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Watnall is an area in the Borough of Broxtowe in Nottinghamshire, England. It is part of Greasley civil parish, and is located one mile north of Kimberley. It is in the Nuthall West and Greasley (Watnall) ward of Broxtowe Council. The village is barely separated from Nuthall. Watnall Hall was built c. 1690 and demolished in 1962. Today, only the gate piers, fragments of the stone boundary wall and lodge remain on Main Road. Its owners included Launcelot Rolleston in the 18th century.
Even though only a village, Watnall is home to many businesses and organisations, such as British Bakeries and the Nottingham meteorological centre. There are three World War II bunkers in Watnall that served as Royal Air Force Fighter Command for the Midlands.#
See also
Listed buildings in Greasley
References
Further reading
Villages in Nottinghamshire
Places in the Borough of Broxtowe |
Frederick Pitt Alderman (June 24, 1905 – September 15, 1998) was an American sprint runner who won a gold medal in 4 × 400 m relay at the 1928 Summer Olympics. He also won the NCAA Championships in and and IC4A Championships in in 1927.
At the 1928 Olympic trials Alderman set his personal best in the 400 m at 48.0 seconds, but did much worse at the Games, at estimated 49.4 s. He was a member of Sigma Alpha Epsilon while at Michigan State College. In 1992, he was inducted into the initial class of the MSU Athletics Hall of Fame.
References
American male sprinters
1905 births
1998 deaths
Athletes (track and field) at the 1928 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in track and field
Medalists at the 1928 Summer Olympics
Michigan State Spartans men's track and field athletes
People from East Lansing, Michigan |
CIAX-FM is a French language community radio station that operates at 98.3 FM in Windsor, Quebec, Canada.
Owned by Carrefour jeunesse emploi-Comté Johnson, the station received CRTC approval in 2000.
References
External links
CIAX-FM
Iax
Iax
Iax
Windsor, Quebec
Radio stations established in 2001
2001 establishments in Quebec |
Mount Lodge, also named Boundary Peak 166, is a mountain in Alaska and British Columbia, located on the Canada–United States border, and part of the Fairweather Range of the Saint Elias Mountains. It was named in 1908 for Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, (1850-1924), U.S. Boundary Commissioner in 1903.
See also
List of Boundary Peaks of the Alaska-British Columbia/Yukon border
References
Mountains of Alaska
Three-thousanders of British Columbia
Saint Elias Mountains
Canada–United States border
International mountains of North America
Mountains of Yakutat City and Borough, Alaska |
Sunil Uniyal 'Gama' is an Indian politician from Uttarakhand representing the Bharatiya Janata Party. In 2018 Dehradun Municipal Corporation election, he was elected as the mayor of Dehradun and defeated veteran Congress leader Dinesh Agrawal with a margin of 35,632 votes.
Elections contested
Dehradun Municipal Corporation
References
People from Dehradun district
Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttarakhand
Mayors of Dehradun
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) |
Lucas Daniel Cavallini (born December 28, 1992) is a Canadian professional soccer player who plays as a forward for Liga MX club Tijuana and the Canada national team.
Early life
Cavallini was born in Canada to an Argentinian father and a Canadian mother. He played youth soccer in Canada with Club Uruguay, Weston Wolves SC, NY Hearts, and Clarkson Sheridan SC. He left Canada at age 16 and went to South America to develop his soccer talents.
He began playing for Nacional's youth development squads in 2010 in Montevideo, Uruguay.
Club career
Nacional
In June 2011, he participated in the 2011 U-20 Copa Libertadores. In the first game, Nacional beat Libertad 1–0 with a goal by Romero. In the second match, they beat Jorge Wilstermann 3–1 with goals from Bueno, Marchelli and again Romero. In the third and final game, Nacional drew 0–0 with Universitario, and qualified for the quarterfinals. On June 20, they were defeated by Mexican side América 1–0, which led to their elimination.
His development in the youth squad lead him to sign a senior contract with the club in early 2012.
Loan to Juventud
In mid-July 2012, he was loaned to Juventud de Las Piedras to make his professional debut and have more chances in the first team. In his second match with the club, he scored his first official goal in the 1–0 home victory against Central Español. On October 7, he was the man of the match against Bella Vista, assisting and scoring a goal in his team's 2–0 victory. His third goal came six days later, in a 1–1 away draw against Fénix.
CA Fénix
After a slow start during his first season on loan with C.A. Fénix, Cavallini emerged as the club's most prolific goal scorer in the Apertura of the 2014–15 Uruguayan Primera División season. He joined them permanently before the start of the 2015 Apertura.
Peñarol
Cavallini joined Peñarol on January 10, 2017. He scored his first goal against Montevideo Wanderers on February 26. He was loaned to Liga MX side Puebla on August 31, 2017.
Puebla
Cavallini was loaned to Liga MX side Puebla on August 31, 2017, becoming the first Canadian to play in Mexico's top tier since Isidro Sánchez Macip in 2010. He debuted for the club against Cruz Azul on September 9, coming on in the 64th minute for Félix Micolta in a 0–0 draw. He scored his first goal for Puebla against Necaxa on September 16. After scoring 13 goals in 25 matches for Puebla in the 2017–18 season, the club would sign him to a four-year contract in June 2018.
Vancouver Whitecaps FC
In December 2019, Puebla and Major League Soccer side Vancouver Whitecaps FC agreed to a transfer, with Cavallini signing a three-year deal with the club ahead of the 2020 MLS season. He made his debut in Vancouver's season-opening 3–1 loss to Sporting Kansas City on March 1, 2020. Cavallini scored his first regular-season goal for Vancouver on September 6, netting the opener in a 3–2 victory over Toronto FC In August 2022, he joined Whitecaps FC 2 on loan for a match in MLS Next Pro.
Tijuana
In February 2023, Cavallini returned to Mexico and signed with Tijuana. On February 10 he made his debut for Xolos against Atlético San Luis, coming on as a substitute in an eventual 1-0 victory. Cavallini scored his first goal for Xolos on March 3 against Atlas.
International career
Cavallini launched his international career for Canada at 18 years old, debuting for the U-20 team in 2011 during the CONCACAF U-20 Championship in Guatemala. Cavallini earned three call-ups to Canada's U-23 National team.
Cavallini's performance, along with the fact that he "plays in a different type of league (down in Uruguay)", according to head coach Stephen Hart, earned him his first call up to the senior roster to face Trinidad & Tobago in a friendly match on August 13, 2012. Cavallini debuted for Canada as a second-half substitute for Terry Dunfield against Trinidad, a 2–0 victory.
Cavallini made his World Cup qualifying debut in Canada's 8–1 loss to Honduras. Following that match, he declined a call-up from interim coach Colin Miller for the 2013 Gold Cup, citing personal reasons. Then coach Benito Floro gave an interview in October 2014 where he elaborated on Cavallini, saying that he had reached out to the player and had not heard back from him. Floro however pointed out that there is a place in the team for him in the future. In May 2015, Cavallini stated in an interview with Tenfield that he regretted becoming cap-tied to Canada.
Despite his comments, Cavallini was called up to face Ghana in an October 2015 friendly. In an interview regarding his return to the national team, Cavallini stated that he never said he wouldn't play for Les Rouges again, and that his comments were wrongly translated. He mentioned that his lack of appearances were related to personal matters and timing including the birth of his daughter.
Cavallini was named to the Canadian 40-man provisional team for the 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup by Canada coach Octavio Zambrano on June 6, 2017. He was confirmed as part of the final 23-man squad on June 27.
Cavallini scored his first goals for Canada on September 9, 2018, netting a brace in an 8–0 victory over the U.S. Virgin Islands in a CONCACAF Nations League qualifier. On May 30, 2019, Cavallini was named to the final squad for the 2019 CONCACAF Gold Cup. He scored a hat-trick in a 7–0 win over Cuba during the group stage on June 23, and had a chance to score his fourth goal from a penalty spot, but his panenka went over the crossbar. On March 29, 2021, Cavallini scored his second hat-trick with Canada, as a substitute, in an 11–0 win over Cayman Islands in the team's second 2022 World Cup qualifying match.
In July 2021 Cavallini was named to the Canadian squad for the 2021 CONCACAF Gold Cup. In November 2022, Cavallini was called-up to Canada's 26-man squad for the 2022 FIFA World Cup. He made one appearance for Canada in Qatar, in Canada's second match on November 27 against Croatia.
In June 2023, Cavallini was named to the final 23-man squad for Canada ahead of the 2023 CONCACAF Nations League Finals. On June 19, he was named to the squad for the 2023 CONCACAF Gold Cup.
Honours
Vancouver Whitecaps FC
Canadian Championship: 2022
Career statistics
Club
Notes
International
Scores and results list Canada's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Cavallini goal.
Notes
References
External links
1992 births
Living people
Soccer players from Toronto
Men's association football forwards
Canadian people of Argentine descent
Canadian sportspeople of Italian descent
Canadian men's soccer players
Canada men's youth international soccer players
Canada men's under-23 international soccer players
Canada men's international soccer players
Canadian expatriate men's soccer players
Uruguayan Primera División players
Liga MX players
Club Nacional de Football players
Juventud de Las Piedras players
Club Atlético Fénix players
Peñarol players
Club Puebla players
Vancouver Whitecaps FC players
Whitecaps FC 2 players
Expatriate men's footballers in Uruguay
Expatriate men's footballers in Mexico
Canadian expatriate sportspeople in Uruguay
Canadian expatriate sportspeople in Mexico
2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
2019 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
2021 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
2022 FIFA World Cup players
2023 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
Designated Players (MLS)
Major League Soccer players
MLS Next Pro players |
Leesburg High School may refer to:
Leesburg High School (Leesburg, Florida)
Leesburg High School (Leesburg, Georgia) |
California's 35th congressional district is a U.S. congressional district in California. The district is currently represented by .
The district is based in the Inland Empire, including the communities of Chino, Eastvale, Fontana, Montclair, Ontario, Pomona, Rancho Cucamonga, and Upland.
Recent results in statewide elections
Composition
As of the 2020 redistricting, California's 35th congressional district is located in Southern California, within the Inland Empire. The district covers east Los Angeles County, southwest San Bernardino County, and a small part of west Riverside County.
Los Angeles County is split between this district, the 28th district, the 31st district, and the 38th district. They are partitioned by Highway 60, Phillips Ranch Rd, E Village Loop Rd, Quail Creek Ln, Falcon Ridge Dr, Hidden Valley Rd, Oak Cliff Dr, Willowbrook Ln, Westbrook Ln, La Sierra Dr, Avenida Rancheros, Rancheros Navato Dr, Serra Dr, Alta Mira Pl, Rancho Laguna Dr, W Mission Blvd, W Temple Ave, Pomona Blvd, Valley Blvd, San Bernardino Freeway, Walnut City Parkland, San Bernardino Freeway, Fairplex Dr, Via Verde, Puddingstone Reservoir, McKinley Ave, N Whittle Ave, Arrow Highway, Fulton Rd, Foothill Blvd, Towne Ave, Harrison Ave, Carnegie Ave, W Arrow Highway, Mountain Ave, and E American Ave. The 35th district takes in the city of Pomona.
San Bernardino County is split between this district, the 28th district, the 33rd district, and the 40th district. The 35th, 28th and 33rd are partitioned by W 16th St, E 15th St, Grove Ave, Foothill Blvd, Vineyard Blvd, San Bernardino Rd, Orangewood Dr, Estacia St, Lion St, Highway 66, Helms Ave, Hampshire St, Archibald Ave, N Maple Ave, S Maple Ave, Randall Ave, Alder Ave, Union Pacific Railroad, Slover Ave, Tamarind Ave, Jurupa Ave, 11th St, and Locust Ave. The 35th and 40th are partitioned by Highway 71, Eucalyptus Ave, Peyton Dr, Highway 142, Tupelo Ave, Hazelwood Dr, Pipeline Ave, Los Serranos Blvd, Country Club Dr, Soquel Canyon Parkway, Elinvar Dr, Sapphire Rd, Onyx Rd, Copper Rd, Slate Dr, Butterfield Ranch Rd, Pine Ave, and Chino Valley Freeway. The 35th district takes in Chino, Montclair, Ontario, and the south sides of Rancho Cucamonga, Fontana, and Upland, as well as the Los Serranos neighborhood of Chino Hills.
Riverside County is split between this district and the 41st district. They are partitioned by Chino Creek, Santa Ana River, Chandler St, Archibald Ave, Schleisman Rd, Scholar Way, Citrus Way, Hamner Ave, Corona Freeway, and E Philadelphia St. The 35th district takes in the north side of the city of Eastvale.
Cities & CDP with 10,000 or more people
Fontana - 208,393
Ontario - 175,265
Pomona - 151,713
Chino - 91,403
Upland - 79,040
Eastvale - 69,757
Montclair - 40,083
List of members representing the district
Election results
1962
1964
1966
1968
1970 (Special)
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
2022
Historical district boundaries
From 2003 to 2013, the district was based in Los Angeles County. The district was composed of parts of the Westchester District of the City of Los Angeles and the cities of Inglewood, Hawthorne, Gardena and Florence-Graham, as well as some adjacent areas.
See also
List of United States congressional districts
References
External links
GovTrack.us: California's 35th congressional district
RAND California Election Returns: District Definitions
California Voter Foundation map - CD35
35
Government of Los Angeles County, California
Government of San Bernardino County, California
Chino, California
Colton, California
Fontana, California
Montclair, California
Ontario, California
Pomona, California
Upland, California
Rancho Cucamonga, California
Eastvale, California
Pomona Valley
Rialto, California
Inland Empire
Constituencies established in 1963
1963 establishments in California |
The 1998 Vuelta a Burgos was the 20th edition of the Vuelta a Burgos road cycling stage race, which was held from 10 August to 14 August 1998. The race started in Miranda de Ebro and finished in Burgos. The race was won by Abraham Olano of the team.
General classification
References
Vuelta a Burgos
1998 in road cycling
1998 in Spanish sport |
Zhongding International Construction Group Co., Ltd. (abbreviated as ZICG) is a Chinese construction and engineering company formed from the Zhongding International Construction Group Co., Ltd. The company is listed among the 250 largest international construction contractors in 2013, having recorded international contracting revenue of US$275.4 million.
One of the company's long time overseas operations is its subsidiary in Nepal, where it has been active since 1996.
Another important overseas market is Algeria. Since the early 1990s, an affiliated company, the Pingxiang Coal Group has worked in Algeria on dozens of medium and large projects. The construction by Zhongding of a sewage system in Oran in 2008 was used as an example in a Financial Times article titled "Algeria turns to Chinese knowhow". Also in Algeria it along with Jiangling Motors Group sought to build a special economic zone for 30-50 Chinese enterprises to establish manufacturing of automobiles, construction materials, and other products. However, a change in the Algerian foreign investment law required a local co-investor hold a majority stake in such kinds of investments, which stymied the project, putting it on hold.
In a contracting project in Botswana, it was brought on by the Chinese government to build the Gaborone Multi-Purpose Youth Center, a sports center for the youth, given as a gift by China to be used for the 2014 African youth games. Construction started in 2009 and was completed in time for a hand off ceremony in December 2012.
References
Construction and civil engineering companies of China
Companies based in Jiangxi |
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background: rgba(0,0,0,0);
border-radius: 4px;
line-height: 30px;
padding-left: 25px;
color: #333;
}
.lf-selected-color{
position: absolute;
width: 10px;
height: 10px;
left: 8px;
top: 10px;
border-radius: 5px;
border: none !important;
}
.lf-dropdown-icon{
content: url(/resources/images/icons/light_chevron-right.svg);
position: absolute;
height: 10px;
width: 10px;
right: 8px;
top: 10px;
transform: rotate(90deg);
}
.lf-dropdown-menu{
width: 160px;
height: 0px;
position: relative;
top: 0px;
border-radius: 0 0 4px 4px;
background: rgba(255,255,255,1);
overflow-y: auto;
box-shadow: 0 6px 12px rgb(0 0 0 / 18%);
animation: fadeOut_dropdown 0.2s ease;
}
.lf-dropdown-menu.show{
height: 300px;
animation: fadeIn_dropdown 0.2s ease;
}
@keyframes fadeIn_dropdown{
0% {opacity: 0;
height: 0px;}
100% {opacity: 1;
height: 300px; }
}
@keyframes fadeOut_dropdown{
0% {opacity: 1;
height: 300px;}
100% {opacity: 0;
height: 0px; }
}
.lf-dropdown-option{
position: relative;
width: 140px;
height: 30px;
color: #333;
line-height: 30px;
padding-left: 25px;
border-radius: 4px;
}
.lf-dropdown-option:hover{
color: #333;
background: #eee;
}
.lf-option-color{
position: absolute;
width: 10px;
height: 10px;
left: 8px;
top: 10px;
border-radius: 5px;
border: none !important;
}
.lFinder-replace--name {
position: absolute;
width: 100px;
height: 30px;
background: rgba(220,220,220,0);
opacity: 1;
color: #333;
line-height: 30px;
text-align: center;
left: 280px;
top: 5px;
border-radius: 4px;
border: 1px solid #eee;
}
.lFinder-replace--name:hover{
opacity: 1;
background: #eeef;
}
.lFinder-change--color {
position: absolute;
width: 100px;
height: 30px;
background: rgba(220,220,220,0);
opacity: 1;
color: #333;
line-height: 30px;
text-align: center;
left: 280px;
top: 40px;
border-radius: 4px;
border: 1px solid #eee;
}
.lFinder-change--color:hover {
opacity: 1;
background: #eeef;
}
.lFinder-replace--all {
position: absolute;
width: 110px;
height: 30px;
right: 10px;
top: 5px;
text-align: center;
line-height: 30px;
color: #333;
border: 1px solid #eee;
border-radius: 4px;
background: rgba(220,220,220,0);
opacity: 1;
}
.lFinder-replace--all:hover {
opacity: 1;
background: #eeef;
}
/* color-dropdown in forms panel */
.lb-color--dropdown{
position: relative;
width: 510px;
height: 40px;
top: 0px;
left: 5px;
text-align: right;
color: #333;
line-height: 30px;
background: rgba(255,255,255,1);
border: 1px solid #333;
border-radius: 4px;
}
.lb-dropdown-title{
position: relative;
width: 100%;
height: 38px;
background: rgba(0,0,0,0);
border-radius: 4px;
line-height: 38px;
padding-left: 30px;
color: #333;
left: 0px;
text-align: left;
}
.lb-selected-color{
position: absolute;
width: 10px;
height: 10px;
left: 10px;
top: 14px;
border-radius: 5px;
border: none !important;
}
.lb-dropdown-icon{
content: url(/resources/images/icons/light_chevron-right.svg);
position: absolute;
height: 10px;
width: 10px;
right: 10px;
top: 14px;
transform: rotate(90deg);
}
.lb-dropdown-menu{
width: 100%;
height: 0px; /* change to 0px */
position: relative;
top: 0px;
border-radius: 0 0 4px 4px;
background: #fff;
overflow-y: auto;
box-shadow: 0 6px 12px rgb(0 0 0 / 18%);
animation: fadeOut_dropdown 0.2s ease;
}
.lb-dropdown-menu.show{
height: 300px;
animation: fadeIn_dropdown 0.2s ease;
}
.lb-dropdown-option{
position: relative;
width: 100%;
height: 30px;
color: #333;
line-height: 30px;
padding-left: 30px;
border-radius: 4px;
text-align: left;
}
.lb-dropdown-option:hover{
color: #333;
background: #eee;
}
.lb-option-color{
position: absolute;
width: 10px;
height: 10px;
left: 10px;
top: 10px;
border-radius: 5px;
border: none !important;
}
/*END MOD_0*/
/* toolbox */
#iceToolbox .title-bar{
position: relative;
width: 100%;
height: 30px;
border-radius: 4px;
color: #333;
line-height: 26px;
padding-left: 10px;
}
.closeToolbox-button{
position: absolute;
width: 10px;
height: 10px;
right: 8px;
content: url(/resources/images/icons/light_cross.svg);
top: 8px;
text-align: center;
line-height: 30px;
opacity: 0.3;
}
.closeToolbox-button:hover{
opacity: 1;
}
#iceToolbox.opened .dropdown-menu{
margin-top: 25px;
}
/* Colors */
.color-indianred{
background: rgba(205,92,92,0.6) !important;
}
.color-red{
background: rgba(255,0,0,0.6) !important;
}
.color-deeppink{
background: rgba(255,20,147,0.6) !important;
}
.color-mediumvioletred{
background: rgba(199,21,133,0.6) !important;
}
.color-coral{
background: rgba(255,127,80,0.6) !important;
}
.color-orangered{
background: rgba(255,69,0,0.6) !important;
}
.color-darkorange{
background: rgba(255,140,0,0.6) !important;
}
.color-gold{
background: rgba(255,215,0,0.6) !important;
}
.color-yellow{
background: rgba(255,255,0,0.6) !important;
}
.color-fuchsia{
background: rgba(255,0,255,0.6) !important;
}
.color-slateblue{
background: rgba(106,90,205,0.6) !important;
}
.color-greenyellow{
background: rgba(173,255,47,0.6) !important;
}
.color-springgreen{
background: rgba(0,255,127,0.6) !important;
}
.color-darkgreen{
background: rgba(0,100,0,0.6) !important;
}
.color-olivedrab{
background: rgba(107,142,35,0.6)!important;
}
.color-lightseagreen{
background: rgba(32,178,170,0.6) !important;
}
.color-turquoise{
background: rgba(64,224,208,0.6) !important;
}
.color-steelblue{
background: rgba(70,130,180,0.6) !important;
}
.color-deepskyblue{
background: rgba(0,191,255,0.6) !important;
}
.color-royalblue{
background: rgba(65,105,225,0.6) !important;
}
.color-navy{
background: rgba(0,0,128,0.6) !important;
}
.color-lightgray{
background: rgba(180,180,180,0.6) !important;
}
.markdown-body pre>code {
color:#2ecc71;
}
.markdown-body pre{
background:#444;
border-color:#333;
border-radius:5px;
}
.icon--verify{
display:block;
width:100%;
height:100%;
min-height:100%;
background:url(../../images/icons/verify_light.svg) center center;
background-repeat: no-repeat;
background-size: contain;
}
.icon--build{
display:block;
width:100%;
height:100%;
min-height:100%;
background:url(../../images/icons/build_light.svg) center center;
background-repeat: no-repeat;
background-size: contain;
}
.icon--upload{
display:block;
width:100%;
height:100%;
min-height:100%;
background:url(../../images/icons/upload_light.svg) center center;
background-repeat: no-repeat;
background-size: contain;
}
``` |
Gurwitch Products is a Houston, Texas-based subsidiary of Shiseido that produces, manages, and markets cosmetics and skincare products. Gurwitch produces and markets products under two brands, Laura Mercier Cosmetics and RéVive Skincare.
Company history
Gurwitch Products was founded by Janet Gurwitch, the former executive vice president of Neiman Marcus, and Gary M. Kusin in 1995. With makeup artist Laura Mercier, Gurwitch and Kusin licensed Laura Mercier's name and created the Laura Mercier Cosmetics brand in 1996. Gurwitch's former employer, the Neiman Marcus Group, purchased a 51 percent stake in the company in 1999.
In August 2006, Gurwitch Products, which was valued more than $120 million at that time, was acquired by and became a wholly owned subsidiary of Alticor. Laura mErcier 6 when it was sold. In 2008, the company acquired the premium anti-aging skincare products line RéVive Skincare, along with its parent company, Bays Brown Laboratories. Janet Gurwitch resigned in 2008. Shiseido acquired Gurwitch Products in 2016.
The company maintains corporate offices in Manhattan, Houston and London, and its products are sold in more than 1,000 stores across 27 countries.
References
External links
Gurwitch Products
Cosmetics companies of the United States
Manufacturing companies based in Houston |
The Diocese of Nemosia (Latin: Dioecesis Nimociensis seu Limosiensis) or Diocese of Limasol was a Roman Catholic diocese in Cyprus, located in the city of Limassol. It was suppressed in the 16th century after the Ottoman conquest of Cyprus.
Ordinaries
Michael Padrolo, O.P. (17 Nov 1443 – ?)
...
Marco Cornaro (4 Apr 1514 – 22 Mar 1516 Resigned)
Paolo Borgasio (22 Mar 1516 – 1539 Resigned)
Andrea Zantani (Centanus) (14 Jul 1539 Appointed – )
Andrea Mocenigo (19 Jun 1562 – 1569 Died)
Serafino Fortibraccia, O.P. (24 Jan 1569 – 1571 Died in Siege of Famagusta)
Titular bishops
Stephapnus Lusignanus, O.P. (27 Apr 1588 – )
See also
Catholic Church in Cyprus
References
Catholic Church in Cyprus
Limassol
16th-century disestablishments
Former Roman Catholic dioceses |
Alberta Provincial Highway No. 550, commonly referred to as Highway 550, is an east–west highway in southern Alberta, Canada. It is a two-lane undivided highway in the County of Newell runs from the Trans-Canada Highway (Highway 1), southeast of the Town of Bassano, through the Village of Rosemary, to Highway 873 in Duchess. Township Road 212 functions as a western extension of Highway 550 and connects to Bassano.
History
Highway 550, along Highway 873 between Brooks and Duchess, was originally designated as part of Highway 2, which at the time was an east–west interprovincial highway that ran through Calgary and Medicine Hat (the present-day Highway 2 was designated as Highway 1). In 1941, Highway 2 was renumbered to Highway 1 to allow for contiguous numbering through Western Canada along the future Trans-Canada Highway, which was commissioned in 1949. In the mid-1950s, the Trans-Canada Highway was realigned between Brooks and Bassano, resulting in the Duchess-Bassano section being decommissioned and reverting to the County of Newell. When the Secondary Highway system was established in the mid 1970s, the route became Highway 550.
Major intersections
From west to east:
References
550
Former segments of the Trans-Canada Highway |
A list of British awards for gallantry in the War in Afghanistan from 2001 to 2021. Apart from appointments to purely military orders, only gallantry awards have been included and only those that allow post-nominal letters (this excludes appointments to the Order of the British Empire for distinguished service and fourth-level awards such as Mentions-in-Despatches and Queen's Commendations).
The list includes the rank and decorations the recipient held at the time, together with their regiment, corps or service, and the date of publication of the award in the London Gazette. The first honours list was published in October 2002, covering the period from October 2001 to March 2002, and subsequent lists have each covered six-month periods of operations, ending in March or September. The latest list was published in July 2015 and covered the period ending 31 December 2014.
Victoria Cross
The Victoria Cross (VC) is the highest award for gallantry in the presence of the enemy, and is also the highest honour in the British Honours System. A miniature of the award is worn on the undress uniform to indicate the unique nature of the award.
Corporal Bryan James Budd, The Parachute Regiment, December 2006 (killed in action)
During July and August, A Company of 3 Para were deployed into Sangin, where their position was constantly under attack. On 27 July, during a patrol, a member of Corporal Budd's section was shot and seriously injured in open ground. Budd led an assault against a building, causing the enemy to retreat, allowing the evacuation and treatment of the wounded soldier. On 20 August, on another patrol, Budd's section again came under heavy fire, with two soldiers being wounded. He assaulted the enemy single-handedly, continuing even when himself wounded. This inspired the remainder of the platoon to renew their attack, and force the withdrawal of the enemy. Budd subsequently died of his wounds. His "single-handed action... and his determination, though wounded, to push on against a superior enemy force stands out as a premeditated act of inspirational leadership and the greatest valour".
Lance Corporal James Thomas Duane Ashworth, Grenadier Guards, June 2012 (killed in action)
On 13 June 2012, in the Nahr-e-Saraj District of Helmand Province, Lance Corporal Ashworth led his fire-team into the heart of an insurgent-dominated village. The initial attack resulted in the deaths of two insurgents and the recovery of two sniper rifles; however, the follow-up attack by Afghan local police stalled when a policeman was shot and killed. Ashworth moved to the front of his fire-team and pursued the attack, breaking into an enemy compound under machine-gun fire and driving the insurgents into an out-building. He then relentlessly crawled forward under fierce enemy fire to neutralise an enemy sniper with his final grenade. Placing himself in full view of the enemy to accurately throw his grenade, Ashworth was hit by enemy fire and killed before he could neutralise the sniper; however, his actions galvanised his platoon, which completed the clearance of the compound. His "total disregard for his own safety...was the gallant last action of a soldier who had willingly placed himself in the line of fire on numerous occasions earlier in the attack. This supremely courageous and inspiring action deserves the highest recognition."
Lance Corporal Joshua Mark Leakey, Parachute Regiment, August 2013
The actions for which Leakey was awarded the Victoria Cross occurred on 22 August 2013 in Helmand Province, Afghanistan. A routine joint patrol composed of British paratroopers, US Marines and Afghan soldiers had targeted a village to search for illegal weapons. Having been flown into the area in Chinook helicopters, the patrol was attacked by machine gun fire and rocket-propelled grenades soon after dismounting. Leakey's helicopter had landed on a hill near the village and he, with three other paratroopers and an Afghan soldier, were to provide fire support for the main segment of the patrol. From their vantage point, his section could see the attack and heard over their radio that someone had been injured. Leakey ran up the hill to assess the seriousness of the attack and came to the conclusion that urgent action was needed. Though he was only a lance corporal, he took control of the situation and led his section down to the group under attack.
Having reached the group under attack, he gave first aid to the wounded US Marine Corps captain and began to evacuate him from the battlefield. While under fire, he returned to the machine guns that his section had left at the top of the hill. He moved one to a better position to fire at the attacking Taliban even though he was under constant, accurate fire (bullets were ricocheting off the weapon he was carrying). His actions inspired other soldiers to join in the fight back.
While he was manning the machine gun, he was also shouting updates of the situation into his radio. Having realised that more than one machine gun would be needed to effectively fight back the insurgents, he allowed his gun to be taken over by another soldier. He then ran once more through heavy fire to retrieve a second machine gun, position it in a suitable site, and then manned it to fire at the Taliban.
The skirmish lasted approximately 45 minutes during which 11 insurgents were killed and four wounded. It was only when air support arrived that fighting ceased. When it did, he handed the second machine gun over to another soldier. He then returned to the injured American officer and oversaw his medical evacuation.
The Ministry of Defence summarised the reasons for awarding Leakey the Victoria Cross as follows:
George Cross
The George Cross (GC) is the highest civilian award for bravery, and ranks equal to the Victoria Cross. It may be awarded to members of the armed forces for acts of heroism not in the presence of the enemy. A miniature of this award is also worn in undress.
Lance Corporal Matthew Croucher, Royal Marines Reserve, July 2008
Colour Sergeant Kevin Haberfield, Royal Marines, August 2005
Staff Sergeant Kim Spencer Hughes, The Royal Logistic Corps, March 2010
Staff Sergeant Olaf Sean George Schmid, The Royal Logistic Corps, March 2010 (killed in action)
Corporal Mark William Wright, The Parachute Regiment, December 2006 (killed in action)
Order of the Bath
Senior officers may be appointed to the Order of the Bath for distinguished service. There are three Divisions: Knight Grand Cross (GCB), Knight Commander (KCB) and Companion (CB).
KCB:
Lieutenant General David Julian Richards CBE DSO, late Royal Regiment of Artillery, July 2007; CBE for service in East Timor, DSO for service in Sierra Leone; previously Mentioned in Despatches for actions in Northern Ireland, later appointed GCB
Distinguished Service Order
The Distinguished Service Order (DSO) is awarded for leadership during operations. It may be awarded to any rank, but the majority of awards are to officers of at least the rank of lieutenant colonel (or equivalent) commanding recognised formations. Although an Order, and with only one Class - Companion - bars may be awarded for further periods of service meriting an appointment to the Order.
Bar to DSO:
Lieutenant Colonel James Alexander Delacour De Labilliere DSO MBE, The Rifles, March 2012; original award for service in Iraq, MBE for service in former Yugoslavia / Albania
Lieutenant Colonel Angus George Costeker Fair DSO, The Light Dragoons, March 2010; original award for service in Iraq
Brigadier Gordon Kenneth Messenger DSO OBE, Royal Marines, September 2009; original award for service in Iraq, OBE for service in former Yugoslavia
DSO:
Major Piers Lyndon Ashfield, Grenadier Guards, March 2013
Lieutenant Colonel Michael Patrick Aston, MC, The Royal Anglian Regiment, March 2013
Lieutenant Colonel Stuart Martin Birrell, Royal Marines, July 2008; previously Mentioned in Despatches for actions in Northern Iraq / Southern Turkey
Major Paul Allen Blair, The Parachute Regiment, December 2006
Lieutenant Colonel Nicholas Robert Macrae Borton, The Royal Regiment of Scotland, March 2009
Brigadier Robert Bernard Bruce, late The Royal Regiment of Scotland, 4 October 2013
Lieutenant Colonel Edward Adam Butler MBE, The Royal Green Jackets, October 2002 (not gazetted until March 2005); previously Mentioned in Despatches for actions in Northern Ireland, awarded QCVS for service in former Yugoslavia and QCVS for service in Sierra Leone (also not gazetted until March 2005); later appointed CBE for further service in Afghanistan
Major General Nicholas Patrick Carter CBE, late Royal Green Jackets, March 2011; CBE for previous service in Afghanistan; previously awarded QCVS for service in former Yugoslavia and QCVS for service in Iraq, also appointed OBE for service in former Yugoslavia / Albania
Lieutenant Colonel Stuart William Carver, The Royal Anglian Regiment, March 2008; previously Mentioned in Despatches for actions in Northern Ireland
Lieutenant Colonel Joseph Desmond Cavanagh, The Rifles, September 2009
Brigadier Douglas McKenzie Chalmers, OBE, late The Princess of Wales’s Royal Regiment, March 2013
Lieutenant Colonel Charles Seymour Collins MBE, The Rifles, March 2011
Brigadier James Michael Cowan OBE, late The Royal Regiment of Scotland, September 2010; OBE for service in Iraq; also awarded QCVS for service in Iraq and Mentioned in Despatches for actions in Northern Ireland
Acting Colonel Neil Alexander Den-McKay, OBE, The Royal Regiment of Scotland, July 2015
Lieutenant Colonel Edward Anthony Fenton, The Royal Regiment of Scotland, September 2012
Major Adam Nicholas Baron Foden, The Queen’s Royal Lancers, 4 October 2013
Major Giles Richard Harris MBE, Welsh Guards, March 2010; MBE for service in Iraq
Lieutenant Colonel Andrew Sean David Harrison MBE, The Parachute Regiment, September 2011; MBE for service in Sierra Leone; also awarded QCVS for service in Iraq
Lieutenant Colonel Matthew John Holmes, Royal Marines, July 2007
Lieutenant Colonel Harry Arthur Blair Holt OBE, Irish Guards, September 2010; previously awarded QCVS for "service in the field"
Lieutenant Colonel Matthew John Andrew Jackson, Royal Marines, 4 October 2013
Lieutenant Colonel Paul Melvyn James, Royal Marines, March 2011
Lieutenant Colonel Nicholas Jan Kitson, The Rifles, September 2010
Brigadier John Gordon Lorimer MBE, late The Parachute Regiment, March 2008
Lieutenant Colonel James Rowland Martin, MC, The Princess of Wales’s Royal Regiment, February 2015
Major General John Chalmers McColl CBE, late The Royal Anglian Regiment, October 2002; CBE for service in former Yugoslavia; also Mentioned in Despatches for actions in former Yugoslavia and appointed OBE for service in Northern Ireland; later appointed Officer of US Legion of Merit for service in Iraq and appointed KCB
Major Thomas Robson McDermott, The Royal Tank Regiment
Lieutenant Colonel James Andrew John Morris, Royal Marines, September 2009
Major Marcus James Mudd, The Queen's Royal Lancers, March 2011
Lieutenant Colonel Ewen Alexander Murchison MBE, Royal Marines, March 2012; MBE for previous service in Afghanistan
Captain Jaimie McCoy Norman, Royal Marines, March 2008
Major Nicholas Charles Laybourne Perry, The King's Royal Hussars, July 2008; later appointed MBE for further service in Afghanistan
Brigadier Timothy Buchan Radford OBE, late The Light Infantry, March 2010; previously appointed MBE for service in Northern Ireland
Lieutenant Colonel James Christopher Roddis, MBE, The Royal Regiment of Scotland
Wing Commander Martin Elliott Sampson, Royal Air Force, September 2006
Major Justin George Edward Stenhouse, The Queen's Dragoon Guards, September 2012
Lieutenant Colonel Gerald Mark Strickland MBE, The Royal Gurkha Rifles, March 2011; awarded QCVS for previous service in Afghanistan
Brigadier Jeremy Hywel Thomas, Royal Marines, July 2007
Lieutenant Colonel Robert John Thomson MBE, The Rifles, March 2010; previously awarded US Bronze Star Medal for actions in Iraq
Lieutenant Colonel Stuart John Craig Tootal OBE, The Parachute Regiment, December 2006
Major Ian Alexander Jonathan Turner, Irish Guards, September 2011
Lieutenant Colonel Charles Roland Vincent Walker, Grenadier Guards, September 2010
Lieutenant Colonel Colin Richard James Weir MBE, The Royal Irish Regiment, September 2011
Conspicuous Gallantry Cross
The Conspicuous Gallantry Cross (CGC) is the next level of award down from the Victoria Cross for gallantry in the face of the enemy.
Captain Robin Edwin Geoffrey Bourne-Taylor, The Life Guards, September 2010
Corporal Lee Brownson, The Rifles, September 2010 (killed in action)
Acting Corporal Donald Peter Campbell, Corps of Royal Engineers, March 2008
Staff Sergeant Scott Allan Couzens, The Parachute Regiment, September 2012
Lieutenant Simon Timothy Cupples, The Mercian Regiment, March 2008
Acting Serjeant Deacon Daniel Cutterham, The Rifles, March 2012
Lieutenant Owen Edward Davis, Royal Marines, 4 October 2013
Corporal Tony Kenneth Day, Royal Marines, October 2002 (not gazetted until March 2005)
Sergeant Alan Gordon Dennis, The Mercian Regiment, March 2010
Lieutenant Hugo James Edward Farmer, The Parachute Regiment, December 2006; later Mentioned in Despatches for further actions in Afghanistan
Gunner Steven William Gadsby, Royal Regiment of Artillery, March 2010
Sergeant Marc Kevin Giles, The Mercian Regiment, March 2010
Captain James Alexander Glancy, Royal Marines, 22 March 2013
Corporal Josh Edward Hayden Griffiths, Mercian Regiment, 4 October 2013
Corporal Karl Anthony Hearne, The Parachute Regiment, October 2002 (not gazetted until March 2006)
Private Graham Stuart Horn, The Parachute Regiment, September 2010
Acting Captain Timothy Holden Illingworth, The Light Infantry, December 2006
Marine Mark Anthony Jackson, Royal Marines, March 2011
Acting Corporal Bradley Malone, Royal Marines, September 2009
Lieutenant Luke Timothy John Mason, Yorkshire Regiment, 22 March 2013
Corporal Robert William Kerr McClurg, The Royal Irish Regiment, March 2009
Rifleman James Lee McKie, The Rifles, September 2010
Captain Jeremy Mark Merchant, Royal Marines, October 2002 (not gazetted until March 2005); previously Mentioned in Despatches for actions in Northern Ireland
Lance Corporal Simon George Moloney, Blues and Royals, 21 March 2014
Serjeant Jaime Moncho, The Rifles, March 2010
Marine Steven Nethery, Royal Marines, September 2009
Lance Bombardier Gary Prout, Royal Regiment of Artillery, March 2010
Acting Sergeant Dipprasad Pun, The Royal Gurkha Rifles, March 2011
Lance Corporal of Horse Andrew Geoffrey Radford, The Life Guards, December 2006
Private Edward Lawrence Sanders, The Parachute Regiment, October 2002 (not gazetted until March 2005)
Lance Corporal Kyle Patrick Smith, The Mercian Regiment, March 2010
Corporal Anthony Stazicker, Royal Marines, 21 March 2014
Private Gareth David Steel, Parachute Regiment, 4 October 2013
Corporal Seth Vincent Scott Stephens, Royal Marines, March 2011 (killed in action)
Acting Sergeant Alwyn John Stevens, The Royal Irish Regiment, March 2009
Corporal John Thomas Thompson, Royal Marines, July 2007; previously mentioned in Despatches for actions in Iraq
Lance Corporal Jone Bruce Toge, The Royal Irish Regiment, March 2009
Corporal Robert Turner, Royal Marines, September 2010
Private Paul Darren Willmott, The Mercian Regiment, March 2008
Corporal Simon Wright-Hider, Royal Marines, March 2012
Royal Red Cross
The Royal Red Cross is awarded for distinguished nursing service. There are two classes: Members (RRC) and Associates (ARRC). Officers of the rank of lieutenant colonel and above will normally be admitted as Members; Membership is also awarded to those Associates providing a second period of service worthy of recognition.
RRC:
Lieutenant Commander Alison Jayne Hofman, ARRC, Queen Alexandra's Royal Naval Nursing Service, September 2009
Lieutenant Colonel Andrea Jane Lewis, Queen Alexandra’s Royal Army Nursing Corps, March 2013
ARRC:
Captain Mark Cadman, Queen Alexandra's Royal Army Nursing Corps, Territorial Army, March 2009
Leading Naval Nurse Laura Jane Fallon, Queen Alexandra’s Royal Naval Nursing Service, February 2015
Lieutenant Frank Kelly, Queen Alexandra's Royal Naval Nursing Service, July 2007
Lieutenant Colonel Judith Caroline Florence Madill, Queen Alexandra’s Royal Army Nursing Corps, (Army Reserve), 4 October 2013
Major Kerry Jane McFadden-Newman, Queen Alexandra’s Royal Army Nursing Corps, March 2014
Captain Graham John McPhee, Queen Alexandra’s Royal Army Nursing Corps, 4 October 2013
Captain Catherine McWilliam, Queen Alexandra's Royal Army Nursing Corps, December 2006
Squadron Leader Sonia Margaret Phythian, Princess Mary's Royal Air Force Nursing Service, July 2007
Acting Major Janet Mary Pilgrim, Queen Alexandra's Royal Army Nursing Corps, April 2003; previously awarded QCVS for service in Kosovo / Macedonia, later awarded RRC for service in Iraq
Major Sharon Ann Stewart, Queen Alexandra's Royal Army Nursing Corps, Territorial Army, September 2011
Squadron Leader Charlotte Joanne Thompson-Edgar, Princess Mary’s Royal Air Force Nursing Service, February 2015
Major Ruth Truscott, Queen Alexandra's Royal Army Nursing Corps, March 2011
Acting Major Harry Karl Wallace, Queen Alexandra’s Royal Army Nursing Corps, July 2015
Captain Gail Lesley Whittle, Queen Alexandra's Royal Army Nursing Corps, March 2010
Military Cross
The Military Cross (MC) is the third-level medal awarded for gallantry in the face of the enemy on land.
Bar to MC:
Corporal John Matthew Watson MC, Royal Marines, 4 October 2013; original award for service in Afghanistan in 2011
Royal Navy
Marine Samuel Giles William Alexander, Royal Marines, September 2009; later killed in action in Afghanistan
Lieutenant Jack Anrude, Royal Marines, March 2011
Marine Liam Peter Armstrong, Royal Marines, April 2003
Corporal John Ballance, Royal Marines, September 2009
Corporal Richard Bateman, Royal Marines, September 2009
Marine Matthew Bispham, Royal Marines, July 2007
Colour Sergeant Brian Bridger, Royal Marines, March 2011
Colour Sergeant Stuart Anthony Brown, Royal Marines, October 2002 (not gazetted until September 2003)
Marine Craig Andrew Buchanan, Royal Marines, 4 October 2013
Acting Lance Corporal Stephen Burns, Royal Marines, March 2009
Major Richard John Cantrill, Royal Marines, September 2009
Captain Alistair Scott Carns, Royal Marines, September 2011; Mentioned in Despatches for previous actions in Afghanistan
Marine Eroni Sikavou Bulabalavu Cinavilakeba, Royal Marines, July 2008
Marine Daniel Claricoates, Royal Marines, July 2007
Sergeant Noel Gerard Connolly, Royal Marines, September 2009
Corporal Michael Cowe, Royal Marines, July 2007
Marine Ian Paul Danby, Royal Marines, July 2007
Corporal Christopher Terrence Downey, Royal Marines, September 2012
Marine Daniel Fisher, Royal Marines, July 2007
Sergeant Daniel Alan Fisher, Royal Marines, March 2008
Sergeant Shane David Fisher, Royal Marines, March 2010
Corporal Alan Hewett, Royal Marines, July 2007
Colour Sergeant Hefin Jones, Royal Marines, July 2007
Marine Mkhuseli Jones, Royal Marines, July 2008
Sergeant Jason Layton, Royal Marines, July 2007
Sergeant Andrew Leaver, Royal Marines, September 2009
Marine Ross Lewis, Royal Marines, July 2015
Corporal Wayne Robert Lloyd, Royal Marines, July 2008
Marine Lewis Lockwood, Royal Marines, March 2011
Sergeant Samuel Joseph McCormick, Royal Marines, 4 October 2013
Sergeant Andrew Peter Miller, Royal Marines, July 2007
Sergeant David Albert Montgomery, Royal Marines, July 2007
Major Adrian Morley, Royal Marines, July 2008
Corporal Billy George Murphy, Royal Marines, March 2011
Able Seaman Class 1 Medical Assistant Kate Louise Nesbitt, Royal Navy, September 2009; second female award, after Michelle Norris; first in the Royal Navy
Sergeant Paul Andrew Norris, Royal Marines, July 2008; previously awarded QCB for "services at sea", later appointed MBE for further service in Afghanistan
Medical Assistant Liam Matthew O'Grady, Royal Navy, March 2012
Captain Mark O’Sullivan, Royal Marines, July 2015
Sergeant Andrew David Pearson, Royal Marines, July 2007
Lance Corporal Hamish Robertson Hame Renton, Royal Marines, September 2012
Acting Lance Corporal Harry Thomas Robinson, Royal Marines, 4 October 2013
Major Nigel John Powell Somerville MBE, Royal Marines, September 2010; MBE for previous service in Afghanistan; also Mentioned in Despatches for previous actions in Afghanistan
Sergeant Dean Charles Sykes, Royal Marines, July 2008
Warrant Officer Class 2 Matthew Richard Tomlinson CGC, Royal Marines, March 2010; CGC for actions in Iraq
Sergeant Steven Edmond Veale, Royal Marines, March 2008
Corporal Paul Anthony Vice, Royal Marines, March 2012
Marine John Matthew Watson, Royal Marines, September 2011
Corporal Christopher Steven Wetton, Royal Marines, July 2008
Corporal Simon Willey, Royal Marines, July 2007
Marine Mark George Williams, Royal Marines, March 2012
Acting Sergeant Richard Edward Wiseman, Royal Marines, September 2010
Marine Richard Reginald Withers, Royal Marines, July 2008
Marine Gerard Wood, Royal Marines, March 2013
Army
Cavalry / Artillery
Major Robert Michael Armstrong, Royal Regiment of Artillery, March 2009. This award was withdrawn on 10 October 2014.
