September 2009): La Isabela "Higüero" to Portillo (3 daily flights) Portillo to La Isabela "Higüero" (1 daily flight) Portillo to Las Américas - La Isabela "Higüero" (2 daily flights) Fleet 2 Let L-410 Turbolet 2 GippsAero GA8 Airvan 3 Cessna 172 References External links AeroDomca Air Charter Guide Airlines of the Dominican Republic Airlines established in 1980 1980 establishments in the Dominican Republic
Ophioglossella is a monotypic genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Orchidaceae endemic to New Guinea. The sole species is Ophioglossella chrysostoma. Description This species has been previously misidentified as member of the genera Sarcochilus, Pteroceras, Dryadorchis, and Grosourdya. Ophioglossella chrysostoma Schuit. & Ormerod is a small, short-stemmed, monopodial epiphyte with nearly sickle-shaped, twisted leaves, and sparsely to many-flowered racemes. The flowers are white with additional pink colouration. The labellum is mobile and does not possess a spur. The androecium consists of four pollinia. Ecology It occurs at elevations of above sea level in montane forests. Etymology The specific epithet of the type species chrysostoma consists of chryso-, meaning golden, and -stoma meaning mouth. It refers to the golden inner side of the labellum. Conservation This species appears to be widespread, but rare and appears to have a low numbers of individuals. References Aeridinae Vandeae genera Monotypic Epidendroideae genera Endemic flora of New Guinea Plants described in 1998
In Scots law, jus relictae is the right of the surviving spouse in the moveable property of the deceased spouse. Jus relictae is the term used for a surviving wife, and jus relicti is the term used for a surviving husband. The similar right for any surviving children is referred to as legitim. The deceased must have been domiciled in Scotland, but the right accrues from moveable property, wherever situated. The surviving spouse's right vests by survivance, and is independent of the deceased spouse's testamentary provisions; it may however be renounced by contract, or be discharged by satisfaction. It is subject to alienation of the deceased spouse's moveable property during his lifetime or by its conversion into heritable property. Additional explanations Prior to 1964 the surviving spouse also has a right of terce (not the same as the religious term terce) on the deceased spouse's lands. Thus, under Scots law, both moveable and heritable property were subject to the rights of a surviving spouse and children. However, section 10(1) of the Succession (Scotland) Act 1964 abolished the common law rights of 'terce' and 'courtesy'. Only jus relictae, jus relicti and legitim remain. The legal principles of jus relictae and legitime also remain active in the US state of Louisiana, which differs from the other 49 states as it operates under a civil law code similar to the Napoleonic code and Roman law rather than common law. References Latin legal terminology Scots law legal terminology
Helen "Baby Bunny" Smith (1888–1951) was an American sideshow performer. She made her living traveling with sideshows in the early 20th century billed as a circus fat lady. She was born in 1888. Despite a normal childhood she became very heavy during grammar school. She left school and took a job as a sideshow performer at the age of 13. Her weight ballooned to as much as 689 lbs. She was billed as "Baby Bunny Smith" during her sideshow career and settled at Coney Island. She met her husband, 58-lb Peter Robinson, a fellow sideshow performer known and billed as "the human skeleton", in the cult film classic Freaks. They had two children. References 1888 births 1951 deaths Sideshow performers
Kim Kyong-il is the name of: Kim Kyong-il (footballer, born 1970), North Korean footballer Kim Kyong-il (footballer, born 1988), North Korean footballer
Ernst Friedrich Löhndorff (13 March 1899 – 16 March 1976) was a German sailor, adventurer, and writer. He was born in Frankfurt am Main and died in Waldshut-Tiengen). In 1913, at the age of 14, Löhndorff ran away from his home with the intent to become a sailor and get to know the world. He travelled the world as a sailor and adventurer until 1927. His first of over 30 novels, “Bestie Ich in Mexiko” (engl. “I, Beast, in Mexico” ), was published in 1927. His novels were translated in a dozen languages and were quite popular until after the Second World War. His books were reprinted in 2017, published by Casssiopeia-XXX-press. His biography is available. Biography Childhood and youth Löhndorff was the youngest child of the merchant Robert Löhndorff and his wife Paulina Augusta Raabe. Born in Frankfurt on 13 March 1899, he was baptized on 27 August 1899. In 1902 his family moved to Vienna. His father was often absent due to business travels and later left the family. Consequently, Löhndorff practically grew up without a father. Starting 16 September 1905 Löhndorff attended the Volksschule (elementary school) in Hietzing and later the public Realschule (secondary modern school). In 1912 he had to repeat the class due to excessive absence. Seamanship In spring 1913 Löhndorff ran away from home to become a sailor. In Hamburg he