Split (2)

train · 999k rows

text stringlengths 1 22.8M
Savage Beauty is a South African drama series that was released on 12 May 2022 on Netflix. The series was written by Lebogang Mogashoa. The series is about the mystery woman who enmeshes herself in a strong family that controls a global beauty empire and is hiding some dark secrets in order to exact retribution for her tragic past. The series has been renewed for Season 2. Plot Savage Beauty revolves around Bhengu Beauty (the global beauty empire) that was known to the south African culture and Zinhle (the face of the brand) who has come to avenge the Bhengu family. The public is unaware that Don and Grace Bhengu's lucrative beauty business was founded on the immoral practice of testing a skin-lightening product on children. That is, until one of the two survivors, Zinhle Manzini, arrives 15 years later to reveal them and reduce their dominion to ashes. Cast Main Rosemary Zimu as Zinhle Manzini Dumisani Mbebe as Don Bhengu Nthati Moshesh as Grace Bhengu Angela Sithole as Thando Bhengu Jesse Suntele as Phila Bhengu Nambitha Ben-Mazwi as Linda Bhengu Oros Mampofu as Ndu Bhengu Mpho Sebeng as Bonga Recurring Vaughn Lucas as Peter John Ncamane as Kolobe Tina Redman as Zandi Nandi Mbatha as Ruby Didintle Khunou as Vee Thami Ngoma as Regina Khutjo Green as Chief Nurse Slindile Nodangala as Gogo Simphiwe Bridget Masinga as Bhengu PR Person Eve Rasimeni as Nurse Noni Vele Manenje as Makhosi Mnisi Mnatha Vika as Doctor Episodes Season 1 (2022) References External links 2022 South African television series debuts 2022 South African television series endings South African drama television series English-language Netflix original programming Sotho-language television shows Television series about revenge
Clarence C. Wiley (October 25, 1883 – March 2, 1908) was an American pharmacist from Oskaloosa, Iowa who won fame for his folk rag entitled "Car-Barlick-Acid Rag". According to Census records, he was one of five children born to Benson and Ella Wiley. Wiley copyrighted his composition on August 9, 1901. Giles Brothers purchased his rag in 1904 and sold it in turn to Jerome H. Remick and Company in 1907. It was published as sheet music and also in the form of a player piano roll. He died in 1908 from a morphine overdose and was buried in Keokuk County, Iowa. See also List of ragtime composers References External links MIDI file of Car-Balick-Acid Rag derived from a scanned player piano roll 1883 births 1908 deaths American male composers American composers People from Bellaire, Ohio People from Oskaloosa, Iowa Ragtime composers American pharmacists 19th-century American male musicians 20th-century American male musicians
Lepidoptera ( ) is an order of insects that includes butterflies and moths (both are called lepidopterans). About 180,000 species of the Lepidoptera have been described, representing ten percent of the total described species of living organisms, and placed in 126 families and 46 superfamilies. It is one of the most widespread and widely recognizable insect orders in the world. The Lepidoptera show many variations of the basic body structure that have evolved to gain advantages in lifestyle and distribution. Recent estimates suggest the order may have more species than earlier thought, and is among the four most species-rich orders, along with the Hymenoptera, Diptera, and Coleoptera. Lepidopteran species are characterized by more than three derived features. The most apparent is the presence of scales that cover the bodies, wings, and a proboscis. The scales are modified, flattened "hairs", and give butterflies and moths their wide variety of colors and patterns. Almost all species have some form of membranous wings, except for a few that have reduced wings or are wingless. Mating and the laying of eggs is normally performed near or on host plants for the larvae. Like most other insects, butterflies and moths are holometabolous, meaning they undergo complete metamorphosis. The larvae are commonly called caterpillars, and are completely different from their adult moth or butterfly forms, having a cylindrical body with a well-developed head, mandible mouth parts, three pairs of thoracic legs and from none up to five pairs of prolegs. As they grow, these larvae change in appearance, going through a series of stages called instars. Once fully matured, the larva develops into a pupa. A few butterflies and many moth species spin a silk case or cocoon prior to pupating, while others do not, instead going underground. A butterfly pupa, called a chrysalis, has a hard skin, usually with no cocoon. Once the pupa has completed its metamorphosis, a sexually mature adult emerges. The Lepidoptera have, over millions of years, evolved a wide range of wing patterns and coloration ranging from drab moths akin to the related order Trichoptera, to the brightly colored and complex-patterned butterflies. Accordingly, this is the most recognized and popular of insect orders with many people involved in the observation, study, collection, rearing of, and commerce in these insects. A person who collects or studies this order is referred to as a lepidopterist. Butterflies and moths play an important role in the natural ecosystem as pollinators and as food in the food chain; conversely, their larvae are considered very problematic to vegetation in agriculture, as their main source of food is often live plant matter. In many species, the female may produce from 200 to 600 eggs, while in others, the number may approach 30,000 eggs in one day. The caterpillars hatching from these eggs can cause damage to large quantities of crops. Many moth and butterfly species are of economic interest by virtue of their role as pollinators, the silk they produce, or as pest species. Etymology The term Lepidoptera was used in 1746 by Carl Linnaeus in his Fauna Svecica. The word is derived from Greek , gen. ("scale") and ("wing"). Sometimes, the term Rhopalocera is used for the clade of all butterfly species, derived from the Ancient Greek () and () meaning "club" and "horn", respectively, coming from the shape of the antennae of butterflies. The origins of the common names "butterfly" and "moth" are varied and often obscure. The English word butterfly is from Old English , with many variations in spelling. Other than that, the origin is unknown, although it could be derived from the pale yellow color of many species' wings suggesting the color of butter. The species of Heterocera are commonly called moths. The origins of the English word moth are clearer, deriving from Old English (cf. Northumbrian dialect ) from Common Germanic (compare Old Norse , Dutch and German all meaning "moth"). Perhaps its origins are related to Old English meaning "maggot" or from the root of "midge", which until the 16th century was used mostly to indicate the larva, usually in reference to devouring clothes. The etymological origins of the word "caterpillar", the larval form of butterflies and moths, are from the early 16th century, from Middle English , , probably an alteration of Old North French (from Latin , "cat" + , "hairy"). Distribution and diversity The Lepidoptera are among the most successful groups of insects. They are found on all continents, except Antarctica, and inhabit all terrestrial habitats ranging from desert to rainforest, from lowland grasslands to mountain plateaus, but almost always associated with higher plants, especially angiosperms (flowering plants). Among the most northern dwelling species of butterflies and moths is the Arctic Apollo (Parnassius arcticus), which is found in the Arctic Circle in northeastern Yakutia, at an altitude of above sea level. In the Himalayas, various Apollo species such as Parnassius epaphus have been recorded to occur up to an altitude of above sea level. Some lepidopteran species exhibit symbiotic, phoretic, or parasitic lifestyles, inhabiting the bodies of organisms rather than the environment. Coprophagous pyralid moth species, called sloth moths, such as Bradipodicola hahneli and Cryptoses choloepi, are unusual in that they are exclusively found inhabiting the fur of sloths, mammals found in Central and South America. Two species of Tinea moths have been recorded as feeding on horny tissue and have been bred from the horns of cattle. The larva of Zenodochium coccivorella is an internal parasite of the coccid Kermes species. Many species have been recorded as breeding in natural materials or refuse such as owl pellets, bat caves, honeycombs or diseased fruit. As of 2007, there were roughly 174,250 lepidopteran species described, with butterflies and skippers estimated to comprise around 17,950, and moths making up the rest. The vast majority of Lepidoptera are to be found in the tropics, but substantial diversity exists on most continents. North America has over 700 species of butterflies and over 11,000 species of moths, while about 400 species of butterflies and 14,000 species of moths are reported from Australia. The diversity of Lepidoptera in each faunal region has been estimated by John Heppner in 1991 based partly on actual counts from the literature, partly on the card indices in the Natural History Museum (London) and the National Museum of Natural History (Washington), and partly on estimates: External morphology Lepidoptera are morphologically distinguished from other orders principally by the presence of scales on the external parts of the body and appendages, especially the wings. Butterflies and moths vary in size from microlepidoptera only a few millimeters long, to conspicuous animals with a wingspan greater than , such as the Queen Alexandra's birdwing and Atlas moth. Lepidopterans undergo a four-stage life cycle: egg; larva or caterpillar; pupa or chrysalis; and imago (plural: imagines) / adult and show many variations of the basic body structure, which give these animals advantages for diverse lifestyles and environments. Head The head is where many sensing organs and the mouth parts are found. Like the adult, the larva also has a toughened, or sclerotized head capsule. Here, two compound eyes, and chaetosema, raised spots or clusters of sensory bristles unique to Lepidoptera, occur, though many taxa have lost one or both of these spots. The antennae have a wide variation in form among species and even between different sexes. The antennae of butterflies are usually filiform and shaped like clubs, those of the skippers are hooked, while those of moths have flagellar segments variously enlarged or branched. Some moths have enlarged antennae or ones that are tapered and hooked at the ends. The maxillary galeae are modified and form an elongated proboscis. The proboscis consists of one to five segments, usually kept coiled up under the head by small muscles when it is not being used to suck up nectar from flowers or other liquids. Some basal moths still have mandibles, or separate moving jaws, like their ancestors, and these form the family Micropterigidae. The larvae, called caterpillars, have a toughened head capsule. Caterpillars lack the proboscis and have separate chewing mouthparts. These mouthparts, called mandibles, are used to chew up the plant matter that the larvae eat. The lower jaw, or labium, is weak, but may carry a spinneret, an organ used to create silk. The head is made of large lateral lobes, each having an ellipse of up to six simple eyes. Thorax The thorax is made of three fused segments, the prothorax, mesothorax, and metathorax, each with a pair of legs. The first segment contains the first pair of legs. In some males of the butterfly family Nymphalidae, the forelegs are greatly reduced and are not used for walking or perching. The three pairs of legs are covered with scales. Lepidoptera also have olfactory organs on their feet, which aid the butterfly in "tasting" or "smelling" out its food. In the larval form there are 3 pairs of true legs, with up to 11 pairs of abdominal legs (usually eight) and hooklets, called apical crochets. The two pairs of wings are found on the middle and third segments, or mesothorax and metathorax, respectively. In the more recent genera, the wings of the second segment are much more pronounced, although some more primitive forms have similarly sized wings of both segments. The wings are covered in scales arranged like shingles, which form an extraordinary variety of colors and patterns. The mesothorax has more powerful muscles to propel the moth or butterfly through the air, with the wing of this segment (forewing) having a stronger vein structure. The largest superfamily, the Noctuoidea, has their wings modified to act as tympanal or hearing organs. The caterpillar has an elongated, soft body that may have hair-like or other projections, three pairs of true legs, with none to 11 pairs of abdominal legs (usually eight) and hooklets, called apical crochets. The thorax usually has a pair of legs on each segment. The thorax is also lined with many spiracles on both the mesothorax and metathorax, except for a few aquatic species, which instead have a form of gills. Abdomen The abdomen, which is less sclerotized than the thorax, consists of 10 segments with membranes in between, allowing for articulated movement. The sternum, on the first segment, is small in some families and is completely absent in others. The last two or three segments form the external parts of the species' sex organs. The genitalia of Lepidoptera are highly varied and are often the only means of differentiating between species. Male genitals include a valva, which is usually large, as it is used to grasp the female during mating. Female genitalia include three distinct sections. The females of basal moths have only one sex organ, which is used for copulation and as an ovipositor, or egg-laying organ. About 98% of moth species have a separate organ for mating, and an external duct that carries the sperm from the male. The abdomen of the caterpillar has four pairs of prolegs, normally located on the third to sixth segments of the abdomen, and a separate pair of prolegs by the anus, which have a pair of tiny hooks called crotchets. These aid in gripping and walking, especially in species that lack many prolegs (e. g. larvae of Geometridae). In some basal moths, these prolegs may be on every segment of the body, while prolegs may be completely absent in other groups, which are more adapted to boring and living in sand (e. g., Prodoxidae and Nepticulidae, respectively). Scales The wings, head, and parts of the thorax and abdomen of Lepidoptera are covered with minute scales, a feature from which the order derives its name. Most scales are lamellar, or blade-like, and attached with a pedicel, while other forms may be hair-like or specialized as secondary sexual characteristics. The lumen or surface of the lamella has a complex structure. It gives color either by colored pigments it contains, or through structural coloration with mechanisms that include photonic crystals and diffraction gratings. Scales function in insulation, thermoregulation, producing pheromones (in males only), and aiding gliding flight, but the most important is the large diversity of vivid or indistinct patterns they provide, which help the organism protect itself by camouflage or mimicry, and which act as signals to other animals including rivals and potential mates. Internal morphology Reproductive system In the reproductive system of butterflies and moths, the male genitalia are complex and unclear. In females the three types of genitalia are based on the relating taxa: 'monotrysian', 'exoporian', and 'ditrysian'. In the monotrysian type is an opening on the fused segments of the sterna 9 and 10, which act as insemination and oviposition. In the exoporian type (in Hepialoidea and Mnesarchaeoidea) are two separate places for insemination and oviposition, both occurring on the same sterna as the monotrysian type, i.e. 9 and 10. The ditrysian groups have an internal duct that carries sperm, with separate openings for copulation and egg-laying. In most species, the genitalia are flanked by two soft lobes, although they may be specialized and sclerotized in some species for ovipositing in area such as crevices and inside plant tissue. Hormones and the glands that produce them run the development of butterflies and moths as they go through their life cycles, called the endocrine system. The first insect hormone prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) operates the species life cycle and diapause. This hormone is produced by corpora allata and corpora cardiaca, where it is also stored. Some glands are specialized to perform certain task such as producing silk or producing saliva in the palpi. While the corpora cardiaca produce PTTH, the corpora allata also produces juvenile hormones, and the prothorocic glands produce moulting hormones. Digestive system In the digestive system, the anterior region of the foregut has been modified to form a pharyngeal sucking pump as they need it for the food they eat, which are for the most part liquids. An esophagus follows and leads to the posterior of the pharynx and in some species forms a form of crop. The midgut is short and straight, with the hindgut being longer and coiled. Ancestors of lepidopteran species, stemming from Hymenoptera, had midgut ceca, although this is lost in current butterflies and moths. Instead, all the digestive enzymes, other than initial digestion, are immobilized at the surface of the midgut cells. In larvae, long-necked and stalked goblet cells are found in the anterior and posterior midgut regions, respectively. In insects, the goblet cells excrete positive potassium ions, which are absorbed from leaves ingested by the larvae. Most butterflies and moths display the usual digestive cycle, but species with different diets require adaptations to meet these new demands. Circulatory system In the circulatory system, hemolymph, or insect blood, is used to circulate heat in a form of thermoregulation, where muscles contraction produces heat, which is transferred to the rest of the body when conditions are unfavorable. In lepidopteran species, hemolymph is circulated through the veins in the wings by some form of pulsating organ, either by the heart or by the intake of air into the trachea. Respiratory system Air is taken in through spiracles along the sides of the abdomen and thorax supplying the trachea with oxygen as it goes through the lepidopteran's respiratory system. Three different tracheaes supply and diffuse oxygen throughout the species' bodies. The dorsal tracheae supply oxygen to the dorsal musculature and vessels, while the ventral tracheae supply the ventral musculature and nerve cord, and the visceral tracheae supply the guts, fat bodies, and gonads. Polymorphism Polymorphism is the appearance of forms or "morphs", which differ in color and number of attributes within a single species. In Lepidoptera, polymorphism can be seen not only between individuals in a population, but also between the sexes as sexual dimorphism, between geographically separated populations in geographical polymorphism, and between generations flying at different seasons of the year (seasonal polymorphism or polyphenism). In some species, the polymorphism is limited to one sex, typically the female. This often includes the phenomenon of mimicry when mimetic morphs fly alongside nonmimetic morphs in a population of a particular species. Polymorphism occurs both at specific level with heritable variation in the overall morphological adaptations of individuals, as well as in certain specific morphological or physiological traits within a species. Environmental polymorphism, in which traits are not inherited, is often termed as polyphenism, which in Lepidoptera is commonly seen in the form of seasonal morphs, especially in the butterfly families of Nymphalidae and Pieridae. An Old World pierid butterfly, the common grass yellow (Eurema hecabe) has a darker summer adult morph, triggered by a long day exceeding 13 hours in duration, while the shorter diurnal period of 12 hours or less induces a paler morph in the postmonsoon period. Polyphenism also occurs in caterpillars, an example being the peppered moth, Biston betularia. Geographical isolation causes a divergence of a species into different morphs. A good example is the Indian white admiral Limenitis procris, which has five forms, each geographically separated from the other by large mountain ranges. An even more dramatic showcase of geographical polymorphism is the Apollo butterfly (Parnassius apollo). Because the Apollos live in small local populations, thus having no contact with each other, coupled with their strong stenotopic nature and weak migration ability, interbreeding between populations of one species practically does not occur; by this, they form over 600 different morphs, with the size of spots on the wings of which varies greatly. Sexual dimorphism is the occurrence of differences between males and females in a species. In Lepidoptera, it is widespread and almost completely set by genetic determination. Sexual dimorphism is present in all families of the Papilionoidea and more prominent in the Lycaenidae, Pieridae, and certain taxa of the Nymphalidae. Apart from color variation, which may differ from slight to completely different color-pattern combinations, secondary sexual characteristics may also be present. Different genotypes maintained by natural selection may also be expressed at the same time. Polymorphic and/or mimetic females occur in the case of some taxa in the Papilionidae primarily to obtain a level of protection not available to the male of their species. The most distinct case of sexual dimorphism is that of adult females of many Psychidae species which have only vestigial wings, legs, and mouthparts as compared to the adult males that are strong fliers with well-developed wings and feathery antennae. Reproduction and development Species of Lepidoptera undergo holometabolism or "complete metamorphosis". Their life cycle normally consists of an egg, a larva, a pupa, and an imago or adult. The larvae are commonly called caterpillars, and the pupae of moths encapsulated in silk are called cocoons, while the uncovered pupae of butterflies are called chrysalides. Lepidopterans in diapause Unless the species reproduces year-round, a butterfly or moth may enter diapause, a state of dormancy that allows the insect to survive unfavorable environmental conditions. Mating Males usually start eclosion (emergence) earlier than females and peak in numbers before females. Both of the sexes are sexually mature by the time of eclosion. Butterflies and moths normally do not associate with each other, except for migrating species, staying relatively asocial. Mating begins with an adult (female or male) attracting a mate, normally using visual stimuli, especially in diurnal species like most butterflies. However, the females of most nocturnal species, including almost all moth species, use pheromones to attract males, sometimes from long distances. Some species engage in a form of acoustic courtship, or attract mates using sound or vibration such as the polka-dot wasp moth, Syntomeida epilais. Adaptations include undergoing one seasonal generation, two or even more, called voltinism (Univoltism, bivoltism, and multivism, respectively). Most lepidopterans in temperate climates are univoltine, while in tropical climates most have two seasonal broods. Some others may take advantage of any opportunity they can get, and mate continuously throughout the year. These seasonal adaptations are controlled by hormones, and these delays in reproduction are called diapause. Many lepidopteran species, after mating and laying their eggs, die shortly afterwards, having only lived for a few days after eclosion. Others may still be active for several weeks and then overwinter and become sexually active again when the weather becomes more favorable, or diapause. The sperm of the male that mated most recently with the female is most likely to have fertilized the eggs, but the sperm from a prior mating may still prevail. Life cycle Eggs Lepidoptera usually reproduce sexually and are oviparous (egg-laying), though some species exhibit live birth in a process called ovoviviparity. A variety of differences in egg-laying and the number of eggs laid occur. Some species simply drop their eggs in flight (these species normally have polyphagous larvae, meaning they eat a variety of plants e. g., hepialids and some nymphalids) while most lay their eggs near or on the host plant on which the larvae feed. The number of eggs laid may vary from only a few to several thousand. The females of both butterflies and moths select the host plant instinctively, and primarily, by chemical cues. The eggs are derived from materials ingested as a larva and in some species, from the spermatophores received from males during mating. An egg can only be 1/1000 the mass of the female, yet she may lay up to her own mass in eggs. Females lay smaller eggs as they age. Larger females lay larger eggs. The egg is covered by a hard-ridged protective outer layer of shell, called the chorion. It is lined with a thin coating of wax, which prevents the egg from drying out. Each egg contains a number of micropyles, or tiny funnel-shaped openings at one end, the purpose of which is to allow sperm to enter and fertilize the egg. Butterfly and moth eggs vary greatly in size between species, but they are all either spherical or ovate. The egg stage lasts a few weeks in most butterflies, but eggs laid prior to winter, especially in temperate regions, go through diapause, and hatching may be delayed until spring. Other butterflies may lay their eggs in the spring and have them hatch in the summer. These butterflies are usually temperate species (e. g. Nymphalis antiopa). Larvae The larvae or caterpillars are the first stage in the life cycle after hatching. Caterpillars are "characteristic polypod larvae with cylindrical bodies, short thoracic legs, and abdominal prolegs (pseudopods)". They have a sclerotized head capsule with an adfrontal suture formed by medial fusion of the sclerites, mandibles (mouthparts) for chewing, and a soft tubular, segmented body, that may have hair-like or other projections, three pairs of true legs, and additional prolegs (up to five pairs). The body consists of thirteen segments, of which three are thoracic and ten are abdominal. Most larvae are herbivores, but a few are carnivores (some eat ants or other caterpillars) and detritivores. Different herbivorous species have adapted to feed on every part of the plant and are normally considered pests to their host plants; some species have been found to lay their eggs on the fruit and other species lay their eggs on clothing or fur (e. g., Tineola bisselliella, the common clothes moth). Some species are carnivorous, and others are even parasitic. Some lycaenid species such as Phengaris rebeli are social parasites of Myrmica ant nests. A species of Geometridae from Hawaii has carnivorous larvae that catch and eat flies. Some pyralid caterpillars are aquatic. The larvae develop rapidly with several generations in a year; however, some species may take up to 3 years to develop, and exceptional examples like Gynaephora groenlandica take as long as seven years. The larval stage is where the feeding and growing stages occur, and the larvae periodically undergo hormone-induced ecdysis, developing further with each instar, until they undergo the final larval-pupal molt. The larvae of both butterflies and moths exhibit mimicry to deter potential predators. Some caterpillars have the ability to inflate parts of their heads to appear snake-like. Many have false eye-spots to enhance this effect. Some caterpillars have special structures called osmeteria (family Papilionidae), which are exposed to produce smelly chemicals used in defense. Host plants often have toxic substances in them, and caterpillars are able to sequester these substances and retain them into the adult stage. This helps make them unpalatable to birds and other predators. Such unpalatability is advertised using bright red, orange, black, or white warning colors. The toxic chemicals in plants are often evolved specifically to prevent them from being eaten by insects. Insects, in turn, develop countermeasures or make use of these toxins for their own survival. This "arms race" has led to the coevolution of insects and their host plants. Wing development No form of wing is externally visible on the larva, but when larvae are dissected, developing wings can be seen as disks, which can be found on the second and third thoracic segments, in place of the spiracles that are apparent on abdominal segments. Wing disks develop in association with a trachea that runs along the base of the wing, and are surrounded by a thin peripodial membrane, which is linked to the outer epidermis of the larva by a tiny duct. Wing disks are very small until the last larval instar, when they increase dramatically in size, are invaded by branching tracheae from the wing base that precede the formation of the wing veins and begin to develop patterns associated with several landmarks of the wing. Near pupation, the wings are forced outside the epidermis under pressure from the hemolymph, and although they are initially quite flexible and fragile, by the time the pupa breaks free of the larval cuticle, they have adhered tightly to the outer cuticle of the pupa (in obtect pupae). Within hours, the wings form a cuticle so hard and well-joined to the body that pupae can be picked up and handled without damage to the wings. Pupa After about five to seven instars, or molts, certain hormones, like PTTH, stimulate the production of ecdysone, which initiates insect molting. The larva starts to develop into the pupa: body parts specific to the larva, such as the abdominal prolegs, degenerate, while others such as the legs and wings undergo growth. After finding a suitable place, the animal sheds its last larval cuticle, revealing the pupal cuticle underneath. Depending on the species, the pupa may be covered in a silk cocoon, attached to different types of substrates, buried in the ground, or may not be covered at all. Features of the imago are externally recognizable in the pupa. All the appendages on the adult head and thorax are found cased inside the cuticle (antennae, mouthparts, etc.), with the wings wrapped around, adjacent to the antennae. The pupae of some species have functional mandibles, while the pupal mandibles are not functional in others. Although the pupal cuticle is highly sclerotized, some of the lower abdominal segments are not fused, and are able to move using small muscles found in between the membrane. Moving may help the pupa, for example, escape the sun, which would otherwise kill it. The pupa of the Mexican jumping bean moth (Cydia saltitans) does this. The larvae cut a trapdoor in the bean (species of Sebastiania) and use the bean as a shelter. With a sudden rise in temperature, the pupa inside twitches and jerks, pulling on the threads inside. Wiggling may also help to deter parasitoid wasps from laying eggs on the pupa. Other species of moths are able to make clicks to deter predators. The length of time before the pupa ecloses (emerges) varies greatly. The monarch butterfly may stay in its chrysalis for two weeks, while other species may need to stay for more than 10 months in diapause. The adult emerges from the pupa either by using abdominal hooks or from projections located on the head. The mandibles found in the most primitive moth families are used to escape from their cocoon (e. g., Micropterigoidea). Adult Most lepidopteran species do not live long after eclosion, only needing a few days to find a mate and then lay their eggs. Others may remain active for a longer period (from one to several weeks) or go through diapause and overwintering as monarch butterflies do, or waiting out environmental stress. Some adult species of microlepidoptera go through a stage where no reproductive-related activity occurs, lasting through summer and winter, followed by mating and oviposition in the early spring. While most butterflies and moths are terrestrial, many species of Acentropinae (Crambidae) are truly aquatic with all stages except the adult occurring in water. Many species from other families such as Erebidae, Nepticulidae, Cosmopterigidae, Tortricidae, Olethreutidae, Noctuidae, Cossidae, and Sphingidae are aquatic or semiaquatic. Behavior Flight Flight is an important aspect of the lives of butterflies and moths, and is used for evading predators, searching for food, and finding mates in a timely manner, as most lepidopteran species do not live long after eclosion. It is the main form of locomotion in most species. In Lepidoptera, the forewings and hindwings are mechanically coupled and flap in synchrony. Flight is anteromotoric, or being driven primarily by action of the forewings. Although lepidopteran species reportedly can still fly when their hindwings are cut off, it reduces their linear flight and turning capabilities. Lepidopteran species have to be warm, about , to fly. They depend on their body temperature being sufficiently high and since they cannot regulate it themselves, this is dependent on their environment. Butterflies living in cooler climates may use their wings to warm their bodies. They will bask in the sun, spreading out their wings so that they get maximum exposure to the sunlight. In hotter climates butterflies can easily overheat, so they are usually active only during the cooler parts of the day, early morning, late afternoon or early evening. During the heat of the day, they rest in the shade. Some larger thick-bodied moths (e.g. Sphingidae) can generate their own heat to a limited degree by vibrating their wings. The heat generated by the flight muscles warms the thorax while the temperature of the abdomen is unimportant for flight. To avoid overheating, some moths rely on hairy scales, internal air sacs, and other structures to separate the thorax and abdomen and keep the abdomen cooler. Some species of butterflies can reach fast speeds, such as the southern dart, which can go as fast as . Sphingids are some of the fastest flying insects, some are capable of flying at over , having a wingspan of . In some species, sometimes a gliding component to their flight exists. Flight occurs either as hovering, or as forward or backward motion. In butterfly and moth species, such as hawk moths, hovering is important as they need to maintain a certain stability over flowers when feeding on the nectar. Navigation Navigation is important to Lepidoptera species, especially for those that migrate. Butterflies, which have more species that migrate, have been shown to navigate using time-compensated sun compasses. They can see polarized light, so can orient even in cloudy conditions. The polarized light in the region close to the ultraviolet spectrum is suggested to be particularly important. Most migratory butterflies are those that live in semiarid areas where breeding seasons are short. The life histories of their host plants also influence the strategies of the butterflies. Other theories include the use of landscapes. Lepidoptera may use coastal lines, mountains, and even roads to orient themselves. Above sea, the flight direction is much more accurate if the coast is still visible. Many studies have also shown that moths navigate. One study showed that many moths may use the Earth's magnetic field to navigate, as a study of the heart and dart moth suggests. Another study, of the migratory behavior of the silver Y, showed, even at high altitudes, the species can correct its course with changing winds, and prefers flying with favourable winds, suggesting a great sense of direction. Aphrissa statira in Panama loses its navigational capacity when exposed to a magnetic field, suggesting it uses the Earth's magnetic field. Moths exhibit a tendency to circle artificial lights repeatedly. This suggests they use a technique of celestial navigation called transverse orientation. By maintaining a constant angular relationship to a bright celestial light, such as the Moon, they can fly in a straight line. Celestial objects are so far away, even after traveling great distances, the change in angle between the moth and the light source is negligible; further, the moon will always be in the upper part of the visual field or on the horizon. When a moth encounters a much closer artificial light and uses it for navigation, the angle changes noticeably after only a short distance, in addition to being often below the horizon. The moth instinctively attempts to correct by turning toward the light, causing airborne moths to come plummeting downwards, and at close range, which results in a spiral flight path that gets closer and closer to the light source. Other explanations have been suggested, such as the idea that moths may be impaired with a visual distortion called a Mach band by Henry Hsiao in 1972. He stated that they fly towards the darkest part of the sky in pursuit of safety, thus are inclined to circle ambient objects in the Mach band region. Migration Lepidopteran migration is typically seasonal, as the insects moving to escape dry seasons or other disadvantageous conditions. Most lepidopterans that migrate are butterflies, and the distance travelled varies. Some butterflies that migrate include the mourning cloak, painted lady, American lady, red admiral, and the common buckeye. A notable species of moth that migrates long distances is the bogong moth. The most well-known migrations are those of the eastern population of the monarch butterfly from Mexico to northern United States and southern Canada, a distance of about . Other well-known migratory species include the painted lady and several of the danaine butterflies. Spectacular and large-scale migrations associated with the monsoons are seen in peninsular India. Migrations have been studied in more recent times using wing tags and stable hydrogen isotopes. Moths also undertake migrations, an example being the uraniids. Urania fulgens undergoes population explosions and massive migrations that may be not surpassed by any other insect in the Neotropics. In Costa Rica and Panama, the first population movements may begin in July and early August and depending on the year, may be very massive, continuing unabated for as long as five months. Communication Pheromones are commonly involved in mating rituals among species, especially moths, but they are also an important aspect of other forms of communication. Usually, the pheromones are produced by either the male or the female and detected by members of the opposite sex with their antennae. In many species, a gland between the eighth and ninth segments under the abdomen in the female produces the pheromones. Communication can also occur through stridulation, or producing sounds by rubbing various parts of the body together. Moths are known to engage in acoustic forms of communication, most often as courtship, attracting mates using sound or vibration. Like most other insects, moths pick up these sounds using tympanic membranes in their abdomens. An example is that of the polka-dot wasp moth (Syntomeida epilais), which produces sounds with a frequency above that normally detectable by humans (about 20 kHz). These sounds also function as tactile communication, or communication through touch, as they stridulate, or vibrate a substrate like leaves and stems. Most moths lack bright colors, as many species use coloration as camouflage, but butterflies engage in visual communication. Female cabbage butterflies, for example, use ultraviolet light to communicate, with scales colored in this range on the dorsal wing surface. When they fly, each down stroke of the wing creates a brief flash of ultraviolet light which the males apparently recognize as the flight signature of a potential mate. These flashes from the wings may attract several males that engage in aerial courtship displays. Ecology Moths and butterflies are important in the natural ecosystem. They are integral participants in the food chain; having co-evolved with flowering plants and predators, lepidopteran species have formed a network of trophic relationships between autotrophs and heterotrophs, which are included in the stages of Lepidoptera larvae, pupae, and adults. Larvae and pupae are links in the diets of birds and parasitic entomophagous insects. The adults are included in food webs in a much broader range of consumers (including birds, small mammals, reptiles, etc.). Defense and predation Lepidopteran species are soft bodied, fragile, and almost defenseless, while the immature stages move slowly or are immobile, hence all stages are exposed to predation. Adult butterflies and moths are preyed upon by birds, bats, lizards, amphibians, dragonflies, and spiders. One spider species, Argiope argentata, eats butterflies and moths and exhibits a long bite when preying on them rather than wrapping them in silk first. This is theorized to serve as an immobilization tactic. Caterpillars and pupae fall prey not only to birds, but also to invertebrate predators and small mammals, as well as fungi and bacteria. Parasitoid and parasitic wasps and flies may lay eggs in the caterpillar, which eventually kill it as they hatch inside its body and eat its tissues. Insect-eating birds are probably the largest predators. Lepidoptera, especially the immature stages, are an ecologically important food to many insectivorous birds, such as the great tit in Europe. An "evolutionary arms race" can be seen between predator and prey species. The Lepidoptera have developed a number of strategies for defense and protection, including evolution of morphological characters and changes in ecological lifestyles and behaviors. These include aposematism, mimicry, camouflage, and development of threat patterns and displays. Only a few birds, such as the nightjars, hunt nocturnal lepidopterans. Their main predators are bats. Again, an "evolutionary race" exists, which has led to numerous evolutionary adaptations of moths to escape from their main predators, such as the ability to hear ultrasonic sounds, or even to emit sounds in some cases. Lepidopteran eggs are also preyed upon. Some caterpillars, such as the zebra swallowtail butterfly larvae, are cannibalistic. Some species of Lepidoptera are poisonous to predators, such as the monarch butterfly in the Americas, Atrophaneura species (roses, windmills, etc.) in Asia, as well as Papilio antimachus, and the birdwings, the largest butterflies in Africa and Asia, respectively. They obtain their toxicity by sequestering the