Corporal Oliver David Bainbridge, The Royal Dragoon Guards, 4 October 2013
Captain Paul Nathaniel Brenig Britton, Royal Regiment of Artillery, July 2008
Bombardier Mark David Carpenter, Royal Regiment of Artillery, March 2012
Corporal of Horse Michael John Flynn CGC, The Blues and Royals, December 2006; CGC for actions in Iraq
Lance Bombardier Michael Ronald Frew, Royal Regiment of Artillery, March 2008
Staff Corporal Shaun Keith Fry, The Life Guards, December 2006
Bombardier Paul Mitchell Greenwood, Royal Regiment of Artillery, March 2008
Lieutenant Tresham Dames Rowley Gregg, The Light Dragoons, March 2010
Gunner Grant Michael Guy, Royal Regiment of Artillery, September 2009
Captain William Andrew Hall, Royal Regiment of Artillery, February 2015
Lance Bombardier Richard David Jennings, Royal Regiment of Artillery, July 2007
Corporal Keith Mitchell, Royal Scots Dragoon Guards, March 2012
Captain Alexander Ryland Pickthall, The Life Guards, March 2014
Acting Corporal Matthew James Stenton, Royal Dragoon Guards, March 2011 (killed in action)
Major Angus Myles Arthur Tilney, The King’s Royal Hussars, February 2015
Captain Patrick James Williams, The Blues and Royals, December 2006
Corporal Christopher Balmforth, Queen's Royal Hussars (Queen's Own & Royal Irish), March 2005, for actions in Iraq.
Infantry
Lieutenant James Philip Adamson, The Royal Regiment of Scotland, September 2009; Mentioned in Despatches for previous actions in Afghanistan
Corporal Craig Adkin, The Mercian Regiment, March 2010
Lance Corporal Levi David Ashby, The Royal Anglian Regiment, March 2008
Major Michael Patrick Aston, The Royal Anglian Regiment, March 2008
Sergeant Paul Edward Baines, Coldstream Guards, September 2010
Second Lieutenant Alexander Brampton Charles Barclay, Royal Regiment of Scotland, March 2009
Captain Douglas Ricardo Beattie, The Royal Irish Regiment, December 2006; previously awarded QCB for actions in Iraq
Colour Sergeant Michael Bell, The Parachute Regiment, October 2002 (not gazetted until September 2003)
Major Dominic Stead James Biddick MBE, The Royal Anglian Regiment, March 2008; MBE for service in Northern Ireland
Staff Sergeant Paul Jonathon Bilingham, The Parachute Regiment, February 2015
Lieutenant William Jordan Campbell Boreham, The Duke of Lancaster’s Regiment, 4 October 2013
Corporal Robert Boswell, The Parachute Regiment, March 2013
Acting Sergeant Craig Anthony Brelsford, The Mercian Regiment, March 2008 (killed in action)
Major Geoffrey Richard Brocklehurst, The Royal Regiment of Scotland, March 2014
Captain Edward Robert Brown, The Mercian Regiment, March 2010
Major Jo Butterfill, The Royal Regiment of Fusiliers, March 2010
Staff Sergeant Russell Craig Byrne, The Parachute Regiment, 4 October 2013
Major Nicholas George Calder, The Royal Regiment of Scotland, March 2009; previously awarded QCVS for service in Northern Ireland
Corporal Steven Graham Childs, The Rifles, March 2010
Corporal Richard Clark, The Royal Regiment of Scotland, March 2010
Colour Sergeant Simon Peter Clark, The Parachute Regiment, July 2015
Acting Sergeant John Mathew Cockburn, The Yorkshire Regiment, July 2008
Private Luke Cole, The Mercian Regiment, Territorial Army, March 2008
Sergeant Luke Alexander Cole, The Parachute Regiment, September 2011
Private Paul James Coleman, The Parachute Regiment, March 2009
Corporal James Stephen Cooke, Irish Guards, March 2009
Captain Iain Robin Curren, The Royal Regiment of Scotland, September 2011
Second Lieutenant Oliver Dale, The Parachute Regiment, December 2006
Lieutenant Douglas Anthony Keith Dalzell, Coldstream Guards, September 2010 (killed in action)
Major Martin Paul David, Grenadier Guards, March 2008
Colour Sergeant Scott Rae McKenzie Davidson, The Parachute Regiment, October 2002 (not gazetted until September 2003)
Acting Serjeant James Andrew Davies, The Rifles, September 2012
Major Adam Guy Dawson, The Parachute Regiment, March 2009
Private Scott Robert Docherty, The Parachute Regiment, July 2008
Captain Michael Olaf Chetwynd Dobbin, Grenadier Guards, March 2013
Corporal Johannes Jacobus Fourie, The Parachute Regiment, September 2011
Private Scott Lachlan Fraser, The Parachute Regiment, March 2009
Corporal Ricky Paul Furgusson, The Rifles, September 2010
Sergeant Glen William John Gardiner, The Parachute Regiment, September 2011
Corporal Stuart James Giles, The Parachute Regiment, December 2006
Major Neil Darren Grant, The Mercian Regiment, March 2010
Captain Xavier Luke Griffin, The Rifles, Territorial Army, September 2009
Rifleman Bhimbahadur Gurung, The Royal Gurkha Rifles, July 2008
Rifleman Tuljung Gurung, The Royal Gurkha Rifles, 4 October 2013
Corporal Alexander William Guy, The Royal Anglian Regiment, (killed in action), March 2013
Major Karl Christian Hickman, The Rifles, March 2010; previously Mentioned in Despatches for actions in Iraq
Captain David Charles Hicks, The Royal Anglian Regiment, March 2008 (killed in action)
Fusilier Damion Mark Hields, The Royal Welsh, March 2008
Lieutenant Luke Arthur James Higginson, The Parachute Regiment, September 2011
Lieutenant William James Archie Hignett, The Rifles, March 2010
Sergeant Ashley Robert Hill, Royal Anglian Regiment, September 2010
Private Aaron Stuart Holmes, The Mercian Regiment, March 2008
Lance Corporal Stuart James Howell, The Rifles, March 2012
Warrant Officer Class 1 Patrick Hyde, The Rifles, March 2014
Lance Corporal Karl Wayne Jackson, The Parachute Regiment, December 2006
Private Bryan Johnson, The Royal Regiment of Scotland, September 2011
Corporal Sean Lee Jones, The Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment, September 2012
Lance Corporal Lawrence Mark Craig Kayser, The Royal Anglian Regiment, March 2013
Lance Corporal Sean Michael Keenan, The Rifles, September 2009
Warrant Officer Class 2 Benjamin Llewellyn Kelly, The Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment, September 2009; previously Mentioned in Despatches for actions in Iraq
Private Alexander Robert Kennedy, The Mercian Regiment, March 2010
Sergeant Peter Keogh, The Royal Irish Regiment, September 2011
Warrant Officer Class 2 Gavin Charles Kimberlin, The Mercian Regiment, March 2008
Rifleman Harry Lanceley, The Rifles, September 2010
Major Russell David Lewis, The Parachute Regiment, March 2009
Sergeant Kajiman Limbu, The Royal Gurkha Rifles, September 2004
Rifleman Sunil Limbu, Royal Gurkha Rifles, March 2011
Major Jason Alexis Little, The Yorkshire Regiment, July 2008
Corporal Michael Lockett, The Mercian Regiment, March 2008 later killed in action in Afghanistan
Lieutenant Colin William Lunn, Yorkshire Regiment, September 2010
Major Angus Donald MacGillivray, Royal Regiment of Scotland, September 2010
Major James Rowland Martin, Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment, March 2011
Sergeant Stephen McConnell, The Royal Irish Regiment, March 2009
Major John Stuart McDonald, The Parachute Regiment, March 2009; previously awarded US Bronze Star Medal for actions in Iraq
Second Lieutenant Paul David McFarland, The Royal Irish Regiment, September 2011
Private Peter McKinley, The Parachute Regiment, December 2006
Lance Corporal Liam Kane McNulty, The Rifles, September 2012
Corporal William Joseph Mills, The Rifles, March 2014
Acting Corporal Darragh Rory Miskella, The Parachute Regiment, September 2011
Lance Corporal Stephen Daniel Monkhouse, Scots Guards, March 2011 (killed in action)
Corporal Robert William Moore, The Royal Anglian Regiment, March 2008
Corporal Nicholas James Alexander Noakes, The Parachute Regiment, Territorial Army, March 2009
Captain Richard Alexander Oakes, The Mercian Regiment, (Territorial Army), March 2013
Staff Sergeant Rory Patrick George O’Connor, The Parachute Regiment, March 2013
Ranger Alan William Owens, The Royal Irish Regiment, March 2009
Lance Corporal Alexander Luke Perry, The Parachute Regiment, March 2012
Lieutenant Alexander John Phillips, The Royal Regiment of Scotland, March 2010
Major Paul Ralph Gareth Pitchfork, The Royal Gurkha Rifles, July 2008
Private Alfred Owen James Pope, The Parachute Regiment, September 2011
Acting Serjeant Mark John Powis, The Rifles, September 2009
Lance Corporal Ratu Apenisa Qalitakivuna, The Royal Irish Regiment, September 2011
Warrant Officer Class 2 Terry Rafferty, The Rifles, September 2012
Lance Corporal Gajendra Rai, The Royal Gurkha Rifles, September 2009
Captain Graham David Bradley Rainey, The Royal Irish Regiment, March 2009
Lance Corporal Marc Anthony Reader, Coldstream Guards, September 2010
Lance Corporal Alan Redford, Mercian Regiment, March 2011
Major Daniel Reeve, The Rifles, September 2011
Corporal Christopher Sean Reynolds, The Royal Regiment of Scotland, March 2010
Major Colin Nicholas Risso, Royal Gibraltar Regiment, September 2005
Lance Corporal Oliver Scott Ruecker, The Royal Anglian Regiment, March 2008
Corporal George Finau Sale, The Royal Welsh, September 2010
Lieutenant John Philip Henri Scarlett, Coldstream Guards, March 2013
Corporal Craig Richard Sharp, The Royal Regiment of Scotland, March 2010
Lieutenant Craig Angus Shephard, Grenadier Guards, September 2010
Lance Corporal Alexander James Smith, Parachute Regiment, March 2010
Sergeant Torben Erik George Sorensen, The Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment, September 2009
Lance Corporal Colin James Spooner, The Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment, September 2009
Staff Sergeant Jason Alexander Stiff, The Parachute Regiment
Lance Sergeant Markus Strydom, Grenadier Guards, March 2013
Lance Sergeant Adam Charles Swift, Coldstream Guards, September 2010
Lance Corporal Mohansingh Tangnami, The Royal Gurkha Rifles, July 2008
Corporal Carl Taylor, The Mercian Regiment, March 2012
Lance Corporal Agnish Thapa, The Royal Gurkha Rifles, July 2008
Warrant Officer Class 2 Simon Nicholas Thompson, The Rifles, March 2010
Major Edward Eaton Calthrop Thorne, The Royal Anglian Regiment, October 2002 (not gazetted until September 2003)
Major Giles Matthew Timms, The Parachute Regiment, December 2006; previously awarded QCVS for service in Northern Ireland
Lance Sergeant Matthew Philip Turrall, Irish Guards, March 2010
Corporal James Richard Lawrence Walker, The Parachute Regiment, March 2014
Corporal Mark Ward, The Mercian Regiment, March 2011
Acting Corporal Andrew Wardle, The Yorkshire Regiment, September 2010
Lance Corporal James Gerard White, The Parachute Regiment, March 2011
Corporal Shaun Whitehead, The Royal Regiment of Scotland, March 2009
Corporal David Thomas Williams, The Royal Welsh, September 2010
Major Richard James Elton Williams MBE, The Parachute Regiment, October 2002 (not gazetted until September 2003); MBE for service in former Yugoslavia; previously awarded QCVS "for service in the field"
Private Mark James Wilson, The Parachute Regiment, December 2006
Rifleman Matthew James Wilson, The Rifles, September 2012
Corporal Martin James Windmill, The Parachute Regiment, September 2011
Support Corps
Acting Captain Russell Archer, Corps of Royal Engineers, March 2009
Staff Sergeant Keith John Armatage, Army Air Corps, July 2007
Acting Corporal James Andrew Bedford, Corps of Royal Engineers, March 2011
Lance Corporal Sarah Louise Bushbye, Royal Army Medical Corps, September 2010
Lance Corporal Daniel John Fletcher, Royal Army Medical Corps, September 2010
Private Wesley Robert Masters, Royal Army Medical Corps, March 2014
Corporal Paul Edward Mather, Army Air Corps, March 2010
Warrant Officer Class 2 James Louis Palmer, The Royal Logistic Corps, September 2011
Major Douglas Fraser Reid, Royal Army Medical Corps, July 2008
Captain David Charles Rigg, Corps of Royal Engineers, July 2007
Warrant Officer Class 1 Ed Macy, Army Air Corps, July 2007
Major Ian David Scattergood, The Royal Logistic Corps, July 2008
Captain Sean Alan Scott, The Royal Logistic Corps, March 2011
Lance Corporal Stephen Andrew Shaw, Royal Army Medical Corps, March 2013
Corporal Richard Steven Street, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers, July 2008
Lance Corporal Kylie Elizabeth Watson, Royal Army Medical Corps, March 2011
Staff Sergeant Gareth David Wood, The Royal Logistic Corps, September 2010
Royal Air Force
Flight Lieutenant Matthew Kenneth Carter, Royal Air Force Regiment (attached, 3rd battalion the Parachute Regiment Battlegroup), December 2006
Sergeant Roy Geddes, Royal Air Force, March 2013
Distinguished Flying Cross
The Distinguished Flying Cross (DFC) is the third-level medal awarded for gallantry in the face of the enemy in the air.
Second Bar to DFC:
Wing Commander Philip Jeremy Robinson DFC*, Royal Air Force, July 2008; original award for previous actions in Afghanistan (dated 2002, not gazetted until 2003, recorded below), first bar for actions in Iraq (dated 2003, not gazetted until 2006)
DFC:
Flight Lieutenant Michael Anderson, Royal Air Force, September 2011
Captain Nicholas Paul Barton, Army Air Corps, July 2007
Lieutenant Nichol James Emslie Benzie, Royal Navy, July 2008; Mentioned in Despatches for previous actions in Afghanistan
Flight Lieutenant Daniel Hunter Cullen, Royal Air Force, March 2012
Flight Lieutenant Alexander Marc Duncan, Royal Air Force, March 2009; awarded AFC for later actions in Afghanistan (recorded below)
Flight Lieutenant Ian Anthony Fortune, Royal Air Force, September 2010
Squadron Leader John Gordon Gladston MBE, Royal Air Force, October 2002 (not gazetted until September 2003); MBE for service in Sierra Leone (also not gazetted until September 2003)
Flight Lieutenant Christopher Gordon, Royal Air Force, March 2013
Major Mark Christopher Hammond, Royal Marines, December 2006; previously awarded QCVS for service in Iraq
Flying Officer Christopher Michael Hasler, Royal Air Force, December 2006
Flight Lieutenant Marc Alan Heal, Royal Air Force, March 2010
Flight Lieutenant Iain David Hopcroft, Royal Air Force, October 2002 (not gazetted until September 2003)
Wing Commander Kenneth Andrew Lewis, Royal Air Force, March 2008
Flight Lieutenant Charles Peter Lockyear, Royal Air Force, March 2014
Squadron Leader John Finbar Monahan, Royal Air Force, December 2006
Flight Lieutenant Laura Alice Hilary Nicholson, Royal Air Force, February 2015
Flight Lieutenant Andrew Michael Nethaway, Royal Air Force, September 2010
Warrant Officer Class 1 Darren Gareth O'Malley, Army Air Corps, July 2007
Flight Lieutenant Nicholas James Paton, Royal Air Force, March 2009
Flight Lieutenant Timothy Richard Pollard, Royal Air Force, September 2010
Flight Lieutenant Matthew David Roberts, Royal Air Force, March 2011
Flight Lieutenant Philip Jeremy Robinson, Royal Air Force, October 2002 (not gazetted until September 2003); subsequently awarded two bars, first for actions in Iraq (dated 2003, not gazetted until 2006), second for further actions in Afghanistan (recorded above)
Lieutenant Commander Gavin Ian Simmonite, Royal Navy, September 2009
Flight Lieutenant Jonathan Arvind Singh, Royal Air Force, March 2012
Flight Lieutenant Matthew James Patrick Springford, Royal Air Force, September 2011
Flight Lieutenant Timothy Edward Trott, Royal Air Force, 4 October 2013
Flight Lieutenant Adam Boyd Wardrope, Royal Air Force, March 2008
Flight Lieutenant Craig Thomas Wilson, Royal Air Force, December 2006
Flight Lieutenant Gerald Edward Peter Wyatt, Royal Air Force, September 2012
Air Force Cross
The Air Force Cross (AFC) is also a third-level award for gallantry in the air, awarded for actions whilst not in active operations against the enemy.
Flight Lieutenant Stephen Douglas Badham, Royal Air Force, March 2011
Flight Lieutenant Edward Thomas Berwick, Royal Air Force, February 2015
Squadron Leader John David Butler, Royal Air Force, July 2008
Flight Lieutenant James Patrick Michael Donovan, Royal Air Force, March 2011
Flight Lieutenant Alexander Marc Duncan DFC, Royal Air Force, September 2011; DFC for previous actions in Afghanistan (recorded above)
Captain Steven John Paul Jones, Army Air Corps, September 2011
Flight Lieutenant David Kevin Stead, Royal Air Force, April 2003 (not gazetted until September 2005, following death in action)
Flight Lieutenant Richard Ian Whipp, Royal Air Force, April 2003 (not gazetted until September 2005); previously Mentioned in Despatches for actions in Sierra Leone (not gazetted until 2003)
George Medal
The George Medal (GM) is the next level below the George Cross for bravery not in the face of the enemy.
Bar to GM:
Warrant Officer Class 2 Gary John O'Donnell GM, The Royal Logistic Corps (killed in action), March 2009; original award for actions in Iraq
GM:
Fusilier Andrew Lee Barlow, The Royal Regiment of Fusiliers, July 2007
Private Martin Simon George Bell, The Parachute Regiment (killed in action), September 2011
Sergeant Kevin Charles Carter, Royal Marines, October 2002 (not gazetted until March 2005); later awarded QCVS for "services at sea"
Staff Sergeant Stuart Walter Dickson, The Royal Logistic Corps, March 2009
Lance Corporal Paul Hartley, Royal Army Medical Corps, December 2006
Rifleman Paul Raymond Jacobs, The Rifles, March 2010
Staff Sergeant Karl John Fairfax Ley, The Royal Logistic Corps, September 2010
Staff Sergeant Brett George Linley, The Royal Logistic Corps (killed in action), March 2011
Warrant Officer Class 1 Andreas Oliver Peat, The Royal Logistic Corps, 4 October 2013
Marine Ryan Shelley, Royal Marines, March 2011
Captain Daniel Marc Shepherd, The Royal Logistic Corps (killed in action), March 2010
Colour Sergeant Mark Jonathan Skipp, The Parachute Regiment, October 2002 (not gazetted until March 2005)
Queen's Gallantry Medal
The Queen's Gallantry Medal (QGM) is the third-level medal awarded for bravery not in the face of the enemy.
Sergeant David Paul Acarnley, The Royal Logistic Corps, March 2013
Warrant Officer Stephen Charles Bowden, Royal Air Force, March 2011
Private Callum John Brotherston, The Royal Regiment of Scotland, September 2010
Warrant Officer Class 2 Peter John Burney, The Rifles, March 2010
Corporal Edward Samual Charles Davis, Royal Army Veterinary Corps, 4 October 2013
Captain James Peter Fidell, The Royal Logistic Corps, March 2012
Captain Liam Charles Fitzgerald-Finch, The Royal Logistic Corps, March 2009
Sapper Matthew Jon Garey, Corps of Royal Engineers, September 2012
Warrant Officer Class 2 Colin Robert George Grant, The Royal Logistic Corps, September 2009
Corporal James Halpin, Corps of Royal Engineers, March 2012
Corporal John Alexander Hardman, The Yorkshire Regiment, September 2010
Private Daniel James Hellings, The Mercian Regiment, March 2011
Captain Michael Robert John Kennedy, Corps of Royal Engineers, March 2014
Acting Warrant Officer Class 2 John Gareth Lester, The Royal Logistic Corps, September 2009
Major Matthew Cameron Long, The Royal Logistic Corps, 4 October 2013
Chief Technician David John Lowe, Royal Air Force, September 2011
Lance Corporal Julie Elizabeth May, Royal Army Medical Corps, September 2010; later Mentioned in Despatches for further actions in Afghanistan
Staff Sergeant James Alexander McCormick, Corps of Royal Engineers, March 2009
Staff Sergeant William Ernest McFarland, The Royal Logistic Corps, March 2011
Captain Graeme McIntosh, Royal Regiment of Artillery, July 2007
Private Luke Cula Nadriva, The Royal Anglian Regiment, March 2008
Corporal Robert Alan Nealey, The Royal Logistic Corps, September 2010
Lieutenant Commander Alan Neil Laurence Michael Nekrews, Royal Navy, March 2013
Corporal William Glyndwr Owen, The Parachute Regiment, March 2009
Captain Wayne Edward James Owers, The Royal Logistic Corps, March 2010; previously awarded QCVS for service in Iraq
Corporal Stuart Henry Pearson, The Parachute Regiment, December 2006
Rifleman Ross David Robinson, The Rifles, September 2010 (died prior to award)
Captain Timothy Peter Walker Rushmere, Royal Regiment of Artillery, July 2007
Craftsman Geoffrey John Salt, Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers, March 2013
Staff Sergeant Anthony David Spamer, Corps of Royal Engineers, September 2009
Captain Benedict Lincoln Stephens, The Mercian Regiment, March 2011
Captain Vincent Michael Strafford, The Royal Logistic Corps, July 2007; bar awarded for actions in Iraq
Sergeant John Arthur Swithenbank, The Yorkshire Regiment, September 2010
Rifleman Benjamin John Taylor, The Mercian Regiment, (Army Reserve), 4 October 2013
Rifleman Reece William Stevenson Terry, The Rifles, September 2010
Corporal Carl Peter Thomas, The Rifles, March 2010
Lance Corporal David James Timmins, The Royal Logistic Corps, March 2010
Signaller Sebastian Edward Wyton-De Lisle, Royal Corps of Signals, September 2011
See also
British honours system
List of British gallantry awards for the Iraq War
Footnotes
British honours system
Role of the United Kingdom in the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
British gallantry |
The United States Air Force's 497th Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Group is an intelligence unit located at Joint Base Langley–Eustis, Virginia.
Mission
The 497th Group delivers real-time high-confidence intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance products and services to Joint and Coalition forces and other designated government agencies.
The Group consists of four active duty Squadrons, the 497th Operations Support Squadron, the 45th Intelligence Squadron, the 30th Intelligence Squadron and 10th Intelligence Squadron, one Air National Guard unit, the 192nd Intelligence Squadron (VA ANG), and a new classic Air Reserve unit, the 718th Intelligence Squadron, stood up to support the total force integration of the Wing and combat ISR operations.
History
Background
In 1951, United States Air Forces Europe (USAFE) recognized its need for a reconnaissance technical squadron in the European theater to process and produce aerial reconnaissance materials, interpret photographic reconnaissance interpretation, and to compile and reproduce aeronautical charts and related products. Therefore, it activated the 497th Reconnaissance Technical Squadron at Wiesbaden Air Base, Germany on 3 May 1951. However, USAFE lacked resources in theater to train and man the unit, so the 497th Squadron moved to Shaw Air Force Base, South Carolina, the home of the 363d Tactical Reconnaissance Wing in July 1951.
After the completion of training, the squadron sailed on the for Europe, where it was stationed at sites in Wiesbaden while its base at the Schierstein Administrative Office was being renovated. By the end of April, the unit moved to Schierstein. On 6 June 1966, USAFE transferred the personnel of its Directorate of Air Targets to the squadron, which became the "USAFE Intelligence Research Center." With the increased mission, the Air Force decided to inactivate the 497th Reconnaissance Technical Squadron, and on 1 October 1967, it organized the 497th Reconnaissance Technical Group, which assumed the personnel, equipment and expanded mission of the 497th Squadron.
United States Air Forces Europe intelligence support
The 497th Reconnaissance Technical Group provided intelligence support to flying units in Europe during the Cold War. In September 1968, the group assumed a joint intelligence role when the Army incorporated personnel into the 497th. The next year, USAFE moved to Ramstein Air Base while the group remained at Schierstein. With the move, the unit stopped producing charts and maps but assumed operational control of the photographic processing facility at Wiesbaden Air Base. Marine Corps personnel were added to the group in 1978, and a micrographics production capability was added as well.
In the Spring of 1979, the Air Force activated an Operating Location of the group at Ramstein Air Base to provide expanded imagery intelligence support to Headquarters, USAFE. The group accomplished photographic intelligence exploitation including studies, analysis and estimates as well as precision targeting, plotting and production. Ity also staffed and supported the USAFE Intelligence Development Center and processed and interpreted reconnaissance imagery for the commander of United States European Command and North Atlantic Treaty Organization's Allied Command Europe, and specified U.S. intelligence agencies. In 1982, the 496th Reconnaissance Technical Squadron, based at RAF Alconbury, was activated and assigned to the group. It provided imagery services to Air Force units in the United Kingdom and served as a backup to the group's main operating location. In September 1989, the group detachment at Ramstein became a squadron, the 495th Reconnaissance Technical Squadron.
The Group provided intelligence imagery products during the build-up and execution of Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm. On 1 July 1991, the group moved to RAF Molesworth, United Kingdom, where it served as the foundation for European Command's Joint Analysis Center. With the fall of the Soviet Union and withdrawal of Russian forces from Eastern Europe, the Air Force inactivated the group on 1 July 1992.
Air Intelligence Agency support
The Air Force redesignated the group as the 497th Intelligence Group and activated it at Bolling Air Force Base, District of Columbia on 1 October 1993 as part of Air Intelligence Agency. The group's mission included three main functions: intelligence systems, operations applications, and security and communications management. As the Air Force developed its doctrine for information superiority and information operations, the 497th was redesignated the 497th Information Operations Group on 1 August 2000. The group was the primary planning, policy implementation, and functional management arm of the Directorate of Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissanceof Headquarters, United States Air Force. The unit also supported a number of Air Staff offices, and other united States Department of Defense and joint customers around the world. Its provided intelligence infrastructure services and security, weapons system support, automation, and information operations support to users worldwide. It contributed to development of intelligence support infrastructure requirements for weapons systems. The group inactivated on 1 February 2001.
Air Combat Command
The group returned to its former name as the 497th Intelligence Group and was activated at Langley Air Force Base, Virginia on 1 December 2008. The 10th and 30th Intelligence Squadrons were assigned to the group. On 1 January 2009, the unit was again redesignated, this time as the 497th Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Group. Prior to the establishment of the 480th Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Group, the 497th's 31st Intelligence Squadron performed duties as the Air Force component supporting the National Security Agency Central Security Service-Georgia operations site.
The 497th operates a $750 million Distributed Common Ground System AN/GSQ-272 weapons system, commonly referred to as the Distributed Ground System-1 (DGS-1) or "Sentinel-1". The DGS-1 infrastructure includes analytical and reporting elements for imagery and signals intelligence obtained through Lockheed U-2 Dragon Lady, General Atomics MQ-1 Predator, General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper, and Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk reconnaissance platforms. It provides "all source" analysis and fusion, via the Distributed Common Ground System analysis and reporting team.
The group now provides real-time tactical and national intelligence collection, exploitation, analysis, and reporting operations providing imagery, full motion video, and cryptologic intelligence to United States Central Command, United States Southern Command and United States European Command combat operations, plans, and forces. The group also has two associate units from the reserve elements, the 192d Intelligence Squadron of the Virginia Air National Guard and the 718th Intelligence Squadron of Air Force Reserve Command. While these two units are not assigned to the group, they work alongside the group's personnel and operate the same equipment.
Lineage
Established as the 497th Reconnaissance Technical Group and activated on 22 August 1967 (not organized)
Organized on 1 October 1967
Inactivated on 1 July 1992
Redesignated 497th Intelligence Group and activated on 1 October 1993
Redesignated 497th Information Operations Group on 1 August 2000
Inactivated on 1 February 2001
Redesignated 497th Intelligence Group on 23 October 2003
Activated on 1 December 2003
Redesignated 497th Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Group on 1 January 2009
Assignments
United States Air Forces in Europe, 22 Aug 1967 (not organized until 1 October 1967)
7455th Tactical Intelligence Wing, 1 September 1985 – 1 July 1992
Air Intelligence Agency, 1 October 1993
National Air Intelligence Center, 31 January 2000 – 1 February 2001
480th Intelligence Wing (later 480th Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Wing), 1 December 2003 – present
Components
10th Intelligence Squadron, 1 December 2003 – present
30th Intelligence Squadron, 1 December 2003 – present
31st Intelligence Squadron, 16 July 2008 – 1 November 2010 (attached to 480th Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Group (Provisional) after 15 April 2010)
45th Intelligence Squadron, c. 1 July 2012 – present
495th Reconnaissance Technical Squadron, 1 September 1989 – 1 July 1992
Ramstein Air Base, Germany
496th Reconnaissance Technical Squadron, 1 October 1982 – 1 July 1992
RAF Alconbury, England
497th Operations Support Squadron, 6 July 2012 – present
7113d Special Activities Squadron, 1 July 1973 – 1 September 1973
Stations
Schierstein Administrative Office (later, Schierstein Compound), Germany, 1 October 1967
RAF Molesworth, England, 1 July 1991 – 1 July 1992
Bolling Air Force Base, District of Columbia, 1 October 1993 – 1 February 2001
Langley Air Force Base (later Joint Base Langley–Eustis), Virginia, 1 December 2003 – present
Awards
References
Notes
Explanatory notes
Citations
Bibliography
External links
497th Reconnaissance Technical Group History
497th 497 Intelligence Group FOI document
AF FOIA Reading Room: Lineage and Honors of 497th Intelligence Group
497
Military units and formations in Virginia |
Harald Søltoft Agersnap (March 2, 1899 – January 16, 1982) was a Danish composer, conductor, cellist, and pianist. He studied with Otto Malling and Carl Nielsen, as well as with his father, Hans Agersnap.
Agersnap's training in music began at the Royal Danish Academy of Music where he studied from 1914 to 1917. He began his career as an orchestral cellist. Before that, he had been a conductor in two places: at the Royal Danish Theatre (1926–29) and at The Comedy House (1929–30). From 1932-38 he also led the amateur male choir Bel Canto. Agersnap's association with the Royal Danish Theatre began in 1931 as a pianist. In 1934 he was appointed choirmaster, a position he held until 1966.
Agersnap worked as a composer in numerous genres. He composed the music for the plays Aladdin, Feast At Solhaug and The Princess and Half The Kingdom. He also created chamber music, orchestral music, and over 90 songs during his life.
His manuscripts are held at the Royal Danish Library.
Personal life
Agersnap married physiotherapist Gertrud Mackeprang on September 27, 1926, in Copenhagen.
References
1899 births
1982 deaths
Danish classical cellists
Danish classical composers
Danish male classical composers
Danish classical pianists
Danish conductors (music)
Male conductors (music)
Pupils of Carl Nielsen
20th-century conductors (music)
20th-century classical composers
Male classical pianists
20th-century Danish male musicians
20th-century cellists |
```powershell
function Set-UnattendedIpSettings
{
[CmdletBinding(DefaultParameterSetName = 'Windows')]
param (
[Parameter(ParameterSetName = 'Windows')]
[Parameter(ParameterSetName = 'Kickstart')]
[Parameter(ParameterSetName = 'Yast')]
[Parameter(ParameterSetName = 'CloudInit')]
[string]$IpAddress,
[Parameter(ParameterSetName = 'Windows')]
[Parameter(ParameterSetName = 'Kickstart')]
[Parameter(ParameterSetName = 'Yast')]
[Parameter(ParameterSetName = 'CloudInit')]
[string]$Gateway,
[Parameter(ParameterSetName = 'Windows')]
[Parameter(ParameterSetName = 'Kickstart')]
[Parameter(ParameterSetName = 'Yast')]
[Parameter(ParameterSetName = 'CloudInit')]
[String[]]$DnsServers,
[Parameter(ParameterSetName = 'Windows')]
[Parameter(ParameterSetName = 'Kickstart')]
[Parameter(ParameterSetName = 'Yast')]
[Parameter(ParameterSetName = 'CloudInit')]
[string]$DnsDomain,
[Parameter(ParameterSetName = 'Kickstart')]
[switch]
$IsKickstart,
[Parameter(ParameterSetName = 'Yast')]
[switch]
$IsAutoYast,
[Parameter(ParameterSetName = 'CloudInit')]
[switch]
$IsCloudInit
)
if (-not $script:un)
{
Write-Error 'No unattended file imported. Please use Import-UnattendedFile first'
return
}
$command = Get-Command -Name $PSCmdlet.MyInvocation.MyCommand.Name.Replace('Unattended', "Unattended$($PSCmdlet.ParameterSetName)")
$parameters = Sync-Parameter $command -Parameters $PSBoundParameters
& $command @parameters
}
``` |
The Foster House is a historic house at 303 North Hervey Street in Hope, Arkansas. The two-story wood-frame house was designed by Charles L. Thompson and built c. 1912. It is a fine local example of Bungalow/Craftsman style, with flared eaves and a full-length front porch supported by box columns, which are, in a Thompson signature, clustered in threes at the corners. The porch roof, dormer, and eave have classic Craftsman features, including exposed rafters and brackets. It is one of three Thompson designs in Hope.
The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982, and was delisted in 2019.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Hempstead County, Arkansas
References
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Arkansas
American Craftsman architecture in Arkansas
Bungalow architecture in Arkansas
Houses completed in 1912
Houses in Hempstead County, Arkansas
1912 establishments in Arkansas
Individually listed contributing properties to historic districts on the National Register in Arkansas
National Register of Historic Places in Hempstead County, Arkansas |
Elizabeth Bond (1942 – December 2002) was an Australian radio broadcaster, TV host and journalist.
Education
Bond graduated from the University of Melbourne in 1962 with a Bachelor of Arts with honours in English and German. Bond attended the university with Germaine Greer, whom Bond credited with teaching her how to apply make-up. While at the university, Bond appeared as an extra in a production of Saint Joan which starred Zoe Caldwell.
Career
After a successful audition in December 1963, Bond commenced working for the Australian Broadcasting Commission in Melbourne, working in various capacities.
Bond relocated to Sydney in 1970 where she presented her own program on 2BL. The program was dropped after Bond attracted criticism for making controversial comments on the program following a discussion with social commentator Ray Taylor, angering ABC management, prompting protests and accusations of Bond being a "left wing libber on the ABC".
During this time, Bond appeared on ABC Television, hosting Matinee and At Home with Elizabeth Bond. However, Bond expressed the view that she didn't enjoy television work and said she had no desire of becoming a media personality.
Following a short-lived marriage and the birth of her son, Bond took a break from radio but returned to 3LO in 1977 to take over from Terry Lane on the Mornings program. Following an initial outcry immediately following Lane's departure, listeners warmed to Bond and she was able to command a large audience, covering topics such as national and international politics, business affairs and media analysis. Bond was explicit in her instructions to her producer to never be asked to help promote television shows, movies or books as they were a national broadcaster, and "not a PR company".
Following disagreements with management about proposed changes to her program, Bond resigned from the ABC at the end of 1979. Following her resignation, Bond accepted an offer to work for The Age.
In 1981, Bond was appointed as the first community relations officer at the Royal Women's Hospital in Melbourne.
Bond became the first female commissioner of the Liquor Control Commission, which was later renamed the Liquor Licensing Commission. Her work there prompted her to enroll in a law course at Melbourne University in 1989, which she graduated from in 1995.
Throughout the 1980s, Bond served in a number of roles including as a foundation board member of the Meat Market Craft Centre, as a chairperson of St Martins Youth Centre, as a member of the ethics committee at the Royal Southern Memorial Hospital and as advisory committee member with the ABC.
Recognition
In October 1979, Bond received a gold citation at the United Nations Association of Australia's media awards.
Personal life
Bond suffered from rheumatoid arthritis from the age of 16. Because of this, she often used a wheelchair. In her final years at the ABC, she asked to be carried from her house to her car, and then from her car into the studio so she could continue working.
Death
Bond died in December 2002. Her death prompted a number of tributes including from political commentator Max Teichmann.
References
University of Melbourne alumni
Australian radio journalists
1942 births
2002 deaths
Australian women journalists
20th-century Australian journalists
20th-century Australian women writers |
```c
/* Definitions for computing resource usage of specific insns.
This file is part of GCC.
GCC is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option) any later
version.
GCC is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
for more details.
along with GCC; see the file COPYING. If not, write to the Free
Software Foundation, 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA
02111-1307, USA. */
#include "config.h"
#include "system.h"
#include "toplev.h"
#include "rtl.h"
#include "tm_p.h"
#include "hard-reg-set.h"
#include "basic-block.h"
#include "function.h"
#include "regs.h"
#include "flags.h"
#include "output.h"
#include "resource.h"
#include "except.h"
#include "insn-attr.h"
#include "params.h"
/* This structure is used to record liveness information at the targets or
fallthrough insns of branches. We will most likely need the information
at targets again, so save them in a hash table rather than recomputing them
each time. */
struct target_info
{
int uid; /* INSN_UID of target. */
struct target_info *next; /* Next info for same hash bucket. */
HARD_REG_SET live_regs; /* Registers live at target. */
int block; /* Basic block number containing target. */
int bb_tick; /* Generation count of basic block info. */
};
#define TARGET_HASH_PRIME 257
/* Indicates what resources are required at the beginning of the epilogue. */
static struct resources start_of_epilogue_needs;
/* Indicates what resources are required at function end. */
static struct resources end_of_function_needs;
/* Define the hash table itself. */
static struct target_info **target_hash_table = NULL;
/* For each basic block, we maintain a generation number of its basic
block info, which is updated each time we move an insn from the
target of a jump. This is the generation number indexed by block
number. */
static int *bb_ticks;
/* Marks registers possibly live at the current place being scanned by
mark_target_live_regs. Also used by update_live_status. */
static HARD_REG_SET current_live_regs;
/* Marks registers for which we have seen a REG_DEAD note but no assignment.
Also only used by the next two functions. */
static HARD_REG_SET pending_dead_regs;
static void update_live_status PARAMS ((rtx, rtx, void *));
static int find_basic_block PARAMS ((rtx, int));
static rtx next_insn_no_annul PARAMS ((rtx));
static rtx find_dead_or_set_registers PARAMS ((rtx, struct resources*,
rtx*, int, struct resources,
struct resources));
/* Utility function called from mark_target_live_regs via note_stores.
It deadens any CLOBBERed registers and livens any SET registers. */
static void
update_live_status (dest, x, data)
rtx dest;
rtx x;
void *data ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED;
{
int first_regno, last_regno;
int i;
if (GET_CODE (dest) != REG
&& (GET_CODE (dest) != SUBREG || GET_CODE (SUBREG_REG (dest)) != REG))
return;
if (GET_CODE (dest) == SUBREG)
first_regno = subreg_regno (dest);
else
first_regno = REGNO (dest);
last_regno = first_regno + HARD_REGNO_NREGS (first_regno, GET_MODE (dest));
if (GET_CODE (x) == CLOBBER)
for (i = first_regno; i < last_regno; i++)
CLEAR_HARD_REG_BIT (current_live_regs, i);
else
for (i = first_regno; i < last_regno; i++)
{
SET_HARD_REG_BIT (current_live_regs, i);
CLEAR_HARD_REG_BIT (pending_dead_regs, i);
}
}
/* Find the number of the basic block with correct live register
information that starts closest to INSN. Return -1 if we couldn't
find such a basic block or the beginning is more than
SEARCH_LIMIT instructions before INSN. Use SEARCH_LIMIT = -1 for
an unlimited search.
The delay slot filling code destroys the control-flow graph so,
instead of finding the basic block containing INSN, we search
backwards toward a BARRIER where the live register information is
correct. */
static int
find_basic_block (insn, search_limit)
rtx insn;
int search_limit;
{
basic_block bb;
/* Scan backwards to the previous BARRIER. Then see if we can find a
label that starts a basic block. Return the basic block number. */
for (insn = prev_nonnote_insn (insn);
insn && GET_CODE (insn) != BARRIER && search_limit != 0;
insn = prev_nonnote_insn (insn), --search_limit)
;
/* The closest BARRIER is too far away. */
if (search_limit == 0)
return -1;
/* The start of the function. */
else if (insn == 0)
return ENTRY_BLOCK_PTR->next_bb->index;
/* See if any of the upcoming CODE_LABELs start a basic block. If we reach
anything other than a CODE_LABEL or note, we can't find this code. */
for (insn = next_nonnote_insn (insn);
insn && GET_CODE (insn) == CODE_LABEL;
insn = next_nonnote_insn (insn))
{
FOR_EACH_BB (bb)
if (insn == bb->head)
return bb->index;
}
return -1;
}
/* Similar to next_insn, but ignores insns in the delay slots of
an annulled branch. */
static rtx
next_insn_no_annul (insn)
rtx insn;
{
if (insn)
{
/* If INSN is an annulled branch, skip any insns from the target
of the branch. */
if ((GET_CODE (insn) == JUMP_INSN
|| GET_CODE (insn) == CALL_INSN
|| GET_CODE (insn) == INSN)
&& INSN_ANNULLED_BRANCH_P (insn)
&& NEXT_INSN (PREV_INSN (insn)) != insn)
{
rtx next = NEXT_INSN (insn);
enum rtx_code code = GET_CODE (next);
while ((code == INSN || code == JUMP_INSN || code == CALL_INSN)
&& INSN_FROM_TARGET_P (next))
{
insn = next;
next = NEXT_INSN (insn);
code = GET_CODE (next);
}
}
insn = NEXT_INSN (insn);
if (insn && GET_CODE (insn) == INSN
&& GET_CODE (PATTERN (insn)) == SEQUENCE)
insn = XVECEXP (PATTERN (insn), 0, 0);
}
return insn;
}
/* Given X, some rtl, and RES, a pointer to a `struct resource', mark
which resources are referenced by the insn. If INCLUDE_DELAYED_EFFECTS
is TRUE, resources used by the called routine will be included for
CALL_INSNs. */
void
mark_referenced_resources (x, res, include_delayed_effects)
rtx x;
struct resources *res;
int include_delayed_effects;
{
enum rtx_code code = GET_CODE (x);
int i, j;
unsigned int r;
const char *format_ptr;
/* Handle leaf items for which we set resource flags. Also, special-case
CALL, SET and CLOBBER operators. */
switch (code)
{
case CONST:
case CONST_INT:
case CONST_DOUBLE:
case CONST_VECTOR:
case PC:
case SYMBOL_REF:
case LABEL_REF:
return;
case SUBREG:
if (GET_CODE (SUBREG_REG (x)) != REG)
mark_referenced_resources (SUBREG_REG (x), res, 0);
else
{
unsigned int regno = subreg_regno (x);
unsigned int last_regno
= regno + HARD_REGNO_NREGS (regno, GET_MODE (x));
if (last_regno > FIRST_PSEUDO_REGISTER)
abort ();
for (r = regno; r < last_regno; r++)
SET_HARD_REG_BIT (res->regs, r);
}
return;
case REG:
{
unsigned int regno = REGNO (x);
unsigned int last_regno
= regno + HARD_REGNO_NREGS (regno, GET_MODE (x));
if (last_regno > FIRST_PSEUDO_REGISTER)
abort ();
for (r = regno; r < last_regno; r++)
SET_HARD_REG_BIT (res->regs, r);
}
return;
case MEM:
/* If this memory shouldn't change, it really isn't referencing
memory. */
if (RTX_UNCHANGING_P (x))
res->unch_memory = 1;
else
res->memory = 1;
res->volatil |= MEM_VOLATILE_P (x);
/* Mark registers used to access memory. */
mark_referenced_resources (XEXP (x, 0), res, 0);
return;
case CC0:
res->cc = 1;
return;
case UNSPEC_VOLATILE:
case ASM_INPUT:
/* Traditional asm's are always volatile. */
res->volatil = 1;
return;
case TRAP_IF:
res->volatil = 1;
break;
case ASM_OPERANDS:
res->volatil |= MEM_VOLATILE_P (x);
/* For all ASM_OPERANDS, we must traverse the vector of input operands.
We can not just fall through here since then we would be confused
by the ASM_INPUT rtx inside ASM_OPERANDS, which do not indicate
traditional asms unlike their normal usage. */
for (i = 0; i < ASM_OPERANDS_INPUT_LENGTH (x); i++)
mark_referenced_resources (ASM_OPERANDS_INPUT (x, i), res, 0);
return;
case CALL:
/* The first operand will be a (MEM (xxx)) but doesn't really reference
memory. The second operand may be referenced, though. */
mark_referenced_resources (XEXP (XEXP (x, 0), 0), res, 0);
mark_referenced_resources (XEXP (x, 1), res, 0);
return;
case SET:
/* Usually, the first operand of SET is set, not referenced. But
registers used to access memory are referenced. SET_DEST is
also referenced if it is a ZERO_EXTRACT or SIGN_EXTRACT. */
mark_referenced_resources (SET_SRC (x), res, 0);
x = SET_DEST (x);
if (GET_CODE (x) == SIGN_EXTRACT
|| GET_CODE (x) == ZERO_EXTRACT
|| GET_CODE (x) == STRICT_LOW_PART)
mark_referenced_resources (x, res, 0);
else if (GET_CODE (x) == SUBREG)
x = SUBREG_REG (x);
if (GET_CODE (x) == MEM)
mark_referenced_resources (XEXP (x, 0), res, 0);
return;
case CLOBBER:
return;
case CALL_INSN:
if (include_delayed_effects)
{
/* A CALL references memory, the frame pointer if it exists, the
stack pointer, any global registers and any registers given in
USE insns immediately in front of the CALL.
However, we may have moved some of the parameter loading insns
into the delay slot of this CALL. If so, the USE's for them
don't count and should be skipped. */
rtx insn = PREV_INSN (x);
rtx sequence = 0;
int seq_size = 0;
int i;
/* If we are part of a delay slot sequence, point at the SEQUENCE. */
if (NEXT_INSN (insn) != x)
{
sequence = PATTERN (NEXT_INSN (insn));
seq_size = XVECLEN (sequence, 0);
if (GET_CODE (sequence) != SEQUENCE)
abort ();
}
res->memory = 1;
SET_HARD_REG_BIT (res->regs, STACK_POINTER_REGNUM);
if (frame_pointer_needed)
{
SET_HARD_REG_BIT (res->regs, FRAME_POINTER_REGNUM);
#if FRAME_POINTER_REGNUM != HARD_FRAME_POINTER_REGNUM
SET_HARD_REG_BIT (res->regs, HARD_FRAME_POINTER_REGNUM);
#endif
}
for (i = 0; i < FIRST_PSEUDO_REGISTER; i++)
if (global_regs[i])
SET_HARD_REG_BIT (res->regs, i);
/* Check for a REG_SETJMP. If it exists, then we must
assume that this call can need any register.