signed on to a Dutch sailing ship as cabin boy. When he returned to the harbor of Delfzijl, the Netherlands, from a journey to Finland and Russia, his father and local police were already expecting him. After a discussion Löhndorff's father agreed to let him pursue his way as a sailor. He hired on the four-masted barque “Thielbek” that was sailing to Mexico. At the end of September 1914 the ship reached his destination, where it was seized because of the beginning of First World War. Being greatly bored on the seized vessel, Löhndorff fled and went on to many adventures in Mexico. First World War Löhndorff fled from the seized vessel after a short time because he was bored and wanted to pursue his quest for adventures. He worked in diverse jobs, including as coastal sailor. After a shipwreck he hoped for help from the German consul in Guaymas. But as he couldn't provide documents, and his family resided in Austria, the consul did not believe him that he was German. After leaving the consulate Löhndorff met a Yaqui of the Revolutionary Force and signed in with the Forces. He was promoted soon, because, among other things, he was able to translate English text to his superiors. He met the revolutionary Pancho Villa. Löhndorff was not interested in the political issues behind the revolution. In January 1916 he witnessed how revolutionary troops fetched 17 US civilians out of a train and, under order from Pancho Villa, executed them on the spot. This changed Löhndorff's mind. But because he was present at the site and part of the situation, the US put a bounty on his head. A punitive expedition under general John Pershing remained unfinished because the troops were ordered back in 1917 when the US entered the First World War. War captivity Löhndorff tried to get away from Mexico. Together with deserted sailors he captured the vessel “Alexander Agassiz”. They sailed under the German flag but were themselves captured by the US Marine after only four weeks. Löhndorff was arrested and put into prison in Los Angeles in February 1918. From there he was transferred to the War Barracks III in Fort Utah (Utah) as prisoner of war no. 638. During this imprisonment Löhndorff met captain Conrad Sörensen whose sailor classes he attended. After the end of war Löhndorff managed to receive provisional documents through the Swiss embassy. They enabled him to eventually leave the United States and return to Europe. On 11 July 1919 Löhndorff arrived in Rotterdam harbor as passenger of the sailor “Martha Washington”. German authorities expecting him there and, after several interrogations, allowed him to enter Germany, travelling to Karlsruhe, where his family had settled during war times. French Foreign Legion In post war years Löhndorff joined the French Foreign Legion. Why he did so remains unclear. He may have done so due to financial problems or simply to follow his urge for adventures. On 13 November 1920 he signed in for five years in Saarbrücken, using the false name “Ernesto de Naca e Villaverde” and false birthplace Veracruz, but giving his real birth date of 13 March 1899. He seems to have been in Algeria but deserted after only two months and fled the country. His book “Afrika weint - Tagebuch eines Legionärs” (engl. Africa cries - Diary of a Legionnaire) reflects his experiences in the Foreign Legion in Africa. But, as nearly all his books, this adventure novel mixes real events with fiction. His autobiographic style often gives the impression that Löhndorff reports his own adventures. But in many cases this is not the case. However, his travels and adventures were a strong source of inspiration for his stories. Publications Books The following bibliography lists the first editions of his novels as they are given in the Catalogue of the German National Library. Some of the crime novels he published under the pseudonym of Peter Dando were later republished under his real name. Bestie Ich in Mexiko (1927) Stuttgart: Dieck & Co. Satan Ozean: Von Schnapspiraten, Trampfahren und Walfängern (1930) Leipzig: Grethlein & Co.; Bremen: C. Schünemann Afrika weint: Tagebuch eines Legionärs (1930) Leipzig: Grethlein & Co. Amineh: Die zehntausend Gesichter Indiens (1931) Leipzig ; Zürich: Grethlein; Bremen: Schünemann Noahs Arche: Eine Saga von Mensch und Wal (1932) Leipzig ; Zürich: Grethlein; Bremen: Schünemann Blumenhölle am Jacinto: Urwalderlebnis (1932) Leipzig ; Zürich: Grethlein; Bremen: Schünemann Der Indio: Kampf und Ende eines Volkes (1933) Bremen: Schünemann Trommle, Piet!: Deutsche Landsknechte im Urwald (1934) Bremen: Schünemann Gold, Whisky und Frauen in Nordland (1935) Bremen: Schünemann Der Narr und die Mandelblüte (1935) Bremen: Schünemann Südwest-Nordost: Erlebnisschildergn (1936) Bremen: Schünemann Tropensymphonie (1936) Bremen: Schünemann Der Geheimnisvolle von Baden-Baden (1936) Bern ; Leipzig ; Wien: Goldmann (Goldmanns Roman-Bibliothek, Band 54); as Peter Dando Seltsame Pfade auf 10 Grad Süd (1937) Bremen: Schünemann Bowery-Satan (1937) Bern ; Leipzig ; Wien: Goldmann (Goldmanns Roman-Bibliothek ; Band 69); as Peter Dando Die Frau von Hawai (1938) Bremen: Schünemann Unheimliches China: Ein Reisebericht (1939) Bremen: Schünemann Die