chemicals from the plants they eat into their own tissues. Some Lepidoptera manufacture their own toxins. Predators that eat poisonous butterflies and moths may become sick and vomit violently, learning not to eat those species. A predator which has previously eaten a poisonous lepidopteran may avoid other species with similar markings in the future, thus saving many other species, as well. Toxic butterflies and larvae tend to develop bright colors and striking patterns as an indicator to predators about their toxicity. This phenomenon is known as aposematism. Some caterpillars, especially members of Papilionidae, contain an osmeterium, a Y-shaped protrusible gland found in the prothoracic segment of the larvae. When threatened, the caterpillar emits unpleasant smells from the organ to ward off the predators. Camouflage is also an important defense strategy, which involves the use of coloration or shape to blend into the surrounding environment. Some lepidopteran species blend with their surroundings, making them difficult to spot by predators. Caterpillars can exhibit shades of green that match its host plant. Caterpillars have been demonstrated to be able to detect the color of their surroundings and substrate using organs on their feet. Some caterpillars look like inedible objects, such as twigs or leaves. For instance, the mourning cloak fades into the backdrop of trees when it folds its wings back. The larvae of some species, such as the common Mormon (Papilio polytes) and the western tiger swallowtail look like bird droppings. For example, adult Sesiidae species (also known as clearwing moths) have a general appearance sufficiently similar to a wasp or hornet to make it likely the moths gain a reduction in predation by Batesian mimicry. Eyespots are a type of automimicry used by some butterflies and moths. In butterflies, the spots are composed of concentric rings of scales in different colors. The proposed role of the eyespots is to deflect attention of predators. Their resemblance to eyes provokes the predator's instinct to attack these wing patterns. Batesian and Müllerian mimicry complexes are commonly found in Lepidoptera. Genetic polymorphism and natural selection give rise to otherwise edible species (the mimic) gaining a survival advantage by resembling inedible species (the model). Such a mimicry complex is referred to as Batesian and is most commonly known in the example between the limenitidine viceroy butterfly in relation to the inedible danaine monarch. The viceroy is, in fact, more toxic than the monarch and this resemblance should be considered as a case of Müllerian mimicry. In Müllerian mimicry, inedible species, usually within a taxonomic order, find it advantageous to resemble each other so as to reduce the sampling rate by predators that need to learn about the insects' inedibility. Taxa from the toxic genus Heliconius form one of the most well-known Müllerian complexes. The adults of the various species now resemble each other so well, the species cannot be distinguished without close morphological observation and, in some cases, dissection or genetic analysis. Moths are able to hear the range emitted by bats, which in effect causes flying moths to make evasive maneuvers because bats are a main predator of moths. Ultrasonic frequencies trigger a reflex action in the noctuid moth that cause it to drop a few inches in its flight to evade attack. Tiger moths in a defense emit clicks within the same range of the bats, which interfere with the bats and foil their attempts to echolocate it. Pollination Most species of Lepidoptera engage in some form of entomophily (more specifically psychophily and phalaenophily for butterflies and moths, respectively), or the pollination of flowers. Most adult butterflies and moths feed on the nectar inside flowers, using their probosces to reach the nectar hidden at the base of the petals. In the process, the adults brush against the flowers' stamens, on which the reproductive pollen is made and stored. The pollen is transferred on appendages on the adults, which fly to the next flower to feed and unwittingly deposit the pollen on the stigma of the next flower, where the pollen germinates and fertilizes the seeds. Flowers pollinated by butterflies tend to be large and flamboyant, pink or lavender in color, frequently having a landing area, and usually scented, as butterflies are typically day-flying. Since butterflies do not digest pollen (except for heliconid species,) more nectar is offered than pollen. The flowers have simple nectar guides, with the nectaries usually hidden in narrow tubes or spurs, reached by the long "tongue" of the butterflies. Butterflies such as Thymelicus flavus have been observed to engage in flower constancy, which means they are more likely to transfer pollen to other conspecific plants. This can be beneficial for the plants being pollinated, as flower constancy prevents the loss of pollen during different flights and the pollinators from clogging stigmas with pollen of other flower species. Among the more important moth pollinator groups are the hawk moths of the family Sphingidae. Their behavior is similar to hummingbirds, i.e., using rapid wing beats to hover in front of flowers. Most hawk moths are nocturnal or crepuscular, so moth-pollinated flowers (e.g., Silene latifolia ) tend to be white, night-opening, large, and showy with tubular corollae and a strong, sweet scent produced in the evening, night, or early morning. A lot of nectar is produced to fuel the high metabolic rates needed to power their flight. Other moths (e.g., noctuids, geometrids, pyralids) fly slowly and settle on the flower. They do not require as much nectar as the fast-flying hawk moths, and the flowers tend to be small (though they may be aggregated in heads). Mutualism Mutualism is a form of biological interaction wherein each individual involved benefits in some way. An example of a mutualistic relationship would be that shared by yucca moths (Tegeculidae) and their host, yucca flowers (Asparagaceae). Female yucca moths enter the host flowers, collect the pollen into a ball using specialized maxillary palps, then move to the apex of the pistil, where pollen is deposited on the stigma, and lay eggs into the base of the pistil where seeds will develop. The larvae develop in the fruit pod and feed on a portion of the seeds. Thus, both insect and plant benefit, forming a highly mutualistic relationship. Another form of mutualism occurs between some larvae of butterflies and certain species of ants (e.g. Lycaenidae). The larvae communicate with the ants using vibrations transmitted through a substrate, such as the wood of a tree or stems, as well as using chemical signals. The ants provide some degree of protection to these larvae and they in turn gather honeydew secretions. Parasitism Only 42 species of parasitoid lepidopterans are known (1 Pyralidae; 40 Epipyropidae). The larvae of the greater and lesser wax moths feed on the honeycomb inside bee nests and may become pests; they are also found in bumblebee and wasp nests, albeit to a lesser extent. In northern Europe, the wax moth is regarded as the most serious parasitoid of the bumblebee and is found only in bumblebee nests. In some areas in southern England, as much as 80% of nests can be destroyed. Other parasitic larvae are known to prey upon cicadas and leaf hoppers. In reverse, moths and butterflies may be subject to parasitic wasps and flies, which may lay eggs on the caterpillars, which hatch and feed inside its body, resulting in death. Although, in a form of parasitism called idiobiont, the adult paralyzes the host, so as not to kill it but for it to live as long as possible, for the parasitic larvae to benefit the most. In another form of parasitism, koinobiont, the species live off their hosts while inside (endoparasitic). These parasites live inside the host caterpillar throughout its life cycle or may affect it later on as an adult. In other orders, koinobionts include flies, a majority of coleopteran, and many hymenopteran parasitoids. Some species may be subject to a variety of parasites, such as the spongy moth (Lymantaria dispar), which is attacked by a series of 13 species, in six different taxa throughout its life cycle. In response to a parasitoid egg or larva in the caterpillar's body, the plasmatocytes, or simply the host's cells can form a multilayered capsule that eventually causes the endoparasite to asphyxiate. The process, called encapsulation, is one of the caterpillar's only means of defense against parasitoids. Other biological interactions A few species of Lepidoptera are secondary consumers, or predators. These species typically prey upon the eggs of other insects, aphids, scale insects, or ant larvae. Some caterpillars are cannibals, and others prey on caterpillars of other species (e.g. Hawaiian Eupithecia ). Those of the 15 species in Eupithecia that mirror inchworms, are the only known species of butterflies and moths that are ambush predators. Four species are known to eat snails. For example, the Hawaiian caterpillar (Hyposmocoma molluscivora) uses silk traps, in a manner similar to that of spiders, to capture certain species of snails (typically Tornatellides). Larvae of some species of moths in the Tineidae, Gelechiidae, and Noctuidae, besides others, feed on detritus, or dead organic material, such as fallen leaves and fruit, fungi, and animal products, and turn it into humus. Well-known species include the cloth moths (Tineola bisselliella, Tinea pellionella, and Trichophaga tapetzella), which feed on detritus containing keratin, including hair, feathers, cobwebs, bird nests (particularly of domestic pigeons, Columba livia domestica) and fruits or vegetables. These species are important to ecosystems as they remove substances that would otherwise take a long time to decompose. In 2015 it was reported that wasp bracovirus DNA was present in Lepidoptera such as monarch butterflies, silkworms and moths. These were described in some newspaper articles as examples of a naturally occurring genetically engineered insects. Evolution and systematics History of study Linnaeus in Systema Naturae (1758) recognized three divisions of the Lepidoptera: Papilio, Sphinx and Phalaena, with seven subgroups in Phalaena. These persist today as 9 of the superfamilies of Lepidoptera. Other works on classification followed including those by Michael Denis & Ignaz Schiffermüller (1775), Johan Christian Fabricius (1775) and Pierre André Latreille (1796). Jacob Hübner described many genera, and the lepidopteran genera were catalogued by Ferdinand Ochsenheimer and Georg Friedrich Treitschke in a series of volumes on the lepidopteran fauna of Europe published between 1807 and 1835. Gottlieb August Wilhelm Herrich-Schäffer (several volumes, 1843–1856), and Edward Meyrick (1895) based their classifications primarily on wing venation. Sir George Francis Hampson worked on the microlepidoptera during this period and Philipp Christoph Zeller published The Natural History of the Tineinae also on microlepidoptera (1855). Among the first entomologists to study fossil insects and their evolution was Samuel Hubbard Scudder (1837–1911), who worked on butterflies. He published a study of the Florissant deposits of Colorado, including the exceptionally preserved Prodryas persephone. Andreas V. Martynov (1879–1938) recognized the close relationship between Lepidoptera and Trichoptera in his studies on phylogeny. Major contributions in the 20th century included the creation of the monotrysia and ditrysia (based on female genital structure) by Borner in 1925 and 1939. Willi Hennig (1913–1976) developed the cladistic methodology and applied it to insect phylogeny. Niels P. Kristensen, E. S. Nielsen and D. R. Davis studied the relationships among monotrysian families and Kristensen worked more generally on insect phylogeny and higher Lepidoptera too. While it is often found that DNA-based phylogenies differ from those based on morphology, this has not been the case for the Lepidoptera; DNA phylogenies correspond to a large extent to morphology-based phylogenies. Many attempts have been made to group the superfamilies of the Lepidoptera into natural groups, most of which fail because one of the two groups is not monophyletic: Microlepidoptera and Macrolepidoptera, Heterocera and Rhopalocera, Jugatae and Frenatae, Monotrysia and Ditrysia. Fossil record The fossil record for Lepidoptera is lacking in comparison to other winged species and tends not to be as common as some other insects in habitats that are most conducive to fossilization, such as lakes and ponds; their juvenile stage has only the head capsule as a hard part that might be preserved. Also, the scales covering their wings are hydrophobic and prevents their body from sinking when they end up on the water's surface. Lepidopteran bodies tend to come apart after death, and decompose quickly, so fossil remains are often extremely fragmentary. Of the fossils known, only an estimated 7% have been described. The location and abundance of the most common moth species are indicative that mass migrations of moths occurred over the Palaeogene North Sea, which is why there is a serious lack of moth fossils. Yet there are fossils, some preserved in amber and some in very fine sediments. Leaf mines are also seen in fossil leaves, although the interpretation of them is tricky. Putative fossil stem group representatives of Amphiesmenoptera (the clade comprising Trichoptera and Lepidoptera) are known from the Triassic. The earliest known lepidopteran fossils are fossilized scales from the Triassic-Jurassic boundary. They were found as rare palynological elements in the sediments of the Triassic-Jurassic boundary from the cored Schandelah-1 well, drilled near Braunschweig in northern Germany. This pushes back the fossil record and origin of glossatan lepidopterans by about 70 million years, supporting molecular estimates of a Norian (ca 212 million years) divergence of glossatan and non-glossatan lepidopterans. The findings were reported in 2018 in the journal Science Advances. The authors of the study proposed that lepidopterans evolved a proboscis as an adaptation to drink from droplets and thin films of water for maintaining their fluid balance in the hot and arid climate of the Triassic. The earliest named lepidopteran taxon is Archaeolepis mane, a primitive moth-like species from the Early Jurassic, dated back to around , and known only from three wings found in the Charmouth Mudstone of Dorset, UK. The wings show scales with parallel grooves under a scanning electron microscope and a characteristic wing venation pattern shared with Trichoptera (caddisflies). Only two more sets of Jurassic lepidopteran fossils have been found, as well as 13 sets from the Cretaceous, which all belong to primitive moth-like families. Many more fossils are found from the Tertiary, and particularly the Eocene Baltic amber. The oldest genuine butterflies of the superfamily Papilionoidea have been found in the Paleocene MoClay or Fur Formation of Denmark. The best preserved fossil lepidopteran is the Eocene Prodryas persephone from the Florissant Fossil Beds. Phylogeny Lepidoptera and Trichoptera (caddisflies) are sister groups, sharing many similarities that are lacking in others; for example the females of both orders are heterogametic, meaning they have two different sex chromosomes, whereas in most species the males are heterogametic and the females have two identical sex chromosomes. The adults in both orders display a particular wing venation pattern on their forewings. The larvae in the two orders have mouth structures and glands with which they make and manipulate silk. Willi Hennig grouped the two orders into the superorder Amphiesmenoptera; together they are sister to the extinct order Tarachoptera. Lepidoptera descend from a diurnal moth-like common ancestor that either fed on dead or living plants. The cladogram, based on a 2008 DNA and protein analysis, shows the order as a clade, sister to the Trichoptera, and more distantly related to the Diptera (true flies) and Mecoptera (scorpionflies). Micropterigidae, Agathiphagidae and Heterobathmiidae are the oldest and most basal lineages of Lepidoptera. The adults of these families do not have the curled tongue or proboscis, that are found in most members of the order, but instead have chewing mandibles adapted for a special diet. Micropterigidae larvae feed on leaves, fungi, or liverworts (much like the Trichoptera). Adult Micropterigidae chew the pollen or spores of ferns. In the Agathiphagidae, larvae live inside kauri pines and feed on seeds. In Heterobathmiidae the larvae feed on the leaves of Nothofagus, the southern beech tree. These families also have mandibles in the pupal stage, which help the pupa emerge from the seed or cocoon after metamorphosis. The Eriocraniidae have a short coiled proboscis in the adult stage, and though they retain their pupal mandibles with which they escaped the cocoon, their mandibles are non-functional thereafter. Most of these non-ditrysian families, are primarily leaf miners in the larval stage. In addition to the proboscis, there is a change in the scales among these basal lineages, with later lineages showing more complex perforated scales. With the evolution of the Ditrysia in the mid-Cretaceous, there was a major reproductive change. The Ditrysia, which comprise 98% of the Lepidoptera, have two separate openings for reproduction in the females (as well as a third opening for excretion), one for mating, and one for laying eggs. The two are linked internally by a seminal duct. (In more basal lineages there is one cloaca, or later, two openings and an external sperm canal.) Of the early lineages of Ditrysia, Gracillarioidea and Gelechioidea are mostly leaf miners, but more recent lineages feed externally. In the Tineoidea, most species feed on plant and animal detritus and fungi, and build shelters in the larval stage. The Yponomeutoidea is the first group to have significant numbers of species whose larvae feed on herbaceous plants, as opposed to woody plants. They evolved about the time that flowering plants underwent an expansive adaptive radiation in the mid-Cretaceous, and the Gelechioidea that evolved at this time also have great diversity. Whether the processes involved coevolution or sequential evolution, the diversity of the Lepidoptera and the angiosperms increased together. In the so-called "macrolepidoptera", which constitutes about 60% of lepidopteran species, there was a general increase in size, better flying ability (via changes in wing shape and linkage of the forewings and hindwings), reduction in the adult mandibles, and a change in the arrangement of the crochets (hooks) on the larval prolegs, perhaps to improve the grip on the host plant. Many also have tympanal organs, that allow them to hear. These organs evolved eight times, at least, because they occur on different body parts and have structural differences. The main lineages in the macrolepidoptera are the Noctuoidea, Bombycoidea, Lasiocampidae, Mimallonoidea, Geometroidea and Rhopalocera. Bombycoidea plus Lasiocampidae plus Mimallonoidea may be a monophyletic group. The Rhopalocera, comprising the Papilionoidea (butterflies), Hesperioidea (skippers), and the Hedyloidea (moth-butterflies), are the most recently evolved. There is quite a good fossil record for this group, with the oldest skipper dating from . Taxonomy Taxonomy is the classification of species in selected taxa, the process of naming being called nomenclature. There are over 120 families in Lepidoptera, in 45 to 48 superfamilies. Lepidoptera have always been, historically, classified in five suborders, one of which is of primitive moths that never lost the morphological features of their ancestors. The rest of the moths and butterflies make up ninety-eight percent of the other taxa, making Ditrysia. More recently, findings of new taxa, larvae and pupa have aided in detailing the relationships of primitive taxa, phylogenetic analysis showing the primitive lineages to be paraphyletic compared to the rest of Lepidoptera lineages. Recently, lepidopterists have abandoned clades like suborders, and those between orders and superfamilies. Zeugloptera is a clade with Micropterigoidea being its only superfamily, containing the single family Micropterigidae. Species of Micropterigoidea are practically living fossils, being one of the most primitive lepidopteran groups, still retaining chewing mouthparts (mandibles) in adults, unlike other clades of butterflies and moths. About 120 species are known worldwide, with more than half the species in the genus Micropteryx in the Palearctic region. There are only two known in North America (Epimartyria), with many more being found in Asia and the southwest Pacific, particularly New Zealand with about 50 species. Aglossata is the second most primitive lineage of Lepidoptera; being first described in 1952 by Lionel Jack Dumbleton. Agathiphagidae is the only family in Aglossata and contains two species in its only genus, Agathiphaga. Agathiphaga queenslandensis and Agathiphaga vitiensis are found along the north-eastern coast of Queensland, Australia, and in Fiji to Vanuatu and the Solomon Islands, respectively. Heterobathmiina was first described by Kristensen and Nielsen in 1979. Heterobathmiidae is the only family and includes about 10 species, which are day-flying, metallic moths, confined to southern South America, the adults eat the pollen of Nothofagus or southern beech and the larvae mine the leaves. Glossata contains a majority of the species, with the most obvious difference being non-functioning mandibles, and elongated maxillary galeae or the proboscis. The basal clades still retaining some of the ancestral features of the wings such as similarly shaped fore- and hindwings with relatively complete venation. Glossata also contains the division Ditrysia, which contains 98% of all described species in Lepidoptera. Relationship to people Culture Artistic depictions of butterflies have been used in many cultures including as early as 3500 years ago, in Egyptian hieroglyphs. Today, butterflies are widely used in various objects of art and jewelry: mounted in frames, embedded in resin, displayed in bottles, laminated in paper, and in some mixed media artworks and furnishings. Butterflies have also inspired the "butterfly fairy" as an art and fictional character. In many cultures the soul of a dead person is associated with the butterfly, for example in Ancient Greece, where the word for butterfly ψυχή (psyche) also means soul and breath. In Latin, as in Ancient Greece, the word for "butterfly" papilio was associated with the soul of the dead. The skull-like marking on the thorax of the death's-head hawkmoth has helped these moths, particularly A. atropos, earn a negative reputation, such as associations with the supernatural and evil. The moth has been prominently featured in art and movies such as (by Buñuel and Dalí) and The Silence of the Lambs, and in the artwork of the Japanese metal band Sigh's album Hail Horror Hail. According to Kwaidan: Stories and Studies of Strange Things, by Lafcadio Hearn, a butterfly was seen in Japan as the personification of a person's soul; whether they be living, dying, or already dead. One Japanese superstition says that if a butterfly enters your guestroom and perches behind the bamboo screen, the person whom you most love is coming to see you. However, large numbers of butterflies are viewed as bad omens. When Taira no Masakado was secretly preparing for his famous revolt, there appeared in Kyoto so vast a swarm of butterflies that the people were frightened—thinking the apparition to be a portent of coming evil. In the ancient Mesoamerican city of Teotihuacan, the brilliantly colored image of the butterfly was carved into many temples, buildings, jewelry, and emblazoned on incense burners in particular. The butterfly was sometimes depicted with the maw of a jaguar and some species were considered to be the reincarnations of the souls of dead warriors. The close association of butterflies to fire and warfare persisted through to the Aztec civilization and evidence of similar jaguar-butterfly images has been found among the Zapotec, and Maya civilizations. Pests The larvae of many lepidopteran species are major pests in agriculture. Some of the major pests include Tortricidae, Noctuidae, and Pyralidae. The larvae of the Noctuidae genus Spodoptera (armyworms), Helicoverpa (corn earworm), or Pieris brassicae can cause extensive damage to certain crops. Helicoverpa zea larvae (cotton bollworms or tomato fruitworms) are polyphagous, meaning they eat a variety of crops, including tomatoes and cotton. Peridroma saucia (variegated cutworms) are described as one of the most damaging pests to gardens, with the ability to destroy entire gardens and fields in a matter of days. Butterflies and moths are one of the largest taxa to solely feed and be dependent on living plants, in terms of the number of species, and they are in many ecosystems, making up the largest biomass to do so. In many species, the female may produce anywhere from 200 to 600 eggs, while in some others it may go as high as 30,000 eggs in one day. This can create many problems for agriculture, where many caterpillars can affect acres of vegetation. Some reports estimate that there have been over 80,000 caterpillars of several different taxa feeding on a single oak tree. In some cases, phytophagous larvae can lead to the destruction of entire trees in relatively short periods of time. Ecological ways of removing pest Lepidoptera species are becoming more economically viable, as research has shown ways like introducing parasitic wasps and flies. For example, Sarcophaga aldrichi, a fly which deposited larvae feed upon the pupae of the forest tent caterpillar moth. Pesticides can affect other species other than the species they are targeted to eliminate, damaging the natural ecosystem. Another good biological pest control method is the use of pheromone traps. A pheromone trap is a type of insect trap that uses pheromones to lure insects. Sex pheromones and aggregating pheromones are the most common types used. A pheromone-impregnated lure is encased in a conventional trap such as a Delta trap, water-pan trap, or funnel trap. Species of moths that are detritivores would naturally eat detritus containing keratin, such as hairs or feathers. Well known species are cloth moths (T. bisselliella, T. pellionella, and T. tapetzella), feeding on foodstuffs that people find economically important, such as cotton, linen, silk and wool fabrics as well as furs; furthermore they have been found on shed feathers and hair, bran, semolina and flour (possibly preferring wheat flour), biscuits, casein, and insect specimens in museums. Beneficial insects Even though most butterflies and moths affect the economy negatively, some species are a valuable economic resource. The most prominent example is that of the domesticated silkworm moth (Bombyx mori), the larvae of which make their cocoons out of silk, which can be spun into cloth. Silk is and has been an important economic resource throughout history. The species Bombyx mori has been domesticated to the point where it is completely dependent on mankind for survival. A number of wild moths such as Bombyx mandarina, and Antheraea species, besides others, provide commercially important silks. The preference of the larvae of most lepidopteran species to feed on a single species or limited range of plants is used as a mechanism for biological control of weeds in place of herbicides. The pyralid cactus moth was introduced from Argentina to Australia, where it successfully suppressed millions of acres of prickly pear cactus. Another species of the Pyralidae, called the alligator weed stem borer (Arcola malloi), was used to control the aquatic plant known as alligator weed (Alternanthera philoxeroides) in conjunction with the alligator weed flea beetle; in this case, the two insects work in synergy and the weed rarely recovers. Breeding butterflies and moths, or butterfly gardening/rearing, has become an ecologically viable process of introducing species into the ecosystem to benefit it. Butterfly ranching in Papua New Guinea permits nationals of that country to "farm" economically valuable insect species for the collectors market in an ecologically sustainable manner. Food Lepidoptera feature prominently in entomophagy as food items on almost every continent. While in most cases, adults, larvae or pupae are eaten as staples by indigenous people, beondegi or silkworm pupae are eaten as a snack in Korean cuisine while Maguey worm is considered a delicacy in Mexico. In some parts of Huasteca, the silk nests of the Madrone butterfly are maintained on the edge of roof tops of houses for consumption. In the Carnia region of Italy, children catch and eat ingluvies of the toxic Zygaena moths in early summer. The ingluvies, despite having a very low cyanogenic content, serve as a convenient, supplementary source of sugar to the children who can include this resource as a seasonal delicacy at minimum risk. Outside of this instance, adult Lepidoptera are rarely consumed by humans, with the sole exception of the Bogong moth. Health Some larvae of both moths and butterflies have a form of hair that has been known to be a cause of human health problems. Caterpillar hairs sometimes have toxins in them and species from approximately 12 families of moths or butterflies worldwide can inflict serious human injuries (urticarial dermatitis and atopic asthma to osteochondritis, consumption coagulopathy, renal failure, and intracerebral hemorrhage). Skin rashes are the most common, but there have been fatalities. Lonomia is a frequent cause of envenomation in humans in Brazil, with 354 cases reported between 1989 and 2005. Lethality ranging up to 20% with death caused most often by intracranial hemorrhage. These hairs have also been known to cause keratoconjunctivitis. The sharp barbs on the end of caterpillar hairs can get lodged in soft tissues and mucous membranes such as the eyes. Once they enter such tissues, they can be difficult to extract, often exacerbating the problem as they migrate across the membrane. This becomes a particular problem in an indoor setting. The hairs easily enter buildings through ventilation systems and accumulate in indoor environments because of their small size, which makes it difficult for them to be vented out. This accumulation increases the risk of human contact in indoor environments. See also Comparison of butterflies and moths Lepidoptera in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, University of Florida Societas Europaea Lepidopterologica Lists Lists of Lepidoptera by region Taxonomy of the Lepidoptera References Further reading Kristensen, N. P. (ed.) 1999. Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies. Volume 1: Evolution, Systematics, and Biogeography. Handbuch der Zoologie. Eine Naturgeschichte der Stämme des Tierreiches / Handbook of Zoology. A Natural History of the phyla of the Animal Kingdom. Band / Volume IV Arthropoda: Insecta Teilband / Part 35: 491 pp. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York. Nye, I. W. B. & Fletcher, D. S. 1991. Generic Names of Moths of the World. Volume 6: xxix + 368 pp. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London. O'Toole, Christopher. 2002. Firefly Encyclopedia of Insects and Spiders. . Bibliography External links Natural History Museum archived database of host plants Historic Moth illustrations Lepidoptera at Insects (Insecta) of the World Caught Between the Pages: Treasures from the Franclemont Collection Online virtual exhibit featuring a selection of historic entomological writings and images from the Comstock Library of Entomology at Cornell University Regional sites British Butterflies and Moths Butterflies of Bulgaria Butterflies of Canada Photography of European Butterflies and Moths Lepidoptera of French Antilles Butterflies of India A Check List of Butterflies in Indo-China Moths of Jamaica Japmoth Japanese moths. Access images via the numbers on the left. Butterflies and Moths in the Netherlands Butterflies and Moths of Northern Ireland Butterflies of Asian Russia Photos of Larvae and Pupae butterflies and moths. Spain Butterflies of Asturias – Spain Swedish Moths and Butterflies Lepidoptera (English) Butterflies of Turkey Articles containing video clips Extant Early Jurassic first appearances Insect orders Pliensbachian first appearances Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus Insects in culture Amphiesmenoptera
Nino Gvenetadze (; born 27 January 1964), is a Georgian magistrate, President of the Supreme Court between 20 March 2015 until her resignation on 2 August 2018, first female ever appointed to this office in country's history. Biography and early life Nino Gvenetadze was born on 27 January 1964 in Khashuri, in the current administrative region of Shida Kartli. From 1985 to 1990 she studied at the from 1990 she studied at the Tbilisi State University, graduating from the Faculty of Laws with honors and becoming doctor in Laws in 1995. Between 1990 and 1993 studied a post-graduate in Criminal Law for the Institute of State Law of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences. Become Associate Professor in the Tbilisi University in 1999 in the Criminology Institute, until 2008, and named Professor of the School of Law in 2007. Between 1994 and 2001 was member of the Drafting Committee of the new Criminal Code, and president of the Young Lawyer's Association since 1998 until 1999. Career as magistrate She entered in the Supreme Court on 1999 until 2006 as member of the Chamber of Criminal Cases. On 20 March 2015 the Parliament of Georgia approved Gvenetadze as the new Chairwoman of the Supreme Court after President Giorgi Margvelashvili selected her, taking the oath on the same for a period of 10 years. On 9 November 2017 was about to resign after her opposition on appointing 34 new judges without term, but finally resigned on 2 August 2018 claiming health problems, being succeeded ad interim by Mzia Todua, the second female to preside the High Court. References 1964 births Living people Women chief justices Women lawyers from Georgia (country) 20th-century lawyers from Georgia (country) 21st-century judges 20th-century judges Tbilisi State University alumni Academic staff of Tbilisi State University 20th-century women judges 21st-century women judges Lawyers from Tbilisi
Winston Damarillo is a Filipino-American businessman. He was born in Bohol, in the Philippines. He completed a BS in industrial and mechanical engineering from the De La Salle University in 1990. He moved to the US, and went to work at Intel in Hillsboro, Oregon in 1992. After engineering and sales positions, he moved to Intel Capital, which invested in software companies. Damarillo became an entrepreneur and venture capitalist. He sold companies such as: Gluecode Software, an open source software company which was acquired by IBM in 2005, Logicblaze, acquired by Iona Technologies in 2007, and Webtide, acquired by Intalio in 2009. Damarillo became the chief strategy officer of the PLDT group in May 2015. At the time he was executive chairman of Amihan Global Strategies. References Living people American technology chief executives 20th-century Filipino businesspeople De La Salle University alumni People from Bohol People from Manhattan Beach, California American venture capitalists Free software PLDT people Year of birth missing (living people) 21st-century Filipino businesspeople
Tom Helm may refer to: Tom Helm (cricketer) (born 1994), English cricketer Tom Helm (politician) (born 1941), Australian politician Tom Helm (rugby) (c.1886–unknown), Scottish rugby union and rugby league footballer
```python # coding: utf-8 from __future__ import unicode_literals from ..util import get_doc from ...tokens import Doc from ...vocab import Vocab import pytest import numpy @pytest.mark.parametrize('text', [["one", "two", "three"]]) def test_doc_api_compare_by_string_position(en_vocab, text): doc = get_doc(en_vocab, text) # Get the tokens in this order, so their ID ordering doesn't match the idx token3 = doc[-1] token2 = doc[-2] token1 = doc[-1] token1, token2, token3 = doc assert token1 < token2 < token3 assert not token1 > token2 assert token2 > token1 assert token2 <= token3 assert token3 >= token1 def test_doc_api_getitem(en_tokenizer): text = "Give it back! He pleaded." tokens = en_tokenizer(text) assert tokens[0].text == 'Give' assert tokens[-1].text == '.' with pytest.raises(IndexError): tokens[len(tokens)] def to_str(span): return '/'.join(token.text for token in span) span = tokens[1:1] assert not to_str(span) span = tokens[1:4] assert to_str(span) == 'it/back/!' span = tokens[1:4:1] assert to_str(span) == 'it/back/!' with pytest.raises(ValueError): tokens[1:4:2] with pytest.raises(ValueError): tokens[1:4:-1] span = tokens[-3:6] assert to_str(span) == 'He/pleaded' span = tokens[4:-1] assert to_str(span) == 'He/pleaded' span = tokens[-5:-3] assert to_str(span) == 'back/!' span = tokens[5:4] assert span.start == span.end == 5 and not to_str(span) span = tokens[4:-3] assert span.start == span.end == 4 and not to_str(span) span = tokens[:] assert to_str(span) == 'Give/it/back/!/He/pleaded/.' span = tokens[4:] assert to_str(span) == 'He/pleaded/.' span = tokens[:4] assert to_str(span) == 'Give/it/back/!' span = tokens[:-3] assert to_str(span) == 'Give/it/back/!' span = tokens[-3:] assert to_str(span) == 'He/pleaded/.' span = tokens[4:50] assert to_str(span) == 'He/pleaded/.' span = tokens[-50:4] assert to_str(span) == 'Give/it/back/!' span = tokens[-50:-40] assert span.start == span.end == 0 and not to_str(span) span = tokens[40:50] assert span.start == span.end == 7 and not to_str(span) span = tokens[1:4] assert span[0].orth_ == 'it' subspan = span[:] assert to_str(subspan) == 'it/back/!' subspan = span[:2] assert to_str(subspan) == 'it/back' subspan = span[1:] assert to_str(subspan) == 'back/!' subspan = span[:-1] assert to_str(subspan) == 'it/back' subspan = span[-2:] assert to_str(subspan) == 'back/!' subspan = span[1:2] assert to_str(subspan) == 'back' subspan = span[-2:-1] assert to_str(subspan) == 'back' subspan = span[-50:50] assert to_str(subspan) == 'it/back/!' subspan = span[50:-50] assert subspan.start == subspan.end == 4 and not to_str(subspan) @pytest.mark.parametrize('text', ["Give it back! He pleaded.", " Give it back! He pleaded. "]) def test_doc_api_serialize(en_tokenizer, text): tokens = en_tokenizer(text) new_tokens = get_doc(tokens.vocab).from_bytes(tokens.to_bytes()) assert tokens.text == new_tokens.text assert [t.text for t in tokens] == [t.text for t in new_tokens] assert [t.orth for t in tokens] == [t.orth for t in new_tokens] def test_doc_api_set_ents(en_tokenizer): text = "I use goggle chrone to surf the web" tokens = en_tokenizer(text) assert len(tokens.ents) == 0 tokens.ents = [(tokens.vocab.strings['PRODUCT'], 2, 4)] assert len(list(tokens.ents)) == 1 assert [t.ent_iob for t in tokens] == [0, 0, 3, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0] assert tokens.ents[0].label_ == 'PRODUCT' assert tokens.ents[0].start == 2 assert tokens.ents[0].end == 4 def test_doc_api_merge(en_tokenizer): text = "WKRO played songs by the beach boys all night" # merge 'The Beach Boys' doc = en_tokenizer(text) assert len(doc) == 9 doc.merge(doc[4].idx, doc[6].idx + len(doc[6]), tag='NAMED', lemma='LEMMA', ent_type='TYPE') assert len(doc) == 7 assert doc[4].text == 'the beach boys' assert doc[4].text_with_ws == 'the beach boys ' assert doc[4].tag_ == 'NAMED' # merge 'all night' doc = en_tokenizer(text) assert len(doc) == 9 doc.merge(doc[7].idx, doc[8].idx + len(doc[8]), tag='NAMED', lemma='LEMMA', ent_type='TYPE') assert len(doc) == 8 assert doc[7].text == 'all night' assert doc[7].text_with_ws == 'all night' def test_doc_api_merge_children(en_tokenizer): """Test that attachments work correctly after merging.""" text = "WKRO played songs by the beach boys all night" doc = en_tokenizer(text) assert len(doc) == 9 doc.merge(doc[4].idx, doc[6].idx + len(doc[6]), tag='NAMED', lemma='LEMMA', ent_type='TYPE') for word in doc: if word.i < word.head.i: assert word in list(word.head.lefts) elif word.i > word.head.i: assert word in list(word.head.rights) def test_doc_api_merge_hang(en_tokenizer): text = "through North and South Carolina" doc = en_tokenizer(text) doc.merge(18, 32, tag='', lemma='', ent_type='ORG') doc.merge(8, 32, tag='', lemma='', ent_type='ORG') def test_doc_api_sents_empty_string(en_tokenizer): doc = en_tokenizer("") doc.is_parsed = True sents = list(doc.sents) assert len(sents) == 0 def test_doc_api_runtime_error(en_tokenizer): # Example that caused run-time error while parsing Reddit text = "67% of black households are single parent \n\n72% of all black babies born out of wedlock \n\n50% of all black kids don\u2019t finish high school" deps = ['nsubj', 'prep', 'amod', 'pobj', 'ROOT', 'amod', 'attr', '', 'nummod', 'prep', 'det', 'amod', 'pobj', 'acl', 'prep', 'prep', 'pobj', '', 'nummod', 'prep', 'det', 'amod', 'pobj', 'aux', 'neg', 'ROOT', 'amod', 'dobj'] tokens = en_tokenizer(text) doc = get_doc(tokens.vocab, [t.text for t in tokens], deps=deps) nps = [] for np in doc.noun_chunks: while len(np) > 1 and np[0].dep_ not in ('advmod', 'amod', 'compound'): np = np[1:] if len(np) > 1: nps.append((np.start_char, np.end_char, np.root.tag_, np.text, np.root.ent_type_)) for np in nps: start, end, tag, lemma, ent_type = np doc.merge(start, end, tag=tag, lemma=lemma, ent_type=ent_type) def test_doc_api_right_edge(en_tokenizer): """Test for bug occurring from Unshift action, causing incorrect right edge""" text = "I have proposed to myself, for the sake of such as live under the government of the Romans, to translate those books into the Greek tongue." heads = [2, 1, 0, -1, -1, -3, 15, 1, -2, -1, 1, -3, -1, -1, 1, -2, -1, 1, -2, -7, 1, -19, 1, -2, -3, 2, 1, -3, -26] tokens = en_tokenizer(text) doc = get_doc(tokens.vocab, [t.text for t in tokens], heads=heads) assert doc[6].text == 'for' subtree = [w.text for w in doc[6].subtree] assert subtree == ['for', 'the', 'sake', 'of', 'such', 'as', 'live', 'under', 'the', 'government', 'of', 'the', 'Romans', ','] assert doc[6].right_edge.text == ',' def test_doc_api_has_vector(): vocab = Vocab() vocab.reset_vectors(width=2) vocab.set_vector('kitten', vector=numpy.asarray([0., 2.], dtype='f')) doc = Doc(vocab, words=['kitten']) assert doc.has_vector def test_doc_api_similarity_match(): doc = Doc(Vocab(), words=['a']) assert doc.similarity(doc[0]) == 1.0 assert doc.similarity(doc.vocab['a']) == 1.0 doc2 = Doc(doc.vocab, words=['a', 'b', 'c']) assert doc.similarity(doc2[:1]) == 1.0 assert doc.similarity(doc2) == 0.0 def test_lowest_common_ancestor(en_tokenizer): tokens = en_tokenizer('the lazy dog slept') doc = get_doc(tokens.vocab, [t.text for t in tokens], heads=[2, 1, 1, 0]) lca = doc.get_lca_matrix() assert(lca[1, 1] == 1) assert(lca[0, 1] == 2) assert(lca[1, 2] == 2) def test_parse_tree(en_tokenizer): """Tests doc.print_tree() method.""" text = 'I like New York in Autumn.' heads = [1, 0, 1, -2, -3, -1, -5] tags = ['PRP', 'IN', 'NNP', 'NNP', 'IN', 'NNP', '.'] tokens = en_tokenizer(text) doc = get_doc(tokens.vocab, [t.text for t in tokens], heads=heads, tags=tags) # full method parse_tree(text) is a trivial composition trees = doc.print_tree() assert len(trees) > 0 tree = trees[0] assert all(k in list(tree.keys()) for k in ['word', 'lemma', 'NE', 'POS_fine', 'POS_coarse', 'arc', 'modifiers']) assert tree['word'] == 'like' # check root is correct ```