This is done to be more conservative about how we handle setjmp.
We assume that they both use and set all registers. Using all
registers ensures that a register will not be considered dead
just because it crosses a setjmp call. A register should be
considered dead only if the setjmp call returns nonzero. */
if (find_reg_note (x, REG_SETJMP, NULL))
SET_HARD_REG_SET (res->regs);
{
rtx link;
for (link = CALL_INSN_FUNCTION_USAGE (x);
link;
link = XEXP (link, 1))
if (GET_CODE (XEXP (link, 0)) == USE)
{
for (i = 1; i < seq_size; i++)
{
rtx slot_pat = PATTERN (XVECEXP (sequence, 0, i));
if (GET_CODE (slot_pat) == SET
&& rtx_equal_p (SET_DEST (slot_pat),
XEXP (XEXP (link, 0), 0)))
break;
}
if (i >= seq_size)
mark_referenced_resources (XEXP (XEXP (link, 0), 0),
res, 0);
}
}
}
/* ... fall through to other INSN processing ... */
case INSN:
case JUMP_INSN:
#ifdef INSN_REFERENCES_ARE_DELAYED
if (! include_delayed_effects
&& INSN_REFERENCES_ARE_DELAYED (x))
return;
#endif
/* No special processing, just speed up. */
mark_referenced_resources (PATTERN (x), res, include_delayed_effects);
return;
default:
break;
}
/* Process each sub-expression and flag what it needs. */
format_ptr = GET_RTX_FORMAT (code);
for (i = 0; i < GET_RTX_LENGTH (code); i++)
switch (*format_ptr++)
{
case 'e':
mark_referenced_resources (XEXP (x, i), res, include_delayed_effects);
break;
case 'E':
for (j = 0; j < XVECLEN (x, i); j++)
mark_referenced_resources (XVECEXP (x, i, j), res,
include_delayed_effects);
break;
}
}
/* A subroutine of mark_target_live_regs. Search forward from TARGET
looking for registers that are set before they are used. These are dead.
Stop after passing a few conditional jumps, and/or a small
number of unconditional branches. */
static rtx
find_dead_or_set_registers (target, res, jump_target, jump_count, set, needed)
rtx target;
struct resources *res;
rtx *jump_target;
int jump_count;
struct resources set, needed;
{
HARD_REG_SET scratch;
rtx insn, next;
rtx jump_insn = 0;
int i;
for (insn = target; insn; insn = next)
{
rtx this_jump_insn = insn;
next = NEXT_INSN (insn);
/* If this instruction can throw an exception, then we don't
know where we might end up next. That means that we have to
assume that whatever we have already marked as live really is
live. */
if (can_throw_internal (insn))
break;
switch (GET_CODE (insn))
{
case CODE_LABEL:
/* After a label, any pending dead registers that weren't yet
used can be made dead. */
AND_COMPL_HARD_REG_SET (pending_dead_regs, needed.regs);
AND_COMPL_HARD_REG_SET (res->regs, pending_dead_regs);
CLEAR_HARD_REG_SET (pending_dead_regs);
continue;
case BARRIER:
case NOTE:
continue;
case INSN:
if (GET_CODE (PATTERN (insn)) == USE)
{
/* If INSN is a USE made by update_block, we care about the
underlying insn. Any registers set by the underlying insn
are live since the insn is being done somewhere else. */
if (INSN_P (XEXP (PATTERN (insn), 0)))
mark_set_resources (XEXP (PATTERN (insn), 0), res, 0,
MARK_SRC_DEST_CALL);
/* All other USE insns are to be ignored. */
continue;
}
else if (GET_CODE (PATTERN (insn)) == CLOBBER)
continue;
else if (GET_CODE (PATTERN (insn)) == SEQUENCE)
{
/* An unconditional jump can be used to fill the delay slot
of a call, so search for a JUMP_INSN in any position. */
for (i = 0; i < XVECLEN (PATTERN (insn), 0); i++)
{
this_jump_insn = XVECEXP (PATTERN (insn), 0, i);
if (GET_CODE (this_jump_insn) == JUMP_INSN)
break;
}
}
default:
break;
}
if (GET_CODE (this_jump_insn) == JUMP_INSN)
{
if (jump_count++ < 10)
{
if (any_uncondjump_p (this_jump_insn)
|| GET_CODE (PATTERN (this_jump_insn)) == RETURN)
{
next = JUMP_LABEL (this_jump_insn);
if (jump_insn == 0)
{
jump_insn = insn;
if (jump_target)
*jump_target = JUMP_LABEL (this_jump_insn);
}
}
else if (any_condjump_p (this_jump_insn))
{
struct resources target_set, target_res;
struct resources fallthrough_res;
/* We can handle conditional branches here by following
both paths, and then IOR the results of the two paths
together, which will give us registers that are dead
on both paths. Since this is expensive, we give it
a much higher cost than unconditional branches. The
cost was chosen so that we will follow at most 1
conditional branch. */
jump_count += 4;
if (jump_count >= 10)
break;
mark_referenced_resources (insn, &needed, 1);
/* For an annulled branch, mark_set_resources ignores slots
filled by instructions from the target. This is correct
if the branch is not taken. Since we are following both
paths from the branch, we must also compute correct info
if the branch is taken. We do this by inverting all of
the INSN_FROM_TARGET_P bits, calling mark_set_resources,
and then inverting the INSN_FROM_TARGET_P bits again. */
if (GET_CODE (PATTERN (insn)) == SEQUENCE
&& INSN_ANNULLED_BRANCH_P (this_jump_insn))
{
for (i = 1; i < XVECLEN (PATTERN (insn), 0); i++)
INSN_FROM_TARGET_P (XVECEXP (PATTERN (insn), 0, i))
= ! INSN_FROM_TARGET_P (XVECEXP (PATTERN (insn), 0, i));
target_set = set;
mark_set_resources (insn, &target_set, 0,
MARK_SRC_DEST_CALL);
for (i = 1; i < XVECLEN (PATTERN (insn), 0); i++)
INSN_FROM_TARGET_P (XVECEXP (PATTERN (insn), 0, i))
= ! INSN_FROM_TARGET_P (XVECEXP (PATTERN (insn), 0, i));
mark_set_resources (insn, &set, 0, MARK_SRC_DEST_CALL);
}
else
{
mark_set_resources (insn, &set, 0, MARK_SRC_DEST_CALL);
target_set = set;
}
target_res = *res;
COPY_HARD_REG_SET (scratch, target_set.regs);
AND_COMPL_HARD_REG_SET (scratch, needed.regs);
AND_COMPL_HARD_REG_SET (target_res.regs, scratch);
fallthrough_res = *res;
COPY_HARD_REG_SET (scratch, set.regs);
AND_COMPL_HARD_REG_SET (scratch, needed.regs);
AND_COMPL_HARD_REG_SET (fallthrough_res.regs, scratch);
find_dead_or_set_registers (JUMP_LABEL (this_jump_insn),
&target_res, 0, jump_count,
target_set, needed);
find_dead_or_set_registers (next,
&fallthrough_res, 0, jump_count,
set, needed);
IOR_HARD_REG_SET (fallthrough_res.regs, target_res.regs);
AND_HARD_REG_SET (res->regs, fallthrough_res.regs);
break;
}
else
break;
}
else
{
/* Don't try this optimization if we expired our jump count
above, since that would mean there may be an infinite loop
in the function being compiled. */
jump_insn = 0;
break;
}
}
mark_referenced_resources (insn, &needed, 1);
mark_set_resources (insn, &set, 0, MARK_SRC_DEST_CALL);
COPY_HARD_REG_SET (scratch, set.regs);
AND_COMPL_HARD_REG_SET (scratch, needed.regs);
AND_COMPL_HARD_REG_SET (res->regs, scratch);
}
return jump_insn;
}
/* Given X, a part of an insn, and a pointer to a `struct resource',
RES, indicate which resources are modified by the insn. If
MARK_TYPE is MARK_SRC_DEST_CALL, also mark resources potentially
set by the called routine.
If IN_DEST is nonzero, it means we are inside a SET. Otherwise,
objects are being referenced instead of set.
We never mark the insn as modifying the condition code unless it explicitly
SETs CC0 even though this is not totally correct. The reason for this is
that we require a SET of CC0 to immediately precede the reference to CC0.
So if some other insn sets CC0 as a side-effect, we know it cannot affect
our computation and thus may be placed in a delay slot. */
void
mark_set_resources (x, res, in_dest, mark_type)
rtx x;
struct resources *res;
int in_dest;
enum mark_resource_type mark_type;
{
enum rtx_code code;
int i, j;
unsigned int r;
const char *format_ptr;
restart:
code = GET_CODE (x);
switch (code)
{
case NOTE:
case BARRIER:
case CODE_LABEL:
case USE:
case CONST_INT:
case CONST_DOUBLE:
case CONST_VECTOR:
case LABEL_REF:
case SYMBOL_REF:
case CONST:
case PC:
/* These don't set any resources. */
return;
case CC0:
if (in_dest)
res->cc = 1;
return;
case CALL_INSN:
/* Called routine modifies the condition code, memory, any registers
that aren't saved across calls, global registers and anything
explicitly CLOBBERed immediately after the CALL_INSN. */
if (mark_type == MARK_SRC_DEST_CALL)
{
rtx link;
res->cc = res->memory = 1;
for (r = 0; r < FIRST_PSEUDO_REGISTER; r++)
if (call_used_regs[r] || global_regs[r])
SET_HARD_REG_BIT (res->regs, r);
for (link = CALL_INSN_FUNCTION_USAGE (x);
link; link = XEXP (link, 1))
if (GET_CODE (XEXP (link, 0)) == CLOBBER)
mark_set_resources (SET_DEST (XEXP (link, 0)), res, 1,
MARK_SRC_DEST);
/* Check for a REG_SETJMP. If it exists, then we must
assume that this call can clobber any register. */
if (find_reg_note (x, REG_SETJMP, NULL))
SET_HARD_REG_SET (res->regs);
}
/* ... and also what its RTL says it modifies, if anything. */
case JUMP_INSN:
case INSN:
/* An insn consisting of just a CLOBBER (or USE) is just for flow
and doesn't actually do anything, so we ignore it. */
#ifdef INSN_SETS_ARE_DELAYED
if (mark_type != MARK_SRC_DEST_CALL
&& INSN_SETS_ARE_DELAYED (x))
return;
#endif
x = PATTERN (x);
if (GET_CODE (x) != USE && GET_CODE (x) != CLOBBER)
goto restart;
return;
case SET:
/* If the source of a SET is a CALL, this is actually done by
the called routine. So only include it if we are to include the
effects of the calling routine. */
mark_set_resources (SET_DEST (x), res,
(mark_type == MARK_SRC_DEST_CALL
|| GET_CODE (SET_SRC (x)) != CALL),
mark_type);
mark_set_resources (SET_SRC (x), res, 0, MARK_SRC_DEST);
return;
case CLOBBER:
mark_set_resources (XEXP (x, 0), res, 1, MARK_SRC_DEST);
return;
case SEQUENCE:
for (i = 0; i < XVECLEN (x, 0); i++)
if (! (INSN_ANNULLED_BRANCH_P (XVECEXP (x, 0, 0))
&& INSN_FROM_TARGET_P (XVECEXP (x, 0, i))))
mark_set_resources (XVECEXP (x, 0, i), res, 0, mark_type);
return;
case POST_INC:
case PRE_INC:
case POST_DEC:
case PRE_DEC:
mark_set_resources (XEXP (x, 0), res, 1, MARK_SRC_DEST);
return;
case PRE_MODIFY:
case POST_MODIFY:
mark_set_resources (XEXP (x, 0), res, 1, MARK_SRC_DEST);
mark_set_resources (XEXP (XEXP (x, 1), 0), res, 0, MARK_SRC_DEST);
mark_set_resources (XEXP (XEXP (x, 1), 1), res, 0, MARK_SRC_DEST);
return;
case SIGN_EXTRACT:
case ZERO_EXTRACT:
mark_set_resources (XEXP (x, 0), res, in_dest, MARK_SRC_DEST);
mark_set_resources (XEXP (x, 1), res, 0, MARK_SRC_DEST);
mark_set_resources (XEXP (x, 2), res, 0, MARK_SRC_DEST);
return;
case MEM:
if (in_dest)
{
res->memory = 1;
res->unch_memory |= RTX_UNCHANGING_P (x);
res->volatil |= MEM_VOLATILE_P (x);
}
mark_set_resources (XEXP (x, 0), res, 0, MARK_SRC_DEST);
return;
case SUBREG:
if (in_dest)
{
if (GET_CODE (SUBREG_REG (x)) != REG)
mark_set_resources (SUBREG_REG (x), res, in_dest, mark_type);
else
{
unsigned int regno = subreg_regno (x);
unsigned int last_regno
= regno + HARD_REGNO_NREGS (regno, GET_MODE (x));
if (last_regno > FIRST_PSEUDO_REGISTER)
abort ();
for (r = regno; r < last_regno; r++)
SET_HARD_REG_BIT (res->regs, r);
}
}
return;
case REG:
if (in_dest)
{
unsigned int regno = REGNO (x);
unsigned int last_regno
= regno + HARD_REGNO_NREGS (regno, GET_MODE (x));
if (last_regno > FIRST_PSEUDO_REGISTER)
abort ();
for (r = regno; r < last_regno; r++)
SET_HARD_REG_BIT (res->regs, r);
}
return;
case UNSPEC_VOLATILE:
case ASM_INPUT:
/* Traditional asm's are always volatile. */
res->volatil = 1;
return;
case TRAP_IF:
res->volatil = 1;
break;
case ASM_OPERANDS:
res->volatil |= MEM_VOLATILE_P (x);
/* For all ASM_OPERANDS, we must traverse the vector of input operands.
We can not just fall through here since then we would be confused
by the ASM_INPUT rtx inside ASM_OPERANDS, which do not indicate
traditional asms unlike their normal usage. */
for (i = 0; i < ASM_OPERANDS_INPUT_LENGTH (x); i++)
mark_set_resources (ASM_OPERANDS_INPUT (x, i), res, in_dest,
MARK_SRC_DEST);
return;
default:
break;
}
/* Process each sub-expression and flag what it needs. */
format_ptr = GET_RTX_FORMAT (code);
for (i = 0; i < GET_RTX_LENGTH (code); i++)
switch (*format_ptr++)
{
case 'e':
mark_set_resources (XEXP (x, i), res, in_dest, mark_type);
break;
case 'E':
for (j = 0; j < XVECLEN (x, i); j++)
mark_set_resources (XVECEXP (x, i, j), res, in_dest, mark_type);
break;
}
}
/* Set the resources that are live at TARGET.
If TARGET is zero, we refer to the end of the current function and can
return our precomputed value.
Otherwise, we try to find out what is live by consulting the basic block
information. This is tricky, because we must consider the actions of
reload and jump optimization, which occur after the basic block information
has been computed.
Accordingly, we proceed as follows::
We find the previous BARRIER and look at all immediately following labels
(with no intervening active insns) to see if any of them start a basic
block. If we hit the start of the function first, we use block 0.
Once we have found a basic block and a corresponding first insns, we can
accurately compute the live status from basic_block_live_regs and
reg_renumber. (By starting at a label following a BARRIER, we are immune
to actions taken by reload and jump.) Then we scan all insns between
that point and our target. For each CLOBBER (or for call-clobbered regs
when we pass a CALL_INSN), mark the appropriate registers are dead. For
a SET, mark them as live.
We have to be careful when using REG_DEAD notes because they are not
updated by such things as find_equiv_reg. So keep track of registers
marked as dead that haven't been assigned to, and mark them dead at the
next CODE_LABEL since reload and jump won't propagate values across labels.
If we cannot find the start of a basic block (should be a very rare
case, if it can happen at all), mark everything as potentially live.
Next, scan forward from TARGET looking for things set or clobbered
before they are used. These are not live.
Because we can be called many times on the same target, save our results
in a hash table indexed by INSN_UID. This is only done if the function
init_resource_info () was invoked before we are called. */
void
mark_target_live_regs (insns, target, res)
rtx insns;
rtx target;
struct resources *res;
{
int b = -1;
unsigned int i;
struct target_info *tinfo = NULL;
rtx insn;
rtx jump_insn = 0;
rtx jump_target;
HARD_REG_SET scratch;
struct resources set, needed;
/* Handle end of function. */
if (target == 0)
{
*res = end_of_function_needs;
return;
}
/* We have to assume memory is needed, but the CC isn't. */
res->memory = 1;
res->volatil = res->unch_memory = 0;
res->cc = 0;
/* See if we have computed this value already. */
if (target_hash_table != NULL)
{
for (tinfo = target_hash_table[INSN_UID (target) % TARGET_HASH_PRIME];
tinfo; tinfo = tinfo->next)
if (tinfo->uid == INSN_UID (target))
break;
/* Start by getting the basic block number. If we have saved
information, we can get it from there unless the insn at the
start of the basic block has been deleted. */
if (tinfo && tinfo->block != -1
&& ! INSN_DELETED_P (BLOCK_HEAD (tinfo->block)))
b = tinfo->block;
}
if (b == -1)
b = find_basic_block (target, MAX_DELAY_SLOT_LIVE_SEARCH);
if (target_hash_table != NULL)
{
if (tinfo)
{
/* If the information is up-to-date, use it. Otherwise, we will
update it below. */
if (b == tinfo->block && b != -1 && tinfo->bb_tick == bb_ticks[b])
{
COPY_HARD_REG_SET (res->regs, tinfo->live_regs);
return;
}
}
else
{
/* Allocate a place to put our results and chain it into the
hash table. */
tinfo = (struct target_info *) xmalloc (sizeof (struct target_info));
tinfo->uid = INSN_UID (target);
tinfo->block = b;
tinfo->next
= target_hash_table[INSN_UID (target) % TARGET_HASH_PRIME];
target_hash_table[INSN_UID (target) % TARGET_HASH_PRIME] = tinfo;
}
}
CLEAR_HARD_REG_SET (pending_dead_regs);
/* If we found a basic block, get the live registers from it and update
them with anything set or killed between its start and the insn before
TARGET. Otherwise, we must assume everything is live. */
if (b != -1)
{
regset regs_live = BASIC_BLOCK (b)->global_live_at_start;
unsigned int j;
unsigned int regno;
rtx start_insn, stop_insn;
/* Compute hard regs live at start of block -- this is the real hard regs
marked live, plus live pseudo regs that have been renumbered to
hard regs. */
REG_SET_TO_HARD_REG_SET (current_live_regs, regs_live);
EXECUTE_IF_SET_IN_REG_SET
(regs_live, FIRST_PSEUDO_REGISTER, i,
{
if (reg_renumber[i] >= 0)
{
regno = reg_renumber[i];
for (j = regno;
j < regno + HARD_REGNO_NREGS (regno,
PSEUDO_REGNO_MODE (i));
j++)
SET_HARD_REG_BIT (current_live_regs, j);
}
});
/* Get starting and ending insn, handling the case where each might
be a SEQUENCE. */
start_insn = (b == 0 ? insns : BLOCK_HEAD (b));
stop_insn = target;
if (GET_CODE (start_insn) == INSN
&& GET_CODE (PATTERN (start_insn)) == SEQUENCE)
start_insn = XVECEXP (PATTERN (start_insn), 0, 0);
if (GET_CODE (stop_insn) == INSN
&& GET_CODE (PATTERN (stop_insn)) == SEQUENCE)
stop_insn = next_insn (PREV_INSN (stop_insn));
for (insn = start_insn; insn != stop_insn;
insn = next_insn_no_annul (insn))
{
rtx link;
rtx real_insn = insn;
enum rtx_code code = GET_CODE (insn);
/* If this insn is from the target of a branch, it isn't going to
be used in the sequel. If it is used in both cases, this
test will not be true. */
if ((code == INSN || code == JUMP_INSN || code == CALL_INSN)
&& INSN_FROM_TARGET_P (insn))
continue;
/* If this insn is a USE made by update_block, we care about the
underlying insn. */
if (code == INSN && GET_CODE (PATTERN (insn)) == USE
&& INSN_P (XEXP (PATTERN (insn), 0)))
real_insn = XEXP (PATTERN (insn), 0);
if (GET_CODE (real_insn) == CALL_INSN)
{
/* CALL clobbers all call-used regs that aren't fixed except
sp, ap, and fp. Do this before setting the result of the
call live. */
AND_COMPL_HARD_REG_SET (current_live_regs,
regs_invalidated_by_call);
/* A CALL_INSN sets any global register live, since it may
have been modified by the call. */
for (i = 0; i < FIRST_PSEUDO_REGISTER; i++)
if (global_regs[i])
SET_HARD_REG_BIT (current_live_regs, i);
}
/* Mark anything killed in an insn to be deadened at the next
label. Ignore USE insns; the only REG_DEAD notes will be for
parameters. But they might be early. A CALL_INSN will usually
clobber registers used for parameters. It isn't worth bothering
with the unlikely case when it won't. */
if ((GET_CODE (real_insn) == INSN
&& GET_CODE (PATTERN (real_insn)) != USE
&& GET_CODE (PATTERN (real_insn)) != CLOBBER)
|| GET_CODE (real_insn) == JUMP_INSN
|| GET_CODE (real_insn) == CALL_INSN)
{
for (link = REG_NOTES (real_insn); link; link = XEXP (link, 1))
if (REG_NOTE_KIND (link) == REG_DEAD
&& GET_CODE (XEXP (link, 0)) == REG
&& REGNO (XEXP (link, 0)) < FIRST_PSEUDO_REGISTER)
{
unsigned int first_regno = REGNO (XEXP (link, 0));
unsigned int last_regno
= (first_regno
+ HARD_REGNO_NREGS (first_regno,
GET_MODE (XEXP (link, 0))));
for (i = first_regno; i < last_regno; i++)
SET_HARD_REG_BIT (pending_dead_regs, i);
}
note_stores (PATTERN (real_insn), update_live_status, NULL);
/* If any registers were unused after this insn, kill them.
These notes will always be accurate. */
for (link = REG_NOTES (real_insn); link; link = XEXP (link, 1))
if (REG_NOTE_KIND (link) == REG_UNUSED
&& GET_CODE (XEXP (link, 0)) == REG
&& REGNO (XEXP (link, 0)) < FIRST_PSEUDO_REGISTER)
{
unsigned int first_regno = REGNO (XEXP (link, 0));
unsigned int last_regno
= (first_regno
+ HARD_REGNO_NREGS (first_regno,
GET_MODE (XEXP (link, 0))));
for (i = first_regno; i < last_regno; i++)
CLEAR_HARD_REG_BIT (current_live_regs, i);
}
}
else if (GET_CODE (real_insn) == CODE_LABEL)
{
/* A label clobbers the pending dead registers since neither
reload nor jump will propagate a value across a label. */
AND_COMPL_HARD_REG_SET (current_live_regs, pending_dead_regs);
CLEAR_HARD_REG_SET (pending_dead_regs);
}
/* The beginning of the epilogue corresponds to the end of the
RTL chain when there are no epilogue insns. Certain resources
are implicitly required at that point. */
else if (GET_CODE (real_insn) == NOTE
&& NOTE_LINE_NUMBER (real_insn) == NOTE_INSN_EPILOGUE_BEG)
IOR_HARD_REG_SET (current_live_regs, start_of_epilogue_needs.regs);
}
COPY_HARD_REG_SET (res->regs, current_live_regs);
if (tinfo != NULL)
{
tinfo->block = b;
tinfo->bb_tick = bb_ticks[b];
}
}
else
/* We didn't find the start of a basic block. Assume everything
in use. This should happen only extremely rarely. */
SET_HARD_REG_SET (res->regs);
CLEAR_RESOURCE (&set);
CLEAR_RESOURCE (&needed);
jump_insn = find_dead_or_set_registers (target, res, &jump_target, 0,
set, needed);
/* If we hit an unconditional branch, we have another way of finding out
what is live: we can see what is live at the branch target and include
anything used but not set before the branch. We add the live
resources found using the test below to those found until now. */
if (jump_insn)
{
struct resources new_resources;
rtx stop_insn = next_active_insn (jump_insn);
mark_target_live_regs (insns, next_active_insn (jump_target),
&new_resources);
CLEAR_RESOURCE (&set);
CLEAR_RESOURCE (&needed);
/* Include JUMP_INSN in the needed registers. */
for (insn = target; insn != stop_insn; insn = next_active_insn (insn))
{
mark_referenced_resources (insn, &needed, 1);
COPY_HARD_REG_SET (scratch, needed.regs);
AND_COMPL_HARD_REG_SET (scratch, set.regs);
IOR_HARD_REG_SET (new_resources.regs, scratch);
mark_set_resources (insn, &set, 0, MARK_SRC_DEST_CALL);
}
IOR_HARD_REG_SET (res->regs, new_resources.regs);
}
if (tinfo != NULL)
{
COPY_HARD_REG_SET (tinfo->live_regs, res->regs);
}
}
/* Initialize the resources required by mark_target_live_regs ().
This should be invoked before the first call to mark_target_live_regs. */
void
init_resource_info (epilogue_insn)
rtx epilogue_insn;
{
int i;
/* Indicate what resources are required to be valid at the end of the current
function. The condition code never is and memory always is. If the
frame pointer is needed, it is and so is the stack pointer unless
EXIT_IGNORE_STACK is nonzero. If the frame pointer is not needed, the
stack pointer is. Registers used to return the function value are
needed. Registers holding global variables are needed. */
end_of_function_needs.cc = 0;
end_of_function_needs.memory = 1;
end_of_function_needs.unch_memory = 0;
CLEAR_HARD_REG_SET (end_of_function_needs.regs);
if (frame_pointer_needed)
{
SET_HARD_REG_BIT (end_of_function_needs.regs, FRAME_POINTER_REGNUM);
#if HARD_FRAME_POINTER_REGNUM != FRAME_POINTER_REGNUM
SET_HARD_REG_BIT (end_of_function_needs.regs, HARD_FRAME_POINTER_REGNUM);
#endif
#ifdef EXIT_IGNORE_STACK
if (! EXIT_IGNORE_STACK
|| current_function_sp_is_unchanging)
#endif
SET_HARD_REG_BIT (end_of_function_needs.regs, STACK_POINTER_REGNUM);
}
else
SET_HARD_REG_BIT (end_of_function_needs.regs, STACK_POINTER_REGNUM);
if (current_function_return_rtx != 0)
mark_referenced_resources (current_function_return_rtx,
&end_of_function_needs, 1);
for (i = 0; i < FIRST_PSEUDO_REGISTER; i++)
if (global_regs[i]
#ifdef EPILOGUE_USES
|| EPILOGUE_USES (i)
#endif
)
SET_HARD_REG_BIT (end_of_function_needs.regs, i);
/* The registers required to be live at the end of the function are
represented in the flow information as being dead just prior to
reaching the end of the function. For example, the return of a value
might be represented by a USE of the return register immediately
followed by an unconditional jump to the return label where the
return label is the end of the RTL chain. The end of the RTL chain
is then taken to mean that the return register is live.
This sequence is no longer maintained when epilogue instructions are
added to the RTL chain. To reconstruct the original meaning, the
start of the epilogue (NOTE_INSN_EPILOGUE_BEG) is regarded as the
point where these registers become live (start_of_epilogue_needs).
If epilogue instructions are present, the registers set by those
instructions won't have been processed by flow. Thus, those
registers are additionally required at the end of the RTL chain
(end_of_function_needs). */
start_of_epilogue_needs = end_of_function_needs;
while ((epilogue_insn = next_nonnote_insn (epilogue_insn)))
mark_set_resources (epilogue_insn, &end_of_function_needs, 0,
MARK_SRC_DEST_CALL);
/* Allocate and initialize the tables used by mark_target_live_regs. */
target_hash_table = (struct target_info **)
xcalloc (TARGET_HASH_PRIME, sizeof (struct target_info *));
bb_ticks = (int *) xcalloc (last_basic_block, sizeof (int));
}
/* Free up the resources allcated to mark_target_live_regs (). This
should be invoked after the last call to mark_target_live_regs (). */
void
free_resource_info ()
{
if (target_hash_table != NULL)
{
int i;
for (i = 0; i < TARGET_HASH_PRIME; ++i)
{
struct target_info *ti = target_hash_table[i];
while (ti)
{
struct target_info *next = ti->next;
free (ti);
ti = next;
}
}
free (target_hash_table);
target_hash_table = NULL;
}
if (bb_ticks != NULL)
{
free (bb_ticks);
bb_ticks = NULL;
}
}
/* Clear any hashed information that we have stored for INSN. */
void
clear_hashed_info_for_insn (insn)
rtx insn;
{
struct target_info *tinfo;
if (target_hash_table != NULL)
{
for (tinfo = target_hash_table[INSN_UID (insn) % TARGET_HASH_PRIME];
tinfo; tinfo = tinfo->next)
if (tinfo->uid == INSN_UID (insn))
break;
if (tinfo)
tinfo->block = -1;
}
}
/* Increment the tick count for the basic block that contains INSN. */
void
incr_ticks_for_insn (insn)
rtx insn;
{
int b = find_basic_block (insn, MAX_DELAY_SLOT_LIVE_SEARCH);
if (b != -1)
bb_ticks[b]++;
}
/* Add TRIAL to the set of resources used at the end of the current
function. */
void
mark_end_of_function_resources (trial, include_delayed_effects)
rtx trial;
int include_delayed_effects;
{
mark_referenced_resources (trial, &end_of_function_needs,
include_delayed_effects);
}
``` |
Cinetorhynchus rigens is a species of shrimp in the family Rhynchocinetidae. Common names include mechanical shrimp, Atlantic dancing shrimp, red night shrimp and red coral shrimp. It occurs in shallow water in the tropical Atlantic Ocean.
Description
Like other members of its family, Cinetorhynchus rigens has an upward-hinging, foldable rostrum. The body is robust, especially the cephalothorax, with a length of up to . The rostrum has three large and two small teeth dorsally and eight or nine teeth ventrally. The eyes are particularly noticeable, the corneas being rounded and much larger than the eyestalks. The third abdominal segment is prominently humped. The first pair of walking legs are tipped with pincers and the other walking legs are more slender. The general colour of this shrimp is red and white, the rostrum being white with a patchwork of red blotches, the abdomen transversely striped with red and white and the legs banded in the same colours. At night, some of the white pigment is withdrawn into the chromatophores at the base of the legs and the colouring is more subdued. The eggs are yellow or orange; they may make the cephalothorax appear yellowish while they are maturing in the ovary, and the abdomen yellowish while they are being incubated.
Distribution and habitat
This species occurs in the tropical Atlantic Ocean. Its range extends from Portugal southwards to the equator and includes the Azores, Madeira, the Canaries and the Cape Verde Islands. It also occurs in the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean Sea, and from Bermuda southwards to Brazil. It was first described in 1936 by the Scottish marine biologist Isabella Gordon, the type locality being Madeira. Further specimens were recorded from the Ryukyu Islands by the Japanese zoologist Takahiro Fujino in 1975, but on further examination, these are likely to be a different species and have been given the new species name of Cinetorhynchus erythrostictus. C. rigens is usually found at depths of less than , in crevices and caves on rocky shores and coral reefs.
Ecology
The common name "dancing shrimp" comes from the habit this species has of constantly engaging in jerky movements. Its diet has not been studied, but it is likely to be a detritivore, also consuming small invertebrates and organic particles. Examination of its faeces reveal sponge spicules, fragments of mollusc shells and algae. It is nocturnal, concealing itself during the day, sometimes in large numbers, in fissures among boulders. Its association with the sea urchin Diadema antillarum varies with the phase of the Moon, and it is often associated with sea anemones such as Telmatactis cricoides, Bartholomea annulata, Condylactis gigantea, and Lebrunia neglecta. In Brazil, it has been found sharing crevices with the brown spiny lobster Panulirus echinatus. The shrimp is preyed on by predatory fish, cephalopods and larger crustaceans. In the Caribbean, it forms part of the diet of the invasive lionfishes Pterois volitans and Pterois miles.
References
Caridea
Crustaceans of the Atlantic Ocean
Animals described in 1936 |
Honar Soon Mi Hya Gharchi () is an Indian Marathi language television series that aired on Zee Marathi. The story revolves around Shrirang (Shree) who stays with his grandmother and five mothers. When Shree marries Janhavi, then she has a trouble dealing with six mothers-in-laws.
Plot
Shrirang lives with his grandmother and five more women whom he equally treats as his mother. He owns a business "Gokhale Gruha Udyog" which his grandmother had established. He falls in love with Janhavi, who lives a modest life with her father, brother and step-mother, and works in a bank. They meet on a bus-stop and develop a beautiful bond. Initially Shri does not let Janhavi know he belongs to a rich family to maintain the simplicity of their relationship. But as they both fall in love, he reveals it to her. Janhavi's stepmother creates several problems in the pair's wedding and extorts the Gokhale family on various occasions. She also arranges her alliance with an aged man called Anil Apte. Before marriage, Shri's grandmother misunderstands Janhavi, especially given her mother's greedy nature. After marriage, Janhavi wins everyone's hearts with her caring nature. She also encourages all women in their home to take up various activities and businesses. She also brings Shri's estranged uncle and father back home.
Janhavi meets a road accident and in it she loses her partial memory, forgetting all about her marriage with Shri. But she still moves back to Shri's home upon knowing the fact. She falls for Shri all over again. Janhavi regains her memory after living with the Gokhale family for a while.
Janhavi's little brother - Rohan, who goes by Pintya - gets in a pandemonium from his boss Kishore. His boss threatens him to do as he says. If he doesn't listen, he would kill his father and Shri. To save his loved ones' lives, he makes Shri's image brutal in front of Social Media. Everyone blames Janhavi because of what Pintya did, claiming that she did not take responsibility and stop him. Janhavi, expecting a baby, sobs over and over again, as she is in the risk of losing it. No one except Geeta and Janhavi's parents know she is pregnant. Shri is about to give Janhavi a divorce due to misunderstandings created by her stepmother. The women in the house worry about Shri and decide to do his second marriage and leave Janhavi, as they do not know that Janhavi has not done anything and she is pregnant. They find a bride for Shri. Janhavi often tries to stop Shri to tell him the truth, but can't. After some more incidents, Shri's grandmother and uncle also learn of her pregnancy and finally it is revealed to Shri at a function at 'Narmada Yoga Centre', named after Shri's mother who possibly runs the business. Over there Shri and Janhavi reunite, but they have yet to solve Baby Aatya and the five other mothers' misconceptions about Janhavi. As a result, Shri stops talking with his six mothers and then Janhavi overcomes his mothers' misunderstanding by her tricks. Now she must address Pintya's wedding. His mother is trying to hook him up with a rich family, whereas he has fallen for a girl at his office. However, she lives in Dharavi, the biggest slum in Asia. His mother demands him to chuck her out of his life. Shri advises him to run away and get married. On the other hand, Janhavi thinks she can try and explain the situation to her vicious stepmom. Pintya's father agrees with Shri's opinion. Pintya has a little chat with him and comes to a conclusion that he has to take responsibility for his own actions and should leave his pregnant big sister out of his problems.
Pintya marries Sunita against his mother's will. Initially, Kala and Sunita clash, but Sadashiv resolves it forcibly. Saru marries a middle aged man, Pradyumna. Pradyumna's friend is later revealed to be Devendra, Baby Aatya's estranged husband.
On their anniversary, Devendra tries to reconcile with his wife, but Baby insults him and tells him to leave. Devendra explains Baby left him because of an incident which did not happen. Baby apologizes and returns to her husband. The other family members return. With some help from Janhavi, Pintya buys a flat for his family. Janhavi gives birth to a baby girl while Shri adopts another child from an orphanage. The family is delighted by the arrival of two baby girls, as the adopted baby is also a female. The serial ends with the entire family naming the baby "Krushna".
Cast
Main
Tejashri Pradhan as Janhavi Shrirang Gokhale / Janhavi Sadashiv Sahastrabuddhe (Janu)
Shashank Ketkar as Shrirang Ramakant Gokhale (Shree)
Recurring
Shree's family
Rohini Hattangadi as Bhagirathi Gokhale (Aai Aajji)
Manoj Joshi as Ramakant Gokhale (Baba)
Suhita Thatte as Narmada Ramakant Gokhale (Aai)
Pournima Talwalkar as Kaveri (Baby Aatya)
Supriya Pathare as Indrayani Umakant Gokhale (Mothi Aai)
Prasad Oak as Laxmikant Gokhale (Kanta)
Leena Bhagwat as Sharayu Laxmikant Gokhale (Chhoti Aai)
Smita Saravade as Saraswati (Saru Mavshi)
Janhavi's family
Asha Shelar as Shashikala Sadashiv Sahastrabuddhe (Kala)
Manoj Kolhatkar as Sadashiv Sahastrabuddhe (Baba)
Rohan Gujar as Rohan Sadashiv Sahastrabuddhe (Pintya)
Others
Radhika Deshpande as Geeta
Sachin Deshpande as Manish
Atul Parchure as Sadanand Borkar (Janhavi's boss)
Satish Salagare as Anil Apte
Vinod Gaykar as Nandan
Smita Oak as Sandhya Shivade
Samir Choughule as Pradyumna (Pappu)
Pournima Ahire as Pappu's mother
Abhijeet Jhunzarrao as Devendra (Kaveri's husband)
Soundtrack
The songs were composed by Nilesh Moharir. The three song album featured vocals by Vaishali Mhade, Shruti Bhave, Madhura Kumbhar, Savani Ravindra, Mangesh Borgaonkar, with lyrics by Mandar Cholkar. It was released in 2013.
Production
The lead actors Pradhan and Ketkar won best actress and best actor awards respectively at the Zee Marathi Awards in 2013. The show won a total 11 awards in various categories at this award function. The mangalsutra Pradhan wore in the show, with three lines, became a fashion and was also sold on EBay. The actors Pradhan and Ketkar got married in real life on 8 February 2014 at Pune. But, divorced later by 2016.
The show completed more than 808 episodes and concluded on 24 January 2016.
Seasons
16 June 2014 (Janhavi's Accident)
24 November 2014 (Janhavi's Pregnancy)
Special episode
2 hours
24 January 2016 (Shree-Janhavi's Child)
Adaptations
Awards
References
External links
Honar Sun Me Hya Gharchi at ZEE5
Marathi-language television shows
2013 Indian television series debuts
Zee Marathi original programming
2016 Indian television series endings |
A historical event can be defined as any occurrence from the past regardless of significance, with the term "history" an umbrella term relating to past events and any associated memories, discoveries, collections, organizations, presentations, and/or interpretations of them. This differs from a historic event which is often less inclusive, and stands out as having made a significant impact on history itself.
The following is a list of notable people documented as the last living individuals to have witnessed, survived or participated in significant historical events or who were the last living members of a historic group that directly contributed to such an event (e.g. Manhattan Project scientists). Excluded from this list are last living survivors of wars, speakers of languages, and others who are already recorded on pages representing more narrow categories.
Before 1701
1701–1800
1801–1850
1851–1900
1901–1915
1916–1930
1931–1945
1946–1960
1961–1999
2000–present
Images of select individuals
A few of the individuals listed above are pictured here, for visual reference. Each picture is captioned.
See also
List of last known speakers of languages
List of sole survivors of aviation accidents and incidents
List of last surviving veterans of military insurgencies and wars
List of last surviving veterans of military operations
List of last surviving World War I veterans by country
List of last surviving World War II veterans
List of the last surviving American slaves
List of last surviving Canadian war veterans
Last European veterans by war
Last surviving United States war veterans
Notes
References
Historical events
Last survivors of historical events
Survivors of historical events |
```objective-c
//===-- ScopedPrinter.h ----------------------------------------*- C++ -*--===//
//
// See path_to_url for license information.
//
//===your_sha256_hash------===//
#ifndef LLVM_SUPPORT_SCOPEDPRINTER_H
#define LLVM_SUPPORT_SCOPEDPRINTER_H
#include "llvm/ADT/APSInt.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/ArrayRef.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/SmallVector.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/StringRef.h"
#include "llvm/Support/DataTypes.h"
#include "llvm/Support/Endian.h"
#include "llvm/Support/raw_ostream.h"
#include <algorithm>
namespace llvm {
template <typename T> struct EnumEntry {
StringRef Name;
// While Name suffices in most of the cases, in certain cases
// GNU style and LLVM style of ELFDumper do not
// display same string for same enum. The AltName if initialized appropriately
// will hold the string that GNU style emits.
// Example:
// "EM_X86_64" string on LLVM style for Elf_Ehdr->e_machine corresponds to
// "Advanced Micro Devices X86-64" on GNU style
StringRef AltName;
T Value;
EnumEntry(StringRef N, StringRef A, T V) : Name(N), AltName(A), Value(V) {}
EnumEntry(StringRef N, T V) : Name(N), AltName(N), Value(V) {}
};
struct HexNumber {
// To avoid sign-extension we have to explicitly cast to the appropriate
// unsigned type. The overloads are here so that every type that is implicitly
// convertible to an integer (including enums and endian helpers) can be used
// without requiring type traits or call-site changes.
HexNumber(char Value) : Value(static_cast<unsigned char>(Value)) {}
HexNumber(signed char Value) : Value(static_cast<unsigned char>(Value)) {}
HexNumber(signed short Value) : Value(static_cast<unsigned short>(Value)) {}
HexNumber(signed int Value) : Value(static_cast<unsigned int>(Value)) {}
HexNumber(signed long Value) : Value(static_cast<unsigned long>(Value)) {}
HexNumber(signed long long Value)
: Value(static_cast<unsigned long long>(Value)) {}
HexNumber(unsigned char Value) : Value(Value) {}
HexNumber(unsigned short Value) : Value(Value) {}
HexNumber(unsigned int Value) : Value(Value) {}
HexNumber(unsigned long Value) : Value(Value) {}
HexNumber(unsigned long long Value) : Value(Value) {}
uint64_t Value;
};
raw_ostream &operator<<(raw_ostream &OS, const HexNumber &Value);
const std::string to_hexString(uint64_t Value, bool UpperCase = true);
template <class T> const std::string to_string(const T &Value) {
std::string number;
llvm::raw_string_ostream stream(number);
stream << Value;
return stream.str();
}
class ScopedPrinter {
public:
ScopedPrinter(raw_ostream &OS) : OS(OS), IndentLevel(0) {}
void flush() { OS.flush(); }
void indent(int Levels = 1) { IndentLevel += Levels; }
void unindent(int Levels = 1) {
IndentLevel = std::max(0, IndentLevel - Levels);
}
void resetIndent() { IndentLevel = 0; }
int getIndentLevel() { return IndentLevel; }
void setPrefix(StringRef P) { Prefix = P; }
void printIndent() {
OS << Prefix;
for (int i = 0; i < IndentLevel; ++i)
OS << " ";
}
template <typename T> HexNumber hex(T Value) { return HexNumber(Value); }
template <typename T, typename TEnum>
void printEnum(StringRef Label, T Value,
ArrayRef<EnumEntry<TEnum>> EnumValues) {
StringRef Name;
bool Found = false;
for (const auto &EnumItem : EnumValues) {
if (EnumItem.Value == Value) {
Name = EnumItem.Name;
Found = true;
break;
}
}
if (Found) {
startLine() << Label << ": " << Name << " (" << hex(Value) << ")\n";
} else {
startLine() << Label << ": " << hex(Value) << "\n";
}
}
template <typename T, typename TFlag>
void printFlags(StringRef Label, T Value, ArrayRef<EnumEntry<TFlag>> Flags,
TFlag EnumMask1 = {}, TFlag EnumMask2 = {},
TFlag EnumMask3 = {}) {
typedef EnumEntry<TFlag> FlagEntry;
typedef SmallVector<FlagEntry, 10> FlagVector;
FlagVector SetFlags;
for (const auto &Flag : Flags) {
if (Flag.Value == 0)
continue;
TFlag EnumMask{};
if (Flag.Value & EnumMask1)
EnumMask = EnumMask1;
else if (Flag.Value & EnumMask2)
EnumMask = EnumMask2;
else if (Flag.Value & EnumMask3)
EnumMask = EnumMask3;
bool IsEnum = (Flag.Value & EnumMask) != 0;
if ((!IsEnum && (Value & Flag.Value) == Flag.Value) ||
(IsEnum && (Value & EnumMask) == Flag.Value)) {
SetFlags.push_back(Flag);
}
}
llvm::sort(SetFlags, &flagName<TFlag>);
startLine() << Label << " [ (" << hex(Value) << ")\n";
for (const auto &Flag : SetFlags) {
startLine() << " " << Flag.Name << " (" << hex(Flag.Value) << ")\n";
}
startLine() << "]\n";
}
template <typename T> void printFlags(StringRef Label, T Value) {
startLine() << Label << " [ (" << hex(Value) << ")\n";
uint64_t Flag = 1;
uint64_t Curr = Value;
while (Curr > 0) {
if (Curr & 1)
startLine() << " " << hex(Flag) << "\n";
Curr >>= 1;
Flag <<= 1;
}
startLine() << "]\n";
}
void printNumber(StringRef Label, uint64_t Value) {
startLine() << Label << ": " << Value << "\n";
}
void printNumber(StringRef Label, uint32_t Value) {
startLine() << Label << ": " << Value << "\n";
}
void printNumber(StringRef Label, uint16_t Value) {
startLine() << Label << ": " << Value << "\n";
}
void printNumber(StringRef Label, uint8_t Value) {
startLine() << Label << ": " << unsigned(Value) << "\n";
}
void printNumber(StringRef Label, int64_t Value) {
startLine() << Label << ": " << Value << "\n";
}
void printNumber(StringRef Label, int32_t Value) {
startLine() << Label << ": " << Value << "\n";
}
void printNumber(StringRef Label, int16_t Value) {
startLine() << Label << ": " << Value << "\n";
}
void printNumber(StringRef Label, int8_t Value) {
startLine() << Label << ": " << int(Value) << "\n";
}
void printNumber(StringRef Label, const APSInt &Value) {
startLine() << Label << ": " << Value << "\n";
}
void printBoolean(StringRef Label, bool Value) {
startLine() << Label << ": " << (Value ? "Yes" : "No") << '\n';
}
template <typename... T> void printVersion(StringRef Label, T... Version) {
startLine() << Label << ": ";
printVersionInternal(Version...);
getOStream() << "\n";
}
template <typename T> void printList(StringRef Label, const T &List) {
startLine() << Label << ": [";
bool Comma = false;
for (const auto &Item : List) {
if (Comma)
OS << ", ";
OS << Item;
Comma = true;
}
OS << "]\n";
}
template <typename T, typename U>
void printList(StringRef Label, const T &List, const U &Printer) {
startLine() << Label << ": [";
bool Comma = false;
for (const auto &Item : List) {
if (Comma)
OS << ", ";
Printer(OS, Item);
Comma = true;
}
OS << "]\n";
}
template <typename T> void printHexList(StringRef Label, const T &List) {
startLine() << Label << ": [";
bool Comma = false;
for (const auto &Item : List) {
if (Comma)
OS << ", ";
OS << hex(Item);
Comma = true;
}
OS << "]\n";
}
template <typename T> void printHex(StringRef Label, T Value) {
startLine() << Label << ": " << hex(Value) << "\n";
}
template <typename T> void printHex(StringRef Label, StringRef Str, T Value) {
startLine() << Label << ": " << Str << " (" << hex(Value) << ")\n";
}
template <typename T>
void printSymbolOffset(StringRef Label, StringRef Symbol, T Value) {
startLine() << Label << ": " << Symbol << '+' << hex(Value) << '\n';
}
void printString(StringRef Value) { startLine() << Value << "\n"; }
void printString(StringRef Label, StringRef Value) {
startLine() << Label << ": " << Value << "\n";
}
void printString(StringRef Label, const std::string &Value) {
printString(Label, StringRef(Value));
}
void printString(StringRef Label, const char* Value) {
printString(Label, StringRef(Value));
}
template <typename T>
void printNumber(StringRef Label, StringRef Str, T Value) {
startLine() << Label << ": " << Str << " (" << Value << ")\n";
}
void printBinary(StringRef Label, StringRef Str, ArrayRef<uint8_t> Value) {
printBinaryImpl(Label, Str, Value, false);
}
void printBinary(StringRef Label, StringRef Str, ArrayRef<char> Value) {
auto V = makeArrayRef(reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t *>(Value.data()),
Value.size());
printBinaryImpl(Label, Str, V, false);
}
void printBinary(StringRef Label, ArrayRef<uint8_t> Value) {
printBinaryImpl(Label, StringRef(), Value, false);
}
void printBinary(StringRef Label, ArrayRef<char> Value) {
auto V = makeArrayRef(reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t *>(Value.data()),
Value.size());
printBinaryImpl(Label, StringRef(), V, false);
}
void printBinary(StringRef Label, StringRef Value) {
auto V = makeArrayRef(reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t *>(Value.data()),
Value.size());
printBinaryImpl(Label, StringRef(), V, false);
}
void printBinaryBlock(StringRef Label, ArrayRef<uint8_t> Value,
uint32_t StartOffset) {
printBinaryImpl(Label, StringRef(), Value, true, StartOffset);
}
void printBinaryBlock(StringRef Label, ArrayRef<uint8_t> Value) {
printBinaryImpl(Label, StringRef(), Value, true);
}
void printBinaryBlock(StringRef Label, StringRef Value) {
auto V = makeArrayRef(reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t *>(Value.data()),
Value.size());
printBinaryImpl(Label, StringRef(), V, true);
}
template <typename T> void printObject(StringRef Label, const T &Value) {
startLine() << Label << ": " << Value << "\n";
}
raw_ostream &startLine() {
printIndent();
return OS;
}
raw_ostream &getOStream() { return OS; }
private:
template <typename T> void printVersionInternal(T Value) {
getOStream() << Value;
}
template <typename S, typename T, typename... TArgs>
void printVersionInternal(S Value, T Value2, TArgs... Args) {
getOStream() << Value << ".";
printVersionInternal(Value2, Args...);
}
template <typename T>
static bool flagName(const EnumEntry<T> &lhs, const EnumEntry<T> &rhs) {
return lhs.Name < rhs.Name;
}
void printBinaryImpl(StringRef Label, StringRef Str, ArrayRef<uint8_t> Value,
bool Block, uint32_t StartOffset = 0);
raw_ostream &OS;
int IndentLevel;
StringRef Prefix;
};
template <>
inline void
ScopedPrinter::printHex<support::ulittle16_t>(StringRef Label,
support::ulittle16_t Value) {
startLine() << Label << ": " << hex(Value) << "\n";
}
template<char Open, char Close>
struct DelimitedScope {
explicit DelimitedScope(ScopedPrinter &W) : W(W) {
W.startLine() << Open << '\n';
W.indent();
}
DelimitedScope(ScopedPrinter &W, StringRef N) : W(W) {
W.startLine() << N;
if (!N.empty())
W.getOStream() << ' ';
W.getOStream() << Open << '\n';
W.indent();
}
~DelimitedScope() {
W.unindent();
W.startLine() << Close << '\n';
}
ScopedPrinter &W;
};
using DictScope = DelimitedScope<'{', '}'>;
using ListScope = DelimitedScope<'[', ']'>;
} // namespace llvm
#endif
``` |
PSR J2124−3358 is a millisecond pulsar located in the constellation Microscopium. It is one of the brightest examples of its type in the X-ray spectrum. Discovered in 1997, no optical component was observed in 2003.