schwarze Witwe (1939) Dresden: Seyfert; as Peter Dando Yangtsekiang: Ein Chinaroman (1940) Bremen: Schünemann Khaiberpaß (1941) Bremen: Schünemann Gloria und der Teddyboy: Amerik. Sittenbild (1943) Bremen: Schünemann Old Jamaica Rum (1949) Düsseldorf: Vier Falken Verl. Ultima Esperanza: Aufstieg und Ende des "Königs von Feuerland" (1950) Bremen: Schünemann Ägyptische Nächte (1952) Schloss Bleckede a.d. Elbe: Meissner Stimme aus der Wüste: Muhamed Ibn Abd'Allah Ibn Abd. el Mottalib Ibn Hadschim el Emin. (1953) Bremen: Schünemann Gelber Strom (1954) Bremen: Schünemann Wen die Götter streicheln: Indischer Tatsachenroman (1954) Berlin ; München: Weiss Schwarzer Hanf: Roman eines Rauschgiftes (1956) Bremen: Schünemann Der Weg nach Dien Bien Phu: Roman einer Kolonie (1957) Bremen: Schünemann Glück in Manila (1958) Berlin-Schöneberg: Weiss Sturm über Kenia (1960) Bremen: Schünemann Gelbe Hölle am Jangtsekiang (1965) Hannover: Fackelträger-Verl. Schmidt-Küster, (1979) Prisma Verlag 200 pp. ISBN 3570004473 Der Vogel Cockaburra (1966)' Hannover: Fackelträger-Verl. Translations Many of Löhndorffs novels were translated to—all in all—at least 12 different languages: Danish, English, French, Flemish (Belgium), Italian, Serbo-Croatian, Dutch, Polish, Spanish, Swedish, Czech, Hungarian. References La Gazette des Français du Paraguay, Ernst Löhndorff - Chasseur d'orchidées, Un grand roman à l'épreuve du temps - El cazador de orquideas, Una novela de aventuras a prueba de tiempo'' - bilingue français espagnol - numéro 8, Année 1, Asuncion Paraguay. 1899 births Writers from Frankfurt 1976 deaths Soldiers of the French Foreign Legion German male writers People of the Mexican Revolution
Lola.com is a software as a service (SaaS) company based in Boston, Massachusetts. It is best known for developing corporate travel management and expense software for web browsers, the App Store and Google Play. The company was founded in 2015 by former Kayak.com executives, Paul M. English and Bill O'Donnell. The website operates under a travel agency model for hotel and flight search information as well as booking services for businesses. It also has administrative analytics on employee travel and associated costs. Lola has received more than $80 million in funding since its foundation. History In July 2015, Blade, a Boston-based incubator, began focusing on a single startup. By December, English announced that Lola had emerged from stealth mode. The company's name was derived from a combination of the words "latitude" and "longitude". It acquired HopOn, a travel booking company, in 2015 and Room77, a hotel metasearch website, in 2016. The company launched an iOS application in April 2016 where users chatted with human travel agents. That same month, it completed a $20 million Series A funding round led by General Catalyst and Accel. The company had more than $44 million in total funding after a December 2016 Series B round led by Charles River Ventures. GV and Tenaya Capital each invested $5 million in the round, while previous investors General Catalyst and Accel also participated. In July 2017, Lola had its second major release on iOS and the Android operating system. This iteration of the application focused on business travel by adding self-service hotel and flight booking and personalized travel recommendations. In July 2018, English announced he would assume the role of chief technology officer at Lola, with Mike Volpe, the chief marketing officer at Cybereason, becoming the company's chief executive officer. Lola announced a five-year exclusive partnership with American Express Global Business Travel in November 2018 to sell its travel management software. In March 2019, the company announced a $37 million Series C round led by General Catalyst and Accel. The round also included participation from all previous investors – Charles River Ventures, GV, and Tenaya Capital. In February 2021, due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tourism, the company pivoted to developing software for the financial technology industry. Lola ceased operations in September 2021 according to a notice on its website citing "new things to come" for the company. In October 2021, it was announced that Capital One was acquiring Lola. References External links Official website From CMO To CEO: Lola.com's Mike Volpe As a service Software distribution Software industry Companies based in Boston
Jeron Khalsa is a town and a gram panchayat in Niwari district in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. Demographics India census, Jeron Khalsa had a population of 13,000. Total number of households is 1,768. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Jeron Khalsa has an average literacy rate of 42%, lower than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 54%, and female literacy is 29%. In Jeron Khalsa, 18% of the population is under 6 years of age. Jeron khalsa has high brahmin population. It has a famous pond known as Sanera Tal .It is approximately 17 km from Prithvipur and 42 km from Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh. References Cities and towns in Tikamgarh district
