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Al Hilal al Gharbiyah is a settlement in Qatar, located in the municipality of Ad Dawhah.
References
Communities in Doha |
Joel Manby is the former CEO of SeaWorld Parks & Entertainment and former President and Chief Executive Officer of Herschend Family Entertainment, the largest family-owned theme park corporation in the United States. HFE creates, develops and operates entertainment, tourism and hospitality properties spanning 26 locations in ten states, including Stone Mountain Park, Dollywood and Silver Dollar City. He and his company were featured in the seventh episode of the first season of CBS's Undercover Boss. Manby also wrote Love Works about HFE's unique business culture, with all proceeds going toward the Share It Forward Foundation, the company's charitable organization which aids employees in need.
Early life
Manby was born and raised in Michigan. He attended Battle Creek Lakeview High School and went to college at Albion College. At Albion, Manby graduated with a bachelor's degree in Economics as the valedictorian of his class and was a Rhodes Scholarship Finalist. He was elected to the Albion College Athletic Hall of Fame in 1991.
Career
Upon graduating from Albion, Manby worked at General Motors and received his M.B.A. from Harvard Business School. He was a part of the start-up team for Saturn Corporation and helped launch Saturn's marketing and distribution strategy. After a few years with Saturn, Manby was promoted to CEO of Saab Automobile USA. During his four-year tenure, Saab's sales increased by 67 percent and their J.D. Power Quality Rating jumped from 30th to 5th in the industry.
While at Saab, Manby was asked to be on the board for Herschend Family Entertainment. He later became chairman and served as the President and CEO from 2003-2013. Manby is a strong proponent of servant leadership. His role with Herschend Family Entertainment was featured in the CBS show Undercover Boss.
Manby replaced Jim Atchison, who resigned in December 2014 as president and CEO amid continuing attendance drops at SeaWorld's theme parks, spurred in part by a controversial documentary related to the company's handling of captive orcas. The documentary, Blackfish, explored the conditions of killer whales at SeaWorld, and the company's repeated attempts to hide the aggressiveness of the animals toward the trainers.
On February 27, 2018, SeaWorld Entertainment announced that Manby had resigned; the company named John Reilly as its interim CEO.
References
External links
Joel's Bio
Businesspeople from Michigan
American chief executives
Living people
Herschend Family Entertainment
Albion College alumni
Harvard Business School alumni
General Motors people
Writers from Michigan
Businesspeople from Atlanta
Writers from Atlanta
American corporate directors
20th-century American businesspeople
21st-century American businesspeople
Year of birth missing (living people) |
Kaceřov is a municipality and village in Plzeň-North District in the Plzeň Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 200 inhabitants.
Kaceřov lies approximately north-east of Plzeň and west of Prague.
References
Villages in Plzeň-North District |
Al-Helal Islami Academy & College () is a private higher secondary school in Sapahar, Naogaon District, Bangladesh.
See also
Sapahar Government College
Sapahar Pilot High School, Naogaon
References
Schools in Naogaon District
High schools in Bangladesh
1995 establishments in Bangladesh
Colleges in Naogaon District |
Saint Jerome in His Study may refer to the following artworks depicting Saint Jerome:
Ordered chronologically
Saint Jerome in His Study (after van Eyck), a 1442 painting attributed to the workshop of Jan van Eyck
Saint Jerome in His Study (Colantonio), a c. 1445–1446 painting
St Jerome in His Study (Antonello da Messina), a c. 1474 painting
Saint Jerome in His Study (Ghirlandaio), a 1480 fresco by Domenico Ghirlandaio
Saint Jerome in His Study (Dürer), a 1514 engraving by Albrecht Dürer
St. Jerome in His Study (Dürer, 1521), a painting by Albrecht Dürer
Saint Jerome in His Study, a 1526 painting by Lucas Cranach the Elder
Saint Jerome in his Study, a 1541 painting by Marinus van Reymerswaele
Saint Jerome Writing, or Saint Jerome in His Study, a c. 1605–1606 painting by Caravaggio in Rome
Saint Jerome Writing (Caravaggio, Valletta), or Saint Jerome in His Study, a c. 1607–1608 painting
de:Hieronymus (Kirchenvater)#Kunstgeschichte |
Jeffrey Doyle Sellers (born May 11, 1964) is a former professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Boston Red Sox.
Biography
Sellers played high school baseball for Paramount High School in California, and was drafted by the Red Sox after graduating in 1982.
In a four-season major league career (1985–1988), Sellers posted a 13–22 record with 226 strikeouts and a 4.97 ERA in innings pitched, including seven complete games and two shutouts.
On October 1, 1988, Sellers flirted with a no-hitter through innings until Luis Medina of the Cleveland Indians hit a home run accounting for the only run in a 1–0 victory over the Red Sox. Sellers struck out 10 Cleveland batters in the losing effort, which turned out to be his last major league appearance.
Before the 1989 season, Sellers, Todd Benzinger, and a minor leaguer were sent by Boston to the Cincinnati Reds in the same transaction that brought Nick Esasky and Rob Murphy to the Red Sox. But Sellers suffered an injury the following spring and did not play in MLB for the Reds. He went on to play in the minor league systems of the Reds, New York Yankees, Texas Rangers and Colorado Rockies before retiring for good after the 1994 season.
Jeff Sellers is the father of Justin Sellers, a former infielder for the Los Angeles Dodgers.
References
External links
Boston Red Sox players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Baseball players from Compton, California
1964 births
Living people
Elmira Pioneers players
Winter Haven Red Sox players
New Britain Red Sox players
Pawtucket Red Sox players
Nashville Sounds players
Columbus Clippers players
Tulsa Drillers players
Central Valley Rockies players |
Brewster Lurton Kahle ( ; born October 21, 1960) is an American digital librarian, a computer engineer, Internet entrepreneur, and advocate of universal access to all knowledge. In 1996, Kahle founded the Internet Archive and co-founded Alexa Internet. In 2012, he was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame.
Life and career
Kahle was born in New York City and raised in Scarsdale, New York, the son of Margaret Mary (Lurton) and Robert Vinton Kahle, a mechanical engineer. He went to Scarsdale High School. He graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1982 with a Bachelor of Science in computer science and engineering, where he was a member of the Chi Phi Fraternity. The emphasis of his studies was artificial intelligence; he studied under Marvin Minsky and W. Daniel Hillis.
After graduation, he joined Thinking Machines team, where he was the lead engineer on the company's main product, the Connection Machine, for six years (1983–1989). There, he and others developed the WAIS system, the first Internet distributed search and document retrieval system, a precursor to the World Wide Web. In 1992, he co-founded, with Bruce Gilliat, WAIS, Inc. (sold to AOL in 1995 for $15 million), and, in 1996, Alexa Internet (sold to Amazon.com in 1999). At the same time as he started Alexa, he founded the Internet Archive, which he continues to direct. In 2001, he implemented the Wayback Machine, which allows public access to the World Wide Web archive that the Internet Archive has been gathering since 1996. Kahle was inspired to create the Wayback Machine after visiting the offices of Alta Vista, where he was struck by the immensity of the task being undertaken and achieved: to store and index everything that was on the Web. Kahle states: "I was standing there, looking at this machine that was the size of five or six Coke machines, and there was an 'aha moment' that said, 'You can do everything.'
Kahle was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering (2010) for archiving, and making available, all forms of digital information. He is also a member of the Internet Hall of Fame, a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and serves on the boards of the Electronic Frontier Foundation, Public Knowledge, the European Archive (now Internet memory) and the Television Archive. He is a member of the advisory board of the National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program of the Library of Congress, and is a member of the National Science Foundation Advisory Committee for Cyberinfrastructure. In 2010 he was given an honorary doctorate in computer science from Simmons College, where he studied library science in the 1980s.
Kahle and his wife, Mary Austin, run the Kahle/Austin Foundation. The Foundation supports the Free Software Foundation for its GNU Project, among other projects, with a total giving of about $4.5 million in 2011.
In 2012, Kahle and banking veteran Jordan Modell established Internet Archive Federal Credit Union to serve people in New Brunswick, N.J. and Highland Park, New Jersey, as well as participants in programs that alleviate poverty in those areas. The credit union voluntarily liquidated in 2015.
Digitization advocacy
Kahle has been critical of Google's book digitization, especially of Google's exclusivity in restricting other search engines' digital access to the books they archive. In a 2011 talk Kahle described Google's 'snippet' feature as a means of tiptoeing around copyright issues, and expressed his frustration with the lack of a decent lending system for digital materials. He said the digital transition has moved from local control to central control, non-profit to for-profit, diverse to homogeneous, and from "ruled by law" to "ruled by contract". Kahle stated that even public-domain material published before 1923, and not bound by copyright law, is still bound by Google's contracts and requires permission to be distributed or copied. Kahle reasoned that this trend has emerged for a number of reasons: distribution of information favoring centralization, the economic cost of digitizing books, the issue of library staff without the technical knowledge to build these services, and the decision of administrators to outsource information services.
Kahle advocated in 2009:
It's not that expensive. For the cost of 60 miles of highway, we can have a 10 million-book digital library available to a generation that is growing up reading on-screen. Our job is to put the best works of humankind within reach of that generation. Through a simple Web search, a student researching the life of John F. Kennedy should be able to find books from many libraries, and many booksellers—and not be limited to one private library whose titles are available for a fee, controlled by a corporation that can dictate what we are allowed to read.
Other benefits of digitization
In 1997, Kahle explained that apart from the value for historians' use of these digital archives, they might also help resolve some common infrastructure complaints about the Internet, such as adding reliability to "404 Document not found" errors, contextualizing information to make it more trustworthy, and maintaining navigation to aid in finding related content. Kahle also explained the importance of packaging enough meta-data (information about the information) into the archive, since it is unknown what future researchers will be interested in, and that it might be more problematic to find data than to preserve it.
Physical media
"Knowledge lives in lots of different forms over time," Kahle said in 2011. "First it was in people's memories, then it was in manuscripts, then printed books, then microfilm, CD-ROMs, now on the digital internet. Each one of these generations is very important." Voicing a strong reaction to the idea of books simply being thrown away, and inspired by the Svalbard Global Seed Vault, Kahle envisioned collecting one physical copy of every book ever published. "We're not going to get there, but that's our goal," he said. "We want to see books live forever." Pointing out that even digital books have a physical home on a hard drive somewhere, he sees saving the physical artifacts of information storage as a way to hedge against the uncertainty of the future. (Alongside the books, Kahle plans to store the Internet Archive's old servers, which were replaced in 2010.) He began by having conventional shipping containers modified as climate-controlled storage units. Each container can hold about 40,000 volumes, the size of a branch library. As of 2011, Kahle had gathered about 500,000 books. He thinks the warehouse is large enough to hold about a million titles, with each one given a barcode that identifies the cardboard box, pallet and shipping container in which it resides. A given book may be retrieved in about an hour, not to be loaned out but to be used to verify contents recorded in another medium. Book preservation experts commented he will have to contend with vermin and about a century's worth of books printed on wood pulp paper that disintegrates over time because of its own acidity. Peter Hanff, deputy director of UC Berkeley's Bancroft Library, said that just keeping the books on the west coast of the US will save them from the climate fluctuations that are the norm in other parts of the country.
Awards and appointments
2004: Paul Evan Peters Award from the Coalition of Networked Information (CNI)
2005: American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Library of Congress NDIIP advisory board
NSF Cyber Infrastructure advisory board
2007: Knowledge Trust Honors award recipient
2008: Robert B. Downs Intellectual Freedom Award from the University of Illinois
Public Knowledge, IP3 award recipient
2009: "50 Visionaries Changing Your World", Utne Reader
2010: National Academy of Engineering
2010: Honorary Doctor of Laws, University of Alberta
2010: Zoia Horn Intellectual Freedom Award
2012: Software and Information Industry of America Peter Jackson Award SIIA Peter Jackson Award
2012: Inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame
2013: LITA/Library Hi Tech Award for Outstanding Communication in Library and Information Technology
See also
List of archivists
References
Further reading
Articles
"Responsible Party: Brewster Kahle: A Library of the Web on the Web". The New York Times, September 8, 2002.
"How the Wayback Machine Works". O'Reilly Network, January 21, 2002.
"Brewster Kahle on the Internet Archive and People's Technology". O'Reilly Network, interview by Lisa Rein, January 22, 2004.
"ACM Queue: "A Conversation with Brewster Kahle", June 2004
The Archivist: Brewster Kahle made a copy of the Internet. Now, he wants your files". Slate, April 7, 2005.
""A Man's vision: World Library Online". San Francisco Chronicle, November 22, 2005.
" Grant Funds Open-Source Challenge to Google Library". Cnet, December 21, 2006.
"The Internet's Librarian". The Economist, March 5, 2009.
Brewster Kahle. "A Book Grab by Google". Washington Post, May 19, 2009.
"Lend Ho! Brewster Kahle Is a Thorn in Google's Side". Forbes, November 16, 2009.
"Brewster Kahle named one of the '50 Visionaries Who Are Changing Your World'". Utne Reader, November–December 2009.
"Internet Archive founder turns to new information storage device – the book". The Guardian, August 1, 2011.
Patt Morrison. "Patt Morrison Asks: The Internet Archive’s Brewster Kahle". Los Angeles Times, January 28, 2012.
"Cobweb: Can the Internet Be Archived?". The New Yorker, January 26, 2015.
"The Creator of the Internet Archive Should Be the Next Librarian of Congress". Slate, September 10, 2015.
Audio/Video
"The Future of the Internet", Science Friday, 1993, Brewster Kahle, then President of WAIS, participant.
"Public Access to Digital Materials", Library of Congress, RealVideo and slides, November 20, 2002
Digital Futures: "Universal Access to All Knowledge", C-SPAN video of Brewster Kahle, December 13, 2004
IT Conversations: "Universal Access to All Knowledge", audio, with Brewster Kahle, December 16, 2004
PBS NerdTV: Episode #4 "An Interview with Brewster Kahle", by Robert X. Cringely, video, audio, and transcript, August 18, 2005 player link, September 27, 2005
IT Conversations: Tech Nation interview with Dr. Moira Gunn, February 7, 2006
External links
Personal Blog
Biography at The Internet Archive
Talks and Writings of Brewster Kahle at the Internet Archive
, alternate link
1960 births
Access to Knowledge activists
American computer businesspeople
American Internet celebrities
American technology company founders
Articles containing video clips
Businesspeople from San Francisco
Businesspeople in information technology
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Intellectual property activism
Internet Archive collectors
Living people
MIT School of Engineering alumni
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
People from Scarsdale, New York
Philanthropists from New York (state)
Scarsdale High School alumni
Thinking Machines Corporation |
Preobrazhenskaya () is a rural locality (a village) in Nikolskoye Rural Settlement, Kaduysky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 9 as of 2002.
Geography
Preobrazhenskaya is located 64 km northwest of Kaduy (the district's administrative centre) by road. Aksentyevskaya is the nearest rural locality.
References
Rural localities in Kaduysky District |
Borgå Bollplan () is a sports arena in Porvoo, Finland. It is the homeground of Borgå Akilles sports club and used for association football in the summer and bandy in the winter time.