The Upper Harz Mining Museum (, ) is a museum of technological and cultural history in Clausthal-Zellerfeld in the Harz mountains of central Germany. It is one of the oldest technological museums in Germany and concentrates on the history and presentation of mining in the Upper Harz up to the 19th century. Exhibits The museum lies in the middle of the district of Zellerfeld within Clausthal-Zellerfeld. Its exhibits include: Mock-ups from the former mining school's collection. These were used for training purposes in the 18th and 19th centuries and serve today as an outstanding way of explaining the technology of mining, especially man engines and specialised mining techniques. Demonstration mine with visitor galleries, based on original machines and structures from a mine at Bockswiese. Open-air site with horse gin (Pferdegaipel), gin house (Radstube), head frame (Kunstgestänge) and crushing mill (Pochwerk) (all relocated from their original sites) Presentation of the Upper Harz Water Regale Manufacture of the oldest wire cables, invented in 1834 in Clausthal-Zellerfeld by Julius Albert. Coins: coinage had a special significance in one of the most important silver-mining regions of Germany. Minerals, tools and pit lamps. Typical living and working accommodation for ordinary people in the Upper Harz. Film show with original photographs of the Silbersegen and Kaiser Wilhelm Mines from the year 1924. History The history of the mining museum began in 1884, when the Berghauptmann Adolf Achenbach called upon the miners in a directive to bring in artefacts, especially disused tools associated with historical mining, to put together a collection to start a museum. In 1892 the official foundation of the museum took place in the district of Zellerfeld. After the previously independent towns of Zellerfeld and Clausthal merged into the 'double-town' of Clausthal-Zellerfeld in 1926 the town hall in Zellerfeld became free. In the years that followed the open land was used to build a demonstration mine. In the 1960s and 1970s the museum was headed by Herbert Dennert. In this period to the end of the 1980s the mining museum had annual visitor numbers than ran to six figures. But from about 1990 the number of visitors declined markedly for various reasons (e.g. reducing tourism in the Upper Harz, but also with considerably more advertising by other mining museums in the Harz). Nevertheless, around 5.5 million people have visited the Upper Harz Mining Museum to date (as at March 2010). Operation The mining museum is operated by the Upper Harz History and Museum Society (Oberharzer Geschichts- and Museumsverein). The municipality of Upper Harz has covered its losses in the past. The museum runs, as satellite branches, all the above-ground mining facilities of the closed Ottiliae and Kaiser Wilhelm Mines as well as the recently inherited facilities (round gin house, etc.) of the Rosenhof Pit. The museum also hires out an extremely effective and inexpensive electronic guide system 'E.guide EMIL, which provides commentary along a walking route that 'follows the footsteps of former miners' through the landscape of the disused mines. References Sources Helmut Radday: The Oberharzer Bergwerksmuseum Clausthal-Zellerfeld Führer durch das Museum mit einem Abriß zur Kultur- und Technikgeschichte der Oberharzes, 2., überarb. und erw. Aufl. - Oberharzer Geschichts- und Museumsverein, Clausthal-Zellerfeld 2002 External links Upper Harz Mining Museum Mining in the Harz Mining museums in Germany Museums in Lower Saxony Clausthal-Zellerfeld
```go package templates // This file was generated by the swagger tool. // Editing this file might prove futile when you re-run the swagger generate command import ( "net/http" "time" "golang.org/x/net/context" "github.com/go-openapi/errors" "github.com/go-openapi/runtime" cr "github.com/go-openapi/runtime/client" strfmt "github.com/go-openapi/strfmt" ) // NewTemplatesLibDeleteParams creates a new TemplatesLibDeleteParams object // with the default values initialized. func NewTemplatesLibDeleteParams() TemplatesLibDeleteParams { var ( scopeDefault = string("global") ) return &TemplatesLibDeleteParams{ Scope: &scopeDefault, timeout: cr.DefaultTimeout, } } // NewTemplatesLibDeleteParamsWithTimeout creates a new TemplatesLibDeleteParams object // with the default values initialized, and the ability to set a timeout on a request func NewTemplatesLibDeleteParamsWithTimeout(timeout time.Duration) TemplatesLibDeleteParams { var ( scopeDefault = string("global") ) return &TemplatesLibDeleteParams{ Scope: &scopeDefault, timeout: timeout, } } // NewTemplatesLibDeleteParamsWithContext creates a new TemplatesLibDeleteParams object // with the default values initialized, and the ability to set a context for a request func NewTemplatesLibDeleteParamsWithContext(ctx context.Context) TemplatesLibDeleteParams { var ( scopeDefault = string("global") ) return &TemplatesLibDeleteParams{ Scope: &scopeDefault, Context: ctx, } } // NewTemplatesLibDeleteParamsWithHTTPClient creates a new TemplatesLibDeleteParams object // with the default values initialized, and the ability to set a custom HTTPClient for a request func NewTemplatesLibDeleteParamsWithHTTPClient(client http.Client) TemplatesLibDeleteParams { var ( scopeDefault = string("global") ) return &TemplatesLibDeleteParams{ Scope: &scopeDefault, HTTPClient: client, } } /TemplatesLibDeleteParams contains all the parameters to send to the API endpoint for the templates lib delete operation typically these are written to a http.Request / type TemplatesLibDeleteParams struct { /Name The name of the template / Name string /Scope The template scope / Scope string timeout time.Duration Context context.Context HTTPClient http.Client } // WithTimeout adds the timeout to the templates lib delete params func (o TemplatesLibDeleteParams) WithTimeout(timeout time.Duration) TemplatesLibDeleteParams { o.SetTimeout(timeout) return o } // SetTimeout adds the timeout to the templates lib delete params func (o TemplatesLibDeleteParams) SetTimeout(timeout time.Duration) { o.timeout = timeout } // WithContext adds the context to the templates lib delete params func (o TemplatesLibDeleteParams) WithContext(ctx context.Context) TemplatesLibDeleteParams { o.SetContext(ctx) return o } // SetContext adds the context to the templates lib delete params func (o TemplatesLibDeleteParams) SetContext(ctx context.Context) { o.Context = ctx } // WithHTTPClient adds the HTTPClient to the templates lib delete params func (o TemplatesLibDeleteParams) WithHTTPClient(client http.Client) TemplatesLibDeleteParams { o.SetHTTPClient(client) return o } // SetHTTPClient adds the HTTPClient to the templates lib delete params func (o TemplatesLibDeleteParams) SetHTTPClient(client http.Client) { o.HTTPClient = client } // WithName adds the name to the templates lib delete params func (o TemplatesLibDeleteParams) WithName(name string) TemplatesLibDeleteParams { o.SetName(name) return o } // SetName adds the name to the templates lib delete params func (o TemplatesLibDeleteParams) SetName(name string) { o.Name = name } // WithScope adds the scope to the templates lib delete params func (o TemplatesLibDeleteParams) WithScope(scope string) TemplatesLibDeleteParams { o.SetScope(scope) return o } // SetScope adds the scope to the templates lib delete params func (o TemplatesLibDeleteParams) SetScope(scope string) { o.Scope = scope } // WriteToRequest writes these params to a swagger request func (o TemplatesLibDeleteParams) WriteToRequest(r runtime.ClientRequest, reg strfmt.Registry) error { if err := r.SetTimeout(o.timeout); err != nil { return err } var res []error // path param name if err := r.SetPathParam("name", o.Name); err != nil { return err } if o.Scope != nil { // query param scope var qrScope string if o.Scope != nil { qrScope = o.Scope } qScope := qrScope if qScope != "" { if err := r.SetQueryParam("scope", qScope); err != nil { return err } } } if len(res) > 0 { return errors.CompositeValidationError(res...) } return nil } ```
Shut In () is a 2016 psychological horror thriller film directed by Farren Blackburn, written by Christina Hodson, and starring Naomi Watts, Oliver Platt, Charlie Heaton, Jacob Tremblay, David Cubitt, and Clémentine Poidatz. The film was released in the United States on November 11, 2016, and in France on November 30, 2016, by EuropaCorp. It received negative reviews from critics and grossed $13.1 million worldwide. Plot Stephen is a troubled teen from Maine who is being sent to boarding school. While his father, Richard Portman, is driving him there, they get into an argument, and the car swerves into oncoming traffic, killing Richard and putting Stephen into a persistent vegetative state. Six months later, Richard's second wife and Stephen's stepmother, Mary, is taking care of his every need. Mary is a child psychologist who works from home. She is upset to learn that one of her patients, a deaf-mute child named Tom, is to be transferred to a school in Boston. Later, Mary discusses Stephen with her therapist, Dr. Wilson. While she feels guilty, she has decided to put Stephen in a home to be cared for. She finds Tom asleep in her car. She brings him inside and makes a call, but Tom vanishes. The police conduct a fruitless search. Over the following nights, Mary wakes up to sounds in the house and even wakes up to see Tom in the darkness one night. She discusses these events with Dr. Wilson, who attributes it to parasomnia. Dr. Wilson wants to prescribe her some medication and orders some blood tests. Doug Hart, the father of one of her patients, asks her out, but Mary declines, implying that it would be unprofessional. Mary reconsiders and has dinner with Doug. Later, Stephen is missing from his bed. While looking for him, Mary finds that a small door to a crawlspace is slightly ajar. As she examines it, she is grabbed from inside by two small hands. The next morning, she wakes up on the floor. Stephen is back in his bed but has scratches on his face. Mary declines two invitations to leave her isolated house before an impending ice storm, one from her assistant Lucy, and another from Doug. Dr. Wilson contacts her via Skype with her blood test results. He admonishes her because her stepson's medication is showing up in her blood. Mary denies taking any medication and walks away without ending the call. Dr. Wilson sees Stephen's empty wheelchair, then sees Stephen walk across the living room. The lights go out in the house and the computer connection drops. Mary is in the basement when the lights go out. Mary sees Tom, and just then, Stephen appears and knocks her out. Mary regains consciousness—bound, gagged, and naked in the bathtub, with Stephen bathing her. He reveals to Mary how he woke up in the hospital after the accident with her there. He didn't move or speak so that he could relish her attention. He believes that for six months they were happy together, but then Tom arrived. It is revealed that Tom has been living in the crawlspace, rather than having been transferred to Boston. When Tom saw Stephen moving around, Stephen blocked him in the crawlspace, hoping he would starve to death. Stephen has been keeping Mary disoriented by slipping her his medicine, which not only allows him to walk around at night, but also confuses Mary when she sees Tom. Stephen forces Mary to swallow another pill, then goes to deal with Tom. Alone in the tub, Mary uses a bottle of shampoo to both slip her bonds and induce vomiting to expel the pill. Dr. Wilson rushes to Mary's house, but wrecks his car on the way. His attempt to call the police is unsuccessful due to the ice storm. Mary finds Stephen and Tom in the basement where Stephen is planning to murder Tom, and learns that Stephen killed his father on purpose. Mary and Tom escape the basement and hide in a closet. Dr. Wilson arrives to warn Mary, only to be attacked and stabbed by Stephen. Mary tries to leave and discovers Doug's body blocking the door. Dr. Wilson, with his dying breath, advises Mary to play along with Stephen's delusion. Stephen has nailed all of the doors and windows shut to prevent them from escaping, Mary breaks a skylight and pulls Tom up to climb out. Mary plays along with Stephen's delusions until she is able to escape. Mary and Tom run to the lake, where Stephen attempts to drown Tom in the freezing water. Mary grabs the hammer Stephen dropped and hits him in the head, killing him. Days later, Mary and Tom are seen arriving at the Child and Adoption center. Cast Production On November 5, 2014, it was announced that EuropaCorp had set Farren Blackburn to direct Shut In, a psychological thriller based on the 2012 Black List script by Christina Hodson. EuropaCorp financed, distributed worldwide and co-produced the film with Lava Bear Films. Naomi Watts was set to play the lead role. On March 18, 2015, Oliver Platt, Charlie Heaton, David Cubitt, Jacob Tremblay, and Clementine Poidatz were added to the cast of the film. Release In March 2015, EuropaCorp set the film for a February 19, 2016, release. On December 15, 2015, the release date was pushed back to June 17, 2016. In February 2016, the release date was pushed back again to September 9, 2016. In May 2016, the release date was pushed back again to November 11, 2016. Reception Box office Shut In grossed $6.9 million in the United States and Canada, and $6.2 million in other countries, for a worldwide total of $13.1 million, against a production budget of $10 million. Shut In was released alongside Arrival and Almost Christmas, and was expected to gross around $6 million from 2,058 theaters in its opening weekend. It ended up grossing $3.7 million, finishing seventh at the box office. Critical response On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 4% based on 45 reviews, with an average rating of 2.92/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Fatally undermined by a clichéd, confused plot and a total absence of thrills, Shut In wastes its talented cast—and viewers' time." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score 25 out of 100, based on 14 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "C" on an A+ to F scale. Rex Reed of The New York Observer gave the film 0/4 stars, saying that it was "A lunk-headed, badly written, indifferently acted, woodenly directed heap of spook-movie clichés", and added: "There isn't one genuine thrill in the whole thing. I’ve had bigger scares from my goldfish bowl." Richard James Havis of the South China Morning Post gave the film 1/5 stars, writing: "how Shut In managed to get a worldwide release presents a bigger mystery than its story, which, as is usual for the genre, puts a pretty woman in danger at the hands of a deranged male." Jeannette Catsoulis of The New York Times wrote: "In this achingly inept thriller, you will see Naomi Watts do what she can to sell a plot of such preposterousness that the derisory laughter around me began barely 20 minutes in." Kimber Myers of the Los Angeles Times wrote that the film "is more effective as a 90-minute commercial for the L.L. Bean aesthetic than as a pseudo-psychological thriller." Zach Schevich of Time Out gave the film 2/5 stars and wrote: "As Mary loses sleep, her paranoia worsens, yet Christina Hodson's monotonous script fails to make Mary's psychological struggles feel any more severe than a case of misplaced keys." Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian was more positive, giving it a score of 3/5 stars and writing: "There is something entertainingly Hitchcockian and Freudian in this twisty chiller, with a touch of Dennis Potter somewhere in there, too. It's low-key and modestly budgeted, but perfectly well made, and Watts maintains a cool and steady presence." Accolades Watts received a Golden Raspberry Award nomination for Worst Actress, but lost to Rebekah Turner for Hillary's America: The Secret History of the Democratic Party. References External links 2016 films 2016 psychological thriller films French psychological thriller films Canadian psychological thriller films Films about child abduction in the United States Films about deaf people Films about paraplegics or quadriplegics Films directed by Farren Blackburn Films scored by Nathaniel Méchaly Films set in Maine Films shot in Quebec Films shot in Vancouver Films with screenplays by Christina Hodson Lava Bear Films films English-language French films English-language Canadian films 2010s English-language films 2010s French films 2010s Canadian films
The AG-C/EGLM is a single-shot 40 mm grenade launcher that attaches to assault rifles of various types. It is manufactured by Heckler and Koch and is derived from the AG36. EGLM stands for "Enhanced Grenade Launching Module". A stand-alone variant exists. The device attaches under the barrel. A separate sighting system is added to rifles fitted with the AG-C/EGLM, as the rifle's standard sights are not matched to the launcher. The AG-C/EGLM can fire high-explosive, smoke, illuminating, buckshot direct fire, CS gas, and training grenades. Users - Use the AG-NL variant designed for Diemaco C7 and C8 rifles and has the designation 40 mm Granaatwerper Heckler & Koch LV. - Used on HK416 and Diemaco SFW - AG-HK416 on HK416 within Wojska Specjalne. - HK269 variant used on HK416A5 by the Portuguese Army. - AG-C under the designation L17A1 (for use with the C8SFW/L119A1 carbine) and AG-SA80 under the designation L123A3 (for use with the SA80/L85 rifle). See also Heckler & Koch AG36 M320 grenade launcher M203 grenade launcher References External links The AG-C/EGLM Grenade Launcher 40×46mm grenade launchers Post–Cold War weapons of Germany Grenade launchers of Germany Teargas grenade guns Heckler & Koch grenade launchers
FM3 (sometimes stylized as FM三) is the Beijing, China-based music duo of Christiaan Virant and Zhang Jian. They are considered among the pioneers of electronic music in China. Since 1999, Virant and Jian have been creating meditative music by combining the sound of Chinese classical instruments with modern digital techniques. The duo is best known for its 2005 release, the Buddha Machine loop player. History A United States native, Virant moved to China in the 1980s to study Chinese Music and culture. In 1999, Virant joined Zhang Jian to form FM3, a project that allowed the pair to experiment with music that combined the sound of Chinese classical instruments with modern digital techniques. Starting out as "the ambient, chill-out band that played in the back room" of Beijing clubs, the project evolved into a "meditative" sound. In November 2013, Virant announced the release of a forthcoming FM3 album, called "Ting Shuo", on his YouTube channel. During late 2013 and early 2014, FM3 presented live shows at events in China and Thailand, with most of the Thai gigs featuring Virant performing alone. On March 22, 2014, Virant played at the EESE Experimental Electronic South East arts festival in Bangkok under the moniker "FM3v", used for his solo performances of the project's work. As part of his appearance at EESE 2014, Virant also conducted a workshop on 23 March, at which he spoke about the Buddha Machine invention. Buddha Machine In 2005, FM3 began work on a small musical loop player that the group called the Buddha Machine. The Buddha Machine fulfills certain criteria of a generative music device, while the idea of layering loops of ambient sound is credited to Brian Eno, who worked similarly using tape machines for installations. Eno was himself an early supporter of the Buddha Machine. Roughly the size of a pack of cigarettes, the device features a single toggle switch to cycle through samples, a combined power and volume dial, and an integrated speaker. The device contains a chip holding nine digitally encoded drones, ranging in length from 1.5 to 40 seconds. The name and idea is derived from a popular Chinese device that intones repeating loops of Buddhist chanting. In an interview with the public radio show Studio 360, regarding the creation of the Buddha Machine, Virant said he was inspired by a device found in a Buddhist temple. Attracted to its design, he applied its construction as a means of presenting his loop-based music. Following the original version, two other editions of the Buddha Machine have been released: The second unit, released in 2008, features nine new loops and pitch control, while the third unit (entitled Chan Fang 禅房; translated as Zen Room) – released in 2010 – replaced the electronic drones on the first two units with loops performed on the Gu Qin, an ancient Chinese classical instrument. Following the release of the third version, the band also produced apps for the iPhone and iPad with similar functionality to the physical devices. The pair collaborated with industrial music pioneers Throbbing Gristle and Industrial Records in 2009 to make a Buddha Machine model entitled "Gristleism". According to the promotional material, the Gristleism features "thirteen original and uncompromising loops" and a “mix of signature TG experimental noise, industrial drone, and classic melodies and rhythms”. As of March 2014, the limited-edition product is no longer available. In November 2012, the fourth-generation Buddha Machine was released, containing eight new loops and encased in a “dayglo” case that was available in four colours. In 2013, FM3 collaborated with Japanese musician Keigo Oyamada, better known as Cornelius, to produce a loop-playing device called “Ghost in the Machine”. The device contains three tracks from Oyamada's soundtrack for the anime film Ghost in the Shell: Arise. David Byrne, in his book How Music Works, references the Buddha Machine as an early step toward a future where all types of music could be machine generated. Additionally, in his online journal, Byrne compared the device to both the work of composer John Cage and oral literary traditions, writing in 2011: …a transistor radio sized device that plays endlessly changing sounds, chosen by the program, from a given set of notes and sounds. There is, as one would expect, no arc to these compositions – no beginning, middle and/or end. They are merely states of being, not substitutes for narrative. These indeterminate scores can be viewed a bit like the literature that emerges out of oral traditions – the great epics and sagas. A Buddha Machine collaboration with Philip Glass, Philip Glass 80, was released in January 2017 to celebrate the composer's 80th birthday. The original Buddha Machine 1 was re-released in a slightly redesigned form in November 2017, available in four colors: green, blue, red, and orange. Reception The music of FM3 has been described as “poetic noise”, “confrontationally tranquil”, and “engagingly intimate”. The original Buddha Machine, released in 2005, was positively received and has been described as “beautifully useless”, “mesmerizing”, and “addictive, spellbinding, hypnotic”. Discography In addition to the Buddha Machine, FM3 has a number of releases on CD and vinyl formats, and their music appears in various film and television soundtracks in China and the West. Albums "Hou Guan Yin" (with Dou Wei), Lona Records (CD, Dig), Hong Kong, 2006 "Mort Aux Vaches" (Part of the Mort Aux Vaches series), Staalplaat (CD), 2005 "Radio Pyongyang" Sublime Frequencies (CD), USA, 2005 "Streets of Lhasa" Sublime Frequencies (CD), USA, 2005 "Chuan Song" FM3 Zhang, Kwanyin (CD), China, 2005 "Jing Hua Yuan Ji" (with Dou Wei), Shanghai Audio Visual (CD), China, 2004 "Bu Ke Neng" (with Yan Jun and Wu Quan), Kwanyin (CD), China, 2003 "Ting Shuo (听说), CVMK (CD), Hong Kong, 2014 Spin-off albums Layering Buddha - On October 27, 2006, Robert Henke released an album called Layering Buddha which contains 10 tracks that have been created by "filtering, pitching and layering either the original loops, or new loops which were re-assembled out of parts of the originals." Jukebox Buddha - In November 2006 Berlin record label Staubgold released a 15-track album of Buddha Machine remixes entitled Jukebox Buddha. Contributors include Sun City Girls, Sunn O))), Thomas Fehlmann, Jan Jelinek with Andrew Pekler and Hanno Leichtmann, Einstürzende Neubauten's Blixa Bargeld, Monolake's Robert Henke, Alog, and Mapstation among others. Buddha Machine Music - In March 2011, Jan Linton released a mini album from Entropy Records called Buddha Machine Music a mini CD of 22 minutes which contains 6 compositions by Jan Linton using treated sounds from Buddha Machines 1.0 and 2.0, along with his performances on various instruments including the zhongruan and saz. He Xie Fu - A new version of the "Jukebox Buddha" remix compilation was released in November 2011 by FM3. The compilation features a lineup of all Chinese artists. Tracks appear on "P.Pa, Zheng" Bip-Hop Generation [v.7] (CD, Dig), BiP_HOp, 2004 "Ambience Sinica" Very Best of the Far East (CD), Nascente, UK, 2004 "Bitzen" Condominium (CD), Mousike Lab, 2004 "Ruan" Mutek 05 (2xCD), Mutek_Rec, 2005 "Part #1, Part #2" Radio Worm 59 (CDr), Worm Records, 2005 "Untitled" Yokomono 02: 55 Lock Grooves (LP), Staalplaat, 2005 "Monoqin" Minicomp2 (7", Comp, Ltd), Sneakmove, 2007 "East 18b," Silent Room (DVD, PAL + DVD, NTSC + 2xCD, Comp + Box, Ltd), SK Factory, 2007 Film Soundtracks An extended nine-minute version of the track "P.Pa" appears in the 2010 installation "Ten Thousand Waves" by Turner-prize-nominated filmmaker Isaac Julien. FM3 band member Zhang Jian created the soundtrack for the 2016 Zhang Yang (director) film "Soul on a String" using music from unreleased FM3 material and live performances. The soundtrack was nominated for Best Original Film Score at the 53rd Golden Horse Film Festival and Awards. References External links FM3 website for the Buddha Machine Chinese musical groups Experimental musical instruments Chinese electronic musicians Electronic music groups Experimental musical groups Musical groups from Beijing Musical groups established in 1999
Gnima Faye (born 17 November 1984) is a Senegalese track and field athlete who competes in the 100 metres hurdles. She was the 2012 African champion in the event and has a personal best of 13.17 seconds. She competed in the 200 metres at the 2001 World Youth Championships in Athletics, then switched to the hurdles for the 2002 World Junior Championships in Athletics. At the age of seventeen she placed fifth in the 100 m hurdles at the 2002 African Championships in Athletics. She ran a personal best of 13.59 seconds to win at the 2003 African Junior Athletics Championships and also placed second in the 400 metres hurdles as well as helping Senegal to third in the 4×100 metres relay. Faye entered the 2004 African Championships but was disqualified. Her senior breakthrough came at the 2006 event, where she took the hurdles bronze medal and was part of the fourth-placed Senegalese relay team. She placed fifth at the 2007 All-Africa Games and was fourth in the relay, but time-wise she remained off her junior peaks. She finally bettered her 2003 personal best in the 2009 season and she ended that year with a high at the 2009 Jeux de la Francophonie by taking the silver medal in a personal best of 13.35 seconds. She was runner-up to Seun Adigun at the 2010 African Championships. Faye won at the CAA Brazzaville and Gabriel Tiacoh meets that year and had a season's best of 13.45 seconds in La Chaux-de-Fonds. She was elected as Africa's hurdles representative for the 2010 IAAF Continental Cup and she came seventh. She was based mainly in France in 2011 and she broke the Senegalese record for the 60 metres hurdles with a run of 8.22 seconds. She ran at the 2011 All-Africa Games but only finished seventh. Her switch to France paid off in 2012, as she opened her outdoor season with a personal best of 13.33 seconds, then bettered that with a run of 13.17 seconds at the French Athletics Championships. At the 2012 African Championships the defending champion Adigun slipped, enabling Faye to take the lead and win her first continental hurdles title. Competition record References External links Living people 1984 births Senegalese female hurdlers People from Dakar Region Athletes (track and field) at the 2015 African Games World Athletics Championships athletes for Senegal African Games silver medalists for Senegal African Games medalists in athletics (track and field) Gnima
The Bajaj Legend was a popular Indian-made motor scooter produced by Bajaj Auto, Ltd. First produced in 1999. The Legend was powered by a new "environmentally friendly" designed 145cc four-stroke, single cylinder engine, with 9 bhp @ 6000 rpm and torque of 11.3 Nm @ 4000 rpm. This is coupled to a four speed transmission operated through a classic Vespa-style grip gear shifter. The front suspension utilizes a "leading link" and the rear suspension utilizes a "coaxial hydraulic dampner" The wheelbase is 1272 mm. The weight is 110 kg. The ground clearance is 145 mm. The petrol tank capacity is 5 liters. Legend Indian motor scooters Motorcycles introduced in 1999
Micromyrtus capricornia is a species of flowering plant in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae and is endemic to a small area of central eastern Queensland. It is a shrub with slightly drooping branchlets, overlapping, narrowly egg-shaped leaves and small white flowers. Description Micromyrtus capricornia is a shrub that typically grows to a height of up to and has slightly pendulous branchlets. Its leaves overlap each other, egg-shaped with the narrower end towards the base, long, wide on a petiole long with prominent oil glands. The flowers are arranged singly in leaf axils on a peduncle long with 2 bracteoles about long at the base, but that fall off as the flowers open. The 5 sepal lobes are more or less round, long and wide. The 5 petals are white, round to egg-shaped and long and wide. There are five stamens, each opposite a petal, the filaments about long. Flowering occurs throughout the year. Taxonomy Micromyrtus capricornia was first formally described in 1997 by Anthony Bean in the journal Austrobaileya from specimens collected near Comet in 1993. The specific epithet (capricornia) refers to the Tropic of Capricorn, near to which this species occurs. Distribution and habitat This species of micromyrtus grows on ridge tops from Mount Coolon to near Rolleston in a narrow band about from the coast of cental eastern Queensland. References capricornia Flora of Queensland Myrtales of Australia Plants described in 1997 Taxa named by Anthony Bean
The Michael Schenker Group (often abbreviated as MSG) is a German - British - American hard rock band, formed in London in 1979 by former Scorpions and UFO guitarist Michael Schenker. In 1986, Schenker and vocalist Robin McAuley formed the McAuley Schenker Group, which lasted until 1993. Afterwards, in 1996, the Michael Schenker Group was reformed. After the release of their second live album, 1984's Rock Will Never Die, its members began to have serious discussions that caused a two-year hiatus, and Michael ended the band in 1986. The group has had many different members over the years with Schenker the only constant presence. History The band was formed in 1979, following the breakup of Michael Schenker from UFO, in an attempt to have a band that better suited his needs. He therefore decided to move to London; a few weeks after his arrival in the British capital, he joined Gary Barden, vocalist of Fraser Nash, who, with bassist Billy Sheehan and drummer Denny Carmassi founded a new band, simply called Michael Schenker Group. The following year they recorded their second album, MSG, which placed at No. 14 on the UK charts. During their promotional tour, they played at Tokyo's Nippon Budokan in Japan, where their first live album was recorded titled One Night at Budokan. It was released in 1982 with great success in the UK where it was certified silver after exceeding 60,000 copies sold. In October 1983, the band released Built to Destroy, the first with keyboardist Andy Nye and which also featured Derek St. Holmes, known at the time as Ted Nugent's vocalist. To promote it, they gave several concerts in the UK and later went on tour to other European countries as the opening band of Iron Maiden. Their farewell concert was held on December 18, 1983 at the Dortmund festival, after which the band disbanded, and the guitarist founded the McAuley Schenker Group. After deciding to wrap up the McAuley Schenker Group project, Schenker decided to re-found the band in 1996 with Leif Sundin on vocals, Barry Sparks on bass and Shane Gaalaas on drums with whom he recorded Written in the Sand. Two years later, they released The Unforgiven, with Kelly Keeling replacing Sundin and with John Onder replacing Sparks. Discography Studio albums Michael Schenker Group The Michael Schenker Group (1980) #8 UK MSG (1981) Assault Attack (1982) Built to Destroy (1983) Written in the Sand (1996) #22 Japan The Unforgiven (1999) Be Aware of Scorpions (2001) Arachnophobiac (2003) Tales of Rock'n'Roll (2006) In the Midst of Beauty (2008) Immortal (2021) Universal (2022) McAuley Schenker Group Perfect Timing (1987) Save Yourself (1989) M.S.G. (1991) Nightmare: The Acoustic M.S.G. (1992) Schenker Barden Acoustic Project Gipsy Lady (2009) Michael Schenker's Temple of Rock Temple of Rock (2011) Bridge the Gap (2013) Spirit on a Mission (2015) Michael Schenker Fest Resurrection (2018) Revelation (2019) Cover albums Michael Schenker Group Heavy Hitters (2005) Doctor Doctor: The Kulick Sessions (2007 re-release) By Invitation Only (2011 re-release) Live albums Michael Schenker Group One Night at Budokan (1982) (UK Silver) Rock Will Never Die (1984) BBC Radio 1 Live in Concert (1993) The Michael Schenker Story Live (1997) The Unforgiven World Tour (1999) The Mad Axeman Live (2007) Walk the Stage: The Official Bootleg Box Set (2009) The 30th Anniversary Concert: Live in Tokyo (2010) McAuley Schenker Group "Unplugged" Live (1992) Michael Schenker's Temple of Rock On a Mission - Live in Europe (2012) On a Mission - Live in Madrid (2016) Michael Schenker Fest Live Tokyo International Forum Hall A (2017) Members Current members Michael Schenker – lead and rhythm guitar, backing vocals Robin McAuley – lead vocals Steve Mann – keyboards, rhythm and occasional lead guitar, backing vocals Bodo Schopf – drums Barend Courbois – bass guitar, backing vocals References External links Michael Schenker official site MSG in the BNR metal pages Musical groups from London Musical groups established in 1979 British heavy metal musical groups British hard rock musical groups Metal Mind Productions artists Chrysalis Records artists New Wave of British Heavy Metal musical groups
The practice of human trophy collecting involves the acquisition of human body parts as trophy, usually as war trophy. The intent may be to demonstrate dominance over the deceased (such as scalp-taking or forming necklaces of severed ears or teeth), to humiliate or intimidate the enemy (such as shrunken heads or skull cups), or in some rare cases to commemorate the deceased (such as the veneration of the relics of saints). It can be done to prove one's body count in battle, to boast one's prowess and achievements to peers, or as a status symbol of superior masculinity. Serial killers' collection of their victims' body parts have also been described as a form of trophy-taking. While older customs generally included the burial of human war trophies along with the collector, such items have been sold in modern times. History In the Old Testament, King Saul asked David to bring him one hundred Philistine foreskins as bride price for his daughter Michal. David and his men fought a battle, and he presented the king with 200. Headhunting has been practiced across the Americas, Europe, Asia, and Oceania for millennia. One analysis of the practice in early North American societies linked it to social distance from the victim. Groups such as the Scythians collected the skulls of the vanquished to make a skull cup. In the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598), the noses and ears of slain Koreans and Chinese were collected and brought back to Japan, where they were placed in the Mimizuka monument in Kyoto. , it still stands. In North America, it was common practice before, during or after the lynching of African-Americans for the European Americans involved to take souvenirs such as body parts, skin, bones, genitalia, etc. In the United States, trophies were also acquired during conquest of indigenous lands by settlers and other Native American groups. The scalp, skull, and wrist-bones of Little Crow, the Mdewakanton leader during the Minnesota hostilities of 1862, were obtained and displayed for decades at the Minnesota Historical Society as war trophies from Minnesota's bounty on the Santee Sioux. The MHS established in the Constitution of the Minnesota Territory. In another instance connected to battlefield success and to the American mutilation of Japanese war dead, President of the United States Franklin Roosevelt was given a gift of a letter-opener made of a Japanese soldier's arm by U.S. Representative Francis E. Walter in 1944. After a call by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Tokyo for "respect for the laws of humanity even in total war" Roosevelt ordered the item to be returned to its sender and recommended it be properly buried. In addition to human body parts appearing in museums and artifact collections in the explicit context of historical conquest, they are also included for both putative and actual scientific reasons, particularly scientific racism establishing justification for dominance over subject races. The body of William Lanne, the last "full-blooded" Tasmanian Aboriginal man, was mutilated after his death in 1869 by William Crowther who later became the Premier of Tasmania, and Lanne's skull was sent to the Royal College of Surgeons in London to supposedly demonstrate "the improvement that takes place in the lower race when subjected to the effects of education and civilisation". Crowther's mutilation of Lanne proved immensely controversial in Tasmania. During the German Empire's Herero and Namaqua genocide in German South West Africa at the beginning of the twentieth century, specimens of African body parts were obtained and taken to German museums and academic institutions, in some instances in the aftermath of medical experimentation on human subjects. In 2011, when some of these items were returned to present-day Namibia, the rector of the University of Freiburg referred to the period of their acquisition as "one of the dark chapters in the history of European science". Later in the century the Jewish skull collection and other medical resources were the result of Nazi Germany's human experimentation programs and other elements of the Holocaust. The practice occurred during World War II and the Vietnam War. About 60% of the bodies of Japanese soldiers recovered in the Mariana Islands and returned to Japan lacked skulls. The practice continued up until the 20th century in the Balkans. Other examples The Aghori Hindu sect in India collects human remains which have been consecrated to the Ganges river, making skull cups, or using the corpses as meditation tools. Tibetan Buddhists employ the kangling, a trumpet made from a human thighbone The scrotum of the last male Aboriginal Tasmanian, William Lanne, was crafted into a tobacco pouch after his death. During the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98) Japanese samurai took the noses of dead Koreans as trophies and as proofs of kills; these were pickled and sent back to Japan and buried in nose tombs In Wallace Terry's book, Bloods: An Oral History of the Vietnam War by Black Veterans, Specialist 5 Harold "Light Bulb" Bryant, Combat Engineer, 1st Cavalry Division, U.S. Army, An Khe, February 1966 – February 1967, relates: Well, these white guys would sometimes take the dog-tag chain and fill that up with ears. For different reasons. They would take the ear off to make sure the VC was dead. And to confirm that they had a kill. And to put some notches on they guns. If we were movin' through the jungle, they'd just put the bloody ear on the chain and stick the ear in their pocket and keep on going. Wouldn't take time to dry it off. Then when we get back, they would nail 'em up on the walls to our hootch, you know, as a trophy. They was rotten and stinkin' after awhile, and finally we make 'em take 'em down. Trade Trophy skulls with purported colonial-era ethnic engravings were widely sold online at various platforms. In 2005, Royal Malaysian Customs Department seized 16 human skulls with engravings that were purported to originate from northwest of West Kalimantan province, somewhere between Pontianak and the Sarawak border, and bound for an unknown buyer in Australia. These seized skulls were transferred to Sarawak State Museum in 2015. Body-snatching Body-snatchings are sometimes conducted to retain a body part as a trophy. See also Human trophy taking in Mesoamerica Maywand District murders Mokomokai: the much-traded and much-collected preserved tattooed heads of New Zealand Maori References External links