11 May is the official holiday of the city of Miskolc, Hungary. The city's council proclaimed this day as a holiday in 1992 and it was first celebrated in 1993. It is the anniversary of the granting of the coat of arms of Miskolc in 1909 by King Franz Joseph. By tradition several awards are awarded on this day in the National Theatre of Miskolc. Many of these awards are named after famous citizens. The awards Sources Culture in Miskolc
Geno Crandall is an American basketball player who agreed to a deal with Hapoel Be'er Sheva in the Israeli Basketball Premier League ahead of the 2023-24 season. Earlier he last played for the BG Göttingen of the Basketball Bundesliga. Crandall spent four seasons playing basketball at the University of North Dakota before transferring to Gonzaga University as a redshirt senior. As a professional, Crandall was named MVP of the British Basketball League twice, back-to-back in 2021 and 2022. Early life Crandall played high school basketball at DeLaSalle in his hometown of Minneapolis, Minnesota. While there he was part of three straight state championship winning teams. He was named Tri-Metro All-Conference in his junior and senior years. Despite the championships and individual honors, Crandall was lightly recruited coming out of high school. He was unranked as a prospect in the class of 2014. In the fall of his senior season he committed to play his college basketball at North Dakota. College career In his first collegiate season, Crandall sat out as a redshirt. When Crandall made it onto the court as a redshirt freshman in the 2015–16 season he made an immediate impact. Crandall played in 31 of the team's 33 games that season and made 27 starts. He averaged 10.8 points per game, good for second on the team. As a redshirt sophomore, Crandall was North Dakota's second leading scorer, averaging 15.5 points per game. He was named to the all-Big Sky second team at the end of the season. That season, North Dakota won the Big Sky regular season and conference tournament, and earned its first trip to the NCAA tournament in program history. Crandall put up the biggest numbers of his collegiate career as a redshirt junior in the 2017–18 season by averaging a team high 16.6 points per game. He was once again named to the all-Big Sky second team. Notably, Crandall scored a game-high 28 points on the road against No. 12 ranked Gonzaga. Crandall led the Fighting Hawks to a near-upset of the defending national runner's up but ultimately fell short in overtime. Crandall would transfer to Gonzaga the following season. When he left North Dakota, Crandall's 1,355 points scored ranked 14th in program history, his 381 assists ranked seventh and his 190 steals ranked fourth. After completing his junior season, Crandall graduated from North Dakota with one year of eligibility remaining. Because he was a graduate, he was eligible to play the following season without having to sit out as a transfer redshirt. In July it was announced that Crandall would be transferring to Gonzaga, where he was expected to provide depth in an otherwise thin back court. The Bulldogs had Josh Perkins as a redshirt senior point guard, and future NBA players Joel Ayayi, Corey Kispert and Zach Norvell in the backcourt as well, but all three were underclassmen, and Perkins was the only primary ball-handler on the roster. At Gonzaga, Crandall's primary role was as back-up point guard. He was known for his energy, basketball IQ and defensive effort which helped him quickly mesh with his new teammates. Days after helping Gonzaga win the 2018 Maui Invitational, Crandall suffered a broken hand and was expected to miss up to six weeks. Crandall missed nine straight games due to his hand injury, but returned for the West Coast Conference opener against Santa Clara on January 5, 2019. He averaged 5 points and 18.4 minutes per game during his season at Gonzaga and helped the Bulldogs earn a No. 1 ranking in the AP Top-25, 1 seed in the NCAA Tournament and advanced to the Elite Eight. Professional career Undrafted in the 2019 NBA draft, Crandall signed with Tuři Svitavy of the Czech NBL. Crandall averaged 14 points and 2.1 steals as he helped Tuři Svitavy to third place in the league standings at the time the season was cancelled due to the coronavirus pandemic. After his first professional season, Crandall left the Czech Republic for England where he signed with the Leicester Riders of the British Basketball League. His first season in England was a massive success both for him individually and for his team as a whole. Crandall was second in the BBL in assists, fourth in steals and ninth in scoring on the season. The Riders earned the BBL regular season title and Crandall was named the league's Most Valuable Player. In May 2021, Crandall re-signed with Leicester for the upcoming season. Crandall averaged 13.1 points and 6.8 assists on 50% from the field as the Riders won a BBL treble of the Cup, regular league and playoff final. He was their star player, and won MVP again as well as Finals MVP. On July 29, 2022, Crandall signed a contract with BG Göttingen for the 2022-23 Basketball Bundesliga season. Crandall agreed to a deal with Hapoel Be'er Sheva in the Israeli Basketball Premier League ahead of the 2023-24 season. Career statistics References Living people 1996 births American expatriate basketball people in Germany American expatriate basketball people in the Czech Republic American expatriate basketball people in the United Kingdom American expatriate sportspeople in England American men's basketball players Basketball players from Minneapolis BG Göttingen players Gonzaga Bulldogs men's basketball players Leicester Riders players North Dakota Fighting Hawks men's basketball players