References
Bandy venues in Finland
Buildings and structures in Porvoo
Sport in Porvoo |
```python
#
#
# path_to_url
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# ==============================================================================
"""Tests for object_detection.predictors.heads.mask_head."""
import unittest
import tensorflow.compat.v1 as tf
from google.protobuf import text_format
from object_detection.builders import hyperparams_builder
from object_detection.predictors.heads import keras_mask_head
from object_detection.protos import hyperparams_pb2
from object_detection.utils import test_case
from object_detection.utils import tf_version
@unittest.skipIf(tf_version.is_tf1(), 'Skipping TF2.X only test.')
class ConvolutionalMaskPredictorTest(test_case.TestCase):
def _build_conv_hyperparams(self):
conv_hyperparams = hyperparams_pb2.Hyperparams()
conv_hyperparams_text_proto = """
activation: NONE
regularizer {
l2_regularizer {
}
}
initializer {
truncated_normal_initializer {
}
}
"""
text_format.Merge(conv_hyperparams_text_proto, conv_hyperparams)
return hyperparams_builder.KerasLayerHyperparams(conv_hyperparams)
def test_prediction_size_use_depthwise_false(self):
conv_hyperparams = self._build_conv_hyperparams()
mask_prediction_head = keras_mask_head.ConvolutionalMaskHead(
is_training=True,
num_classes=20,
use_dropout=True,
dropout_keep_prob=0.5,
kernel_size=3,
conv_hyperparams=conv_hyperparams,
freeze_batchnorm=False,
num_predictions_per_location=1,
use_depthwise=False,
mask_height=7,
mask_width=7)
def graph_fn():
image_feature = tf.random_uniform(
[64, 17, 19, 1024], minval=-10.0, maxval=10.0, dtype=tf.float32)
mask_predictions = mask_prediction_head(image_feature)
return mask_predictions
mask_predictions = self.execute(graph_fn, [])
self.assertAllEqual([64, 323, 20, 7, 7], mask_predictions.shape)
def test_prediction_size_use_depthwise_true(self):
conv_hyperparams = self._build_conv_hyperparams()
mask_prediction_head = keras_mask_head.ConvolutionalMaskHead(
is_training=True,
num_classes=20,
use_dropout=True,
dropout_keep_prob=0.5,
kernel_size=3,
conv_hyperparams=conv_hyperparams,
freeze_batchnorm=False,
num_predictions_per_location=1,
use_depthwise=True,
mask_height=7,
mask_width=7)
def graph_fn():
image_feature = tf.random_uniform(
[64, 17, 19, 1024], minval=-10.0, maxval=10.0, dtype=tf.float32)
mask_predictions = mask_prediction_head(image_feature)
return mask_predictions
mask_predictions = self.execute(graph_fn, [])
self.assertAllEqual([64, 323, 20, 7, 7], mask_predictions.shape)
def test_class_agnostic_prediction_size_use_depthwise_false(self):
conv_hyperparams = self._build_conv_hyperparams()
mask_prediction_head = keras_mask_head.ConvolutionalMaskHead(
is_training=True,
num_classes=20,
use_dropout=True,
dropout_keep_prob=0.5,
kernel_size=3,
conv_hyperparams=conv_hyperparams,
freeze_batchnorm=False,
num_predictions_per_location=1,
use_depthwise=False,
mask_height=7,
mask_width=7,
masks_are_class_agnostic=True)
def graph_fn():
image_feature = tf.random_uniform(
[64, 17, 19, 1024], minval=-10.0, maxval=10.0, dtype=tf.float32)
mask_predictions = mask_prediction_head(image_feature)
return mask_predictions
mask_predictions = self.execute(graph_fn, [])
self.assertAllEqual([64, 323, 1, 7, 7], mask_predictions.shape)
def test_class_agnostic_prediction_size_use_depthwise_true(self):
conv_hyperparams = self._build_conv_hyperparams()
mask_prediction_head = keras_mask_head.ConvolutionalMaskHead(
is_training=True,
num_classes=20,
use_dropout=True,
dropout_keep_prob=0.5,
kernel_size=3,
conv_hyperparams=conv_hyperparams,
freeze_batchnorm=False,
num_predictions_per_location=1,
use_depthwise=True,
mask_height=7,
mask_width=7,
masks_are_class_agnostic=True)
def graph_fn():
image_feature = tf.random_uniform(
[64, 17, 19, 1024], minval=-10.0, maxval=10.0, dtype=tf.float32)
mask_predictions = mask_prediction_head(image_feature)
return mask_predictions
mask_predictions = self.execute(graph_fn, [])
self.assertAllEqual([64, 323, 1, 7, 7], mask_predictions.shape)
@unittest.skipIf(tf_version.is_tf1(), 'Skipping TF2.X only test.')
class MaskRCNNMaskHeadTest(test_case.TestCase):
def _build_conv_hyperparams(self,
op_type=hyperparams_pb2.Hyperparams.CONV):
hyperparams = hyperparams_pb2.Hyperparams()
hyperparams_text_proto = """
activation: NONE
regularizer {
l2_regularizer {
}
}
initializer {
truncated_normal_initializer {
}
}
"""
text_format.Merge(hyperparams_text_proto, hyperparams)
hyperparams.op = op_type
return hyperparams_builder.KerasLayerHyperparams(hyperparams)
def test_prediction_size(self):
mask_prediction_head = keras_mask_head.MaskRCNNMaskHead(
is_training=True,
num_classes=20,
conv_hyperparams=self._build_conv_hyperparams(),
freeze_batchnorm=False,
mask_height=14,
mask_width=14,
mask_prediction_num_conv_layers=2,
mask_prediction_conv_depth=256,
masks_are_class_agnostic=False)
def graph_fn():
roi_pooled_features = tf.random_uniform(
[64, 7, 7, 1024], minval=-10.0, maxval=10.0, dtype=tf.float32)
prediction = mask_prediction_head(roi_pooled_features)
return prediction
prediction = self.execute(graph_fn, [])
self.assertAllEqual([64, 1, 20, 14, 14], prediction.shape)
def test_prediction_size_with_convolve_then_upsample(self):
mask_prediction_head = keras_mask_head.MaskRCNNMaskHead(
is_training=True,
num_classes=20,
conv_hyperparams=self._build_conv_hyperparams(),
freeze_batchnorm=False,
mask_height=28,
mask_width=28,
mask_prediction_num_conv_layers=2,
mask_prediction_conv_depth=256,
masks_are_class_agnostic=True,
convolve_then_upsample=True)
def graph_fn():
roi_pooled_features = tf.random_uniform(
[64, 14, 14, 1024], minval=-10.0, maxval=10.0, dtype=tf.float32)
prediction = mask_prediction_head(roi_pooled_features)
return prediction
prediction = self.execute(graph_fn, [])
self.assertAllEqual([64, 1, 1, 28, 28], prediction.shape)
@unittest.skipIf(tf_version.is_tf1(), 'Skipping TF2.X only test.')
class WeightSharedConvolutionalMaskPredictorTest(test_case.TestCase):
def _build_conv_hyperparams(self):
conv_hyperparams = hyperparams_pb2.Hyperparams()
conv_hyperparams_text_proto = """
activation: NONE
regularizer {
l2_regularizer {
}
}
initializer {
truncated_normal_initializer {
}
}
"""
text_format.Merge(conv_hyperparams_text_proto, conv_hyperparams)
return hyperparams_builder.KerasLayerHyperparams(conv_hyperparams)
def test_prediction_size(self):
mask_prediction_head = (
keras_mask_head.WeightSharedConvolutionalMaskHead(
num_classes=20,
num_predictions_per_location=1,
conv_hyperparams=self._build_conv_hyperparams(),
mask_height=7,
mask_width=7))
def graph_fn():
image_feature = tf.random_uniform(
[64, 17, 19, 1024], minval=-10.0, maxval=10.0, dtype=tf.float32)
mask_predictions = mask_prediction_head(image_feature)
return mask_predictions
mask_predictions = self.execute(graph_fn, [])
self.assertAllEqual([64, 323, 20, 7, 7], mask_predictions.shape)
def test_class_agnostic_prediction_size(self):
mask_prediction_head = (
keras_mask_head.WeightSharedConvolutionalMaskHead(
num_classes=20,
num_predictions_per_location=1,
conv_hyperparams=self._build_conv_hyperparams(),
mask_height=7,
mask_width=7,
masks_are_class_agnostic=True))
def graph_fn():
image_feature = tf.random_uniform(
[64, 17, 19, 1024], minval=-10.0, maxval=10.0, dtype=tf.float32)
mask_predictions = mask_prediction_head(image_feature)
return mask_predictions
mask_predictions = self.execute(graph_fn, [])
self.assertAllEqual([64, 323, 1, 7, 7], mask_predictions.shape)
if __name__ == '__main__':
tf.test.main()
``` |
Ace Trumps is an early version of the popular card game Top Trumps, released from 1976-1984, by German company Altenburg-Stralsunder. Before releasing Ace Trumps, Ace also released many Quartet games. These packs had 32 cards in each as opposed to Winning Moves' Top Trumps which usually had 30 cards.
There was also Special Trump Cards versions of Ace Trumps. These were a yellow and red card. If the yellow card was the next card for a player, everyone must give the owner of that card their next card. If they get the red card, everyone has to give them the top card from their pile.
Gameplay
Each pack of Ace Trumps is based on a theme, such as cars, aircraft, animals or boats. Unlike the modern Top Trumps, Ace Trumps didn't release any packs requiring a license, such as TV and Film shows. One exception though is a pack of Muppet Show Quartets.
Each card in the pack shows a list of numerical data about the item. For example, in a pack based on cars, each card shows a different model of car, and the stats and data may include its engine size, its weight, its length, and its top speed.
All the cards are dealt among the players. There must be at least two players, and at least one card for each player. The starting player (normally the player sitting on the dealer's left) selects a category from his or her topmost card and reads out its value. Each other player then reads out the value of the same category from their cards. The best (usually the largest) value wins the "trick", and the winner takes all the cards of the trick and places them at the bottom of his or her pile. That player then looks at their new topmost card, and chooses the category for the next round.
Ace introduced the Super Trump, a card that beats all other cards except “A” cards regardless of its data.
In the event of a draw, the cards are placed in the centre and a new category is chosen from the next card by the same person as in the previous round. The winner of that round obtains all of the cards in the centre as well as the top card from each player.
The game ends when one player has won all of the card off the other players.
Variations
Many different variations of Ace have been released. These include:
Ace Quartet
Rummy
Top Ace
Ace Maxi Mini Quartets
Ace Fact Pack
NFL Fact Pack
Ace Trump Game
Power Trumps
Ace Maxi Mini Trumps
Ace Trumps
Ace Sporting Aces
Ace Supertrump
Promotions
Ace held some competitions, where cards were collected and then redeemed. They were:
In 1976 a competition to win a flight on Concorde (offer expired 31 January 1977) and/or an offer to receive a 60 X 80 cm colour poster of Concorde in exchange for 4 Credit Cards (10 points each, one per pack) and 18p to cover post and packing.
In 1977 a competition to see the 1977 Italian Grand Prix live in Monza (offer expired 1 August 1977) by answering 5 multiple choice questions and then design a space age Formula One race car on a sheet of paper no bigger than 25 X 20 cm and/or an offer to receive one of 3 80 X 60 cm posters (Great Formula One Cars, Great Formula One Drivers, Great Formula One Races) in exchange for 4 Credit Cards (10 points each, one per pack) and 18p to cover post and packing.
In 1978 an offer to receive 1 of 8 60 X 80 cm posters (Concorde, Great Formula One Cars, Great Formula One Drivers, Great Formula One Races, Famous Tanks, Famous Warships of World War II, Famous Planes of World War II and Famous British Steam Locomotives).
See also
Safari Pals
Quartets (card game)
References
External links
Top Trumps Reference Site
Top Trumps |
Aldarháttur ('signs of the times') is a seventeenth-century Icelandic poem by the famous poet and churchman Hallgrímur Pétursson. It is one of the first poetic examples of Icelanders regarding their medieval past as a golden age.
Origin
The poem was almost certainly composed in 1663, inspired by the Icelanders officially accepting the King of Denmark as their absolute monarch in 1662.
Form
The poem is hexametrical, written in leonine metre. It is the first example of the adaptation of this metre to Icelandic poetry, showing the influence of early modern humanism in Iceland. However, it also draws on the language of medieval Icelandic skaldic verse. Thus the poem combines Classical and indigenous traditions in a striking way.
Content
The poem is a polemic which compares the Iceland of Hallgrímur's own time with the Icelandic commonwealth (c. 930-1262, before Iceland came under foreign rule).
In those days people were valiant, appreciated their freedom more than gold, and did not subit to oppression by threat. Here, Iceland's medieval past is for the first time glamorized in Icelandic poetry. The poet criticizes his own era for laziness, lack of solidarity, cowardice, and an unjust legal system.
Influence
The poem is the stated model for Bjarki Karlsson's 2013 heimsósómakvæði (lament on the state of the world), 'Þúsaldarháttur'.
Editions
Séra Hallgrímur Pétursson, Hallgrímsljóð: Sálmar og kvæði, ed. by Freysteinn Gunnarsson (Reykjavík: Leiftur, 1944), pp. 263-72
References
Icelandic literature
Icelandic poetry
Nordic literature
Poems |
Heers is a hamlet in the south of the municipality of Veldhoven in the province of North Brabant, the Netherlands.
Most of the buildings are concentrated around a town square with trees. At this town square is a chapel from 1990 located. There is also a monument, erected in 1966 for the local agricultural consolidation project.
Heers has a long history. The hamlet is mentioned in books from the Middle Ages. Also, archaeological artefacts from the Bronze Age and the Roman Empire have been unearthed near the hamlet.
Etymology
The hamlet was named Herle in 1297, which means forest on higher ground.
In the fourteenth century it was also known under the names Heerze and Heerle, which may refer to a sandy ridge. This would be the ridge between the Run and Gender streams.
History
Prehistory
The surroundings of Heers were already inhabited by humans in prehistoric times. In the woods near the road Locht, in the direction of the village Steensel, are some preserved tumuli located.
The teacher and amateur archaeologist Petrus Panken was the first to report the existence of these tumuli, in 1845.
He searched thirteen mounds and discovered urns filled with charcoal and cremated remains.
The head teacher in Veldhoven, Cornelis Rijken, also found a great number of urns in this region in 1910.
The first systematic research was conducted by Albert van Giffen in 1948. The ten tumuli that he reconstructed are known as the Group Heibloem.
The tumuli are originating from a period of time between the Middle Bronze Age until the Iron Age (1500 - 50 BC).
Roman Empire
Archaeological remains from the Roman Empire were found near Heers.
On May 15, 1871, the amateur archaeologist Petrus Panken recovered several fragments of small terracotta sculptures, including a nearly undamaged sculpture of Diana, the Roman goddess of the hunt.
The sculpture, dated 175 AD, is 21.6 centimetres tall and portrays Diana with a quiver on her back and a dog at her side.
It was donated in 1872 to the Noordbrabants Museum in 's-Hertogenbosch, where it is still preserved.
In 1909, the head teacher Cornelis Rijken recommended to conduct an official archaeological investigation into the Roman remains near Heers. This investigation was led by Jan Hendrik Holwerda, an archaeologist of the Rijksmuseum van Oudheden in Leiden, the national archaeological museum of the Netherlands.
The investigation unearthed traces of a canal, as part of a Roman watchtower. This military post was probably constructed around the year 100 and further fortified around the year 200.
Middle Ages
Near the road Oeienbosdijk, northwest of Heers, was a row grave field located during the age of the Franks.
This grave field was probably in use from the sixth century until the end of the seventh century. It was discovered in 1970 during the construction of the motorway A67. Twenty five graves and three burial sites were investigated.