St. John the Baptist, Blackrock is a Roman Catholic church in the parish of Blackrock, Ireland. The church is still in use and named after the Saint John the Baptist. It is located on Temple Road, Blackrock, County Dublin. History The church is built on land given for the purpose by Valentine Lawless, 2nd Baron Cloncurry, whose summer residence was nearby Maretimo House. The building of the church commenced with the laying of a single foundation stone on the feast of St. John the Baptist, 24 June 1842. Building completed in 1845 and the church was dedicated on 14 September 1845 by the Most Rev. Dr. Daniel Murray, Archbishop of Dublin. The church was built as a replacement of the chapel of the Carmelite monastery on Sweetman's Avenue. The old chapel was demolished and another chapel built in its place which can now be seen as part of the Blackrock Hospice. The area the church occupies, first came under the parish of Monkstown. Later, after the reformation, the area came under the parish of Booterstown. It was 1922 when the parish of Blackrock came into being. Architecture The church was designed by the architect Patrick Byrne, who was educated at the Dublin Society Schools. It is one of the finest examples of the Gothic revival style in Ireland and was the first to be built in the Dublin Archdiocese. It is said to be inspired by the ideas of Augustus Welby Pugin (1812-1852). The initial building consisted of the nave, chancel and bell tower. To the rear of the church, two carved heads can be seen up high on either side of the rose window. The head on the left depicts St. John the Baptist, while the head on the right depicts the Archbishop Daniel Murray. In 1850, additions were made to the east side, to the right of the entrance. These included an aisle, baptistry, vestry and a chapel in honour of Our Lady. In 1931–1932, the old school to the west side of the church was demolished and an additional aisle, St. Anne's aisle, was constructed. This included the St. Anne's chapel and the Blessed Sacrament chapel. Inside Altar To the rear of the altar there are nine statues representing the "Bearers of the Word". At the centre is Our Lady (Blessed Virgin Mary) followed to her right is St. Peter, St. Mark, St. James and St. Matthew. To her left is St. Paul, St. Luke, St. John and St. Jude. Stained Glass Windows In 1925, through a donation by the family of John Murphy of Avoca Avenue, Harry Clarke Studio was commissioned to create two stained glass windows. These windows can be seen as the third stained glass windows on both the west and east aisles. 1932 saw new stained glass windows installed in the St. Anne's aisle, by the Early Studios. In 1955, the Evie Hone stained glass windows were presented by the McGuire family in memory of Brigid Patricia McGuire, wife of Senator Edward McGuire and mother of the portrait painter Edward McGuire (1932-1986). This window was one of the last produced by Evie Hone. See also Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Dublin References External links Archdiocese of Dublin Blackrock, Dublin Churches of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Dublin Churches in Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown
Monte Alegre do Piauí is a municipality in the state of Piauí in the Northeast region of Brazil. The municipality was designated a priority area for conservation and sustainable use when the Caatinga Ecological Corridor was created in 2006. See also List of municipalities in Piauí References Municipalities in Piauí
The Canadian International Trade Tribunal is an independent quasi-judicial body operating in Canada's trade system. The administrative tribunal reports to Parliament through the Minister of Finance. The Tribunal was established on December 31, 1988, and is based in Ottawa, Ontario. The Tribunal is composed of a chairperson and up to six permanent members appointed by the Governor-in-council. Temporary members may also be appointed. The Tribunal is mandated to act within five key areas: Anti-dumping Injury Inquiries: To inquire into and decide whether dumped and/or subsidized imports have caused, or are threatening to cause, injury to a domestic industry Procurement Inquiries: To inquire into complaints by potential suppliers concerning procurement by the federal government and decide whether the federal government breached its obligations under certain trade agreements to which Canada is party Customs and Excise Appeals: To hear and decide appeals of decisions of the Canada Border Services Agency made under the Customs Act and the Special Import Measures Act (SIMA) and of the Minister of National Revenue made under the Excise Tax Act Economic and Tariff Inquiries: To inquire into and provide advice on such economic, trade and tariff issues as are referred to the Tribunal by the Governor in Council or the Minister of Finance Safeguard Inquiries: To inquire into complaints by domestic producers that increased imports are causing, or threatening to cause, injury to domestic producers and, as directed, make recommendations to the Government on an appropriate remedy See also Canada Border Services Agency import, export, tariff, subsidy World Trade Organization General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) External links CITT Home Page Further reading Paolo Davide Farah & Giacomo Gattinara, "WTO Law in the Canadian Legal Order", in: Claudio DORDI (ed.), The Absence of Direct Effect of WTO in the EC and Other Countries, The Interuniversity Centre on the Law of International Economic Organizations (CIDOIE), Turin: Giappicchelli, 2010, pp. 323–330, available on SSRN Judiciary of Canada Anti-dumping authorities Foreign trade of Canada
Zaccharie Risacher (born 8 April 2005) is a French professional basketball player for JL Bourg of the LNB Pro A and the EuroCup, on loan from ASVEL. Early life Risacher was born in Málaga, Spain, where his father was playing professional basketball for Baloncesto Málaga. Professional career Risacher entered the youth program for ASVEL Basket in 2020. He primarily played for the team's club in LNB Espoirs, the French under-21 league. Risacher made his debut with the senior team in 2021 against Boulogne-Levallois. He also made his EuroLeague debut later in the season. Risacher also averaged 12.5 points and 4.4 rebounds in LNB Espoirs competition. On 16 June 2023 Risacher signed his first professional contract with ASVEL but was immediately loaned to JL Bourg for the 2023-24 season. National team career Risacher played for the France under-17 basketball team at the 2022 FIBA Under-17 Basketball World Cup. He averaged 10.4 points and 4.4 rebounds as France won the bronze medal. Personal life Risacher's father, Stéphane Risacher, played basketball professionally and won a silver medal at the 2000 Summer Olympics with the France national basketball team. References External links RealGM profile 2005 births Living people ASVEL Basket players French men's basketball players Small forwards JL Bourg-en-Bresse players
The Darbar-e Azam (lit. "the great court") was established in October 1872 under Qajar shah Naser al-Din Shah (1848-1896). It was a council of ministers, constituting a cabinet, and was composed of the sadr-e azam (grand vizier) and nine other ministers. The Darbar-e Azam was established as a result of several tests undertaken during Naser al-Din Shah's rule in order to improve the effectiveness of Iran's administration on Western model. The nine other ministers in addition to the sadr-e azam were: of war, finance, justice, foreign affairs, interior, education, public works, court, commerce and agriculture. Together with the sadr-e azam, these ministers were responsible for running the entire Iranian government. References Politics of Qajar Iran 1872 establishments in Iran Persian words and phrases
Eurema floricola, the Malagasy grass yellow, is a butterfly in the family Pieridae. It is found in Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Burundi, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia and on Madagascar, the Comoros, Mauritius, Réunion and the Seychelles. Its habitat consists of the forest/savanna transition zone. The larvae feed on Desmanthus virgatus, Caesalpinia bonducella, Leucaena glauca, Mimosa and Entada species. Subspecies Eurema floricola floricola (Madagascar, eastern Tanzania) Eurema floricola aldabrensis Bernardi, 1969 (Seychelles) Eurema floricola anjuana (Butler, 1879) (Comoros) Eurema floricola ceres (Butler, 1886) (Mauritius, Reunion) Eurema floricola leonis (Butler, 1886) (Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Democratic Republic of Congo, Burundi, Kenya, western Tanzania, Zambia) References Butterflies described in 1833 floricola Butterflies of Africa
Waddesdon is a village in Buckinghamshire, England, west-north-west of Aylesbury on the A41 road. The village also includes the hamlets of Eythrope and Wormstone, Waddesdon was an agricultural settlement with milling, silk weaving and lace making enterprises. History The name 'Waddesdon' means 'hill of a man named Wott'. The parish church of St Michael and All Angels dates from 1190 with medieval and Victorian additions. Waddesdon was involved in the marriage of Maud Holland in the 1360s. Edward the Black Prince agreed with Hugh de Courtenay, 2nd/10th Earl of Devon that Maud would marry Devon's grandson Hugh Courtenay. Devon promised to award Maud an annuity of 200 marks and the manors of Sutton Courtenay and in Buckinghamshire. The arrangements were approved by Pope Urban V and Edward III. The wedding had taken place by February 1365, when the manors were granted to Maud. Between 1897 and 1936, Waddesdon had train services on the Aylesbury and Buckingham Railway (later part of the Metropolitan) at Waddesdon railway station, two miles from the village. There was also a halt on the Brill Tramway. In 1874, Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild bought a large estate in the area and built the mansion of Waddesdon Manor on a hill-top above the village. He transformed Waddesdon into an estate village, with new houses for employees and tenants, a school, a public house, cricket pavilion and village hall. Waddesdon Manor and grounds are now the property of the National Trust, and Jacob Rothschild, 4th Baron Rothschild retains the estate and a house at nearby Eythrope. On 17 November 2017, near Waddesdon, there was a mid-air collision between an aeroplane and a helicopter, with four fatalities. Education Waddesdon Village Primary School is a mixed, community, primary school, which has approximately 200 pupils from the age of four through to the age of eleven. The village is also home to Waddesdon Church of England School, a secondary school which holds over 1000 students and staff. It has over 600 students. Notable residents Peter Palmer (died 1621), justice of the Court of Common Pleas (Ireland), was born in Waddesdon, where his family leased the main mansion house. Alice Shalvi Gallery References Further reading External links Waddesdon Manor Waddesdon Village Primary School website Waddesdon Policing Team Villages in Buckinghamshire Civil parishes in Buckinghamshire Rococo architecture in England
Shkëlzen Ruçi (born 1 July 1992) is an Albanian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Skënderbeu. He is set to join Vora on 1 July 2023. Club career Luftëtari Gjirokastër On 22 July 2016, Ruçi joined Luftëtari Gjirokastër just promoted to top flight by signing until June 2018. He played his first match for the club on 28 September in the first leg of 2016–17 Albanian Cup first round versus his former side Elbasani, keeping a clean-sheet as his side won 1–0. His league debut later on 30 November versus Skënderbeu Korçë, with Luftëtari caused an upset as the match ended in a goalless draw. References External links Profile at UEFA.com 1992 births Living people Footballers from Elbasan Albanian men's footballers Men's association football goalkeepers KF Elbasani players KF Bylis players KF Luftëtari players SC Gjilani players Kategoria Superiore players Kategoria e Parë players Football Superleague of Kosovo players Albanian expatriate men's footballers Expatriate men's footballers in Kosovo Albanian expatriate sportspeople in Kosovo
Ballycraigy () is a townland and housing estate in Antrim town, Northern Ireland. According to the census for Ballycraigy ward the estate has approximately 865 residents. The Ballycraigy estate is almost wholly Protestant, and the estate is associated with Ulster loyalism. Ballycraigy has its own loyalist marching band, "Ballycraigy Sons of Ulster", with purple/lilac attire for their uniform. Every Eleventh of July, many Protestants celebrate by lighting a bonfire in the centre of the estate. In 2007 there was a legal threat over the inclusion of hundreds of tyres in the bonfire with the fear that excessive toxic fumes would be emitted; however it was not possible to establish who had been involved in placing them there, and the bonfire was allowed to go ahead. On the Ballycraigy estate is a memorial garden dedicated to Billy Wright, leader of the Loyalist Volunteer Force paramilitary organisation. There are two other townlands named Ballycraigy in County Antrim. One is in Larne and is the site of Ballycraigy Manor, a country house with a tower and battlements built in 1869, the residence of James Chaine, a businessman involved in shipping and a Conservative Party politician. The other is in the parish of Carnmoney. References Geography of County Antrim Housing estates in Northern Ireland County Antrim Antrim, County Antrim
Gamasellus caucasicus is a species of mite in the family Ologamasidae. References caucasicus Articles created by Qbugbot Animals described in 1981
Portugal Angola – José Maria da Ponte e Horta, Governor-General of Angola (1870–1873) British Empire Jamaica – Sir John Peter Grant, Governor of Jamaica (1866–1874) Malta Colony – Patrick Grant, Governor of Malta (1867–1872) New South Wales – Somerset Lowry-Corry, Lord Belmore, Governor of New South Wales (1868–1872) Queensland Samuel Blackall, Governor of Queensland (1868–1871) George Phipps, Lord Normanby, Governor of Queensland (1871–1874) Tasmania – Sir Charles Du Cane, Governor of Tasmania (1869–1874) South Australia – Sir James Fergusson, Bt, Governor of South Australia (1869–1873) Victoria – John Manners-Sutton, Lord Canterbury, Governor of Victoria (1866–1873) Western Australia – Major Frederick Weld, Governor of Western Australia (1869–1875) Colonial governors Colonial governors 1871
The Parry Channel (, Tallurutiup Imanga) is a natural waterway through the central Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Its eastern two-thirds lie in the territory of Nunavut, while its western third (west of 110° West) lies in the Northwest Territories. It runs east to west, connecting Baffin Bay in the east with the Beaufort Sea in the west. Its eastern end is the only practical entrance to the Northwest Passage. Its western end would be a natural exit from the archipelago were it not filled with ice. The channel separates the Queen Elizabeth Islands to the north from the rest of Nunavut. Named parts of the Channel are, from east to west, Lancaster Sound, Barrow Strait, Viscount Melville Sound and the McClure Strait. On the south are Baffin Island, Admiralty Inlet and the Brodeur Peninsula of Baffin Island, Prince Regent Inlet which leads to the large Gulf of Boothia, Somerset Island, Peel Sound which is the main route south, Prince of Wales Island, the ice-choked M'Clintock Channel, Victoria Island, the narrow Prince of Wales Strait and Banks Island. On the north are Devon Island, Wellington Channel, Cornwallis Island, McDougall Sound, Bathurst Island, Melville Island and Prince Patrick Island. Parry Channel is named after Arctic explorer William Edward Parry, who in 1819 got as far as Melville Island before being blocked by ice at the McClure Strait. The next ship to get this far west was part of the Edward Belcher expedition in 1850. References Channels of Nunavut
```rust /* * * This software may be used and distributed according to the terms of the */ use dag::idmap::IdMap; use dag::idmap::IdMapAssignHead; use dag::ops::Persist; use dag::Group; use dag::Id; use dag::IdDag; use dag::IdSet; use dag::Vertex; use minibench::bench; use minibench::elapsed; use nonblocking::non_blocking_result as nbr; use tempfile::tempdir; type ParentsFunc<'a> = Box<dyn Fn(Vertex) -> dag::Result<Vec<Vertex>> + Send + Sync + 'a>; pub fn main() { let parents = bindag::parse_bindag(bindag::MOZILLA); let head_name = Vertex::copy_from(format!("{}", parents.len() - 1).as_bytes()); let parents_by_name = \|name: Vertex\| -> dag::Result<Vec<Vertex>> { let i = String::from_utf8(name.as_ref().to_vec()) .unwrap() .parse::<usize>() .unwrap(); Ok(parents[i] .iter() .map(\|p\| format!("{}", p).as_bytes().to_vec().into()) .collect()) }; let id_map_dir = tempdir().unwrap(); let mut id_map = IdMap::open(id_map_dir.path()).unwrap(); let mut covered_ids = IdSet::empty(); let reserved_ids = IdSet::empty(); let prepared_segments = nbr(id_map.assign_head( head_name, &(Box::new(parents_by_name) as ParentsFunc), Group::MASTER, &mut covered_ids, &reserved_ids, )) .unwrap(); // Test the size, and generation speed, and ancestor calcuation speed // with some different segment sizes. for segment_size in [4, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 32, 64, 128] { let dag_dir = tempdir().unwrap(); let mut dag = IdDag::open(dag_dir.path()).unwrap(); dag.set_new_segment_size(segment_size); let segment_len = dag .build_segments_from_prepared_flat_segments(&prepared_segments) .unwrap(); { let locked = dag.lock().unwrap(); dag.persist(&locked).unwrap(); } let log_len = dag_dir.path().join("log").metadata().unwrap().len(); eprintln!("segments: {} log len: {}", segment_len, log_len); bench( format!("ancestor calcuation segment_size={}", segment_size), \|\| { let dag = IdDag::open(dag_dir.path()).unwrap(); elapsed(\|\| { for i in (0..parents.len() as u64).step_by(10079) { for j in (1..parents.len() as u64).step_by(2351) { dag.gca_one((Id(i), Id(j)).into()).unwrap(); } } }) }, ); } } ```
The North American Competitiveness Council (NACC) was an official tri-national working group of the Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America (SPP). It was created at the second summit of the SPP in Cancún, Quintana Roo, Mexico, in March 2006. The SPP is an agreement between the leaders of the United States, Canada and Mexico to work towards a more integrated North American economy and security region. Composed of 30 corporate representatives from some of North America's largest companies, the North American Competitiveness Council has been mandated to set priorities for the SPP and to act as a stable driver of the integration process through changes in government in all three countries. The NACC became inactive in 2009. History While the North American Competitiveness Council was officially born on March 31, 2006, at the second annual summit of the Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America, its seeds were planted three months earlier. On January 10 and 11, 2006, United Parcel Service, the Council of the Americas and the North American Business Committee convened a "public/private sector dialogue on the SPP" in Louisville, Kentucky, United States. The meeting was attended by 50 government officials and business leaders from Canada, the U.S. and Mexico, including officials from the Canadian Privy Council Office, the Mexican Presidency, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security and corporate reps from ExxonMobil, DaimlerChrysler, Ford, Tyco, and FedEx. According to an account of the meeting from the Council of the Americas, attendees discussed "marrying policy issues with business priorities", and that "one critical factor in the success of the SPP will be the active engagement of the North American business community." Private sector supporters of the SPP "need to build a genuine constituency for North American integration if it is to move forward successfully", says the Council of the Americas report. "Leadership from governments that recognizes the importance of business issues to the overall social welfare empowers the private sector to engage substantively and pragmatically on trade and security issues without undue deference to political sensibilities." On March 15, 2006, North American business leaders met in Washington, D.C., with U.S. Secretary of Commerce Carlos Gutierrez, Canadian Deputy Minister of Industry Suzanne Hurtubise and Dr. Alberto Ortega from the Mexican Presidency. According to a backgrounder from the Council of the Americas, the government officials were interested in "the views of the North American business community on priorities for the SPP, as well as recommendations from business leaders on how the SPP can help their companies be more competitive in the global market, how SPP can reduce the cost of doing business, and any specific recommendations to cut red tape or eliminate unnecessary barriers to trade in North America." Business leaders were also asked about the possible creation and institutionalization of a North American Competitiveness Council. There was unanimous support. Just over two weeks later, U.S. President George W. Bush, Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper and former Mexican President Vicente Fox met in Cancún for the second annual summit of the Security and Prosperity Partnership. The leaders were each accompanied by five private sector representatives who pledged their commitment to the SPP process and helped set the agenda for the North American Competitiveness Council (NACC). They decided that the council would be composed of 30 CEOs, ten from each country, who would meet annually with senior government officials to advise them on corporate priorities for the SPP. The NACC was officially launched on June 15, 2006, at a joint press conference held by Carlos Gutierrez, Mexican Economy Minister Sergio García de Alba and Canadian Industry Minister Maxime Bernier. According to a Council of the Americas report, the purpose of institutionalizing the North American business community's involvement in the SPP process was, "so that the work will continue through changes in administrations." The NACC will make sure that, "governments look to the private sector to tell them what needs to be done." According to a Canadian press release, the NACC "has a mandate to provide governments with recommendations on broad issues such as border facilitation and regulation, as well as the competitiveness of key sectors including automotive, transportation, manufacturing and services." The NACC met again in Washington, D.C., on August 15, 2006. The meeting was chaired by Ron Covais, President of the Americas for Lockheed Martin, and was co-hosted by the U.S. Chamber of Commerce and the Council of the Americas – both U.S. NACC co-secretariats. The U.S. business leaders outlined their key priorities as "standards and regulatory cooperation, border security and infrastructure, supply chain management, energy integration, innovation, and external dimensions", but the NACC as a whole eventually agreed on three overall priorities: border crossing facilitation (to be handled by the Canadian NACC members), regulatory convergence (to be handled by the U.S. NACC) and energy integration, which the Mexican NACC members would handle. The North American Competitiveness Council met with SPP ministers for the first time on February 23, 2007, in Ottawa. At that meeting, the business council released a preliminary report containing over 50 recommendations for continental integration, including a North American resource pact and intensified regulatory convergence between all three countries. On July 26, 2007, the conservative, non-partisan U.S. government watchdog Judicial Watch notified Commerce Secretary Carlos Gutierrez that it was seeking access to the meetings and records of the North American Competitiveness Council (NACC) under the provisions of the Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA) – the federal open meetings law (5 U.S.C App. 2 §3(2)). "Specifically", said Judicial Watch in a press release, the group, "seeks to attend and/or participate in meetings of the NACC and its U.S. component subcommittees." The NACC met again with SPP ministers and NAFTA leaders on August 21, 2007, at the Chateau Montebello hotel in Quebec, Canada. It was the only non-governmental organization with full access to the meeting, the third Security and Prosperity Partnership Leaders Summit since March 2005. The group of CEOs released another report praising the Canadian, Mexican and U.S. governments for moving quickly on NACC recommendations for a North American Regulatory Cooperation Framework and Intellectual Property Action Plan. The NACC report explained that the group is prepared, "to move beyond our initial report" and would be "pleased to engage on other strategic issues affecting the competitiveness and security of the North American economies." The SPP has scheduled a meeting in New Orleans on April 21–22, 2008, where the three government leaders will meet with corporate leaders from each of the three nations to discuss "harmonization" of policies, in order to integrate environmental, energy, labor, and other standards for the benefit of these large corporations and for the purported benefit of mutual security. Media coverage Until the February 23, 2007, NACC/SPP meeting in Ottawa, there had been very little media coverage of the North American Competitiveness Council, its mandate or its meetings. In fact, the only mainstream North American source to write about the NACC has been Canada's Maclean's magazine, which ran a story on September 13 by Luiza Savage called "Meet NAFTA 2.0." Savage described the NACC as a "cherry-picked group of executives who were whisked to Cancún in March by the leaders of Canada, the U.S. and Mexico, and asked to come up with a plan for taking North American integration beyond NAFTA." She quoted Annette Verschuren, president of Home Depot Canada, who called the Cancún meeting "an intimate discussion" and "a lot of fun [because] there were no reporters, just a freewheeling discussion on the things that drive you crazy." Ron Covais of Lockheed Martin told Savage that, "The guidance from the ministers was, 'tell us what we need to do and we'll make it happen,'" and that rather than going through the legislative process in any country, the Security and Prosperity Partnership must be implemented in incremental changes by executive agencies, bureaucrats and regulators. "We've decided not to recommend any things that would require legislative changes", Covais tells Savage, "because we won't get anywhere." NACC Members U.S. Representatives: Campbell Soup Company Chevron Corporation Ford Motor Company FedEx Corporation General Electric Company General Motors Corp. Kansas City Southern Lockheed Martin Corporation Merck & Co., Inc. Mittal Steel USA New York Life Insurance Company The Procter & Gamble Company (joined in 2007) UPS Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. Whirlpool Corporation (note: Herman Cain was incorrectly noted as being a member of the NACC/SPP in representing the Whirlpool Corporation. Herman Cain served on the board of directors for Whirlpool. In order to be eligible to be an executive member of the NACC listed above, you must be a senior executive of the company being represented. Jeff Fettig had been CEO of Whirlpool since 2004.) Canadian Representatives: Dominic D'Alessandro, Manulife Financial Paul Desmarais, Jr., Power Corporation of Canada David A. Ganong, Ganong Bros. Limited Richard George, Suncor Energy Inc. E. Hunter Harrison, CN Linda Hasenfratz, Linamar Corporation (NACC chairperson) Michael Sabia, Bell Canada Enterprises Jim Shepherd, Canfor Corporation Annette Verschuren, The Home Depot Richard E. Waugh, Scotiabank Mexican Representatives: José Luís Barraza, President of Consejo Coordinador Empresarial (CCE) and CEO of Grupo Impulso, Realiza & Asociados, Inmobiliaria Realiza and Optima Gastón Azcárraga, President of Consejo Mexicano de Hombres de Negocios (CMHN) and CEO of Mexicana de Aviación and Grupo Posadas León Halkin, President of Confederación de Cámaras Industriales (CONCAMIN) and chairman of the board and CEO of four companies in the industrial and real estate markets Valentín Díez, Chairman of the Mexican Business Council for Trade, Investment, and Technology (COMCE) and former Vicepresident of Grupo Modelo. Jaime Yesaki, President of Consejo Nacional Agropecuario (CNA) and CEO of several Poultry companies. Claudio X. González, President of Centro de Estudios Económicos del Sector Privado (CEESP) and chairman of the board and CEO Kimberly-Clark de Mexico Guillermo Vogel, Vice President of TAMSA (Tubos de Acero de México) César de Anda Molina, President and CEO of Avicar de Occidente Tomás González Sada, President and CEO of Grupo CYDSA Alfredo Moisés Ceja, President of Finca Montegrande See also North American Free Trade Agreement References External links North American Competitiveness Council (NACC) Council of the Americas A North American Partnership US Mexico Business Council Alianza para la Seguridad y la Prosperidad en América del Norte Goode: no union on continent Dept. of Commerce, Homeland Security, etc. Documents Integrate This! Challenging the Security and Prosperity Partnership From NAFTA to the SPP from Dollars & Sense magazine, January/February 2008 Council of Canadians Consortium for North American Higher Education Collaboration Trilateral relations of Canada, Mexico, and the United States International organizations based in the Americas International trade organizations Economy of North America 21st-century diplomatic conferences (Americas)
Motorway 7 can refer to: M7 motorway (Ireland), a motorway in Ireland M7 motorway (Hungary), a motorway in Hungary M7 highway (Russia), a highway in Russia, also known as the Volga Highway Westlink M7, a motorway in Australia Motorway 7 (Greece), a motorway in Greece Motorway Route 7 (Thailand), a motorway in Thailand Otoyol 7, a motorway in Turkey
In computer science, persistence refers to the characteristic of state of a system that outlives (persists more than) the process that created it. This is achieved in practice by storing the state as data in computer data storage. Programs have to transfer data to and from storage devices and have to provide mappings from the native programming-language data structures to the storage device data structures. Picture editing programs or word processors, for example, achieve state persistence by saving their documents to files. Orthogonal or transparent persistence Persistence is said to be "orthogonal" or "transparent" when it is implemented as an intrinsic property of the execution environment of a program. An orthogonal persistence environment does not require any specific actions by programs running in it to retrieve or save their state. Non-orthogonal persistence requires data to be written and read to and from storage using specific instructions in a program, resulting in the use of persist as a transitive verb: On completion, the program persists the data. The advantage of orthogonal persistence environments is simpler and less error-prone programs. The term "persistent" was first introduced by Atkinson and Morrison in the sense of orthogonal persistence: they used an adjective rather than a verb to emphasize persistence as a property of the data, as distinct from an imperative action performed by a program. The use of the transitive verb "persist" (describing an action performed by a program) is a back-formation. Adoption Orthogonal persistence is widely adopted in operating systems for hibernation and in platform virtualization systems such as VMware and VirtualBox for state saving. Research prototype languages such as PS-algol, Napier88, Fibonacci and pJama, successfully demonstrated the concepts along with the advantages to programmers. Persistence techniques System images Using system images is the simplest persistence strategy. Notebook hibernation is an example of orthogonal persistence using a system image because it does not require any actions by the programs running on the machine. An example of non-orthogonal persistence using a system image is a simple text editing program executing specific instructions to save an entire document to a file. Shortcomings: Requires enough RAM to hold the entire system state. State changes made to a system after its last image was saved are lost in the case of a system failure or shutdown. Saving an image for every single change would be too time-consuming for most systems, so images are not used as the single persistence technique for critical systems. Journals Using journals is the second simplest persistence technique. Journaling is the process of storing events in a log before each one is applied to a system. Such logs are called journals. On startup, the journal is read and each event is reapplied to the system, avoiding data loss in the case of system failure or shutdown. The entire "Undo/Redo" history of user commands in a picture editing program, for example, when written to a file, constitutes a journal capable of recovering the state of an edited picture at any point in time. Journals are used by journaling file systems, prevalent systems and database management systems where they are also called "transaction logs" or "redo logs". Shortcomings: When journals are used exclusively, the entire (potentially large) history of all system events must be reapplied on every system startup. As a result, journals are often combined with other persistence techniques. Dirty writes This technique is the writing to storage of only those portions of system state that have been modified (are dirty) since their last write. Sophisticated document editing applications, for example, will use dirty writes to save only those portions of a document that were actually changed since the last save. Shortcomings: This technique requires state changes to be intercepted within a program. This is achieved in a non-transparent way by requiring specific storage-API calls or in a transparent way with automatic program transformation. This results in code that is slower than native code and more complicated to debug. Persistence layers Any software layer that makes it easier for a program to persist its state is generically called a persistence layer. Most persistence layers will not achieve persistence directly but will use an underlying database management system. System prevalence System prevalence is a technique that combines system images and transaction journals, mentioned above, to overcome their limitations. Shortcomings: A prevalent system must have enough RAM to hold the entire system state. Database management systems (DBMSs) DBMSs use a combination of the dirty writes and transaction journaling techniques mentioned above. They provide not only persistence but also other services such as queries, auditing and access control. Persistent operating systems Persistent operating systems are operating systems that remain persistent even after a crash or unexpected shutdown. Operating systems that employ this ability include KeyKOS EROS, the successor to KeyKOS CapROS, revisions of EROS Coyotos, successor to EROS Multics with its single-level store Phantom IBM System/38 IBM i Grasshopper OS Lua OS tahrpuppy-6.0.5 See also Persistent data Persistent data structure Persistent identifier Persistent memory Copy-on-write CRUD Java Data Objects Java Persistence API System prevalence Orthogonality Service Data Object Snapshot (computer storage) References Computing terminology Computer programming Models of computation
In Roman religion, Angerona or Angeronia was an old Roman goddess, whose name and functions are variously explained. She is sometimes identified with the goddess Feronia. Description According to ancient authorities, she was a goddess who relieved men from pain and sorrow, or delivered the Romans and their flocks from angina (quinsy). Also she was a protecting goddess of Rome and the keeper of the sacred name of the city, which might not be pronounced lest it should be revealed to her enemies. It was even thought that Angerona itself was this name. Modern scholars regard Angerona as a goddess akin to Ops, Acca Larentia, and Dea Dia; or as the goddess of the new year and the returning sun. Her festival, called Divalia or Angeronalia, was celebrated on 21 December. The priests offered sacrifice in the temple of Volupia, the goddess of pleasure, in which stood a statue of Angerona, with a finger on her mouth, which was bound and closed. She was worshiped as Ancharia at Faesulae, where an altar belonging to her was discovered in the late 19th century. In art, she was depicted with a bandaged mouth and a finger pressed to her lips, demanding silence. Georges Dumézil considers Angerona as the goddess who helps nature and men to sustain successfully the yearly crisis of the winter days. These culminate in the winter solstice, the shortest day, which in Latin is known as bruma, from brevissima (dies), the shortest day. The embarrassment, pain and anguish caused by the lack of light and the cold are expressed by the word angor. In Latin the cognate word angustiae designates a space of time considered as disgracefully and painfully too short. Angerona and the connected cult guaranteed the overcoming of the unpleasant angusti dies narrow, short days. Dumézil pointed out that the Roman goddesses whose name ends with the suffix -ona or -onia to discharge the function of helping worshipers to overcome a particular time or condition of crisis: instances include Bellona who allows the Roman to wade across war in the best way possible, Orbona who cares for parents who lost a child, Pellonia who pushes the enemies away, Fessonia who permits travellers to subdue fatigue. Angerona's feriae named Angeronalia or Divalia took place on December 21 – the day of the winter solstice. On that day the pontiffs offered a sacrifice to the goddess in curia Acculeia according to Varro or in sacello Volupiae, near the Porta Romanula, one of the inner gates on the northern side of the Palatine. A famous statue of Angerona, with her mouth bandaged and sealed and with a finger on the lips in the gesture that requests silence, was placed in Angerona's shrine, on an altar to Volupia. Dumézil sees in this peculiar feature the reason of her being listed among the goddesses who were considered candidates to the title of secret tutelary deity of Rome. Dumézil considers this peculiar feature of Angerona's statue to hint to a prerogative of the goddess which was well known to the Romans, i.e. her will of requesting silence. He remarks silence in a time of cosmic crisis is a well documented point in other religions, giving two instances from Scandinavian and Vedic religion. Dumézil (1956) proposes that the association between Angerona and Volupia can be explained as the pleasure that derives from a fulfilled desire, the achievement of an objective. Thence the description θεός τῆς βουλῆς καί καιρῶν ["goddess of advice and of favorable occasions"] given in a Latin-Greek glossary. Footnotes References Bibliography Dumézil, G. (1977) La religione romana arcaica. Con un'appendice sulla religione degli Etruschi. Milano, Rizzoli. Edizione e traduzione a cura di Furio Jesi based on an expanded version of La religion romain archaïque Paris Payot 1974 2nd edition. Hendrik Wagenvoort, "Diva Angerona," reprinted in Pietas: Selected Studies in Roman Religion (Brill, 1980), pp. 21–24 online. Health goddesses Knowledge goddesses Roman goddesses Time and fate goddesses Tutelary goddesses
The women's team compound competition at the 2021 World Archery Championships took place from 21 to 24 September in Yankton, United States. Schedule All times are Central Daylight Time (UTC−05:00). Qualification round Results after 216 arrows. Elimination round Source: References 2021 World Archery Championships 2021 in women's archery
Khost is a town and union council of Harnai District in the Balochistan province of Pakistan. It is located at 30°13'24N 67°34'38E and has an altitude of 1229m (4035ft). References Populated places in Sibi District Union councils of Balochistan, Pakistan
Baimao Hou () is a green tea made from the leaves and bud of the green tea leaf when harvested during the first two weeks of the season (late March to early April). It originates from the Taimu Mountains in Fujian Province, China. The delicate leaves are carefully steamed and dried. The name originates from the appearance of the dried leaves, which are said to resemble the paw of a white-haired monkey. Due to the tea's appearance, flavor, and name, it is often mistaken for a white tea. References Green tea Chinese teas Wuyi tea
Sundaram-Clayton Limited (SCL) is an Indian automotive components company, based in Chennai and part of TVS Group. It makes aluminium and magnesium castings for the automotive industry. SCL was the flagship company of the TVS Group before being overtaken by its subsidiary TVS Motor Company. SCL was founded in 1962 in collaboration with Clayton Dewandre Holdings plc, United Kingdom. References Metal companies of India Companies based in Chennai 1962 establishments in Madras State Indian companies established in 1962 Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange
Turki Al-Mutairi (; born 31 May 2001), is a Saudi Arabian professional footballer who plays as a winger for Al-Hazem. Career Al-Mutairi started his career at the youth teams of Al-Hilal. He made his first-team debut on 20 September 2020 in the AFC Champions League match against Shahr Khodro. On 4 January 2022, Al-Mutairi joined First Division side Al-Kholood on loan. On 20 July 2022, Al-Mutairi joined Pro League side Al-Batin on loan. After Al-Batin failed to register him in the squad, Al-Hilal decided to end his loan. On 27 August 2022, Al-Mutairi joined Al-Taawoun on loan. On 29 July 2023, Al-Mutairi joined Al-Hazem on a free transfer. Career statistics Club Notes Honours International Saudi Arabia U23 WAFF U-23 Championship: 2022 References External links 2001 births Living people Saudi Arabian men's footballers Saudi Arabia men's youth international footballers Saudi Arabian expatriate men's footballers Men's association football wingers Saudi First Division League players Saudi Pro League players Kuwait SC players Al Hilal SFC players Al-Kholood Club players Al Batin FC players Al Taawoun FC players Al-Hazem F.C. players Saudi Arabian expatriate sportspeople in Kuwait
Eyedrum Art & Music Gallery is a non-profit art space and venue in Atlanta, Georgia, founded by American painter Woody Cornwell and musician and journalist Marshall Avett in 1998, and focused on contemporary art and experimental music ranging from contemporary chamber music and sound sculpture to drone noise music and art rock. Until January 1, 2011, the organization was located in the Old Fourth Ward district, and had three art gallery spaces and one space for music and performance. It hosted approximately 180 events yearly. Established in 1998, Eyedrum is one of the longest-running art and performance spaces in Atlanta managed by volunteers. References External links official website Music venues in Atlanta Arts organizations based in Georgia (U.S. state) Arts organizations established in 1998 1998 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Ji Jung-hee (born 18 March 1985) is a South Korean female professional volleyball player. She was part of the South Korea women's national volleyball team. She participated at the 2005 FIVB World Grand Prix, 2006 FIVB World Grand Prix, and 2007 FIVB World Grand Prix. She played with Daejeon KGC. References External links FIVB profile South Korea's Ji Jung-Hee and Choi Kwang-Hee tries to block Brazil's... 1981 births Living people South Korean women's volleyball players