A video scaler is a system which converts video signals from one display resolution to another; typically, scalers are used to convert a signal from a lower resolution (such as 480p standard definition) to a higher resolution (such as 1080i high definition), a process known as "upconversion" or "upscaling" (by contrast, converting from high to low resolution is known as "downconversion" or "downscaling"). Video scalers are typically found inside consumer electronics devices such as televisions, video game consoles, and DVD or Blu-ray players, but can also be found in other AV equipment (such as video editing and television broadcasting equipment). Video scalers can also be a completely separate devices, often providing simple video switching capabilities. These units are commonly found as part of home theatre or projected presentation systems. They are often combined with other video processing devices or algorithms to create a video processor that improves the apparent definition of video signals. Video scalers are primarily a digital device; however, they can be combined with an analog-to-digital converter (ADC, or digitizer) and a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) to support analog inputs and outputs. Process The native resolution of a display is how many physical pixels make up each row and column of the visible area on the display's output surface. There are many different video signals in use which are not the same resolution (neither are all of the displays), thus some form of resolution adaptation is required to properly frame a video signal to a display device. For example, within the United States, there are NTSC, ATSC, and VESA video standards each with several different resolution video formats. Multiple common resolutions are also used for high-definition television; 720p, 1080i, and 1080p. While scaling a video signal does allow it to match the size of a particular display, the process can result in an increased number of visual artifacts in the signal, such as ringing and posterization. Scaling by television channels Television channels which air a mixture of 16:9 (or high-definition) programming and 4:3 (or standard definition) programming may employ scaling and/or cropping in order to make the programming fill the entire screen, as opposed to pillarboxing the feed instead, in order to maintain consistency in format. Likewise, broadcasters downscale programming produced in 16:9 for broadcast on their 4:3 feeds through letterboxing—either as a full 16:9 letterbox, or a partial 14:9 letterbox—a technique used primarily by European broadcasters during the transition to digital terrestrial television. The Active Format Description standard is a system of variables defining various scaling, letterboxing, and pillarboxing states; broadcasting equipment and televisions can be configured to automatically switch to the appropriate state based on the AFD flag encoded in the content and the aspect ratio of the display. When the U.S. cable network TNT introduced an HD feed in 2004, it controversially employed a stretching system known as FlexView (which was also offered to other broadcasters). FlexView used a nonlinear method to stretch more near the edges of the screen than in the center of it. The practice was imposed by the senior vice president of broadcast engineering at TNT, Clyde D. Smith, who argued that pillarboxing led to inconsistency between programs for viewers, could cause burn-in on plasma televisions, some older HDTVs could not stretch 4:3 content automatically, and the quality of stretching on some displays was poor. Despite TNT's intentions, the system was frequently criticized by viewers of high definition channels, with some nicknaming the effect "Stretch-O-Vision". In 2014, FXX faced similar criticism for its use of cropping and scaling on reruns of The Simpsons (which only started producing episodes in HD beginning in its 20th season), as its cropping method caused various visual gags to be lost. In February 2015, FXX announced that in response to these complaints, it would present these episodes in their original 4:3 aspect ratio on its video-on-demand service. Since about 2008, some networks and cable companies have run high-definition versions of old programing that was originally shot on film shown in the 4:3 format. This format always cropped the sides of the image. For example, syndicated broadcast stations and the cable network TBS air Seinfeld in HD. The series producer, Sony Pictures went to the 35mm film source, making new HD masters and cropping the top and bottom parts of the frame, while restoring the sides. See also Deinterlacing Image scaling References Film and video technology High-definition television Television terminology