From the Middle Ages until the beginning of the twentieth century, Heers consisted only of a few farms along the stream Run.
Surrounding these farms were large moors, such as the Steenselse Heide and the Broekhovense Heide.
One of these farms was the Oyvaersnest, which stands for stork nest in Old Dutch. Its premises were cultivated in 1465.
This farm was located between Heers and the hamlet Heiberg. It was mentioned in archives under the name Ooievaarsnest until the eighteenth century.
Modern Era
Eight houses in Heers were destroyed by a fire on March 31, 1761. Only one house was not rebuilt.
The Minister of Veldhoven bought a farm in Heers in 1829, for the purpose of renting it for little money to a Protestant family.
With this action he hoped to increase the number of members in the Dutch Reformed Church of Veldhoven. The farm he bought came into the possession of the Society of Prosperity in 1836. This society also seeks to increase the number of members in the Dutch Reformed Church. The farm was designated support number 24.
Heers consisted of nineteen houses near the end of the nineteenth century.
The invention of fertilizer contributed to the cultivation of all surrounding moor areas at the beginning of the twentieth century.
Geography
Topography
Heers is located one kilometre south of the residential area Veldhoven Dorp and three kilometers west of the village Waalre.
Heers is the only hamlet located south of the motorway A67 within the municipality of Veldhoven.
The hamlet lies at the Heerseweg, which is the main road between Veldhoven Dorp and the Volmolen watermill near Waalre.
Nature and landscape
Directly west of Heers lies the complex of the hotel and congress centre Koningshof.
Here is also the forest area known as the Sprankelse Bossen located, which stretches all the way up to the village of Steensel.
Ten reconstructed tumuli can be found in this forest. Part of the forest is known under the name Heersche Heide''', which refers to the moor area that was present here before the land was cultivated.
East of Heers lay the swimming area and campsite 't Witven.
South of Heers are some agricultural areas situated along the stream the Run. Further south, near the road Volmolenweg, lies the nature area the Vlasroot. This area consists of two lakes and a fish-pond.
Monuments
The chapel located at the street Westerveldseweg, dedicated to Mary, was built in 1990 by the citizen militia or schutterij St. Caecilia'' of the residential area Veldhoven Dorp. A Marian grotto was present on this spot from 1935 until approximately 1960.
The monument for the local agricultural consolidation project was erected on the square of Heers in 1966. It refers to the agricultural consolidation that took place here between 1960 and 1965.
What triggered the consolidation was the construction of the motorway A67, which crossed many plots north of Heers.
The stream the Run was engineered and all the plots along the stream were also consolidated in the process.
References
Populated places in North Brabant
Veldhoven |
Marie Schellinck (25 July 1757, Ghent – 1 September 1840, Menen), also known as Shelling, was a Belgian soldier who fought in the French Revolution.
Life
Disguised as a man, Schellinck enlisted 1792 in the 2nd Belgian battalion of the French army. She most notably took part at the battle of Jemappes in the same year, where she was severely wounded. Four days after the battle, 10 November, she was made sub-lieutenant.
She left military service in 1795/96 when she married lieutenant Louis-Joseph Decarmin. She followed him during the Italy campaign and, after his resignation from service in January 1808, settled with him in Lille.
Legend of her Legion of Honor
A Marie-Jeanne Schellinck is often reported to have been decorated with the Legion of Honor in June 1808 by Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte himself before he rode into Ghent and thus having been the first woman with that merit. This legend is embellished with an impressive list of battles where she was supposed to have fought (Jemappes, Arcole, Marengo, Austerlitz, Jena-Auerstedt and in the Poland campaign 1807), as well as a rousing speech Napoleon gave the assembled soldiers. In 1890, the first image was fabricated that was supposed to show the ceremony. Many repetitions of the legend also allege that Schellinck's service record and testimony from military comrades and commanders resulted in her being granted a pension of 667 livres per year for her service to France.
That story has been proven inaccurate: Napoleon I never distinguished a woman with the Legion of Honor and was located in Bayonne in Southern France in June 1808. The first woman decorated with the Legion of Honor was Angélique Brûlon, who received the Legion of Honor from Napoleon III in 1851.
Notes
1757 births
1840 deaths
Female wartime cross-dressers
Military personnel from Ghent
Women in 18th-century warfare
Women in 19th-century warfare
Women in war in France
French military personnel of the Napoleonic Wars
French female military personnel |
Kassidi may refer to:
Kelli Kassidi, alias of voice actor Megan Hollingshead
An alternative spelling for Cassidy |
Trilofo () is a village and a community of the Thermi municipality. Before the 2011 local government reform it was part of the municipality of Mikra, of which it was a municipal district. The 2011 census recorded 7,227 inhabitants in the village and 7,405 inhabitants in the community of Trilofo. The community of Trilofo covers an area of 34.875 km2.
Administrative division
The community of Trilofo consists of two separate settlements:
Ano Scholari (population 178)
Trilofo (population 7,227)
The aforementioned population figures are as of 2011.
See also
List of settlements in the Thessaloniki regional unit
References
Populated places in Thessaloniki (regional unit)
Thermi |
Kamalini Asthana and Nalini Asthana are a sister duo from Agra in Uttar Pradesh known for their great performances of the Benaras Gharana style of Kathak. They are also known for their contributions to the popularisation of the Benaras Gharana style of Kathak both in India and abroad.
Both Kamalini and Nalini were born in Agra, Uttar Pradesh. Their father, B P Asthana, was in the service of the Royal Air Force and their mother, Shyama Kumari Asthana was a Hindustani vocalist. Though they were born in Agra, they were brought up in Delhi. They had their education in Delhi Kannada School run by the Mysore Government and in Venkateswara College. It was a chance meeting with Guru Jitendra Maharaj of Benares Gharana that brought Kamalini and Nalini to the world of dance and of Kathak in particular. Nalini and Kamalini began learning Kathak in 1973 and the duo's arangetram (first performance) happened in Kochi, Kerala while they were traveling with their guru. The sister duo set up the Sangeetka Institute of Performing Arts in Delhi in 1975 which is an institute to give training in Kathak and classical music.
The first overseas trip of Kamalini and Nalini was in 1983 to attend the UFTAA Conference in Paris, France. Even though the tour was planned for only two weeks, they continued their tour and performances for nearly two years and a half. During this extended trip, the duo performed in Torremolinos and Madrid in Spain, in Dublin, Ireland and in the ISKCON in London. One of their important performances was for BBC's Eastern Eye hosted by Karan Thapar. They have also made a film titled "Voyage of Kathak" for The Inner London Education Authority (ILEA). They also gave lecture demonstrations in many educational institutions in London.
They have set a record by dancing at the height of 18,000-ft at Kailash Mansarovar and Badri Nath.
Recognition
In the year 2022, Govt of India conferred the Padma Shri award, the third highest award in the Padma series of awards, on Kamalini Asthana and Nalini Asthana for their distinguished service in the field of art. The award is in recognition of his service as an "Acclaimed Kathak Dancer Duo from Agra known for teaching and propagating it globally".
External links
References
Culture of Uttar Pradesh
Kathak exponents
Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts |
Beguildy () is a village and community in Powys, Wales.
It lies in a remote tract of countryside, northwest of Knighton, on the B4355 road to Newtown, near the headwaters of the River Teme, at an elevation of .
The village has a pub, the Radnorshire Arms, a post office, and a place of worship. Beguildy Church in Wales Primary School closed in 2013.
Toponymy
Beguildy is an anglicization of Bugeildy, which means shepherd-house in Welsh, from bugail for shepherd and tŷ for house.
Community
The large, rural community of Beguildy includes the settlements of Beguildy, Felindre, Dutlas, Lloyney, Heyope and Knucklas. It falls in the historic county of Radnorshire. An electoral ward in the same name exists. At the 2011 Census this ward had a population of 1,411.
Castle
Beguildy Castle is a Norman motte-and-bailey castle of which the well preserved 20 foot high motte and earthworks remain. The village and the castle lie on the border between England and Wales.
Church
The church, which is mainly 14th century, was restored considerably in the 19th century, with the chancel being rebuilt in 1885 and the nave restored in 1896 (to the design by William Radford Bryden). The original tower collapsed in the 19th century and bells, which date from 1661 and 1664, were re-hung in their present position in 1936.
The church features a 14th-century octagonal font (which reputed to carry marks made by Cromwell's troops sharpening their swords), a holy water stoup at the south door and a priests door in the south wall. The rood screen is a fine example of 15th century workmanship and is well preserved, bearing the original coloured Tudor roses. Probably from the same period are two oak benches. The dug out parish chest, which was reputedly hewn out of a solid block of timber, is an ancient churchwarden's chest and probably dates form the 13th century. At the end of the chest is an iron ring for use when it was drawn by a horse to be buried or hidden in times of trouble. One part of the chest would have held the church valuables and the other the churchwarden's treasures. Each compartment was locked separately. The church is well endowed with 20th-century stained glass windows. In the porch there are two sculpted heads. They were sculpted as a representative of the vicar when the Church was renovated by a stonemason called James Wear(1837-1913)
Associations
John Dee has probably been incorrectly associated with Beguildy. He served at the court of Elizabeth I as the royal tutor in mathematics. He later became the Queen's Ambassador to Poland but is remembered as a distinguished early scientist and astronomer. He was reputedly a descendant of Rhodri Mawr, King of Wales.
References
Villages in Powys
Communities in Powys
Castles in Powys |
Zarmihr Karen (died 558) was an Iranian nobleman from the House of Karen, who served as the Sasanian governor of Zabulistan. He was the son of Sukhra.
Sources
6th-century Iranian people
558 deaths
Year of birth unknown
House of Karen
Generals of Khosrow I |
In computer programming, a fully qualified name is an unambiguous name that specifies which object, function, or variable a call refers to without regard to the context of the call. In a hierarchical structure, a name is fully qualified when it "is complete in the sense that it includes (a) all names in the hierarchic sequence above the given element and (b) the name of the given element itself."
Programming
Fully qualified names explicitly refer to namespaces that would otherwise be implicit because of the scope of the call. While always done to eliminate ambiguity, this can mean different things dependent on context.
Commonly encountered applications of the notion have been given their own names, such as the fully qualified domain name and the fully qualified file name.
Examples
To distinguish a fully qualified name from a regular name, C++, Tcl, Perl and Ruby use two colons (::), and Java uses dots (.), as does Visual Basic .NET. and C#. In Java, ActionScript, and other object-oriented languages the use of the dot is known as "dot syntax". Other examples include:
As an example of a relational database, in Microsoft SQL Server the fully qualified name of an object is the one that specifies all four parts: server_name.[database_name].[schema_name].object_name.
In Perl, a fully qualified scalar ($scalar) that is in the package package2 would be referred to as $package2::scalar
In Ruby, the fully qualified name of a class is the name of such class with all its parent modules, as Vehicles::Cars::Factory would be the fully qualified name of Factory class within Cars module within Vehicles module.
In COBOL, a fully qualified data item name can be created by suffixing a potentially ambiguous identifier with an (or ) phrase. For example, multiple data item records might contain a member item named , so specifying serves to disambiguate a specific data item, specifically, the one that is a member of the parent data item. Multiple clauses may be necessary to fully disambiguate a given identifier, for example, . This syntax is equivalent to the "dotted" notation employed in many object-oriented programming languages, but with the identifiers specified in reverse order.
Filenames and paths
The term fully qualified file name (or FQFN) means a file on a computer whose exact name is completely specified such that it is unambiguous and cannot be mistaken for any other file on that computer system. It is somewhat equivalent on the Internet to a URL specifying the full name of the computer and the entire name of a particular document as a file. The alternative is an unqualified file name or a partially qualified file name.
On Unix-style systems, DOS, and Microsoft Windows, the name "sample" refers to a file in the current directory named "sample". If the current directory is changed, then the file referred to by the name "sample" is different. If you start the filename with "/" indicating the root directory as in "/Users/Name/sample", then on Unix this is a fully qualified file name. So, for example, instead of referring to ./foo/bar/baz.sh in /home/user/quz, which uses a relative pathname, the fully qualified name would be /home/user/quz/foo/bar/baz.sh. In DOS, the name is still relative to the root directory of the current disk, so to get a fully qualified file name, the file name must be prefixed with the drive letter and a colon, as in "C:\Users\Name\sample", where "C:" specifies the "C" drive.
Also on the above systems, some programs such as the command-line shell will search a path for a file. Inserting a leading (back)slash, as in "./name", will stop the searching of the path. This is a partially qualified name, but not a fully qualified name as it still depends on the current directory. A fully qualified name, because it contains (back)slashes, will always stop a path search.
On the mainframe operating system MUSIC/SP, if one asks for the file name "X", one is making an unqualified reference either to the file X in the user's library, or to the file X in the common library if the user does not have a file named X and one does exist in the common library. If, however, one were to refer to "*COM:X" one is using a fully qualified file name reference to the file X in the common library even if they have a different file named X in their library. Similarly, a reference to "*USR:X" would mean the file in their own library, and "MA45:X" would be a fully qualified file name referring to the specific file X in the library of user MA45.
On the RSTS/E operating system on the PDP-11 minicomputer, specifying a file "X.X" would refer to a file in one's own directory. Referring to "$X.X" would be referring to the file "[1,2]X.X" but to fully qualify the file name, one would have to indicate the device, so "SY:[46,145]MYFILE.TXT", "SY:$X.X", or "SY:[1,2]X.X" (the last two examples meaning the same thing) would be a fully qualified file name under RSTS/E.
On the UNIVAC Series 90 mainframe operating system VS/9, specifying a file "X" could mean either the file X in the account of that user, or could mean the file X in the library of the system manager, $TSOS. However, specifying "$S0103.X" would be a fully qualified file name.
This term can also include the case where one prefixes a fully qualified file name with a specific computer name as a prefix to a file name (where the particular system permits referencing a file on another system), so long as the exact name is unambiguous.
Path names
Fully qualified path name (FQPN) is the full path of a resource, directory or file, stored in a computer. It is composed by the full path to the resource and its syntax depends on the operating system. In Unix-like operating systems it is represented in the following form: /root/path-to/file[OR]directory, while in DOS and Microsoft Windows it is represented in the following form: [Drive]:\path-to\file.ext[OR]directory. FQPN is also used in Networking and takes the following form: \root\FQDN\path-to\file.ext[OR]directory, where /root/ is the root directory, the first or top-most directory in a hierarchy, and, in this case, the rooted tree; FQDN is the fully qualified domain name or node. It is also used in bootstrapping, computer programming and in computer science referencing.
Domain names
In the sense of domain names, used in Uniform Resource Locators (URLs), a fully qualified domain name is explicitly suffixed with a dot, to eliminate the step of resolving, and to ensure that no additional suffix is added: wikipedia.com. for instance. This is an example of a fully qualified domain name.
See also
Filename
Fully qualified domain name
References
Introduction to the Unix file system, including fully and partially qualified paths
External links
Definition of "fully qualified" at The Free Dictionary
Computer files
Computer programming
Domain Name System |
Tengana Festival is an annual festival celebrated by the chiefs and people of Tongo Traditional Area. It comprises Balungu, Winkongo and Pwalugu in the Upper East Region of Ghana. It is also a festival of the Talensis. It is celebrated in January.
Celebrations
During the festival, there is traditional music and dancing whiles there is also general merry-making.
Significance
This festival is a thanksgiving festival.