"I Got" is a song by New Zealand hip hop group Fast Crew, released in May 2004 as the first single from their debut album, Set the Record Straight (2004). It propelled the group to stardom in New Zealand, peaking at number four on the New Zealand Singles Chart and spending 23 weeks in the top 50. The following year, in 2005, the song found success in Australia, where it reached number 22 on the ARIA Singles Chart. Release and reception Following performances at major music festivals such as the Big Day Out and rallying support from the underground hip hop community, Fast Crew began to earn mainstream success in 2002 following the release of their debut single, "Mr Radio", and "I Got" was eventually released in May 2004 as the first single from their 2004 album, Set the Record Straight. "I Got" debuted at number 26 on the New Zealand Singles Chart on 31 May 2004 and slowly rose up the chart, peaking at number four for two weeks in July and August. Their newfound success earned ovations from audiences as they supported several international musical acts, including Missy Elliott and Busta Rhymes. The single was eventually certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand (now Recorded Music NZ) for selling over 5,000 copies. It was New Zealand's 17th best-selling single of 2004. On 16 May 2005, the song was released in Australia. On 29 May, it debuted and peaked at number 22 on the ARIA Singles Chart, then spent the next eight weeks descending the listing, making a re-appearance at number 49 on 14 August 2005. The Elite Fleet remix of "I Got" found popularity at Australian clubs, peaking at number four on the ARIA Club Tracks chart and finishing 2005 as the 36th-most-successful club hit. Track listings New Zealand CD single "I Got" – 3:54 "I Got" (instrumental) – 3:54 "Suburbia Streets" (radio edit) – 4:24 "Suburbia Streets" (instrumental) – 4:24 "I Got" (video) Australian CD single "I Got" – 3:54 "Whoa There I Go Again" – 3:56 "Make the World Spin" – 4:56 "I Got" (Bump City remix) – 3:30 "I Got" (Elite Fleet remix) – 3:53 "I Got" (The Magic Number remix) – 3:49 "I Got" (video) Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications Release history References 2004 singles 2004 songs 2005 singles Fast Crew songs Warner Music Group singles
Hippotion joiceyi is a moth of the family Sphingidae. It is found in Indonesia. The length of the forewings is about 30 mm. It is very similar to Hippotion brennus form brennus but immediately distinguishable by the lack of paired subdorsal white spots on the abdomen. The frons and upperside of the labial palps is dark brown. The upperside of the abdomen is unicolorous orange-brown, contrasting strongly with the dark brown and pale grey thorax. References Pinhey, E (1962): Hawk Moths of Central and Southern Africa. Longmans Southern Africa, Cape Town. Hippotion Moths described in 1922
Ravagers is a 1979 American science fiction action film directed by Richard Compton and based on the 1966 novel Path to Savagery by Robert Edmond Alter. The screenplay concerns survivors of a nuclear holocaust, who do what they can to protect themselves against ravagers, a mutated group of vicious marauders who terrorize the few remaining civilized inhabitants. Plot In the aftermath of a nuclear holocaust, animal-like creatures known as "the ravagers" roam the earth and kill all survivors. A man named Falk (Richard Harris) witnesses his wife's murder by the creatures. Seeking vengeance, Falk becomes a vigilante. He joins a small community, led by Rann (Ernest Borgnine), living aboard a ship anchored off shore. The ship is destroyed in an attack by the ravagers. Falk then leads his fellow survivors on a desperate quest for a place where they can live in peace. Cast Richard Harris as Falk Ernest Borgnine as Rann Anthony James as Ravager leader Art Carney as Sergeant Ann Turkel as Faina Alana Stewart as Miriam Woody Strode as Brown Seymour Cassel as Blind Lawyer Harvey Evans as Prison Guard Arch Archambault as Ravager #1 Olivia Barton as Mushroom Woman Kate Bray as Grace Billy Carmack as Thug with Sickle Brian Carney as Foy Kim Crow as Flocker Woman Bob Westmoreland as Hank Kurt Grayson as Coop Gordon Hyde as Bert Steve Lashley as Ravager #2 George Stokes as Bant Andre Tayir as Prisoner Production The film was shot at the Alabama Space and Rocket Center and at the "Three Caves Quarry" at the base of Monte Sano in Huntsville, Alabama. The Three Caves location is unique because it was one of the first limestone quarries in Alabama and for a brief time in 1962 a possible fallout shelter. Releases Ravagers is part of a long line of Hollywood-backed post-apocalyptic films from the 1970s which are difficult to find on television or home video. In the UK the film was released on Betamax and VHS, where Alana Stewart's voice was dubbed by actress Molly Wryn. Reception The Los Angeles Times called Ravagers "handsomely produced but relentlessly dull... doesn't have enough story to tell." References External links Behind-the-scenes production photos Collection of Stephen Lodge. 1979 films 1970s science fiction action films American science fiction action films Columbia Pictures films 1970s English-language films Films scored by Fred Karlin Films set in 1991 Films shot in Alabama Films shot at the U.S. Space & Rocket Center Films directed by Richard Compton American post-apocalyptic films 1970s American films
The U.S. Fencing Coaches Association (USFCA) is an association of United States fencing coaches, and was established in 1941. It is a national academy of the Academie d'Armes Internationale (AAI), the world organization of fencing masters, which has as members more than 20 nations. It is also a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), and cooperates with the United States Fencing Association (USFA) in supporting the development of fencing in the United States. Since 2014 the association has been headed by Peter Burchard. Functions One of its major functions is to increase the competency of fencing teachers by testing, certifying, and accrediting three levels: fencing instructors (qualified to teach beginners), prevosts (qualified to coach teams and to teach intermediate-level fencers), and masters (qualified to work at the highest level of national and international competitive fencing). Notable coaches Princeton University Head Coach Michel Sebastiani was twice awarded the USFCA Schreff Sword, which the Association gives yearly to the most outstanding college fencing coach of the year as voted on by his peers. He received the award both in 1994 and 2006. The Schreff Sword is an engraved silver Glamdring broadsword resting on a red velvet cushion. Muriel Bower was the first woman Fencing Master accredited in the United States, in 1976. Nikki Franke, an All-American while fencing for Brooklyn College and later a coach at Temple University, was named the USFCA Coach of the Year four times (in 1983, 1987, 1988 and 1991). Publication The Swordmaster is the official publication of the USFCA. References External links USFCA homepage National Collegiate Athletic Association Sports organizations established in 1941 Fen College fencing in the United States 1941 establishments in the United States
is a railway station in Usuki, Ōita, Japan. It is operated by JR Kyushu and is on the Nippō Main Line. Lines The station is served by the Nippō Main Line and is located 161.1 km from the starting point of the line at . Layout The station, which is not staffed, consists of an island platform serving at grade. The station building is an old Japanese style structure with a ticket window which is now not staffed and serves only as a waiting room. A footbridge gives access to the island platform where there is another enclosed waiting room which houses an automatic ticket vending machine. A siding branches off the main tracks and terminates in a vehicle shed. Along this siding can be seen the remains of a disused freight platform. Adjacent stations History The private Kyushu Railway had, by 1909, through acquisition and its own expansion, established a track from to . The Kyushu Railway was nationalised on 1 July 1907. Japanese Government Railways (JGR), designated the track as the Hōshū Main Line on 12 October 1909 and expanded it southwards in phases, with Usuki opening as the new southern terminus on 15 August 1915. On the same day, Shitanoe was opened as one of several intermediate statIns along the new track. On 15 December 1923, the Hōshū Main Line was renamed the Nippō Main Line. With the privatization of Japanese National Railways (JNR), the successor of JGR, on 1 April 1987, the station came under the control of JR Kyushu. Passenger statistics In fiscal 2015, there were a total of 19,343 boarding passengers, giving a daily average of 53 passengers. See also List of railway stations in Japan References External links Shitanoe (JR Kyushu) Railway stations in Ōita Prefecture Railway stations in Japan opened in 1915
Robert C. Frasure (April 20, 1942 – August 19, 1995) was an American diplomat and the first United States Ambassador to Estonia following Estonia's regained independence from the Soviet Union. Biography Born in Morgantown, West Virginia, to parents who were educators, he attended West Virginia University, the London School of Economics and received a Ph.D. from Duke University. He was a member of Phi Beta Kappa. He taught briefly at Duke and the University of the South and contributed to various professional journals including the American Political Science Review. He joined the Foreign Service in 1974. His overseas posts included Geneva, Bonn, Lagos, London, Pretoria and Addis Ababa. He received two State Department Superior Honors for his contributions to diplomacy in Africa that led to the withdrawal of Cuban troops from Angola in 1989 and the independence of Namibia in 1991. During 1990-1991, he served as the Africa Director at the National Security Council. He initiated the reestablishment of the American diplomatic presence in Estonia as Chargé d'affaires in September 1991, following Estonia's reconfirmation of independence from the Soviet Union, and was sworn in as the first "post-Soviet" American Ambassador to Estonia on March 26, 1992. He left Estonia in 1994 and became Deputy Assistant Secretary of State in the Bureau of European and Canadian Affairs with particular responsibility for Bosnia. Death Frasure was killed in an automobile accident on the Igman mountain near Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina on August 19, 1995, while on a mission to negotiate a U.S. proposal to end the conflict in Bosnia. Joseph Kruzel and Col. Sam Nelson Drew were also killed. The trio had to travel over Igman in order reach the besieged Bosnian capital. The main roads, which were not as dangerous as the narrow mountain roads, were blocked by the Serbs besieging Sarajevo, forcing the diplomats to take the more dangerous route. On December 15, 1995, he was awarded the Presidential Citizens Medal, posthumously, by President Clinton for Exceptional Service for his role in the downfall of the Mengistu regime in Ethiopia and the airlifting of more than 15,000 Ethiopian Jews to Israel. In 2010, a street in Sarajevo was named in his honor. The US Embassy in Bosnia and Herzegovina is located in the street. Hillary Clinton opened the new embassy and announced the new street name in October 2010. The Robert C. Frasure Award is named after him. Frasure, as Special Envoy to the President, was buried at Arlington National Cemetery. References External links Biography and memorial lectures at the U.S. Embassy in Estonia 1942 births 1995 deaths Duke University alumni Duke University faculty Road incident deaths in Bosnia and Herzegovina Ambassadors of the United States to Estonia Alumni of the London School of Economics Burials at Arlington National Cemetery People from Morgantown, West Virginia Educators from West Virginia Sewanee: The University of the South faculty Presidential Citizens Medal recipients Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana, 1st Class United States Foreign Service personnel
June Martel (born Martha Irene Greif; November 19, 1909 – November 23, 1978) was a singer and a stage and motion picture actress from Chicago, Illinois. She was a petite brunette. Singer and actress Her career began as a singer in Atlantic City, New Jersey. Martel was in the cast of the Broadway (Manhattan) play, Snatch as Snatch Can, in May 1934. Other actors paired with her included Barton MacLane. Her first film role was in Front Page Woman (1935) followed by Going Highbrow (1935). The latter starred Guy Kibbee. She was the female lead in Fighting Youth (1935). Playing the part of "Betty Wilson'," Martel starred opposite Charles Farrell and Andy Devine. The movie combined football excitement with the influence of communism on college athletics. Martel was signed by Harry Warner of Warner Bros. in 1935. Other aspiring Warners' actresses were Olivia de Havilland, June Grabiner, Nan Grey, and Dorothy Dare. By August 1936 she had become the property of Paramount Pictures. The studio cast her as the ingenue in American Plan. The story concerned a girl who inherits a newspaper, adapted from an unpublished play by Manny Seff and Milton Lazarus. She also appeared in Sitting on the Moon in 1936. Martel's final screen roles came in the late 1930s, in western films. Among these are Forlorn River (1937), Wild Horse Rodeo (1937) and Santa Fe Stampede (1938). Personal life She collected odd pieces of jewelry and had amassed a small trunkload of items by 1937. In February 1941 Martel married screenwriter Frank Fenton. Fenton was also a scenarist and magazine writer. Her first husband was Walter J. Klavun, a Yale University graduate, whom she divorced in Mexico in 1938. June Martel died in 1978 in Los Angeles County, California. Filmography References Los Angeles Times, News Notes of Broadway Stage, May 29, 1934, Page 10. Los Angeles Times, June Martel In New Picture, January 5, 1935, Page 5. Los Angeles Times, Ten On Road To Stardom, April 1, 1935, Page A2. Los Angeles Times, June Martel's Debut, May 6, 1935, Page 14. Los Angeles Times, More Newcomers Crash Pictures, August 28, 1936, Page 15. Los Angeles Times, She Collects Jewelry, May 30, 1937, Page C3. Los Angeles Times, June Martel Becomes Bride of Film and Magazine Writer, March 1, 1941, Page 3. Los Angeles Times, Cupid Scores Knockout Blow Over Divorce Among Motion Picture Folk Of Hollywood, January 2, 1942, Page 7. New York Times, The Screen, November 2, 1935, Page 13. Reno Evening Gazette, Fine Screen Bill For Granada Announced, Saturday, November 9, 1935, Page 8. External links American stage actresses American film actresses Western (genre) film actresses Actresses from Chicago 20th-century American actresses 1909 births 1978 deaths 20th-century American singers 20th-century American women singers
Katherine Jean Bolduan (; born July 28, 1983) is an American broadcast journalist and news anchor for CNN based in New York City. She is currently a co-anchor of CNN News Central, and previously anchored State of America with Kate Bolduan, New Day and At This Hour with Kate Bolduan. She also served as a congressional correspondent based in Washington, D.C., as well as a general assignment correspondent for the network. Early life and education A native of Goshen, Indiana, she is the third of four daughters born to Dr. Jeffrey Bolduan, and to Nadine Bolduan, a nurse. Her mother is of Belgian heritage. Kate Bolduan was educated at Goshen High School, a public high school in her home city, followed by George Washington University, from which she graduated Phi Beta Kappa and summa cum laude in 2005, with a bachelor's degree in journalism and a minor in political science. During her time at the university, she walked on to the women's volleyball team and acted with the student theatre organization. During her studies, she spent time in Madrid, Spain where she learned to speak Spanish. Career Post college (2005–2007) From 2005 to 2007, Bolduan worked as a general assignment reporter for WTVD-TV in Durham, North Carolina. She then became a production assistant for NBC News and MSNBC in Washington D.C. She has worked at House & Garden magazine, Dateline NBC and NBC Nightly News. CNN (2007–present) CNN Newsource Bolduan began her tenure in 2007 at CNN as a national correspondent for CNN Newsource. She provided breaking news coverage and feature reports for a large number of CNN Newsource affiliates. During her time there, she most notably covered the 2008 United States presidential election and traveled throughout the United States covering other news making headlines including the Minneapolis Bridge collapse, the O. J. Simpson armed robbery case, and the retiring NASA Space Shuttle fleet. She famously was part of CNN's misreporting on the Supreme Court "Obamacare" decision on June 28, 2012 (https://www.mediaethicsmagazine.com/index.php/browse-back-issues/144-fall-2012/3998657-case-speed-kills-cnns-ethical-missteps-covering-scotus-obamacare-decision) and her future was uncertain at the time. However, CNN immediately made her co-anchor with Wolf Blitzer. The Situation Room with Wolf Blitzer Bolduan was previously co-anchor of The Situation Room with Wolf Blitzer before moving to New York. Alongside Wolf Blitzer, she provided current events, breaking news, political headlines, and reports within lively discussions during the two-hour program. New Day New Day is a weekday morning television show on CNN. It premiered on June 17, 2013, and airs from 6:00 a.m. to 9:00 a.m. ET, originating from CNN's Time Warner Center studios in New York City. New Day replaced Starting Point, formerly anchored by Soledad O'Brien, which had aired since January 2, 2012. At This Hour with Kate Bolduan Bolduan joined CNN's new morning show, @This Hour, which premiered on January 26, 2015, alongside John Berman. At This Hour covered various news stories of the day with co-hosts Kate Bolduan and John Berman. At This Hour aired weekdays from 11 a.m. to noon ET, and was broadcast live from CNN's New York Studios in Manhattan. On February 6, 2017, Berman moved to 9 a.m. to co-host CNN Newsroom and Bolduan took over as the sole host of the show as it changed name to At This Hour. The show was eventually removed from the CNN lineup but returned in April 2021. The focus of the show is on daily events with correspondents sending their on-site live reports into the studio. At This Hour also presents moderated live interviews and discussions with guests in the studio or via teleconference. On April 3, 2023, she joined the program's successor, CNN News Central, alongside Berman and Sara Sidner. State of America with Kate Bolduan Bolduan was named anchor of State of America with Kate Bolduan, a CNN International program which covered the 2016 U.S. Presidential campaign for a global audience. Following the election, the program was renamed and pivoted to focusing on U.S. news and affairs. The show aired Fridays at 23:00 CET from CNN's New York studios in Manhattan. During the first ten minutes of the show Bolduan discussed the daily news. Following a commercial break a panel, typically consisting of four journalists and analysts from various backgrounds, discussed current affairs. The last Episode was aired September 20, 2019. Features Kate Bolduan's Roots In 2014, Bolduan made a television feature documentary titled Kate Bolduan's Roots. Some of Bolduan's ancestors arrived in America in 1912. They came from a small town called Chênée in Belgium. Leon Emile Rousselle (Bolduan's great-great-grandfather) arrived in the United States aboard the . Two months later, his pregnant wife Louise Labhaye Rousselle and his two-year-old daughter travelled to the U.S. aboard the (which returned some survivors – mainly crew members – of the Titanic catastrophe to England). The Rousselles came from a long line of glass manufacturers. In 2014, Bolduan travelled to Liège in Belgium to find out about her family history. Champions for Change Champions for Change is an annual series at CNN where anchors and staff choose a topic and go out of their regular format. It follows the Champions of Change initiative of the Obama White House. The Story behind Farm Aid Bolduan grew up in a subdivision near an apple orchard. In 2017, she went to farms in Virginia to film a feature for the CNN series Champions for Change. It was called The story behind Farm Aid in relation to Farm Aid. She interviewed small and environmentally friendly farmers on their perspective of their situation in America. Every Mother Counts In 2018, Bolduan produced another television feature for the Champions for Change series. She spent time with the Every Mother Counts organisation which helps pregnant women by giving them information and other support. The organisation is international, working in Asia, Africa, North- and South America. Offering shelter from a violent world In a 2019 television feature, Bolduan visited the non-profit Organisation KOB (Kids Off the Block) in Chicago, founded by Diane Latiker. Bolduan spoke with her for the first time ten years ago. KOB exists since 15 years and supports children and teenager by offering them a place and education in informatics. KOB is located in Roseland, one of Chicago's most underfunded districts. Podcast Since April 2019, Kate Bolduan, John Avlon as well as Harry Enten produce the audio-only podcast The Forecast Fest. It is about the presidential election of 2020 in the US and other political topics. The last episode was produced March 19, 2020. During the COVID-19 crisis in 2020, she spoke with her colleague Sanjay Gupta on how to talk with (her own) children about the consequences and the measurements to curb the spreading speed. She also wrote an article on that topic. Independent activities Bolduan advocates for children, namely at the Free Arts NYC society. She also intercedes for protection of mothers and newborn and their medical well-being. In 2019, she took part in the Alzheimer's & Brain Awareness Month event. Moderation outside of television Occasionally, Bolduan works as a freelance presenter and speaker. She is a presenter for the Fashion Tech Forum. Founded by Karen Harvey FTF supports innovators in this field since 2014. In 2016, she moderated a discussion at the 2016 United Nations Global Compact Private Sector Forum. The Forum tries to encourage businesses all around the world to follow rules of fair trade and production. In October 2018, Bolduan moderated a two days lasting conversation at the Marie Claire Power Trip Conference guesting Theresia Gouw and Sukhinder Singh Cassidy in San Francisco. The purpose of the conference was to "create more and better opportunities for women in tech and venture capital, two predominately male-run industries." On the occasion of the 10th annual summit, in April 2019 at the live journalism event Women in the World, she had a conversation with the designer Diane von Fürstenberg. Topic was the importance of basic decisions and character for modern women. On August 13, 2019, she moderated a conversation round in the Woodrow Wilson Center called Decoding the Disinformation Problem the guests and Bolduan herself discussed actual problems of mass media like TV and Internet with fake news and intentional misinformation campaigns by individuals and organisations up to states for mainly political purpose. In September 2019, Bolduan spoke with Michael Bloomberg, Mary Nichols (chairwoman of the California Air Resources Board (CARB)), Will Marshall (the CEO of Planet Labs, a private firm, which provides services in satellite imaging for environmental protection reasons with small satellites for example to detect emitters from orbit) and the president of Finland Sauli Niinistö at the 2019 Bloomberg Global Business Forum. Personal life In May 2010, Bolduan married Michael Gershenson. They moved from the Washington D.C. area to New York in early 2013 after Bolduan accepted the anchor position at CNN's morning lineup. The couple's first daughter was born in September 2014. Their second daughter was born in December 2017. See also List of people from Indiana (Hoosiers) List of Belgian Americans References External links Audio podcast by Ellie Knaus for Atomic Moms. An article in the Cosmopolitan magazine in which Bolduan and other CNN anchors are talking about their experiences and thoughts during their time as pregnant working mothers. A video of a speech in front of the congress of the American College of Trial Lawyers which took place in 2017 at Montréal, Québec, Canada: The President and the Press. Official audio podcast of State of America with Kate Bolduan at the CNN site Complete episodes of At This Hour with Berman and Bolduan with searchable subtitles in the Internet Archive. Complete episodes of At This Hour with Kate Bolduan with searchable subtitles in the Internet Archive. Official biography on cnn.com. Bolduan was in Afghanistan following Senator Lindsey Graham on a troop visit in December 2018. In 2019 she interviewed the Mayor of South Bend, Indiana, Pete Buttigieg on his possible candidacy to become president in 2020. In November 2018 she was guest in Seth Meyers Late Night Show. Among other topics she spoke about the importance to stand for a free press. Short video clip from that interview. Since April 2019 Kate Bolduan, John Avlon and Harry Enten produce a podcast called The Forecast Fest. A recorded Video of a three-hour discussion on trustworthiness of information services. Video of discussion with Mike Bloomberg, Mary Nichols and Will Marshall at the 2019 Bloomberg Global Business Forum on YouTube. Video of interview with the President of Finland Sauli Niinistö at the 2019 Bloomberg Global Business Forum on YouTube. An opinion article on the parental duty's how to talk with children about a pandemic. 1983 births Living people CNN people Jewish American journalists American people of Belgian descent Americans Converts to Judaism People from Goshen, Indiana Journalists from Washington, D.C. George Washington University School of Media and Public Affairs alumni Television anchors from New York City American television reporters and correspondents American women television journalists 21st-century American journalists 21st-century American women
Erringibba is a national park at Glenmorgan in the far west of the Darling Downs region of southern Queensland, Australia, 329 km west of Brisbane. The park was established in 1999 and covers . The park lies within the catchment area of the Condamine River and the Brigalow Belt South bioregion. The landscape is flat and vegetated with open-forest dominated by brigalow and belah species common in the area. The park's main aim is to preserve two endangered ecosystems which have been mostly cleared for agriculture. These include an shrubby open forest dominated by Acacia harpophylla and/or Casuarina cristata on Cainozoic clay plains and open forest to woodland of Eucalyptus populnea with Acacia harpophylla and/or Casuarina cristata on Cainozoic clay plains. A total of four rare of threatened species have been identified in Erringibba. The average elevation of the terrain is 294 meters. See also Protected areas of Queensland References External links Map of Queensland National Parks National parks of Queensland Protected areas established in 1999 Darling Downs 1999 establishments in Australia
```c++ /// Source : path_to_url /// Author : liuyubobobo /// Time : 2020-10-15 #include <iostream> #include <vector> using namespace std; /// Inoder to store all the elements /// Time Complexity: init: O(n) /// others: O(1) /// Space Complexity: O(n) /// Definition for a binary tree node. struct TreeNode { int val; TreeNode left; TreeNode right; TreeNode() : val(0), left(nullptr), right(nullptr) {} TreeNode(int x) : val(x), left(nullptr), right(nullptr) {} TreeNode(int x, TreeNode left, TreeNode right) : val(x), left(left), right(right) {} }; class BSTIterator { private: vector<int> v; int p = -1; public: BSTIterator(TreeNode* root): v(), p(-1) { inorder(root); } bool hasNext() { return p + 1 < v.size(); } int next() { return v[++p]; } bool hasPrev() { return p - 1 >= 0; } int prev() { return v[--p]; } private: void inorder(TreeNode* node){ if(!node) return; inorder(node->left); v.push_back(node->val); inorder(node->right); } }; int main() { return 0; } ```
Analisoma is a genus of bird in the family Campephagidae recognized in some taxonomies. Many taxonomists consider this genus conspecific with the genus Edolisoma. It contains the following species: New Caledonian cuckooshrike (Analisoma analis) White-winged cuckooshrike (Analisoma ostenta) Blackish cuckooshrike (Analisoma coerulescens) References Bird genera Campephagidae
Woodland Hills is a neighborhood bordering the Santa Monica Mountains in the San Fernando Valley region of Los Angeles, California, United States. History The area was inhabited for around 8,000 years by Native Americans of the Fernandeño-Tataviam and Chumash-Venturaño tribes, who lived in the Santa Monica Mountains and Simi Hills and close to the Arroyo Calabasas (Calabasas Creek) tributary of the Los Angeles River in present-day Woodland Hills. The first Europeans to enter the San Fernando Valley were the Portola Expedition in 1769, exploring Alta California for Spanish mission and settlement locations. Seeing it from present-day Sepulveda Pass, the oak savanna inspired them to call the area El Valle de Santa Catalina de Bononia de Los Encinos (Valley of St. Catherine of Bononia of the Oaks). The Mission San Fernando Rey de España (Mission San Fernando) was established in 1797 and controlled the valley's land, including future Woodland Hills. Ownership of the southern half of the valley, south of present-day Roscoe Boulevard from Toluca Lake to Woodland Hills, by Americans began in the 1860s, first Isaac Lankershim (as the "San Fernando Farm Homestead Association") in 1869, then Isaac Lankershim's son, James Boon Lankershim, and Isaac Newton Van Nuys (as the "Los Angeles Farm & Milling Company") in 1873, and finally in the "biggest land transaction ever recorded in Los Angeles County" a syndicate led by Harry Chandler of the Los Angeles Times with Hobart Johnstone Whitley, Gen. Moses Sherman, and others (as the Los Angeles Suburban Homes Company) in 1910. Victor Girard Kleinberger bought in the area from Chandler's group and founded the town of Girard in 1922. He sought to attract residents and businesses by developing an infrastructure, advertising in newspapers, and planting 120,000 trees. His 300 pepper trees formed a canopy over Canoga Ave. between Ventura Boulevard and Saltillo St. became Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument #93 in 1972. The community of Girard was eventually incorporated into Los Angeles, and in 1945, it became known as Woodland Hills. Reference to the founding of Girard is part of the story arc in the first season of Perry Mason (2020). Geography Woodland Hills is in the southwestern region of the San Fernando Valley, which is located east of Calabasas and west of Tarzana. On the north it is bordered by West Hills, Canoga Park, Winnetka, and Reseda, and on the south by the Santa Monica Mountains. Some neighborhoods are in the foothills of the Santa Monica Mountains. Running east–west through the community are U.S. Route 101 (the Ventura Freeway) and Ventura Boulevard, whose western terminus is at Valley Circle Boulevard in Woodland Hills. Climate Within the San Fernando Valley, Woodland Hills experiences some of the more extreme temperature changes season to season than other regions. During the summer, temperatures are often very hot, while during the winter, overnight temperatures are among the coldest of the region. On September 5, 2020, Woodland Hills recorded the highest temperature ever in Los Angeles County, hitting at Pierce College, tying with Chino's reading as the highest temperature ever recorded west of the mountains in Southern California. The climate is classified as a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa) in the Köppen climate classification, which is characterized by mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers. Precipitation in Woodland Hills averages much the same as most other regions of the west San Fernando Valley, although somewhat higher amounts of rainfall occur in the surrounding hills. Demographics In 2008, the population of Woodland Hills was approximately 63,000. The median age in 2000 was 40, considered old when compared to other city and county jurisdictions. As of the 2000 census, and according to the Los Angeles Almanac, there were 67,006 people and 29,119 households residing in Woodland Hills. The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 79.90% White, 6.97% Asian, 0.13% Pacific Islander, 3.34% African American, 0.33% Native American, 4.80% from other races, and 4.52% from two or more races. 11.94% of the population were Hispanic of any race. In population, it is one of the least dense neighborhoods in Los Angeles, and the percentage of white people is high for the county. The percentage of residents 25 and older with four-year college degrees is 47.0%, which was high for both the city and the county. The percentage of veterans, 10.7% of the population, was high for the city of Los Angeles and high for the county overall. The percentage of veterans who served during World War II or Korea was among the county's highest. The 2008 Los Angeles Timess "Mapping L.A." project supplied these Woodland Hills neighborhood statistics: population: 59,661; median household income: $93,720. The Times said the latter figure was "high for the city of Los Angeles and high for the county." Arts and culture The Los Angeles Public Library operates the Woodland Hills Branch Library (Ventura Boulevard) and the Platt Branch Library (Victory Boulevard) in Woodland Hills. Parks and recreation Woodland Hills is home to the Woodland Hills Country Club, a private equity golf club. The country club is complete with golf course, fine dining, and entertainment options. The Woodland Hills Recreation Center (Shoup Park) is a park in Woodland Hills. The park has a small indoor gymnasium without weights and with a capacity of 300; it may be used as an auditorium. The park also has a lighted baseball diamond, outdoor lighted basketball courts, a children's play area, a lighted football field, picnic tables, a lighted soccer field, and lighted tennis courts. Woodland Hills Pool is an outdoor seasonal unheated swimming pool. The Warner Center Park, also known as Warner Ranch Park, is located in Woodland Hills. The park, unstaffed and unlocked, has a children's play area and picnic tables. Serrania Park in Woodland Hills is an unstaffed, unlocked pocket park. It has a children's play area, hiking trails, and picnic tables. Alizondo Drive Park in Woodland Hills is an unstaffed, unlocked, and undeveloped park used for brush clearance once per year. Along the western boundary of Woodland Hills is the large Upper Las Virgenes Canyon Open Space Preserve, a regional park with a trail network for miles of hiking, mountain biking, and equestrian rides. The trailhead and parking are at the very western end of Victory Boulevard in Woodland Hills. Scheduled walks and programs are offered. The Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area has various parks nearby to the south of the community. The Top of Topanga Overlook gives panoramic views of the verdant Woodland Hills neighborhoods and the Valley. Government Local government Woodland Hills Warner Center Neighborhood Council is the local elected advisory body to the city of Los Angeles representing stakeholders in the Woodland Hills and Warner Center areas. Woodland Hills is located within Los Angeles City Council District 3 represented by Bob Blumenfield. State representation Woodland Hills is within California's 46th State Assembly district represented by Democrat Jesse Gabriel and California's 27th State Senate district represented by Democrat Henry Stern. Federal representation Woodland Hills is represented in the United States Senate by California's Senators Dianne Feinstein and Alex Padilla. Woodland Hills is located within California's 32nd congressional district represented by Democrat Brad Sherman. Education Primary and secondary schools Public schools Public schools serving Woodland Hills are under the jurisdiction the Los Angeles Unified School District. Much of the area is within Board District 4. Elementary schools include: Calabash Street Elementary School Lockhurst Elementary School Serrania Elementary School Woodlake Avenue Elementary School Woodland Hills Charter for Enriched Studies Ivy Academia Entrepreneurial Charter School Calvert Street Elementary School Middle schools include: Woodland Hills Charter Academy (formerly known as Parkman Middle School) The school opened in 1959 as "Parkman Junior High School." It received its current name in 2006. George Ellery Hale Charter Academy High schools include: El Camino Real High School William Howard Taft High School Henry David Thoreau Continuation High School Adult School: West Valley Occuptional Center, 6200 Winnetka Avenue Charter schools El Camino Real High School William Howard Taft Charter High School Ingenium Charter School – Kindergarten through Sixth Grade George Ellery Hale Charter Academy 6–8 grade Chime Charter School K-8 Serrania Charter for Enriched Studies – K-5 Calvert School for Enriched Studies – K-5 Private schools The Alexandria Academy – secular school serving First through Twelfth Grade Halsey Schools – 6 weeks – 6 years. Louisville High School – All-female Catholic High School St. Bernardine of Siena – preschool through Eighth Grade St. Mel – preschool through Eighth Grade Woodland Hills Private School – serving Preschool (starting at 2 years old) through Fifth Grade. Lycée International de Los Angeles had a Woodland Hills campus, which had over 140 students as of 2001. This was in a public school building, rented from the Los Angeles Unified School District. In 2001 LAUSD announced that it would not renew the lease. Lycée Français de Los Angeles operated a San Fernando Valley campus in Woodland Hills, on the site of Platt Elementary School. Colleges and universities Colleges and universities in Woodland Hills include: Los Angeles Pierce College (part of the Los Angeles Community College District) Infrastructure Los Angeles Fire Department Station 84 (Woodland Hills) and Station 105 (Woodland Hills) serve the community. The Los Angeles Police Department operates the Topanga Division station in Canoga Park which provides service to the Woodland Hills area. Notable people The Motion Picture & Television Country House and Hospital, a private retirement, nursing care and acute-care hospital facility is reserved for industry professionals. The section includes some people who lived and/or died there, among other residents. Sara Paxton, actress Christopher Mintz-Plasse, actor Bud Abbott, actor Jacques Aubuchon, actor, lived in Woodland Hills at the time of his death Rick Auerbach, Major League Baseball player Orr Barouch, Israeli professional soccer player Justine Bateman, actress (Originally from Rye, New York) Roy Campanella, Major League Baseball player Helena Carroll, actress Mary Carver, actress Ted Cassidy, actor; his cremated remains are buried in an unmarked location at his former Woodland Hills residence Mary Dodson, art director Dr. Dre, rapper, producer, entrepreneur John Feldmann, musician, songwriter, and producer Jeff Fisher, NFL head coach, attended high school in Woodland Hills Andy Gibb, singer Raymond Greenleaf, actor Ryan Hurst, actor, producer, and director Buster Keaton, actor and director Chief Keef, rapper Jack Klugman, actor Ryan Lavarnway, Major League Baseball catcher Geoffrey Lewis, actor Austin Matelson (aka Luchasaurus), professional wrestler, grew up in Woodland Hills Charles McPhee, author, talk-show host, "The Dream Doctor Show", Dream Researcher, 1962–2011 Meghan, Duchess of Sussex, actress Janel Moloney, actress Dolores Moran, actress Nichelle Nichols, actress on Star Trek: The Original Series, recruiter for NASA Joy Picus, City Council member, 1977–91; Ms. magazine Woman of the Year Rafa Sardina, 4-time Grammy Award and 10-time Latin Grammy Award winner recording and mixing engineer resides in Woodland Hills Tupac Shakur, rapper, writer, and actor Thomas D. Shepard, City Council member, 1961–67 Tyler Skaggs, Major League Baseball player for the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim Jan Smithers, actress Russell Thacher (1919-1990), author and film producer who co-produced the films Soylent Green and The Last Hard Men together with Walter Seltzer Laurence Trimble, actor, writer, film director Troy Van Leeuwen, musician and record producer Don Van Vliet (aka Captain Beefheart), musician, singer and composer. Captain Beefheart's definitive album Trout Mask Replica was composed and rehearsed in a communal house in Woodland Hills in 1968–1969 Robin Yount, Hall of Fame baseball player See also Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area Simi Hills References External links Woodland Hills Warner Center Neighborhood Council Woodland Hills-Tarzana Chamber of Commerce About Woodland Hills 1922 establishments in California Communities in the San Fernando Valley Neighborhoods in Los Angeles Populated places in the Santa Monica Mountains Populated places established in 1922 San Fernando Valley
The women's 200 metre freestyle event at the 2022 Asian Games took place on 25 September 2023 at the Hangzhou Olympic Sports Expo Center. Schedule All times are China Standard Time (UTC+08:00) Records The following records were established during the competition: Results Heats Final References External links Heats Results Final Results Swimming at the 2022 Asian Games