References
Microscopium
Pulsars |
French 75 is a cocktail made from gin, champagne, lemon juice, and sugar. It is also called a 75 Cocktail, or in French simply a Soixante Quinze (Seventy Five).
The drink dates to World War I, and an early form was created in 1915 at the New York Bar in Paris—later Harry's New York Bar—by barman Harry MacElhone. The combination was said to have such a kick that it felt like being shelled with the powerful French 75mm field gun.
History
The drink with its current name and recipe developed over the 1920s, though similar drinks date to the 19th century. In the 19th century, the champagne cup was a popular cocktail, consisting of champagne, lemon juice, sugar, and ice. Gin was sometimes added, yielding a drink much like the French 75.
The drink was first recorded as the "75" in Harry's ABC of Mixing Cocktails, 1922 edition, by Harry MacElhone, and in the same year in Robert Vermeire's Cocktails: How to Mix Them, which credits the drink to MacElhone. However, the recipes differed from the current form – MacElhone's version consisted of Calvados, gin, grenadine, and absinthe, while Vermeire added lemon juice.
The recipe took its now-classic form and "French 75" name in Here’s How, by Judge Jr. (1927), consisting of gin, sugar, lemon juice, and champagne. This recipe was republished with the name "French 75" in The Savoy Cocktail Book (1930), which helped popularize the drink. Some later cocktail books use cognac instead of gin, such as The Fine Art of Mixing Drinks by David A. Embury.
The French 75 was popularized in America at the Stork Club in New York. It appears in the movie Casablanca (1942) and is referenced twice in the John Wayne films A Man Betrayed (1941) and Jet Pilot (1957). In 2016, it appears in the ITV series Mr. Selfridge, which is set in London in the 1910s and 1920s.
A fanciful alternative story of the invention of the French 75 was related by humorist Jean Shepherd on November 17, 1969, wherein he credits Gervais Raoul Lufbery as the inventor. The mixture, as related by Shepherd, is champagne and cognac on ice with perhaps a twist of lemon. This version is not credible, given the documented earlier version.
Similar drinks
The recipe of the French 75 is very similar to one of the most popular cocktails, the Tom Collins, with champagne replacing carbonated water. According to the recipe in Harry MacElhone's book Harry's ABC of Mixing Cocktails, a French 75 is supposed to be served in a highball glass. The highball glass, which the Tom Collins cocktail is also served in, supports the theory of the French 75 being a variation of the Tom Collins.
A "French 125" replaces the gin for cognac.
References
External links
Cocktails with Champagne
Cocktails with gin |
Adriana Kostiw (born 16 March 1974, in São Paulo) is a Brazilian sports sailor. At the 2012 Summer Olympics, she competed in the Women's Laser Radial class, finishing in 25th place.
References
External links
1974 births
Living people
Brazilian female sailors (sport)
Olympic sailors for Brazil
Sailors at the 2004 Summer Olympics – 470
Sailors at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Laser Radial
Pan American Games bronze medalists for Brazil
Pan American Games medalists in sailing
Sailors at the 2007 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 2007 Pan American Games
Sportspeople from São Paulo |
Falcatula svaricki is a moth of the family Sphingidae. It is known from Ethiopia and Kenya.
References
Smerinthini
Moths described in 2008 |
Chelmsford is a community in the Canadian province of New Brunswick. It is situated in Nelson, a parish of Northumberland County.
History
Notable people
See also
List of communities in New Brunswick
References
Communities in Northumberland County, New Brunswick |
A power processing unit (PPU) is a circuit device that convert an electricity input from a utility line into the appropriate voltage and current to be used for the device in question. They serve the same purpose as linear amplifiers, but they are much more efficient, since the use of linear amplifiers results in much power loss due to the use of a resistor to change the voltage and current. Instead of using a resistor, PPUs use switches to turn a signal on and off quite rapidly in order to change the average current and voltage. In this way, they could be conflated with DC-AC converters, but the frequency at which they switch the signal on and off is a few orders of magnitude higher than that of AC signals. They are used to convert the current and voltage of both direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) signals.
Spacecraft
In the context of spacecraft, the power processing unit (PPU) is a module containing the electrical subsystem responsible for providing electrical power to other parts of the spacecraft. The PPU needs to be able to cope with varying demands for power output and provide that power in the most efficient manner possible.
There are two main constraints placed on PPUs:
Power generation from, for instance, a solar array or radioisotope thermoelectric generator where power generation can vary based on external conditions.
Power utilization, which varies depending on the current internal activities performed by the spacecraft such as burst radio transmission or external demand factors like outside temperature and the need to provide heat to maintain constant internal temperature.
Major considerations in building PPUs are weight, size and efficiency.
Most PPUs process and supply direct current because that is what is generated by a solar array.
The PPU is also responsible for voltage conversion and supplying the required voltage to other subsystems of the spacecraft.
References
Spacecraft components
Electrical engineering |
Benedict Barnham (baptised 1559 – 1598) was a London merchant, alderman and sheriff of London and MP.
Life
Barnham was born the fourth son of the merchant Francis Barnham (died 1575), a draper, alderman and sheriff of London in 1570, and Alice (1523–1604) daughter of William Bradbridge (d. 1546). He was baptised in 1559. Barnham along with his elder brother Martin (baptised 1548, died 1610) was educated at St Alban Hall, Oxford, but left apparently without a degree.
Barnham became a liveryman of the Drapers' Company. He was elected Member of Parliament for Minehead in 1589. On 14 October 1591 he was chosen alderman of Bread Street ward (a position he held for the rest of his life). In the same year he was third warden of the Drapers' Company, but surrendered this post on election as sheriff for the year 1591 and 1592 (At 32 he was considered young to be sheriff but thirteen men more senior than he had declined to serve owing to the financial demands of the office). He served two terms as Master of the Drapers' Company in 1592–1593 and 1596–1597. In 1597 he sat in Parliament for the second time, this time representing Yarmouth, Isle of Wight.
Barnham was a member of the Elizabethan College of Antiquaries. He died 3 April 1598, aged 39, and an elaborate monument was erected above his grave in St Clement Eastcheap.
Barnham was acquiring estates by 1575 and by his death he held property in London, and land in Essex, Hampshire and Kent valued at £20,100. The chief beneficiaries were his wife and daughters, but Wood tells that he left £200 to St. Alban's Hall, Oxford, to rebuild "its front next the street", and that "as a testimony of the benefaction his arms were engraved over the gateway and on the plate belonging to the house".
Family
Barnham married Dorothy (died 1639), daughter of Ambrose Smith of Cheapside (the silkman to Queen Elizabeth), at St Clement Eastcheap on 28 April 1583. They had eight children. Three girls and a boy died in infancy. The remaining four girls lived to marry: Elizabeth the eldest married Mervyn Tuchet, 2nd Earl of Castlehaven, Alice married Sir Francis Bacon in 1606, and Bridget married Sir William Soame of Thurlow, Suffolk.
Dorothy survived her husband, and became, a year or two after his death, the wife of Sir John Pakington.
Notes
References
Wills Proved in the Prerogative Court of Canterbury 1584–1604 1584 to 1604. County: General Country: England 1598 Barnham, Benedict, citizen and alderman of London. Lands in Middlesex, Hampshire, Essex 39, 40 Lewyn.
Further reading
1550s births
1598 deaths
Councilmen and Aldermen of the City of London
English merchants
16th-century merchants
Sheriffs of the City of London
English people of the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)
English MPs 1589
English MPs 1597–1598
16th-century English businesspeople |
Rogalands Avis is a local newspaper published in Stavanger, Norway.
History and profile
Rogalands Avis was established in 1899. The paper is based in Stavanger and covers the southern Rogaland.
A Labour Party-affiliated newspaper, it was titled 1ste Mai until 1955, when it absorbed the bankrupt Haugaland Arbeiderblad. Notable former editors-in-chief include Johan Gjøstein, Cornelius Holmboe (1908–1909), Otto Luihn, Hans Andreas Hanssen (1919–1920), Børge Olsen-Hagen (1920–1936), Trond Hegna (1940–1958), Engwall Pahr-Iversen (1978-1990), Norulv Øvrebotten (1990-1996) and Lars Helle (1996-2000). Rogalands Avis is owned 95.8% by A-pressen Lokale Medier AS, which in turn is owned 100% by A-pressen.
Rogalands Avis had a circulation of 13,276 copies in 2006 and there were 10,521 subscribers the same year. In 2009 its circulation was 10,500 copies. The circulation of the paper was 8,471 copies in 2012.
References
Norwegian Media Registry
External links
Website
1899 establishments in Norway
Newspapers established in 1899
Daily newspapers published in Norway
Norwegian-language newspapers
Amedia
Mass media in Stavanger |
Jean-Robert Chouet (30 September 1642 – 17 September 1731) was an early modern physicist and political leader in the Republic of Geneva. He is chiefly remembered for introducing Cartesianism to the Académie de Genève (now the University of Geneva).
Early life and education
Chouet studied philosophy at the Académie de Genève from 1658 to 1661. In 1659 he wrote a dissertation entitled ("On motion"), supervised by Caspar Wyss. In that work he critiqued the Artistotelian concept of motion, while still also rejecting Cartesianism. He then traveled to Nîmes to study philosophy under David Derodon, a partisan of the atomism of Pierre Gassendi. Under Derodon, Chouet defended in 1662 a thesis containing an exposition of the system of Tycho Brahe. Chouet then returned to Geneva where he studied Calvinist theology in 1662–64, without much enthusiasm.
Family
His father Pierre was a printer and librarian. His mother, Renée Tronchin, was the daughter of Théodore Tronchin (1582-1657) and sister of Louis Tronchin (1629-1705), both professors of theology. The Tronchins were one of the dominant families in the Council of Geneva and at the Académie. Chouet married first Marie Favre, the daughter of treasurer-general Jean-Jacques Favre. He later married Suzanne Rigot, daughter of councillor Ami Rigot and widow of draper Louis Mallet.
Academic career
In 1664 he was appointed professor of philosophy at the Academy of Saumur, where the influence of René Descartes was strong. Chouet's teaching gradually became Cartesian and was enriched by experimental demonstrations. In 1669, at the behest of Louis Tronchin he was called back to Geneva as professor of philosophy at the Académie. There he taught the Cartesian system and treated numerous theoretical questions in theses prepared with his students. The content of these theses in physics was close to the Cartesian explanations found in such works as Jacques Rohault's Traité de Physique (1671).
In Geneva, Chouet carried out experiments and published results on the action of snake venom, on the variation in a barometer's reading associated with changes in elevation, on the operation of a siphon, and on magnets. He served as rector of the Académie de Genève from 1679 to 1681. Among Chouet's students were the astronomer and mathematician Nicolas Fatio de Duillier, as well as polygraphs Pierre Bayle and Jean Leclerc. Chouet's weekly experimental demonstrations attracted the interest of spectators from other Swiss cities.
Political career
Chouet was elected to the Republic of Geneva's Council of Two Hundred in 1677. In 1686 he resigned from his professorship at the Académie de Genève and took up a place in the Council of Twenty Five, a self-appointing executive body that exercised most of the actual power of government in the then-independent Geneva. Chouet was Secretary of State and Guardian of the Archives from 1689 to 1698. He served as Syndic in 1699, 1703 and 1707, and as First Syndic in 1711, 1715 and 1719. He also occupied the post of Scholarch from 1701 until 1727. He was among the patrician leaders who fought successfully against campaigns by Pierre Fatio and others to increase the powers of the elected Council of Two Hundred at the expense of the aristocratic Council of Twenty Five (the "Little Council").
Chouet played a key role in the educational reforms of the Académie de Genève, introduced in 1701 and 1704 by the initiative of Jean-Alphonse Turrettini. He modernized the instruction within the Académie and helped to enlarge and organize the Bibliothèque de Genève, opening its collection to the general public.
References
Bibliography
(in French)
18th-century scientists from the Republic of Geneva
1642 births
1731 deaths
17th-century scientists from the Republic of Geneva
Academic staff of the University of Geneva
Physicists from the Republic of Geneva |
This is a list of awards and nominations received by Def Leppard. The English rock band Def Leppard formed in 1977 as part of the new wave of British heavy metal movement.
American Music Awards
The American Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony created by Dick Clark in 1973. Def Leppard has been nominated seven times overall due to the band's large popularity in the United States.
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|Pyromania ||Favorite Pop/Rock Album ||
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| rowspan=4 align="center"| |||Def Leppard||Favorite Pop/Rock Band/Duo/Group ||
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|Hysteria|| Favorite Pop/Rock Album ||
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|Def Leppard|| Favorite Heavy Metal/Hard Rock Artist ||
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|Hysteria|| Favorite Heavy Metal/Hard Rock Album ||
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| align="center"| ||Def Leppard|| Favorite Heavy Metal/Hard Rock Artist ||
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Classic Rock Roll of Honour Awards
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| align="center" |2006 || Hysteria || Classic Album || ||
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| align="center" |2016 || Def Leppard || Album of the Year || ||
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CMT Music Awards
The CMT Music Awards is an awards show for country music videos. Def Leppard had 2 nominations in 2009 for a collaboration with Taylor Swift.
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| rowspan=2 align="center"| 2009 ||rowspan=2|"Photograph" (with Taylor Swift) || Wide Open Country Video of the Year||
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Metal Hammer Golden Gods Awards
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| align="center"| 2009 || Def Leppard || Legends Award || ||
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MTV Video Music Awards
The MTV Video Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony established in 1984 by MTV. have Def Leppard received six nomination overall.
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| rowspan=2 align="center"| ||rowspan=2|"Pour Some Sugar On Me" || Best Heavy Metal Video ||
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| Best Stage Performance in a Video ||
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| rowspan=4 align="center"| ||rowspan=4|"Let's Get Rocked" || Viewer's Choice ||
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Planet Rock Awards
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| align="center"| 2017 || Def Leppard || The Brick Wall Award || ||
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Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame honors artists, producers, engineers, and other notable figures who have influenced the development of rock music. They were inducted into the 2019 Performer Category alongside The Cure, Janet Jackson, Stevie Nicks, Radiohead, Roxy Music and the Zombies on March 29, 2019.
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| align="center"| 2019 || Def Leppard || Rock and Roll Hall of Fame || ||
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References
Awards
Lists of awards received by British musician
Lists of awards received by musical group |
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Nadir Bosch (born 16 May 1973) is a retired French runner who specialized in the 1500 metres and the 3000 metres steeplechase.
He was born in Algiers. He finished twelfth in the 1500 metres at the 1997 World Championships and reached the final in the 3000 metres at the 2000 European Indoor Championships (did not start).
He also competed at the 1994 European Indoor Championships, the 1996 Olympic Games, the 1997 World Indoor Championships, the 1998 European Championships and the 1999 World Championships without reaching the final. He became French steeplechase champion in 1995 and 1996; and French indoor champion three times in three different events.
Personal bests
800 metres: 1:48.68 (Cagnes 1998)
1000 metres: 2:15.51 (Nice 1999)
1500 metres: 3:32.06 (Paris 1999)
Mile run: 3:52.04 (Brussels 2000)
3000 metres: 7:49.53 (indoor, Liévin 1997)
3000 metres steeplechase: 8:24.76 minutes (Evry-Bondoufle 1985)
References
1973 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Algiers
French male middle-distance runners
French male long-distance runners
French male steeplechase runners
World Athletics Championships athletes for France
Athletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for France
Algerian emigrants to France
20th-century French people
21st-century French people |
Gibbons Pass (el. 2117 m./6945 ft.) is a high mountain pass in the Rocky Mountains in Montana. It is situated on the North American Continental Divide. It was used by part of the Lewis and Clark Expedition on their return trip. Gibbons Pass is also one of the most historic passes in Montana. Its highest point is 6,945 feet above sea level. The conflict with the Nez Perce Indians by Captain Gibbons began here. The pass was the main route for Indians, explorers, hunters and other traffic prior to the construction of US Highway 93.
See also
Mountain passes in Montana
References
Bibliography
Url
USGS Geographic Names Information System
Landforms of Beaverhead County, Montana
Mountain passes of Montana
Landforms of Ravalli County, Montana |
Walter Evans Edge (November 20, 1873October 29, 1956) was an American diplomat and Republican politician who served as the 36th governor of New Jersey, from 1917 to 1919 and again from 1944 to 1947, during both World War I and World War II. Edge also served as United States Senator representing New Jersey from 1919 to 1929 and as United States Ambassador to France from 1929 to 1933.
Early life
Edge was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on November 20, 1873. His father, William Edge, worked for the Pennsylvania Railroad. His mother Mary (Evans) Edge, died when he was two years old. At the age of four Edge moved to Pleasantville, New Jersey, where the family of his stepmother, Wilhelmina (Scull) Edge, operated a small hotel. His formal education went only as far as the eighth grade in a two-room public school in Pleasantville.
As a youth, Edge demonstrated a desire to succeed in business and he acquired an interest in politics. At the age of ten, he and another boy started a four-page weekly newspaper devoted to social news, the Pleasantville Bladder, which had a circulation of approximately one hundred. Edge also attended Pleasantville Republican party rallies and later recounted that he came away from these events feeling great excitement and a growing determination to someday participate in politics himself.
Business career
In 1888, at the age of fourteen, Edge began working for the Atlantic Review, then Atlantic City's only newspaper, providing it with news and social notes pertaining to Pleasantville and nearby communities. Later in 1888, Edge took another job with the newspaper, serving primarily as a printer's devil and performing a wide variety of other jobs as well. Edge's position at the Atlantic Review introduced him to many of the hotel owners and businessmen in rapidly growing Atlantic City. Edge moved from Pleasantville to Atlantic City the same year.
At the age of sixteen, Edge took a part-time job with John M. Dorland, who operated an Atlantic City advertising business. Dorland solicited advertising from Atlantic City hotels for Philadelphia and New York newspapers. Dorland was in poor health when Edge joined him and within a few months, Edge was running the business. When Dorland died less than one year later, his widow sold the business to Edge, who was then seventeen years old, for $500. Edge financed the purchase with a note that a hotel owner agreed to co-sign for him. Under Edge's management, the Dorland Agency grew into multimillion-dollar advertising agency, with offices in numerous cities in the United States and Europe.
In 1893 Edge founded the Atlantic City Guest, a summer newspaper devoted to the activities of the resort's vacationers. The success of the paper led Edge to start a similar paper in Jacksonville, Florida, during the winter of 1894–1895. On March 4, 1895 Edge established the Atlantic City Daily Press (now the Press of Atlantic City) as the successor to the Atlantic City Guest, which eventually became the Atlantic City area's dominant newspaper. Edge's income from the Press soon exceeded $20,000 annually. In 1905, Edge purchased the competing Evening Union, also based in Atlantic City. He sold both newspapers in 1919 to three employees: Albert J. Feyl, Paul J. O'Neill, and Francis E. Croasdale.
Political career
Early political career
Edge's successful advertising and publishing businesses made him very wealthy. From the beginning, his ultimate goal was to use his success in business to build a political career and to devote his primary attention to politics after he had attained financial security.
In 1894, Edge was elected to the executive committee of the Atlantic City Republican Party. From 1897 until 1899 he served as journal clerk of the New Jersey Senate, a position that enabled him to meet state political figures and learn parliamentary procedures. In the 1890s Edge was a sergeant with the Morris Guards, a private military organization based in Atlantic City, and when the Spanish–American War began in 1898, he volunteered the company for service in the United States Army. He was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Army during the war and served for a few months, but did not leave the United States. Between 1901 and 1904, Edge was appointed secretary of the state senate, another position that enabled him to cultivate relationships with state legislators.
Edge was a presidential elector in 1904.
In 1904, Edge ran as a reformer in the Republican primary for the Atlantic County state senate seat occupied by incumbent Edward S. Lee. Edge used his Atlantic City Daily Press to promote his candidacy against Lee, who was supported by the established local Republican machine. Edge lost to Lee.
After his defeat, Edge's Daily Press became a faithful supporter of the local Republican organization, and in 1909 he was elected to the New Jersey General Assembly. In 1910, Edge was elected to the New Jersey Senate where he served for two terms, becoming the senate president in 1915.
Although Edge served in the state legislature during the height of the Progressive Era, he tended to take moderate positions and was not considered a reformer. He supported the Republican leadership, although he did cooperate with reformers when their efforts appeared sure of success. Early in his legislative career, Edge worked extensively in developing a workers' compensation law for New Jersey, even traveling to Europe to study compensation systems there. The workers' compensation bill that he sponsored was passed by the legislature and signed into law by Governor Woodrow Wilson. He also promoted legislation calling for a ten-hour day for women workers and safety laws protecting factory workers. He gained a reputation for concern with economic matters and the efficiency of state government.
Governor of New Jersey, 1917–1919
In early 1916 Edge announced his candidacy for governor. Edge's opponent for the Republican nomination was Austen Colgate. Edge's campaign manager, Enoch "Nucky" Johnson, the boss of the Atlantic County Republican machine, and Frank Hague, boss of the Hudson County Democratic machine, are widely credited with securing Edge's election as governor. Johnson reached out to Hague, who feared the Democratic candidate, H. Otto Wittpenn, a reformer whose election would threaten Hague's control of Hudson County. It is unclear whether Edge and Hague reached some agreement in exchange for Hague's assistance, with one authority concluding there was "[p]robably no outright deal", another stating Edge provided Hague with "a pledge of cooperation", and a third stating that Edge "had a working arrangement with Hague; the former to be left alone in South Jersey and Hague to be 'protected' in Hudson". In any event, Hague instructed those in his Democratic organization to crossover and vote for Edge in the Republican primary, thereby securing Edge a narrow victory. Thereafter, Hague did not support Wittpenn in the general election, and Edge was elected on a platform of making government more effective and efficient with the slogan "A Business Man with a Business Plan".
As governor, Edge obtained legislation consolidating state boards, improving the civil service, imposing a franchise tax on public utilities, allowing greater home rule for cities, reforming corporation law, and improving state institutions, especially the prisons. In 1917 the legislature also agreed to Edge's proposal to reorganize the state road department, and Edge won approval for legislation authorizing the construction of a bridge between southern New Jersey and Philadelphia and a tunnel between northern New Jersey and New York City. The bridge had been sought for some time by South Jersey legislators, but had failed to gain the support of North Jersey legislators, who opposed spending state funds on a project that they felt would benefit only the southern part of the state. Edge therefore combined the bridge proposal with plans for a tunnel to New York to win statewide support. The bridge, the Benjamin Franklin Bridge, which spans the Delaware River between Camden and Philadelphia, opened in 1926, and the tunnel, the Holland Tunnel, which connects Jersey City and lower Manhattan, opened in 1927. It has been contended that the decision to place the terminus of the tunnel in Jersey City was the result of Frank Hague's support of Edge in the 1916 gubernatorial election.
A considerable part of Edge's efforts as governor involved the mobilization for World War I and postwar planning.
United States Senator, 1919–1929
In 1918 Edge was elected to the United States Senate, defeating George L. Record and Edward W. Gray in the Republican primary and Democratic candidate George W. La Monte in the general election. Although the term to which he had been elected began on March 4, 1919, the Senate was in recess at that time. In order to attend to remaining gubernatorial business, Edge did not resign as governor until May 16, 1919, and was sworn in as senator three days later.
The most important and controversial vote held by the Senate during Edge's term involved the Treaty of Versailles, the ratification of which would have allowed the United States to join the League of Nations. As a member of the moderate wing of the Republican Party, Edge was a "mild reservationist" on the question. Although he appears to have genuinely wanted the United States to enter the League of Nations, he believed that reservations to the treaty were needed both to protect national sovereignty and to secure the votes needed for ratification by the Senate. In November 1919 and again in March 1920, he voted to ratify the treaty with the Lodge Reservations.
Continuing his efforts to apply business management principles to government, in 1919 Edge introduced a joint resolution that led to the passage of the Budget and Accounting Act of 1921, which established the Bureau of the Budget (now called the Office of Management and Budget) and the General Accounting Office. Edge also sponsored the Edge Act, a 1919 Amendment to the Federal Reserve Act of 1913, which allowed National Banks (any banking institution chartered by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency) to engage in international banking through federally chartered subsidiaries.
At the 1920 Republican National Convention that nominated Warren G. Harding for President, there was a movement to nominate Edge as candidate for Vice President. Convention rules required the vote of a candidate's state delegation as a unit in support of the nomination, which Edge could not secure. In 1917, while governor, Edge had made an enemy of William P. Verdon, Republican leader of Hudson County, when Edge refused to appoint the man Verdon wanted as Hudson County prosecutor, Richard Doherty. (Verdon had expected that Doherty would wage a campaign against election fraud in Hudson County if appointed prosecutor). At the convention, Verdon kept his delegates from voting for Edge, thereby blocking the attempt to nominate him, and Verdon backed the nomination of Calvin Coolidge, the successful candidate.
Edge opposed prohibition and voted against the Volstead Act. In 1924, he ran for reelection advocating the repeal of the Eighteenth Amendment, which New Jersey had approved in 1922, after the end of his term as governor. He proposed a number of bills that would relax prohibition, including legislation authorizing the sale of alcoholic beverages with an alcohol content of 3%, and another bill to legalize the sale of beer with alcohol content of 2.75%. At some point he supported practically every anti-prohibition movement in the Senate.
Edge was reelected to the Senate in 1924, defeating prohibition advocate Hamilton Fish Kean in the Republican primary and Democratic candidate Frederick W. Donnelly in the general election.
In April 1929, it was reported that President Herbert Hoover would appoint Edge United States Ambassador to France. He did not resign from the Senate and take office as Ambassador, however, until November 21, 1929, a delay attributable to political issues involving the appointment of a Republican successor to fill his Senate seat and the desire to have his expertise in the Senate while tariff legislation was considered. During the course of the tariff debates, Edge proved a protectionist who voted in favor of higher tariffs on imported goods. The resulting tariff law, the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act, was not enacted until the spring of 1930, several months after Edge left the Senate.
United States Ambassador to France, 1929–1933
During his tenure as ambassador, Edge spent considerable time dealing with Franco-American trade issues, which were strained by tariff policies and the contentious post-World War I questions of war debts, reparations and disarmament.
Governor of New Jersey, 1944–1947
After his ambassadorship ended in 1933, Edge spent most of the next decade living a life of retirement, traveling, and serving as an elder statesman for the New Jersey Republican party. With the outbreak of World War II, Edge was eager to return to public service. In 1943 he agreed to run for governor provided no one opposed him in the Republican primary and the party maintained strong discipline, and party leaders accepted those conditions. Following his nomination, Edge faced Democratic candidate Vincent J. Murphy, mayor of Newark and state leader of the American Federation of Labor, in the general election. By now, any assistance provided to him by Hudson County Democratic boss Frank Hague in the 1916 election was long forgotten, and Edge hammered on the theme of Hague's power, campaigning that a vote for Murphy was a vote for the domination of "labor leaders, communists and Hagueism". Edge also advocated streamlining state government, early postwar planning and the adoption of a new state constitution, which he considered essential to modernizing state government and which had been actively supported by the incumbent Democratic governor, Charles Edison. In the November 1943 election, Edge defeated Murphy by a comfortable margin.
Edge's second term as governor was marked by numerous battles with Hague. In 1944, Edge and Hague fought over how certain railroad tax money should be allocated (with Hague's position ultimately prevailing), while Edge won the passage of legislation that required the use of voting machines in Hudson County to reduce the chance of electoral fraud. Edge also obtained legislation authorizing the governor to appoint jury commissioners for each county, bypassing county sheriffs, who had previously hand-picked grand jurors who they knew would refuse to indict those engaged in illegal activities protected by political bosses like Hague. The most important battle between Edge and Hague involved constitutional revision. In early 1944, Republican legislators drafted a new proposed constitution that would have, among other things, deprived Hague of a major source of patronage by restructuring the judiciary. Hague strongly opposed the revised constitution, and several weeks prior to the November 1944 election he launched a multi-pronged attack on it, charging that it would restrict the activities of labor unions, inhibit advancement opportunities for returning veterans, and subject all church owned property to taxation. Voters rejected the proposed constitution.
The Edge administration battled Hague on other fronts as well. Walter D. Van Riper, whom Edge had appointed state attorney general, took over the Hudson County prosecutor's office and brought in outside investigators. Van Riper aggressively prosecuted unlawful activities protected by the Hague organization. In June 1944, he led raids on Hudson County horse race betting rooms, later obtaining the indictments from newly constituted Hudson grand juries, the first indictments for such activities since Hague had come to power. In the process, gambling on horse racing in Hudson County was virtually eliminated. In early 1945 Hague retaliated by having his hand-picked United States Attorney bring two federal indictments against Van Riper, one charging check kiting and the other related to the alleged sale of gasoline in the black market. Van Riper went to trial on both indictments and was acquitted of all charges. Edge and Van Riper were undeterred and continued to apply pressure on Hague. Major state jobs, which Hague once had controlled, now went to Republicans. The state civil service system was reformed and freed from Hague's domination. The actions of the Edge administration took a heavy toll on Hague, who retired from active politics in 1947 during the administration of Edge's successor, Republican Alfred E. Driscoll.
Despite the defeat of constitutional revision, Edge was able to accomplish much of his program. A number of state boards and commissions were consolidated, and a Taxation and Finance Department was established to handle all fiscal matters. Legislation providing benefits to returning veterans was enacted, as was legislation intended to improve the living conditions of migrant workers. In 1945, Edge signed a series of laws banning racial or religious discrimination in public accommodations, employment, public school admissions, jury service and hospital care.
Much of Edge's last year in office was spent dealing with problems associated with the conversion to a peacetime economy and a wave of strikes.
Relationship with Atlantic County Republican organization
Throughout Edge's political career, his home county, Atlantic County, was controlled by a Republican political machine that was extensively involved in the protection of Atlantic City's vice industry and other corruption. When Edge first ran for public office in 1904, he ran as a reformer against a candidate supported by the party establishment. Edge enlisted the support of many prominent Atlantic City citizens, and used his Atlantic City Daily Press to promote his candidacy and expose the activities of the machine. Edge fully expected to win the election and was shocked when he was defeated. He later blamed his defeat on the "Scott machine" (a reference to the organization led by County Clerk Lewis P. Scott) and party boss control of voting places and ballot counting.
After his defeat, Edge's Daily Press became a faithful supporter of the Republican organization. Edge subsequently ran with the support of the party establishment for state legislature, even campaigning when he ran for state senate in 1910 with Louis Kuehnle, Scott's successor as leader of the organization. When he ran for governor in 1916, Edge's campaign manager was Enoch "Nucky" Johnson, who had replaced Kuehnle as boss of the Atlantic County machine after Kuehnle was convicted of corruption related charges in 1911. Johnson and Hudson County Democratic leader Frank Hague were widely credited with engineering Edge's 1916 victory, and Johnson also served as Edge's campaign manager during his successful run for the United States Senate in 1918.
In 1924, however, the relationship between Edge and Johnson openly soured. In the Atlantic City Commission election that year, Johnson's organization backed a slate of candidates led by incumbent mayor Edward L. Bader. Bader was opposed by a ticket led by former mayor Harry Bacharach. The Bacharach ticket ran on an anti-vice platform and gained the support of Johnson's opponents. Bader's slate won the bitter election, which was marked by allegations of widespread organization-backed voter fraud. A month after the election, Edge replaced Johnson as the manager of his senate reelection campaign amid rumors that Johnson was unhappy about the "hands off" policy that Edge had taken during the recent election in which Johnson's leadership had been threatened. Thereafter, the Atlantic County Republican organization led by Johnson refused to support Edge in his 1924 primary election contest against Hamilton Fish Kean.
Although in 1927 Johnson touted Edge as a potential presidential candidate, in 1928 the two men openly broke. The initial indication of a break was Johnson's support of Hamilton Fish Kean for the Republican nomination for United States senator, while Edge was backing Edward C. Stokes. The split noticeably widened after Edge abandoned his policy of non-interference in purely local politics and backed Robert M. Johnston for Atlantic County state senator in the Republican primary. This prompted Johnson to openly back incumbent senator Emerson L. Richards, who was Edge's political and personal foe. The ensuing election was described as a "trial of strength in Atlantic County, the outcome of which may spell the doom of the loser". The election results proved to be a disaster for Edge, whose candidates lost Atlantic County to the Johnson backed candidates by margins exceeding three to one, and with Richards claiming the results marked Edge's "political extinction". In the wake of the election, Edge called for party unity, and Johnson attempted to brush aside any damage to Edge by denying claims that the election results meant the end of his political career or that the election had been against Edge.
Edge, who faced a reelection campaign in 1930, resigned from the United States Senate in 1929 to accept appointment as Ambassador to France.
In his 1948 memoirs, A Jerseyman's Journal, Edge makes no mention of either Kuehnle or Johnson, who was imprisoned in 1941 for income tax evasion. Johnson's successor as leader of the Atlantic County Republican organization, Frank S. Farley, is mentioned once, in connection with events that transpired while Edge was out-of-state during his second term as governor, and Farley, as state senate president, was acting governor. Edge's memoirs have been criticized for failing to discuss how he rose in politics and in skipping over the skullduggery involved in interesting political situations, and his failure to discuss his relationship and disagreements with the Atlantic County machine provide examples of those omissions.
Later years and death
After Edge left office on January 21, 1947, he continued to promote constitutional reform, which was achieved later the same year with the adoption of the Constitution of 1947. Edge spent his final years as the elder statesman of the New Jersey Republican party. In 1951, he was one of the first prominent figures to back General Dwight D. Eisenhower for President. In 1953, he attended the coronation of King Faisal II of Iraq as President Eisenhower's representative.
Edge died on October 29, 1956, in New York City. He was buried at the Northwood Cemetery in Downingtown, Pennsylvania.
Personal life
Edge married Estella Blanche Ailes of Lancaster, Pennsylvania on January 11, 1893. Apparently this marriage ended in divorce since Edge does not mention it in his memoirs. He married Lady Lee Phillips of Memphis, Tennessee on June 5, 1907. She died July 14, 1915, four days after the birth of their only child. On December 9, 1922, Edge married Camilla Sewall of Bath, Maine, the daughter of Harold M. Sewall, a former diplomat and close friend of President Warren G. Harding.
Edge was forty-nine years old at the time, and his wife twenty-one. During Edge's term as Ambassador to France, his wife was known as "the youngest ambassadress". Walter and Camilla Edge had three children together.
In the early 1920s Edge lived in a cottage on States Avenue in Atlantic City that was near the Boardwalk. In 1923, he moved to a new beachfront home in Ventnor, New Jersey that was located between Oxford and Somerset Avenues. This was his official residence until the mid-1940s, and thereafter was used by him as a summer home.
In 1944, Edge purchased Morven, the historic Princeton, New Jersey home of Richard Stockton, from the Stockton family. The sale was subject to the condition that Morven would be given to the state of New Jersey within two years of Edge's death. Edge transferred possession of Morven to the state in 1954, and he spent the last few years of his life living in a small house in Princeton.
Edge was an avid sportsman who enjoyed fishing and hunting, especially hunting quail. After World War I, Edge purchased land in northern Leon County, Florida with his longtime friend, Walter C. Teagle, Chairman of the Board of Standard Oil Company of New Jersey. They named the property Norias Plantation. In 1937 Edge sold his interests in Norias to Teagle and purchased the adjacent Sunny Hill Plantation, located in northern Florida near Thomasville, Georgia. Sunny Hill Plantation became Edge's winter home where he hunted and fished on the grounds.
Edge also maintained homes in Maine and Washington, D.C.
Edge was a Presbyterian while young, becoming a member of the Pleasantville Presbyterian Church in 1889, but later was an Episcopalian.
Edge was an active supporter of the Boy Scout movement in Atlantic County. He was a founder of the Atlantic City Boy Scout Council, and was its first president, a position that he held for four years. In 1929 he donated money that the Council used to purchase Camp Edge, located in Alloway, New Jersey. Edge was also a member of numerous Atlantic City and Atlantic County civic, fraternal, social and business organizations, including the Atlantic City Hospital Association, the Atlantic City Country Club, the Atlantic City Elks Lodge, Trinity Lodge No. 79 and Masonic Belcher Lodge No. 180 of the Free and Accepted Masons, and the Atlantic County Historical Society.
Miscellaneous
In the 2000s, Edge's name (as Wally Edge) and likeness had renewed currency as the pseudonym of a prominent anonymous New Jersey political columnist, who, in 2010, was identified as former Livingston Mayor David Wildstein, and who would later become involved in the Fort Lee lane closure scandal known as "Bridgegate."
Geoff Pierson portrayed him in HBO's Boardwalk Empire.
See also
List of governors of New Jersey
Edge Act
References
External links
Retrieved on 2008-02-11
Walter E. Edge Papers at the Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library, Princeton University
Biography of Walter E. Edge (PDF) , New Jersey State Library
New Jersey Governor Walter Evans Edge, National Governors Association
1873 births
1956 deaths
Politicians from Philadelphia
Republican Party governors of New Jersey
Republican Party members of the New Jersey General Assembly
Republican Party New Jersey state senators
19th-century American Episcopalians
20th-century American Episcopalians
American military personnel of the Spanish–American War
Ambassadors of the United States to France
United States Army officers
Presidents of the New Jersey Senate
Republican Party United States senators from New Jersey
American Presbyterians
People from Pleasantville, New Jersey
People from Princeton, New Jersey
People from Ventnor City, New Jersey
Nucky Johnson's Organization
Military personnel from New Jersey
Military personnel from Philadelphia
1904 United States presidential electors
Burials in Pennsylvania |
Brad Hawkins (born July 26, 1998) is an American football safety who is a free agent. He played college football at Michigan.
High school
Hawkins attended MetEast High School before transferring to Camden High School, where he was a multi-sport athlete, playing basketball along with football before graduating in 2016 and going on to do a post-graduate year at Suffield Academy.
College career
Hawkins played for five years for Michigan, appearing in a program-record 56 games, with 31 starts at the free safety position. He was a third-team all-Big Ten selection in 2021.
Professional career
Atlanta Falcons
After going undrafted in the 2022 NFL draft, Hawkins signed with the Atlanta Falcons as a free agent. He was cut by the Falcons on July 6, 2022.
New England Patriots
On August 2, 2022, Hawkins signed with the New England Patriots. He was waived during final roster cuts on August 30. Though primarily signed for practice squad use, he played in the Patriots three preseason games. He was cut from the team on October 3, 2022. He signed a reserve/future contract on January 10, 2023. He was released by the Patriots on August 27, 2023.
References
External links
Michigan Wolverines bio
1998 births
Living people
American football defensive backs
Camden High School (New Jersey) alumni
New England Patriots players
Michigan Wolverines football players
Players of American football from New Jersey
Players of American football from Camden, New Jersey |
Baía de São Jorge is a bay of the Atlantic Ocean on the south coast of the island of São Nicolau in Cape Verde. The only important settlement on the bay is the port village of Preguiça.
References
Bays of Cape Verde
Ribeira Brava, Cape Verde
Geography of Santiago, Cape Verde |
The Millard Public Schools is a school district in the southwest part of Omaha, Nebraska, United States. The first school in Millard was established in the fall of 1870. The school district is named for Ezra Millard (1833-1886), who platted Millard, a mostly uninhabited prairie 12 miles southwest of the city. The former city of Millard was annexed by the City of Omaha in 1971 after a lengthy legal battle. Today the Millard School District has diverse programs such as Nebraska's only K-12 International Baccalaureate program, offered at Millard North High school, Millard North Middle School, Aldrich Elementary, and Black Elk Elementary. The district also offers the Core Academy and Montessori, as well as many other programs.
Thirteen Millard schools have earned the Blue Ribbon Award from the U.S. Department of Education. Kiplinger's Magazine cited the "top-rated, nationally recognized" Millard School District as one of the reasons Omaha rated No. 3 in the list of the Top 10 Best Cities for 2008.
Millard is the third largest district in Nebraska. The district currently has four high schools: Millard North High School, Millard West High School, Millard South High School, and Keith Lutz Horizon High School.
Attendance area
Within Douglas County, the district includes portions of Omaha and Boys Town.
The district extends into Sarpy County, where the district includes sections of Chalco and La Vista.
Middle schools (grades 6-8)
Andersen Middle School
Beadle Middle School
Central Middle School
Peter Kiewit Middle School
Millard North Middle School
Russell Middle School
High schools (grades 9-12)
Millard North High School
Millard South High School
Millard West High School
Keith Lutz Horizon High School
Elementary schools (K-grade 5)
Ackerman
Bess Streeter Aldrich
Black Elk
Bryan
Cather
Cody
Cottonwood
Disney
Ezra Millard
Grace Abbott
Harvey Oaks
Hitchcock
Holling Heights
Montclair
Morton
Neihardt
Norris
Reagan
Reeder
Rockwell
Rohwer
Sandoz
Upchurch
Wheeler
Willowdale
Willowdale
Willowdale enrolls about 405 students and is notable for its website, WillowWeb, which features blogs, photos, and announcements. Radio WillowWeb is a podcast produced by Willowdale students and teachers. It was the first podcast by an elementary school in the United States and covers a range of educational topics.
See also
List of public schools in Omaha, Nebraska
References
External links
MPS website
Education in Omaha, Nebraska
Education in Sarpy County, Nebraska
School districts in Nebraska
West Omaha, Nebraska
1870 establishments in Nebraska
School districts established in 1870
School districts of Omaha, Nebraska
Millard Public Schools |
The Evan Davies Building, also known as the Literary Institute Building, is a heritage listed building located at 13 South Terrace, Fremantle, Australia, on the corner with Collie Street. It was one of many buildings constructed in Fremantle during the gold boom period in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century.
The building was completed in 1899, and was opened in 15 March 1899 as the Literary Institute. The architects for the work were Messrs. Wilkinson, Smith, and Wilson, with the main contractor being L. Burness. The building was completed at a cost of £1,528.
The two storey building is constructed from brick, render and iron in the Federation Academic Classical style of architecture.
The Literary Institute in Fremantle, thought to be the oldest in Western Australia, was established in 1868 from an amalgamation between two private institutions, the Working Man's Association and the Mechanics Institute. It was housed at a number of locations around Fremantle until the gold boom, when many new buildings were constructed around the town. The architects, Wilkinson, Smith, and Wilson, drew up the plan as part of a competition to design the new building.
It was opened in 1899 by the Mayor of Fremantle, Elias Solomon; at this time the ground floor housed two shops, a public entrance leading to the main hall and an ante-room on the ground floor. The first floor held the rooms of the Literary Institute. The main hall is recessed from the street with a portico in front. The hall was by with a raised platform at the rear that was deep. The walls were decorated with dado and stencilling. The entrance to the library was on the side up the hall leading to a small passage to the jarrah stairway with turned balusters. On the first floor was the library, librarian's quarters, smoking and chess room, public reading room and a committee room. There was also a balcony surrounding the front of the building. The front elevation has ionic columns as the chief feature on the balcony, which holds a pediment with decorated tympanum. The windows have circular-heads and are divided with doric pilasters with supporting the archivolt.