References
Festivals in Ghana
Upper East Region |
Strophanthus speciosus, commonly known as the forest poison rope, is a tree, shrub or woody climber which is native to southern Africa.
Description
Strophanthus speciosus grows as a tree or shrub up to tall, and as a liana up to long, with a stem diameter up to . Its flowers feature a white turning orange corolla, red-streaked on the inside.
Distribution and habitat
Strophanthus speciosus is native to Zimbabwe, South Africa and Eswatini. It occurs in forests and their margins from altitude.
Uses
Local medicinal uses of S. speciosus include snakebite treatment. The plant has also been used as arrow poison. As with other species of Strophanthus it contains the cardiac glycoside strophanthin - plants of allied genera contain similar compounds.
Gallery
References
speciosus
Plants used in traditional African medicine
Flora of Zimbabwe
Flora of Southern Africa
Plants described in 1841 |
Paitoon Nontadee (, born August 11, 1987), simply known as Aum () is a Thai professional footballer who plays as a winger.
International career
He made his debut for the Thailand national team in May 2010 against South Africa.
International
Honours
Clubs
Muangthong United
Thai Premier League (1): 2010
Kor Royal Cup (1): 2010
References
External links
1987 births
Living people
Paitoon Nontadee
Paitoon Nontadee
Men's association football wingers
Paitoon Nontadee
Paitoon Nontadee
Paitoon Nontadee
Paitoon Nontadee
Paitoon Nontadee
Paitoon Nontadee
Paitoon Nontadee
Paitoon Nontadee |
Hemorrhois algirus, the Algerian whip snake, is a species of non-venomous snake in the family Colubridae. The species is found in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Mauritania, Western Sahara, and Egypt.
References
Reptiles described in 1863
Hemorrhois
Taxa named by Giorgio Jan |
Bulbophyllum flagellare is a species of orchid in the genus Bulbophyllum.
References
The Bulbophyllum-Checklist
The Internet Orchid Species Photo Encyclopedia
flagellare |
"Everything is Automatic" is a song by the Matthew Good Band. It was released as the first single from the band's second studio album, Underdogs.
Track listing
Inspiration
In a 1997 interview, Good said that he was inspired to write "Everything Is Automatic" after watching a television program about liposuction:
"I was watching some show about how this woman had to get this (stuff) sucked out of her hips so she could fit into her dress to go to an opera," says Good. "It's a song about how things are so accessible. People used to worry about things like making sure there was gas in the truck so they could drive their wares to market and now they're worried about getting a new nose. And I find that pathetic."
Music video
The music video for "Everything Is Automatic" was directed by Bill Morrison and filmed in Burnaby in October, 1997. The video features several up-close, zoomed and defocussed shots of the band preparing and performing for a video shoot. These are intermixed with fast-action shots of various streets and computer-generated billboards with catchphrases like "Think of your future, prepare for the " and "Everything is ".
The video was nominated for "Best Video" at the 1998 Juno Awards.
Charts
References
1997 singles
1997 songs
Matthew Good Band songs
Songs written by Matthew Good
Songs written by Dave Genn
Mercury Records singles
PolyGram singles |
Gökhan Keskin (born 31 March 1966 in Istanbul) is a retired Turkish professional footballer. He played for Beşiktaş and İstanbulspor.
Club career
Keskin spent seventeen seasons in the Süper Lig with Beşiktaş and İstanbulspor
International career
Keskin made 41 appearances for the full Turkey national football team.
Individual
Beşiktaş J.K. Squads of Century (Golden Team)
References
External links
1966 births
Living people
Turkish men's footballers
Turkey men's international footballers
Beşiktaş J.K. footballers
İstanbulspor footballers
Men's association football defenders
Footballers from Istanbul |
The Marinens Flyvebaatfabrikk M.F.10 (also known as the Høver M.F.10, after its designer) was a military trainer seaplane built in Norway in 1929.
Characteristics
It was a largely conventional biplane design derived from the M.F.9 fighter, and sharing its single-bay wings with additional struts bracing the lower wings to the fuselage sides. It differed from its predecessor in having two a second open cockpit in tandem with the pilot's, and while the prototype shared the M.F.9's wooden construction and Vee-engine, later examples had a tubular structure and a radial engine. Intended for advanced training, the aircraft was built strongly enough to allow for aerobatics and dive bombing. Having been built by the specifications from a US light dive bomber, the M.F.10 could both dive and fly on its back.
Design and construction
Marinens Flyvebaatfabrikk began construction of a new trainer to replace the Hansa-Brandenburg W.33 in this role. The prototype, F.4 (V), first flew on 7 July 1929 and underwent stringent testing before moving on to the production stage. F.4 first flew with a Mercedes engine with a top speed of 157 km/h and a climbing speed of 2,000 meters in 25 minutes. The Mercedes power plant was replaced with a Hispano Suiza model with a top speed of 185 km/h and an ability to climb 2,000 metres in less than eight minutes.
Operational use
Early service
From May 1930 the prototype was given the registration number F.200, in line with the new number series to be used for two-seat trainers. The Royal Norwegian Navy Air Service's (RNNAS) goal for the type was to have one aircraft based at each of the three Norwegian naval air stations, leading to the delivery of two new aircraft, one in 1932 and another in 1933. The two new-built aircraft were delivered with Armstrong Siddeley Cheetah engines and a steel tube hull instead of F.200's wooden hull. Designated as M.F.10Bs and numbered F.202 and F.204, the two aircraft were modified with a new type balance rudder which greatly improved their flying characteristics. When F.202 was written off after a May 1935 crash a replacement aircraft was built and delivered in March 1936 as the fourth and last of the type. The same year F.200 had its wooden hull replaced with a steel tube one. In addition to its training role the M.F.10 was also used for operational tests, such as seaplanes' ability to land on and take off from snow and ice on frozen lakes. Successful tests were carried out in March 1933 with F.202 both on Borresvannet lake and on the snow-covered Kjeller air station.
Handling issues
The type had a degree of difficulties as to getting out of a spin, something which on 14 October 1938 led to an accident with F.200 during a training mission with a student pilot. When the student was to bring the aircraft out of its spin the rudders failed to respond and the engine ceased. At 400 metres altitude the student was ordered to parachute, while the aircraft regained control at the same moment the student, 2nd Lt. Follevåg, jumped. The instructor, 1st. Lt. Brinch landed on the water and picked up the student.
Second World War
In Norwegian service
At the outbreak of the Second World War two M.F.10s (F.202 and F.204) were still in service with the RNNAS and deployed for neutrality guard duties, both first being based at Karljohansvern naval air station but with F.204 relocation to Kristiansand on 7 March 1940. In the evening of 8 April 1940 it became clear to the commander of Karljohansvern naval air station, Lieutenant Commander Gösta Wendelbo, that the situation was becoming critical and he ordered all flyable aircraft under his command to fly to Oscarsborg Fortress to await the situation. The decision led to the dispatched aircraft becoming caught up in the Battle of Drøbak Sound and lost. Seven aircraft, including M.F.10 F.202, landed near Oscarsborg Fortress and were there when intense fighting between a German invasion flotilla and Norwegian coastal fortifications began. The aircraft were blocked in the area and soon froze in, making it impossible for them to escape. On 11 April 1940 the leader of the unit's four remaining aircraft, including F.202, disbanded the unit. Four airmen remained trying to get one aircraft airborne, but after a week they removed the machine guns and bombs from the aircraft and left the area, the aircraft eventually being picked up by the Germans and moved to Horten. F.200 did not take part in the neutrality protection duties due to undergoing major maintenance at Marinens Flyvebaatfabrikk in Horten and was captured there on 9 April 1940. F.204, based in Kristiansand, was flown to a fjord west of the port of Lillesand when the German invasion began and destroyed there by its own crew on 10 April 1940.
Possible German use
After the beginning of the German invasion of Norway, one M.F.10 was flown by the Germans from Horten to Gressholmen Airport near Oslo. At Gressholmen the aircraft was repainted and given the Norwegian word Fiskerioppsyn on one side and Fischereidienst on the other, both words meaning fisheries service. The Germans' intention was to use the M.F.10 and one Douglas DT-2 (number F.84) for fisheries surveillance duties off the coast of Møre. The project probably never got under way as the Luftwaffe demanded to have total control over the Norwegian airspace and were unlikely to have allowed any form of para-military organisation to fly over Norway. Although there were widespread contemporary rumours claiming that the aircraft were to be used for surveillance of Norwegian fishing boats, these have not been confirmed after searches of Norwegian and German archives.
Specifications
See also
Notes
References
1920s Norwegian military trainer aircraft
Floatplanes
MF10
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1929 |
De Graff is a city in Swift County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 115 at the 2010 census.
History
De Graff was laid out in 1875, and named for Andrew De Graff, a railroad agent. A post office was established at De Graff in 1873, and remained in operation until 1996. De Graff was incorporated in 1881.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all land.
U.S. Route 12 serves as a main route in the community.
Demographics
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 115 people, 53 households, and 34 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 67 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 94.8% White, 4.3% African American, and 0.9% from two or more races.
There were 53 households, of which 26.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.7% were married couples living together, 5.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 35.8% were non-families. 34.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.17 and the average family size was 2.71.
The median age in the city was 45.3 years. 15.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 10.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 23.4% were from 25 to 44; 40.1% were from 45 to 64; and 10.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 53.9% male and 46.1% female.
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 133 people, 60 households, and 31 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 67 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 99.25% White, and 0.75% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.26% of the population.
There were 60 households, out of which 28.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.3% were married couples living together, 5.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 46.7% were non-families. 43.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 21.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.22 and the average family size was 3.13.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 29.3% under the age of 18, 5.3% from 18 to 24, 30.1% from 25 to 44, 21.1% from 45 to 64, and 14.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 107.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 108.9 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $38,000, and the median income for a family was $40,625. Males had a median income of $29,286 versus $22,813 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,987. There were 9.8% of families and 9.7% of the population living below the poverty line, including 3.4% of under eighteens and 18.2% of those over 64.
References
Cities in Minnesota
Cities in Swift County, Minnesota |
```javascript
var t = require('tap')
if (/0\.(10|8)/.test(process.version)) {
t.pass('just a dummy test, no beforeExit in this node version')
} else {
process.on('beforeExit', function (code) {
t.equal(code, 0, 'did not throw')
})
}
var lf = require('lockfile')
lf.unlock('no-file-no-cb')
``` |
```c++
//
// file licence_1_0.txt or copy at path_to_url
// Auto-generated by boost::lexer, do not edit
#if !defined(BOOST_SPIRIT_LEXER_NEXT_TOKEN_WCL_NOV_10_2009_17_20_29)
#define BOOST_SPIRIT_LEXER_NEXT_TOKEN_WCL_NOV_10_2009_17_20_29
#include <boost/detail/iterator.hpp>
#include <boost/spirit/home/support/detail/lexer/char_traits.hpp>
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// the generated table of state names and the tokenizer have to be
// defined in the boost::spirit::lex::lexertl::static_ namespace
namespace boost { namespace spirit { namespace lex { namespace lexertl { namespace static_ {
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// this table defines the names of the lexer states
char const* const lexer_state_names_wcl[1] =
{
"INITIAL"
};
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// this variable defines the number of lexer states
std::size_t const lexer_state_count_wcl = 1;
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// this function returns the next matched token
template<typename Iterator>
std::size_t next_token_wcl (std::size_t& /*start_state_*/, bool& /*bol_*/,
Iterator &start_token_, Iterator const& end_, std::size_t& unique_id_)
{
enum {end_state_index, id_index, unique_id_index, state_index, bol_index,
eol_index, dead_state_index, dfa_offset};
static const std::size_t npos = static_cast<std::size_t>(~0);
static const std::size_t lookup_[256] = {
9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9,
9, 8, 7, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9,
9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9,
9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9,
8, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9,
9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9,
9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9,
9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9,
9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9,
9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9,
9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9,
9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9,
9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9,
9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9,
9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9,
9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9,
9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9,
9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9,
9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9,
9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9,
9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9,
9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9,
9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9,
9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9,
9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9,
9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9,
9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9,
9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9,
9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9,
9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9,
9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9,
9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9 };
static const std::size_t dfa_alphabet_ = 10;
static const std::size_t dfa_[50] = {
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 3, 4, 2, 1, 65536, 0, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 1, 65537,
1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
1, 65538, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0 };
if (start_token_ == end_)
{
unique_id_ = npos;
return 0;
}
std::size_t const* ptr_ = dfa_ + dfa_alphabet_;
Iterator curr_ = start_token_;
bool end_state_ = *ptr_ != 0;
std::size_t id_ = *(ptr_ + id_index);
std::size_t uid_ = *(ptr_ + unique_id_index);
Iterator end_token_ = start_token_;
while (curr_ != end_)
{
std::size_t const state_ =
ptr_[lookup_[static_cast<unsigned char>(*curr_++)]];
if (state_ == 0) break;
ptr_ = &dfa_[state_ * dfa_alphabet_];
if (*ptr_)
{
end_state_ = true;
id_ = *(ptr_ + id_index);
uid_ = *(ptr_ + unique_id_index);
end_token_ = curr_;
}
}
if (end_state_)
{
// return longest match
start_token_ = end_token_;
}
else
{
id_ = npos;
uid_ = npos;
}
unique_id_ = uid_;
return id_;
}
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// this defines a generic accessors for the information above
struct lexer_wcl
{
// version number and feature-set of compatible static lexer engine
enum
{
static_version = 65536,
supports_bol = false,
supports_eol = false
};
// return the number of lexer states
static std::size_t state_count()
{
return lexer_state_count_wcl;
}
// return the name of the lexer state as given by 'idx'
static char const* state_name(std::size_t idx)
{
return lexer_state_names_wcl[idx];
}
// return the next matched token
template<typename Iterator>
static std::size_t next(std::size_t &start_state_, bool& bol_
, Iterator &start_token_, Iterator const& end_, std::size_t& unique_id_)
{
return next_token_wcl(start_state_, bol_, start_token_, end_, unique_id_);
}
};
}}}}} // namespace boost::spirit::lex::lexertl::static_
#endif
``` |
Armory Square is a small neighborhood on the west side of Downtown Syracuse, New York. It began life as a busy commercial and industrial area just to the west of the central city. After World War II, Syracuse's central city became less and less populated as more housing and business facilities were built in the suburbs. In the 1980s, plans were first made to transform the languishing district into a small shopping/arts/nightlife district surrounding the former Syracuse Armory. These plans came to fruition during the 1990s, when new stores and restaurants opened, and several new buildings were constructed in a compatible style to the middle and late 1800s and early 1900s architecture dominating the district.
Current day
Today, Armory Square is the home of some of Syracuse's better restaurants, at least two coffeehouses, a radio station company, dozens of small shops selling everything from band instruments to used records to women's clothing, several bars and nightclubs, Urban Outfitters, Armory Massage Therapy, a newly restored upscale hotel and two tattoo parlors. A number of professional firms are also located in Armory Square, including Eric Mower and Associates, O'Brien & Gere, and the Sugarman Law Firm. The area is popular with students from Syracuse University and Le Moyne College.
Its borders are generally considered to be the circular road around the armory (Jefferson Street) to the south, Onondaga Creek to the west, Washington Street to the north, and Clinton Street to the east.
Armory Square is also home to the Shot Clock Monument, which includes a 24-second shot clock whose invention, here, was crucial to the successful development of basketball as a major sport.
A paved multi-use trail, the Onondaga Creekwalk, connects the neighborhood with Onondaga Lake.