```makefile ################################################################################ # # mender # ################################################################################ MENDER_VERSION = 3.4.0 MENDER_SITE = $(call github,mendersoftware,mender,$(MENDER_VERSION)) MENDER_LICENSE = Apache-2.0, BSD-2-Clause, BSD-3-Clause, ISC, MIT, OLDAP-2.8 # Vendor license paths generated with: # awk '{print $2}' LIC_FILES_CHKSUM.sha256 \| grep vendor MENDER_LICENSE_FILES = \ LICENSE \ LIC_FILES_CHKSUM.sha256 \ vendor/github.com/mendersoftware/mender-artifact/LICENSE \ vendor/github.com/mendersoftware/openssl/LICENSE \ vendor/github.com/minio/sha256-simd/LICENSE \ vendor/github.com/mendersoftware/progressbar/LICENSE \ vendor/github.com/pkg/errors/LICENSE \ vendor/github.com/godbus/dbus/LICENSE \ vendor/github.com/gorilla/websocket/LICENSE \ vendor/github.com/klauspost/compress/LICENSE \ vendor/github.com/pmezard/go-difflib/LICENSE \ vendor/golang.org/x/sys/LICENSE \ vendor/github.com/bmatsuo/lmdb-go/LICENSE.md \ vendor/github.com/remyoudompheng/go-liblzma/LICENSE \ vendor/golang.org/x/term/LICENSE \ vendor/github.com/davecgh/go-spew/LICENSE \ vendor/github.com/klauspost/pgzip/LICENSE \ vendor/github.com/klauspost/cpuid/v2/LICENSE \ vendor/github.com/sirupsen/logrus/LICENSE \ vendor/github.com/stretchr/testify/LICENSE \ vendor/github.com/ungerik/go-sysfs/LICENSE \ vendor/github.com/urfave/cli/v2/LICENSE \ vendor/github.com/stretchr/objx/LICENSE \ vendor/gopkg.in/yaml.v3/LICENSE \ vendor/github.com/mattn/go-isatty/LICENSE \ vendor/github.com/bmatsuo/lmdb-go/LICENSE.mdb.md MENDER_DEPENDENCIES = host-pkgconf openssl MENDER_LDFLAGS = -X github.com/mendersoftware/mender/conf.Version=$(MENDER_VERSION) MENDER_UPDATE_MODULES_FILES = \ directory \ script \ single-file \ $(if $(BR2_PACKAGE_DOCKER_CLI),docker) \ $(if $(BR2_PACKAGE_RPM),rpm) define MENDER_INSTALL_CONFIG_FILES $(INSTALL) -d -m 755 $(TARGET_DIR)/etc/mender/scripts echo -n "3" > $(TARGET_DIR)/etc/mender/scripts/version $(INSTALL) -D -m 0644 $(MENDER_PKGDIR)/mender.conf \ $(TARGET_DIR)/etc/mender/mender.conf $(INSTALL) -D -m 0644 $(MENDER_PKGDIR)/server.crt \ $(TARGET_DIR)/etc/mender/server.crt $(INSTALL) -D -m 0755 $(@D)/support/mender-device-identity \ $(TARGET_DIR)/usr/share/mender/identity/mender-device-identity $(foreach f,bootloader-integration hostinfo network os rootfs-type, \ $(INSTALL) -D -m 0755 $(@D)/support/mender-inventory-$(f) \ $(TARGET_DIR)/usr/share/mender/inventory/mender-inventory-$(f) ) $(INSTALL) -D -m 0755 $(MENDER_PKGDIR)/artifact_info \ $(TARGET_DIR)/etc/mender/artifact_info $(INSTALL) -D -m 0755 $(MENDER_PKGDIR)/device_type \ $(TARGET_DIR)/etc/mender/device_type mkdir -p $(TARGET_DIR)/var/lib ln -snf /var/run/mender $(TARGET_DIR)/var/lib/mender $(foreach f,$(MENDER_UPDATE_MODULES_FILES), \ $(INSTALL) -D -m 0755 $(@D)/support/modules/$(notdir $(f)) \ $(TARGET_DIR)/usr/share/mender/modules/v3/$(notdir $(f)) ) endef MENDER_POST_INSTALL_TARGET_HOOKS += MENDER_INSTALL_CONFIG_FILES ifeq ($(BR2_PACKAGE_XZ),y) MENDER_DEPENDENCIES += xz else MENDER_TAGS += nolzma endif ifeq ($(BR2_PACKAGE_DBUS)$(BR2_PACKAGE_LIBGLIB2),yy) MENDER_DEPENDENCIES += libglib2 define MENDER_INSTALL_DBUS_AUTHENTICATION_MANAGER_CONF $(INSTALL) -D -m 0755 $(@D)/support/dbus/io.mender.AuthenticationManager.conf \ $(TARGET_DIR)/etc/dbus-1/system.d/io.mender.AuthenticationManager.conf $(INSTALL) -D -m 0755 $(@D)/support/dbus/io.mender.UpdateManager.conf \ $(TARGET_DIR)/etc/dbus-1/system.d/io.mender.UpdateManager.conf endef MENDER_POST_INSTALL_TARGET_HOOKS += MENDER_INSTALL_DBUS_AUTHENTICATION_MANAGER_CONF else MENDER_TAGS += nodbus endif define MENDER_INSTALL_INIT_SYSTEMD $(INSTALL) -D -m 0644 $(MENDER_PKGDIR)/mender-client.service \ $(TARGET_DIR)/usr/lib/systemd/system/mender-client.service endef define MENDER_INSTALL_INIT_SYSV $(INSTALL) -D -m 755 $(MENDER_PKGDIR)/S42mender \ $(TARGET_DIR)/etc/init.d/S42mender endef $(eval $(golang-package)) ```
The University of Findlay's Mazza Museum, formerly the Mazza Museum of International Art from Picture Books, is an art museum located at The University of Findlay in Findlay, Ohio. It is devoted to illustrations from children's picture books. History The museum dates from the 100th anniversary of Findlay College in 1982. Each academic division in the school was given $2,000 to create a special event for the year. Dr. Jerry Mallett in the Teacher Education division proposed starting a collection of children's book artwork and periodically bringing an important creator of children's books to speak. "I thought it would be nice to have something, not just for that year, but something permanent that would benefit the institution, the community and our majors on a permanent basis." Expenses quickly surpassed the $2,000 grant but a donation by Findlay alumni August and Aleda Mazza allowed the museum to be established. In 2017, the museum held an exhibition at the National Academy of Sciences in Washington DC featuring artwork from their collection that featured science and math. A "mini" Mazza Museum opened in 2019 at the Toledo Zoo, located on the second floor of the ProMedica Museum of Natural History, and features nature, animal