Glidin' Along is an album by American trombonist Bennie Green recorded in 1961 and released on the Jazzland label. Reception The Allmusic review awarded the album 3 stars. Track listing All compositions by Bennie Green except where noted. "African Dream" - 5:45 "Sweet Sucker" (Johnny Griffin) - 8:00 "Glidin' Along" (Babs Gonzales) - 5:08 "Green's Scene" (Gonzales, Green) - 8:27 "Milkshake" (Griffin) - 3:59 "Stardust" (Hoagy Carmichael, Mitchell Parish) - 4:13 "Expubidence" (Gonzales) - 3:59 Recorded in New York City on March 9 (tracks 2, 3, 6 & 7) and March 22 (tracks 1, 4 & 5), 1961. Personnel Bennie Green - trombone Johnny Griffin - tenor saxophone Junior Mance - piano Paul Chambers (tracks 2, 3, 6 & 7), Larry Gales (tracks 1, 4 & 5) - bass Ben Riley - drums References Jazzland Records albums Bennie Green albums 1961 albums Albums produced by Orrin Keepnews
Gerard Trower (3 December 1860 – 25 August 1928) was an Anglican bishop. Early life Trower was born in Hook, Yorkshire, the son of the Rev Arthur Trower (1819 - 1891) and Jane Lawford. His father's cousins included Bishop Walter Trower (1804 - 1877) and Charles Francis Trower (1817 - 1891). He was educated at Merchant Taylors' School, Northwood and Keble College, Oxford. He graduated with a BA in 1885 and an MA in 1888. Church career He was made a deacon in 1888 and ordained priest in 1889 by the Bishop of Worcester. His first position was as a curate in Birmingham at St Alban's, Bordesley. This was followed by a curacy at St Mary Redcliffe, Bristol, where he was curate-in-charge of the mission district. He then emigrated to Australia where he became rector of Christ Church St Laurence in 1895. Trower's appointment to Christ Church caused controversy in the predominantly evangelical Diocese of Sydney as it was made without reference to the diocesan nominators after the parochial nominators had consulted Fr R. L. Page, superior of the Cowley Fathers in Oxford. During his short term as rector, a Sung Eucharist became the rule for Sundays and the parish acquired several sets of vestments. The church became open all day for private prayer, while more free pews (not rented) were set aside for the poor. Trower had a whimsical sense of humour which he often displayed at public gatherings. During one synod debate on church ritual he pointed out that candles, when used to beautify a church, were no different to vegetables decorating a harvest festival, adding "so, if you blow out our lights, we'll blow out your flowers and vegetables". While on a visit to England, in 1900, he resigned to take up an appointment as Bishop of Likoma in northern Malawi. His former parishioners at Christ Church St Laurence gave him a gold pectoral cross, and he received the honorary degree Doctor of Divinity (DD) from the University of Oxford. He was consecrated as Bishop of Likoma by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Frederick Temple, in Westminster Abbey, on 25 January 1902, and arrived in his diocese later that year. The bishopric of Likoma in Nyasaland (now Malawi) was part of the Universities' Mission to Central Africa, started at the suggestion of David Livingstone. Trower laid the foundations of a cathedral (dedicated in the name of St Peter) on the island of Likoma in Lake Nyasa in January 1903 and he dedicated the building for worship in 1905. He also founded the theological college at Nkwazi in 1905. In 1908, he secured from the Archbishop of Canterbury a change in his See's name from Likoma back to Nyasaland. Trower left Likoma in 1910 to take up the oversight of the new Diocese of North West Australia on the insistence of an old friend, Charles Riley, the Bishop of Perth. In September 1925, he ordained James Noble, the first Australian Aboriginal person to be made a deacon of the Anglican Church. After 17 years in North West Australia, Trower retired to Chale, Isle of Wight, where he died in 1928. References External links 1860 births People from Goole People educated at Merchant Taylors' School, Northwood Alumni of Keble College, Oxford Anglican bishops of Nyasaland Anglican bishops of Likoma Anglican bishops of North West Australia 1928 deaths Clergy from Yorkshire
Taizé is the Taizé Community, a monastic order in Taizé, Saône-et-Loire, France. Taizé may also refer to: Taizé, Saône-et-Loire in the Saône-et-Loire département, France Taizé-Aizie, in the Charente département, France Taizé-Maulais, in the Deux-Sèvres département, France Taizé - Music of Unity and Peace, a 2015 studio album by the Taizé Community 100033 Taizé, an asteroid See also Taze (disambiguation)
Thepytus is a Neotropical genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae. Species Thepytus epytus (Godman & Salvin, [1887]) Thepytus thyrea (Hewitson, 1867) Thepytus arindela (Hewitson, 1874) Thepytus echelta (Hewitson, 1867) References External links Images representing Thepytus at EOL Images representing Theptyus at Consortium for the Barcode of Life Eumaeini Lycaenidae of South America Lycaenidae genera
Adam Phillips, also known by his online alias Chluaid (), is an Australian filmmaker, animator, and former freelancer. He is best known for his animation work, consisting of flash animation compositions published on his website, Bitey Castle, and on the flash portal Newgrounds. His animation work on the latter has over 16 million views, making him one of the most-viewed artists on the site. Phillips created the fantasy animation shorts series, Brackenwood, the first of which was posted on Newgrounds in March 2004. Life and career Adam Phillips was born in 1971 and raised in Narromine, New South Wales. In 1989, Phillips moved to Queensland and was injured in an industrial accident. He dedicated himself to drawing during his convalescence. In 1993, he was hired by Disney to work as a tweener in Sydney and promoted to the position of character animator two years later. He became the effects director in 1998, a role in which he worked on several Disney sequel films. At the end of 2004, Phillips left Disney "to pursue [his] own interests." Since that time, Phillips has produced more content for his Brackenwood setting, including Prowlies at the River, which in 2006 was said to be in the Top 10 Most Influential Online Flash Shorts. He has continued to do outside work as a freelance animator, writer and special effects designer for clients such as Kellogg's, BioWare San Francisco and Wizards of the Coast (Dungeons and Dragons). In 2006, Phillips produced thirty 10–20 second animations in 30 days. In December 2016, he was a featured artist at the Adobe Design Center. Phillips was a frequent collaborator with Electronic Arts' BioWare San Francisco studio (formerly EA2D), working as a freelance animator with the studio on three Dragon Age-branded games. His collaboration included creating all of the art and animation for the browser-based Dragon Age Journeys. He set the art style for the Facebook/Google+ game, Dragon Age Legends, as well as animating the opening cinematic and providing concept art for the game's main characters. His art was also used for Dragon Age Legends: Remix 01, a collaboration between BioWare San Francisco and the Flash game developer PixelAnte (also known as Evan Miller). In 2014, Phillips created an animated GIF of the Mexican team coach at the World Cup which went viral, being viewed over seven million times. Phillips switched from Adobe Flash to Toon Boom Animation's software. In 2014, Toon Boom commissioned Phillips to write a guide book titled Animate to Harmony: The Independent Animator's Guide to Toon Boom, and in 2016 Phillips' tutorials on their Harmony software were broadcast on Twitch TV. Phillips has worked on the American animated comedy television series Bob's Burgers as a digital effects animator (2014), storyboard artist (2015-2016), and assistant director (2016-2019). In 2017, Phillips announced that he would return to work on Brackenwood animations, with the Wildlife Documentary Series and a conventional installment in the form for a sequel to The Last of the Dashkin. In 2011, Phillips launched the BiteyCastle Effects Academy (BCA FX), a subscription-based series of video tutorials teaching how to do 2D animated visual effects. In 2019, Phillips was quoted in a Wired article where he talked about why he decided to switch to digital and use Flash. Dashkin In 2008, Phillips released the latest conventional Brackenwood installment, The Last of the Dashkin, with the intention to either start work on a sequel or to pitch the series as a feature film. However, in 2010 Phillips partnered with programmer and fellow animator Sean McGee to start work on a Brackenwood-branded video game titled Dashkin, which would serve as a sequel to The Last of the Dashkin. It would be a high-speed side-scroller, all made in Adobe Flash. While still working as a freelance animator for EA2D in 2011, Phillips showed their progress on the Dashkin game to his colleagues at the studio. Not long after, EA2D was renamed Bioware San Francisco and had begun to search for established 2D IPs on Flash game sites, such as Newgrounds. EA2D asked Phillips if he would be interested for them to work with him on making Dashkin a social game on Facebook, and after discussing it with McGee, he agreed. While initially worried about the game having microtransactions, Phillips reasoned that it could help Brackenwood reach a larger audience. A small team came together, file sharing and version control were put in place, but as Phillips and McGee got to the contract stage, EA2D began to go through some big changes and their boss advised them to take the Dashkin IP back. Not long after, their boss left the company to co-found Rumble Games, and most of the EA2D Phillips had been a part of disbanded after a few months. Phillips and McGee had already begun overhauling Dashkin into a social game, but they had no money left and only about 5% of the game completed. After shopping the IP around to some Flash portals and getting rejected, Phillips and McGee launched a Kickstarter fundraiser to fund the project. They received US$27,333 in donations towards making the game. After five years of working together, the two collaborators' schedules would not allow them to continue. Phillips had also found that the limitations of Adobe Flash were hindering the performance of the game considerably, and so the project was cancelled in 2015. In March 2017, Phillips announced the full-time development of a new Brackenwood branded game called Dashkin, a revival of the previous Dashkin game project he had been working on with McGee. According to the Dashkin dev blog, it was to be a speed-based side-scrolling platformer built with Unreal Engine 4, and was going to be split into three parts, one of which was to be a story mode that would serve as a direct sequel to Phillips' latest conventional Brackenwood movie, The Last of the Dashkin. He had partnered with Kirk Sexton of Wrong Dojo Inc., who he had met at EA2D when Sexton was working there as a server engineer. Sexton had previous experience with programming for video games, so his role became that of a programmer on the project, while Phillips would be responsible for the majority of the art assets and the story. The project was a feature in a large article by Toon Boom, the company developing Toon Boom Harmony, which is the 2D animation software Phillips uses and an industry standard. The project was canceled in October 2018 due to the deterioration of the working relationship of the team. Since then, Phillips has returned to work on the sequel to The Last of the Dashkin, with the working title of The Last of the Dashkin 2. He intends to use it as a pitch for a Brackenwood feature film. Selected works Books Flash MX Most Wanted: Effects & Movies (2002) – Author of chapter "Animation: hitchHiker". New Masters of Flash: Volume 3 (2004) – Author of chapter on lighting effects and their implementation in Flash. Bitey Castle Academy: Flash CS3 Animation (2009) – ebook teaching Flash for graphics and frame-by-frame animation. Animate to Harmony: The Independent Animator's Guide To Toon Boom (2014) - Guide to using Toon Boom's Animate and Harmony software. References External links Bitey Castle website Adam Phillips at Newgrounds Adam Phillips at YouTube Adam Phillips at Twitter 1971 births Australian animators Australian animated film directors Constructed language creators Flash artists Living people People from the Orana (New South Wales)
The 2018 Rugby Europe Under-18 Sevens Championship was held in Panevėžys, Lithuania from 5–6 May. France won the championship and qualified for the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics that would be held in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Ireland were runners-up. Teams Pool stages Pool A Pool B Pool C Pool D Finals Cup Quarterfinals Shield Semifinals Challenge Trophy Quarterfinals Ranking Playoffs Final standings References 2018 2018 rugby sevens competitions 2018 in European sport
The 2020 Japan Series (known as the SMBC Nippon Series 2020 for sponsorship reasons) was the championship series of Nippon Professional Baseball's (NPB) 2020 season. The 71st edition of the Japan Series, it was played from November 21 to 25. The series was a best-of-seven playoff between the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks, the Pacific League's (PL) Climax Series champion, and the defending Japan Series champions, and the Yomiuri Giants, the Central League's (CL) regular-season champion. The series was a rematch of the previous year's Japan Series. The Hawks finished the season in 1st place, their first PL title since 2017. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the PL decided to modify the traditional Climax Series format and eliminate the First Stage series to instead play only one modified Final Stage series. In this series, SoftBank defeated the Chiba Lotte Marines, the regular season runner-up to advance to the Japan Series. The CL cancelled their Climax Series altogether due to the pandemic, opting instead to send their regular-season champion, the Giants, directly to the Japan Series. The Hawks swept the Giants for the second straight year to win the series, their fourth straight. SoftBank outfielder Ryoya Kurihara was named the Japan Series Most Valuable Player. With the Hawks' Japan Series win, for the first time since 1950, the Pacific League led in Japan Series titles. The series would also be the second most one-sided Japan Series, with the Hawks outscoring the Giants, 26-4. Only the 2005 Japan Series was more one-sided, 33–4 in favor of the Chiba Lotte Marines over the Hanshin Tigers. Climax Series The COVID-19 pandemic prompted Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) to modify the Climax Series. Instead of having the regular season's top three teams participate in the usual two-stage playoff, the Pacific League (PL) decided to eliminate the First Stage series and play only one modified Final Stage series. The league's champion and the runner-up competed in a best-of-four series, with the champion receiving a one-win advantage. The first team to win three games advanced to the Japan Series. The Central League (CL) decided to eliminate their Climax Series altogether, instead opting to sending the regular-season champion directly to the Japan Series. The Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks finished the PL regular season in first place, winning the team its first PL pennant since 2017. The team had finished either first- or second-place in the league in nine of the last 11 seasons, including every year since 2014. The Chiba Lotte Marines narrowly edged out the Saitama Seibu Lions at the end of the season to secure second place and the chance to play the Hawks in the Climax Series. During the regular season, the Hawks and the Marines played 24 games against each other. The Marines won the season series with a record, however the Hawks won seven of the last eight games. Lotte finished the season 14 games behind the first-place SoftBank. With the one-win advantage and two consecutive come-from-behind Climax Series wins, the Hawks advanced past the Marines to the Japan Series to compete against the Yomiuri Giants. Because the CL's decision to eliminate its Climax Series, the Giants advanced directly to the Japan Series. Yomiuri finished the season 7.5 games ahead of the nearest runner-up, the Hanshin Tigers. Series notes The series was a rematch of last year's Japan Series between the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks and the Yomiuri Giants, in which the Hawks swept the Giants to win in four straight games. SoftBank won the previous three Japan Series and five in the last six years and were looking to become only the second NPB team to ever win four or more titles consecutively, behind only the Giants' nine-year streak from 1965 to 1973. Yomiuri had won 22 Japan Series championships, more than any other team in the NPB, However, the last time they had won was in 2012, which was also the last time a Central League team had won. Heading into the series, the CL and PL had both claimed an equal number of championships, each having won 35 times. The Hawks were looking to put the PL ahead for the first time since the Mainichi Orions won the first Japan Series in 1950. Home field advantage for the Japan Series alternates between the Pacific and Central leagues every year. For this series, it was the CL's turn to receive the advantage, so home field was awarded to the Giants. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) pushed back the start of the season from March 20 to June 19 and shortened it from 143 games to 120 games. The change in schedule forced the Japan Series to be postponed from its original November 7–15 schedule. Before the schedule was shifted, however, the Giants' home stadium, Tokyo Dome, was already planned to be used for the Intercity baseball tournament for the period of time that the Japan Series would eventually be rescheduled for. Therefore, because of the scheduling conflict, the Giants' Japan Series home games were instead played at Kyocera Dome Osaka, the PL's Orix Buffaloes home stadium. It was the first time a Japan Series game was held outside either of the two participating teams' home stadiums since the 1980 Japan Series. For the seventh year in a row, Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation (SMBC) sponsored the naming rights for the Japan Series, so it was officially known as the "2020 SMBC Japan Series". COVID-19 measures Along with the All-Star Series, interleague play was removed from the 2020 season to maximize the number of intraleague games that could be played during the pandemic-shortened season. Therefore, the Giants and the Hawks did not play each other during the regular season. Another pandemic-related change enacted during the regular season and the PL Climax Series dictated that games would end in a tie if no winner was determined after ten innings, a change from the usual 12-innings from previous seasons. Games played in the Japan Series, however, will be played through 12 innings if necessary. Two days before the start of the series, NPB also decided to adopt the designated hitter (DH) rule for all games in the series, including games hosted by the Central League team. Typically, games played at the CL team's stadium would require pitchers to bat in accordance with the CL rules. However, with the shortened and condensed season, pitchers had been fatigued more than usual. Also, with interleague play cancelled, PL pitchers never needed to bat all season. Therefore, the DH rule was implemented to lower the risk of injury to pitchers. It was the first time since the 1985 Japan Series that all games in the series featured the DH. In accordance with government guidelines, attendance of the games was limited to 50% of the stadiums' respective capacities. Because of this, the series' total attendance was 69,798, the lowest in Japan Series history. The series started and completed without any outbreaks, but if the series could not be continued due to an outbreak of COVID-19, the team with the most wins at the time would be declared the champions. If the series was tied at the time, the team with the better Team Quality Balance (TQB) would be declared the champions. Summary Game summaries Game 1 In the first Japan Series game held outside either of the two participating teams' home stadiums since 1980, Tomoyuki Sugano started the game for the Yomiuri Giants. After the Hawks' Yurisbel Gracial singled in the second inning, Sugano gave up a two-run home run to Ryoya Kurihara to give the Hawks the early lead. Kurihara later hit a two-out double in the fourth inning and attempted to score on a single by Alfredo Despaigne, however he was thrown out at the plate to end the inning. Then, with two outs in the sixth inning, Sugano hit Yuki Yanagita and allowed Gracial to reach base with a single. Kurihara then collected two more runs batted in (RBIs) on his second double of the game. Sugano was removed after the inning; it was the first time he had allowed four runs in a start since his second game of the season. Akira Nakamura drove in the Hawks' final run in the eighth inning with an RBI single. SoftBank starter Kodai Senga lasted seven scoreless innings, striking out six batters and walking three. The Giants had a scoring opportunity in the fourth when he walked two batters to start the inning, however Yoshihiro Maru hit into a double play and Senga retired the next batter. Yomiuri loaded the bases with one out in the ninth inning against Hawks closer Yuito Mori, but they were only able to score one run on a sacrifice fly by Zelous Wheeler. The Hawks' win was their record ninth-straight Japan Series win and their record 13th-straight postseason win. Game 2 The Giants' Nobutaka Imamura and the Hawks' Shuta Ishikawa, the starting pitchers, made their first Japan Series starts in game 2. SoftBank immediately took the lead in the first inning after Imamura issued a one-out walk and Yanagita doubled to drive home the game's first run. Then, after catching a ground ball, a wild throw to first base by Yomiuri second baseman Naoki Yoshikawa allowed Gracial to reach the base safely and the second run to score. Another single followed by a Despaigne groundout drove in Gracial for the third Hawks' run of the inning. The Hawks scoring continued next inning when Takuya Kai hit a one-out solo home run to give the Hawks a 4–1 lead. Imamura was replaced later that same inning by regular-season starter Shosei Togo. SoftBank continued to score, however, as Yanagita opened the third inning with a single and Gracial hit a home run to drive him home. After failing to score in the fourth inning, the Hawks bounced back in the fifth when the Giants brought in another regular-season starter, Kazuto Taguchi, to relive Togo. With one out, Taguchi walked Gracial and Kurihara singled before Despaigne's sacrifice fly gave the Hawks their seventh run. After four scoreless innings, Ishikawa hit Hiroyuki Nakajima with one out and Wheeler gave the Giants their only runs of the night via a two-run home run. Wheeler drove in all three of Yomiuri's runs through the first two games of the series. Ishikawa was removed from the game after giving up back-to-back singles with one out in the sixth inning. He allowed two runs on four hits, a walk and a hit batsman, while striking out seven. The Giants went on to load the bases but didn't score after the Hawks' second reliever of the inning struck out Hiroyuki Nakajima to end the threat. Despaigne, however, capitalized on a bases loaded chance when he hit a grand slam in the seventh inning to put the Hawks ahead by seven. Despaigne's grand slam was the Hawks' first in franchise history in the Japan Series and also allowed him to tie the Japan Series record for the most RBIs in one game, with six. SoftBank added to their lead one last time in the ninth inning when they scored two runs on a throwing error by Giants pitcher Kan Otake. The win extended the Hawks' record consecutive Japan Series win streak to ten games. Game 3 In Game 3, Matt Moore started for SoftBank and Ángel Sánchez for Yomiuri. Sánchez retired eight of the first nine Hawks batters he faced before allowing a two-out single in the third inning. Akira Nakamura then put the Hawks ahead with a two-run home run. Sánchez didn't allow another run into the sixth inning when the Giants intentionally loaded the bases with only one out. Giants second baseman Naoki Yoshikawa, however, made an impressive defensive play to save runs and end the inning. The next inning, Sanchez was removed from the game after allowing a single and a sacrifice. Relief pitcher Yuhei Takanashi then went on to hit a batter and allow Nakamura to hit an RBI single, his third RBI of the night. Kan Otake replaced Takanashi but gave up an RBI single to Yurisbel Gracial to extend the Hawks' lead to 4–0. After doubling their lead in the bottom of the seventh inning, Hawks manager Kimiyasu Kudo made the decision to pull Moore from the game after throwing 93 pitches despite him having a no-hitter at the time. No pitcher has thrown a complete game no-hitter in Japan Series history, however the Chunichi Dragons made a similar decision in the 2007 Japan Series when Daisuke Yamai after eight perfect innings in Game 5 that resulted in a combined perfect game. In addition to not allowing any hits, Moore pitched seven scoreless innings, struck out five, walked two, and two batters reached base on errors against him. Livan Moinelo, Moore's relief, hit one batter and walked another in the eighth inning but kept the no-hitter intact by striking out three Giants hitters. Hawks closer Mori then picked up two outs in the ninth inning before giving up a single to Yoshihiro Maru, the Giants' first and only hit of the game. Game 3 extended three Hawks win streaks: 11 consecutive Japan Series games, 15 consecutive Japan Series games at home, and 15 consecutive postseason games. Game 4 In the top of first inning in Game 4, Akihiro Wakabayashi hit a leadoff double off of SoftBank starter Tsuyoshi Wada. Hayato Sakamoto followed with a double of his own, driving in Wakabayashi and giving the Giants their first lead of the series. The Hawks quickly took the lead back, however, in the bottom half of the inning when Yuki Yanagita hit a two-run home run off of Giants starter Seishu Hatake. Takuya Kai extended the Hawks' lead in the second inning with a two-out, two-run home run. The home run, Kai's second of the series, resulted in Hatake's removal from the game. Wada, likewise, had a short start for the Hawks, lasting only two innings. Yomiuri reliever Shosei Togo took the mound in the third inning and retired seven of eight batters faced. Yuki Matsumoto replaced Wada in the third and went on to strike out four over innings and earned the win. Neither team allowed a runner past first base from the fifth inning until the ninth inning, when SoftBank closer Yuito Mori allowed a walk and a single with one out. The Giants did not capitalize on their final opportunity, however, as Mori struck out Shunta Tanaka and Yoshiyuki Kamei flied out. Postgame, Ryoya Kurihara was named the Japan Series Most Valuable Player. The Hawks' win completed their second straight Japan Series sweep of the Giants. The Japan Series title was SoftBank's fourth straight, the first Pacific League team to achieve the feat and the first since the Giants, who won nine straight from 1965 to 1973. Through the end of the series, the Hawks had won their last 12 Japan Series games, their last 16 home games in the Japan Series, and their last 16 postseason games. The Giants' .132 batting average in the series was the lowest in Japan Series history and the loss was their ninth consecutive Japan Series loss, tying the record. See also 2020 Korean Series 2020 World Series Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sports References Notes Citations Japan Series 2020 Nippon Professional Baseball season Japan Series Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks Yomiuri Giants
Luis E. Tapia is a self-taught artist living in New Mexico best known for his innovative wood carvings that blend the local bulto tradition with contemporary culture and co-founding La Cofradia de Artes y Artesanos Hispanicos with artist Frederico Vigil. He has also done major restoration work at churches, including the San Francisco de Asis Mission Church in Ranchos de Taos. Tapia's awards include an NEA grant in 1980 and a New Mexico Governor's Awards for Excellence in the Arts in 1996. Art and exhibitions Along with conventional santero religious imagery, Tapia incorporates prostitutes, gangs and lowriders. His santos are often noted for their use of color paint, including commercial watercolors, egg tempera and acrylics. Tapia began exhibiting his work at various fiestas in New Mexico around 1972. Since the mid-1980s his works have been exclusively sold through The Owings Gallery in Santa Fe where he has had several solo exhibitions. In 1986 Tapia was one of several artists in the Houston Fine Arts Center's traveling exhibition Hispanic Art in the United States : Thirty Contemporary Painters and Sculptors. In 2017 Tapia had solo exhibitions at the Museum of Latin American Art in Long Beach, California and National Museum of Mexican American Art in Chicago, and was the subject of the book Borderless: The Art of Luis Tapia. In 1992 Tapia and the artist, Bernadette Vigil had a two-person exhibition at the Albuquerque Museum, Albuquerque, New Mexico. La Cofradía de Artes y Artesanos Hispánicos Tapia, along with fellow artists such as Frederico Vigil, Juanita Jaramillo Lavadie, and Teresa ArchuletaSagel, played an important role in La Cofradía de Artes y Artesanos Hispánicos or simply La Cofradía. Public collections American Folk Art Museum (New York) Autry Museum of the American West Millicent Rogers Museum Museum of International Folk Art New Mexico Museum of Art Roswell Museum and Art Center Smithsonian National Museum of American Art Awards and honors In 2021, Tapia was awarded the Joan Mitchell Fellowship from the Joan Mitchell Foundation. He is a recipient of a 2023 National Heritage Fellowship awarded by the National Endowment for the Arts, which is the United States government's highest honor in the folk and traditional arts. References External links 1950 births Living people Sculptors from New Mexico American woodcarvers Hispanic and Latino American artists 20th-century American sculptors 20th-century American male artists American male sculptors National Heritage Fellowship winners 21st-century American sculptors 21st-century American male artists
Lloyd George Hyde (April 24, 1920 in Burnside, Manitoba – August 25, 1985) was a politician in Manitoba, Canada. He served as a Progressive Conservative member of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1977 until his death in 1985. The son of Joseph Hyde and Frances Troop, he was educated in Burnside and Portage la Prairie and worked as a farmer after attending high school. He also served with an artillery unit in the Canadian Forces from 1941 to 1945. Hyde subsequently became a Director of the Portage Industrial Exhibition and an Associate Member of the Portage la Prairie District Planning Scheme, as well as a freemason. He also was an active member of the local Barber Quartet Society. In 1946, Hyde married Isabel Margaret Spraggs. He was first elected to the Manitoba legislature in the 1977 election, defeating his New Democratic opponent by about 1,500 votes in the riding of Portage la Prairie. The Tories won a majority government in this election, although Hyde was not appointed to the cabinet of Premier Sterling Lyon. The Tories were defeated in the provincial election of 1981, although Hyde easily retained his own riding. He continued serving as an MLA until his death in 1985. References 1920 births 1985 deaths Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba MLAs
Yeelanna may refer to: Yeelanna, South Australia Yeelanna (genus), an insect genus in the family Pyrgomorphidae
Pine Ridge is an unincorporated community in Wolfe County, Kentucky, United States. It lies along Route 15 northwest of the city of Campton, the county seat of Wolfe County. Its elevation is 1,266 feet (386 m). The community has a ZIP code of 41360. References Unincorporated communities in Wolfe County, Kentucky Unincorporated communities in Kentucky
New York State Route 269 (NY 269) is a north–south state highway located in western New York in the United States. The highway runs for along the Niagara–Orleans county line and is named County Line Road. The southern terminus of NY 269 is at an intersection with NY 104 in the hamlet of Jeddo. Its northern terminus is at a junction with NY 18 in the hamlet of County Line. NY 269 is one of only two state highways in New York that are located wholly along a county boundary; the other is NY 272 on the other side of Orleans County. The route was assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York and has not been altered since. Route description NY 269 begins at an intersection with NY 104 (Ridge Road) in the hamlet of Jeddo, located on the boundary between the towns of Hartland, Niagara County, and Ridgeway, Orleans County. The highway progresses northward along the two-lane County Line Road, running along the eastern boundary of Niagara County and the western edge of Orleans County. It passes through mostly undeveloped areas dominated by forests and farmlands on its way to the small hamlet of North Ridgeway, located north of Jeddo at the junction of NY 269 and Mill Road. Not far to the north of the hamlet is Town Line Road, which serves as the divider between the towns of Hartland and Somerset. North of Town Line Road, NY 269 crosses into the towns of Somerset and Yates, where it initially continues across more rural terrain. Eventually, the route reaches the hamlet of County Line, a small but commercialized community located in an otherwise open and undeveloped area. NY 269 heads into the center of the community, where the NY 269 designation terminates at an intersection with NY 18 (Lake Road). NY 269 is one of only two state highways in New York that are located wholly along a county boundary. Incidentally, the other—NY 272—follows the northern half of Orleans County's eastern boundary, which it shares with Monroe County. History The portion of the Niagara–Orleans county line road between Ridge Road and the hamlet of County Line was taken over by the state of New York . In the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York, several of the routes assigned during the 1920s were renumbered or modified. At the same time, hundreds of state-maintained highways that did not yet have a route number were assigned one. One of these was the state-maintained portion of the Niagara–Orleans county line road, which was designated as NY 269. The route has not been substantially altered since that time. Major intersections The entire route is located on the Niagara–Orleans county line. See also References External links 269 Transportation in Niagara County, New York Transportation in Orleans County, New York
Leo Barnes, also known as The Sergeant, is a fictional character in The Purge film series. The character is portrayed by Frank Grillo in The Purge: Anarchy (2014) and in The Purge: Election Year (2016). Character biography The Purge: Anarchy Several months before events of Anarchy, Warren Grass, while drunk driving, kills Nicholas (whose name is mentioned in the film), the son of Leo Barnes, a Los Angeles Police Department sergeant. Grass was charged with driving under the influence, but is acquitted on legal technicalities. An enraged and bereaved Barnes seeks to avenge his son's death and comes up with a plan to do it on the next annual Purge. In the year 2023, one year after the events of the first film, prior to the seventh annual nationwide Purge, a Los Angeles-based anti-Purge group headed by Carmelo Johns and his partner, the Stranger from the first film named Dante Bishop (Edwin Hodge), hack into satellite feeds to denounce the New Founding Fathers. Leo Barnes (who is only identified as the Sergeant throughout the film) is off duty on that day and arms up before the commencement. His ex-wife Janice tries to convince him that purging will not bring their son back. She urges him not to go through with his plans, but Leo goes against her advice. He goes out to the streets armed with one rifle and a few handguns in his modified muscle car. Upon the Purge's commencement, he continues to drive along Los Angeles. After Eva and Cali's lecherous superintendent Diego is shot to death by a paramilitary platoon led by a purger named "Big Daddy", the two women are forced out of the building by the platoon to a purging truck where Big Daddy awaits. Leo witnesses this and tries to decide if he should rescue them or not. But after seeing the women fight back, he chooses to rescue them. Leo then kills the platoon, wounds Big Daddy, and rescues the women by offering them a ride. As this happens, married couple Shane and Liz, who are being pursued by a masked gang of bikers, stow away in the back of his car. After Leo, Eva, and Cali get into a light argument with Shane and Liz, they find out that they are also seeking shelter from purgers. Joining forces, the group flees just as Big Daddy fires at them, heavily damaging the car. After Leo's car breaks down, the group is forced to travel on foot. Eva convinces Leo to take them to the apartment of her co-worker Tanya and borrow her car, to which the latter agrees. Navigating the hostile streets and alleyways, they find evidence of Carmelo's Anti-Purge group gaining the upper hand against the purgers and the NFFA. After freeing Shane from a trap and taking guns from an abandoned purging truck, the group heads to the subways, thinking them to be safe. Chaos ensues when a pyrotechnic purging gang invades the subways and sets people on fire. As the group reaches the next station, Liz and Shane fend off the gang. However, Shane is slightly pierced by a bullet but the group manages to escape. Reaching the flat of Tanya, they realize that a car is not available. Tanya takes the group indoors and offers them dinner and medicines. Later, after Tanya's sister Lorraine murders her for the former's affair with the latter's husband, Leo and his group are captured by the masked biker gang, who take them to a theater where upper-class Purgers bid them for human hunting. In the purging arena, Leo fights back, killing the hunters. The host purger calls for backup wherein security forces swarm the chamber and kill Shane. As Liz mourns his death, the Anti-Purge group, led by Carmelo and Dante, storm the arena and kills more of the purging team. Leo compliments their aid and convinces Liz to join them but the latter chooses to join the Anti-Purge group to avenge Shane's death. Carmelo and Dante tell the group to leave while they aid Liz in their mission. After taking weapons from the dead wealthy purgers, Leo hijacks the host purger's car and threatens her before leaving. By daybreak, an hour before the annual Purge ends, Leo drives Eva and Cali to a suburban neighborhood where Warren Grass lives. After Leo tells the story of his son's death, he ventures to the Grass household despite Cali's pleas not to give in to revenge. Inside the house, Leo threatens Warren and his wife. He interrogates Warren but later forgives and spares him. A bloodied Leo is shot by Big Daddy as he exits the house. While the latter reprimands Leo for trying to play the hero, while also revealing that the New Founding Fathers have secretly dispatched death squads to increase the body count (because they believe the Purge eliminates too few of the lower class), Warren spots the commotion offscreen and plans to rescue him. Just as Big Daddy is about to kill Leo, Warren appears and kills Big Daddy with a head-shot, as an act of respect and forgiveness to Leo once more in exchange for being spared. After sirens blare to signal the end of the carnage, Warren drives Eva, Cali and Leo to a hospital nearby where they reach just in time and Warren calls for medical personnel to tend to Leo. The Purge: Election Year Over the course of seventeen years between the events of Anarchy and Election Year, set in 2040, Leo Barnes is now the chief of security for lawyer-turned-senator Charlie Roan (Elizabeth Mitchell) in Washington D.C., who runs for the presidency with aims to end the Purge after her family was killed (during the events of the first film). Barnes is first seen during a presidential debate where Roan gains a standing ovation after rebutting her rival, NFFA candidate Minister Edwidge Owens, by stating how the Purge only serves to eliminate the poor and benefit the rich and powerful. On the day before the twenty-third annual nationwide Purge, after the NFFA revokes the rule granting immunity to ranking 10 government officials, Leo urges Roan not to stay in her unsecured home instead of moving to a secure bunker, but Roan refuses. Leo revamps security and has the house re-secured with new barricades (James Sandin's security system) and surrounded by secret service agents and SWAT snipers standing watch outside; his partners, Chief Couper and Eric Busmalis; as well as three more secret service agents partly supervising the event from indoors. After the Purge commences, Busmalis tells three agents monitoring the indoor parts of the house to take a break and betrays Roan and Leo by signaling to a neo-Nazi/white supremacist paramilitary team headed by Earl Danzinger to storm the house. The team assassinates all the snipers and agents and invades the house. Leo helps Roan escape the household using a hatch, but is wounded in the process by one of Danzinger's men. He detonates a bomb in the house, killing Couper, Busmalis, and a few troops. A group of Russian "murder tourists" ambushes Leo and Roan while they try to navigate the hostile streets of Washington D.C. to find safer hiding places. Convenience store owners Joe and Marcos spot the group taunting them and eliminate the group, rescuing Leo and Roan. Inside the store, they witness the teenage shoplifters arriving and Joe calls his EMT friend, Laney and her partner Dawn (who are treating a teenage boy named Rondo), for backup. As Leo, Roan, Joe and Marcos position for defense, Laney and Dawn arrive and kill the shoplifters. The group then leaves the store for a safer hideout beneath a hospital protected by anti-Purge rebels led by Dante. On the way to the hideout, a helicopter piloted by Danzinger ambushes the group; Rondo is killed. The surviving six then seek refuge underneath a highway overpass. Barnes extracts the bullet and discovers that it was a tracking device. After a small confrontation with the Crips gang, Leo asks the gang leader's to dispose of the trace bullet, to which the latter agrees if the group will tend to his injured friend. The Crips plant the bullet in another area to trick the paramilitary forces; when two of Danzinger's ground team members find the bullet, the Crips emerge from hiding and eliminate them. The six arrive at the hideout, where they meet Bishop, his team, volunteer doctors and nurses administering to wounded Purge victims. Leo converses with Bishop's new partner Angel, but Roan interrupts and spots photos of Owens at the team's command office. She realizes that the team plans to assassinate Owens and tries to dissuade them as she wants a fair win. Leo and Roan are forced to flee as Dawn alerts the entire hideout of death squad forces witnessed by Joe, Marcos and Laney, arriving. As the hideout goes into action, Leo and Roan meet up again with the ambulance. However, before the group can escape the city, Danzinger rams the ambulance and his team abduct Roan, then deliver her to Owens, who is presiding over a midnight Purge mass in an NFFA-captured Catholic cathedral. The group team up with Bishop and his team and they organize a rescue mission to save Roan. They manage to infiltrate the cathedral through a tunnel system. Barnes and his team eliminate the secret service agents and position on the choir loft when Owens invites high-ranking members of the NFFA to execute Roan with NFFA Chairman Caleb Warrens leading them in the purging. As Warrens starts slitting her throat, Marcos assassinates him, instigating a chaos that signals the rebels to invade the cathedral. As the entire congregation panics and disperses, Leo and his team fire into the fleeing crowd, killing many of them. A second group of NFFA secret service agents arrive to eliminate Leo and his team but Bishop and his team arrives and guns them down. The rebels untie Roan while Bishop captures Owens in the cathedral's crypt and plans to kill him. As Roan protests that he must be spared, Owens goads Bishop to kill him. Bishop spares Owens on the condition that Roan wins the election. Leo knocks Owens out as he, Roan, and the group discovers a large number of bound and gagged Purge mass sacrifices that Owens had stashed in the crypt. After Bishop and his team is killed by Danzinger when they kill the latter's mercenaries, Barnes and Danzinger engage in a vicious melee fight; Danzinger is killed after Leo stabs him multiple times with knife knuckles. At the crypt, NFFA loyalist Harmon James emerges from hiding and targets the senator after killing a freed Purge victim. Joe manages to kill him with a headshot and Leo appears after James is killed. Before Joe succumbs to his injuries, he tells Lane and Marcos to take care of his store and urges Roan to win. On Election Day, Roan wins by a landslide, and Leo is made the new Director of the Secret Service. Roan makes her plan to outlaw Purge night as top priority, as dozens of NFFA supporters react to the election results in violent protests. Future In July 2021, DeMonaco confirmed his concept for a sixth Purge film would focus on Leo Barnes, while also incorporating a worldwide Purge, a concept originally developed for a potential third season of The Purge television series. References External links Leo Barnes on IMDb Fictional Los Angeles Police Department officers Fictional police sergeants Fictional revolutionaries Fictional Secret Service personnel The Purge Fictional boxers Fictional Brazilian jiu-jitsu practitioners Fictional Krav Maga practitioners Fictional eskrimadors