Armory Square Historic District
Forty-six industrial and commercial buildings make up the Armory Square Historic District. West Fayette Street is the northern boundary of the district, the rear property lines of the buildings on South Clinton Street the eastern boundary. The southern boundary is a raised railroad track, while the western boundary includes the buildings on Walton Street. The buildings in the district include the Armory, a former Lackawanna Railroad passenger station (1941), hotels, warehouses and commercial buildings. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.
Contributing properties
References
External links
MOST
Then and Now: Armory Square
Neighborhoods in Syracuse, New York
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
National Register of Historic Places in Syracuse, New York |
Idlewild is the fourth studio album by British musical duo Everything but the Girl. It was released on 29 February 1988 by Blanco y Negro Records and Sire Records.
The album was reissued in 2012 as a remastered two-disc deluxe set by Edsel Records.
Recording and release
Songs on Idlewild deal with domestic, daily and family topics, such as motherhood and child raising ("Apron Strings," "These Early Days"), growing up in the suburbs ("Oxford Street") and relationships ("I Always Was Your Girl", "Love Is Here Where I Live") or homesickness ("Lonesome for a Place I Know"). Its sounds flow between acoustic instrumentation, synths and drum machine. It was produced and recorded by the duo with little input from other collaborators. According to singer Tracey Thorn, at the time the album was finished, the record company considered it lacking of hits and doubted its quality, but it later received critical acclaim.
In her autobiography Bedsit Disco Queen Thorn recalls from the recording process:I am writing songs, though; lyrics that are more like short stories than pop lyrics. Perhaps they ought to be short stories. They don’t really have choruses. Maybe I’m just not very good at choruses. Ben is experimenting with synths and keyboards. He buys a drum machine and starts getting into the finer details of how to programme it. I don’t know how to operate the drum machine, or how to turn the synths on, and I’m not bothered enough to learn.
There is some disagreement about what our next record should sound like. We keep changing our minds. I still write all my songs on a guitar or at the piano, and so when I play them they sound a bit like my songs have always sounded. But Ben is writing songs with a more modern sound, using his new synths and the drum machine, and I like these too. We veer between these two possible extremes before making a record, Idlewild, which incorporates a bit of both. Maybe it’s another ‘bizarre hybrid’.
Critical and commercial reception
Idlewild was met with critical acclaim and remains a fan-favourite. It was included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.
Three songs were released as singles but failed to make a big impact. "These Early Days" peaked at No. 75 and "I Always Was Your Girl" at No. 87 in the UK, while "Love Is Here Where I Live" didn't chart. In between these releases, EBTG recorded a cover of "I Don't Want to Talk About It" which became their biggest success to that point (UK No. 3) and was later included on Idlewild's re-releases.
The album reached No. 13 in the UK and No. 38 in New Zealand and received a Gold certification for sales in excess of 100,000 copies in the United Kingdom.
Track listing
Personnel
Everything but the Girl
Tracey Thorn – vocals
Ben Watt – vocals, guitar
Additional musicians
Ian Fraser – tenor saxophone
Steve Pearce – bass
Damon Butcher – piano, synthesizer
James McMillan – trumpet
Chucho Merchán – bass on "Lonesome for a Place I Know"
Peter King – alto saxophone
Technical
Jerry Boys – engineering
Additionally, Geoff Travis, Lindy Morrison and James McMillan are thanked in the liner notes.
Charts
Certifications
References
Everything but the Girl albums
1988 albums
Blanco y Negro Records albums
Sire Records albums |
EICAR (5-Ethynyl-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylImidazole-4-CARboxamide) is a nucleoside analogue which has both anti-cancer and antiviral effects, and was originally developed for the treatment of leukemia, but was unsuccessful in human clinical trials. It has broad spectrum antiviral effects with activity against pox viruses, Semliki forest virus, Junin virus, reovirus, influenza, measles virus and respiratory syncytial virus among others, although it is not active against coronaviridae such as SARS-CoV-1. This useful spectrum of activity means that EICAR and related derivatives continue to be investigated for the treatment of viral diseases.
EICAR was originally discovered as a potent inhibitor of the human enzyme IMP dehydrogenase, part of the guanylate biosynthesis pathway. This activity is responsible for its known anticancer and antiviral effects.
References
Antiviral drugs |
The Women's individual table tennis – Class 11 tournament at the 2020 Summer Paralympics in Tokyo took place between 25 and 28 August 2021 at Tokyo Metropolitan Gymnasium.
In the preliminary stage, athletes competed in three groups of four . The winners and runners-up of each group qualified for the knock-out stage. In this edition of the Games, no bronze medal match was held. The losers of each semifinal were automatically awarded a bronze medal.
Results
All times are local time in UTC+9.
Main bracket
Final rounds
Preliminary round
Group A
Group B
References
Women's individual - Class 11 |
Mabel Driver Mullin (born September 1, 1882) was the president of Cosmos Club.
Early life
Mabel Driver Mullin was born September 1, 1882, in Racine, Wisconsin, the daughter of Sinclair M. and Ida Driver.
Career
She was a very active club woman and interested in all civic affairs.
She was a president of Cosmos Club and secretary of the Presidents Association.
She was a member of Ebell of Los Angeles, Council of International Relations, Southern California Athletic and Country Club, Surf and Sand Club.
Personal life
Mabel D. Mullin moved to California in 1903 and lived at 3846 Wilshire Blvd., Los Angeles, California. In 1925 she married Horace H. Mullin and had two children, Sinclair Allen Greer and Geraldine Greer.
References
1882 births
People from Racine, Wisconsin
Year of death missing
Clubwomen |
Eamonn Fennell (born 1984) is a Gaelic footballer who plays for the St Vincents club and, formerly, for northside club O'Tooles. He has played for the Dublin county team in the past.
Inter-county
Fennell was first brought onto the Dublin team in 2005, after winning Leinster with the Dublin U21s. Fennell was on Dublin's 2008 O'Byrne Cup winning team, which defeated Longford in the final. He helped guide Dublin to promotion to Division One of the National Football League. Fennell has won the Leinster Senior Football Championship with Dublin in 2008, 2009 and 2011. He came on as a substitute in Dublins All-Ireland victory over rivals Kerry at Croke Park in September 2011.
Transfer issue
Fennell was the subject of a controversial club transfer move from his club O'Tooles to northside rivals St Vincents. The transfer was rejected by his own club and then by the Dublin county board with Dublin's Cork born county chairman Gerry Harrington giving the deciding vote. The verdict is expected to be appealed. The reason given for the rejection was "A player is considered to always owe allegiance and loyalty to the club he first legally participated with in club competition." The transfer to St Vincents was finally agreed on 15 February 2011.
Imposter
After the 2011 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final, a Dublin fan sneaked onto the pitch to celebrate. He put on Fennell's discarded tracksuit top after joining the substitutes' bench and was seen on live television and in photographs.
References
1984 births
Living people
Dublin inter-county Gaelic footballers
O'Tooles Gaelic footballers
St Vincents (Dublin) Gaelic footballers
Winners of one All-Ireland medal (Gaelic football) |
Scissurella quadrata is a species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Scissurellidae.
Description
Distribution
This marine species occurs off the Society Islands and Australia.
References
Geiger D.L. & Jansen P. 2004. Revision of the Australian species of Anatomidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Vetigastropoda). Zootaxa 415 : 1–35
Geiger D.L. (2012) Monograph of the little slit shells. Volume 1. Introduction, Scissurellidae. pp. 1–728. Volume 2. Anatomidae, Larocheidae, Depressizonidae, Sutilizonidae, Temnocinclidae. pp. 729–1291. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Monographs Number 7
Scissurellidae
Gastropods described in 2004 |
Şarköy is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Burhaniye, Balıkesir Province in Turkey. Its population is 506 (2022).
References
Neighbourhoods in Burhaniye District |
The meridian 10° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, Ireland, Africa, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.
The 10th meridian west forms a great circle with the 170th meridian east.
The meridian defines the western limit of the New Swabia area in Queen Maud Land, Antarctica.
From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 10th meridian west passes through:
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" width="125" | Co-ordinates
! scope="col" | Country, territory or sea
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Arctic Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Atlantic Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-valign="top"
|
! scope="row" |
| Mullet Peninsula, Achill Island, Clare Island and Connemara
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Atlantic Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Dingle, Iveragh and Beara Peninsulas
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Atlantic Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
|
|-
|
! scope="row" | Western Sahara
| Claimed by
|-
|
! scope="row" |
|
|-
|
! scope="row" |
|
|-
|
! scope="row" |
|
|-
|
! scope="row" |
|
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Atlantic Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-valign="top"
|
! scope="row" |
| Gough Island
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Atlantic Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Southern Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" | Antarctica
| Queen Maud Land, claimed by
|-
|}
See also
9th meridian west
11th meridian west
w010 meridian west |
The gaper (Champsodon capensis) is a species of crocodile toothfish belonging to the family Champsodontidae. It is found in the Indian Ocean along the coast of East Africa from Kenya to South Africa and off the Seychelles and Mauritius. This species has entered the Mediterranean Sea, most likely as a Lessepsian migrant, through the Suez Canal, being first recorded in 2012. Gapers occur in large shoals which move from deep water to the surface at night.
References
grunter
Fish described in 1908 |
Pterygia japonica is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Mitridae, the miters or miter snails.
Description
Distribution
References
External links
Mitridae
Gastropods described in 1982 |
Olivier Elzer (born 18 April 1979) is a French chef. He was named one of the top 22 best young chefs in France by the guide Gault Millau in 2007. He was awarded a total of 23 Michelin stars for 16 consecutive years working in France and Hong Kong. Elzer is recognised for his work as head chef of Pierre at Mandarin Oriental Hotel Hong Kong, L'Atelier de Joël Robuchon and his own branding restaurant, Seasons, by Olivier E. In 2018, Elzer established L'Envol, a modern French fine dining restaurant at the St. Regis Hong Kong. L'Envol is a 2 Michelin Stars restaurant. In 2022, Elzer created his own casual dining concept in Hong Kong named Clarence. Chef Elzer was awarded the Knight in the Order of Agricultural Merit of the French Republic in 2022.
Early life and education
Elzer was born in Koblenz, Germany, and was raised in Alsace, France. He graduated from CFA Nérée à Cannes and received his CAP and BEP diploma in 1998. Elzer started training under Christian Métral during 1996-1997 at L'Auberge du Jarrier, a French restaurant in Biot. In 1997-1998, he trained under Yves Merville in Le Panorama, a French restaurant in Hôtel Royal Riviera, situated in Saint-Jean-Cap-Ferrat.
Career
Elzer began his professional career as a commis in the restaurant La Palme D’Or of Hôtel Martinez (two Michelin stars) under chef Christan Willer in 1999-2000. From 2000-2001, he worked at La Terasse of Hôtel Juana (two Michelin stars) under chef Christian Morisset and Au Crocodile (three Michelin stars) under chef Émile Jung as a chef de partie. Elzer worked as a sous chef between 2001 and 2005 in restaurants La Pyramide (two Michelin stars) under chef Patrick Henriroux, Fouquet’s Barriere in Hôtel Barrière Le Fouquet's under chef Jean Yves Leuranguer and Les Elysees of Hôtel Vernet (two Michelin stars) under chef Éric Briffard.
Head chef
Elzer became the head chef of Abbaye De La Bussière – La Bussière sur Ouche – Côte d’Or in 2006 and was awarded his first Michelin star in 2007 and retained it in 2008.
He moved to Hong Kong in 2009 to become the head chef of the French restaurant Pierre Restaurant (two Michelin stars) by Pierre Gagnaire in the Mandarin Oriental. He retained the two Michelin stars in 2010 and 2011.
In 2011–2014, Elzer was the head chef of the fine dining French restaurant L’Atelier de Joël Robuchon Hong Kong (two Michelin stars) and was awarded three Michelin stars from 2012 to 2014.
In 2014, Elzer proceeded to cofound and become the head chef of his own branding restaurant, Seasons by Olivier E in Hong Kong. He was awarded one Michelin star every year from 2014 to 2017. Elzer was praised for his innovative approach towards classic French dishes with Asian influences. “French recipes are combined with some Asian influences and the chef’s own ideas to create dishes that are full of verve and originality,” wrote the inspectors in the 2017 edition of Hong Kong’s Michelin guide. Seasons was also awarded to be one of the Top 20 Restaurants by the Tatler Hong Kong restaurant guide.
In 2018, Elzer has signed a contract with Marriott Group to establish L'Envol, a fine dining restaurant in St. Regis Hong Kong.
In April 2019, L'Envol was opened and Elzer had become the hotel's Culinary Director cum L'Envol Executive Chef, who led the restaurant to be awarded Michelin Star in 2019/20, and 2 Michelin Stars in 2020/21.
In 2021, Elzer established his own French modern dining concept named Clarence.
In 2022, Elzer was the first celebrity chef to collaborate with Louis Vuitton on their first restaurant in Chengdu, China. The Hall restaurant takes inspiration from both classic French and Mediterranean cuisine.
In 2022, Chef Elzer was awarded the Knight in the Order of Agricultural Merit of the French Republic.
Operations
Elzer founded his company, Olivier Colony Limited, in 2016. A professional F&B Consultancy providing services for restaurants, hotels and private functions. The company extends services to many catering and restaurant groups and hotels. Clients include Marriott Group hotels, Hilton Group hotels and Kempinski Hotels Group.
References
External links
http://www.alphamen.asia/olivier-elzer-lenvol/
https://www.hongkongmadame.com/en/Chefs-of-Hong-Kong-Olivier-Elzer-Culinary-Director-at-L-Envol_a2008.amp.html
Apple Daily Interview
2019 Gaggenau HK_ Olivier Elzer
1979 births
Living people
French chefs
Head chefs of Michelin starred restaurants
Male chefs
Chefs of French cuisine |
Free Culture: How Big Media Uses Technology and the Law to Lock Down Culture and Control Creativity (published in paperback as Free Culture: The Nature and Future of Creativity) is a 2004 book by law professor Lawrence Lessig that was released on the Internet under the Creative Commons Attribution/Non-commercial license on March 25, 2004.
This book documents how copyright power has expanded substantially since 1974 in five critical dimensions:
duration (from 32 to 95 years),
scope (from publishers to virtually everyone),
reach (to every view on a computer),
control (including "derivative works" defined so broadly that virtually any new content could be sued by some copyright holder as a "derivative work" of something), and
concentration and integration of the media industry.
It also documents how this industry has successfully used the legal system to limit competition to the major media corporations through legal action against:
College students for close to $100 billion, because their improvements of search engines made it easier for people in a university intranet to find copyrighted music placed by others in their "public" folder.
Lawyers who advised MP3.com that they had reasonable grounds to believe streaming an MP3 uploaded by a customer only to computers that the customer has logged-in on for the service is legal, and
Venture capitalists who funded Napster.
The result is a legal and economic environment that stifles "the Progress of Science and useful Arts", exactly the opposite of the purpose cited in the US Constitution. It may not be possible today to produce another Mickey Mouse, because many of its early cartoon themes might be considered "derivative works" of some existing copyrighted material (as indicated in the subtitle to the hardback edition and in numerous examples in this book).