and zoo-themed art from picture books. A PBS documentary premiered in November 2022, showcasing the 40-year history of the museum. "The Magic of Mazza" was created by WBGU-PBS. Collection The Mazza Museum has grown from four pieces valued at $1,700 to more than 18,000 original illustrations. It has hosted over 300 book artists, authors and experts. The museum's collection includes original works by Steven Kellogg, Patricia Polacco, Ted Rand, Jan Brett, Eric Carle, Theodor Geisel (Dr. Seuss), Tomie dePaola, Tomi Ungerer, Willi Glasauer, Hans Wilhelm, and many others. Artists' honors include the Caldecott Medal, the Newbery Medal, the Golden Kite Award, and the Kate Greenaway Medal. Affiliation The University of Findlay offers a Bachelor of Arts degree with an academic major in Children's Book Illustration. Students awarded this degree complete an internship at the Mazza Museum. References External links Mazza Summer Conference Art museums and galleries in Ohio University museums in Ohio Museums in Hancock County, Ohio + Children's literature organizations Literary museums in the United States Art museums established in 1982 1982 establishments in Ohio University of Findlay
Daryl Martin Godbold (born 5 September 1964) is an English former professional footballer who played as a full-back for Norwich City and Colchester United. Career Godbold came through the Norwich City academy before being called up to the first team in September 1982. He only made two appearances for Norwich City, both as a substitute. His debut came at home to Tottenham Hotspur in December 1983 and his other appearance was at Nottingham Forest the following January. He was transferred to Colchester United in August 1984, where he made seven appearances and scored one goal. He then finished his football career in the lower leagues of Norfolk, which included three separate spells at Wroxham between 1986 and 1992. References Sources Canary Citizens by Mark Davage, John Eastwood, Kevin Platt, published by Jarrold Publishing, (2001), 1964 births Living people Footballers from Ipswich English men's footballers Men's association football fullbacks Norwich City F.C. players Colchester United F.C. players Wroxham F.C. players
Flight 56 may refer to: Bristow Helicopters Flight 56C, crashed on 19 January 1995 Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 56, crashed on 5 December 1995 0056
The 2023 Rugby World Cup regional play-off and Final Qualification Tournament were the final two stages of the qualifying process for the 2023 Rugby World Cup. A cross-regional play-off match determined the Asia/Pacific play-off winner berth, after which a global repechage tournament between four teams (Africa 2, Americas 3, Europe 3 and the loser of the Asia/Pacific play-off) decided the twentieth and final team qualifying for the 2023 Rugby World Cup. Tonga and Portugal secured the last two berths by winning respectively the Asia/Pacific play-off and Final Qualification Tournament. Format Asia/Pacific play-off This match will be a single leg qualification match between Asia 1 (the winner of the Asian qualification process) and Oceania 2 (the winner of Round 3 in the Oceania qualification process). The winner of this play-off qualifies for the World Cup as Asia/Pacific Play-off winner and join Pool B, whilst the loser advances to the Final Qualification Tournament. Final Qualification Tournament The Final Qualification Tournament will be contested as a four-team round-robin tournament and hosted at a neutral venue in Dubai, replicating the process first introduced for the 2019 Rugby World Cup. The participating teams include the runner-up of the African qualification round 3 (Africa 2), the losing side of the Americas 2 qualifier (Americas 3), the third-ranked side of the Europe qualification (Europe 3), and the loser of the Asia/Oceania play-off (Asia 1 or Oceania 2). The winner will qualify for the 2023 Rugby World Cup and will join Pool C. Teams Five teams progressed to the regional play-off and Final Qualification Tournament stages for the final two non-regional seeds in the World Cup. World rankings are as per date progressing to the play-off phase. Asia/Pacific play-off Notes: This was the first meeting between the two sides. Final Qualification Tournament Fixtures Round 1 Notes: Cory Daniel, Viliami Helu, Jack Iscaro, Ryan Rees, Nathan Sylvia and Mitch Wilson (all United States) made their international debuts. This was the first meeting between these two nations. Notes: Sean Taylor (Hong Kong) made his international debut. This was Portugal's first victory over Hong Kong. No replacement was issued for João Granate. Round 2 Notes: Nickolas Cumming (Hong Kong) made his international debut. Round 3 Notes: José Lima (Portugal) earned his 50th test cap. This was the first draw between these two sides. With this result, Portugal qualify for the World Cup for the first time since 2007. With this result, USA miss the World Cup for the first time since 1995. References 2023 Rugby World Cup qualification Rugby World Cup repechage qualifiers 2022 rugby union tournaments for national teams Rugby World Cup Rugby World Cup