```c /** * @license Apache-2.0 * * * * path_to_url * * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. / #include <stdlib.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <math.h> #include <complex.h> #include <sys/time.h> #define NAME "cabs" #define ITERATIONS 1000000 #define REPEATS 3 /* * Prints the TAP version. / static void print_version( void ) { printf( "TAP version 13\n" ); } /* * Prints the TAP summary. * * @param total total number of tests * @param passing total number of passing tests / static void print_summary( int total, int passing ) { printf( "#\n" ); printf( "1..%d\n", total ); // TAP plan printf( "# total %d\n", total ); printf( "# pass %d\n", passing ); printf( "#\n" ); printf( "# ok\n" ); } /* * Prints benchmarks results. * * @param elapsed elapsed time in seconds / static void print_results( double elapsed ) { double rate = (double)ITERATIONS / elapsed; printf( " ---\n" ); printf( " iterations: %d\n", ITERATIONS ); printf( " elapsed: %0.9f\n", elapsed ); printf( " rate: %0.9f\n", rate ); printf( " ...\n" ); } /* * Returns a clock time. * * @return clock time / static double tic( void ) { struct timeval now; gettimeofday( &now, NULL ); return (double)now.tv_sec + (double)now.tv_usec/1.0e6; } /* * Generates a random number on the interval [0,1). * * @return random number / static double rand_double( void ) { int r = rand(); return (double)r / ( (double)RAND_MAX + 1.0 ); } /* * Runs a benchmark. * * @return elapsed time in seconds / static double benchmark( void ) { double complex z; double elapsed; double re; double im; double y; double t; int i; t = tic(); for ( i = 0; i < ITERATIONS; i++ ) { re = ( 1000.0rand_double() ) - 500.0; im = ( 1000.0rand_double() ) - 500.0; z = re + imI; y = cabs( z ); if ( y != y ) { printf( "should not return NaN\n" ); break; } } elapsed = tic() - t; if ( y != y ) { printf( "should not return NaN\n" ); } return elapsed; } /** * Main execution sequence. */ int main( void ) { double elapsed; int i; // Use the current time to seed the random number generator: srand( time( NULL ) ); print_version(); for ( i = 0; i < REPEATS; i++ ) { printf( "# c::%s\n", NAME ); elapsed = benchmark(); print_results( elapsed ); printf( "ok %d benchmark finished\n", i+1 ); } print_summary( REPEATS, REPEATS ); } ```
The European Journal of Pain is the official journal of the European Pain Federation. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2018 impact factor of 3.188. The journal particularly welcomes clinical trials, which are published on an occasional basis. Regular sections in the journal are: Editorials and Commentaries Position Papers and Guidelines Reviews Original Articles Letters Bookshelf Research articles are published under the following subject headings: Neurobiology Neurology Experimental Pharmacology Clinical Pharmacology Psychology Behavioural Therapy Epidemiology Cancer Pain Acute Pain Clinical Trials References Anesthesiology and palliative medicine journals Wiley-Blackwell academic journals Academic journals established in 1997 English-language journals Academic journals associated with international learned and professional societies of Europe
K. K. N. Kurup (born 1939) is an historian of India and a former vice-chancellor of the University of Calicut. He has specialised in the history of the Malabar region of South India. Kurup obtained a B.A. from the University of Delhi and then studied for his M.A. and PhD at the University of Calicut. He was awarded the latter in 1976. He had been teaching at Calicut since 1972 and continued in various positions there. In 1983, he was a professor and the head of the history department at the University of Mangalore and was also awarded a professorship at Calicut. He was appointed head of the history department in Calicut in 1991 and in June 1998 became vice-chancellor, at a time when the university was suffering from a decline in staff due to numerous retirements. During his period of office, the fortunes of the institution were revived, its student numbers increased, a new engineering college facility was introduced and tertiary facilities were established in Thrissur, Wayanad and Vatakara. The tertiary bodies were all situated in relatively remote areas and formed part of his "Knowledge for Villages" vision. The Malabar Institute of Research and Development is another Kurup innovation, begun at Vatakara in 2002 while he was still vice-chancellor. He was able to devote more time to it after his term of office came to an end in June of that year and now describes it as Kurup is a senior research fellow of the Indian Council of Historical Research. He specialises in agrarian relations, colonial history and folklore, especially in the region of Kerala, which used to be a part of Malabar. He was general president of the 1991 South Indian History Congress at Dharwad and president of the Modern Session at the Indian History Congress held in Mysore in 1993. Among his numerous other offices has been that of director-general of the Centre for Heritage Studies operated by the Government of Kerala. Various awards have been made to Kurup, including the 2010 T. K. Ramakrishnan Prize awarded by Abu Dhabi Sakthi Theatres. and the 1981 K. Damodaran award for the best work in Malayalam on a social science topic and Annahda national excellence award in 2019. Works Kurup has published numerous works in both English and Malayalam. These encompass research papers and books, of which the latter include: (editor) Documentary appearances References Living people 1939 births Historians of India 20th-century Indian historians Academic staff of the University of Calicut Delhi University alumni Indian folklorists University of Calicut alumni Scholars from Kerala Recipients of the Abu Dhabi Sakthi Award
Kurt Happy Zouma (born 27 October 1994) is a French professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for club West Ham United, whom he also captains, and the France national team. Zouma began his career at Saint-Étienne, making his professional debut aged 16, and going on to win the Coupe de la Ligue with the club in 2013. Zouma joined Chelsea for £12 million in January 2014, but was loaned back to the French club for the remainder of the season. With Chelsea, he won two Premier League titles, an EFL Cup, a UEFA Champions League title and a UEFA Super Cup. After loan spells with Stoke City and Everton, he moved to across London to West Ham in 2021, winning the UEFA Conference League in his second season. Zouma represented France at several youth levels, up to under-21. He made his senior international debut against Denmark on 29 March 2015. Club career Early career Born in Lyon, Zouma began his career at age nine with Vaulx-en-Velin until he was 15. He played as a right winger and also as a striker before switching to his current position of a defender. Saint-Étienne Zouma joined Saint-Étienne in 2009. On 2 April 2011, he signed his first professional contract, agreeing to a three-year contract. He was subsequently promoted to the senior team by manager Christophe Galtier ahead of the 2011–12 season, and initially played without a name on his shirt in order to protect him from media attention. Zouma made his professional debut at 16 years old, on 31 August 2011 in a Coupe de la Ligue match against Bordeaux, playing the entire match in a 3–1 win. On 17 September, he made his Ligue 1 debut in a 3–0 loss at Lorient; his first professional goal came on 19 November, replacing Paulão after nine minutes and finishing a corner kick to confirm a 2–0 win before half time at OGC Nice. He totalled 21 league games in his first season – 13 starts – and his other goal came on 14 January 2012, heading Banel Nicolita's corner for the only goal against lowly Sochaux at the Stade Geoffroy-Guichard. On 20 April 2013, Zouma played in Saint-Étienne's 1–0 win over Rennes in the final of the Coupe de la Ligue. Eight days later in the Derby du Rhone away to Lyon, he opened a 1–1 draw by heading Yohan Mollo's corner after half an hour of play. On 7 November 2013, Zouma was banned for ten games following a challenge that left Sochaux's Thomas Guerbert with a broken right leg and a dislocated ankle. Chelsea 2014–15 season On 31 January 2014, Zouma joined Chelsea on a five-and-a-half-year contract for a transfer fee believed to be around £12 million (€14.6 million). He remained at Saint-Étienne on loan for the remainder of the 2013–14 season. On 24 September, Zouma made his first competitive appearance for Chelsea, scoring the opener in a 2–1 win against Bolton Wanderers in the third round of the League Cup. He made his second Chelsea start and first UEFA Champions League appearance on 21 October against Maribor, helping his team keep a clean sheet in a 6–0 win. He made his Premier League debut as an added-time substitute for Willian in the 1–1 draw with Manchester United at Old Trafford on 26 October 2014. On 4 January 2015, Zouma scored the third goal for Chelsea in the 3–0 victory over Watford in the FA Cup. Six days later, he started in the Premier League for the first time, partnering John Terry in place of Gary Cahill and keeping a clean sheet in a 2–0 home win over Newcastle United, which put Chelsea back into first place in the league table. With Nemanja Matić suspended and Mikel John Obi injured, Zouma played in defensive midfield as Chelsea won the League Cup Final on 1 March after a 2–0 victory over Tottenham Hotspur. On 3 May, he featured as a substitute for the final five minutes in place of Willian as Chelsea defeated Crystal Palace 1–0 to win the league title. 2015–2017 On 2 August 2015, Zouma was a 69th-minute substitute for César Azpilicueta as Chelsea lost 1–0 to rivals Arsenal in the Community Shield. Starting ahead of John Terry, he scored his first Premier League goal on 19 September, heading in Cesc Fàbregas' cross to open a 2–0 home win over the same opposition. On 24 November, as a late substitute for the injured Terry, he scored his first European goal to conclude a 4–0 win at Maccabi Tel Aviv in the Champions League group stage. Under interim manager Guus Hiddink, Zouma regularly started alongside Terry as Chelsea's form improved. On 7 February 2016, Zouma ruptured the anterior cruciate ligament in his right knee after landing awkwardly from a jump in a match against Manchester United. He required surgery and was ruled out for six months. In the summer of 2016, Zouma traveled and trained with the first-team during preseason. Chelsea also rejected a loan offer from Schalke 04. On 24 October, Zouma made his first competitive appearance after being out of action for nine months, playing 45 minutes for the Chelsea under-23 team in a 2–2 draw against Derby County. On 8 January 2017, Zouma made his first team comeback in Chelsea's 4–1 FA Cup third-round win over Peterborough United. On 4 February, he made his first appearance of the 2016–17 Premier League season as a substitute in a 3–1 win against rivals Arsenal. 2017–19: Loans to Stoke City and Everton Following agreeing to a new six-year contract with Chelsea, on 21 July 2017, Zouma joined fellow Premier League club Stoke City on loan for the 2017–18 season. On 12 August, he made his debut in a 1–0 loss at Everton. In November 2017, Stoke captain Ryan Shawcross expressed his surprise that Chelsea had loaned out Zouma, who had only missed one match, against his parent club. On 20 November he headed his first goal for the Potters, in a 2–2 draw at Brighton & Hove Albion. Zouma played 37 matches for Stoke in 2017–18 as the club suffered relegation to the EFL Championship. On 10 August 2018, Zouma joined fellow Premier League club Everton on loan for the 2018–19 season. He made his debut on 25 August as a last-minute substitute for the injured Michael Keane in a 2–2 draw at AFC Bournemouth. Zouma scored his first goal for Everton on 13 January 2019, a header to open a 2–0 home win also against Bournemouth. He was sent off for dissent after the final whistle in a 1–0 loss at Watford on 9 February. 2019–21: Return to Chelsea Zouma returned to Chelsea following the expiration of his loan at Everton. He made 32 appearances and scored 2 goals with the club. On 11 August 2019, Zouma made his first appearance of the season as a starter in the 4–0 away defeat to Manchester United. He was back on the scoresheet against Grimsby Town on 25 September 2019, in a 7–1 home win in the third round of the EFL Cup. On 1 January 2020, Zouma marked his 100th appearance for the club as Chelsea drew 1–1 to Brighton & Hove Albion at Falmer Stadium. Zouma began the new season in the starting back four for Chelsea's trip to Brighton & Hove Albion on 14 September 2020. He would go on to score the club's third goal in a 3–1 win, his first Premier League goal in over five years for Chelsea. On 6 December, Zouma headed in his team's second goal of a 3–1 win over Leeds United. The win put Chelsea at the top of the league table and was his fourth goal in the first ten league matches of the season, which meant he had twice as many strikes as the next highest-scoring Premier League defender. Through the first ten league matches, Zouma had also won 74.5 per cent of his duels, which put him among the top 20 players in Europe. Zouma made five appearances for Chelsea in their victorious 2020-21 UEFA Champions League run, however did not come off the bench in the final as Chelsea beat Manchester City 1-0. Zouma's last appearance for Chelsea was in their win in the 2021 UEFA Super Cup against Villarreal on 11 August 2021. The game finished 1–1 before being decided in a penalty shoot-out. In August 2021 he left to join West Ham United. He had played 151 games in all competitions for Chelsea, scoring 10 goals. West Ham United On 28 August 2021, Zouma joined West Ham United for £29.8 million signing a four-year contract. On 16 September, he made his West Ham debut, in the Europa League in a 2–0 win over Dinamo Zagreb. On 7 November, he scored his first goal for West Ham, the winning goal in a 3–2 victory over Liverpool. On 7 June 2023, Zouma played in the 2023 UEFA Europa Conference League final, against Fiorentina in Prague. West Ham won their first trophy in 43 years with a 2–1 victory. Following the departure of club captain Declan Rice, on 12 August 2023 Zouma was named as captain for the first game of the season, an away game to AFC Bournemouth. This was the first occasion in his professional career that he had captained a team.The appointment was criticised by The Times journalist, Henry Winter who wrote "James Ward-Prowse is more deserving because he’s a natural captain and he’s never kicked a cat." International career Zouma is a France youth international having represented his nation at under-16 and under-17 level. He played with the under-17 team at the 2011 UEFA European Under-17 Championship and 2011 FIFA U-17 World Cup. Zouma has been the captain for the French under-21 team. He was part of the under-20 team that won the 2013 World Cup in Turkey. In the quarter-finals against Uzbekistan in Rize, he headed the last goal of a 4–0 victory. Senior France manager Didier Deschamps wanted to build a defence around Zouma and fellow youngster Raphaël Varane, and on 19 March 2015, he was called him up for the first time for friendlies against Brazil and Denmark. He made his debut in the latter match ten days later, a 2–0 win at his former club ground with Saint-Étienne, the Stade Geoffroy-Guichard, replacing Morgan Schneiderlin for the last eight minutes of the game. After his injury for Chelsea in February, Zouma missed France's hosting of UEFA Euro 2016. He returned to the squad in August 2017, replacing the injured Raphaël Varane for a World Cup qualifier against the Netherlands. He was put on standby for France's squad at the final tournament in Russia. Zouma earned his first France cap in over three years on 11 October 2018 as a substitute in a 2–2 friendly draw with Iceland, coming on as a substitute and winning the equalising penalty. On 11 June 2019, Zouma made his first start for the France senior team, played every minute of the match and scored his first senior international goal, in the 4–0 away win over Andorra in a UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying match. Style of play A November 2013 report by FourFourTwo noted Zouma's strength, reading of the game, and aerial presence, while mentioning his occasional lapses in concentration. In January 2014, Zouma was named by British newspaper The Observer as one of the ten most promising young players in Europe. The newspaper wrote, "Blessed with exceptional power and technique, Zouma is also coveted by many for his leadership qualities." In February 2015, Match of the Day pundit Danny Murphy likened Zouma to Marcel Desailly, another Frenchman who played in defence for Chelsea. Writing after a draw with Manchester City, which included a strong run and perfectly-executed sliding tackle on Sergio Agüero, Murphy noted Zouma's reliability and confidence against the strong opponent, in addition to his pace. He predicted that Zouma could be a Chelsea mainstay for years to come, and would be an ideal replacement for captain John Terry, then aged 34. Ryan Shawcross called Zouma the "ultimate defender" for his speed, jump, passing, shooting and tackling, and said that Tottenham Hotspur's Toby Alderweireld was the only central defender on his level. Personal life Zouma's parents emigrated to France from the Central African Republic. His older brother Lionel plays in the same position, and his younger brother Yoan is also a defender. Zouma is named after Kurt Sloane, Jean-Claude Van Damme's character in the 1989 film Kickboxer, while his middle name Happy reflects an African tradition of using positive words as middle names. Zouma is married to Sandra, with whom he has three children. Zouma is a Muslim and made a pilgrimage to Mecca in 2019. Animal abuse On 7 February 2022, footage emerged of Zouma kicking, slapping and throwing objects at his cat, filmed at his home by his brother, Yoan Zouma. He was condemned by both his club and the RSPCA. Zouma apologised and said that despite his actions, his two pet cats were "fine and healthy". West Ham said that they would deal with the matter internally. On 8 February, a French animal welfare organisation, the Brigitte Bardot Foundation, announced that they had filed a complaint against Zouma. On the same day, Essex Police said they had launched an enquiry into the abuse in conjunction with the RSPCA. West Ham manager David Moyes selected Zouma to play in their match against Watford on the same day, despite the controversy. BBC Sport presenter Gary Lineker said he was "shocked and appalled that West Ham played Zouma" against Watford; Chris Packham called the decision to play Zouma an "absolute disgrace". On 9 February, the RSPCA confirmed that Zouma's two cats were taken away from him and were in RSPCA care. Two of West Ham's sponsors, Vitality and Experience Kissimmee, respectively suspended and ended their relationships with the club, while Adidas ended its partnership with Zouma. West Ham fined him the maximum amount possible, with the money being donated to animal welfare charities. Sky News reported that the fine was understood to be two weeks' wages worth £250,000. On 10 February, National League club Dagenham & Redbridge suspended Yoan Zouma for filming the abuse of the cat. On 16 March 2022, the RSPCA announced that after a full investigation they had started the process of bringing a prosecution against Kurt and Yoan Zouma under the 2006 Animal Welfare Act. Zouma was charged with animal cruelty under the act in April, and was ordered to appear at Barkingside Magistrates Court on 24 May. At court, he pleaded guilty to two counts of causing unnecessary suffering to a protected animal, his Bengal cat. He was ordered to carry out 180 hours of community service, pay £9,000 in court costs and was banned from keeping cats for five years. Yoan, his brother pleaded guilty to one count of aiding, abetting, counseling or procuring him to commit an offence. He was ordered to carry out 140 hours of community service. Career statistics Club International As of match played 16 November 2021 France score listed first, score column indicates score after each Zouma goal Honours Saint-Étienne Coupe de la Ligue: 2012–13 Chelsea Premier League: 2014–15, 2016–17 Football League Cup: 2014–15 UEFA Champions League: 2020–21 UEFA Super Cup: 2021 FA Cup runner-up: 2016–17, 2019–20, 2020–21 West Ham United UEFA Europa Conference League: 2022–23 France U20 FIFA U-20 World Cup: 2013 Individual Chelsea Young Player of the Year: 2014–15 References External links Profile at the West Ham United F.C. website 1994 births Living people Footballers from Lyon French men's footballers Men's association football defenders FC Vaulx-en-Velin players AS Saint-Étienne players Chelsea F.C. players Stoke City F.C. players Everton F.C. players West Ham United F.C. players Ligue 1 players Premier League players UEFA Champions League winning players France men's youth international footballers France men's under-21 international footballers France men's international footballers UEFA Euro 2020 players UEFA Europa Conference League winning players French expatriate men's footballers Expatriate men's footballers in England French expatriate sportspeople in England Black French sportspeople French sportspeople of Central African Republic descent French Muslims Animal welfare and rights in England Animal welfare and rights in France Animal cruelty incidents People convicted of cruelty to animals
Tapinoma amazone is a species of ant in the genus Tapinoma. Described by William Morton Wheeler in 1934, the species is endemic to Brazil. References Tapinoma Hymenoptera of South America Insects described in 1934
Notelaea venosa is a very common shrub or small tree in eastern Australia. Occurring in or adjacent to rainforest from Lakes Entrance, Victoria (37° S) to Cunninghams Gap (27° S) in south eastern Queensland. Common names include veined mock-olive, smooth mock-olive, large-leaved mock-olive and large mock-olive. Often seen in the bushland areas in Sydney. Description Usually a bushy shrub to 3 metres tall. But occasionally it be surprisingly large, up to 16 metres tall and a trunk diameter of 25 cm. The trunk is often crooked, without buttresses of flanges. Grey brown bark is fairly smooth, but sometimes with some flaky irregularities. Branchlets have small white lenticels, otherwise pale brown, thin and round in cross section. Leaves Dull green, stiff, thick and superficially resembling eucalyptus leaves. Leaves prominently veiny on both sides. Leaf edges entire, though sometimes slightly wavy edged. Net veins regular and uniform in pattern, contrasting to the similar Notelaea longifolia which are more irregular and less easily seen. Leaves 6 to 16 cm long, 2 to 4 cm wide, lanceolate to ovate lanceolate in shape. Leaf stem 5 to 15 mm long. Oil dots present but difficult to distinguish. Flowers and fruit Greenish white or yellow flowers usually form between October and December on racemes. Racemes are 1 to 3 cm long with five to nine flowers. Fruit matures from April to September, but can mature at any time of the year. A dark blue or black fleshy drupe 10 to 15 mm long with a single pointed seed, 8 to 12 mm long. Regeneration from fresh seed is slow. References (other publication details, included in citation) venosa Trees of Australia Flora of Victoria (state) Flora of New South Wales Flora of Queensland Taxa named by Ferdinand von Mueller Plants described in 1855
The forest scrub robin (Cercotrichas leucosticta) is a species of bird in the family Muscicapidae. It is disjunctly present throughout the African tropical rainforest : C. l. colstoni Tye, 1991 — Sierra Leone, Liberia and Ivory Coast C. l. leucosticta (Sharpe, 1883) — Ghana C. l. collsi (Alexander, 1907) — se Central African Republic, ne DR Congo and w Uganda C. l. reichenowi (Hartert, 1907) — western Angola References forest scrub robin Birds of the African tropical rainforest forest scrub robin Taxonomy articles created by Polbot Taxobox binomials not recognized by IUCN
Marc Girardelli (born 18 July 1963) is an Austrian–Luxembourger former alpine ski racer, a five-time World Cup overall champion who excelled in all five alpine disciplines. Biography Born in Lustenau, Austria into a family originally from Valsugana, Italy, Girardelli started skiing at the age of five and was racing at seven. He enjoyed significant success at junior level, winning local competitions in not only alpine skiing but also ski jumping. He competed for Austria until 1976, then switched to Luxembourg due to disagreements about coaching – the Austrian skiing federation wanted Girardelli to attend a ski boarding school in Schruns, from Lustenau, while his parents preferred for him to stay in his hometown. In 1981, he started to make significant progress with his first podium (top-three finish) in Wengen, Switzerland, and from that moment was in contention for slalom and giant slalom podiums on a regular basis. He achieved his first World Cup victory in Sweden in February 1983, but incurred his first major injury two weeks later, tearing all the ligaments, cartilage, and a tendon in his left knee in a crash during a downhill at Lake Louise. In the following season, he won five slalom races and was third in the overall standings. In 1985, Girardelli won 11 races and the World Cup overall title, followed by another overall title in 1986 and a third in 1989. After another major accident in 1990, in which he narrowly avoided paraplegia, he recovered to win the overall again in 1991 and in 1993 for a record fifth time – a record until Marcel Hirscher won a sixth title in 2017 (Annemarie Moser-Pröll won six women's World Cups). In total, Girardelli won 46 World Cup races (fifth-most of all time among men) and recorded 100 podiums. Because Girardelli retained Austrian citizenship while skiing for Luxembourg, he was ineligible to compete in the 1980 or 1984 Winter Olympics - but also to compete in the 1982 World Championships. (In contrast, regulations did allow to start for Luxembourg in the World Cup). For a while, his appearance at the 1985 World Championships was in doubt, but he was able to show evidence that he was in the process of claiming Luxembourg citizenship. The FIS gave special permission, and he won a silver medal in the slalom and bronze in the giant slalom. Girardelli received Luxembourg citizenship in time to compete in the 1987 World Championships. His first Olympics were in 1988 at Calgary, but he did not win a medal. In 1992 at Albertville, he won silver medals in super-G and giant slalom – the first medals for the Grand Duchy at the Winter Olympics, and Luxembourg's first Olympic medal since Josy Barthel's gold in the 1500 metres in 1952. Girardelli won eleven World Championship medals, including four golds: (slalom at Saalbach in 1991 and combined at Crans-Montana in 1987, Vail in 1989, and Sierra Nevada in 1996). His final World Cup race was in the downhill race at Val Gardena on 20 December 1996; he had announced his intention to start the next day in another downhill, but suffered a new knee injury. After failing to start in the following races, he announced his retirement from international competition in January 1997 at age 33. Girardelli is an honorary citizen of Bulgarian ski resort Bansko. Since 2015, he has been serving as an advisor to the Minister of Tourism of Bulgaria, Nikolina Angelkova, on the matters of winter tourism. On 17 December 2018 Girardelli disclosed that he holds the majoritary share of Yulen AD, the controversial operator of the ski zone of Bansko. He is an organiser of skiing events in several European winter sports resorts, and also in Portillo, Chile. Since 2005 he is an IBO for kids fashion in sports, called »Marc Girardelli Skiwear«. World Cup results Season standings ^ Season titles Race victories 46 total – (3 downhill, 9 super G, 7 giant slalom, 16 slalom, 11 combined) 100 podiums 1 2 World championship results The Super-G in 1993 was cancelled after multiple weather delays. Olympic results See also Ski World Cup Most podiums & Top 10 results References External links Marc Girardelli at SkiWorldCup.org MarcGirardelli.com – personal web site 1963 births Living people People from Lustenau Luxembourgian male alpine skiers Austrian male alpine skiers Olympic alpine skiers for Luxembourg Olympic silver medalists for Luxembourg Alpine skiers at the 1988 Winter Olympics Alpine skiers at the 1992 Winter Olympics Alpine skiers at the 1994 Winter Olympics Naturalised citizens of Luxembourg Austrian people of Italian descent Olympic medalists in alpine skiing FIS Alpine Ski World Cup champions Medalists at the 1992 Winter Olympics Luxembourgian people of Austrian descent Skiers from Vorarlberg
Rudger Clawson (March 12, 1857 – June 21, 1943) was a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1898 until his death in 1943. He also served as President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles from 1921 until his death. For five days in 1901 he was a member of the First Presidency of the LDS Church. Biography Clawson was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, to Hiram Bradley Clawson and Margaret Judd of Canada. While serving his mission in Georgia, he faced many challenges, not the least of which was the mounting anti-Mormonism in that sector. On July 21, 1879, Clawson and his missionary companion were standing at Varnell Station, Georgia, when they were surrounded by an angry mob of anti-Mormons. One of the mobbers shot and killed his companion, Joseph Standing. One of the mobbers then turned and pointed to Clawson, and said, "Shoot that man!" Clawson coolly faced the mob and folded his arms. He exclaimed, "Shoot!" The mob soon dispersed in the face of Clawson's defiance and willingness to face the mob. He brought the body of his deceased missionary companion back to Salt Lake City, where a public funeral was held in the Tabernacle. Clawson became somewhat of a celebrity for his bravery that day. August 1882 was a difficult time for Clawson, as he became the first practicing polygamist to be convicted and serve a sentence after the passage of the Edmunds Act. During the trial, one of his wives refused to testify against him. She was put in prison for contempt of court. Judge Charles S. Zane sentenced Clawson to the maximum possible penalty—he was punished with 3 years in prison and a $1500 fine. For his final words before being sent to prison, Clawson defended his right to practice his religion and challenged the court's ability to enforce a law aimed at destroying a particular establishment of religion in violation of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. His appeal was heard and rejected by the Supreme Court of the United States in Clawson v. United States. Clawson was pardoned in 1887 by President Grover Cleveland mere months before his sentence was to expire. Clawson was ordained an apostle and member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles on October 10, 1898. He was asked to serve as second counselor in the First Presidency under church president Lorenzo Snow on October 6, 1901, but Snow died just four days later. In 1904, the town of Kingsville, Emery County, Utah, was renamed Clawson in his honor after he visited the town to organize a ward. That same year, Clawson secretly contracted a plural marriage with Pearl Udall, daughter of David King Udall and Eliza Stewart Udall. Because they married after then-church president Joseph F. Smith issued a manifesto expressly prohibiting plural marriage among Latter-day Saints, their relationship was a "clandestine marriage of secret meetings and long absences", and they never shared a home. After discussing their marriage across several rendezvous held in the three-month span of October 1912 to January 1913, Clawson "released her [Pearl Udall] from the marriage", and they ceased to live as spouses. Pearl Udall later married Joseph Nelson on September 17, 1919. In 1921, Clawson became the President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. He served in this position for 22 years, the second-longest tenure for this position in the history of the LDS Church. Death Clawson died from pneumonia at the age of 86 in Salt Lake City. He had served in the quorum for a total of 45 years. He was buried at Salt Lake City Cemetery. See also The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Georgia (U.S. state) List of people pardoned or granted clemency by the president of the United States Phrenology and the Latter Day Saint Movement Published works Notes References External resources Grampa Bill's GA Pages: Rudger Clawson 1857 births 1943 deaths 19th-century Mormon missionaries American Mormon missionaries in the United States American people convicted of bigamy American prisoners and detainees Apostles (LDS Church) Burials at Salt Lake City Cemetery Counselors in the First Presidency (LDS Church) Deaths from pneumonia in Utah Lynching survivors in the United States People from Salt Lake City Presidents of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church) Prisoners and detainees of the United States federal government Recipients of American presidential pardons American general authorities (LDS Church) Latter Day Saints from Utah
The Harkness Mansion may refer to: The Nathaniel L. McCready House, a mansion at 4 East 75th Street in New York City completed in 1896 The Edward S. Harkness House, a mansion at 1 East 75th Street in New York City completed in 1908
Western Eyre Marine Park (formerly Western Eyre Commonwealth Marine Reserve) is a marine protected area located in the Great Australian Bight south of South Australia in waters within the Australian Exclusive economic zone. It was gazetted in November 2012. The marine park consists of three zones - a marine national park zone (IUCN Category II) which occupies three separate areas of ocean with a total area of , a multiple use zone (IUCN Category VI) with an area of and a special purpose zone (IUCN Category VI) with an area of . It is part of the group of Australian marine parks known as the South-West Marine Park Network. It lies east of the Great Australian Bight Marine Park. See also Protected areas managed by the Australian government Notes External links Oficial webpage Webpage for the Western Eyre Commonwealth Marine Reserve on the Protected Planet website Interactive Map, Commonwealth marine reserves Required attribution: © Commonwealth of Australia 2013 IUCN Category II IUCN Category VI Australian marine parks Protected areas established in 2012 2012 establishments in Australia Great Australian Bight
Maksim Chulkov (born February 23, 1988) is a Russian male acrobatic gymnast. He is a World Championships gold medalist (2008), two-time World Championships bronze medalist (2012, 2014). References External links 1988 births Living people Russian acrobatic gymnasts Male acrobatic gymnasts Medalists at the Acrobatic Gymnastics World Championships People from Volgodonsk Sportspeople from Rostov Oblast 21st-century Russian people
Chawalit Kamutchati (born 6 March 1937) is a Thai former sports shooter. He competed in the 50 metre rifle, three positions event at the 1972 Summer Olympics. References 1937 births Living people Chawalit Kamutchati Chawalit Kamutchati Shooters at the 1970 Asian Games Shooters at the 1972 Summer Olympics Shooters at the 1974 Asian Games Place of birth missing (living people) Asian Games medalists in shooting Chawalit Kamutchati Chawalit Kamutchati Chawalit Kamutchati Medalists at the 1970 Asian Games Medalists at the 1974 Asian Games Chawalit Kamutchati
Narine Eduardi Aghabalyan (, born 27 December 1967) is a journalist and politician who served in the Sahakyan government of the de facto independent Republic of Artsakh. She was the Minister of Culture and Youth from 2009 to 2017 and Minister of Education, Science and Sports from 2017 to 2020. Biography Aghabalyan was born on 27 December 1967, in Stepanakert. She graduated from Stepanakert secondary school No. 2. In 1990, she graduated from the philological faculty of the Stepanakert branch of the Vanadzor Pedagogical Institute. From 1988 to 1995, Aghabalyan worked as an announcer for Artsakh Public TV, and in 1995-2005 as an editor. By 2004, she became a correspondent for the Public Television Company of Armenia in NKR. In 2005, she founded her studio “Tsir Katin” (“Ծիր Կաթին”). By decree of President Bako Sahakyan, on 15 June 2009, Aghabalyan was appointed Minister of Culture and Youth and reappointed on 22 September 2012. By the decree of Sahakyan on 25 September 2017, she was appointed Minister of Education, Science and Sports, replacing Slavik Asryan. Personal life Aghabalyan was married to Edmon Barseghyan who was killed in the First Nagorno-Karabakh War and has a son. Awards In 2001, Aghabalyan was recognized by the National Assembly of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic as “Best Journalist of the Year.” In 2008, by decree of the President of Artsakh, she was awarded the “Vachagan Barepasht” medal (“Վաչագան Բարեպաշտ”). References 1967 births Living people People from Stepanakert Artsakh University alumni Women from the Republic of Artsakh in politics Armenian women journalists
Aspergillus pragensis is a species of fungus in the genus Aspergillus. It is from the Candidi section. The species was first described in 2014. It has been reported to produce chlorflavonin, polar compound X, terphenyllin, 3-hydroxyterphenyllin, chlorflavonin, metabolite, 6-epi-stephacidin A, and terphenyllin. Growth and morphology A. pragensis has been cultivated on both Czapek yeast extract agar (CYA) plates and Malt Extract Agar Oxoid® (MEAOX) plates. The growth morphology of the colonies can be seen in the pictures below. References pragensis Fungi described in 2014
Membranicellariidae is a family of bryozoans belonging to the order Cheilostomatida. Genera: Cookinella d'Hondt, 1981 Membranicellaria Levinsen, 1909 References Cheilostomatida
Shad Galdi Mahalleh (, also Romanized as Shād Galdī Maḩalleh; also known as Shāh Galdī Maḩalleh) is a village in Chubar Rural District, Haviq District, Talesh County, Gilan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 141, in 32 families. References Populated places in Talesh County
Aeropsidae is a family of echinoderms belonging to the order Spatangoida. It contains one extant genus. There are also eight extinct genera, most of which fall in the subfamily Corasterinae. History Initially, a large number of genera were included on the basis of their apetaloid ambulacra. This, however, resulted in the inclusion of a number of unrelated genera some of which are holasteroid, and others that are spatangoid. Later, Mortensen included just two genera - Aceste and Aeropsis. The two forms are very different in test architecture. Aceste is now considered to be an apetaloid derivative of Proraster and is nor believed to be closely related to Aeropsidae. Genera The following genera are recognised: Subfamily Corasterinae Lambert & Thiéry, 1924 † Coraster Cotteau, 1887 † Cordastrum Nisiyama, 1968 † Cottreaucorys Lambert, 1920 † Homoeaster Pomel, 1883 † Lambertiaster Gauthier, 1892 † Orthaster Moskvin, 1982 † Physaster Pomel, 1883 No subfamily Aeropsis Mortensen, 1907 † Sphenaster Jeffery, 1999 (Protaeropsis was suggested as an alternative by Doweld in 2016 as Sphenaster is a junior homonym of Sphenaster Wilcoxon, 1970, a fossil protist genus (Haptomonada). References Spatangoida Echinoderm families