In 1935 the Institute had 481 members and by 1939 there were 385 members using the facilities, which included the 13,000 books stored in the library section.
The Institute remained in the building until 1949, when the City of Fremantle acquired the building and used it to house the Fremantle City Council Library. Renovations were carried out between April and September 1949 before the building was reopened as a public library in September by James Battye. The building was renamed the Evan Davies Civic Library, in honour of a local MP, Evan Davies, and has been known as the Evan Davies Building since then.
The first floor was for a considerable time the location of the Fremantle Harbour Theatre.
In 2015 the building housed a bar on the first floor and a Dôme café on the ground floor.
Later the same year the top floor was vacated and a refurbishment works of the building was undertaken. The Fremantle City Council ordered the works to address essential structural issues and other maintenance work.
See also
List of heritage places in Fremantle
References
South Terrace, Fremantle
Heritage places in Fremantle
1899 establishments in Australia
State Register of Heritage Places in the City of Fremantle |
Song of Solomon is a 1977 novel by American author Toni Morrison, her third to be published. It follows the life of Macon "Milkman" Dead III, an :African-American man living in Michigan, from birth to adulthood.
This novel won the National Book Critics Circle Award, was chosen for Oprah Winfrey's popular book club, and was cited by the Swedish Academy in awarding Morrison the 1993 Nobel Prize in literature. In 1998, the Radcliffe Publishing Course named it the 25th best English-language novel of the 20th century.
Plot
Robert Smith, an African-American insurance agent, jumps off a roof while trying to fly as a crowd of people gather to watch. The appearance of Smith on the roof causes a woman named Ruth Dead to go into labor. In the chaos that follows, the hospital admits her and she delivers her son, Macon Dead III—the first African-American child born in the hospital. Macon Dead III grows up stifled, alienated, and disinterested in his home life in Southside. Even at age four, Ruth still breastfeeds him. One of her husband's employees witnesses this and nicknames the boy "Milkman".
Milkman's relationship with his family is strained, particularly towards his father. As Milkman enters his teens, his aunt Pilate, a bootlegger and conjure woman, becomes a central figure in his life. For Milkman, Pilate becomes the first glimpse into his family's past. When they were younger, Pilate and Macon Jr. found a cave filled with bags of gold, but did not take it for fear of reprisals. Milkman forms a sexual connection with his cousin Hagar, but later spurns her. Hagar becomes obsessed with him, attempting to kill him once a month, but never following through.
Milkman mentions to his father, Macon, the heavy bag that hangs from the ceiling of Pilate's modest home. Pilate mentions that the bag contains her "inheritance." Thinking it must be one of the bags of gold from the cave, Macon sends Milkman and his friend Guitar to steal the bag from Pilate. Milkman and Guitar succeed, but are arrested by the police after they discover the bag contains human bones. Macon and Pilate go to the police station to free the two young men.
Milkman makes a journey south to Pennsylvania in search of the gold. After talking to several people, Milkman deduces that Pilate must have retrieved the gold and taken it to Virginia. Milkman stumbles across Shalimar, Virginia, by accident. While out hunting with older men from Shalimar, Milkman is attacked by Guitar, who has followed him to Virginia. Guitar is under the impression that Milkman has taken the gold, and thus wants revenge. Struggling, Milkman discharges his gun, scaring away Guitar.
Milkman sees the children of the town playing and singing the "Song of Solomon." Milkman remembers that Pilate sang a similar song, and realizes that the song is about his family. He heads back to Michigan to find Pilate.
While Milkman is gone in Virginia, Hagar has sunk into a terrible depression from him having spurned her. Thinking that Milkman would want her if she fixes herself up, Hagar buys dresses, makeup, and a haircut. The effort amounts to little, and Hagar succumbs to her grief. A collection is taken up by the community to bury Hagar, and Pilate sings a mournful song at her granddaughter's funeral.
Milkman thinks it only appropriate that Macon Dead Sr. be laid to rest in his ancestral home in Shalimar. Milkman finds Pilate at her home, and she knocks him unconscious for the grief that caused her granddaughter to die. When he comes to, Milkman convinces her to travel with him to Virginia and bury her father. They make the journey and bury Macon Dead Sr. overlooking the ravine. After placing the bones in the grave, Pilate is killed by a gunshot from Guitar that was intended for Milkman. The novel ends with Milkman leaping toward Guitar, thus learning to "fly".
Reception and legacy
Song of Solomon, Morrison's third novel, was met with widespread acclaim, and Morrison earned the National Book Critics Circle Award for Fiction in 1978. Reynolds Price, reviewing the novel for The New York Times, concluded: "Toni Morrison has earned attention and praise. Few Americans know, and can say, more than she has in this wise and spacious novel."
The novel has faced several challenges and bans in schools throughout the U.S. since 1993. As recently as 2010, the novel was challenged and later reinstated at Franklin Central High School in Indianapolis, Indiana.
The main character inspired the name of the band The Dead Milkmen, formed in 1983.
In 2015, Robert McCrum's chronological list of the 100 best novels written in English, which was published in The Guardian newspaper, named Song of Solomon at No. 89.
References
External links
Essays and General Info about Song of Solomon
Stanford University's free on-line video course The Art of Living includes the following three 50-minute lectures about moral interpretations of Song of Solomon:
by Kenneth Allen Taylor
by R. Lanier Anderson
by Joshua Landy
1977 American novels
Novels by Toni Morrison
Novels set in Michigan
African-American novels
Novels set in Pennsylvania
American magic realism novels
National Book Critics Circle Award-winning works |
Justice Perry may refer to:
Antonio Perry, associate justice of the Hawaii Territorial Supreme Court
James E. C. Perry, associate justice of the Florida Supreme Court
John C. Perry, appointed chief justice of the Supreme Court of Wyoming Territory who died before assuming office
Melissa Perry, associate justice of the Federal Court of Australia
Sion L. Perry, associate justice of the Alabama Supreme Court
Thomas Erskine Perry, chief justice of the supreme court in Bombay during the British rule of India
William C. Perry, associate justice of the Oregon Supreme Court
See also
Judge Perry (disambiguation) |
The Taylor Hills, elevation , is a set of hills southeast of Ekalaka, Montana, in Carter County, Montana.
See also
List of mountain ranges in Montana
Whakawhiti Saddle
Notes
Mountain ranges of Montana
Landforms of Carter County, Montana |
Shohagi Union Higher secondary School () is a higher secondary school in Ishwarganj Upazila, Mymensingh District, Bangladesh. The school is located near Shohagi Bazar. It was established in 1955 and typically teaches about 1,500 students with a staff of about 35.
History
Shohagi Union Higher secondary School was established in 1955 by Nuruddin Ahmed, the first headmaster. Thereafter Md. Abul Kalam BA. B.ED. was the second headmaster of the school. It is a non-government high school and college.
Admission
Generally, admission is permitted in class vi and xi once a year. There is no eligibility for the admission test, and students with good performance in the admission test are usually admitted.
Tuition fee
As a half government high school, tuition fee is low compared to private school. Poor merit students can read for free. In each class, there are 2–3 class representative who deal with teachers and are known as class representatives. Class representatives are elected by the class with guidance of the class teacher.
School uniform
The school uniform was introduced in 1995, and consists of:
Boys:
Full sleeve white shirt
Black color pants
Girls:
Navy blue skirt
White sallower
Educational facilities
Educational facilities include a science laboratory, workshop, computer lab, covered gymnasium and library. Lessons on physics, chemistry, biology and computer are normally held in the science and computer laboratory.
Educationists
Mr. Md. Rezai Karim, retired Project Director, ADB Project, Department of Fisheries
References
High schools in Bangladesh
Schools in Mymensingh District
1955 establishments in East Pakistan |
Iraqi Council may refer to:
Council of Representatives of Iraq, the unicameral legislature of Iraq
Iraqi Governing Council, the provisional government of Iraq from July 13, 2003, to June 1, 2004
Iraqi National Dialogue Council, a Sunni Islamist political party initially established as an umbrella organization of approximately ten smaller Sunni parties to take part in the 2005 Iraqi Constitution drafting process
Revolutionary Command Council (Iraq), the ultimate decision-making body in Iraq before the 2003 Invasion of Iraq |
Poggio Civitate is a hill in the commune of Murlo, Siena, Italy and the location of an ancient settlement of the Etruscan civilization. It was discovered in 1920, and excavations began in 1966 and have uncovered substantial traces of activity in the Orientalizing and Archaic periods as well as some material from both earlier and later periods.
Iron Age
Limited Iron Age (Villanovan) architectural and artifactual evidence suggests that there was Iron Age activity and possibly Iron Age occupation at Poggio Civitate during the mid-8th to early 7th centuries BCE.
Iron Age Hut
On an area of the site known as Civitate C, a trench labeled Civitate C 7 (CC7) uncovered the post holes and countersunk floor of a curvilinear, ovoid hut of approximately five by seven meters. After its period of use, this structure appears to have been reused as a midden, including a deposit of over one thousand murex shells (Bolinus brandaris), possibly used for small scale dye production.
Iron Age artifacts
Artifacts, such as fragments of coil-made pottery, an Iron Age technology, suggest a presence of Iron Age Etruscans on Poggio Civitate. An impasto handle fragment has a typology and decorations reminiscent of Iron Age (Villanovan) cover bowls for biconical urns. There are also fragments of bronze fibulae of an Iron Age design. These artifacts have been recovered from an area of the site known as Civitate A as well as from a trench labeled Tesoro 27, which sounded below the ground level of the Intermediate Orientalizing Complex 2(OC2)/Workshop.
Orientalizing period
The Orientalizing period lasted roughly from the early or mid 7th century BCE to the early 6th century BCE. The Orientalizing period at Poggio Civitate is often further divided into the Early Orientalizing Period and Intermediate Orientalizing Period, which last from roughly 630-580 BCE. This period marked the first large scale architectural works being constructed on the site and new technology was used to support new features like the terracotta roofs. Excavations of artifacts and architecture indicate clear class structures with evidence of rich aristocratic homes (the Intermediate Phase Orientalizing Complex) and items along with the more simple homes (non-elite domestic architecture) found throughout Poggio Civitate. The Orientalizing period as a whole was one of renewed Italian and Mediterranean trade as exhibited by the influx of new goods and materials during this time. Products such as Greek pottery and murex shell show this increase in trade.
Five surviving buildings from the Orientalizing period have been uncovered. Early Phase Orientalizing Complex 4(EPOC4) and Early Phase Orientalizing Complex 5(EPOC5) are two buildings from the Early Orientalizing Period. EPOC4 is thought to be a residence and EPOC5 is poorly preserved and thus harder to judge its function. Intermediate Phase Orientalizing Complex 1 (OC1) is a residence, Intermediate Phase Orientalizing Complex 2 (OC2) is a workshop, and Intermediate Phase Orientalizing Complex 3 (OC3) is a tripartite building, with possible religious functions. They were large complexes with decorative tile roofs and were built in the second quarter of the seventh century. All three buildings are thought to have been destroyed by the same fire sometime between 590 and 580 BCE.
History of excavations in the orientalizing period
In 1970, archaeologists discovered foundations underneath the floor level of the Archaic Building which predated the building. Subsequently, as excavation continued, archaeologists excavated three buildings: Orientalizing Complex 1 (OC1) in 1970, Orientalizing Complex 2 (OC2) in 1980, and Orientalizing Complex 3 (OC3) from 1996 to 1999. However, the discovery of even earlier foundations, structures now called the Early Phase Orientalizing Period Complex (EPOC), showed that OC1, OC2, and OC3 dated to the intermediate phase of the Orientalizing period. This dating schema was further supported by ceramics discovered in the Orientalizing Complex buildings.
The Early Phase Orientalizing Complex
Once archaeologists differentiated between the Early and Intermediate Phase Orientalizing complexes, they attributed two buildings to the Early Phase Orientalizing Period. The first building was identified as Early Phase Orientalizing Complex 4 (EPOC4). It is located in the west part of the site, and materials found at the site suggest it has a domestic function. Early Phase Orientalizing Complex 5 (EPOC5) is located to the southeast of EPOC4. Unfortunately, EPOC5 is poorly preserved, so the function of the building is more difficult to deduce.
Early Phase Orientalizing Complex 4 (EPOC4)
EPOC4 was a tremendous rectangular structure built sometime between the end of the 8th century and the beginning of the 7th century BCE at Poggio Civitate. The building, which featured a stone foundation, large porch, and back room, was remarkably similar to structures from the Etruscan settlements of San Giovenale and Rusellae. The foundation was 20.5m long and 7.6m wide, the porch extended 12.8m by 5.7m, and the back room measured 5.35m by 5.1m. The foundation walls were very sturdy, employing an average thickness of 1.1m. While the northern wall was damaged from early excavation practices, the southern wall was completely preserved.
The roof of EPOC4 was constructed with terracotta roofing tiles. Through the investigation of later structures from the site of Poggio Civitate, it was determined that terracotta roofing tiles varied in length but consistently measured 0.54m in width. Furthermore, the foundation walls from EPOC4 were devised to be divisible by this width. Considering buildings from later phases of the site's development employed this same design and featured terracotta roofing tiles, it is plausible to conclude that EPOC4 possessed these tiles.
Through excavation, a variety of materials and items that were found shed light on the uses of EPOC4. Decorative plaques and a horn acroterion suggest that EPOC4 was a domestic space for an aristocratic family. The discovery of grains, seeds, and ceramics from the floor of the porch area indicate that food preparation took place here; spindle whorls and rocchetti were also found, which implies that textile production occurred.
EPOC4 was nearly ten times the size of surrounding domestic spaces. In addition, these smaller domiciles lacked strong foundations, so they were not constructed with terracotta roofing tiles. This suggests that EPOC4 could have been the domestic space for the leading family in the community. However, its close proximity to these domiciles might be the reason for its eventual abandonment in the second quarter of the 7th century BCE. The large porch of EPOC4 was possibly a public space used for gatherings and meals. Eventually, as the elite, aristocratic classes grew amid a developing system of political/social order, it seems their desire for privacy also grew. Perhaps for this reason, EPOC4 was abandoned in the second quarter of the 7th century BCE. After its abandonment, building materials, such as the terracotta roofing tiles and wooden timbers, were likely taken and reused in other spaces, possibly for buildings of the site's Intermediate Phase.
Early Phase Orientalizing Complex Building 5 (EPOC5)
Early Phase Orientalizing Complex 5 (EPOC5) was found a few meters east of EPOC4 on Piano del Tesoro. This structure was built of irregularly-shaped flat stones that are thought to be the base for a wooden column which would have supported the roof of the building. It is hypothesized to be a workshop contemporary with Early Phase Orientalizing Period 4 (EPOC4).
Similarities to Orientalizing Complex 2/workshop (OC2)
EPOC5 is thought to be a workshop, because of similarities between its design, specifically its column pads, with Orientalizing Complex 2/Workshop (OC2). Both structures involve a common measurement system of 0.27 meters used during the Orientalizing period. The distance between the column bases at EPOC5 is 2.7m (ten times the uniform distance), and the distance between column pads of OC2 visible in trench Tesoro 26 (T26) is also 2.7m. Another measurement example is found in T30 where the distance between columns pads is 5.4m, twice the measurement of the intercolumniation of EPOC5 and other portions of OC2.
Intermediate phase Orientalizing Complex (OC) overview
Following the early phase of the Orientalizing period came the next phase, the intermediate phase of the Orientalizing period. The main complex from the intermediate phase consisted of three main buildings. The buildings in this complex served a variety of purposes, from residential to manufacturing, for the benefit of the people of Poggio Civitate. The first building, which was discovered in 1970, is known as the Orientalizing Complex 1 (OC1), and it is believed that this building was a residential building. The second building in the Complex is the Orientalizing Complex 2 (OC2) which was discovered a decade after the first building in 1980. OC2 was believed to be a workshop that produced an assortment of different products from furniture to jewelry, but the main product of this workshop were terracotta roofing materials. Finally, the third building in the complex, discovered in 1996, was the Orientalizing Complex 3 (OC3) which served as some sort of religious building or temple. It is believed that this building was a temple because the floor plan of the building is similar to that of other Etruscan temples.
Orientalizing Complex 1
The Orientalizing Complex 1 (OC1) is located within the Poggio Civitate Intermediate Phase Orientalizing Complex. Located at the top of a plateau sat these three massive buildings; the spot would later house the Archaic Building. Each of these buildings had their own individual specific purpose. The Orientalizing Complex 1 functioned primarily as a domicile or residence which was built on the western edge of the Piano del Tesoro Plateau. At the time, these structures represented architectural breakthroughs with their lateral gutter roofs (simae) that guided water into these channels and off the roof. It is unclear how long exactly these buildings had stood for, but there is evidence that they were all destroyed in the same fire that set the hilltop ablaze towards the end of the seventh century BCE.
The total length of Orientalizing Complex 1 is 36.2 m and the width is 8.6 m. Due to the level of deterioration and aging when the Orientalizing Complex was uncovered, little structural evidence can be analyzed, but evidence shows that each building had similar stylistic schemes. The Orientalizing Comlex 1 building had timber superstructures which supported wattle and daub walling. Because of OC1's positioning on the plateau, architects built the structure with diagonal struts to support against the heavy winds. OC1 included of a terracotta roof with pantiles and covertiles constructed from molds. Among other discoveries were cooking utensils, handcrafted ceramics and bronze vessels. Culinary items like small braziers and crockery indicated the type of food production that occurred within the residential complex. Archeologists also uncovered residential objects such as furniture, antler inlays, cosmetics, and figurines that helped decipher the domicile nature of the Orientalizing Complex 1 building. Most of the furniture was designed with geometrical association that consisted of triangles and other patterns. These luxurious items for the time prove that the inhabitants of this residence could have been of higher authority or higher class. Furthermore, exquisite bucchero banquet service suggested that the inhabitants dined extravagantly.
Pottery in Orientalizing Complex 1
There were multiple works of Ionian pottery, which dates back to the 7th century BCE, found on the floor of OC1. These were fragmented Ionian cups with large bases and horizontal loop handles. There were also Corinthian, Rhodian, Samian and Chiote amphorae that date back to 620-580 BCE.
Intermediate phase Orientalizing Complex 2 (OC2)
Orientalizing Complex 2 (OC2) at Poggio Civitate is one of three of buildings located on Piano del Tesoro, one section of Poggio Civitate. It is established that OC2 was a "workshop," as the remains "revealed an abundance of evidence" of what was being produced at the site. This included furniture, wooden items, bronze working, jewelry, and, most prominently, terracotta roofing systems. The floor of OC2 was made of plaster and had "three rows of limestone column pads" that led to a terracotta roof held by wood beams. The column pads are sporadically lined with "auxiliary stones" that are hypothesized to have acted as some form of support for the columns and wooden beams. However, further excavation is required in order to identify their purpose with certainty. There is evidence that either the building that was on the site before OC2 burned down or there was burning used in the construction of OC2, as there was a "concentration of carbon-included soil" under the plaster floor. It is hypothesized that OC2 burned down in the early sixth century BCE, as the remains of an unfinished terracotta roof were found with the "raw clay elements" having been prematurely fired.
Industries in intermediate phase Orientalizing Complex 2
A substantial amount of materials recovered in Orientalizing Complex 2 indicate its use as a production center engaged in a variety of different industries. Materials recovered from the building indicate metalworking activity in the eastern area. A number of ceramic pipes and triangular objects which were exposed to high amounts of heat are recognized as having been used as bellows in a small foundry. The equipment is not very large and it was likely used for small-scale production of immediate needs. There was also a large amount of terracotta and ceramic production in the workshop, including the production of pottery and tiles. The conflagration that destroyed the building also fired the raw clay inside the workshop which was being used in the manufacturing of terracotta ceiling tiles. Clay ribbons, of the same dimensions as frieze plaques associated with the Archaic Period Building, were also recovered a few meters west of those tiles. Indentations within the clay contain impressions from the fingers, palms, and feet of laborers working with wet clay in the building at the time of the fire. Found within OC2's western area is a high concentration of animal bones (mostly pigs, sheep, and cattle) with visible cut marks, suggesting it was used in butchering and slaughtering animals. There is also a substantial concentration of red deer bones and antlers, which is consistent with hunting activity. Decorative figurines and plaques have been found within the workshop, including a sphinx carved in antler and depictions of human faces. The workshop was also used for textile production, with the area north of the building containing hundreds of spindle whorls. The whorls are decorated with a variety of stamps, incisions, and dimples. They are also fluted, which is both aesthetically pleasing and presents practical utility by helping to hold thread still during the spinning process.
Orientalizing Complex 3/tripartite building (OC3)
The Orientalizing Complex 3 (OC3/Tripartite Building) was built around 650 BCE. The building has a terracotta roof, which was relatively rare for Tripartite style buildings during this time. “The building has three adjacent rooms, oriented roughly E-W, measuring roughly 9.2 x 23.2 m, with exceptionally wide rubble foundations (W 1.5 m)”. Tripartite buildings have a long rectangular shape that is divided into three back rooms. The walls of OC3 are much thicker than OC1 and OC2, hinting at the fact that the builders might have been unsure about the thickness of walls needed to support the terracotta roof. Therefore OC3 could have been built before OC1 and OC2. Similar styles of terracotta roofs across OC1 and OC3 allude that both buildings were built during a similar time and supplied by the local workshop. The building itself is believed to have been used as a temple or religious building due to the floor plan being very similar to that of Etruscan temples, with a large central room twice the size of the two side rooms. Items such as bucchero vessels with muluvanice-inscriptions, burned animal bones, and seeds found in and near OC3 also support the theory that the building was an early version of a temple. The OC3/Tripartite building was destroyed in a fire in 590-580 BCE, the same fire also destroyed OC1 and OC2.
Intermediate phase orientalizing akroteria
The ridge-pole tiles of the roof were decorated with cut-out akroteria. The akroteria was patterendwith many lotus and palmette designs that were thought to be connected to ancestry and progeny. Additionally, attached to the OC1 building was a horse and rider figure and other figures that represented animals.
Fragments of akroteria discovered at Poggio Civitate are nearly life size and made of terracotta, similar to the style that the roofs of the building were constructed. Scholars predict this decision is from Villanovan influence. These statues were built large enough to be seen from a considerable distance, communicating with people that the contents of the building are important.
Intermediate phase orientalizing sima
At Poggio Civitate, lateral sima is used on the three Intermediate Phase Orientalizing Complex buildings. On each building, lateral sima is used along the lower, lateral edge of the roof. The most intact examples are found in association with the OC2/Workshop. Each unit of the modular lateral sima measures 0.54 meters, which is the same unit used to construct each of the three buildings. The lateral sima bears decoration depicting female heads and hand-made feline spouts that have an opening within them to allow for water to flow from the gutter system. The depicted female heads and feline spouts represent Potnia Theron, a fertility divinity. The decoration on the lateral sima could have been painted at one point in time.
Orientalizing bucchero
Bucchero pottery, a unique style of Etruscan art, has been found at sites across modern day Italy, including at Poggio Civitate. Bucchero styles varied by region; in Southern Etruria, it had light with thin walls (bucchero sottile) and in Northern Etruria, as at Poggio Civitate, it was heavier with thick walls (bucchero pesante).
Most of the bucchero pottery found at Poggio Civitate during the Orientalizing period was found in OC1/Residence (also known as the Lower Building). Most of the Orientalizing bucchero found at other Italian sites has been in graves and burial contexts, making the domestic context of the Poggio Civitate Orientalizing bucchero somewhat unique. Numerous sherds of various vessel types have been identified at this site, many with decorative patterns. Some of this bucchero pottery may have been produced on site, in OC2/Workshop.
Non-elite orientalizing architecture
Until recent decades, little attention has been given to determining the nature and characteristics of non-elite, non-monumental structures of the Orientalizing period at Poggio Civitate, with efforts focused instead on analysis of the more physically prominent and better-preserved Early and Intermediate Orientalizing Complexes. Emergent interest in understanding the social organization of the site along with its development over time and in response to known crises (such as the fire which destroyed the Intermediate Orientalizing structures at the beginning of the sixth century BCE) has prompted new research, yielding numerous informative discoveries.
In 2007 and 2008, excavations of a trench at a location known as Civitate C, dubbed “CC7”, immediately south of Piano del Tesoro revealed the foundations of a small curvilinear hut, situated 35 meters away from Orientalizing Complex 2 (OC2), with a difference in elevation of seven meters. The structure was 9 meters by 4 meters in dimension, providing an estimated 28 square-meters of living space, and employed a wooden frame composed of large posts and joists crafted out of local indigenous trees to support a thatched roof of bound reeds. Its position in relation to OC2 along with the fragments of bucchero vessels, ceramic sherds, and bone plaques discovered within the ruins indicate its function to have been a domestic residence of the non-elite variety, removed from the bustling center of the Plain of the Treasure, speculated to have housed lower-status craftsmen who made and owned objects similar to those in the possession of Poggio Civitates's elite.
Archaeological work in the 2012 and 2013 seasons revealed further evidence of non-elite Orientalizing structures in the form of foundation walls belonging to a small building located approximately 70 meters west of Piano del Tesoro at the Civitate A site. The rectilinear base of “CA70” or “Structure 1”, dating to the late seventh century BCE, is situated atop an older, poorly-preserved curvilinear foundation, potentially contemporary with hut structure CC7 discovered at Civitate C. Sharing similar dimensions (4 meters by 6 meters), the interior would have provided a moderate dwelling space of an estimated 24 square-meters, limited further by the presence of a hearth in the center of an earthen floor. The structure's foundations being “not overly robust” evince that it supported a roof of thatch or a similar light material, being unable to hold the weight of terracotta tiles. The discovery of simple plates and drinking cups, along with materials for the production of textiles, indicate the structure's use to have primarily been domestic. Additional remnants of highly eroded structures, referred to as "features" topographically, were also uncovered during the excavations. One such feature consisted of a deposit of wattle and daub (a material known to be used for walls and screens at Poggio Civitate and similar sites), while another exhibited a line of stones, fragments of ceramic, and roofing tiles roughly parallel to Structure 1, comprising a narrow space between CA70 and Feature 2, speculated to have supported a partition for activities between the two locations, or functioning as an improvised shed.
Industries in non-elite orientalizing architecture
Evidence was found for several industries in the non-elite Orientalizing period architecture in the area known as Civitate A. Evidence of processing and carving of animal carcasses has been found near Structure 1 of Civitate A, including worked bone and antlers that show evidence of the striations associated with a rigid saw. 15 spindle whorls of varying sizes were discovered, which were likely used to produce the thread of wool due to the amount of sheep bones discovered nearby. A singular loom weight was discovered in Structure 1. 31 rocchetti, which were used as spools or bobbins in textile work, were also found. Evidence of metal working is represented by the large quantity of slag found near Structure 1. Crucible fragments, a possible furnace, and bronze artifacts such as pins and fibulae were found that show more evidence of metal working in Civitate A.
Archaic period
The Archaic period, lasting from the 7th century BCE to the mid 6th century BCE, saw an enhanced revitalization of the previously destroyed building complex of the Orientalizing period. Prior to the creation of the new Archaic building, survivors salvaged any debris that remained and flattened the plateau, known as Piano del Tesoro, or the "Plateau of the Treasure", to begin construction. The monumental building included elaborate decorations, including frieze plaques with motifs such as a banquet and horse race, gutters, and terracotta statues such as the “Cowboy” akroterion and sphinx akroterion. In the mid-6th century BCE, the building was destroyed and abandoned.
The archaic period building
In the early 6th century BCE, Poggio Civitate produced what is known as the Archaic Building, a monumental complex. The construction was a large four-winged building with a courtyard in the middle of the structure. The roof and the walls of the structure were elaborately decorated with 30,000 feet of non-decorative and decorative terracottas.
It is unknown what the building was used for. There have been several disputes, but the first excavator of Poggio Civitate believed the monumental building was used as a meeting-hall for political and religious events. Others argued that it could have been used as the residence of the ruler, a palazzo, or an Etruscan version of an agora.
Archaic akroteria (acroteria)
Use of akroteria at Poggioe Civitate can be first seen in the Intermediate Orientalizing Phase. In earlier periods, elements of what became Archaic akroteria, were seen, but in the Archaic period statues were developed in the round with highly artistic design on these corners and peaks of the Archaic Building. Humanoid elements such as fragments of ears made of terracotta are found among the Archaic akroteria. The famous "Murlo Cowboy" is an example of Archaic acroterion. It has also been argued that these Akroteria created an aura of power and wealth that would impact both those living within and around the buildings they adorned.
Archaic period building sima
There have been over 206 fragments of both lateral and raking sima found in the debris of the Archaic Building scattered throughout the site. Poggio Civitate's Archaic Building sima was made from terracotta pressed into molds. The sima were attached to the wooden roof beams of the Archaic Building to ensure their security and they were placed around the structure with the decorative details facing downward so all entering the building could see. Lateral sima was the most common type from the Archaic period at the Poggio Civitate site due to the fact that the Archaic building had more lateral areas than area on roof gables to which sima was attached.The lateral sima was adorned with detailed female faces, feline faces, and rosettes in the Archaic style. The raking sima was decorated with dogs chasing hares.
Archaic period building frieze plaques
Terracotta frieze plaques decorated the exterior of the Archaic Building. The friezes show various scenes including a banquet, horse race, a procession of figures, and a collection of seated figures. They tried to communicate the wealth and power of their settlement through the plaques.
Archaic banquet frieze plaque
The Archaic banquet frieze plaque is a terracotta relief plaque which shows a scene of a feast or banquet with a variety of people participating in social and celebratory activities. The relief shows several people lounging on couches, which was customary during banquets in the ancient Mediterranean. They are seen taking pleasure in the food and drink, conversing, and taking part in the celebrations. The specifics of the figures' attire, hairstyles, and gestures offer relevant perspectives on the cultural and social facets of Archaic Etruscan society.
Archaic horse race frieze plaque
The horse race frieze plaque shares a similar style with the three other Archaic friezes. It is approximately 24 cm in height and 55 cm in length. The plaque has a guilloche on the bottom with a double row of alternating rectangular studs on top. There is evidence for at least 65 distinct horserace frieze plaques at Poggio Civitate. It is not certain how the plaques were originally organized. But, the discovery location of many fragments is heavily concentrated in the north-western area of Piano del Tesoro. Looking at the plaque from left to right, there is a cauldron with two curved handles sitting on top of a column as a prize. To the right of the cauldron, there are three figures on horses riding away from the column. The horses are all in the same galloping position, with their front legs stretched forward in the air and their hind legs perpendicular on the ground. They each have long tails protruding from their rears and triangular ears pointing upwards. The horses have long, narrow heads and elongated bodies. Sitting on top of each horse is a miniature jockey wearing a tunic, cape, and pointed cap. They each have hair flowing out the back, separated in beads.
Interpretation of the horse race frieze plaque
The style of the frieze plaque appears to be an adaptation on Proto-Corinthian pottery. This depiction of horse racing differs from Greek portraits in the style of clothing that the jockeys are wearing. In Greek horse racing, the rider wears a long tunic and no head piece, demonstrating the originality of Etruscan horse racing. Horse racing and chariot racing were very popular events for the Etruscans. It is likely that these horse races influenced the ludi circences in Rome.
Archaic procession frieze plaque
Similarly to the other three Archaic frieze plaques, the Procession frieze plaque is around 54 cm lengthwise by 24 cm in height. Its top has a convex sturgill molding on a cavetto profile with a molded guilloche below which serves as a border. Looking at the Procession frieze plaque from left to right, it has two identical standing human figures with braided hairstyles and long clothing. These two figures hold reins of horses which pull a cart. The horses in the image are narrow, thin, and somewhat stiff-looking. The head on the inside horse is elevated compared to the horse on the outside. In the middle of the plaque there are two more human figures seated on the cart pulled by the horses. At the right of the plaque are two small human figures, possibly women, that are balancing objects on their heads. At the bottom of the plaque is another molded guilloche border.
Interpretation of the procession frieze plaque's iconography
One idea is that this plaque's imagery represents a funeral, or more specifically the journey to the funeral. The figures at the right side of the plaque are seen to be taking goods for the burial to be used by the deceased after death. This kind of procession scene has been found also at the Etruscan site of Veii, near Rome. However, this idea that the procession is representing a funeral journey is not the only possibility. Another theme that the procession could represent is a wedding procession. This is due to the fact that two people are being carried by cart with people following behind holding goods. A third interpretation of the representation is that the people on the plaque are traveling to worship the gods. Another event the image has been connected to is a military parade of the Etruscans, in this case coming back from war. A final theory is that the procession scene represents similar iconography and ritual to that of ancient Greek processions. These ancient Greek procession scenes were made in celebration of important life passages and a ritual at festivals.
Archaic seated figures frieze plaque
At the dig site of the Archaic Building on the plateau of Piano del Tesoro, a terracotta frieze plaque was found depicting figures seated one in front of another. This frieze plaque, along with the other found at this site, are dated to 600 BCE-535 BCE. The plaque measures about 0.239 meters in height, 0.543 meters in width, and has a thickness of about 0.025 meters. Like many frieze plaques dated to the Archaic period of Etruscan society, the plaque depicting the seated figures is made of terracotta; more specifically the clay is classified as coarse. Oftentimes, these decorative plaques depicted the figures of gods or people worshipping gods.
Interpretation of the assembly scene
The scene depicted on this particular frieze plaque is viewed as a scene of an assembly. Archaeologists and researchers can definitively classify this scene as an assembly based on the furniture the figures are seated on. The third figure from the right is sitting on a cylindrical throne, which is a distinction of status from the 7th century BCE. Along with this unique throne style, the remainder of the seated figures are seated on folding stools with four double-curved animal legs. These stools are staples of assembly scenes involving both gods and mortals. Based on these details and depiction of figures, an interpretation has been made that the plaque contains representations of the gods Zeus, Hera, and Athena. These three gods are commonly depicted together in various pieces from this same time period. Anthony Tuck, an archaeologist from the University of Massachusetts who excavates the site, has argued that the assembly scene depicts a hieros gamos. Although figures on frieze plaques such as this one often portray deities, it is important to note that there has been no concrete evidence suggesting that this particular assembly scene is an ancient Etruscan or Italian mythological representation.
Archaic period building gorgon plaques
Gorgons are typically represented with a wide mouth, pendulous tongue, flattened nose, fixed eyes, and clean incisions signal it was used as a protective spirit against bad/evil elements. Poggio Civitate's terracotta gorgon head antefixes are identical. Each has a trapezoidal shape, with a curve at the top. The greatest width is located at the base and is no more than 0.190 meters with a maximum height of 0.167 meters. The plaque has a thickness ranging from 0.450 to 0.50 meters. The gorgon's nose is the only projection in the relief. The rest of the face is done in a shallow relief. Hair can be seen in the relief as two coils forming an inverted widow's peak with a slightly off center hairline part. The hair is tapered off to the ears where it then hangs down the sides in three locks that are delineated by grooves with the hair flaring out towards the base. The facial features are simple, yet well defined. The forehead is low and flat with a central depression that protrudes outward up to the eyebrows. The eyebrows curve from the top of the nasal bridge to the outer ear. The eyes are almond shaped and framed with lines giving the left eye a double appearance. The iris is defined by lines as well. The left side of the gorgon was designed by intent so that the ear, eye, and fangs are slightly larger than the right. Many pieces have trace amounts of a dark reddish vermillion paint indicating the pieces were painted, but the color scheme can not be determined. Some tiles have had a whitish color—raising the possibility of a white paint; however, it could also be a component of soil—results are indeterminate at this time.
Gorgon head antefixes attachment
Two in situ intact gorgon head antefixes were discovered at Poggio Civitate. When plaques reached the leather hard stage, they were affixed to the roof's cover tile creating a right angle rather than a perpendicular line. Wet clay was added to the joint to secure the plaques. The outside clay covering was smoothed to create a finished appearance whereas the inside view of the clay was left rough since it would not be visible. The upper tile tapers to a flange which allows it to be placed under upper tiles to provide a rain tight juncture. The mounting system of the gorgon plaques was not uniform; however, when the gorgons were hung it was possible to draw a horizontal line through the eyes of all them.
Gorgonia numbers
The north wall of the Archaic Building runs a length of 62.25 meters. With a pantile width of 0.54 meters, this allows for a hypothetical roof hang of 0.5 meters at each end of the building. These figures suggest that there were 113 ±1 gorgonia. It is possible that other walls of the complex held gorgonia, but the absence of fragments and debris piles makes this difficult to determine. Archaic era gorgonia did not survive well the deliberate destruction—only one has been found intact. The plaques appear to be weakest (as evidenced by break lines) at the lower end of the hair. Some gorgons have lost part of their head from the forceful removal of cover tile. It is noteworthy that the gorgon's protuberant nose was rarely destroyed, with only two cases to date were sheared off. Also to date, eighty-two gorgon noses have been discovered; when the noses are matched with lower right hair-the cumulative number rises to 112.
Gorgon production
Based on their quantity and uniformity, it appears that molds were used to cast the gorgonia. Unfortunately no mold has been discovered to date. Based on the number of gorgonia necessary, it is reasonable to assume that more than one mold was used to increase the rate of production. Based on analysis of mouth and teeth, it appears that at least four molds were used. The exact number cannot be calculated at this time.
Activities and industries in the archaic building
A few common examples of artifacts are found in the Archaic Building which might indicate activities and industries of the building, despite its complicated stratigraphy and excavation history. Grinding stones are also present at the site, suggesting processing of perhaps grain or other products. Slingstones and arrow tips were found, possibly indicating that the residents of Poggio Civitate manufactured or at least used these weapon types. There are signs that banquets were held within the building, attested by the iconography of a terracotta frieze plaque found that showcases this kind of event. Another set of artifacts found within the Archaic Building was bucchero, a more expensive banqueting ware. There were also signs of impasto wares. Additionally, there were remnants found of what seems to be a stone altar. This was found near the southern wall of the Archaic Building, which is where an earlier structure, called the Orientalizing Complex 3/Tripartite Building was located, which scholars believe to be a focus of religious activity. Both loom weights and spindle whorls were found at the site, indicating that it is likely that textiles were commonly produced at Poggio Civitate.
Archaic bucchero
Evidence from the site suggests that the Bucchero was a prominent ceramic class for the Etruscans during the Archaic period. Fragments of this pottery style have been scattered throughout several parts of Poggio Civitate. During the Archaic period, this pottery style mostly consisted of finely grained dark grey and black clay. However, some of the uniquely designed pieces were formed with more of an orange-brown color. The walls of the Archaic Bucchero were often thick and included motif or floral decorations along the exterior of the ceramic design.
At Poggio Civitate, most of the bucchero pottery dated to the Archaic period was found on the outskirts of the Archaic Building, where OC3/Tripartite and OC2/Workshop were located during the Orientalizing period. In Tesoro 46, fragments from a Bucchero-style rocchetto (spool) were recovered, with a black color that was most common during this period. A bucchero sherd of the same color was uncovered in the exact area as the rocchetto, along the outside of the Archaic Building in Tesoro 46. The vessel fragment also contains a stamped flower design, illustrating the frequent decorations included on Archaic bucchero pottery. Additionally, portions of a bucchero rim were found on the side of the Archaic Building nearest to Civitate A, specifically Tesoro South Flank 0. These pieces differ from the previous findings as they contain a more grey color and what appear to be inscribed letter designs. These uncoverings portray how the design of the Archaic bucchero contained slight differences across the sections of Poggio Civitate, while the overarching bucchero style during this period can be seen in all of them.
Archaic wells
There have been three wells found at Poggio Civitate. All three were found in different series of excavations, the first one from an excavation that occurred between 1970 and 1971. The second well was discovered in 1997 and the third, the most recent excavation, occurred between 2014 and 2015. The excavation sites of the three wells, which are in close proximity to each other, allow for the conclusion that the inhabitants of these wells may not have interacted with each other but were pulling water from the same water source. All three wells were discovered were in the modern property zone known as Civitate A, which further shows how the inhabitants of this site tapped from the same source. The wells of the first and third excavations were not far away from each other, they were roughly twenty meters from each other, yet clearly separated from each other with a wall which eludes to many factors whether it was due to economic reasons or social status, etc. These wells were built and used only during the Archaic period. There has not been any other evidence found for the wells to be older than this time period.
Some of the findings in the wells are terracotta roofing tiles, found in the third well (2015), fragments of one of the gorgon antefixes, and even more roof tiles in the second well (1998). Reports are in agreement that these artifacts were not washed into the wells. The dumping of these materials was done on purpose either to plug the wells, making them unproductive, or simply to get rid of the feature. Unlike these two wells, in the first well that was excavated (1970) there were barely any relics found, rather it was a simple well, that when excavated still held water. With this well, there are many theories as to why there would be no artifacts thrown into it or if there was the possibility of it not yielding enough water for it to be a sufficient source.
An important factor to also view about these wells is the notion of the expansion of population during the Archaic period. The greater the population, the greater need for supplies and resources. There will be further excavations, not only in Civitate A, but in other sites to find other potential wells and further discover about the inhabitants of Poggio Civitate, Murlo.
The Destruction
The Archaic Period Building of Poggio Civitate, which had been recently constructed, was destroyed in the mid- to late sixth century BCE in a single event, along with the rest of the settlement at Poggio Civitate. This destruction was thorough and complete, and parts of the structure and the roof of the Archaic Period Building were broken and scattered in wells and depressions across the site. There is evidence that certain parts of the Archaic Period Building were targeted in this destruction, specifically decorative architectural terracotta features (frieze plaques, sima, and akroteria) depicting the elite family that most likely ruled Poggio Civitate towards the end of the Archaic period. These aspects were largely parts of the roof structure and they were destroyed systematically. They were then discarded to the western side of the Archaic Period Building in a pit in the ground. More general pieces of the destroyed building, especially broken roof tiles and other debris were thrown into wells discovered west of the building; one of these wells additionally contained a partially destroyed travertine altar that weighed more than 300 kilograms. The walls of the building were left either partially destroyed, or vulnerable to the elements and then decayed over time. There was a single known casualty of the destruction: one fragment of a human skull, who is assumed to have been an individual killed during the event, was found lying outside one of the wells filled with debris.
Possible Theories
Connections have been made between the destruction of the Archaic Period Building and a growing concern about the defense of the settlement: some scholars even point out that the structures (like watchtowers) that were being constructed resemble defensive buildings of colonial America. There is also evidence, in the form of wells that were constructed immediately prior to the destruction, that there was a sharp increase in people moving closer to the Archaic Period Building, perhaps for security or protection from outside threat. It is possible that this was a result of prior failed attacks on the settlement. One theory for the complete destruction of Poggio Civitate is a political interaction. The sixth century BCE was a violent time in Roman history; Etruscan, Latin, and Umbrian city-states that were most commonly ruled by elite families were engaged in constant conflict. These elite families wanted to extend their power, and often absorbed or destroyed neighboring city-states. Some scholars believe that Chiusi, one example of these rising city-states, was responsible for the destruction at Poggio Civitate because of a series of Tarqiunian style tomb paintings discovered in Chiusi that implied violence between rivaling city-states (possibly Poggio Civitate). The specific targeting of artwork portraying the supposed elite family of Poggio Civitate during the destruction also adds potential credibility to this theory. Another theory that exists is that a ritual destruction of Poggio Civitate occurred. This theory is derived from evidence that an agger, or an artificial mound of earth, was constructed after the destruction of the Archaic Phase Building as a symbolic marker. This agger could have been separating the destroyed structures and uninhabitable land from the land that could continue to be inhabited after the destruction, and that the people of Poggio Civitate themselves had participated in this ritualistic destruction, or "unfounding" of their settlement. This could offer another explanation for the targeting of artwork depicting the elite family; the people of Poggio Civitate wanted to destroy and rebuild their settlement under new leadership. One scholar, Nancy de Grummond, points out that certain aspects of the Archaic Phase Building (the walls) were still standing near the agger at the time of discovery, possibly revealing that the destruction was not so thorough after all and could have been motivated by something other than violence or conquest as the first theory suggests. There is no concrete evidence definitively proving any hypothesis.
Abandonment
After the final, thorough destruction of Poggio Civitate, it is thought that the site was never reoccupied. There is evidence of people passing through the area, such as a couple Medieval coins and pottery fragments, but no evidence of any type of permanent settlement post-destruction. Nancy de Grummond argues instead that the agger was constructed after the destruction of the Archaic Phase Building on Piano del Tesoro, and could indicate that there was a plan for people to occupy the hill post-destruction, or that people may have in fact continued to inhabit it. This theory is difficult to prove because descriptions and surveys of the agger contain many inconsistencies. So far, there has been no conclusive evidence of settlement on Piano del Tesoro after the destruction of Poggio Civitate, but the volume of artifacts found at the site decreases significantly after the date of destruction.
Directors of excavation
Kyle M. Phillips – Bryn Mawr College (1966-1973)
Erik Nielsen & Kyle M. Phillips (1973-1981 co-directors)
Erik Nielsen – President of Franklin University Switzerland (1973-1996)
Erik Nielsen & Anthony Tuck (1997-2011 co-directors)
Anthony Tuck – Associate Professor at the University of Massachusetts Amherst (2011–Present)
Bibliography
Books and Monographs
--. 1988. Antiquarium di Poggio Civitate. Florence: le tre arti.
Berkin, J. 2003. The Orientalizing Bucchero from the Lower Building at Poggio Civitate (Murlo). Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company.
de Puma, R. and J. P. Small. 1994. Murlo and the Etruscans: Art and Society in Ancient Etruria. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
Edlund-Berry, I. E. 1992. The Seated and Standing Statue Akroteria from Poggio Civitate (Murlo). Rome: Bretschneider.
Edlund-Berry, Ingrid E. M. 1997. Local Traditions in the Manufacture of Archaic Etrusco-Italic Terracottas. Thesis Publishers.
Nielsen, E. O. 1994. “Interpreting the Lateral Sima at Poggio Civitate.” In Murlo and the Etruscans: Art and Society in Ancient Etruria, edited by R. de Puma and J. P. Small, 64–71. The University of Wisconsin Press.
Phillips, Jr., K. M. 1993. In the Hills of Tuscany: Recent Excavations at the Etruscan Site of Poggio Civitate (Murlo, Siena). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology.
Phillips, Jr., K. M., and A. Talocchini. 1970. Poggio Civitate (Murlo, Siena): The Archaic Sanctuary, Catalogue of the Exhibition, Florence-Siena. Florence: L. S. Olschki.
Phillips, Jr., K. M., and A. Talocchini. 1970. Poggio Civitate (Murlo, Siena): Il Santuario arcaico, Catalogo della Mostra, Firenze-Siena. Florence: L. S. Olschki.
Rystedt, E. 1983. Acquarossa IV: Early Etruscan Akroteria from Acquarossa and Poggio Civitate (Murlo). Stockholm: Paul Astrom.
Tuck, A. 2009. The Necropolis of Poggio Civitate (Murlo): Burials from Poggio Aguzzo. Rome: Giorgio Bretschneider.
Tuck, A. 2021. Poggio Civitate (Murlo). Austin: University of Texas Press.