Summary
This book is an outgrowth of the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Eldred v. Ashcroft, which Lessig lost. Article I, Section 8, Clause 8 of the U.S. Constitution says, "The Congress shall have Power... to promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries." Several times in the past century, Congress has extended the copyright law in several ways. One way was to extend the term "on the installment plan". Another was to broaden the scope to include not only copying but creating "derivative works". This latter broadening is so ambiguous that it provides a foundation for massive abuse of power by companies holding large copyright portfolios. For example, the Recording Industry Association of America sued a freshman at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) for $12,000 for improving a search engine used only inside RPI. Lessig cites another example where Fox demanded $10,000 for the rights to use a 4.5 second video clip with The Simpsons playing on a television in a corner of a scene in a documentary. Anyone producing a collage of video clips can potentially be similarly sued on the grounds the collage is a "derivative work" of something copyrighted or that the collage contains a shot that is copyrighted. Lessig argues that this substantially limits the growth of creative arts and culture, in violation of the US Constitution; the Supreme Court ruled that Congress has the constitutional authority to properly balance competing interests on cases like this.
In the preface of Free Culture, Lessig compares this book with a previous book of his, Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace, which propounded that software has the effect of law. Free Culture's message is different, Lessig writes, because it is "about the consequence of the Internet to a part of our tradition that is much more fundamental, and, as hard as this is for a geek-wanna-be to admit, much more important." (pg. xiv)
Professor Lessig analyzes the tension that exists between the concepts of piracy and property in the intellectual property realm in the context of what he calls the present "depressingly compromised process of making law" that has been captured in most nations by multinational corporations that are interested in the accumulation of capital and not the free exchange of ideas.
The book also chronicles his prosecution of Eldred and his attempt to develop the Eldred Act, also known as the Public Domain Enhancement Act or the Copyright Deregulation Act.
Lessig concludes his book by suggesting that as society evolves into an information society there is a choice to be made to decide if that society is to be free or feudal in nature. In his afterword he suggests that free software pioneer Richard Stallman and the Free Software Foundation model of making content available is not against the capitalist approach that has allowed such corporate models as Westlaw and LexisNexis to have subscribers to pay for materials that are essentially in the public domain but with underlying licenses like those created by his organization Creative Commons.
He also argues for the creation of shorter renewable periods of copyright and a limitation on derivative rights, such as limiting a publisher's ability to stop the publication of copies of an author's book on the internet for non-commercial purposes or create a compulsory licensing scheme to ensure that creators obtain direct royalties for their works based upon their usage statistics and some kind of taxation scheme such as suggested by professor William Fisher of Harvard Law School that is similar to a longstanding proposal of Richard Stallman.
Themes
Introduction and identification of a cultural shift
Lessig defines "free culture" as analogous to "free speech" – that is, unrestricted. A free culture supports and protects its creators and innovators directly and indirectly. It directly supports creators and innovators by granting intellectual property rights. It indirectly supports them by ensuring that follow-on creators and innovators remain as free as possible from the creators of the past by limiting how extensive intellectual property rights are. A "permission culture" is the opposite of a free culture; in a permission culture, creators and innovators are only able to create and innovate with the permission of creators of the past – whether they are powerful creators or not.
Lessig presents two examples that provide some insight into the nature of these dueling cultures. In the first, an example of "free culture", he describes how aircraft operators did not have to abide by an old law that land owners also owned the air above the property and thus could forbid overflight. In the second, an example of a "permission culture", he describes how David Sarnoff, president of RCA, managed to persuade the United States government to delay the deployment of the rival wideband FM radio, invented by Edwin Howard Armstrong. He describes this as an example of how the inventor of a new invention can be forced to request "permission" from a previous inventor.
The disparate features of a free culture and a permission culture affect how culture is made. In a free culture, innovators are able to create – and build upon past creations – without the worry of infringing upon intellectual property rights. In a permission culture, innovators must first request "permission" from past creators in order to build upon or modify past creations. Oftentimes, the innovator must pay the past creator in order to obtain the permission needed to proceed. If the past creator refuses to grant permission to the innovator, the past creator may appeal to the government to enforce their intellectual property rights. Typically, intellectual property rights protect culture that is produced and sold, or made to be sold. This type of culture is "commercial culture", and the focus of the law is typically on commercial creativity rather than "non-commercial activity". Initially, the law, "protected the incentives of creators by granting them exclusive rights to their creative work, so that they could sell those exclusive rights in a commercial marketplace." This protection has become far more extensive, as is evinced in the Armstrong/RCA example.
Lessig argues that the United States is rapidly becoming a permission culture, though he sees the internet as a modern-day Armstrong: it challenges the traditional innovator and seeks to break free of any permissions or strict regulations. The internet can provide a vastly more vibrant and competitive innovation culture, and this is troublesome for any large corporations that have invested in fortifying their intellectual property rights: "Corporations threatened by the potential of the internet to change the way both commercial and noncommercial culture are made and shared have united to induce lawmakers to use the law to protect them." The internet has facilitated the mass production of culture, both commercial and noncommercial. Corporations that had traditionally controlled this production have reacted by pressuring legislators to change the laws to protect their interests. The protection that these corporations seek is not protection for the creators, but rather protection against certain forms of business that directly threaten them. Lessig’s worry is that intellectual property rights will not be protecting the right sort of property, but will instead come to protect private interests in a controlling way. He writes that the First Amendment protects creators against state control and copyright law, when properly balanced, protects creators against private control. Expansive intellectual property rights stands to dramatically increase all regulations on creativity in America, stifling innovation by requiring innovators to request permission prior to their creative work.
Free Culture covers the themes of piracy and property. Lessig writes at the end of the preface, "... the free culture that I defend in this book is a balance between anarchy and control. A free culture, like a free market, is filled with property. It is filled with rules of property and contract that get enforced by the state. But just as a free market is perverted if its property becomes feudal, so too can a free culture be queered by extremism in the property rights that define it."
Piracy
"How free is this culture?"
According to Lessig, the United States has been but is decreasingly a free culture. Free cultures leave content open for expansion by others. Purportedly, this is not a new practice, but one that is increasingly challenged, mostly for economic reasons by creators and industry. The conflict or "war against piracy" emerges from efforts to regulate creative property in order to delimit the use of creative property without permission. As Lessig sees it, "the law's role is less and less to support creativity, and more and more to protect certain industries against competition."
This new role of law is meant to protect copyright owners from "pirates" who share their content for free, effectively "robbing" the creator of any profit. Lessig acknowledges piracy is wrong and deserving of punishment, however he is concerned the concept, as it appears in the context of "internet piracy", has been used inappropriately. This problematic conception follows a certain chain of reasoning: creative work has value; when an individual uses, takes or builds upon someone else's creative work they are appropriating something of value from the creator. If someone appropriates something of value from a creator without the creator's expressed permission, then that someone is "pirating" the creator's work, and this is wrong. Rochelle Dreyfuss, an NYU Professor of Law, has termed this conception of piracy the "if value, then right" theory of creative property – namely, "if there is value, then someone must have a right to that value."
First defining and then pointedly critiquing a prevalent "if value, then right" notion of creative property, Lessig emphasizes that American law recognizes intellectual property as an instrument. Lessig points out that if "if value, then right" is correct, then film, recorded music, radio, and cable TV each is built on a history of piracy. Lessig details the history of these four "pirates" as examples of how pervasive has been the practice of making use of others' creative property without permission. Importantly, Lessig points out, throughout human history, "every society has left a certain bit of its culture free for the taking." This free culture has historically been deliberate, and widely appreciated. In fact, "creators here and everywhere are always and at all times building upon the creativity that went before and that surrounds them now."
Lessig goes on to suggest that the advent of the Internet has changed culture, and along with it the expectation and acceptance of creative piracy. In particular, the internet has brought about a war against piracy. At the heart of the issue is a question about the reach, benefit, and burden of copyright law. The internet challenges the "natural limit to the reach of the law", and therein lies the quandary. The presence of the internet instigates and fans the flames of the piracy war by virtue of its inherent ability to very quickly and indiscriminately spread content.
Lessig states that "even if some piracy is plainly wrong, not all 'piracy' is." Finding the balance is, has been, and needs to continue to be the process of U.S. law; internet use, as exemplified by peer-to-peer file sharing, pushes the envelope.
For centuries, copyright holders have complained about "piracy". In 1996, the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP) sued "the Girl Scouts for failing to pay for the songs that girls sang around Girl Scout campfires." The suit was a public relations disaster for ASCAP, and they dropped the suit. However, the law still remains: If you sing a copyrighted song in public, you are legally required to pay the copyright holder.
Copyright law has also been extended to threaten the very creativity that is a central value of our society, burdening it "with insanely complex and vague rules and with the threat of obscenely severe penalties." Copyright law at its birth only protected inappropriate copying. Today it also covers
"building upon or transforming that work... [W]hen the law regulates as broadly and obscurely as it does, the extension matters a lot. The burden of this law now vastly outweighs any original benefit... [T]he law's role is less and less to support creativity, and more and more to protect certain industries against competition."
Property
Lessig explains that copyright is a kind of property, but that it is an odd kind of property for which the term can sometimes be misleading – the difference between taking a table and taking a good idea, for example, is hard to see under the term 'property'. As late as 1774, publishers believed a copyright was forever. A copyright at that time was more limited than it is today, only prohibiting others from reprinting a book; it did not cover, as today, other rights over performance, derivative works, etc. Modern technology allows people to copy or cut and paste video clips in creative new ways to produce art, entertainment, and new modes of expression and communication that didn't exist before. The resulting potential for media literacy could help ordinary people not only communicate their concerns better but also make it easier for them to understand when they are being suckered into things not in their interests. However, current copyright law effectively restricts the use of this to very wealthy individuals and corporations for two reasons: (1) the vagueness of "fair use". (2) The costs of negotiating legal rights for the creative reuse of content are astronomically high. "You either pay a lawyer to defend your fair use rights or pay a lawyer to track down permissions so you don't have to rely on fair use rights."
Drawing on an argument Lessig made in Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace he applies the model of four different modalities of regulation that support or weaken a given right or regulation. The four means of regulation are law, market, architecture and norms. These four modalities constrain the target group or individual in different ways, and law tends to function as an umbrella over the other methods. These constraints can be changed, also a restriction imposed by one constraint may allow freedoms from another. Lessig maintains that before the internet these constraints remained in balance with each other in regulating copying of creative works.
However, government support of established companies with an older form of doing business would preclude innovation induced competition and overall progress. Lessig says it best ‘ it is the special duty of policy makers to guarantee that that protection not become a deterrent to progress’ He specifies that his argument is not about justification of protection of copyrights but the effects of changing the law regarding copyright in the face of the internet. In this regard he brings the example of the unforeseen effects on the environment of using the chemical pesticide DDT despite its initial promise for commercial agriculture. Following this allusion he calls for an almost environmentalist awareness for the future of the creative environment.
Copyright has changed from covering just books, maps and charts to any work today that has a tangible form including music to architecture and drama and software. Today, it gives the copyright holder the exclusive right to publish the work and control over any copies of the work as well as any derivative work. Additionally, there is no requirement to register a work to get a copyright; it is automatic, whether or not a copy is made available for others to copy. Copyright law does not distinguish between transformative use of a work and duplication or piracy. The change in copyright scope today means law regulates publishers, users, and authors, simply because they are all capable of making copies. Before the internet, copies of any work were the trigger for copyright law, but Lessig raises the point of whether copies should always be the trigger, especially when considering the way digital media sharing works.
In 1831, the term of copyright increased from a maximum of 28 years to a maximum of 42; in 1909 the renewal term was extended from 14 years to 28. Beginning in 1962, the term of existing copyright was extended eleven times in the last 40 years. After 1976, any works created were subject to only one term of copyright, the maximum term, which was the life of the author plus fifty years, or seventy five years for corporations. According to Lessig, the public domain becomes orphaned by these changes to copyright law. In the past thirty years the average term has tripled and has gone from about 33 years to 95.
There are uses of copyrighted material that may involve copying that do not invoke copyright law; these are deemed fair uses. Fair use law denies the owner any exclusive right over such fair uses for public policy. The internet shifts the use of digital creative property, to one that is now regulated under copyright law. There is almost no use that is presumptively unregulated.
Relatively recent changes in technology and copyright law have dramatically expanded the impact of copyright in five different dimensions:
The duration increased from an average of 32.2 years to 95 (for copyrights owned by corporations) between 1974 and 2004, and it may yet be extended further, in violation of the constitutional requirement that the exclusive rights be "for limited times".
The scope has increased from regulating only publishers to now regulating just about everyone.
The reach has expanded, because computers make copies with every view, and these copies are presumptively regulated.
The control the copyright holder has over use has expanded dramatically, using the Digital Millennium Copyright Act to prosecute people with software that could defeat the limits built into the code used to distribute the product. The latter may limit how many times a person can view the material, whether copy and paste is allowed, whether and how much can be printed, and whether the copy can be loaned or given to anyone else.
Increases in the concentration and integration [of] media ownership provides unprecedented control over political discourse and the evolution of culture. "[F]ive companies control 85 percent of our media sources... [F]our companies control 90 percent of the nation's radio advertising revenues... [T]en companies control half of the nation's [newspapers]... [T]en film studios receive 99 percent of all film revenue. The ten largest cable companies account for 85 percent of all cable revenue."
Lessig argues that some of these changes benefited society as a whole. However, the combined effects of the changes in these five dimensions has been to restrict, rather than promote, the progress of science and useful arts, in apparent violation of the constitutional justification for copyright law. The negative impact on creativity can be seen in numerous examples throughout this book. An example of its impact on political discourse is the refusal by the major TV networks to run ads critical of the Bush administration's claims of Saddam Hussein's weapons of mass destruction during the period prior to the U.S. invasion of Iraq in 2003, enforced by Supreme Court decisions that give stations the right to choose what they will and will not run. Lessig claims this kind of environment is not democratic, and at no point in our history have people had fewer "legal right[s] to control more of the development of our culture than now."
Outline
The following summarizes the different sections of the book.
Preface
Lessig insists that the future of society is being threatened by recent changes in US law and administration, including decisions by the US Federal Communications Commission that allow increased Concentration of media ownership. Lessig claims to defend a free culture that is balanced between control – a culture that has property, rules, and contracts pertaining to property that are enforced by the state — and anarchy — a culture that can grow and thrive when others are allowed to use and build upon the property of others. However, this culture can become puzzling and perplexing when the extremism about property rights begins to mimic the feudal property of a free market.
Introduction
Lessig provides two examples that portray the difference between a free culture and a permissions culture — two themes that will develop throughout the book. (See Introduction and Identification of cultural Shift)
Chapter 1. Creators
Lessig devotes the first chapter to defining creators as 'copycats' who borrow and "build upon the creativity that went before and that surrounds them now... partially done without permission and without compensating the original creator." Throughout the chapter Lessig develops on a theme that "all cultures are free to some degree," by expounding on key examples from the American and Japanese cultures, namely Disney and doujinshi comics, respectively.
The first commercial success of Mickey Mouse came with Steamboat Willie, released in 1928. In part, it parodied the silent film Steamboat Bill, Jr., released earlier that year by Buster Keaton. Under current US law, Steamboat Willie might be challenged for copyright violation as a "derivative work" of Steamboat Bill, Jr. However, under copyright laws in 1928, this type of cultural production was unproblematic. This change has had a chilling effect on creativity, serving to reduce competition to the established media companies, as suggested by the subtitle to the original hardback edition of Free Culture.
Similarly, in the vigorous Japanese comic market, where "Some 40 percent of publications are comics, and 30 percent of publication revenue derives from comics", one main driving force is 'doujinshi', which is a kind of copycat technique. However, to qualify as doujinshi, "the artist must make a contribution to the art he copies... Doujinshi are plainly 'derivative works.'" The doujinshi artists almost never get the permission of those who own the works they modify, though their work is seen to contribute to the overall cultural production.