is a Japanese former gymnast who won two bronze medals at the 1984 Summer Olympics. His son Tetsuya Sotomura is a trampolinist and represents Japan at international competitions. References 1958 births Living people Japanese male artistic gymnasts Olympic gymnasts for Japan Gymnasts at the 1984 Summer Olympics Olympic bronze medalists for Japan Olympic medalists in gymnastics Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics Asian Games medalists in gymnastics Gymnasts at the 1982 Asian Games Gymnasts at the 1986 Asian Games Asian Games silver medalists for Japan Asian Games bronze medalists for Japan Medalists at the 1982 Asian Games Medalists at the 1986 Asian Games 20th-century Japanese people 21st-century Japanese people
```kotlin package zlc.season.rxdownload4.notification import android.app.Notification import android.app.NotificationChannel import android.app.NotificationManager import android.app.PendingIntent import android.content.Context import android.os.Build import androidx.core.app.NotificationCompat.Action import androidx.core.app.NotificationCompat.Builder import androidx.core.app.NotificationManagerCompat import zlc.season.claritypotion.ClarityPotion.Companion.clarityPotion import zlc.season.rxdownload4.Progress import zlc.season.rxdownload4.task.Task private val notificationManager by lazy { clarityPotion.getSystemService(Context.NOTIFICATION_SERVICE) as NotificationManager } fun cancelNotification(task: Task) { notificationManager.cancel(task.hashCode()) } fun isEnableNotification(): Boolean { val notificationManagerCompat = NotificationManagerCompat.from(clarityPotion) return notificationManagerCompat.areNotificationsEnabled() } fun createNotificationChannel( channelId: String, channelName: String, channelDescription: String ) { if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.O) { val notificationChannel = NotificationChannel( channelId, channelName, NotificationManager.IMPORTANCE_LOW ) notificationChannel.description = channelDescription notificationChannel.enableVibration(false) notificationChannel.enableLights(false) notificationChannel.vibrationPattern = longArrayOf(0L) notificationChannel.setSound(null, null) notificationManager.createNotificationChannel(notificationChannel) } } fun createNotificationBuilder( channelId: String, title: String, content: String, icon: Int, intent: PendingIntent? = null, progress: Progress? = null, actions: List<Action> = emptyList() ): Builder { val notificationBuilder = Builder(clarityPotion, channelId) notificationBuilder.setContentTitle(title) .setContentText(content) .setSmallIcon(icon) .setContentIntent(intent) .setVibrate(longArrayOf(0L)) .setOngoing(true) .setSound(null) .setDefaults(Notification.FLAG_ONLY_ALERT_ONCE) progress?.let { notificationBuilder.setProgress( it.totalSize.toInt(), it.downloadSize.toInt(), it.isChunked ) } actions.forEach { notificationBuilder.addAction(it) } return notificationBuilder } ```
Claude Robert Eatherly (October 2, 1918 – July 1, 1978) was an officer in the U.S. Army Air Forces during World War II, and the pilot of a weather reconnaissance aircraft Straight Flush that supported the dropping of the atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan, August 6, 1945. Early life and education Claude Eatherly was born in Van Alstyne, Texas, fifty miles northeast of Dallas. His parents, James E. “Bud” Eatherly and Edna Bell George, were both farmers, and Eatherly himself dropped out of North Texas State Teachers' College in Denton in his senior year to join the Army Air Corps in December, 1940. He graduated from bomber school and was commissioned a second lieutenant in August, 1941. Career and the bombing of Hiroshima Eatherly was the pilot of Straight Flush, one of seven B-29s of the 393d Bomb Squadron of the 509th Composite Group that took part in the Hiroshima mission, which was the culmination of ten months of training during World War II. It departed Tinian Island at approximately 0137 hours on the morning of August 6, 1945, a little more than an hour ahead of the Enola Gay (which carried the bomb) and flew over Hiroshima with the task of reporting the weather conditions. After reporting the weather was good over the target, Eatherly turned Straight Flush for home, and was over from ground zero when the bomb exploded. Later life Eatherly desperately wanted to remain in the air force, but assigned to meteorology training, he was caught cheating on coursework and was forced to take an honorable discharge. He left the Air Force in 1947 as a major, and worked at an oil company in Houston, Texas where he became a sales manager for a Mobil gasoline station. Consumed by guilt, he attempted suicide by drugs in a hotel in New Orleans, but he survived and was treated in Waco, Texas in a psychiatric hospital for soldiers. His mental condition slowly deteriorated. Jerome Klinkowitz, in Pacific Skies: American Flyers in World War II, writes: Shortly after leaving the Air Force in 1947, Eatherly took part in arrangements for a raid on Cuba by American adventurers hoping to overthrow the government; here the former weather pilot's responsibilities would involve a flight of bomb-laden P-38 Lightnings obtained as war surplus. The plot was uncovered, and Eatherly was arrested and prosecuted, serving time in jail for this offense. Eatherly claimed to have become horrified by his participation in the Hiroshima bombing, and hopeless at the possibility of repenting for or earning forgiveness for willfully extinguishing so many lives and causing so much pain. He tried speaking out with pacifist groups, sending parts of his paycheck to Hiroshima, writing letters of apology, and once or twice may have attempted suicide. At one point "he set out to try to discredit the popular myth of the war hero [by] committing petty crimes from which he derived no benefit: he was tried for various forgeries and forged a check for a small amount and contributed the money to a fund for the children of Hiroshima. He held up banks and broke into post offices without ever taking anything." He was convicted of forgery in New Orleans, Louisiana and served one year between 1954 and 1955 for the crime. He was also convicted of breaking and entering in West Texas. He then became a salesman in a garage and might have attempted suicide again by drug. In 1959 he avoided prosecution for robbery by entering the Veterans Administration Hospital in Waco, Texas for many months. Some think he committed antisocial acts because of schizophrenia or anxiety disorder. It was in this hospital that he began to correspond with Günther Anders, a German philosopher and pacifist, who became his friend in a battle to promote the abolition of nuclear weapons. Eatherly wrote: Whilst in no sense, I hope, either a religious or a political fanatic, I have for some time felt convinced that the crisis in which we are all involved is one calling for a thorough re-examination of our whole scheme of values and of loyalties. In the past it has sometimes been possible for men to "coast along" without posing to themselves too many searching questions about the way they are accustomed to think and to act — but it is reasonably clear now that our age is not one of these. On the contrary I believe that we are rapidly approaching a situation in which we shall be compelled to re-examine our willingness to surrender responsibility for our thoughts and actions to some social institution such as the political party, trade union, church or State. None of these institutions are adequately equipped to offer infallible advice on moral issues and their claim to offer such advice needs therefore to be challenged. William Bradford Huie, in The Hiroshima Pilot, cast doubt on the Eatherly story, pointing out that Eatherly continued to practice for potential future nuclear bombing missions in the years following the war. He believes that pacifist and anti-nuclear activists created or exaggerated elements of Eatherly's story for propaganda purposes, and that Eatherly cooperated in this mythmaking from desire for fame or attention. Some of this skepticism was disputed in Dark Star by Ronnie Dugger. No other persons involved with the bombing of Hiroshima expressed guilt in the way that Eatherly did. Enola Gay pilot and commanding officer of the 509th Composite Group, Colonel Paul Tibbets, said in his autobiography "Flight of the Enola Gay" that he couldn't understand why Eatherly felt so guilty. While Eatherly did command the weather B-29 that scouted Hiroshima about an hour ahead of Tibbet's B-29 (which was carrying the "Little Boy" atomic bomb), "Buck" Eatherly had already turned back for their Tinian Island base by the time the bomb was dropped. To quote Tibbets: "Actually, Major Eatherly did not take part in the attack and did not see the bomb blast that was supposed to have haunted him through many sleepless nights." Contrary to popular opinion, one of Eatherly's Straight Flush crewmen has suggested that Eatherly was actually upset that the Hiroshima raid had not made him famous, and was only too eager to play to the journalists that came to get the story of the "distraught pilot". Eatherly died in 1978 at the Veterans Hospital in Houston, of cancer. He left behind a wife, Ann, and two daughters. Awards and decorations Air Medal. See also References Citations Sources Further reading Günther Anders and Claude Eatherly, Burning Conscience: The case of the Hiroshima Pilot, Claude Eatherly, told in his letters to Günther Anders (1961) Ronnie Dugger, Dark Star: Hiroshima Reconsidered in the Life of Claude Eatherly of Lincoln Park, Texas (1967) Marc Durin-Valois, La dernière nuit de Claude Eatherly (Plon publisher 2012) Maurizio Chierici, The Man from Hiroshima essay from an interview with Eatherly Marie Luise Kaschnitz, 'Hiroshima' (German poem about the Hiroshima pilot) What happens to a driver that kills 100,000 people? Oakland, T., 1962 Having destroyed Hiroshima, Correspondence Claude Eatherly, the Hiroshima pilot, with Gunther Anders. Preface by Bertrand Russell and Robert Jungk. Robert Lafont, 1962. External links Scan of a Newsweek article about Eatherly Student Pursues Facts About Hiroshima Pilot Harvard Gazette February 18, 1999 Annotated bibliography for Claude Eatherly from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues Claude Eatherly in the novel of the french author Marc Durin-Valois 1918 births 1978 deaths United States Army Air Forces officers People associated with the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki United States Army Air Forces pilots of World War II Forgers Recipients of the Air Medal People from Van Alstyne, Texas Military personnel from Texas
The 2020 FIA R-GT Cup is the sixth edition of the FIA rally cup for GT cars in Group R-GT. The cup is being contested over 2 tarmac rounds from the WRC and one the ERC. Calendar The calendar for the 2020 season features eight tarmac rallies: two rounds from the WRC and one round from the ERC. Entries Results Standings Points are awarded to the top ten classified finishers. Source: FIA R-GT Cup for Drivers FIA R-GT Cup for Manufacturers References FIA R-GT Cup R-GT Cup
The Dexiarchia are a suborder of sea slugs, shell-less marine gastropod molluscs in the order Nudibranchia. This classification is based on the study by Schrödl et al., published in 2001, who recognized within this clade two clades Pseudoeuctenidiacea and Cladobranchia. Taxonomy Clade Pseudoeuctenidiacea ( = Doridoxida) Superfamily Doridoxoidea Family Doridoxidae Clade Cladobranchia ( = Cladohepatica) Contains the subclades Euarminida, Dendronotida and Aeolidida Not assigned to a superfamily (Metarminoidea) Family Charcotiidae Family Dironidae Family Embletoniidae Family Goniaeolididae Family Heroidae Family Madrellidae Family Pinufiidae Family Proctonotidae Subclade Euarminida Superfamily Arminoidea Family Arminidae Family Doridomorphidae Subclade Dendronotida Superfamily Tritonioidea Family Tritoniidae Family Aranucidae Family Bornellidae Family Dendronotidae Family Dotidae Family Hancockiidae Family Lomanotidae Family Phylliroidae Family Scyllaeidae Family Tethydidae Subclade Aeolidida Superfamily Flabellinoidea ( = Pleuroprocta) Family Flabellinidae Family Notaeolidiidae Superfamily Fionoidea Family Fionidae Family Calmidae Family Eubranchidae Family Pseudovermidae Family Tergipedidae Superfamily Aeolidioidea Family Aeolidiidae Family Facelinidae Family Glaucidae Family Piseinotecidae References Nudipleura Nudibranchia
```c++ // Use, modification and distribution is subject to the Boost Software // path_to_url // Authors: Nick Edmonds // Douglas Gregor // Andrew Lumsdaine #ifndef BOOST_DISTRIBUTED_FILTERED_GRAPH_HPP #define BOOST_DISTRIBUTED_FILTERED_GRAPH_HPP #ifndef BOOST_GRAPH_USE_MPI #error "Parallel BGL files should not be included unless <boost/graph/use_mpi.hpp> has been included" #endif #include <boost/graph/parallel/process_group.hpp> #include <boost/graph/filtered_graph.hpp> namespace boost { namespace graph { namespace parallel { /// Retrieve the process group from a filtered graph template<typename Graph, typename EdgePredicate, typename VertexPredicate> struct process_group_type<filtered_graph<Graph, EdgePredicate, VertexPredicate> > : process_group_type<Graph> { }; template<typename Graph, typename EdgePredicate, typename VertexPredicate> struct process_group_type<const filtered_graph<Graph, EdgePredicate, VertexPredicate> > : process_group_type<Graph> { }; } } /// Retrieve the process group from a filtered graph template<typename Graph, typename EdgePredicate, typename VertexPredicate> inline typename graph::parallel::process_group_type<Graph>::type process_group(filtered_graph<Graph, EdgePredicate, VertexPredicate> const& g) { return process_group(g.m_g); } /// Forward vertex() to vertex() of the base graph template <typename Graph, typename EdgePredicate, typename VertexPredicate> typename graph_traits<Graph>::vertex_descriptor vertex(typename graph_traits<Graph>::vertices_size_type i, filtered_graph<Graph, EdgePredicate, VertexPredicate> const& g) { return vertex(i, g.m_g); } } #endif // BOOST_DISTRIBUTED_FILTERED_GRAPH_HPP ```
```objective-c #ifndef VALHALLA_THOR_MULTIMODAL_H_ #define VALHALLA_THOR_MULTIMODAL_H_ #include <cstdint> #include <map> #include <memory> #include <unordered_map> #include <vector> #include <valhalla/baldr/double_bucket_queue.h> #include <valhalla/baldr/graphid.h> #include <valhalla/baldr/graphreader.h> #include <valhalla/baldr/time_info.h> #include <valhalla/proto/common.pb.h> #include <valhalla/sif/dynamiccost.h> #include <valhalla/sif/edgelabel.h> #include <valhalla/sif/hierarchylimits.h> #include <valhalla/thor/astarheuristic.h> #include <valhalla/thor/edgestatus.h> #include <valhalla/thor/pathalgorithm.h> #include <valhalla/thor/pathinfo.h> namespace valhalla { namespace thor { /** * Multi-modal pathfinding algorithm. Currently supports walking and * transit (bus, subway, light-rail, etc.). / class MultiModalPathAlgorithm : public PathAlgorithm { public: /* * Constructor. * @param config A config object of key, value pairs / explicit MultiModalPathAlgorithm(const boost::property_tree::ptree& config = {}); /* * Destructor / virtual ~MultiModalPathAlgorithm(); /* * Form multi-modal path between and origin and destination location using * the supplied costing method. * @param origin Origin location * @param dest Destination location * @param graphreader Graph reader for accessing routing graph. * @param mode_costing An array of costing methods, one per TravelMode. * @param mode Travel mode from the origin. * @return Returns the path edges (and elapsed time/modes at end of * each edge). / std::vector<std::vector<PathInfo>> GetBestPath(valhalla::Location& origin, valhalla::Location& dest, baldr::GraphReader& graphreader, const sif::mode_costing_t& mode_costing, const sif::TravelMode mode, const Options& options = Options::default_instance()) override; /* * Returns the name of the algorithm * @return the name of the algorithm / virtual const char name() const override { return "Multimodal"; } /** * Clear the temporary information generated during path construction. / void Clear() override; protected: uint32_t max_walking_dist_; sif::TravelMode mode_; // Current travel mode uint8_t travel_type_; // Current travel type bool date_set_; bool date_before_tile_; bool disable_transit_; uint32_t date_; uint32_t dow_; uint32_t day_; uint32_t start_time_; uint32_t max_seconds_; uint32_t max_transfer_distance_; std::string origin_date_time_; std::unordered_map<std::string, uint32_t> operators_; std::unordered_set<uint32_t> processed_tiles_; // Hierarchy limits. std::vector<sif::HierarchyLimits> hierarchy_limits_; // A heuristic AStarHeuristic astarheuristic_; // Vector of edge labels (requires access by index). std::vector<sif::MMEdgeLabel> edgelabels_; // Adjacency list - approximate double bucket sort baldr::DoubleBucketQueue<sif::MMEdgeLabel> adjacencylist_; // Edge status. Mark edges that are in adjacency list or settled. EdgeStatus edgestatus_; // Destinations, id and cost std::map<uint64_t, sif::Cost> destinations_; /** * Initializes the hierarchy limits, A* heuristic, and adjacency list. * @param destll Lat,lng of the destination. * @param costing Dynamic costing method. / void Init(const midgard::PointLL& destll, const std::shared_ptr<sif::DynamicCost>& costing); /* * Add edges at the origin to the adjacency list. * @param graphreader Graph tile reader. * @param origin Location information of the origin. * @param dest Location information of the destination. * @param costing Dynamic costing. / void SetOrigin(baldr::GraphReader& graphreader, valhalla::Location& origin, const valhalla::Location& dest, const std::shared_ptr<sif::DynamicCost>& costing); /* * Set the destination edge(s). * @param graphreader Graph tile reader. * @param dest Location information of the destination. * @param costing Dynamic costing. * @return Returns the relative density near the destination (0-15) / uint32_t SetDestination(baldr::GraphReader& graphreader, const valhalla::Location& dest, const std::shared_ptr<sif::DynamicCost>& costing); /* * Expand from the node along the forward search path. Immediately expands * from the end node of any transition edge (so no transition edges are added * to the adjacency list or EdgeLabel list). Does not expand transition edges if * from_transition is false. This method is only used in CanReachDestination. * @param graphreader Graph tile reader. * @param node Graph Id of the node being expanded. * @param pred Predecessor edge label (for costing). * @param pred_idx Predecessor index into the EdgeLabel list. * @param costing Current costing method. * @param edgestatus Local edge status information. * @param edgelabels Local edge label list. * @param adjlist Local adjacency list/priority queue. * @param from_transition True if this method is called from a transition edge. * @return Returns true if a transit stop has been reached. False, otherwise. / bool ExpandFromNode(baldr::GraphReader& graphreader, const baldr::GraphId& node, const sif::EdgeLabel& pred, const uint32_t pred_idx, const std::shared_ptr<sif::DynamicCost>& costing, EdgeStatus& edgestatus, std::vector<sif::EdgeLabel>& edgelabels, baldr::DoubleBucketQueue<sif::EdgeLabel>& adjlist, const bool from_transition); /* * Expand from the node using multimodal algorithm. * @param graphreader Graph reader. * @param node Graph Id of the node to expand. * @param pred Edge label of the predecessor edge leading to the node. * @param pred_idx Index in the edge label list of the predecessor edge. * @param from_transition Boolean indicating if this expansion is from a transition edge. * @param pc Pedestrian costing. * @param tc Transit costing. * @param mode_costing Array of all costing models. * @param time_info Information time offset as the route progresses * @return Returns false if the node could not be expanded from / bool ExpandForward(baldr::GraphReader& graphreader, const baldr::GraphId& node, const sif::MMEdgeLabel& pred, const uint32_t pred_idx, const bool from_transition, const std::shared_ptr<sif::DynamicCost>& pc, const std::shared_ptr<sif::DynamicCost>& tc, const sif::mode_costing_t& mode_costing, const baldr::TimeInfo& time_info); /* * Check if destination can be reached if walking is the last mode. Checks * if there are any transit stops within maximum walking distance from * the destination. This is used to reject impossible routes given the * modes allowed. * TODO - once auto/bicycle are allowed modes we need to check if parking * or bikeshare locations are within walking distance. / bool CanReachDestination(const valhalla::Location& destination, baldr::GraphReader& graphreader, const sif::TravelMode dest_mode, const std::shared_ptr<sif::DynamicCost>& costing); /* * Form the path from the adjacency list. Recovers the path from the * destination backwards towards the origin (using predecessor information) * @param dest Index in the edge labels of the destination edge. * @return Returns the path info, a list of GraphIds representing the * directed edges along the path - ordered from origin to * destination - along with travel modes and elapsed time. */ std::vector<PathInfo> FormPath(const uint32_t dest); }; } // namespace thor } // namespace valhalla #endif // VALHALLA_THOR_MULTIMODAL_H_ ```
Grodnia is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Mochowo, within Sierpc County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately south-west of Sierpc and north-west of Warsaw. References Grodnia
Welton Beck is a small local stream which originates from Old Man's Head Spring in the west of Welton civil parish and flows eastwards through Welton and Dunholme in the West Lindsey district of Lincolnshire for approximately to a confluence with Barlings Eau near Reasby, which goes on to join the River Witham. The beck is fed from groundwater springs of the Lincolnshire limestone aquifer, with clear freshwater and aquatic plant growth typical of calcareous conditions. The channel of the beck has been largely modified from its original state, having been widened, straightened, and its course significantly altered. The beck is often incorrectly referred to as the "Dunholme Beck", however, it is officially only called Welton Beck for its entire length. History There is thought to have been an ancient belief in the healing powers of the water of the beck. Water was transported from Welton to Lincoln during the 1905 typhoid epidemic, after the River Witham was decided to be too contaminated. During an epidemic of whooping cough just after the year 1900 in the village, mothers took their children in prams and set them in the stream, believing the germs would be washed away by the flow of the healing freshwater. Well dressing ceremonies The beck has long been the site of traditional well dressing ceremonies, which involved decorating the local spring to act as a "thanksgiving to Almighty God for the blessing of a bountiful supply of pure water to Welton". The last known ceremony on a beck in Lincolnshire was in 1924. The custom took place annually on Ascension Day, where five wells were dressed in the village, starting with one in the churchyard, then one on the property of the vicarage, two at West Carr, and one at Spring Cottage on Sudbeck Lane. Welton's well dressing was in a notably different style to those of adjacent counties, Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire; in Welton, the area surrounding each well was given an arch made from a branch and decorated with laburnum and lilac. White calico cloth decorated with a passage from the bible was placed on each arch by the men of the village in the early morning on Ascension Day. The ceremony started with a service at St Mary's Church, then a parade to a decorated portion of the beck at the east end of the churchyard. Each well around the village was then dressed, each with a prayer said and a hymn sung, all joined by the children of the local Sunday school who took part by laying wild flowers by each well. Route Old Man's Head The spring at the source of the river is called Old Man's Head, and emerges around a large concrete culvert, appearing to bubble up around through the stones to the side of the channel. The stream quickly forms a relatively large pool, before flowing downwards towards the town. Through Welton About downstream from the river's source at Old Man's Head, the pond near Norbeck Farm, located directly south of the beck, upstream from Welton town, first appears on the 1966 1:2500 Ordnance Survey map, inferring an approximate date of construction to be between 1956 and 1966. It is situated over two springs, both marked on the earlier 1956 1:10560 OS map. LiDAR maps of the vicinity show some lower-lying areas that indicate the former course of the beck was more meandering, since fixed to a straighter path bordering the agricultural land. This is a potential area for a renaturalisation project such as re-meandering its course or reconnecting the northern floodplains, providing benefits both for local wildlife, as well as potential flood protection in extreme incidences, by slowing the water's conveyance through the village and providing the area with floodwater storage. From the bridge on Vicarage Lane, past the St Mary's Church to the playing field in the town, the beck is straight and steeper, bordered by private residences, with a poor aquatic habitat, being uniformly shallow and completely devoid of deeper pools. Habitat around this area could be improved by the construction of pools using low weirs. At the playing field, the beck widens and remains shallow, with equally poor aquatic habitat. The right bank is lined by residential gardens or fences, while the left has been partially reinforced with paving slabs, leading into an earthen bank further downstream. The channel here would benefit from narrowing, removing the slabs and re-profiling the left bank at a shallower angle, creating a two-stage channel and retaining capacity for flood flows whilst improving habitat for the newly narrower channel for summer flow. Downstream from the playing field the beck is confined between gardens oncemore, pefore passing under a road culvert under The Grove. The flow conveyance capacity is small, as with other bridges across the beck, though this does allow a deeper scour pool to be created downstream by the natural funnelling effect of the water through the culvert. About 500 m of the beck from The Grove to Ryland Bridge is inaccessible to the public, flowing through private residences. The bridge has especially limited conveyance capacity due to the culvert underneath. The beck is generally confined by the straight walls of gardens past Ryland Bridge, before reaching the naturally more meandering section as it enters into a wooded area, straddling Welton and Dunholme parishes alongside a pond off the left bank, which is used by the Scunthorpe Pisces Angling Club. The aquatic habitat in the beck improves through this short and more meandering section, containing deeper scour pools on the exterior of bends neighbouring mature trees. Through Dunholme Further downstream, the channel has evidently been deepened and widened, until returning to a very shallow state with poor aquatic habitat, with a lower gradient. Along some parts of this section of the beck, the depositing of sediment on the inside of bends has begun to restore its natural, serpentine dimensions, as vegetated berms form. The channel's maintenance has retained these berms, trimming only taller vegetation like rushes. In the more shaded areas, berms have not developed, likely due to the lack of sunlight preventing the growth of aquatic vegetation. From the ford at Watery Lane, downstream through Dunholme and past St Chad's Church, the beck has almost exclusively walled banks constructed to be uniformly shallow and wide to provide greater conveyance in the rare event of higher flows, protecting nearby properties from flooding. Downstream of the ford at Beck Lane, there is a short section of steeper channel, with a much coarser riverbed substrate than elsewhere, then an approximately 200 m section to the A46 with a lower gradient, that has been artificially widened and deepened. The brook here is uniformly very shallow, as with further upstream. The aquatic habitat is very poor for much of this section, though some natural berms have been aided in developing thanks to the cutting of taller vegetation, similar to previous areas. The brook then runs through another concrete culvert under the A46, with a large lip on the upstream side which causes the pooling of very shallow water, which becomes an impediment to fish when the water level is sufficiently low. The beck then briefly passes through agricultural land, going on to join the Barlings Eau around further downstream. This part of the channel is maintained for its land drainage function, causing generally poor aquatic habitat brought on by straightening. Monks Wood lines the south bank for much of this section. The Barlings Eau has a larger fish population, including wild trout, so it is considered important to ensure a free pathway for migration upstream. The route is generally free of obstructions, except occasionally for a culvert under a farm track. Water and habitat quality As a tributary, the Welton Beck forms a part of the Barlings Eau water body, according to the Water Framework Directive, which set the target of achieving a good potential or good status to all water bodies in the UK by the year 2027, based solely on habitat and water quality. The larger water body has a moderate ecological status, but like many other rivers in the UK, its chemical status dropped from good to fail in 2019, after the presence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) and mercury compounds became included in the assessment. However, the classifications for the larger water body may not reflect the more localised conditions of Welton Beck. Aquatic habitat quality in the beck is overall largely poor, brought on by uniform depth, substrate composition, and channel shape, limiting its value for the ecosystem. This is demonstrated by the most recent fishery survey, from October 2016, producing only sticklebacks, stone loach, and minnows. Should habitat conditions improve within the Welton Beck, it could support a hreater diversity of fish species, like the trout that could colonise from the Barlings Eau, having the knock-on effect of increasing the chances that the beck can support more wildlife including kingfishers, otters, water voles, and herons. River re-naturalisation projects upstream of Welton, around Norbeck Farm, could also improve biodiversity, as well as introduce new amenities and help reduce flood risk. On the sections of the beck within the town of Welton with a steeper gradient, the creation of scour pools is needed improve fish habitat. The beck's gradient is steeper within Welton, lessening by Dunholme and especially so once east of the A46. Along the entire course of the river, there are no significant obsctructions to fish passage, except for one culvert under a track crossing near the confluence with the Barlings Eau, which would require minor modification. Lincolnshire Rivers Trust, the Wild Trout Trust, and the Environment Agency have worked together to develop a project shaped by Lincolnshire's unique and geographically isolated limestone becks, which support a rich aquatic fauna and flora rarely found in eastern England, with which Welton is included. References Rivers of Lincolnshire West Lindsey District Welton, Lincolnshire Land drainage in the United Kingdom
Lavalle Department is a department of Corrientes Province in Argentina. The provincial subdivision has a population of about 26,250 inhabitants in an area of , and its capital city is Lavalle. Settlements Cruz de los Milagros Gobernador Juan E. Martínez Lavalle Santa Lucía Yataytí Calle Departments of Corrientes Province
Kazumba is a territory in Kasai-Central province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. This Territory has the following Catholic Church Missions such as Mikalayi with a big High School that trained many teachers of primary school; -Mission of Kabwe with High School for the training of priests that trained many Congolese boys among them the first President of the Democratic Republic of Congo, His Excellency Joseph Kasa-vubu;-Mission of Ndekesha located at 10 kilometers from the territorial office of the Territory Administrator; -Mission Tshibala Saint Mary and the Mission of Bilomba etc. References Territories of Kasaï-Central Province
The Guardians of the Galaxy are a fictional superhero team that has starred in the comic book series of the same name, published by Marvel Comics. The original team, based in an alternate universe within the Marvel Comics continuity, debuted in the comic book Marvel Super-Heroes #18 (January 1969). Another team, this time based in the mainstream Marvel Universe, debuted in the comic Guardians of the Galaxy (vol. 2) #1 (May 2008). Original team These are the members of the original, Earth-691 Guardians of the Galaxy team. Galactic Guardians Modern team These are the members of the mainstream Marvel Universe Guardians of the Galaxy team. They are separated by the period when they joined. Characters in bold are members of the team as of the present time. Characters listed are set in the Earth-616 continuity except when noted. Marvel NOW! All New All Different Marvel Dark Guardians Fresh Start Marvel Cinematic Universe A version of the Guardians of the Galaxy exists in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. Characters listed in bold are members of the team as of the present Ravagers Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (2017) also features a version of the original team, later known the Ravagers. Notes References Lists of Marvel Comics characters by organization Members
Pavel Pavlovich Shteller (1 January (14 January) 1910 - 4 February 1977) was a Soviet architect, urban planner, and teacher. In the 1930s, he was a noted swimmer and water polo player. He was made an Honored Architect of the RSFSR (1971 and made Laureate of the Lenin (1962) and Stalin Prizes of the third degree (1951). References Soviet architects 1910 births 1977 deaths
June Diane Neeltje Holland (28 February 1930 – 24 January 2009) known as Diane (Dee-arn) Holland, was a British actress and dancer best known for playing Yvonne Stuart-Hargreaves in the television sitcom Hi-de-Hi! from 1980 to 1988. Early life Holland was born in Melbourne, Australia, and raised in England, where she lived for the remainder of her life. She was partly Dutch through her paternal ancestry. On arrival in Britain, the family was hampered by her father's ill-health, the after-effects of having been gassed in the trenches during World War I. During World War II, Holland and her sister Gilda were evacuated with their school (Cone-Ripman) to Loddington Hall, in Leicestershire. Career Finding a love for dance as a young girl, Holland trained as a dancer at the London Cone Ripman (now ArtsEd) and enjoyed success throughout her career on stage. In her youth, Holland earned the role of principal dancer in Sunday Night at the London Palladium shows, and also performed as principal during summer seasons in Monte Carlo and other European casino hotspots as part of an adagio act. She also performed in many West End productions, including Her Excellency (1949), Fancy Free (1951), and Rocking the Town (1956). Having always enjoyed acting in addition to dance, Holland also appeared in many theatre productions, later turning her attentions to television, playing the recurring role of Sarah Maynard in Crossroads from 1964 to 1970. In the late 1960s she also received critical acclaim for her performance as Miss Amelia in the European premiere of The Ballad of the Sad Cafe, alongside Skip Martin. During the 1970s, she frequently worked alongside comedian Eric Sykes in Big Bad Mouse (1972) Sykes and TV film The Likes of Sykes (1980). At the peak of Hi-de-Hi! in the 1980s, Holland received letters from British troops in the Falklands, with the BBC press office stating that she had become a "Forces' sweetheart", although she claimed this was a "slight exaggeration" and that it "just snowballed". Later in her career, Holland earned her most well-known part of ballroom dancer Yvonne Stuart-Hargreaves in Hi-de-Hi! (1980). Jimmy Perry, who co-wrote Hi-De-Hi!, had married Holland's sister Gilda, and saw Holland's talent after she appeared in pantomimes and plays at The Watford Palace, which he and Gilda managed together. By the time Hi-De-Hi! came into production, Holland was suffering from serious arthritis in her hip, a common plight for dancers, and the show's choreographer noted how she would arrive for rehearsals "limping badly" but during filming she "hid it very well". Holland did not appear in the summer theatre shows of Hi-De-Hi! partly due to this, and also being keen not to be too heavily associated with one character. Prior to Hi-De-Hi!, Holland appeared in Tales of the Unexpected in the episode named "The Stinker", and Stig of the Dump as Mrs Fawkham-Greene. She also appeared in Some Mothers Do 'Ave 'Em as a maternity hospital receptionist. She played Miss Lavant in the TV film The Children of Dynmouth (1987), and Madame Dupree in Lace 2 (1985). Following the end of Hi-de-Hi! in 1988, she appeared in Central Television's comedy The Upper Hand, and in an episode of Bergerac as a music teacher. In 1992–93, she played the notorious female magistrate, Celia Littlewood, who had eyes for Miss Brahms, in Grace and Favour, the sequel to Are You Being Served. One of her last appearances was in one of her favourite roles as maiden aunt in The Nutcracker in The Royal Ballet, Covent Garden, a role she had played for many years. She also received critical acclaim for her role as a terminally ill patient in Casualty in 2001. Death Holland lived quietly in the village of Godstone, Surrey, where she died at home on 24 January 2009 at the age of 78 after contracting bronchial pneumonia. She never married or had children, and while a private person, her obituaries frequently note her being "extremely kind-hearted" and her "very dry sense of humour". Holland's agent stated that she was "a real trouper", "a joy to look after", and "extremely hard-working". The news of her death was not made public until more than three weeks later. She was survived by her younger sister, Gilda Neeltje Perry, a former dancer, actress and theatre manager. References External links 1930 births 2009 deaths People from Godstone Deaths from pneumonia in England English television actresses English people of Dutch descent 20th-century English actresses 20th-century British businesspeople Australian emigrants to the United Kingdom English people of Australian descent
Elizabeth of Lancaster (bf. 21 February 1363 – 24 November 1426) was the third child of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster, and his first wife Blanche of Lancaster. Elizabeth was made a Lady of the Garter in 1378. Life Some sources list her as having been born after 1 January 1363, but prior to 21 February 1363. She was born in Burford, Shropshire. In her childhood, she was raised in her father's royal household under Katherine Swynford, whom she held in high regard. She grew up a headstrong and spirited young woman compared to her more serious elder sister. Marriages First marriage On 24 June 1380, at Kenilworth Castle, she married John Hastings, 3rd Earl of Pembroke. She was seventeen years old and the groom was only eight. She was transferred to another household befitting her new rank as Countess of Pembroke. However, six years later, the marriage between Elizabeth and young Hastings was annulled. Second marriage By the age of 23, Elizabeth had tired of her 14-year-old husband. It is said that she had also been seduced by her cousin Richard II of England's half-brother John Holland, a known schemer, and had become pregnant by him. This forced her father to have her marriage annulled, and on 24 June 1386, at Plymouth, she hastily married Holland. Her father dealt with her leniently and favoured his new son-in-law, such was Holland's charm. Third marriage Holland, now bearing the title Duke of Exeter, was executed in 1400 for conspiring during the Epiphany Rising against his cousin, Elizabeth's brother Henry IV of England, who had by this time usurped the throne from Richard II. That same year, Elizabeth married Sir John Cornwall, 1st Baron Fanhope and Milbroke. Her marriage to Sir John caused some scandal, since Sir John failed to ask her brother for permission to marry Elizabeth. This resulted in Sir John's arrest. However, the marriage is said to have been a happy and loving one and they went on to have two children together, Constance and John. Elizabeth died in 1426 and was buried at St Mary's Church, Burford, Shropshire. Children With John Holland she had six children: Richard Holland, 2nd Earl of Huntingdon (d. 3 September 1400), eldest son and heir, who survived his father only 7 months Constance Holland (1387–1437) who married Thomas Mowbray, 4th Earl of Norfolk and Sir John Grey and had issue. Elizabeth Holland (c. 1389 – 18 November 1449); who married Sir Roger Fiennes and had issue. Alice Holland (c. 1392 – c. 1406) who married Richard de Vere, 11th Earl of Oxford; had no issue. John Holland, 2nd Duke of Exeter (1395–1447); had issue. Sir Edward Holland (1399–1413); had no issue. With John Cornwall, 1st Baron Fanhope and Milbroke she had two children: Constance Cornwall (c. 1401 – c. 1427) who married John Fitzalan, 14th Earl of Arundel, but had no issue. Sir John Cornwall (c. 1404 – 2 May 1422) was only seventeen when, in his father's presence, his head was blown off by a gun-stone at the Siege of Meaux. He had no issue. References Further reading Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online resource) 2004–2007. (Print version: Oxford dictionary of national biography : in association with the British Academy : from the earliest times to the year 2000 / edited by H.C.G. Matthew and Brian Harrison.) Article on "Elizabeth of Lancaster" by Anthony Goodman. 1364 births 1426 deaths House of Lancaster Daughters of English dukes Pembroke Exeter Wives of knights Elizabeth of Lancaster, Duchess of Exeter Holland family 14th-century English nobility 14th-century English women 15th-century English nobility 15th-century English women Ladies of the Garter

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.