Tuck, A. with A. Coppolara and G. Soderberg. 2018. L’avventura etrusca di Murlo: 50 anni di scavi a Poggio Civitate. Siena: Ara Editrice.
Tuck, A. and R. Wallace with S. Kansa and C. Horvitz. 2015. Vinum: Poggio Civitate and the Goddess of Wine. Boston: Sheridan Press.
Tuck, A. and R. Wallace. 2018. The Archaeology of Language at Poggio Civitate (Murlo). Rome: Bretschneider.
Warden, P. G. 1985. The Metal Finds from Poggio Civitate (Murlo), 1966-1978. Rome: Bretschneider.
Wikander, O. and F. Tobin. 2017. Roof-tiles and Tile-roofs at Poggio Civitate (Murlo): The Emergence of Central Italic Tile Industry. Stockholm: Svenska Institutet I Rom.
Book and Monograph Chapters
Edlund-Berry, I. 1993. "The Murlo Cowboy: Problems of Reconstruction and Interpretation." In Deliciae Fictiles: Proceedings of the First International Conference on Central Italic Architectural Terracottas at the Swedish Institute in Rome, 10–12 December 1990, edited by E. Rystedt, C. Wikander, and O. Wikander, 117–121. Stockholm: Svenska Institutet i Rom.
Edlund-Berry, Ingrid. 1994. “Ritual Destruction of Cities and Sanctuaries: The ‘Un-Founding’ of the Archaic Monumental Building at Poggio Civitate (Murlo).” In Murlo and the Etruscans: Art and Society in Ancient Etruria, edited by Richard de Puma and Jocelyn Penny Small, 16–28. Madison, Wis.: Univ of Wisconsin Press.
Flusche, L. 2001. “Aristocratic Architectural Iconography at Poggio Civitate.” In From Huts to Houses: Transformations of Ancient Societies: Proceedings of an International Seminar Organized by the Norwegian and Swedish Institutes in Rome, 21 – 24 September 1997, edited by J. Rasmus Brandt and L. Karlsson, 171–177. Stockholm: Paul Astrom.
Gauld, S., S. Kansa, A. Trentacoste, and A. Tuck. 2018. “Out with the Bath Water? Perinatal Human Remains in Pre-Roman Zooarchaeological Assemblages.” In From Invisible to Visible: New Data and Methods for the Archaeology of Infant and Child Burials, edited by J. Tabollli, 133–142. Uppsala: Paul Astrom.
Graen, D. 2011. “Der ‘Palast’ von Poggio Civitate (Murlo): Heiligtum oder Adelsresidenz?” In Keraunia: Beiträge zu Mythos, Kult, und Heiligtum in der Antike, edited by O. Pilz and M. Vonderstein. Berlin: De Gruyter.
Kreindler, K. 2018. “Subordinate Satellite Communities of Poggio Civitate.” In The Archaeology of Death: Proceedings of the Seventh Conference of Italian Archaeology Held at the National University of Ireland, Galway, April 16–18, 2016, 128–37. Oxford: Archaeopress.
Nielsen, E. O. 1984. “Lotus Chain Plaques from Poggio Civitate.” In Studi di antichità in onore di Guglielmo Maetzke, edited by M. G. Marzi Costagli and L. Tamagno Perna, 397–399. Rome: Bretschneider.
Nielsen, E. O. 1984. “Speculations on an Ivory Workshop of the Orientalizing Period.” In Crossroads of the Mediterranean: Papers Delivered at the International Conference on the Archaeology of Early Italy, Haffenreffer Museum Brown University, 8–10 May 1981, edited by T. Hackens, N. D. Holloway, and R. Ross Holloway, 333–348. Providence: Brown University Press.
Nielsen, E. O. 1995. “Further Evidence of Metal Working at Poggio Civitate.” In Antiche officine del bronzo: materiali, strumenti, tecniche: atti del Seminario di studi ed esperimenti, Murlo, 26-31 Iuglio 1991, edited by E. Formigli, 29–40. Siena: Nuova immagine editrice.
Nielsen, E. O. 1997. “Aspetti della produzione artigianale a Poggio Civitate.” Preziosi in oro, avorio, osso e corno: arte e tecniche degli artigiani etruschi: atti del seminario di studi ed esperimenti, Murlo, 26 settembre - 3 ottobre, 1992, edited by E. Formigli, 19–26. Siena: Nuova immagine editrice.
Nielsen, E. O. and A. Tuck. 2005. “Scavi di Poggio Civitate: 1975-1999: Un breve resoconto.” In Ministero per i Beni e le attività Culturali: La presentazione di attività archeologica, edited by A Palochini, 843–848. Rome: ---.
Phillips, Jr., K. M. 1974. “Poggio Civitate (Murlo, Siena), 1966-1972.” In Aspetti e problemi dell’Etruria interna: Atti dell’VIII Convegno Nazionale di Studi Etruschi ed Italici, Orvieto, 27-30 giugno 1972, edited by L. S. Olschki, 141–146. Florence: Leo S. Olschki.
Phillips, Jr., K. M. 1976. “Poggio Civitate (Murlo).” In The Princeton Encyclopaedia of Classical Sites, edited by R. Stillwell, 719. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Phillips, Jr., K. M. 1984. “Protective Masks from Poggio Civitate and Chiusi.” In Studi di antichità in onore di Guglielmo Maetzke, edited by M. G. Marzi Costagli and L. Tamagno Perna, 413–417. Rome: Bretschneider.
Phillips, Jr., K. M. 1986. “Masks on a Canopic Urn and an Etruscan-Corinthian Perfume Pot.” In Italian Iron Age Artefacts in the British Museum, Papers of the Sixth British Museum Classical Colloquium, London, 10–11 December 1982, 153–55. London.
Phillips, Jr., K. M. 1994. “Stamped Impasto Pottery Manufactured at Poggio Civitate.” In Murlo and the Etruscans: Art and Society in Ancient Etruria, edited by R. De Puma and J. P. Small, 29–46. Madison, Wis.: Univ of Wisconsin Press.
Rathje, A. 1989. “Alcune considerazioni sulle lastre da Poggio Civitate con figure femminili.” In Le donne in Etruria, edited by A. Rallo, 75–84. Bari: Laterza.
Rathje. 1994. “Banquet and Ideology: Some New Considerations about Banqueting at Poggio Civitate.” In Murlo and the Etruscans: Art and Society in Ancient Etruria, 95–99. Madison, Wis.: Univ of Wisconsin Press.
Rowland, I. D. 1994. “Early Attestations of the Name ‘Poggio Civitate’.” In Murlo and the Etruscans: Art and Society in Ancient Etruria, 3-5. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
Rystedt, E. 1994. “Additional Notes on Early Etruscan Akroteria.” In Murlo and the Etruscans, edited by R. de Puma and J. P. Small. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press.
Sinos, R. H. 1994. “Godlike Men: A Discussion of the Murlo Procession Frieze.” In Murlo and the Etruscans: Art and Society in Ancient Etruria, 100–117. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
Small, J. P. 1994. “Eat, Drink, and Be Merry: Etruscan Banquets.” In Murlo and the Etruscans: Art and Society in Ancient Etruria, 85–94. Madison, Wis.: Univ of Wisconsin Press.
Staccioli, R. A. 1976. “Considerazioni sui complessi monumentali di Murlo e di Acquarossa.” In Mélanges offerts à Jacques Heurgon: L’Italie préromaine et la Rome républicaine, Collection de l’ecole française de Rome, edited by R. Bloch, 961–972. Rome: Ecole française de Rome.
Tobey, M. H., E. O. Nielsen, and M. W. Rowe. 1986. “Elemental Analysis of Etruscan Ceramics from Murlo, Italy.” In Proceedings of the 24th International Archaeometry Symposium, edited by J. S. Olin and M. J. Blackman, 115–127. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.
Tuck, A. 2016. “Poggio Civitate: Community Form in Inland Etruria.” In A Companion to the Etruscans, edited by S. Bell and A. Carpino, 205–216. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell.
Tuck, A. 2016. “The Three Phases of Elite Domestic Space at Poggio Civitate.” In Dalla capanna al palazzo. Edilizia abitativa nell’Italia preromana. Atti del XXIII Convegno Internazionale di Studi sulla Storia e l’Archeologia dell’Etruria, edited by G. M. della Fina, 301–317. Orvieto: Quasar.
Tuck, A. 2018. “Recent Discoveries at Poggio Civitate (Murlo).” In Atti del XXIII Convegno Internazionale di Studi sulla Storia e l’Archeologia dell’Etruria, edited by G. della Fina, 497–510. Orvieto: Quasar.
Tuck, A. 2020. “Resource and Ritual: Manufacturing and Production at Poggio Civitate.” In Making Cities: Economies of Production and Urbanisation in Mediterranean Europe 1000-500 BCE: International symposium 18–19 May 2017, edited by M. Gleba, B. Marín, and B. Dimova, 147–160. Cambridge: McDonald Institute Monographs.
Tuck, A. and R. Wallace. 2017. “Inscriptions on Locally Produced Ceramic Recovered from Poggio Civitate (Murlo): Literacy and Community.” In Beiträge zur Sozialgeschichte der Etrusker: Akten der internationalen Tagung, Wien 8–10 June 2016, edited by L. A. Foresti and P. Amman, 65–73. Vienna: Holzhausen der Verlag.
Warden, P. G. 1991. “Copper, Iron, and Smelting Technologies in Iron Age Etruria. New Evidence from Poggio Civitate (Murlo).” In Antiche Officine del Bronzo, Materiali, Strumenti, Tecniche, Atti del Seminario di Studi ed Esperimenti (Murlo 1991), edited by Formigli, E., 41–49. Siena.
Wikander, Örjan. 1994. “The Archaic Etruscan Sima.” In Murlo and the Etruscans, ed. de Puma, R., and J. P. Small. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
Winter, N. A. 1994. “A Terracotta Griffin Head from Poggio Civitate (Murlo).” In Murlo and the Etruscans: Art and Society in Ancient Etruria, edited by R. de Puma and J. P. Small, 72–76. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
Articles
Bianchi Bandinelli, R. 1926. “Murlo (Siena) – Monumenti archeologici nel territorio.” Notizie degli scavi di antichità 51: 165–170.
Bianchi Bandinelli, R. 1972. “Qualche osservazione sulle statue acroteriali di Poggio Civitate (Murlo).” Dialoghi di Archeologia 6: 236–247.
Blanck, H. 1970. “Murlo.” Archäologischer Anzeiger 85: 288–290.
Cristofani, M. and K. M. Phillips, Jr. 1970. “Ager Clusinus (Poggio Civitate, Murlo, Siena).” Studi Etruschi 38: 288–292.
Cristofani, M. and K. M. Phillips, Jr. 1971. “Poggio Civitate: Etruscan Letters and Chronological Observations.” Studi Etruschi 39: 1-22.
Damgaard Andersen, H. 1990. “The feline waterspouts of the lateral sima from the Upper Building at Poggio Civitate, Murlo”. Opuscula Romana 18: 61–98.
Donati, L. 1971. “Frammento di bucchero con rappresentazione di cavalieri, da Poggio Civitate (Murlo).” Studi Etruschi 39: 307–311.
Edlund, I. 1985. "A Terracotta Head from Poggio Civitate (Murlo)," Opuscula Romana 15: 47-53
Edlund, I. 1985. “Man, Nature, and the Gods: A Study of Rural Sanctuaries in Etruria and Magna Graecia from the Seventh to the Fourth Century B.C.” British Archaeological Reports 246: 21–32.
Edlund-Berry, I. 1989. “Four Terracotta Heads from Poggio Civitate (Murlo); Towards a Definition of the ‘Murlo Style’.” Opuscula Romana 17(3): 21-32.
Edlund Gantz, I. 1972. "The Seated Statue Akroteria from Poggio Civitate (Murlo).” Dialoghi di Archeologia 6: 167–235.
Ferri, S. 1978. “Osservazioni ad alcune statue del Murlo-Poggio Civitate (Siena).” Atti dell’Accademia nazionale dei Lincei: Rendiconti 33: 3–8.
Fullerton, M. 1982. “The Terracotta Sphinx Akroteria from Poggio Civitate (Murlo).” Mitteilungen des deutschen archäologischen Instituts, Römische Abteilung 89: 1-26.
Gantz, T. N. 1971. “Divine Triads on an Archaic Etruscan Frieze Plaque from Poggio Civitate (Murlo).” Studi Etruschi 39: 1–12.
Gantz, T. N. 1974. “The Procession Frieze from the Etruscan Sanctuary at Poggio Civitate.” Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Römische Abteilung 81: 1–14.
Glennie, A. E. 2017. T89 (2017-06-30):1-8; Introduction from Europe/Italy/Poggio Civitate/Tesoro/Tesoro 89/T89 2017. OpenContext. https://n2t.net/ark:/28722/k2s18877z
Hollingsworth, K. P. 2017. CA89 (2017-08-05):2-7; Introduction from Europe/Italy/Poggio Civitate/Civitate A/Civitate A89/CA89 2017. OpenContext. https://n2t.net/ark:/28722/k27h1w16f
Kreindler, K. R. 2017. CA86 (2017-06-26):3-10; Introduction from Europe/Italy/Poggio Civitate/Civitate A/Civitate A86/CA86 2017. OpenContext. https://n2t.net/ark:/28722/k2tx3mm4z
MacIntosh, J. 2017. JM II (1971-07-29):114-125; Summary from Europe/Italy/Poggio Civitate/Tesoro/Tesoro 15 and Pozzo/1971, ID:66. OpenContext. https://n2t.net/ark:/28722/k24j0s94v
MacIntosh, J. 1974. “Representations of Furniture on the Frieze Plaques from Poggio Civitate (Murlo).” Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Römische Abteilung 81: 15–40.
Melis, F. and A. Rathje. 1984. “Considerazioni sullo studio dell’architettura domestica arcaica.” Archeologia laziale 6: 382–395.
Neils, J. 1976. “The Terracotta Gorgoneia of Poggio Civitate (Murlo).” Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Römische Abteilung 83: 1-29.
Nielsen, E. O. 1983. “Excavations at Poggio Civitate.” Studi e Materiali 6: 245–259.
Nielsen, E. O. 1987. “Some Preliminary Thoughts on Old and New Terracottas.” Opuscula Romana 16(5): 91–119.
Nielsen, E. O. 1989. “A New Lateral Sima from Poggio Civitate (Murlo).” In Atti del Secondo Congresso Internazionale Etrusco. Firenze, 26 maggio–2 giugno 1985, 509–515.
Nielsen, E.O. 1989. “Excavations at Poggio Civitate.” American Journal of Archaeology 93: 258.
Nielsen, E. O. 1991. “Excavations at Poggio Civitate.” Studi e Materiali 6: 245–255.
Nielsen, E. O. and K. M. Phillips, Jr. 1974. “Bryn Mawr College Excavations in Tuscany, 1973.” American Journal of Archaeology 78: 265–278.
Nielsen, E. O. and K. M. Phillips, Jr. 1976. “Poggio Civitate (Siena)--Gli scavi del Bryn Mawr College dal 1966 al 1974.” Notizie degli scavi di antichità 30: 113–147.
Nielsen, E. O. and K. M. Phillips, Jr. 1977. “Murlo (Siena).” Studi Etruschi 45: 464–465.
Nielsen, E. O. and K. M. Phillips, Jr. 1983. “Poggio Civitate (Siena). The Excavations at Murlo in 1976-1978.” Notizie degli scavi di antichità 37: 5-24.
Nielsen, E. O. and A. Tuck. 2001. “An Orientalizing Period Complex at Poggio Civitate (Murlo): A Preliminary View.” Etruscan Studies 8: 35–63.
Phillips, Jr. K. M. 1966. “Poggio Civitate (Siena)--Campagna di scavo 1966 del Bryn Mawr College in Toscana.” Notizie degli scavi di antichità 20: 5–17.
Phillips, Jr., K. M. 1967. “Scavi dell’universita di Bryn Mawr a Poggio Civitate (Murlo, provincia di Siena).” Dialoghi di Archeologia 1: 245–247.
Phillips, Jr., K. M. 1968. “Scavi del Bryn Mawr College in Toscana durante l’estate 1967.” Dialoghi di archeologia 2: 104–106.
Phillips, Jr., K. M. 1969. “Poggio Civitate (Siena)--Campagna di scavi 1967 del Bryn Mawr College.” Notizie degli scavi di antichità 23: 38–50.
Phillips, Jr., K. M. 1970. “Bryn Mawr College Excavations in Tuscany, 1969.” American Journal of Archaeology 75: 257–261.
Phillips, Jr., K. M. 1972. “Bryn Mawr College Excavations in Tuscany, 1971.” American Journal of Archaeology 76(3): 249–255.
Phillips, Jr., K. M. 1973. “Bryn Mawr College Excavations in Tuscany, 1972.” American Journal of Archaeology 77(3): 319–326.
Phillips, Jr., K. M. 1973. “Two Archaic Bronzes from Poggio Civitate.” Opuscula Romana 9: 177–182.
Phillips, Jr., K. M. 1974. “Bryn Mawr College Excavations in Tuscany, 1973.” American Journal of Archaeology 78(3): 265–278.
Phillips, Jr., K. M. 1978. “Orientalizing Gem Stones from Poggio Civitate (Murlo, Siena).” La parola del passato 182: 355–369.
Phillips, Jr., K. M. 1980. “The Date of the Architectural Terracottas from Poggio Civitate (Murlo), Siena.” La parole del passato 192/35: 202–206.
Phillips, Jr., K. M. 1983. “Terrecotte architettoniche con protomi di leopardo da Poggio Civitate (Murlo, Siena).” Bollettino d’arte 68: 1-24.
Phillips, Jr., K. M. 1985. “Italic House Models and Etruscan Architectural Terracottas of the Seventh Century B.C. from Acquarossa and Poggio Civitate, Murlo.” Analecta Romana Instituti Danici 14: 7–16.
Phillips, Jr., K. M. 1989. “Greek Objects at Poggio Civitate.” Analecta Romana Instituti Danici 17-18: 29–42.
Phillips, Jr., K. M. 1990. “The Lateral Sima from Poggio Civitate (Murlo): Notes on Early Etruscan Craftsmanship.” Opuscula Romana 18: 139–157.
Rathje, A. 2004. “Murlo, Images, and Archaeology.” Etruscan Studies 10(1): 175–184.
Root, M. C. 1973. “An Etruscan Horse Race from Poggio Civitate.” American Journal of Archaeology 77(2): 121–137.
Rystedt, E. 1984. “Architectural Terracotta as Aristocratic Display: The Case of Seventh-Century Poggio Civitate (Murlo).” Opuscula Romana 3: 367–375.
Scheffer, C. 1985. “Was There a Garden at Poggio Civitate?” Opuscula Romana 15: 105–108.
Shoe Merrit, L. 1970. “Architectural Mouldings from Murlo.” Studi Etruschi 38: 13–25.
Small, J. P. 1971. “The Banquet Frieze from Poggio Civitate (Murlo).” Studi Etruschi 39: 25–61.
Tobin-Dodd, F. 2019. “Standing Spouted Funnels from Poggio Civitate (Murlo).” Studi Etruschi 81: 73–83.
Thuillier, J.-P. 1980. “A propos des ‘Triades Divines’ de Poggio Civitate (Murlo).” Centre de recherches d'histoire et de philologie de la IVe Section de l’ecole pratique des hautes études, III Hautes etudes du monde gréco-romain 10: 385-394.
Tuck, A. 1994. “The Etruscan Seated Banquet: Villanovan Ritual and Etruscan Iconography.” American Journal of Archaeology 98 (4): 617–28.
Tuck, A. 1999. “Orientalizing Period Wing-Handle Cups from Poggio Civitate: Ceramic Traditions and Regional Production in Inland Etruria.” Etruscan Studies 6: 85–108.
Tuck, A. 2000. “Architecture and Community at Poggio Civitate.” Etruscan Studies 7: 109–112.
Tuck, A. with J. Bauer, K. Kreindler, T. Huntsman, S. Miller, S. Pancaldo, and C. Powell. 2009. “Center and Periphery in Inland Etruria: Poggio Civitate and the Etruscan Settlement in Vescovado di Murlo.” Etruscan Studies 12: 215–237.
Tuck, A. with J. Brunk, T. Huntsman, and H. Tallman. 2010. “An Archaic Period Well from Poggio Civitate: Thoughts on the Final Destruction of the Site.” Etruscan Studies 13: 93–104.
Tuck, A. 2014. “Manufacturing at Poggio Civitate: Elite Consumption and Social Organization in the Etruscan Seventh Century.” Etruscan Studies 17(2): 121–139.
Tuck, A. 2015. “2014 Excavations at Poggio Civitate.” Etruscan Studies 18(1): 28–39.
Tuck, A. 2016. “Scavi a Poggio Civitate e Vescovado di Murlo.” Notiziario della Soprintendenza Archeologia della Toscana 2: 349–362.
Tuck, A. 2017. “The Evolution and Political Use of Elite Domestic Architecture at Poggio Civitate (Murlo).” Journal of Roman Archaeology 30(1): 227–243.
Tuck, A. and A. Glennie. 2020. “The Archaic Aristocracy: The Case of Murlo (Poggio Civitate).” Annali della Fondazione per il Museo ‘Claudio Faina’ 27: 515–542.
Tuck, A., A. Glennie, K. Kreindler, E. O’Donoghue, and C. Polsini. 2016. “2015 Excavations at Poggio Civitate and Vescovado di Murlo (Provincia di Siena).” Etruscan Studies 19(1): 87–148.
Tuck, A., S. Kansa, K. Kreindler, and E. O’Donoghue. 2017. “2016 Excavations at Poggio Civitate and Vescovado di Murlo.” Etruscan Studies 20(1): 35–57.
Tuck, A., K. Kreindler, and T. Huntsman. 2013. “Excavations at Poggio Civitate (Murlo) during the 2012-2013 Seasons: Domestic Architecture and Selected Finds from the Civitate A Property Zone.” Etruscan Studies 16: 287–306.
Tuck, A. and E. O. Nielsen. 2008. “Chronological Implications of Relief Ware Bucchero at Poggio Civitate.” Etruscan Studies 11: 49–66.
Tuck, A. and R. Wallace. 2011. “An Inscribed Rocchetto from Poggio Civitate (Murlo).” Studi Etruschi 74: 197–202.
Tuck, A. and R. Wallace. 2012. “A ‘New’ Inscribed Plaque from Poggio Civitate (Murlo).” Etruscan Studies 15(1): 1-17.
Tuck, A. and R. Wallace. 2012 . “The Social Context of Proto-Literacy in Central Italy: The Case of Poggio Civitate.” The Accordia Research Papers 12: 57–68.
Tuck, A. and R. Wallace. 2013. “Letters and Non-Alphabetic Characters on Roof Tiles from Poggio Civitate (Murlo).” Etruscan Studies 16(2): 210–262.
Tuck, A. and R. Wallace. 2018. “A Third Inscribed Kyathos Fragment from Poggio Civitate.” Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Römische Abteilung 124: 301-309.
Tuck, A. and R. Wallace. 2018. "An Umbrian Inscription at Poggio Civitate (Murlo)." Glotta 94: 273–282.
Turfa, J. M., and A. G. Steinmayer. 2002. “Interpreting Early Etruscan Structures: The Question of Murlo. Papers of the British School at Rome 70: 1-28.
Wallace, R. 2006. “Etruscan Inscription on Fragments of Bucchero Kyathoi Recovered at Poggio Civitate.” Studi Etruschi 72: 189–197.
Wallace, R. 2008. “Etruscan Inscriptions on Ivory Objects Recovered from the Orientalizing Period Residence at Poggio Civitate (Murlo).” Etruscan Studies 11: 67–80.
Wallace, R. 2008. “Muluvanice Inscriptions at Poggio Civitate (Murlo).” American Journal of Archaeology 112(3): 449–458.
Wallace, R. 2010. “Alphabet, Orthography, and Paleography at Poggio Civitate (Murlo).” Etruscan Studies 13: 109–121.
Warden, P. G. 1977. “A Decorated Terracotta Stand from Poggio Civitate (Murlo).” Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Römische Abteilung 84: 199–210.
Warden, P. G. 1982. “An Etruscan Bronze Group.” American Journal of Archaeology 86(2): 233-238
Warden, P. G., R. Maddin, T. Stech, and J. D. Muhly. 1982. “Copper and Iron Production at Poggio Civitate (Murlo): Analysis of Metalworking By-products from an Archaic Etruscan Site.” Expedition 25(1): 26–36.
Warden, P. G., R. Maddin, T. Stech, and J. D. Muhly. 1991. “Analyses of Metalworking By-Products from Poggio Civitate (Murlo).” Studi e Materiali 6: 151–156.
Winter, N. 1977. “Architectural Terracottas with Human Heads from Poggio Civitate (Murlo).” Archeologia Classica, 29(1): 17–34.
Winter, N. A. 2019. “Finding a Home for a Roof in Production within the Building History of Poggio Civitate (Murlo). Etruscan Studies 22(1-2): 65-94.
Dissertations and Theses
Christensen, A. M. 1997. “The Glass Finds from Poggio Civitate (Murlo).” M.A. diss., Florida State University.
Edlund-Gantz, I. 1971. “The Seated Statues from Poggio Civitate (Murlo).” Ph.D. diss., Bryn Mawr College.
Moore, D. W. 2011. “Earthen Architecture and Technological Change at Poggio Civitate.” Ph.D. diss., The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
Newland, D. 1994. “The Akroterial Sculpture and Architectural Terracottas from the Upper Building at Murlo.” Ph.D. diss., Bryn Mawr College.
Nielsen, E. O. 1974. “The Murlo Ivories.” Ph.D. diss., Bryn Mawr College.
Tuck, A. 1996. “Burials from Poggio Aguzzo: The Necropolis of Poggio Civitate (Murlo).” Ph.D. diss., Brown University.
References
External links
Poggio Civitate excavation project
Poggio Civitate excavation database
Etruscan sites
Archaeological sites in Tuscany
Etruscan architecture
Murlo |
"All Stood Still" is Ultravox's fourth and final single from Vienna, the band's first album with Midge Ure, released on Chrysalis Records on 26 May 1981.
The single, on the back of "Vienna"'s success, hit No. 8 on the UK Singles Chart, giving Ultravox their second top-ten hit. There is currently no known music video available for the song, although the song was used to infectious effect in the first skateboarding video, Powell Peralta's promotional Skateboarding in the '80's, featuring Tony Hawk and Rodney Mullen.
The B-sides are two original instrumentals. "Keep Torque-ing" is listed on the Rare, Vol. 1 compilation as "Keep Talking"; it is generally accepted that the latter was the correct name for the track. This track was a cassette recording during rehearsals.
Track listing
7" version
"All Stood Still" – 3:40
"Alles Klar" – 4:53
12" version
"All Stood Still" (12" Version) – 5:05
"Alles Klar" – 4:53
"Keep Torque-ing" (cassette recording during rehearsals) – 6:21
References
1980 songs
1981 singles
Ultravox songs
Songs written by Midge Ure
Songs written by Warren Cann
Songs written by Chris Cross
Songs written by Billy Currie
Chrysalis Records singles |
Now Guran (, also Romanized as Now Gūrān) was a village in Khorram Rud Rural District of the Central District of Lenjan County, Isfahan province, Iran.
At the 2006 National Census, its population was 3,196 in 837 households. The following census in 2011 counted 3,213 people in 925 households.
In June 2012, the villages of Bagh Shah, Madiseh and Now Guran were merged to establish the city of Baghshad.
References
Lenjan County
Populated places in Lenjan County |
Megachile nigropectoralis is a species of bee in the family Megachilidae. It was described by Yan-Ru Wu in 2005.
References
Nigropectoralis
Insects described in 2005 |
Terrestrial television or over-the-air television (OTA) is a type of television broadcasting in which the signal transmission occurs via radio waves from the terrestrial (Earth-based) transmitter of a TV station to a TV receiver having an antenna. The term terrestrial is more common in Europe and Latin America, while in Canada and the United States it is called over-the-air or simply broadcast. This type of TV broadcast is distinguished from newer technologies, such as satellite television (direct broadcast satellite or DBS television), in which the signal is transmitted to the receiver from an overhead satellite; cable television, in which the signal is carried to the receiver through a cable; and Internet Protocol television, in which the signal is received over an Internet stream or on a network utilizing the Internet Protocol. Terrestrial television stations broadcast on television channels with frequencies between about 52 and 600 MHz in the VHF and UHF bands. Since radio waves in these bands travel by line of sight, reception is generally limited by the visual horizon to distances of , although under better conditions and with tropospheric ducting, signals can sometimes be received hundreds of kilometers distant.
Terrestrial television was the first technology used for television broadcasting. The BBC began broadcasting in 1929 and by 1930 many radio stations had a regular schedule of experimental television programmes. However, these early experimental systems had insufficient picture quality to attract the public, due to their mechanical scan technology, and television did not become widespread until after World War II with the advent of electronic scan television technology. The television broadcasting business followed the model of radio networks, with local television stations in cities and towns affiliated with television networks, either commercial (in the US) or government-controlled (in Europe), which provided content. Television broadcasts were in greyscale (called black and white) until the transition to color television in the 1960s.
There was no other method of television delivery until the 1950s with the beginnings of cable television and community antenna television (CATV). CATV was, initially, only a re-broadcast of over-the-air signals. With the widespread adoption of cable across the United States in the 1970s and 1980s, viewing of terrestrial television broadcasts has been in decline; in 2018, it was estimated that about 14% of US households used an antenna. However, in certain other regions terrestrial television continue to be the preferred method of receiving television, and it is estimated by Deloitte as of 2020 that at least 1.6 billion people in the world receive at least some television using these means. The largest market is thought to be Indonesia, where 250 million people watch through terrestrial.
By 2019, over-the-top media service (OTT) which is streamed via the internet had become a common alternative.
Analogue
Europe
Following the ST61 conference, UHF frequencies were first used in the UK in 1964 with the introduction of BBC2. In the UK, VHF channels were kept on the old 405-line system, while UHF was used solely for 625-line broadcasts (which later used PAL colour). Television broadcasting in the 405-line system continued after the introduction of four analogue programmes in the UHF bands until the last 405-line transmitters were switched off on January 6, 1985. VHF Band III was used in other countries around Europe for PAL broadcasts until planned phase-out and switch over to digital television.
The success of analogue terrestrial television across Europe varied from country to country. Although each country had rights to a certain number of frequencies by virtue of the ST61 plan, not all of them were brought into service.
Americas
The first National Television System Committee standard was introduced in 1941. This standard defined a transmission scheme for a black and white picture with 525 lines of vertical resolution at 60 fields per second. In the early 1950s, this standard was superseded by a backwards-compatible standard for color television. The NTSC standard was exclusively being used in the Americas as well as Japan until the introduction of digital terrestrial television (DTT). While Mexico have ended all its analogue television broadcasts and the United States and Canada have shut down nearly all of their analogue TV stations, the NTSC standard continues to be used in the rest of Latin American countries except for Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay where PAL-N standard is used, while testing their DTT platform.
In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the Advanced Television Systems Committee developed the ATSC standard for digital high definition terrestrial transmission. This standard was eventually adopted by many American countries, including the United States, Canada, Dominican Republic, Mexico, Argentina, El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras; however, the four latter countries reversed their decision in favour of ISDB-Tb.
The Pan-American terrestrial television operates on analog channels 2 through 6 (VHF-low band, 54 to 88 MHz, known as band I in Europe), 7 through 13 (VHF-high band, 174 to 216 MHz, known as band III elsewhere), and 14 through 51 (UHF television band, 470 to 698 MHz, elsewhere bands IV and V). Unlike with analog transmission, ATSC channel numbers do not correspond to radio frequencies. Instead, a virtual channel is defined as part of the ATSC stream metadata so that a station can transmit on any frequency but still show the same channel number. Additionally, free-to-air television repeaters and signal boosters can be used to rebroadcast a terrestrial television signal using an otherwise unused channel to cover areas with marginal reception. (see Pan-American television frequencies for frequency allocation charts)
Analog television channels 2 through 6, 7 through 13, and 14 through 51 are only used for LPTV translator stations in the U.S. Channels 52 through 69 are still used by some existing stations, but these channels must be vacated if telecommunications companies notify the stations to vacate that signal spectrum. By convention, broadcast television signals are transmitted with horizontal polarization.
Asia
Terrestrial television broadcast in Asia started as early as 1939 in Japan through a series of experiments done by NHK Broadcasting Institute of Technology. However, these experiments were interrupted by the beginning of the World War II in the Pacific. On February 1, 1953, NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corporation) began broadcasting. On August 28, 1953, Nippon TV (Nippon Television Network Corporation), the first commercial television broadcaster in Asia was launched. Meanwhile, in the Philippines, Alto Broadcasting System (now ABS-CBN Corporation), the first commercial television broadcaster in Southeast Asia, launched its first commercial terrestrial television station DZAQ-TV on October 23, 1953, with the help of Radio Corporation of America (RCA).
Digital
By the mid-1990s, the interest in digital television across Europe was such the CEPT convened the "Chester '97" conference to agree on means by which digital television could be inserted into the ST61 frequency plan.
The introduction of digital terrestrial television in the late 1990s and early years of the 21st century led the ITU to call a Regional Radiocommunication Conference to abrogate the ST61 plan and to put a new plan for DTT broadcasting only in its place.
In December 2005, the European Union decided to cease all analogue audio and analogue video television transmissions by 2012 and switch all terrestrial television broadcasting to digital audio and digital video (all EU countries have agreed on using DVB-T). The Netherlands completed the transition in December 2006, and some EU member states decided to complete their switchover as early as 2008 (Sweden), and (Denmark) in 2009. While the UK began to switch off analog broadcasts, region by region, in late 2007, it was not completed until 24 October 2012. Norway ceased all analog television transmissions on 1 December 2009. Two member states (not specified in the announcement) expressed concerns that they might not be able to proceed to the switchover by 2012 due to technical limitations; the rest of the EU member states had stopped analog television transmissions by the end 2012.
Many countries are developing and evaluating digital terrestrial television systems.
Australia has adopted the DVB-T standard and the government's industry regulator, the Australian Communications and Media Authority, has mandated that all analogue transmissions will cease by 2012. Mandated digital conversion started early in 2009 with a graduated program. The first centre to experience analog switch-off was the remote Victorian regional town of Mildura, in 2010. The government supplied underprivileged houses across the nation with free digital set-top converter boxes in order to minimise conversion disruption. Australia's major free-to-air television networks were all granted digital transmission licences and are each required to broadcast at least one high-definition and one standard-definition channel into all of their markets.
In North America, a specification laid out by the ATSC has become the standard for digital terrestrial television. In the United States, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) set the final deadline for the switch-off of analogue service for 12 June 2009. All television receivers must now include a DTT tuner using ATSC. In Canada, the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) set 31 August 2011 as the date that terrestrial analogue transmission service ceased in metropolitan areas and provincial capitals.
In Mexico, the Federal Telecommunications Institute (IFT) set the final deadline for the end of analogue terrestrial television for 31 December 2015.
See also
List of United States over-the-air television networks
Pay television
Broadcast television systems
Lists of television channels for various lists
List of digital television deployments by country
Television channel frequencies
DVB-T
ATSC tuner
Television antenna
References
External links
TVRadioWorld TV stations directory
W9WI.com (Terrestrial repeater and TV hobbyist information)
TV Coverage maps and Signal Analysis
Television technology
Television terminology |
The Qandala campaign began when the Islamic State in Somalia (ISS) attacked and captured the town of Qandala in Bari, Puntland, Somalia on 26 October 2016. This takeover resulted in the displacement of over 25,700 civilians and an eventual counter-offensive by the Puntland Security Force, which succeeded in driving ISS from Qandala on 7 December, and thereafter government units continued to attack the militants' hideouts in the nearby mountains until 18 December. The fall of Qandala was the second time that an Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL)-affiliated group had captured a town in Somalia, but whereas the first takeover had lasted only for a very short time, ISS had managed to hold Qandala, a town of both major strategic as well as symbolic importance, for over a month.
Background
When Abdul Qadir Mumin broke away from al-Shabaab and declared allegiance to ISIL in 2015, only about 20 of the 300 Islamist fighters based in Puntland joined him. Over the following year he and his followers evaded attacks by al-Shabaab militants and recruited new members; by October 2016, it was assumed that Abdul Qadir Mumin's group had significantly grown to about 300 fighters. Thus, as the first anniversary of the ISS' foundation grew near, they sought a target for their first major attack. In this regard, Qandala would be a convenient target, as Mumin's clan lived near the town, and the conquest of a significant settlement as well as the proclamation of an Islamic region in the whole of Africa could gain him more local support and sympathizers.
Furthermore, Qandala is a town of both strategic as well as symbolic significance: It is generally known that the ISS receives experts, trainers, money, weapons and other materials from its allies in Yemen. ISS is active in areas, however, that are very mountainous and difficult to reach by land, so that they are generally supplied by sea; in this regard, the possession of a port town like Qandala would allow them to receive more shipments of supplies. Conversely, Qandala is "a traditional symbol of staunch resistance to foreign occupation", as it was the site where the Somali rebel and folk hero Ali Fahiye Gedi burned the Italian flag and was subsequently imprisoned by Italian soldiers in 1914.
Campaign
ISS capture of Qandala
On early 26 October, ISS militants began their surprise attack against Qandala, cutting the town's phone lines while encountering little resistance. As Qandala was defended only by a very small number of soldiers, who were unable to stop the Islamic State fighters, all government officials and soldiers soon fled Qandala. Thereupon 60 ISS militants entered the town and captured it without further fighting, hoisting their flag on top of the police station and the building where Ali Fahiye Gedi had been imprisoned. Even though the jihadists tried to reassure the local population by telling them "don't panic, we will rule you according to the Islamic sharia (law)", Qandala's elders asked them to leave, to which the militants insisted that "they are not going anywhere".
On the next day, Qandala's schools closed, and for the first time in the town's history, thousands of its residents fled by boat and on foot to Bosaso, while the Puntland Maritime Police Force deployed several gunboats to intercept any shipments by militant groups from Yemen. Puntland officials also claimed that ISS began to retreat from the town, though these reports were later disproven by locals. By 23 November, all civilian residents of Qandala had fled; overall 25,700 locals had been displaced due to the ISS takeover. Meanwhile, the town's ISS garrison began to erect defences around the town to prepare for the inevitable government counter-offensive.
Puntland's counter-offensive
The Puntland Security Force began their counter-offensive on 3 December, though their forces were hindered by the difficult terrain around Qandala and narrow roads that led to the town. Government soldiers encountered first resistance at the village of Bashashin, when they were forced to stop in order to dismantle landmines that had been placed on the road that ran through the village. At that moment, ISS militants launched a surprise attack, though the Puntland forces eventually repelled the assault. Another major skirmish happened on 5 December; besides these two battles, the fighting was mostly sporadic, though it lasted until 7 December. On that day, the Puntland forces entered Qandala by land and sea, encountering no resistance; ISS had evacuated its forces from the town beforehand and subsequently retreated to Gurur in the mountainous areas to the south.
On 18 December, Puntland police forces reportedly attacked and destroyed an ISS base at El Ladid, a village 30 kilometers south of Qandala, where the rebels were regrouping after their retreat.
Aftermath
Though ISS had ultimately lost all captured territory and if government sources are to be believed, suffered heavy casualties, the fact that the small local ISIL branch had captured a major town and held it for over a month "could be viewed as an important symbolic victory for the group".
Notes
References
Bibliography
2016 in Somalia
Bari, Somalia
Battles in 2016
Battles of the Somali Civil War (2009–present)
December 2016 events in Africa
Military operations involving the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
November 2016 events in Africa
October 2016 events in Africa |
The tribe Caesalpinieae is one of the subdivisions of the plant family Fabaceae: subfamily Caesalpinioideae.
Genera
Caesalpinieae once included many more genera, but modern molecular phylogenetics indicated that these should be transferred to other clades. Caesalpinieae currently comprises the following genera:
Arquita E. Gagnon, G. P. Lewis & C. E. Hughes 2015
Balsamocarpon Clos 1846
Biancaea (Tod. 1860) E. Gagnon & G. P. Lewis 2016
Caesalpinia (L. 1753) E. Gagnon & G. P. Lewis 2016
Cenostigma (Tul. 1843) E. Gagnon & G. P. Lewis 2016
Cordeauxia Hemsl. 1907
Coulteria (Kunth 1824) E. Gagnon, Sotuyo & G. P. Lewis 2016
Denisophytum (R. Vig. 1948) E. Gagnon & G. P. Lewis 2016
Erythrostemon (Klotzsch 1844) E. Gagnon & G. P. Lewis 2016
Gelrebia E. Gagnon & G. P. Lewis 2016
Guilandina L. 1753
Haematoxylum L. 1753
Hererolandia E. Gagnon & G. P. Lewis 2016
Hoffmannseggia Cav. 1798
Hultholia E. Gagnon & G. P. Lewis 2016
Libidibia (DC. 1825) E. Gagnon & G. P. Lewis 2016
Lophocarpinia Burkart 1957
Mezoneuron Desf. 1818
Moullava (Adans. 1763) E. Gagnon & G. P. Lewis 2016
Paubrasilia E. Gagnon, H. C. Lima & G. P. Lewis 2016
Pomaria Cav. 1799
Pterolobium R. Br. ex Wight & Arn. 1834
Stenodrepanum Harms 1921
Stuhlmannia Taub. 1895
Tara (Molina 1789) E. Gagnon & G. P. Lewis 2016
Ticanto Adans. 1763
Zuccagnia Cav. 1799
Phylogenetics
Caesalpinia, as traditionally circumscribed, was paraphyletic, so it was recently recircumscribed to produce many new genera:
Notes
References
External links
Caesalpinioideae
Fabaceae tribes
Taxa named by Ludwig Reichenbach |
Errol Lloyd (born 1943) is a Jamaican-born artist, writer, art critic, editor and arts administrator. Since the 1960s he has been based in London, to which he originally travelled to study law. Now well known as a book illustrator, he was runner-up for the Kate Greenaway Medal in 1973 for his work on My Brother Sean by Petronella Breinburg.
Having become involved with the Caribbean Artists Movement (CAM) in 1966, LLoyd went on to produce book jackets, greetings cards and other material for the London black-owned publishing companies, New Beacon Books, Bogle-L'Ouverture Publications, and Allison and Busby. Lloyd also had a long association with the Minorities' Arts Advisory Service (MAAS), whose magazine, Artrage, he edited for a while. He is recognised for having done much pioneering work for black art, beginning in the 1960s, when he was one of the few artists "who consciously chose to create Black images".
Eddie Chambers has written of him: "Gifted with an ability to capture likenesses in a range of creative and engaging ways, Lloyd has been responsible for a number of portrait commissions of leading Black and Caribbean males who have excelled in their respective fields over the course of the twentieth century", among them C. L. R. James, Sir Alexander Bustamante, Sir Garfield Sobers and Lord Pitt.
Life and career
Born in Lucea, Jamaica, Errol Lloyd was schooled at Munro College in Saint Elizabeth Parish, where he excelled at sports and was an outstanding footballer (described in his schooldays in the early 1960s as being like "a Rolls Royce in a used car lot"). He travelled to Britain in 1963, aged 20, to study at the Council of Legal Education with the intention of becoming a lawyer, but that ambition was superseded by his interest in art (he did not complete his legal studies until 1974), although he undertook no formal training in that field. He has said: "I was self-taught and worked in isolation until I was introduced to [the] Caribbean Artists Movement.... I met older artists like the sculptor Ron Moody and they acted like role models for me. From there my work developed."
In 1967, Lloyd sculpted a bust of C. L. R. James and, having joined the Caribbean Artists Movement (CAM), took part in CAM's art exhibition at the University of Kent. While still a student, Lloyd began to receive commissions to make bronze busts; his subjects have included the Jamaican prime minister Sir Alexander Bustamante, politician Lord Pitt, cricketer Sir Garfield Sobers, and cultural figures including John La Rose, Linton Kwesi Johnson and others.
Lloyd regularly provided artwork for books published by Bogle-L'Ouverture and New Beacon Books, as well as having his paintings featured on greetings cards. In 1969, he was responsible for the cover of Bogle-L'Ouverture's first title, Walter Rodney's The Groundings with my Brothers, as well as their next title and others over the years. In 1971 he designed the cover for Bernard Coard's How the West Indian Child is Made Educationally Sub-Normal in the British School System, published by New Beacon. In addition Lloyd worked for mainstream publishers such as Random House, Penguin Books and Oxford University Press. His success as an illustrator began with the children's book My Brother Sean by Petronella Breinburg (Bodley Head, 1973), for which he was Highly Commended for the Kate Greenaway Medal; My Brother Sean was the first picture book by a mainstream UK publisher to feature black children aimed at the UK market. Other accolades followed during his career, including when his 1995 novel for teenagers, Many Rivers to Cross, won the Youth Library Group award and was nominated for a Carnegie Medal.
Alongside creating his own work, Lloyd has demonstrated a consistent concern for the general advancement of Black visual arts in Britain, promoting, supporting and celebrating other artists including such notables as Ronald Moody and Aubrey Williams. Lloyd was artist-in-residence at the Keskidee Centre from its early days and was involved with some of the productions staged there by such playwrights as Rufus Collins. He also had a long association with the Minorities' Arts Advisory Service (MAAS), which aimed "to promote ethnic identity and preserve cultural traditions", in the course of which he did service as an editor of the MAAS journal Artrage (published from 1980 for some 15 years). He was a member of an initiative set up in 1978 called the Rainbow Art Group, which mounted several exhibitions.
He was formerly a teacher for Advanced Painting at the Camden Arts Centre, and also served on the Visual Arts Panel for Arts Council England. He is also known as a musician, playwright and storyteller.
He is the subject of a photograph in the National Portrait Gallery, London, by Horace Ové. Lloyd also features in Ové's film about John La Rose, Dream to Change the World.
In 2012, Lloyd gave the keynote address on "Arts and Activism, Culture and Resistance" at the Annual Huntley Conference at London Metropolitan Archives.
In 2016, Lloyd was inducted into the Munro College Old Boys Association Hall of Fame.
Exhibitions
Errol Lloyd has over the years participated in many significant exhibitions in the UK. In 1997, he featured in Transforming the Crown: African, Asian and Caribbean Artists in Britain, 1966–1996 — a historical exhibition in three New York City venues: the Studio Museum in Harlem, the Bronx Museum of the Arts and the Caribbean Cultural Center – representing the Caribbean Artists Movement along with Winston Branch, Althea McNish, Aubrey Williams and Ronald Moody.
More recently, his work was shown in the major exhibition No Colour Bar: Black British Art in Action 1960–1990, at the Guildhall Art Gallery (10 July 2015 – 24 January 2016), as part of which he was in conversation with Eddie Chambers on 13 July 2015, discussing "the impact made by notable Black Artists in the late 20th Century, who have gone largely unnoticed in the British Art Arena".
Celebrating Lloyd's career and his contributions to the visual and literary culture in Black Britain, Rianna Jade Parker curated the retrospective Errol Lloyd. A Life In Colour, which opened in November 2022 at 198 Contemporary Arts and Learning.