This illegal, though culturally significant, market flourishes in Japan because it helps the mainstream comic creators. The mainstream market flourishes as well despite the derivative doujinshi market. Fighting this burgeoning illegal market would spell trouble for the mainstream market as well; these two systems for creating have learned to live somewhat harmoniously with one another, to each other's benefit.
Lessig concludes with a thought that "ours was a free culture [that] is becoming much less so." So, would the US have a more vibrant industry in creating comics if the law were not used as often here to punish and intimidate small competitors to the big business producing comics?
Chapter 2. "Mere Copyists"
Chapter 2 is a discussion about the influence of technology on culture, and the legal environment that impacts its reach. Lessig recounts George Eastman's invention of Kodak as a technology that advanced the invention of photography, and brought about significant social change by giving the average citizen access to what began as an elite form of expression. Lessig traces the simultaneous legal environment that permitted its genius: Given the challenge of deciding whether photographers would need to get permission before taking aim, the legal system decided "in favor of the pirates... Freedom was the default."
Lessig presses to suggest that, had the legal atmosphere been different, "nothing like the growth in a democratic technology of expression would have been realized." Democracy of expression is a main theme for this chapter, as Lessig examines various examples of the technologies that are developed to promote so-called "media literacy", the understanding and active use of media for learning, living, and communicating in the twenty-first century; he describes media literacy as a tool for empowering minds and reversing the digital divide.
The Internet is introduced as a prime example of a technology that develops the culture. For Lessig, the Internet is a "mix of captured images, sound, and commentary [that] can be widely spread practically instantaneously." With e-mail and blogging, the Internet creates a dimension for democracy of speech that is widespread and far-reaching. Lessig's lament is that the freedom that the Internet and similar technologies offer is increasingly challenged by the restrictions that are placed upon them through laws that "close down that technology."
Chapter 3. Catalogs
In chapter 3, Lessing shares an account of Jesse Jordan, a 2002 freshman at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) who made a significant contribution to the free culture debate through tinkering to develop a search engine which indexed pictures, research, notes, movie clips and a variety of other RPI network materials. When the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) sued Jesse (and three other students) for piracy, forcing him into a settlement that cost him all of his $12,000 savings, Jesse became an activist for free culture.
Chapter 4. "Pirates"
In chapter 4 Lessig advises that "the history of the content industry is a history of piracy. Every important sector of the 'big media' today — film, records, radio, and cable TV — was born of a kind of piracy so defined." This includes the film industry of Hollywood who used piracy in order to escape the controls of Thomas Edison's patents. Similarly, the record industry grew out of piracy due to a loophole in the law permitting composers exclusivity to copies of their music and its public performance, but not over reproduction via the new phonograph and player piano technologies. Radio also grew out of piracy since the radio industry is not required to compensate recording artists for playing their works. As such, "the law gives the radio station the right to take something for nothing," though radio is required to pay the composer. Cable TV is yet another example of big media that grew out of piracy. For decades, cable companies were not required to pay for their broadcast content. As in the case with recorded music, law ultimately settled this score by setting a price at which cable companies would pay copyright holders for their content.
According to Lessig, "every industry affected by copyright today is the product and beneficiary of a certain kind of piracy... Every generation welcomes the pirates from the last... until now."
Chapter 5. "Piracy"
Lessig contextualizes piracy, noting that "even if some piracy is plainly wrong, not all 'piracy' is... Many kinds of 'piracy' are useful and productive... Neither our tradition nor any tradition has ever banned all 'piracy'."
Lessig compares the examples of piracy that were previously treated:
Bringing the discussion to an up-to-date example, Lessig gives an overview of Napster peer-to-peer (p2p) sharing and outlines benefits and harms of this kind of piracy through sharing. He cautions that laws should be tempered according to how much benefit and how harm such sharing might cause. According to Lessig, "[t]he question is a matter of balance. The law should seek that balance..."
Lessig emphasizes the role of copyright law, pointing out that as it stands, copyright law impacts all kinds of piracy, and hence is a part of the piracy war that challenges free culture. On the one hand, copyright supporters indiscriminately recognize cultural content as sharing the same attributes as tangible property. On the other hand, creators shun the notion of having their intellectual property at the disposal of pirates, and so agree to delimit commonality through strict copyright laws. Ultimately, Lessig calls for changes in US copyright law that balance the support of intellectual property with cultural freedom.
"Property"
A copyright is an odd kind of property, because it limits free use of ideas and expression. Chapters 6–9
offer four stories to help illustrate what it means to say that a copyright is property.
Chapter 6. Founders
In the majority of European countries, copyright law began with the efforts of spiritual and temporal authorities to control the production of printers. This was often done by granting monopolies. "Henry VIII granted a patent to print the bible". In England, the Crown's practice of handing out monopolies became quite unpopular and was one of the issues that motivated the English Civil War of 1642–1651.
As late as 1774, publishers believed a copyright was forever. This was in spite of the fact that "[t]he Statute of Anne [of 1710 tried to limit this by declaring] that all published works would get a copyright term of fourteen years, renewable once if the author was alive, and that all works already published... would get a single term of twenty-one additional years." (A copyright at that time was more limited than it is today, only prohibiting others from reprinting a book; it did not cover, as today, other rights over performance, derivative works, etc.) In spite of the Statute of Anne, publishers still insisted they had a perpetual copyright under common law. This claim was controversial. "Many believed the power the [publishers] exercised over the spread of knowledge was harming that spread". In 1774 the House of Lords, functioning like the Supreme Court of the United States today determined that in granting a copyright, "The state would protect the exclusive right [to publish], but only so long as it benefited society." "After 1774, the public domain was born."
Chapter 7. Recorders
A film made by Jon Else in 1990 includes a 4.5 second segment with a television in a corner playing The Simpsons. Before releasing the film, Else contacted The Simpsonss creator, Matt Groening for copyright permission. Groening agreed but asked Else to contact the producer, Gracie Films. They agreed but asked Else to contact their parent company, Fox. When he contacted Fox, someone there claimed that Groening didn't own The Simpsons, and Fox wanted $10,000 to allow him to distribute his documentary with The Simpsons playing in the background of a 4.5 second scene about something else. "Else was sure there was a mistake. He worked his way up to someone he thought was a vice president for licensing, Rebecca Herrera. She confirmed that copyright permission would cost $10,000 for that 4.5 second clip in the corner of a shot, and added, "And if you quote me, I'll turn you over to our attorneys."
Chapter 8. Transformers
In 1993, Starwave, Inc., produced a retrospective on compact disc (CD-ROM) of the career of Clint Eastwood, who had made over 50 films as an actor and director. The retrospective included short excerpts from each of Eastwood's films. Because this was not obviously "fair use", they needed to get clear rights from anyone who might have a copyright claim to those film clips, actors, composers, musicians, etc. CD was a new technology, not mentioned in any of the original contracts with the people involved. The standard rate at that time for that kind of use of less than a minute of film was about $600. A year later, they had collected signatures from everyone they could identify in the clips they had chosen, "and even then we weren't sure whether we were totally in the clear."
Similarly, in "2003, DreamWorks Studios announced an agreement with Mike Myers and Austin Powers [to] acquire the rights to existing motion picture hits and classics, write new story-lines and — with the use of state-of-the-art digital technology — insert Myers and other actors into the film, thereby creating an entirely new piece of entertainment."
These two examples expose a major threat to the creativity of our society: Modern technology allows people to copy or cut and paste video clips in creative new ways to produce art, entertainment, and new modes of expression and communication that didn't exist before. The resulting potential for media literacy could help ordinary people not only communicate their concerns better but also make it easier for them to understand when they are being suckered into things not in their interests (as indicated in chapter 2 of this book). However, current copyright law effectively restricts the use of this to very wealthy individuals and corporations for two reasons: (1) the vagueness of "fair use". (2) The costs of negotiating legal rights for the creative reuse of content are astronomically high. "You either pay a lawyer to defend your fair use rights or pay a lawyer to track down permissions so you don't have to rely on fair use rights."
Chapter 9. Collectors
Lessig complained, "While much of twentieth-century culture was constructed through television, only a tiny portion of that culture is available for anyone to see today." Lessig suggests that this is a violation of the spirit of the letter of the constitution: Early American copyright law required copyright owners to deposit copies of their work in libraries. "These copies were intended both to facilitate the spread of knowledge and to assure that a copy of the work would be around once the copyright expired".
However, starting with film in 1915 the government has allowed copyright holders to avoid depositing a copy permanently with the Library of Congress. As a result, most of the copyrighted material from the twentieth century is unavailable to the public in any form.
This is starting to change. In 1996 Brewster Kahle founded the Internet Archive, a non-profit digital library to provide "universal access to all knowledge".
However, congress continues to extend the copyright period. In 1790, a copyright lasted 14 years, and owners could get a 14-year extension for a fee. Since then, the copyright period was extended in 1831, 1909, 1954, 1971, 1976, 1988, 1992, 1994, and 1998. The media industry that got the previous extensions can be expected to try for yet another extension.
Chapter 10. "Property"
Chapter 10 examines the relatively recent changes in technology and copyright law have dramatically expanded the impact of copyright in five different dimensions: Duration, Scope, Reach, Control, Concentration.
Puzzles
Chapter 11. Chimera
A chimera is an animal (e.g., human) with double the standard DNA formed by the fusion of two embryos. Chimeras were discovered when genetic testing of mothers failed to match the DNA of a child. Further testing revealed that the chimeric mothers had two sets of DNA.
[In] "the copyright wars,"... we're dealing with a chimera... [I]n the battle over... "What is p2p sharing?" both sides have it right, and both sides have it wrong. One side says, "File sharing is just like two kids taping each other's records..." That's true, at least in part... But the description is also false in part... [M]y p2p network [gives anyone] access to my music... [I]t stretches the meaning of "friends" beyond recognition to say "my ten thousand best friends".
The section then goes on to describe how, according to the RIAA, downloading a CD could leave you liable for damages of one and a half million dollars. Lessig then suggests that content owners are gaining a level of control they never previously had.
Chapter 12. Harms
In this chapter Lessig describes three consequences of what he terms a "war". This war has been launched by the content industry to protect "property".Constraining Creators: This section explores how the current law makes the use of new digital technologies, such as e-mailing a Comedy Central clips, "presumptively illegal". He goes on to describe how it is impossible to determine where the line between legal and illegal lies but that the consequences of crossing the line can be extreme, such in the case of four college students threatened with a $98 billion lawsuit by RIAA. He states "[F]air use in America simply means the right to hire a lawyer..."Constraining Innovators: In this section Lessig describes how innovators are being constrained, and amongst the examples he uses he gives the company MP3.com. In 2000 this company launched a service that would allow users to have a "lockbox" to which they could upload their music and access it anywhere. Shortly after the service was launched several major record companies sued the company and judgement was later entered for Vivendi against MP3.com. A year later Vivendi bought MP3.com. He also describes how innovators are hampered both the uncertainty in the law and the content industry's attempt to use to law to regulate the internet in an attempt to protect their interests. Also in this section he describes how, when new technologies are invented, Congress has attempted to strike a balance so as to protect these new technologies from the older ones. He suggests that this balance has now changed and uses as an example Internet radio which he suggests has been burdened by regulations and royalty payments that broadcasters have not been.Corrupting Citizens: Here Lessig describes how, according to the New York Times 43 million Americans had downloaded music in 2002, thus making 20 percent of Americans criminals.
Balances
Chapter 13. Eldred
This chapter summarizes Eldred v. Ashcroft. The lead petitioner, Eric Eldred, wanted to make public domain works freely available on the Internet. He was particularly interested in a work that was slated to pass into the public domain in 1998. However, the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA) meant that this work would not be in the public domain until 2019 – and not even then if Congress extended the term again, as it had eleven times since 1962. Further extension seems likely, because it makes good business sense for organizations owning old works that still generate revenue to spend a portion of that money on campaign contributions and lobbying to extend the terms even further. "Copyrights have not expired, and will not expire, so long as Congress is free to be bought to extend them again.
Lead counsel in Eldred v. Ashcroft was Lessig. He lost this case due, he says, to a strategic blunder in arguing that repeated extensions effectively granted perpetual copyright in violation of the constitutional specification that copyrights and patents be "for limited times".
This was a high-profile case, and many different groups had filed briefs. [T]he Nashville Songwriters Association wrote that the public domain was nothing more than 'legal piracy.'" One brief "was signed by seventeen economists, including five Nobel Prize winners.
Lessig believes that if he had instead argued that this extension caused net harm to the US economy and culture, as numerous people had advised, he could have won. Lessig insists that, "The real harm is to the works that are not famous, not commercially exploited, and no longer available as a result."
The structure of current law makes it exceedingly difficult for someone who might want to do something with an old work to find the copyright owner, because no central list exists. Because these old works no longer seem commercially viable to the copyright holder, many are deteriorating. Many old "films were produced on nitrate-based stock, and nitrate stock dissolves over time. They will be gone, and the metal canisters in which they are now stored will be filled with nothing more
than dust."
Chapter 14. Eldred II
Conclusion
In conclusion, Lessig uses the disproportionate number of HIV and AIDS victims in Africa and other poor countries to further his argument that the current control of intellectual property—in this case, patents to HIV drugs—defy "common sense." AIDS is no longer a mortal illness for individuals who can afford between $10,000 and $15,000 per year, but few in poor countries can afford this. Lessig cites drug company lobbying in the U.S. to prevent reduced prices for their drugs in Africa, but he holds the government and society responsible for failing to "revolt" against this injustice. In 1997 the US government threatened South Africa with possible trade sanctions if it attempted to obtain the drugs at the price at which they were available in these few other poor countries. In response, Lessig calls for a "sensible patent policy" that could support the patent system but enable flexibility in distribution, a "sense of balance" he says once existed historically but has now been lost. He supports the rights of companies to charge whatever they want for innovative products, but says we need patents to encourage others to invest in the research needed to develop such products. He points out, however, that offering AIDS drugs at a much reduced price in Africa would not directly impact the profits of pharmaceutical companies.
Afterword
In the afterword, Lessig proposes practical solutions to the dispute over intellectual property rights, in hope that common sense and a proclivity toward free culture be revived. His ideas include emulating the structure of the Creative Commons in complement to copyright; invoking more formalities for in the exercise of creativity online (marking copyrighted work, registering copyrights, and renewing claims to copyright); limiting the role of the Copyright Office in developing marking systems; shorter copyright terms (enough to incentivize creativity, but no more) and simpler language; and moving the concerns of copyright out of the purview of expensive lawyers and more into public sphere.
The balance of this book maps out what might be done about the problems described earlier. This is divided into two parts: what anyone can do now and what requires help from lawmakers.Us, Now: If current trends continue, 'cut and paste' will become 'get permission to cut and paste'.Them, Soon''': This chapter outlines five kinds of changes in law suggested by the analysis of this book.1. More Formalities: It is suggested that all copyright work should be registered so as to lower the costs involved in obtaining the rights to a work. He further suggests that until a work has a complainant copyright notice the work should be usable by anyone.2. Shorter Terms In this section it is proposed that copyright terms should be shorter. Although not suggesting an actual time Lessig does suggest four principles of any copyright term:It should be (1) short, (2) simple, (3) alive (i.e., require a renewal), and (4) prospective (i.e., do not authorize retrospective extension).3. Free Use Vs. Fair Use: Lessig suggests that what constitutes a derivative work should be narrowed.4. Liberate the Music —Again: Here Lessig argues that the law on file-sharing music should be reformed and that any reform that attempts to limit file sharing in lieu of purchasing must also ensure it does not hamper the sharing of free content. He also suggests a law should be developed that allows the sharing of music no longer available in other media but ensure artists still receive a small royalty.5. Fire Lots of Lawyers: Lessig opines that the costs involved in the legal system are too high and that it only works effectively for the top 1% and that a cheaper system would be more just.