Ray Dell Sims (born 1935) is an American serial killer who is responsible for the murders of at least five girls in Fresno, California from 1974 to 1977. Originally convicted of a single murder, he was linked to the later killings via DNA in 2001, and has since been convicted of one more and is currently serving two life terms. Early life Little is known of Sims' background. Born in Oklahoma in 1935, in a family with multiple brothers and sisters, his first known conviction dates back to July 1965, when he raped a 70-year-old landlady in East Oakland during a burglary. After serving time in prison, Sims moved to Fresno in the early 1970s, where he married, had a daughter and found work as a fry cook. At a later date, Sims' wife, Caroline Turner, would claim that her husband had a heightened sex drive and would often coerce her into having sex, during which he physically abused and even strangled her. Murder of Janet Herstein On May 18, 1977, the body of 17-year-old Janet Herstein was found near a canal in Mendota by an employee of the USBR. Lacerations on her body indicated that she had been raped and then strangled with a cord. Herstein, a student at Theodore Roosevelt High School, also worked as a newsie for The Fresno Guide, and had been reported missing by her mother two days prior. While investigating her newspaper delivery route, police officers learned that all but one house had received their copies of the newspaper in the afternoon, and while all homeowners were questioned, none provided any useful information of the whereabouts of either Herstein or her bicycle. While examining possible suspects, detectives first identified one homeowner, David McGown, as the last person to have seen her alive. Based on this finding, they arrested McGown, who claimed that he had nothing to do with the crime. It turned out David McGown was not the man's real name, but was actually just the alias of Ray Dell Sims. He was subsequently tried, convicted, and sentenced to life imprisonment without parole, after which he was sent to serve his sentence at San Quentin State Prison. Implication in other crimes In 1996, a blood sample was taken from Sims as part of police protocol to investigate inmates in cold cases. The following year, DNA was found on the body of a woman which, according to investigators, matched the genotypic profile of the perpetrator with that of Sims. In November 2001, DNA testing was performed on a male hair found under a ring on the hand of another victim. The results again implicated Sims, who was subsequently charged with the murders. The first of these killings was that of 17-year-old Kathy Stark, who was raped and murdered on August 22, 1974, followed by 15-year-old Elizabeth Ann Ortega on November 9. Seminal fluid found in the latter's underwear linked her to Sims, an acquaintance of Ortega as she was his wife's friend and had even visited their house on several occasions. The next killing occurred on November 14, 1975, when 18-year-old Robin McCullar was raped and murdered and the final known attack happening on June 9, 1976, when the body of 15-year-old Eva Hernandez Lucio, last seen walking home from school, was found in a local vineyard. All of the victims had lived in the same neighborhood as Sims, and each had been strangled. In December 2001, Sims was transported from San Quentin State Prison to Fresno County Jail, where he was charged with the four murders and two rapes a few days later. He pleaded not guilty on all charges. Trial and imprisonment In September 2008, Sims was found guilty in the Ortega murder, for which he was given a second life term the following month. Upon hearing the verdict, he expressed no visible emotion. It was ruled that the death penalty could not be sought, as all of the killings had been committed during the nationwide moratorium on capital punishment following Furman v. Georgia. Because Sims had already been sentenced to life imprisonment and his possibility of parole was considered extremely low, the Fresno County District Attorney's Office ultimately dismissed the charges for the remaining murders, even though DNA proved that he was guilty beyond any doubt. After the trial, Sims was returned to San Quentin State Prison, where he continues to serve his sentence. Sims is also suspected in the murders of many other young women and girls. After his 2001 re-arrest, investigators tracked areas he lived in before he moved to Fresno to possibly connect him to other unsolved murders. As of 2022, no other crimes have been linked to Sims. See also List of serial killers in the United States External links Inmate Locator People v. Sims (2009) References 1935 births 20th-century American criminals American murderers of children American people convicted of burglary American people convicted of murder American people convicted of rape American prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment American serial killers American male criminals Criminals from Oklahoma Living people People convicted of murder by California Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by California Serial killers from California Violence against children Violence against women in the United States

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