Selected exhibitions
Caribbean Artists in England. Commonwealth Institute, London, 22 January–14 February 1971.
Afro-Caribbean Art. Artists Market, London, 27 April–25 May 1978. Group exhibition organised by Drum Arts Centre.
Errol Lloyd (solo exhibition of paintings), Kingston (Jamaica). Jamaican High Commission. 19 May–19 June 1978.
Creation for Liberation: 2nd Open Exhibition By Black Artists. Brixton Art Gallery, London, 17 July–8 August 1984.
Creation for Liberation. Third Annual Creation for Liberation Open Exhibition: Art by Black Artists. GLC Brixton Recreation Centre, London, 1985.
Caribbean Expressions in Britain. Leicestershire Museum and Art Gallery, Leicester, UK. 16 August–28 September 1986.
Black Art: Plotting the Course. Touring exhibition, 1988.
Caribbean Connection. Islington Arts Factory, London, 15 September–13 October 1995.
Caribbean Connection 2: Island Pulse. Islington Arts Factory, London, 1996.
Transforming the Crown: African, Asian & Caribbean Artists in Britain, 1966–1996. Caribbean Cultural Center, Studio Museum in Harlem, and Bronx Museum of the Arts, New York City, 1997.
No Colour Bar: Black British Art in Action 1960–1990. Guildhall Art Gallery, City of London, 10 July 2015 – 24 January 2016.
Errol Lloyd. A Life In Colour. 198 Contemporary Arts and Learning, London, 26 November 2022 – 4 February 2023.
References
Further reading
Walmsley, Anne, The Caribbean Artists Movement, 1966–1972. London and Port of Spain: New Beacon, 1992.
Lloyd, Errol, "Caribbean Artists Movement (1966–1972)", British Library, 4 October 2018.
External links
"Errol Lloyd. Born 1943 in Jamaica", Diaspora Artists.
"King's Cross", Errol Lloyd audio interview. Soundcloud.
"Errol Lloyd (1943-), Artist and playwright", photograph by Horace Ové at the National Portrait Gallery.
1943 births
Living people
Jamaican artists
Black British artists
Jamaican emigrants to the United Kingdom
Black British writers
Jamaican children's book illustrators
Artists from London
Black British musicians
British arts administrators
Jamaican sculptors
Caribbean Artists Movement people
20th-century British male artists
20th-century British artists
21st-century male artists
People educated at Munro College |
Cambridge Library may refer to:
Cambridge University Library, the main library of Cambridge University, England
Cambridge Public Library, in Cambridge, Massachusetts
Cambridge Military Library, Halifax, Nova Scotia
See also
Libraries of the University of Cambridge |
```yaml
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Mike Harrington is an American programmer and businessman. He is the co-founder of the video game company Valve. After the success of the first Valve product, Half-Life (1998), Harrington left Valve in 2000. In 2006, he co-founded the photo editing service Picnik.
Career
Harrington was a game programmer at Dynamix and a designer on the Windows NT operating system at Microsoft. In 1996, Harrington founded Valve with Gabe Newell, another former Microsoft employee.
Harrington and Newell funded the development of Valve's debut product, Half-Life (1998), which Harrington also helped program. He said: "At Microsoft you always wonder, 'Is it me being successful or is it Microsoft?' But with Half-Life I knew Gabe and I had built that product and company from scratch." On January 15, 2000, Harrington dissolved his partnership with Newell and left Valve to spend time with his wife. According to Newell, Harrington did not want to risk another project after the success of Half-Life.
In 2006, Harrington co-founded the photo editing service Picnik with friend and former colleague Darrin Massena. Picnik was acquired by Google in March 2010. Harrington left Google in March 2011. In January 2012, he co-founded another company with Massena, Catnip Labs. Harrington was the CTO at the Committee for Children from 2016 to 2018. Harrington served as CTO of Amplion from November 2018 until March 2020.
References
External links
Living people
American computer businesspeople
Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)
American video game programmers
Google employees
Microsoft employees
Valve Corporation people
American technology company founders |
Šljivoševci is a village in Croatia.
Name
The name of the village in Croatian is plural.
References
Populated places in Osijek-Baranja County |
Zande is the largest of the Zande languages. It is spoken by the Azande, primarily in the northeast of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and western South Sudan, but also in the eastern part of the Central African Republic. It is called Pazande in the Zande language and Kizande in Lingala.
Estimates about the number of speakers vary; in 2001 Koen Impens cited studies that put the number between 700,000 and one million.
Phonology
Consonants
Alveolar sounds /d, z, ⁿz, s, t, ⁿd/ have allophones as palato-alveolar sounds [d͡ʒ, ʒ, ⁿʒ, ʃ, t͡ʃ, ⁿd͡ʒ] when preceding /i/.
The retroflex tap /ɽ/ can be heard as an alveolar trill [r] in free variation.
Vowels
Writing system
Zande spelling rules were established at the 1928 Rejaf Language Conference following the principles of the International African Institute.
Nasalized vowels are indicated using the tilde : .
Consonants with double articulation are represented by digraphs: .
In 1959, Archibald Norman Tucker published a Zande alphabet proposed during the Bangenzi Conference of 1941.
Nasalized vowels are indicated using the tilde : ã ẽ ĩ ĩ̧ õ ũ ũ̧ r̃.
Consonants with double articulation are represented by digraphs or trigraphs : kp gb ny mb nv nd nz ng ngb mgb
SIL International published a Zande alphabet in 2014.
Sample text in Zande (Jehovah's Wittnesses)
Avunguagudee, oni nangarasa rukutu awironi na gu sosono yo i mangi agu asunge dunduko na ngbarago i afuhe fuyo i mangihe, singia si tii Bambu Kindo yo, watadu ba bakere adunguratise yo?
Translation
Parents, do you encourage your children and teenagers to work cheerfully at any assignment that they are given to do, whether at the Kingdom Hall, at an assembly, or at a convention site?
References
Bibliography
External links
PanAfrican L10n page on Zande
Languages of the Central African Republic
Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Languages of South Sudan
Zande languages
language |
Together at Christmas may refer to:
Together at Christmas (Etta Jones and Houston Person album)
Together at Christmas (Michael Ball and Alfie Boe album) |
Cosmicity is the project name for the American, Detroit-based electronic musician, Mark Nicholas. His music combines singer-songwriter melodies with synthesizers, drum machines, and deeply personal lyrics.
In the 1990s, as a student at the University of Michigan School of Music and Technology, Nicholas released his first full-length album The Vision. Since that time, Cosmicity has become one of the best-known artists in the so-called synthpop underground, most notably as a founding artist on the iconic synthpop record label A Different Drum. His accomplishments have included playing large synthpop festivals alongside 1980s acts like Alphaville and Anything Box, winning songwriting contests (such as the John Lennon Songwriting Contest in 2006), and even placing music on a few television shows - such as the Matthew Fox series Haunted.
In addition to original compositions, Cosmicity has released cover songs such as "Bloc Bloc Bloc" by Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark, and "Automatic" by The Pointer Sisters. Original holiday-themed songs include "Halloween" and "This is Your Crappy Christmas Present".
Cosmicity has remixed songs for iconic 1980's synthpop bands such as Red Flag, and, Real Life, as well as popular modern acts including The Bird and the Bee in 2012.
Between 1994 and 2005, Cosmicity released seven full-length CDs The Vision (1994), The Moment (1995), Isabella (1997), Renaissance (1998), The Binary Language of Love (1999), Pure (2001), Escape Pod for Two (2003), in addition to two EPs, Syn (1996) and Forgive Me My Syns (1998), a remix album Resynthesized (1999), and two greatest hits compilations, In Perspective (1998) and CD/DVD combo Definitive: 1997 - 2004 (2005).
During the years spanning 2006-2009, Mark Nicholas released two albums (Duchess 33 - 2007, Perversions - 2008) under his given name, dropping the Cosmicity project name so he could concentrate on more industrial sounds - and darker lyrics.
2010 saw the release of the 5-song EP ASCII Cupcake and a return to Mark Nicholas using his Cosmicity project name. 2012 brought the release of the Parlour Sofas EP.
The full-length album, Humans May Safely Graze, was released worldwide in 2014. It was mastered at Abbey Road Studios and was distributed in CD, streaming, and digital download formats, including the iTunes Mastered for iTunes format.
References
External links
Official Cosmicity website
American synth-pop groups
American electronic music groups |
(born November 25, 1957) is a former professional baseball infielder and current manager for the Hanshin Tigers of Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB).
Career
Playing career
Okada played, mostly as a second baseman, for the Hanshin Tigers from to , winning the Central League Rookie of the Year in 1980. In 1993, he was traded to the Orix BlueWave. He played there until .
Coaching career
He managed the Hanshin Tigers from 2004 to 2008, leading the team to the Central League pennant in 2005.
In November 2008, he entered into a contract with the Daily Sports Company as a commentator. In 2009, he appeared on Asahi Broadcasting Corporation (ABC, AM radio, Terrestrial TV), Sky A Sports Plus (SKY PerfecTV!, satellite TV) and other broadcasting stations in the Kansai region.
Okada returned to the field in 2010, managing the Orix Buffaloes from 2010 to 2012.
On September 26, 2022, Okada was hired to serve as the manager for the Hanshin Tigers, marking his second managerial stint with the club.
References
External links
1957 births
Living people
Baseball people from Osaka
Japanese baseball players
Nippon Professional Baseball infielders
Hanshin Tigers players
Orix BlueWave players
Nippon Professional Baseball Rookie of the Year Award winners
Managers of baseball teams in Japan
Hanshin Tigers managers
Orix Buffaloes managers |
Arrington Dixon is an American politician who is a former Chair and Member of the Council of the District of Columbia of Washington, D.C.
Early years
Dixon was born in Anacostia in Washington, D.C., to James and Sally Dixon.
Council of the District of Columbia
1975–1979
In November 1974, Dixon was chosen to represent Ward 4 when voters elected the first members of the Council of the District of Columbia, the legislature of the city's new home rule government. The initial term for the Ward 4 seat, like those for half the council seats, was only 2 years, to provide for staggered council elections in later years, but in 1976 Dixon was reelected to a full four-year term.
1979–1983
In 1978, council chairman Sterling Tucker ran for mayor rather than seeking reelection. Dixon, who was halfway through his Ward 4 term, decided to run for Chair of the Council and won. He served 4 years. In 1982, Dixon ran for re-election, but he was defeated in the Democratic primary by David A. Clarke.
Dixon was later appointed by Mayor Marion Barry to serve as a public member of the National Capital Planning Commission.
1997
More than a decade later, Dixon returned to the council as an at-large member for a few months in 1997 when he was chosen in August by the District of Columbia Democratic State Committee to replace Linda Cropp, who had vacated her at-large seat to become chairman. The appointment lasted only until a December special election, in which he was defeated by then-Republican David Catania. Catania was sworn in on December 15, 1997.
Personal life
In 1966, he married Sharon Pratt Kelly, and they had daughters Aimee and Drew. His daughters were born in 1968 and 1970. The couple divorced in 1982 after sixteen years of marriage.
References
External links
Arrington Dixon Papers finding aid
Old D.C. Council Campaign Posters - Ghosts of DC blog
African-American people in Washington, D.C., politics
Members of the Council of the District of Columbia
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Washington, D.C., Democrats
2004 United States presidential electors
21st-century African-American politicians
21st-century American politicians |
The Kriegsmarine was the navy of Nazi Germany prior to and during World War II. Kriegsmarine uniform design followed that of the preexisting Reichsmarine, itself based on that of the First World War Kaiserliche Marine. Kriegsmarine styles of uniform and insignia had many features in common with those of other European navies, all derived from the British Royal Navy of the 19th century, such as officers' frock coats, sleeve braid, and the "sailor suit" uniform for enlisted personnel and petty officers.
Basic structure
The basic structure of Kriegsmarine uniforms and insignia was divided into 5 categories of personnel:
Matrosen (Mannschaften, comparable OR-1 to OR-4, NATO) = Seamen enlisted personnel, usually serving for a short term of enlistment
Maate (Unteroffiziere ohne Portepee, OR-5a/b) = Technical specialist, the equivalent of a Petty Officer
Feldwebel (Portepeeunteroffiziere, also Unteroffiziere mit Portepee, OR-6 to OR-8) = having a position between Petty Officer and Warrant Officer
Seeoffiziere (OF-1 to OF-5) = Naval Officers
Admiralität, also Admiräle = (OF-6 to OF-10): Flag Officers
Naval officers wore blue colored uniforms with rank displayed by both sleeve stripes and epaulets. Regular line officers (Seeoffiziere) wore sleeve stripes beneath a gold star. Staff officers displayed a unique sleeve emblem in place of the star and also wore this insignia centered on their shoulder epaulets. When writing their rank in correspondence, staff officers would include a staff designator such as Kapitänleutnant (Ing.) to indicate their career field. Specialty officers, which included all administrative career fields, wore silver coat buttons instead of gold. A further classification for officers was that of Sonderführer. These officers were either technical or administrative specialists, in highly specific career fields, who wore the uniforms and insignia of line officers. One of the more recognizable special fields was that of Marinekriegsberichter (Naval war correspondent) whose members were dispatched with various naval ships and submarines in order to report on naval life and victories during the war. One such correspondent, Lothar-Günther Buchheim, later published a novel based on his war experiences which was then made into the submarine action film Das Boot.
Seaman displayed rank through the use of sleeve chevrons and badges. Enlisted sailors, who wore no insignia, were known by the generic term Matrose and used a rating system similar to other European navies of the day. Rating badges in the form of a small patch were worn on the upper left sleeve and indicated the particular specialty of the sailor in question. The enlistment system of the Kriegsmarine was designed to differentiate between those sailors wishing to make the navy a career and those simply completing a standard tour of enlistment. Those who were drafted, or who had no aspirations to become Petty Officers, could advance to become Matrosengefreiter (literally "Seaman Corporals"). Special grades existed for those sailors with six and eight years of service, denoted by embroidered sleeve chevrons. A further classification for Seaman was that of Unteroffizier Aspirant. Such seaman were recognized as in training to become Petty officers and wore a silver grey bar beneath their sleeve chevron while in training and a "nested" chevron bar once training was complete. All seaman in petty officer training were denoted in correspondence as "(UA)" after their name and standard rank.
Petty officers in the Kriegsmarine were known by the title Maat. Once advanced to the grade of petty officer, sailors were addressed, both verbally and in correspondence, by their rate followed by the term Maat. For instance, a boatswain petty officer would be referred to as Bootsmannmaat while a leading torpedoman petty officer would be known as Mechanikerobermaat. Petty officers wore special collar patches to denote their rank and a large rating badge on their left shoulder. On service coats and frocks, regular sailors wore a simple blue collar tab to differentiate between the petty officers.
Feldwebel (PO1 to CWO) wore shoulder boards on all uniforms as their primary means of rank with a rating symbol centered on the shoulder strap. Unteroffiziere mit Portepee uniforms were nearly identical to those of officers, except that the uniform rarely was worn in dress. Full dress uniforms also did not exist for Unteroffiziere, with the "lesser dress" typically the highest type of uniform that would be worn at the most formal of functions. The Unteroffiziere mit Portepee were known by the Feldwebel ranks (Portepeeunteroffiziere) but in both verbal and written correspondence were referred to by their rate. For instance, a pharmacist would be known as a Sanitätsfeldwebel while a senior machinist would be referred to as an Obermaschinist. For those with over ten to twelve years of service, the title Stabs would be added to their rate, i.e. Stabssteuermann or Stabsoberfunkmeister.
Uniform types
Standard uniforms
Dress uniforms
The Kriegsmarine full dress uniform (Grosse Uniform) was worn typically by officers ranked Korvettenkapitän and above. The uniform consisted of a double breasted midnight blue frock coat worn with a white swordbelt, full sized medals, sword, large epaulets, and a cocked hat (Zweispitz). There were two modifications to this uniform worn by all officer ranks: Grosser Gesellschaftsanzug which was an evening dress version of the uniform with bow tie, short open mess jacket, and a cummerbund. The Kleiner Gesellschaftsanzug was a "toned down" version of the dress uniform worn with a ribbon bar, dagger in place of full sword, a white service cap, and standard epaulets. A third category was the "walking out dress" (Ausgehanzug) which was essentially a standard service uniform worn with epaulets, belt, and sword or dagger.
Officer dress uniforms
Service uniforms
The Dienstanzug (Service uniform) was worn in headquarters settings and constituted (for officers) of a double breasted naval coat with sleeve stripes worn with ribbons, medals, badges, and a white dress belt. A raised collar white shirt with black neck-tie was worn underneath. The Kleiner Dienstanzug (lesser service uniform), allowed the officer to wear a normal collared shirt with a plain black tie. The lesser uniform was also typically worn without a full ribbon bar or belt, but still with highly notable awards such as the Knight's Cross, Iron Cross or German Cross. The officer uniform was colored midnight-blue and the double-breasted jacket had ten brass buttons and a matching peaked cap.
Officer service uniforms
Chief petty officers wore a uniform very similar to the officer jacket, but with shoulder epaulets instead of sleeve stripes to denote rank. The service uniform for an enlisted sailor consisted of a jacket, a pair of trousers, a white and a blue shirt, matching collars edged with three stripes, a silk neckerchief, grey gloves and a cap with two ribbons. The enlisted cap was emblazoned with the script "Kriegsmarine". The enlisted "dress service uniform" was worn with an open coat, buttoned in the center, with white dress shirt and embroidered gold sleeve buttons. The undress version consisted of a double breasted coat, worn over a dark shirt and black tie, with the coat displaying dark blue collar tabs.
Chief petty officer service uniforms
Sailor service uniforms
Service Duty uniforms
For standard everyday wear on-board naval vessels, enlisted sailors wore a frock coat with limited medals and badges (typically only war badges and high combat awards) as well as a simple system of collar tabs to denote between regular seaman and petty officers (Maat). In heavy weather, a thick overcoat was also worn.
The Kriegsmarine further maintained a summer uniform known as the Tropen- und Sommeranzug (Tropical and Summer Dress) designed for use in hot climates. The uniform classification was divided into tropical khakis, which the Monsoon Group wore this as their standard uniform while deployed to bases in Southeast Asia, and the "summer white variant" which consisted of a white service jacket for officers (with rank epaulets but no rank stripes), a similar white jacket with shoulder straps for chiefs, as well as a "pull over" white enlisted jumper for sailors and petty officers.
Kriegsmarine personnel permanently assigned to shore stations, to include coastal artillery, wore a grey green uniform in the same style as the German Army. The uniform was worn with closed collar with collar tabs and shoulder rank epaulets. Officers wore standard epaulets while chiefs wore shoulder straps with rank pips and a centered anchor crest. Enlisted seaman wore dark green chevrons and a bare shoulder strap while petty officers wore a rank strap similar to that of an army Unteroffizier.
Working sailor uniforms
Navy shore uniforms
Special uniforms
Special uniform variants included Kriegsmarine sportswear (Sportanzug) which consisted of running shorts with a white T-shirt, often worn with black shoes. Engineering personnel on-board surface ships were further issued with a boilersuit devoid of any insignia except for a swastika eagle emblem and worn with a blue garrison cap. A special variant, known as "sentry dress", was essentially a standard enlisted uniform worn with an ammunition belt while on armed sentry duty. Personnel assigned to deck guns or anti-aircraft crews also were issued flak helmets, sometimes with vests and flash hoods, depending upon the caliber of the manned guns.
Submarine uniforms
Due to the arduous nature of U-boat duty, uniforms varied greatly depending upon the actions and activity of the service member. All submarine personnel were required to maintain standard Navy uniforms, with the undress service uniform being the most commonly worn when on shore. Upon departure and return to base, especially when the submarine was visible to onlookers, officers would wear a modified version of the service uniform to consist of the blue service coat along with grey all weather over-trousers. Commanders who had earned the Knight's Cross would often wear tin copies for the ceremonial entrance and exit to port. All medals, ribbons, and badges were removed once fully underway at sea.
The standard "patrol uniform" consisted of a grey-brown denim jacket for officers and chiefs while a grey all weather smock coat was worn by enlisted personnel. Some of the original U-boat uniforms had been issued from British stocks abandoned at Dunkirk. U-boat personnel were also issued a variety of weather clothing to include fleece lined footwear and all weather over-trousers of brown or grey leather.
As an unwritten rule, the captain of any submarine wore a white peaked cap in contrast to officers and chiefs who wore blue service caps. Lookouts wore oilskins and sou'westers on duty while sailors in the control center and on deck were required to wear garrison covers. Dress restrictions for engineering and torpedo man personnel, who often worked in cramped and humid conditions, were far more lax and most in these duties wore comfortable civilian clothes. An unofficial modicum for the ship's Chief engineer was the "checkered shirt" which was a comfortable working shirt often worn with pants and suspenders.
Submarine duty uniforms
Rank insignia
Flag officer ranks
Officer ranks
Officer candidate ranks
Warrant officer and chief petty officer ranks
Within the rank group of Unteroffiziere mit Portepee there were two career paths; one leading to Warrant officer equivalent, and one leading to Chief petty officer equivalent. The first path was based on the Imperial Navy Deckoffiziere, Warrant officers, and lead straight from Petty officer, third class equivalent to Warrant officer equivalent. The second led from Petty officer, third class equivalent, to Petty officer, second class equivalent, to Petty officer, first class equivalent, and finally to Chief petty officer equivalent, for those allowed to remain in service after the end of the twelve years service obligation.
The generic rank title was Feldwebel, the specific rank titles for each branch is specified below.
Petty officer ranks
Petty officers also wore a large rating badge on their left sleeve, beneath which were displayed authorized trade badges. Shore uniforms were worn with a Germany Army style sergeant's shoulder boards and golden collar trim.
Seamen ranks
Enlisted sailors wore a rating badge above their rank chevrons while trade badges were displayed below. Enlisted chevrons on the shore uniform were gold colored with a dark green background. Unrated seamen were called Matrose. Rated seamen had a rank title depending on the rating. Rated deck branch seamen were called Matrosengefreiter. Rated carpenters were called Zimmermansgefreiter, rated Engine room seamen were called Maschinengefreiter etc.
Kriegsmarine rates
The Kriegsmarine rating system was designed to indicate the particular career specialty of enlisted sailors, petty officers, and chief petty officers. Officers did not use rates, but were divided between staff and line officers. Line officers wore a large gold star above their sleeve stripe insignia while staff officers wore a career specific emblem in place of the star.
The rating system had been developed during the 19th century by the Imperial German Navy and had carried over into the Reichsmarine and Kriegsmarine. German naval rates were differentiated between career fields in deck, engineering, weapons systems, medical rates, and technical specialties. The original rates of the Kriegsmarine, upon the service's creation from the Reichsmarine in 1935, were Boatswain, Sergeant, Signalman, Helmsman, Carpenter, Firework Maker, Gunner, Engineer, Musician, Machine Operator, and Radioman. By 1939, the rates of Sergeant and Firework Maker had been discontinued with several additional wartime rates added. By the end of the Second World War, there were nineteen established ratings in the German navy as well as a general "non-rated" category for unrated naval personnel.
A sailor enlisting into the German Navy was first simply designated as "unrated" and referred to as a Matrose. After basic training, the sailor would be assigned a rate; if simply completing a single enlistment with no promise or requirement for technical training, the sailor would be rated as a deck seaman and begin wearing a small gold star on their upper left shoulder. Once advanced to the "sailor corporal" ranks, the sailor would begin wearing a chevron underneath the rating star. When addressing the sailor verbally, their rate was not mentioned and the sailor typically referred to by the generic term Matrose or Matrosengefreiter. In written correspondence, the rate would sometimes be written after the rank, i.e. Matrose (Bootsmann) or Matrosenobergefreiter (Machinist).
Upon advancing to the rank of Petty Officer (Maat), a sailor would be referred to by their rate and rank (i.e. Steuermannmaat). Rank was denoted by a collar tab while rate was displayed as a larger patch replacing the former sailor sleeve chevron and rating badge. A special petty officer rating insignia existed for those Maat who were unrated; a rare occurrence but sometimes happening with those in highly specific career fields who had enlisted directly as a petty officer or who had never held an enlisted rate as a seaman.
Chief petty officers were addressed solely by their rate and wore rating insignia centered on their shoulder straps. The rating crest was the same used by seaman, except for the Bootsmann rate whose chiefs wore a fouled anchor in comparison to the rating star of the deck seaman. Unrated chief petty officers wore a standard anchor insignia on their shoulder boards and were referred to solely by their rank (Matrosenfeldwebel), often shortened to simply Feldwebel.
Trade badges
To denote additional qualifications within a particular rate, the Kriegsmarine issued a number of "trade badges" which were worn as red on blue patches beneath either the seaman's rank chevron or petty officer's badge. Trade badges were not worn or displayed by either officers or chiefs.
Qualification trade insignia was issued in up to four classes, beginning with a basic badge followed by apprentice, journeyman, and master. All trade badges above basic were denoted by chevrons on the trade patch; some trade patches were authorized up to all three chevrons while others were eligible for only one or two. One of the more common engineering trade badges was that of Handwerker (damage controlman) which appeared as a red diver's helmet and was issued up to the master qualification level.
A special insignia also existed for signalman who were posted to a naval headquarters. The insignia appeared as a small patch showing a German Imperial Navy signal flag and was worn above the sailor's signalman's rating badge.
Awards and decorations
Members of the Kriegsmarine were eligible for all Third Reich military awards as well as certain war badges and medals specific to the Kriegsmarine. The Knights Cross of the Iron Cross was a standard award for highly successful U-boat commanders. Political decorations were generally prohibited for display on military uniforms, with the exception of the Golden Party Badge. Kriegsmarine personnel could also earn both the SA Sports and German National Sports Badges as well as the Equestrian Badge.
Notes
References
Bibliography
German military uniforms
Kriegsmarine
Naval ranks of Germany |
Vulcaniella anatolica is a moth of the family Cosmopterigidae that is endemic to Turkey.
The wingspan is about . Adults have been recorded in July.
Features
The moths reach a wingspan of 9 mm. The head shines white. In the labial palps, the first segment is gray-brown, has the second segment outside. At the base of a gray-brown spot and a brown subapical ring, The third segment is mottled white and brown laterally.
The antennae are curled dark brown and in the first two-thirds white. In the last third, there are two dark brown sections of three segments, which are separated from each a white segment. Before the tip, the sensors are ringed with two white and brown segments. The sensor base member ( scape ) shines dark brown and has a white line at the front and at the top of a white spot. Ventral it is white.
The thorax shining golden brown, the front is fitted with a white spot and edged with white behind. The tegulae shining dark golden brown and lined the back white.
The legs shining dark brown. The Vordertibien has two basal spots and medial and apical rings. The tibiae of the middle and hind legs have white basal and apical bands. The Vordertarsen have on the first segment a white basal ring and a white Apikalring. The segments two and five are white. The tarsi of the middle legs have on the first segment, a white basal and apical band. The segments two, three, and five have a white Apikalring. The first segment of the posterior tarsi is as colored as that of the middle tarsi. The remaining segments are dorsally white and ocher ventral. The Spurs are ocher white.
The forewing shining dark golden brown. A sloping outwards binding is located at 1 /6 of the forewing length. She is aware of the Costa loader to anal fold, and behind silvery and sublime. For casement, drawing include six sublime silvery spots. There are two Costalflecke, the first is located in front of half the forewing length, bordering the Costa loader. The second is located at 3 /4 of the forewing length and ranges with a white line from the Costa loader to the Frans shed. On the wing's inner edge, there are three spots. The first lies in the anal fold at 1/ 3 of the forewing length. The second is located between the two wings Costalflecken on the inner edge. The third is located on the interior angles outside the third Costalflecks. Another spot is located at the apex. The fringe scales are gray-brown. The hind wings are brownish gray and shine brightly in the direction of the apex.
The first three segments of the abdomen are dorsal gray ocher, the other segments shining gray. Ventral they shine gray and pale tinted gold. The after tuft is white.
In the males, the right brachium is tapered apically. It is inwardly curved, the tip is widened and bent outwardly. The left brachium is straight and has a slightly pointed apex. The Valven are long and narrow, the cucullus wound. The right Valvella is shorter than the front part of the aedeagus. She is bent upward and has a rounded tip. There is a rounded lobe at the base. The right Valvella is short and has a truncated tip. The aedeagus is pretty slim. The front portion tapers gradually and is thickened in the middle.
The genital armature of females has not been described.
References
External links
Microlepidoptera of Europe. Volume 5: Momphidae, Batrachedridae, Stathmopodidae, Agonoxenidae, Cosmopterigidae, Chrysopeleiidae
anatolica
Endemic fauna of Turkey
Moths described in 2003 |
Mariano Balleza is a town in the Mexican state of Chihuahua, close to the border with Durango. It serves as the municipal seat for the surrounding municipality of Balleza.
As of 2010, the town had a total population of 2,087, up from 1,990 as of 2005.
History
It was in this vicinity that Juan Fontes founded the first Jesuit mission to the Tarahumara in 1607, however that mission was abandoned during the Tepehuan war against the SPanish starting in 1616.
This specific settlement was founded as a Jesuit mission, with the name San Pablo Tepehuanes, in 1640, as part of the efforts to evangelise the local Tepehuan people; this was one of the earliest missions in that part of New Spain.
In 1830 the State Congress renamed it in honour of Fr. Mariano Balleza, who fought alongside Miguel Hidalgo in the War of Independence. The town is still informally known as San Pablo Balleza.
References
Populated places in Chihuahua (state)
Populated places established in 1640
1640 establishments in New Spain |
The Meissen gulden (German: Meißnische Gulden, Meißner Gulden or Gulden Meißnisch), abbreviation Mfl., was a Rhenish Gold Gulden that was established in Saxony in 1490 at a value of 21 groschen and which, from 1542 to 1838 became a coin of account (a notional accounting gulden) of the same value.
When the Saxon Guldengroschen (silver gulden, thaler coins), which had had the same value as the gold gulden since 1500, were set at 24 groschen in 1542, the Meissen gulden remained in use in Saxony as an accounting coin at 21 groschen until the 19th century.
Explanation
The Meissen gulden used as an accounting coin up until the 19th century goes back to the Saxon coinage regulations of 9 August 1490, according to which the gold gulden in Saxony was reduced to 21 groschen (Spitzgroschen) (gold Guldengroschen = 1:21 - see Bartgroschen). /ref>
See also
Saxon coin history
Meissen groschen
References
Literature
Walther Haupt: Sächsische Münzkunde, Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaft, Berlin 1974
Lienhard Buck: Die Münzen des Kurfürstentums Sachsen 1763 bis 1806, Berlin 1981
Gerhard Krug: Die meißnisch-sächsischen Groschen 1338–1500, Berlin 1974
Paul Arnold: Die sächsische Talerwährung von 1500 bis 1763, Schweizerische numismatische Rundschau, Vol. 59, 1980
Friedrich von Schrötter (ed.) mit N. Bauer, K. Regling, A. Suhle, R. Vasmer, J. Wilcke: Wörterbuch der Münzkunde, de Gruyter, Berlin 1970 (reprint of the original edn. of 1930)
Heinz Fengler, Gerd Gierow, Willy Unger: transpress Lexikon Numismatik, Berlin 1976
Helmut Kahnt: Das große Münzlexikon von A bis Z, Regenstauf 2005
Coins of the Holy Roman Empire
Economy of the Holy Roman Empire
Monetary policy
Guilder |
The Diocese of Castello, originally the Diocese of Olivolo, is a former Roman Catholic diocese that was based on the city of Venice in Italy.
It was established in 774, covering the islands that are now occupied by Venice. Throughout its existence there was tension between the diocese, the Patriarchate of Grado to which it was nominally subordinate, and the Doge of Venice. Eventually in 1451 the diocese and the patriarchate were merged to form the Archdiocese of Venice.
History
Foundation
The diocese has its origins in the Patriarchate of Aquileia, founded during the Roman Empire. Hilarius of Panonia is recorded as bishop of Aquileia from about 276–285. As the empire fell into decline, Aquileia was sacked in turn by Visigoths (403), Huns (452) and Lombards (659). During these times of trouble some of the people would take refuge on the offshore islands. By 630 an independent Patriarch of Grado was established on the island of Grado.
The islands of Venice had originally been subject to the Diocese of Padua.
In 774 Pope Adrian I and John IV, Patriarch of Grado, authorized the establishment of an episcopal see on the island of Olivolo; the island is now called San Pietro di Castello.
The bishopric was established in 774–775 by the Duke of Malamocco, who gave it his protection. Its cathedral was dedicated to Saint Peter.
The Bishop of Olivolo was subordinate to Grado and had jurisdiction over the islands of Gemini, Rialto, Luprio and Dorsoduro, the main islands of the city of Venice.
The bishopric, taken from the Diocese of Malamocco (Methamancus), formed a small new state, the nucleus of the state of Venice.
Olivolo
The first bishop was Obelerius. He was invested and enthroned by the doge, and consecrated by the Patriarch of Grado.
In 798 the doge nominated Cristoforo as his successor. Giovanni, patriarch of Grado, refused to consecrate Cristoforo due to his youth.
Giovanni was killed for his disobedience and his successor consecrated Cristoforo.
From his name, which is Greek, Cristoforo may have been Byzantine.
At that time Italy was the seen of a struggle between the Lombards and Byzantines, and many in Venice were loyal to Byzantium.
The Franks rose to power in the last half of the 8th century, and in 800 Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne as Emperor.
In 802 a faction that was friendly to the Franks came to power in Malamocco, and sent the Doges Giovanni and Maurizio II into exile, along with the bishop of Olivolo.
In 810 a Byzantine fleet helped restore the party that favored Byzantium, and Angelo I Participazzo was made doge.
An attempt by the Franks to conquer the Venetian Lagoon failed, and after long negotiations it was agreed that Venice fell in the Byzantine sphere, while Venetian merchants could trade throughout the western empire. The Doge made his seat on the island of Rialto, and with the surrounding islands including Olivolo the new state started to take the name of Venetiae.
In the ninth century the relics of saints Sergios and Bacchus were placed in the cathedral at Olivolo by the pro-Greek faction.
The church of San Pietro di Castello was built by Orso Participazio, the fourth bishop of Olivolo. It was burned down several times.
In 828, the second year of the Doge Giustiniano Participazio, the Caliph had ordered that the Christian churches of Alexandria, Egypt, be pulled down so their marble columns could be used for his palace.
The body of Saint Mark the Evangelist was smuggled out from the church of Saint Mark to Venice.
To discourage the "Saracens" from examining the coffin, it was filled with pork.
When the ship reached Olivolo island in Venice, the saint made signs that showed he did not want to be placed in the custody of the bishop. Instead, he was taken to the Doge's chapel, and planning began to create a magnificent new temple suitable for such important relics.
The motives for the robbery of the saint's body were in part to establish the importance of the city of Venice, as opposed to the sees of Grado and Olivolo, relative to the patriarchate of Aquileia.
In 853 Orso, bishop of Olivolo, left his property to his sister Romana, She was to guard it from future bishops who might not be worthy.
He decreed that if his successor mismanaged the property of the diocese, after his death she should have the power to ordain the basilica of St. Laurence to whomever she chose.
The new state fought off challenges from Croats, Saracens and Hungarians, and under Pietro II Candiano (932–939) began to expand on the mainland.
Under Pietro IV Candiano (959–976) the Great Council of Venice appeared, a body that included the bishops of the Venetian territories and that approved all laws.
The Latin cities of the Istrian and Dalmatian coast, threatened by Slavs, placed themselves under the authority of Venice, and the Byzantine emperor consented to the Doge assuming the title of Duke of Dalmatia.
In 1001 the bishop Peter Martuseo, of the Quinta Bella family, built the church of San Agostino.
In 1046 Bishop Domenico Gradenigo and Patriarch Orso Orscolo participated in the council of bishops in Saint Mark's called by the Doge Domenico Flabanico.
The council made important decisions about organization and worship, including a decision that a priest could not be consecrated before the age of thirty, except in extraordinary circumstances.
Castello
In 1074, the Bishop of Olivolo began to be styled the Bishop of Castello.
Enrico Contarini was the first to hold this title.
He was the son of the Doge Domenico Contarini.
In 1084 the Emperor Alexios I Komnenos in his Golden Bull recognized the full independence of Venice, along with freedom from tributes, trade restrictions and customs duties.
The Doge Vitale Michiel (1096–1112) held back from participating in the First Crusade until he saw the amount of loot that the Genoese and Pisans were bringing back from Palestine.
In 1099 Enrico Contarini was the spiritual leader of the fleet of about 200 ships that Michiel sent to assist in the crusade in the Levant.
The fleet sailed to Rhodes, where it wintered.
The emperor of Byzantium asked the Venetians not to proceed, but the bishop overcame any who were inclined to listen to this request.
In the spring of 1100 the fleet went on to Myra in Asia Minor, where they obtained the remains of Saint Nicholas, his uncle Nicholas and Saint Theodore the Martyr. They went on to the Holy Land, then returned to Venice, which they reached on 6 December 1100. With this acquisition, the Bishop obtained a patron saint to rival the Doge's Saint Mark.
Bishop Giovanni Polani (1133–1164) was a kinsman of the Doge of Venice, Pietro Polani (r. 1130–1148).
Polani became engaged in a dispute with Enrico Dandolo, the Patriarch of Grado.
Eventually these clashes, which also involved the Doge, would culminate in the exile of the patriarch.
In 1139, encouraged by Dandolo, the clergy of the ancient church of San Salvatore in central Venice decided to become canons regular under the rule of St. Augustine. Polani was furious at what he saw as an attempt to take this important parish away from his control, and placed it under interdict.
In response, Dandolo placed it under his metropolitan protection.
On 13 May 1141 Pope Innocent II lifted the interdict, placed San Salvatore under his personal protection and sent to canons to instruct the congregation in the rule.
The Republic of Venice began its golden age under the Doge Enrico Dandolo (1192–1205).
Under him the French crusading army of the Fourth Crusade was used to bring Trieste and Zara under Venetian sway, and then to obtain a large part of the Latin Empire of Constantinople along the east coast of the Adriatic, most of the Peloponnese and settlements in the Sea of Marmora, the Black Sea and the Aegean.
The relationship between the bishop, the patriarch and the doge was complex.
The bishops of Olivolo, and then Castello, were technically suffragans of the Patriarch of Grado. From the middle of the 11th century the patriarchs took up residence for most of the time at San Silvestro, Venice, while the bishop was based at San Pietro on the east of the city. An important role was played by the primicerio, based in Saint Mark's, who represented the Doge and the city government. The primicerio invested the bishops, abbots and patriarchs.
From the twelfth century the patriarch had a throne in Saint Mark's, which changed its role from the Doge's chapel to the state church.
In 1225 the Bishop Marco II Michel gained the exemption of the clergy from lay jurisdiction except when real property was involved.
In 1230 Michiel challenged the rights of the Doges over Saint Mark's.
In an effort to standardize the rites and ceremonies, in the mid-13th century the Bishop Pietro Pino (1235–1255) made an Ordinary for the year's divine offices and holy ceremonies, with the concurrence of all the parish priests and the canons of San Pietro di Castello. This became the rule of the diocese from that date.
Bishop Jacopo Albertini (1311–1329) supported Louis of Bavaria, whom he crowned as King of Italy in 1327, and was therefore deposed. Under Bishop Nicolo' Morosini (1336–1367) the dispute between the clergy and Government concerning the mortuary tithes was settled.
This dispute flared up again under Bishop Paolo Foscari (1367–1375) and was ended only in 1376.
During the Western Schism (1378 to 1418) Venice always adhered to the Roman claimant.
Around 1418 Bishop Marco Lando (1417–1426) prescribed adoption of elements of the Roman Rite in conformity with Rome.
On 8 October 1451 the diocese was suppressed and its territory transferred to the newly created Patriarchal See of Venezia, or Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Venice.
In 1969 the diocese was restored as the Titular Episcopal See of Castello.
Office holders
Bishops of Olivolo
Bishops of Olivolo were:
Obelerius (775–...)
Christopher I Damiata (797–810) - deposedJohn (804) - usurper
Christopher II (810–813)
Christopher I Damiata (813–...) - reinstated
Orso I Parteciacus (825–...)
Maurice (...–...)
Domenicus I (...–...)
John (unknown – 876) - excommunicated by Pope John VIII
Lorenzo I (880–909)
Domenico II (909–...)
Domenico III (...–...)
Peter I Tribunus (929–938)
Orso II (938–945)
Domenico IV Talonicus (945–955)
Peter II Marturio (955–963)
George (963–966)
Marino Cassianico (966–992)
Domenico V Gradenigo (992–1026)
Domenico VI Gradenigo (1026–1044)
Domenico VII Contarini (1044–1074)
Bishops of Castello
Bishops of Castello were:
Henry Contarini (1074–1108)
Vitale I Michiel (1108–1120)
Bonifacio Falier (1120–1133)
John I Polani (1133–1164)
Vitale II Michiel (1164–1182)
Philip Casolo (1182–1184)
Mark I Nicolai (1184–1225)
Mark II Michiel (1225–1235)
Peter III Pino (1235–1255)
Walter Agnusdei (1255–1258)
Thomas I Arimondo (1258–1260)
Thomas II Franco (1260–1274)
Bartolomew I Querini (1274–1292)
Simeon Moro (1292–1293)
Bartholomew II Querini (1293–1303)
Ramberto Polo (1303–1311)
Galasso Albertini (1311)
Giacomo Albertini (1311–1329)
Angelo I Dolfin (1329–1336)
Nicholas Morosini (1336–1367)
Paul Foscari (1367–1375)
John II (1375–1378) - deposed
Nicholas II Morosini (1379)
Angelo II Correr (1379–1390) - became Pope Gregory XII
John III Loredan (1390)
Francis I Falier (1390–1392)
Leonard Dolfin (1392–1401)
Francis II Bembo (1401–1417)
Mark III Lando (1417–1426)
Peter IV Donato (1426–1428)
Francis III Malipiero (1428–1433)
Lorenzo II Giustiniani (1433–1451) - became Patriarch of Venice
Titular Bishops
Titular bishops and archbishops were:
Titular Archbishop Angel Pérez Cisneros (1969.07.25 – 1972.08.30)
Titular Archbishop Pierluigi Sartorelli (1972.10.07 – 1996.04.28)
Titular Bishop: Gianni Danzi (later Archbishop) (1996.05.02 – 2005.02.22)
Titular Archbishop Charles Daniel Balvo (from 2005.04.01)
See also
Catholic Church in Italy
References
Notes
Citations
Sources
774 establishments
Dioceses established in the 11th century
Former Roman Catholic dioceses in Italy
Roman Catholic dioceses in Veneto |
Christ Church USA is a non-denominational Christian congregation composed of people from diverse racial, cultural, and ethnic backgrounds. It is a community minded congregation with a global sensitivity. Christ Church exists to "Unite People to God and People to People". The Lord continues to be a source of transformation for every person who comes through its doors. It is the hope of Christ Church that spiritual needs will be met, and that physical and emotional concerns are addressed as God is sought through praise and worship.
Christ Church came into existence in June 1986 when Pastors David and Marlinda Ireland joined hearts with six other adults who were committed to seeing the gospel of Jesus Christ heal broken lives. Throughout the years, as the congregation began to thrive, it became necessary to rent facilities to accommodate the growth. The rental of temporary facilities throughout New Jersey contributed greatly to the dramatic growth as well as to the diversity of the congregation.
In 1994, the congregation reached approximately 500 members and after nearly eight years of renting, it became necessary to find a permanent home for the ministry. In October of the same year, Christ Church acquired and began restoration on the present facility, a 900-seat Romanesque Cathedral in Montclair, New Jersey.
Pastors David and Marlinda's vision for the region increased over time. This led to the purchase of a 107-acre campus in Rockaway, New Jersey which was renovated and opened for worship in 2009; complementing the metropolitan cathedral in Montclair. It is also the location of the administrative offices. To keep pace with the demands of the ministry, the church developed a full-time staff with responsibilities ranging from accounting and finance, community development, media production, counseling, administration of children's ministries to pastoral care. This broad-based staff, along with over 1,200 volunteer leaders, and hundreds of other volunteers affords the opportunity to provide a myriad of services to the community and church family.
Today, the church family has several thousand families, representing approximately 70 different nationalities. To accommodate the needs and schedules of the congregation, Christ Church offers a number of weekend worship services along with various classes and small group activities for weekly bible-based instruction.
External links
Christ Church USA
Christian denominations founded in the United States |
Robert Michael Bobo (born April 9, 1974) is an American college football coach who is currently the offensive coordinator and quarterbacks coach for the Georgia Bulldogs. He was the head coach of the Colorado State Rams football team from 2015 to 2019.
Playing career
Bobo played for the Thomasville High School Bulldogs in Thomasville, Georgia before playing college football at the University of Georgia.
As a senior in 1997, he threw for 2,751 yards, going 199/306 on passing attempts with 19 touchdowns and eight interceptions. He set various passing records during his career, including career passer rating.
Coaching career
Georgia
Bobo remained at Georgia as a member of the football administrative staff under Jim Donnan. After one year as a graduate assistant, he went to Jacksonville State as quarterbacks coach.
A year later, he returned to Georgia as quarterbacks coach under newly hired Mark Richt. He was promoted to offensive coordinator in 2007. He is widely known for his knack in grooming successful quarterbacks like Matthew Stafford, Aaron Murray, and David Greene. In 2012, Bobo was a finalist for the Broyles Award, given annually to the nation's top college football assistant coach.
Colorado State
On December 23, 2014, Bobo took the head coaching job at Colorado State University, that was previously held by Jim McElwain who left for the head coaching vacancy at the University of Florida. Coming off McElwain's 10-3 season, Bobo's first three teams went 7–6, with all losing in low-level bowl games. In 2017, they began play in newly built Canvas Stadium.
The 2018 season started disastrously, as Colorado State lost badly to Hawaii in their home opener, Colorado, Florida, and FCS Illinois State. Their lone win during that stretch came with a come-from-behind victory at home against Arkansas. The Rams finished a dismal 3-9, their worst record since the Steve Fairchild era.
The 2019 season showed little improvement, as the Rams finished 4–8, including losing to rivals Colorado, Air Force, and Wyoming for the 4th consecutive year. Calls for Bobo's firing gained steam throughout the season. Just over 12,000 people attended the final home game against Boise State, one of the Rams' worst home crowds since before Sonny Lubick's arrival. Bobo and CSU mutually agreed to part ways just days later.
South Carolina
Following his dismissal from Colorado State, Bobo was named the offensive coordinator and quarterbacks coach for South Carolina on December 10, 2019. South Carolina named him interim head coach on November 15, 2020, after firing Will Muschamp. Bobo was retained as offensive coordinator by newly hired Gamecocks head coach Shane Beamer for the 2021 season, but soon left to become the offensive coordinator on Bryan Harsin's inaugural Auburn staff.
Auburn
Bobo joined the Auburn football staff as the offensive coordinator and quarterbacks coach for the 2021 football season. He was fired on November 29, 2021, following a four overtime loss to Alabama.
Return to Georgia
On January 28, 2022, Bobo was hired by Georgia as an offensive analyst. Following Todd Monken leaving to take the vacant offensive coordinator position for the NFL's Baltimore Ravens, Bobo was promoted to the position of offensive coordinator for the Bulldogs. He was part of the coaching staff on the Georgia team that defeated TCU in the National Championship.
Head coaching record
Notes
References
External links
Colorado State profile
1974 births
Living people
American football quarterbacks
Colorado State Rams football coaches
Georgia Bulldogs football coaches
Georgia Bulldogs football players
Jacksonville State Gamecocks football coaches
Players of American football from Georgia (U.S. state)
South Carolina Gamecocks football coaches |
MMG may refer to:
Maybach Music Group, record label founded by rapper Rick Ross
Mechanomyogram or mechanomyography, (measuring the) mechanical signal observable from the surface of a muscle when the muscle is contracted
Medium machine gun, a category of firearm
Mello Music Group, a hip hop record label in Arizona
Mick McGinley, Gaelic footballer whose son Paul is the professional golfer
MMG Limited, a Chinese-Australian mining company
Mosley Music Group, a record label created by Timbaland
The Motor City Machine Guns, a professional wrestling tag team
Mobile Marketing Group, a telecommunications company specialising in SMS Messaging for Businesses.
Mount Magnet Airport, IATA airport code "MMG"
See also
Motor Machine Gun Service (MMGS), a British Army unit in the First World War that used motorcycle/sidecar combinations equipped with machine guns |
Nasiruddin Faruque is a first-class and List A cricketer from Bangladesh. He was born on 31 August 1983 and is a left-handed batsman. He made his debut for Barisal Division in 2003/04 and played through the 2006/07 season. He has also represented Bangladesh A from 2003/04 to 2006/07 and Bangladesh Under-23s in 2003/04.
He has scored 2 first-class hundreds, with a highest knock of 141 against Sylhet Division and 6 fifties. His only one day hundred to date, 115, was scored against the same team.
References
Bangladeshi cricketers
Barisal Division cricketers
Living people
Gazi Group cricketers
Kala Bagan Krira Chakra cricketers
Dhaka Division cricketers
1983 births
Cricketers from Dhaka |
Ali Morad Bakhtiari (Luri/) was the Bakhtiari chieftain of the Chahar Lang branch in the early 18th-century, who in 1735 revolted against the de facto ruler of Safavid Iran, Nader Qoli Beg.
Biography
Ali Morad Bakhtiari was among the Bakhtiaris that in the early 1730s were forced to resettle in Khorasan by Nader Qoli Beg, the de facto ruler of the Safavid dynasty. However, while many Bakhtiaris, Lurs, and Laks were subdued and sent to Khorasan, Ali Morad was among the Bakhtiaris that managed to resist Nader's forces. Ali Morad, along with other tribesmen responded by raiding the surroundings of the capital, Isfahan. By the autumn of 1735, a major revolt erupted under the leadership of Ali Morad, who had raised an army of 20,000, and bragged that he would defeat Nader and rescue the Safavid king Tahmasp II from his house arrest in Khorasan.
The revolt forced Nader to halt his campaigns in the east, and made him return to western Iran, where he ordered the governors of the zone to attack Ali Morad and his forces. Although the rebels fought steely, they were eventually forced to withdraw into the mountains. Nader shortly captured the key Bakhtiari stronghold of Liruk, and pursued the fleeing rebels, seizing circa 3,000 families.
The majority of the rebels eventually surrendered to Nader, but Ali Morad had managed to stay hidden. However, Nader's forces spotted a sceptical woman coming down from the highlands, whom they held captive and awake for 24 hours, till she admitted the location of Ali Morad and his family. Nader and his men shortly went to the cave where they were hiding—Ali Morad, however, managed to withstand his men for a few days, but ultimately chose to kill his wives and daughters instead of letting them get captured.
He was then captured and sent to Shushtar, where Nader, extremely enraged and frustrated, had him blinded, and his hands, ears, feet, and nose removed. Ali Morad, laying in a pool of blood, asked for water, and died shortly afterwards, whilst thousands of Bakhtiari kinsmen were forced to mass-migrate to Khorasan, and others enlisted into Nader's army.
Sources
Axworthy, Michael (2009). The Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from tribal warrior to conquering tyrant, I. B. Tauris
Bakhtiari people
18th-century Iranian military personnel
Year of birth unknown
1735 deaths
Rebellions against Safavid Iran
People executed by Safavid Iran
18th-century people from Safavid Iran |
```objective-c
#pragma once
#include <Parsers/ASTQueryWithTableAndOutput.h>
#include <Parsers/ASTQueryWithOnCluster.h>
namespace DB
{
/** UNDROP query
*/
class ASTUndropQuery : public ASTQueryWithTableAndOutput, public ASTQueryWithOnCluster
{
public:
/** Get the text that identifies this element. */
String getID(char) const override;
ASTPtr clone() const override;
ASTPtr getRewrittenASTWithoutOnCluster(const WithoutOnClusterASTRewriteParams & params) const override
{
return removeOnCluster<ASTUndropQuery>(clone(), params.default_database);
}
QueryKind getQueryKind() const override { return QueryKind::Undrop; }
protected:
void formatQueryImpl(const FormatSettings & settings, FormatState &, FormatStateStacked) const override;
};
}
``` |
Peter Donaldson (27 October 1934 – 6 September 2002) was a British economist, academic, author, and radio and television broadcaster.
Academic career
Born in Eccles, Lancashire, Donaldson's family moved to Gillingham, Kent, when he was only 18 months old. Following education at the local grammar school he gained a scholarship to read philosophy, politics and economics at Balliol College, Oxford. In 1957 he became a junior lecturer at the University of Leeds, before moving to the University of Leicester in 1960. In 1964 he took up a position at Osmania University in Hyderabad, India, where he stayed until 1967, except for a six-month stint back in the United Kingdom at Ruskin College in 1965. On completing his term in Hyderabad he returned to Ruskin College full-time and remained on staff there until his retirement in the early 1990s.
Publishing and broadcasting career
During the course of his early academic career Donaldson became increasingly aware of the limited scope, poor standard, and inaccessibility of economics teaching at school and undergraduate level. In order to provide better teaching material, during his time at Leicester University he began to write what would, in 1965, be published as his first book: Guide to the British Economy. It was this work – which was to be republished in three further editions in 1967, 1971 and 1976 – that established his reputation as a populariser of economics. Soon after its publication the BBC approached Donaldson, and with the corporation he devised and presented Managing the Economy on BBC Radio 4 during the latter part of the 1960s.
Donaldson's time in India had stirred an interest in development economics, and this was reflected in his follow-up program Affluence and Inequality which aired during the early 1970s, also on Radio 4. The series was accompanied by a book, Worlds Apart, which was based on the program and dealt with similar subject matter. A number of further educational and popular books appeared during the late 1970s and early 1980s, before Donaldson returned to broadcasting with Yorkshire Television-produced programs for ITV Schools and the newly launched Channel 4 television station. His shows 10 x Economics and A Question of Economics were popular with both the general public and teachers, and were widely used in economics classrooms. Both were accompanied by books of the same name.
Selected bibliography
References
1934 births
2002 deaths
Academics of Ruskin College
Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
British broadcasters
British economists
Academics of the University of Leeds |
Carlos Faraudo, full name Carlos Faraudo y de Micheo —sometimes wrongly spelled as "de Miches", born on 19 April 1901 in Madrid - died on 9 May 1936 in the same city, was a Spanish Army officer.
His assassination was one of the high-profile murders that brought about the reprisal killing of firebrand rightist politician José Calvo Sotelo as part of the orchestrated destabilization of the Spanish Republic right before the Spanish Civil War.
Biography
Carlos Faraudo was born in an affluent family of the Spanish capital. In August 1923, after successfully finishing his studies at the Academy of Military Engineering of Guadalajara, he became a lieutenant and was sent to Melilla. In November 1925 he was posted in Madrid. By October 1929 he was promoted to the rank of captain. In 1931 Faraudo became a member of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE).
Between 1932 and 1933 Faraudo was sent to Bolivia as an instructor for the Bolivian Army, returning to Spain following the outbreak of the Chaco War. At Dehesa de la Villa he became close to socialist leader Francisco Largo Caballero. Faraudo then was involved in training the militias of the Socialist Youth of Spain (Juventudes Socialistas). Later he became a member of the leftist Unión Militar Republicana Antifascista (UMRA) clandestine military organization.
Faraudo was severely wounded on 8 May 1936 in the evening after being attacked in the street by Falangists while he was strolling with his wife. His name had appeared at the top of a list allegedly prepared by the pro-fascist-leaning Unión Militar Española (UME), another secret military organization opposed to UMRA. Although he was immediately brought to a clinic, he died of his wounds the following morning. His burial was attended by numerous mourners and made the headlines of the press in the troubled Spanish Republic.
See also
José Castillo (police officer)
References
1901 births
1936 deaths
Military personnel from Madrid
Spanish army officers
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party politicians
Unión Militar Republicana Antifascista members
Spanish people of the Spanish Civil War
Deaths by firearm in Spain |
David Ippolito is an American singer-songwriter and playwright. He has self-released eight albums and is best known for his weekly summer performances in Central Park.
Career
In 1992, Ippolito first performed an impromptu concert on a hill in Central Park in front of a small audience. Among those present was editor Jack Rosenthal from The New York Times, who the next day published an editorial about the performance. The next week, Ippolito played again, and began to gather a following. Since then, he has performed on a hill near a rowboat lake almost every summer weekend to crowds of passers-by and regulars, including international tourists, and has become a cult figure in New York.
His most recent CD, "Wouldn't Want It Any Other Way", was released in 2009. The album features "Keep Hope Alive", which was co-written with Sid Bernstein, the famous music promoter who brought the Beatles to the US. Ippolito has performed at venues throughout New York City, including an annual December performance at Merkin Concert Hall, as well as shows at the Leonard Nimoy Thalia, Symphony Space, The Red Lion on Bleecker Street, and Cast Party at the Birdland Music Club.
Central Park
Ippolito's Central Park concerts are relatively well-known. However, in 2000, the Parks Department ordered him (and all other musicians in the park) to unplug his small speaker, which led to outcry from his fans and letters to The New York Times by supportive audience members. The current arrangement is that he has to select a month in advance which dates he wants to play, as well as pay for each permit, rain or shine. On the Sunday after the September 11 attacks, approximately 1,000 of his fans filled his guitar case in Central Park with more than $7,000, which Ippolito, the son of a retired New York City firefighter, delivered to Ladder Company 25 and the 9/11 Fund.
I Love the Company
During 2006, Ippolito hosted a daily podcast called "I Love the Company," which was broadcast globally via Podshow.com. The 365+ podcasts featured new works by Ippolito and music by singers and songwriters around the world, which was joined by an "I Love the Video" videocast.
Playwriting and other work
As an actor, Ippolito has had roles in national TV commercials and musical theater productions.
Ippolito's song, "City Song," was used to close NBC's television coverage of the 2001 New York City Marathon.
He has appeared on ABC's "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire", winning $64,000.
A playwright and storyteller, his work has been performed at The Soho Playhouse and The Actors Studio. Ippolito is currently workshopping his new musical project for the stage, "Possibility Junkie."
Discography
The People on the Hill (1997)
That Guitar Man from Central Park...In Person (1998)
Just a Thought for Christmas (1999)
It's Just Us (2000)
Crazy on the Same Day (2002)
Talk Louder (the Cell Phone Song) (2003)
Common Ground (2004)
I Love the Company (2007)
Crazy on the Same Day (re-mastered in 2008)
Wouldn't Want It Any Other Way (2009)
References
External links
That Guitar Man Website
Description of his charity work
Interview
I Love The Company podcast
YouTube "Resolution (The Torture Song)"
New York Times: A Protest Song Gets a Television Showcase
Television Documentary Film: Following Dreams
Living people
American folk singers
American folk guitarists
American male guitarists
American male singer-songwriters
Central Park
American rock guitarists
American rock singers
American rock songwriters
American people of Italian descent
American street performers
American performance artists
Guitarists from New York City
Singers from New York City
Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)
Singer-songwriters from New York (state) |
The People's Rooms (Turkish: Halkodaları) were community centers established in rural Turkey beginning in 1939. The Turkish government established the People's Rooms to promote secular and Western cultural activities and to indoctrinate the residents in Kemalist state policies. By 1950, the number of People's Rooms was over 4,000.
The Republican People's Party (Turkish: Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi), or the CHP established the first People's Rooms in 1939. The CHP designed them to encourage secular social activities and to promote a sense of unity and nationalism.
The People's Rooms provided formal education, rural development and venues for cultural events. Even though the local populations tended to be conservative and religiously oriented, the People's Rooms were very successful. According to historians, they helped to unite most classes and societal divisions.
References
Politics of Turkey
Kemalism
Republican People's Party (Turkey) |
The Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Bihar (Sixteenth Vidhan Sabha of Bihar) was constituted on 20 November 2015 as a result of Bihar Legislative Assembly election, 2015 held between 12 October to 5 November 2015. The Legislative Assembly has total of 243 MLAs.
Legislative Assembly
Constituencies
References
Bihar Legislative Assembly |
The St Leonards Academy is a coeducational secondary school with academy status, located in the St Leonards-on-Sea area of Hastings in East Sussex.
The St Leonards Academy was established in September 2011 from a merger of Filsham Valley School and The Grove School. The school operates on the Filsham Valley site on Edinburgh Road, and continues to coordinate with East Sussex County Council for admissions. The school is federated with Hastings Academy in the form of The Hastings Academies Trust.
The school is sponsored by the University of Brighton, British Telecom, and East Sussex County Council, and has specialisms in mathematics and ICT (Information and Communications Technology). It offers GCSEs and BTECs as programmes of study for pupils.
References
External links
The St Leonards Academy official website
Secondary schools in East Sussex
Hastings
Academies in East Sussex |
Henry of Laach (in German: Heinrich von Laach) was the first count palatine of the Rhine (1085/1087–1095). Henry was the son of Herman I, count of Gleiberg. Henry was a follower of Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor. He had lands in the southeastern Eifel and on the Moselle River.
Most of the holdings of Hermann II, Count Palatine fell back to the emperor, when Hermann died without successor. The emperor named Henry count palatine of the Rhine and during the emperor's trip to Italy tasked Henry to hold interim judicial councils. Henry married Herman's widow, Adelaide of Weimar-Orlamünde (d. 1100). From this marriage, Henry may have taken control over some of her holdings along the Moselle. As a consequence, the geographic center of the palatinate moved towards the south.
With his wife, Adelaide, Henry founded the Maria Laach Abbey. He was succeeded by his stepson, Siegfried of Ballenstedt.
References
Sources
1095 deaths
Counts Palatine of the Rhine
Year of birth unknown |
Ernest Glendinning (February 19, 1884 – May 17, 1936) was a British born American actor.
Biography
Glendinning was the son of British-American actors John Glendinning and Clara Braithwaite. In 1907 his father married actress Jessie Millward and she became Ernest's stepmother. Ernest attended Margate College before making his stage debut in 1903 in a walk on part in the Annie Russell play, Mice and Men. His career was devoted primarily to the theatre where he played in vaudeville and on Broadway where he had a lot of successes, especially opposite Marguerite Clark in the stage version of Prunella.
In film he appeared in three films including an early sound short in 1930. He can be seen in the 1922 Marion Davies film When Knighthood Was in Flower.
Filmography
References
External links
portrait gallery(NY Public Library, Billy Rose collection)
1884 births
1936 deaths
People from Ulverston
20th-century American male actors
American male stage actors
British emigrants to the United States |
Elections to Bournemouth Borough Council on the south coast of England were held on 6 May 1999. The whole council (a unitary authority) was up for election.
Results
|}
References
1999 English local elections
1999
1990s in Dorset |
Punarjani Guha is a 150-metre natural tunnel in a rocky cliff situated in Thiruvilwamala in Thrissur District of Kerala state in southern India. It is located around 2 km southeast of Vilwadrinatha Temple.
Ritual
The ritual can be practised only on Ekadasi and that also on the eleventh day of every lunar fortnight. The day is called Guruvayur Ekadasi or Vrischika Ekadasi day, in the Malayalam month of Vrishchikam. First the devotee has to take bath in the Papanasini Theertham, a water source near the cliff. It is believed that performing noozhal or crawling through the tunnel from one end to the other will wash away all the sins and thus allow one to attain Moksha, or freedom from rebirth.
Legend
According to legend, Lord Parashurama killed Kshatriya clans at the site of modern-day Vilwadrinatha Temple. Ashamed, Parashurama atoned by providing an idol of Vishnu for the ghosts of those killed. By this, the ghosts got darshan, but they did not get salvation. He went to Brihaspati, the guru of devas, for a remedy. Brihaspati told that as the ghosts achieved many births due to their karma (action), they will not get salvation. So, Lord Parasurama called Vishwakarma, the divine architect. He came with Indra and Brihaspati. As the place for ghosts should not be near the temple, they found a suitable place some distance away. There, Vishwakarma detected the presence of Trimurtis, and Brihaspati began to conduct poojas. At that time, Lord Parasurama constructed a tank named 'Ganapathi Theertham' on the starting. Within the time the construction was completed, he built two more tanks, namely 'Papanasini' and 'Pathala Theertham'. Indra constructed 'Ambutheertham' with his arrows and Airavata, his vehicle, constructed 'Kombutheertham' with his tusks. The ghosts entered through the cave and got salvation.
At the same time, some Brahmins also arrived there, and expressed their wish to crawl. Lord Parasurama told them that humans could also do this, but only on one day: the 11th day (Ekadasi) in the month of Vrischikam, the other days being only for ghosts. The Brahmins arrived on that day, conducted all rituals, crawled through the cave, and got salvation.
There is a story based on Mahabharata related to this cave. Pandavas reached here and crawled through the cave. They came here for performing vedic rituals for their ancestors, and also some relatives who were killed in the Kurukshetra War. They did tarpanam and other rituals, and also consecrated many temples nearby, including Ivor Madom Temple in Pambady (not to be confused with the place with the same name in Kottayam district) which houses Lord Krishna (the word 'ivor/aivar' means 'five persons', and the name came so because it was consecrated by the five Pandavas), and Kothakurissi and Someswaram temples housing Lord Shiva.
For the famous 'noozhal' (crawling) festival, which coincides with Guruvayoor Ekadasi, one has to follow strict rituals. The devotees should fast and remain in the temple on the previous day. At 4 AM on Ekadasi day, the priests open the temple after having a bath in Bhagavathichira, and start some poojas at the entrance of the cave. After the darshan, one has to proceed to Ganapathi Theertham, and to take bath there. Later, the devotees should take bath in Papanasini (not to be confused with the river with the same name at Thirunelli), Pathala Theertham, Ambutheertham, and Kombutheertham in that order, and should enter the cave without drying up. The starting point of the cave is around 6 ft in height, and normal persons can go there without any problem. Later, one has to bend their heads. Some more point further, one has to sit and travel. Again some more point further, the real crawling starts. At some points, there is no air and light, and a person has to seek the help of those in the front and back. Finally, after climbing some steps, a person enters outside, and again goes to Papanasini for bathing. Normal persons cannot do this, as it needs both extreme devotion and willpower. In spite of this huge darkness and location, it is a wonder that there are no ferocious animals and reptiles here, and no one has died ever inside the cave. Only men are allowed to do this.
After the massive fire in 1861, a similar cave also appeared on the west nada. Some people tried to explore this cave, but the attempts were stopped because of unending fleet of steps, and huge darkness. It is also believed that there is a hidden pathway in the temple which leads us to Thirunelli Temple in Wayanad district.
References
Landforms of Kerala
Tunnels in India
Natural arches
Rock formations of India
Prehistoric India
History of Kerala
History of Thrissur district
Caves of Kerala
Tourist attractions in Thrissur district |
Charles Yu Hsingling (; 11 January 1879?), often referred to as Charles Hsingling, was a Hanjun Plain White bannerman who served as second secretary in the Qing-dynasty Embassy in France. He was also an engineer worked for the Qing imperial railways.
Biography
Born in an upper-class family, he was the younger son of , a high-ranking Manchu official, and Louisa Pierson, a Chinese-American woman of mysterious antecedents. He had three siblings, the elder brother John Yu Shuinling, two younger sisters, Lizzie Yu Der Ling and Nellie Yu Roung Ling.
He was a Roman Catholic baptised at the wish of his mother, and, like his siblings, received Western education in American missionary school. The British diplomat Sir Robert Hart described them as "a noisy family of English-speaking children, were fluent also in Japanese and French".
From 1899 to 1902, he served as second secretary in the Qing-dynasty Embassy in France, where his father held a diplomatic post. The Yu siblings led a cosmopolitan life in Paris, they socialised, frequented the theatre and performed at their parents' parties. The weekly magazine reported that the four children of Minister Yu Keng "superbly performed" an English comedy in three acts at a soirée organised by their father.
In March 1901, the Yus threw a fancy dress ball at the Chinese Embassy to celebrate Chinese New Year, at which Hsingling was costumed as Napoleon, his siblings Shuinling, Roung Ling and Der Ling, were dressed respectively as Pluto, Prince Charming and a doll in the fairy tale.
He married Geneviève Deneu, a French piano teacher. The wedding took place at the on 16 October 1902. Not much is known about his later life.
References
1879 births
Date of death missing
Qing dynasty diplomats
Chinese diplomats
19th-century Chinese engineers
20th-century Chinese engineers
Chinese Roman Catholics
Chinese people of American descent
Han Chinese Plain White Bannermen |
Herbert Frederick Raynolds (November 28, 1874 or 1875 – December 22, 1950) was a justice of the New Mexico Supreme Court from January 1, 1919 until his resignation on December 26, 1922.
Born in Central City, Colorado to Joshua S. and Sara (Robbins) Raynolds, his father having established the Central Bank of Las Vegas. Raynolds graduated from Harvard College in 1897 and from Columbia Law School in 1902. He was admitted to practice in the Territory of New Mexico in 1902, becoming treasurer of the Occidental Life Insurance Company. He was a delegate to the New Mexico State Constitutional Convention held in Santa Fe, New Mexico from 1910 to 1911. On November 7, 1911, he was elected first judge of 2nd Judicial District under the newly formed State government.
In 1918, Raynolds pursued an elected seat on the New Mexico Supreme Court, running as a Republican against former Progressive Republican-turned Democrat Richard H. Hanna. Raynolds prevailed by just over 1,000 votes. Raynolds resigned from the court in 1922, shortly after the 1922 election effected substantial changes to the composition of the court.
In October 1945, Raynolds was identified as one of the few remaining living members of the 1910-1911 constitutional convention, and was noted to be living in California. He was recorded in the California Death Index as having died in Los Angeles, California, in 1950.
References
1875 births
1950 deaths
Harvard University alumni
Columbia Law School alumni
Justices of the New Mexico Supreme Court
People from Central City, Colorado |
Arenimonas oryziterrae is a Gram-negative, aerobic and rod-shaped bacterium from the genus of Arenimonas which has been isolated from rhizosphere soil from a rice plant (Oryza sativa) from Jinju in Korea.
References
Xanthomonadales
Bacteria described in 2009 |
```objective-c
//
// UIScrollView+Pages.h
// TLKit
//
// Created by on 2017/8/27.
//
#import <UIKit/UIKit.h>
@interface UIScrollView (Pages)
#pragma mark - #
@property (nonatomic, assign, readonly) NSInteger numberOfPageX;
@property (nonatomic, assign) NSInteger pageX;
- (void)setPageX:(CGFloat)page animated:(BOOL)animated;
#pragma mark - #
@property (nonatomic, assign, readonly) NSInteger numberOfPageY;
@property (nonatomic, assign) NSInteger pageY;
- (void)setPageY:(CGFloat)page animated:(BOOL)animated;
@end
``` |
Bradford is a village in Stark County, Illinois, United States. The population was 768 at the 2010 census. Bradford is part of the Peoria, Illinois Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Geography
Bradford is located at (41.176884, -89.659445).
According to the 2010 census, Bradford has a total area of , all land.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 787 people, 318 households, and 225 families residing in the village. The population density was . There were 352 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the village was 98.73% White, 0.13% Native American, 0.51% Asian, 0.51% from other races, and 0.13% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.02% of the population.
There were 318 households, out of which 32.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.5% were married couples living together, 9.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.2% were non-families. 27.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 2.96.
In the village, the population was spread out, with 27.2% under the age of 18, 6.7% from 18 to 24, 24.9% from 25 to 44, 23.6% from 45 to 64, and 17.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 86.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.9 males.
The median income for a household in the village was $33,750, and the median income for a family was $41,000. Males had a median income of $35,333 versus $21,324 for females. The per capita income for the village was $16,279. About 6.2% of families and 9.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.4% of those under age 18 and 9.8% of those age 65 or over.
Education
From the mid-19th century there was St. John Catholic Grade School which was closed in 1968.
Bradford School District now has two schools in the village, Bradford Jr. High and Bradford Grade School. Bradford High School was deactivated in 2001 and now houses the Jr. High. The high school students have their choice of attending one of two high schools: Stark County High School, or Bureau Valley High School.
Boy Scout Troop 1851 is in Bradford.
Notable people
Eva Katherine Clapp (1857-1916), writer of novels, short stories, and poems
C. W. Whitten, educator and athletic administrator, was born near Bradford.
References
External links
Village of Bradford, Illinois - Official Website
Villages in Stark County, Illinois
Villages in Illinois
Peoria metropolitan area, Illinois |
Vohitrafeno is a town and commune in Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Fianarantsoa II, which is a part of Haute Matsiatra Region. The population of the commune was estimated to be approximately 10,000 in 2001 commune census.
Primary and junior level secondary education are available in town. The majority 97% of the population of the commune are farmers, while an additional 2% receives their livelihood from raising livestock. The most important crop is rice, while other important products are maize, cassava and sweet potatoes. Industry and services provide employment for 0.1% and 0.5% of the population, respectively. Additionally fishing employs 0.4% of the population.
References and notes
Populated places in Haute Matsiatra |
The Treaty of Guayaquil, officially the Treaty of Peace Between Colombia and Peru, and also known as the Larrea–Gual Treaty after its signatories, was a peace treaty signed between Gran Colombia and Peru in 1829 that officially put an end to the Gran Colombia–Peru War. The treaty called for the removal of troops and the restoration of the status quo ante bellum.
Background
On July 3, 1828, Colombia declared war on Peru, after a series of diplomatic incidents that resulted in the expulsion of the diplomatic representatives of both countries. The war ended after the Battle of Tarqui when the Peruvian advance lost momentum, with both parties signing the Girón Agreement on the same day, but later continuing hostilities until the abrupt end of the war after a coup that deposed President José de la Mar.
Causes
Traditionally, it has been argued that the cause of the war was territorial, since each of the belligerent countries demanded from the other party the return of territories that they considered theirs:
Gran Colombia, governed by Bolívar, claimed the territories of Tumbes, Jaén (today in Cajamarca) and Maynas (today the Peruvian departments of Loreto and Amazonas).
Peru claimed the Colombian territory of Guayaquil, which it considered unjustly seized by Bolívar in 1822. On July 26, 1822, Bolívar and San Martín met in Guayaquil, one of the results of which was the permanence of said city in the limits of the Real Audiencia of Quito.
Bolívar demanded for Gran Colombia the return of Tumbes, Jaén and Maynas, de facto in Peruvian possession. However, when he was dictator in Peru from 1823 to 1826, he never worked in favor of such a return even though he had the power to do so. Rather, he administered these provinces, as head of the executive branch of the Peruvian nation, appointing their governors. Even from a letter from Bolívar himself to Francisco de Paula Santander, dated August 3, 1822, it appears that the Liberator recognized that both Jaén and Maynas legitimately belonged to Peru.
The Treaty
With La Mar overthrown, the way was paved for an agreement between Peru and Colombia. General Agustín Gamarra, already provisional president of Peru, gave instructions in this regard. Both parties signed the Piura Armistice on July 10, 1829, by which a 60-day armistice was agreed, as well as the return of Guayaquil to Gran Colombia and the suspension of the Peruvian blockade of the Pacific coast of Gran Colombia, among other agreements. Subsequently, the Peruvian and great Colombian delegates, José de Larrea y Loredo and Pedro Gual, met in Guayaquil. The first agreement they made was to extend the armistice, which had expired. In total they had six meetings, between September 16 and 22, 1829, the day the treaty was signed.
Despite not being its focus, the treaty also addressed the territorial dispute between the both states. Articles 6 and 7 provided that a Commission of two people should be appointed for each Republic to go through, rectify and fix the dividing line, work that should begin 40 days after the treaty was ratified by both countries. The drawing of the line would begin in the Tumbes River. In case of disagreement, it would be submitted to arbitration by a government of mutual accord.
Aftermath
The signing of the treaty created instability in the region and did not manage to end the dispute between both states, itself complicating further with the latter dissolution of the Gran Colombia and the creation of Ecuador.
References
Bibliography
Territorial disputes of Peru
Territorial disputes of Colombia
1829 in Peru
1829 in Colombia
Colombia–Peru border |
Varabiev is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Antrop Varabiev, Romanian sprint canoeist
Lipat Varabiev (born 1951), Romanian sprint canoeist
Romanian-language surnames |
Penicillium gracilentum is a species of the genus of Penicillium.
References
gracilentum
Fungi described in 1973 |
Adrian Sturges (born 17 October 1976) is a British-born film producer.
Early life
Sturges was born in London, England and grew up in Rochester, Kent
Education
Sturges was educated at The King's School, Rochester, in Kent, in South East England.
He studied Theology and Religious Studies and History of Art at King's College, Cambridge and graduated with First Class Honours in 1998. Whilst at Cambridge he was President of the Cambridge University Amateur Dramatic Club and produced comedy for the Footlights.
Sturges studied producing at the National Film and Television School, taking their Industry Course and was selected for the inaugural Inside Pictures scheme.
Life and career
Sturges began his career working as assistant to producer Simon Relph whilst he was also chairman of BAFTA. Sturges began producing by making the short films of such directors as Rupert Wyatt – Subterrain and Get the Picture, Gareth Lewis – Normal for Norfolk and Sam Taylor-Wood – Love You More, the latter being nominated for the BAFTA and the Palme d'Or
His first feature was The Baker, written and directed by Gareth Lewis. Subsequently, he produced The Escapist, the first film by Rupert Wyatt which was selected for the Sundance Film Festival and for which he won the British Independent Film Awards prize for Best Achievement in Production. He then produced The Disappearance of Alice Creed, written and directed by J Blakeson which premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival. In 2011 he produced Albatross, the film debut of Niall MacCormick.
For television he has produced Whatever Happened to Harry Hill? for Channel 4 – a spoof documentary about the comedian.
Future projects include J Blakeson's Bad Blood and Trouble which he is producing with Michael De Luca.
Sturges was named a Producer to Watch by Variety a Star of Tomorrow by Screen International Producer on the Move at Cannes Film Festival by European Film Promotion and a BAFTA Brit to Watch in 2011
Personal life
Sturges has a daughter, Nancy, born in 2010 and a son, Gilbert, born in 2011 with his partner Catherine Mahoney.
References
External links
Why producers so often have the toughest role Guardian article
1976 births
Living people
English film producers
Alumni of the National Film and Television School |
Rutilio Benzoni (1542–1613) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Recanati e Loreto (1592–1613) and Bishop of Loreto (1586–1592).
Biography
Rutilio Benzoni was born in 1542.
On 16 Dec 1586, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Sixtus V as Bishop of Loreto.
On 28 Dec 1586, he was consecrated bishop by Decio Azzolini (seniore), Bishop of Cervia, with Giulio Ricci, Bishop of Teramo, and Vincenzo Casali, Bishop of Massa Marittima, serving as co-consecrators.
On 9 Feb 1592, he was named as Bishop of Recanati e Loreto after the diocese was merged with the Diocese of Recanati.
He served as Bishop of Recanati e Loreto until his death on 31 Jan 1613.
While bishop, he was the principal co-consecrator of Marcello Crescenzi, Bishop of Assisi (1591); and Paolo Emilio Sfondrati, Bishop of Cremona (1607).
References
External links and additional sources
(for Chronology of Bishops)
(for Chronology of Bishops)
(for Chronology of Bishops)
(for Chronology of Bishops)
16th-century Italian Roman Catholic bishops
17th-century Italian Roman Catholic bishops
Bishops appointed by Pope Sixtus V
1542 births
1613 deaths |
Sako Finnfire, also known as the Sako Finnfire P94S, is a bolt action rifle made by Finnish firearms manufacturer Sako. The rifle was introduced in 1996, and is no longer in production. The Finnfire was largely based on the Finnscout 78, and also shared some parts with the TRG-S (M995) centerfire series of rifles. One of the main differences compared to the Finnscout 78 was that many of the steel parts on the Finnscout 78 had been replaced with plastic parts, such as for example the trigger guard and the magazine. The rifle had an adjustable single stage trigger where the pull weight could be set between 1–2 kg with a similar design as the TRG-S series.
The Finnfire was first launched in the Hunter version, which was followed by the larger Varmint version with a wider forend and heavier barrel. The even larger Range version was added later. All the versions came with walnut stocks and a free floating barrel. The Hunter version had the slimmest stock, while the Varmint version had a wider forend and a rubberized recoil pad, and the Range version stock was the heaviest stock intended for precision rifle shooting, but still became popular with some types of hunters. Only the Hunter version came with open sights, but it was not uncommon to remove those and instead attach a scope sight to the dovetail rail.
The receiver is machined from a piece of steel, and the barrel was mounted in the receiver with a push fit and attached with two cross bolts. The barrels were hammer forged with a 412.75 mm (16") rifling twist. The Finnfire Hunter was delivered with a 560 mm (22") long barrel, while the Varmint and Range version were delivered with a 610 mm (23") long barrel. Only later production models were delivered with a threaded muzzle from the factory. The bolt has two locking lugs on the back, and the bolt lift is 50 degrees.
See also
Sako Quad
Sako Finnfire II
References
Bolt-action rifles of Finland |
Ostentatio genitalium (Latin for "display of the genitals") is a term coined by Leo Steinberg in 1983 that refers to artistic emphasis of the genitals of Christ in Renaissance paintings. It can take the form of exposed display, demonstrative hand positions, (self) touch, exaggerated textile draping, etc. The term adapted the existing feature in iconography of the ostentatio vulnerum or "display of wounds", where Christ indicates the wound in his side, as in the Doubting Thomas episode, or depictions of the Man of Sorrows.
Ostentatio genitalium was a tendency opposite to the Byzantine practice of depicting a sexless Jesus (with flattened abdomen covered by veils), with first examples starting around 1260, gaining popularity in the Renaissance, and tapering off in the seventeenth-century. In the art of the 15th and 16th centuries in particular, there are numerous examples of the genitals being the focus of depictions not only because of their position, but also because of perspective and multiple pointers, as well as the artful arrangement of a loincloth, not usually found in older art. In principle, the genitals of Christ are shown unveiled in paintings of baby Jesus, while in scenes from the Passion, elaborately draped loincloths emphasize the genital region. Historically, the ostentatio genitalium is interpreted as an expression of the greatest possible self-humiliation of God assuming a mortal form, that, in words of Steinberg was “delivered from sin and shame”
The wider circle of corresponding representations includes portraits with the circumcision of Jesus, although in these Renaissance paintings Christ's genitals are often covered (e.g. by a hand of Mary). Art scholars such as Steinberg also see a connection between the circumcision motif and some depictions of the Crucifixion, in which the blood escaping from the side wound runs over the loincloth, creating an artistic connection between the first and last wound. A similar level of meaning is exhibited by images of the Entombment, in which a hand of the dead Christ rests on his genitals.
There are many theories about the origin of ostentatio genitalium. One of them connects it with the rise of Franciscan spirituality in the 13th century, and its slogan nudus nudum Christum sequi (“naked to follow the naked Christ”). Another sees it as part of the Renaissance movement towards anatomical correctness and naturalism in art.
Art historians such as Jean-Claude Schmitt or , also regard the covering of the genitals with a deliberately puffed-out loincloth as a symbolic castration, while at the same time they recognize a feminization of the body of Christ in the side wound, which is occasionally depicted as female genitals. The emphasis and simultaneous concealment of sexual characteristics is intended to indicate the fertility of Jesus, which, however, is not reflected in bodily but in spiritual descendants.
In Renaissance art, ostentatio genitalium avoids the question of Christ's sexuality in that the erect member only occurs in children's portraits or in the suffering or already dead Christ, in the latter in a meaning level that indicates the overcoming of death. A prominent example of this is the Man of Sorrows by Maarten van Heemskerck, c. 1550, with stigmata and a crown of thorns. Other examples are Man of Sorrows by from around 1520 and Hans Schäufelin's Crucifixion of Christ from 1515. By embedding the phallic depictions of Christ in the sorrowful Passion story, the depictions also negate lust and sexualization at the same time. In doing so, they follow the theological moral concepts of their time and suggest chastity as a means of regaining salvation. In discussion with Augustine of Hippo, Steinberg states the paradoxical atonement for the Fall of Man in ostentatio genitalium: it creates an “erection-resurrection equation”, which makes the viewers understand the holy mystery of "mortified-vivified flesh".
References
Literature
Leo Steinberg: The Sexuality of Christ in Renaissance Art and in Modern Oblivion. Chicago, 1997.
: '«Luftgeschlecht und spirituelle Kinder. Die Inszenierung des männlichen Genitals am Leib Christi.» In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung, 11./12. April 1998, pp. 67/68.
Jesus in art
Sexuality in arts
Renaissance art |
Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA), formerly known as allergic granulomatosis, is an extremely rare autoimmune condition that causes inflammation of small and medium-sized blood vessels (vasculitis) in persons with a history of airway allergic hypersensitivity (atopy).
It usually manifests in three stages. The early (prodromal) stage is marked by airway inflammation; almost all patients experience asthma and/or allergic rhinitis. The second stage is characterized by abnormally high numbers of eosinophils (hypereosinophilia), which causes tissue damage, most commonly to the lungs and the digestive tract. The third stage consists of vasculitis, which can eventually lead to cell death and can be life-threatening.
This condition is now called "eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis" to remove all eponyms from the vasculitides. To facilitate the transition, it was referred to as "eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Churg–Strauss)" for a period of time starting in 2012. Prior to this it was known as "Churg–Strauss syndrome", named after Jacob Churg and Lotte Strauss, who first published about the syndrome in 1951 using the term allergic granulomatosis to describe it. It is a type of systemic necrotizing vasculitis.
Effective treatment of EGPA requires suppression of the immune system with medication. This is typically glucocorticoids, followed by other agents such as cyclophosphamide or azathioprine.
Signs and symptoms
Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis consists of three stages, but not all patients develop all three stages or progress from one stage to the next in the same order; whereas some patients may develop severe or life-threatening complications such as gastrointestinal involvement and heart disease, some patients are only mildly affected, e.g. with skin lesions and nasal polyps. EGPA is consequently considered a highly variable condition in terms of its presentation and its course.
Allergic stage
The prodromal stage is characterized by allergy. Almost all patients experience asthma and/or allergic rhinitis, with more than 90% having a history of asthma that is either a new development, or the worsening of pre-existing asthma, which may require systemic corticosteroid treatment. On average, asthma develops from three to nine years before the other signs and symptoms.
The allergic rhinitis may produce symptoms such as rhinorrhea and nasal obstruction, and the formation of nasal polyps that require surgical removal, often more than once. Sinusitis may also be present.
Eosinophilic stage
The second stage is characterized by an abnormally high level of eosinophils (a type of white blood cell) in the blood and tissues as a result of abnormal eosinophil proliferation, impaired eosinophil apoptosis, and increased toxicity due to eosinophil metabolic products. A normal 5% eosinophil composition in total leukocyte count can be elevated to 60% in EGPA, and this local accumulation of eosinophil is involved in the pathogenesis of asthma described in the allergic stage by initiating and maintaining immune responses in inflammation. The symptoms of hypereosinophilia depend on which part of the body is affected, but most often it affects the lungs and digestive tract. The signs and symptoms of hypereosinophilia may include weight loss, night sweats, asthma, cough, abdominal pain, and gastrointestinal bleeding. Fever and malaise are often present.The eosinophilic stage can last months or years, and its symptoms can disappear, only to return later.
Vasculitic stage
The third and final stage, and hallmark of EGPA, is inflammation of the blood vessels, and the consequent reduction of blood flow to various organs and tissues. The damage done to the blood vessels can be explained by the overabundance of eosinophils that are produced and flowing throughout the vasculature of the body; eosinophil production, while essential for assisting inflammatory responses to infections and diseases, can lead to tissue damage when it is done in excess. Local and systemic symptoms become more widespread and are compounded by new symptoms from the vasculitis.
Severe complications may arise. Blood clots may develop within the damaged arteries in severe cases, particularly in arteries of the abdominal region, which is followed by infarction and cell death, or slow atrophy. Many patients experience severe abdominal complaints; these are most often due to peritonitis and/or ulcerations and perforations of the gastrointestinal tract, but occasionally due to acalculous cholecystitis or granulomatous appendicitis.
The most serious complication of the vasculitic stage is heart disease, which is the cause of nearly one-half of all deaths in patients with EGPA. Among heart disease-related deaths, the most usual cause is inflammation of the heart muscle caused by the high level of eosinophils, although some are deaths due to inflammation of the arteries that supply blood to the heart or pericardial tamponade. Kidney complications have been reported as being less common. Complications in the kidneys can include glomerulonephritis, which prevents the kidneys' ability to filter the blood, ultimately causing wastes to build up in the bloodstream.
Diagnosis
Diagnostic markers include eosinophil granulocytes and granulomas in affected tissue, and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) against neutrophil granulocytes. Two pathological subsets of EGPA are differentiated by the presence of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA), autoantibodies that mistakenly target and attack specific proteins found within the cytoplasm of neutrophils. The ANCA+ subtype is characterized by predominantly vasculitis-like manifestations, while the ANCA- subtype is more commonly associated with eosinophilic-related symptoms. Approximately 30-40% of EGPA cases are ANCA+. While the pathogenic mechanisms are not fully understood, this finding suggests a role of B cells – the precursors of ANCA-producing plasma cells – in the pathogenesis of EGPA.
The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for diagnosis of Churg–Strauss syndrome lists these criteria:
Asthma
Eosinophilia, i.e. eosinophil blood count greater than 500/microliter, or hypereosinophilia, i.e. eosinophil blood count greater than 1,500/microliter
Presence of mononeuropathy or polyneuropathy
Unfixed pulmonary infiltrates
Presence of paranasal sinus abnormalities
Histological evidence of extravascular eosinophils
For classification purposes, a patient shall be said to have EGPA if at least four of these six criteria are positive. The presence of any four or more of the six criteria yields a sensitivity of 85% and a specificity of 99.7%.
Risk stratification
The French Vasculitis Study Group has developed a five-point system ("five-factor score") that predicts the risk of death in Churg–Strauss syndrome using clinical presentations. These factors are:
Reduced renal function (creatinine >1.58 mg/dl or 140 μmol/L)
Proteinuria (>1 g/24h)
Gastrointestinal hemorrhage, infarction, or pancreatitis
Involvement of the central nervous system
Cardiomyopathy
Having none of these factors indicates milder case, with a five-year mortality rate of 11.9%. The presence of one factor indicates severe disease, with a five-year mortality rate of 26%, and three or more indicate very severe disease: 46% five-year mortality rate.
Imaging
On CT scan of the lungs, peripheral parenchymal opacification (pulmonary consolidation or ground-glass opacity) in the middle and lower zones is the predominant pattern. Interlobular septal thickening (septa separating the secondary pulmonary lobules can be due to pulmonary odema secondary to heart failure.
Treatment
Treatment for eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis includes glucocorticoids (such as prednisolone) and other immunosuppressive drugs (such as azathioprine and cyclophosphamide). In many cases, the disease can be put into a type of chemical remission through drug therapy, but the disease is chronic and lifelong.
A systematic review conducted in 2007 indicated all patients should be treated with high-dose steroids, but in patients with a five-factor score of one or higher, cyclophosphamide pulse therapy should be commenced, with 12 pulses leading to fewer relapses than six. Remission can be maintained with a less toxic drug, such as azathioprine or methotrexate.
On 12 December 2017, the FDA approved mepolizumab, the first drug therapy specifically indicated for the treatment of eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis. Patients taking mepolizumab experienced a "significant improvement" in their symptoms. Mepolizumab is a monoclonal antibody that targets interleukin-5, a major factor in eosinophil survival.
In addition to mepolizumab, a number of emerging targeted biotherapies—including the anti-IgE monoclonal antibody omalizumab, immunomodulation with Interferon-α, and B cell therapy with rituximab—may lead to increasingly personalized treatment regimens for future EGPA patients. A review of EGPA treatments conducted in 2020 proposes integrating targeted biotherapies into EGPA management plans following failure of treatment with corticosteroids.
History
Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis was first described by pathologists Jacob Churg (1910–2005) and Lotte Strauss (1913–1985) at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City in 1951, using the term "allergic granulomatosis" to describe it. They reported "fever...hypereosinophilia, symptoms of cardiac failure, renal damage, and peripheral neuropathy, resulting from vascular embarrassment in various systems of organs" in a series of 13 patients with necrotizing vasculitis previously diagnosed as "periarteritis nodosa", accompanied by hypereosinophilia and severe asthma. Churg and Strauss noted three features which distinguished their patients from other patients with periarteritis nodosa but without asthma: necrotizing vasculitis, tissue eosinophilia, and extravascular granuloma. As a result, they proposed that these cases were evident of a different disease entity, which they referred to as "allergic granulomatosis and angiitis".
Society and culture
The memoir Patient, by musician Ben Watt (of Everything but the Girl fame), deals with his experience with EGPA in 1992, and his recovery. Watt's case was unusual in that it mainly affected his gastrointestinal tract, leaving his lungs largely unaffected; this unusual presentation contributed to a delay in proper diagnosis. His treatment required the removal of 5 m (15 ft) of necrotized small intestine (about 75%), leaving him on a permanently restricted diet.
Umaru Musa Yar'Adua, the president of Nigeria from 2007 to 2010, reportedly had EGPA and died in office of complications of the disease.
DJ and author Charlie Gillett was diagnosed with EGPA in 2006; he died four years later.
Japanese ski jumper Taku Takeuchi, who won the bronze medal in the team competition in 2014, has the disease and competed at the Sochi Olympics less than a month after being released from hospital treatment.
New Zealand reporter and television presenter Toni Street was diagnosed with the condition in 2015. Street has had health problems for several years, including removal of her gallbladder four months prior.
American professional basketball player Willie Naulls died on 22 November 2018 in Laguna Niguel, California, from respiratory failure due to EGPA, which he had been battling for eight years.
Canadian stand-up comic Candy Palmater died on December 25, 2021, shortly after being diagnosed with EGPA.
Filipino actress Kris Aquino, sister of former Philippine President Benigno Aquino III, revealed on 16 May 2022 that she was diagnosed with EGPA.
References
Further reading
External links
Autoimmune diseases
Eosinophilic cutaneous conditions
Lung disorders
Steroid-responsive inflammatory conditions
Syndromes affecting the lung |
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