Critical reception
In news media
In a review in The New York Times, Adam Cohen found Free Culture to be a "powerfully argued and important analysis," where Lessig argues persuasively that we are in a crisis of cultural impoverishment. However, he says that "after taking us to this point, 300 pages into his analysis," Lessig "fails to deliver," and his proposals are both "impractical and politically unattainable."
David Post in Reason argued that Lessig shows that "free culture" has always been a part of our intellectual heritage and illuminates the tension between the already created and not yet created. Although Post generally agrees with Lessig's argument, he does point out that copyrights are property rights, arguing "property rights are, as a general rule, a good thing" and that Lessig does not do enough in his book to address this side of the debate.
In academia
Stuart Weinstein and Charles Wild reviewed the book for the International Review of Law Computers & Technology. They wrote that Lessig's claim that "the Internet and intellectual property law are being used by powerful media forces as a tool for supressing creativity in the pursuit of pure economic benefit" is too bleak and perhaps exaggerated when it comes to the present situation, but they agreed that the trends he illustrates are real and can become increasingly problematic in the future.
Peter Decherney reviewed the book for The Moving Image: The Journal of the Association of Moving Image Archivists. He declared it "an important book for many reaadership": artists, policymakers, college students, but most importantly, film historians and archivists. He found Lessig's argument generally convincing, although perhaps a bit too pessimistic. Decherney wrote that while historically the law is slow to change, it nonetheless does change, and thanks to Lessig's commendable activism for bringing the problems with the copyright law before the public, the change may be swifter and more positive then in the past.
Michael O'Hare in his review for the Journal of Cultural Economics noted that that while the book has a few minor flaws (for example, the ebook version reviewed was a poorly formatted PDF with no hyperlinks), the work is an "extremely thoughtful and well-informed" analysis of modern state of culture and the law. For the "most distinctive contribution of the book", he singled out the argument that technology can take content or activities that were historically free (such as reading or lending) and make them subject to unfair control by the provider of new mediums or services, therefore reducing our freedom to act.
Frederick Pinto reviewed the book for the Harvard International Review. He states that the book's "main strengths lie in its empirical richness and in Lessig's mastery at placing current legal developments in a wide historical context". He concludes that while Lessig's may be suffering from a "tunnel vision", the book "retains enough objectivity and academic rigor to make it an interesting and important read in this debate".
Julia D. Mahoney in the Virginia Law Review was more critical. She found Lessig's arguments not convincing, as according to her, our current world "is a vibrant place where technological innovation, creative endeavors, and public discussion of political issues flourish", and Lessig exaggerates the scope of the problems faced, and fails to present reasonable solutions to the issues he describes.
Lawrence B. Solum reviewed the book for Texas Law Review''. He wrote that Lessig's work is a sophisticated work, but it is should not be seen as academic book, but rather one addressed to the general audience, as next to "deeply illuminating" arguments it also contains emotional "cheap shots" and simplifies some arguments into a black versus white situation. The book, he writes, successfully asserts: "how an excess of intellectual property can lead to results that seem silly, pernicious or wrong", how "our legal traditions actually sanction unauthorized copying", and how "the social forces that are pushing for further expansion of copyright, the big media companies, are the bad guys". He notes, however, that "what Lessig opposes is clear, but why and what he favors instead are much murkier". In the end, he concludes, the book, while obviously written to advance a particular point of view, is "a model of restraint", presenting "an account that, while opinionated, is nuanced, fair, and balanced" and calling the end result "intelligent, entertaining and moving".
Derivative works
A day after the book was released online, blogger AKMA (A. K. Adam) suggested that people pick a chapter and make a voice recording of it, partly because they were allowed to. Users who commented volunteered to narrate certain chapters. Two days later, most of the book had been narrated.
Besides audio production, this book was also translated into Chinese, a project proposed by Isaac Mao and completed as a collaboration involving many bloggers from mainland China and Taiwan. Other translations include Catalan, Czech, French, Hungarian, Italian, Polish, Portuguese and Spanish.
Editions from of SSC
Notes
External links
Official site
Multiple Formats, searchable version available online ( html, XML, opendocument ODF, PDF (landscape, portrait), plaintext, concordance ), SiSU
Free Culture lecture Flash animation, see index for alternatives: https://web.archive.org/web/20071012042349/http://www.eff.org/IP/freeculture/
: Transcript online interview
Lessig Speaks at Swarthmore - Professor Lessig's lecture at Swarthmore College
Collaborative Audio Book
2004 non-fiction books
Books about media bias
Works about the information economy
Economics of intellectual property
Works about intellectual property law
Copyright law literature
Books by Lawrence Lessig
Creative Commons-licensed books |
Frank Bryan Goettge (30 December 1895 – 12 August 1942) was a United States Marine Corps intelligence officer in World War II. He led the ill-fated Goettge Patrol in the early days of the Guadalcanal campaign and was killed during that operation.
Biography
Goettge was born in Canton, Ohio, on 30 December 1895. He enlisted in the Marine Corps during World War I in May 1917, after spending one year at Ohio University. Goettge was commissioned as a first lieutenant in 1918. During World War I, Goettge served with the 5th Marines in the Meuse–Argonne offensive and later served in occupation duty at Segendorf, Germany.
After the war, Goettge served in a number of billets, including the 1st Provisional Brigade in Haiti, and at Headquarters of the Department of the Pacific, in San Francisco and Hawaii. In 1924, Goettge went to Quantico and was later sent to the Marine Detachment in Peking, China. In June 1933, Goettge served aboard the battleship and then was commanding officer of the Marine detachment at Annapolis, Maryland. In June 1941, Goettge was assigned to the 1st Marine Division and remained in that unit as division intelligence officer until his death the following year.
Goettge was known for his prowess on the football field; first at Barberton High School in Ohio, then for several semi-pro football teams and on the Ohio Bobcats freshman football team. Goettge gained national fame playing football for the Quantico Marines. Drawing attention from the NFL, Goettge turned down a contract with the New York Giants.
Goettge Patrol
Prior to the Marine invasion of the Solomon Islands in Operation Watchtower, Goettge, Division G-2 augmented Marine Intelligence when he traveled to Australia spending a week in Melbourne and a few days in Sydney gathering information on the islands from people who lived and worked there. In addition to information gleaned from interviews, Goettge brought eight Australians to where the First Marine Division was forming in Wellington, New Zealand.
The Marines landed on Guadalcanal on 7 August 1942 and within several days rounded up a number of Japanese Navy laborers who had been assigned to construct the airfield at Lunga Point. Most were malnourished and sick from tropical illnesses. A Japanese warrant officer was among the prisoners and, after being plied with alcohol, told the Marines that there were a number of Japanese west of the Matanikau River. These soldiers were reportedly sick, demoralized, and willing to surrender. At about the same time, Marines near the Matanikau perimeter reported seeing a white flag flying from a tree. It is possible that this was actually a normal Japanese flag with the Hinomaru disc insignia obscured.
These reports, as well as several other similar accounts were given to Goettge. He thought that this might be an opportunity to secure much of the island without significant fighting, and he decided to act quickly. He organized a 25 man patrol to land just west of the Matanikau estuary. The plan was to follow the Matanikau upstream, bivouac for a night, then head east back to the Lunga perimeter.
The patrol consisted of Goettge; Japanese translator Lieutenant Ralph Corry; regimental surgeon Lieutenant Commander Malcom Pratt; and a handful of scouts and infantry. Just before the patrol departed on the evening of 12 August, Goettge was informed by Colonel William J. Whaling, the 5th Marine's executive officer, that the Japanese were strongly defending the area between Point Cruz and the mouth of the Matanikau. Whaling suggested a landing west of Point Cruz.
The Goettge Patrol left at dusk on a tank lighter. However, a flare was seen to the east, and the lighter returned to the perimeter, thinking it was a signal to return. The patrol then left for a second time around 21:00. Despite Whaling's warning, the boat headed for an area just to the west of the Matanikau River mouth. Before the patrol reached the beach, the lighter ran aground on a sandbar. The coxswain gunned the motor to free the vessel, and the Marines disembarked on the beach around 22:00.
Unbeknownst to Goettge, the Japanese had heard the sound of the stuck landing craft and began organizing troops on a coral plateau about inland from the Marines. Goettge ordered a defensive perimeter established, then took two men, Captain Ringer and First Sergeant Custer, with him to scout the jungle. Not long after they left the beach, the Japanese opened fire, and Goettge was killed with a shot to the head. Ringer and Custer managed to make it back to the perimeter.
Platoon Sergeant Frank Lowell Few and two Marines went back into the jungle to confirm that Goettge was indeed dead. They found his body and took his watch and insignia, so the Japanese would not be able to identify him as an officer. Over the next nine hours, the patrol lay pinned on the beach. The Japanese maintained fire on the American perimeter, but the Marines were unable to locate the Japanese in the dark jungle. About 30 minutes after landing, Sergeant Arndt was tasked to head out into the ocean and try to swim back to the Lunga perimeter, over to the east. Arndt reached American lines around 05:00, but it was too late to affect the fate of the Goettge Patrol.
During the course of the night, the Japanese picked the Marines off, one by one. The Japanese would occasionally launch a flare to illuminate the beachhead perimeter. However, the Marines were unable to discern the Japanese positions in the moonless night. After some time, Captain Ringer ordered another Marine, Corporal Spaulding, to make a second attempt to get back to American lines. He reached American lines around 07:30.
By dawn, only four members of the patrol were still alive. Captain Ringer decided they stood a better chance in the jungle. As the Marines made their dash off the beach, the Japanese opened fire, cutting down the remaining survivors except for Platoon Sergeant Frank Few. Few managed to reach the trees. He saw a Japanese soldier firing into the corpses of the Marines and decided it would be certain death to remain. Few drew his pistol, killed the soldier, then made a dash into the sea. Few looked back and saw Japanese troops swarming the beach, mutilating the bodies of the dead or wounded but still alive Marines. Few also managed to make it back to friendly lines by swimming approximately through shark-infested waters. Few was the last survivor of the Goettge Patrol. A slightly fictionalized version of the incident is in the movie Guadalcanal Diary. In the film, the patrol is led by a "Captain Cross" and there is only one survivor, though one Marine is shown running along the beach for help.
According to a Marine Corps monograph previous to 21 August, a patrol found Pratt's dispatch case and a cloth with Goettge's name on it; the monograph also claimed no identifiable remains were found. (See Note # 16 at ) However on 18 August a Marine patrol from 3rd Battalion, 5th Marines, made a combat patrol in the same area that the Goettge Patrol was annihilated. They reported seeing remains, but Goettge's body was never found. There are at least five eyewitness reports of finding the remains of the patrol- one from Company "I"/3/5; one from Company "K"/3/5; and three from Company "L"/3/5.
Legacy
The Goettge Fieldhouse aboard Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune is named in his memory.
Notes
Sources
References
Further reading
Hadden, Robert Lee. 2007. "The Geology of Guadalcanal: a Selected Bibliography of the Geology, Natural History, and the History of Guadalcanal." Alexandria, VA: Topographic Engineering Center. 360 pages. Abstract: This bibliography on the geographical, water and geological information of Guadalcanal was begun to fill a request for current information needed for the forensics recovery of the bodies of the US Marines of the Lt Col. Frank B. Goettge Reconnaissance patrol that was ambushed in August 1942. Part I of this report is a bibliography of the geology, geography and natural history of the island. Part II is a bibliography on the history of the island, including accounts of the World War II Battle of Guadalcanal. This bibliography brings together selected citations from a variety of different cartographic, geographical, geological and hydrological resources and a number of specialized library collections. Most of the citations have location information on where these items can be located and either used on site, or borrowed through inter-library loan, or where copies of the items can be purchased from the originating source, or through commercial document delivery services.
1895 births
1942 deaths
United States Marine Corps colonels
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
United States Marine Corps personnel killed in World War II
People from Canton, Ohio
Quantico Marines Devil Dogs football players
United States Marine Corps personnel of World War I |
Steve Naughton is a Australian former professional rugby league footballer who last played for the Yass Magpies in the Canberra Raiders Cup, after five years on the sideline. He last played professionally for the Pia Donkeys in the Elite One Championship in France before making a return with his boyhood club. Naughton previously played with the Sydney Roosters in the National Rugby League as a fullback and halfback. In 2016 he became coach of the Magpies.
Early life
Naughton started playing Rugby League at age five. His junior club was the Yass Magpies.
Playing career
Naughton made his first grade debut in round 10 of the 2011 NRL season against Cronulla. He played two further games for the club. Naughton also played in the NSW Cup for Newtown.
Nickname
During his time as a Toyota Cup, Naughton was affectionately known as "Cheeseburgers". This nickname is believed to have originated at a Sutton Forest Eatery on the trip back from a Toyota Cup match in Sydney.
References
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20110220045529/http://www.sydneyroosters.com.au/
1989 births
Living people
Australian rugby league players
Baroudeurs de Pia XIII players
Rugby league fullbacks
Rugby league halfbacks
Rugby league players from Sydney
Newtown Jets NSW Cup players
Rugby league wingers
Sydney Roosters players |
Sainte-Croix is a suburb of the capital city, Port Louis, in Mauritius, an independent island in the Indian Ocean.
It is most famous for its association with the Roman Catholic beatus , who worked in as a missionary from 1841 until his death in 1864. He is now buried at the Church of , and is thus a place of pilgrimage for Catholics in Mauritius.
References
Port Louis
Port Louis District
Populated places in Mauritius
Catholic pilgrimage sites
Religion in Port Louis |
Laveran is a lunar impact crater located on the lunar far side near the southern pole. The crater is located in between the prominent craters Schrödinger, Zeeman, Ashbrook, and South of De Forest. Laveran was adopted and named after French physician Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran by the IAU in 2009.
References
External links
LAC-144 area – Map of southern lunar pole
Impact craters on the Moon |
Saros cycle series 145 for solar eclipses occurs at the Moon's ascending node, repeating every 18 years, 11 days, containing 77 events. It is currently a young cycle producing total eclipses less than 3 minutes in length. The series started with a partial solar eclipse on January 4, 1639, and reached a first annular eclipse on June 6, 1891. It was a hybrid event on June 17, 1909, and total eclipses from June 29, 1927, through September 9, 2648. The series ends at member 77 as a partial eclipse on April 17, 3009. The longest duration eclipse in the cycle will be member 50 at 7 minutes and 12 seconds in length on June 25, 2522, after which the durations of eclipses will decrease until the end of the cycle. In its central phase it will produce mainly total eclipses (41 of 43 central eclipses). All eclipses in this series occur at the Moon's ascending node.
This solar saros is linked to Lunar Saros 138.
Umbral eclipses
Umbral eclipses (annular, total and hybrid) can be further classified as either: 1) Central (two limits), 2) Central (one limit) or 3) Non-Central (one limit). The statistical distribution of these classes in Saros series 145 appears in the following table.
Events
References
http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEsaros/SEsaros145.html
External links
Saros cycle 145 – Information and visualization
Solar saros series |
John W. Ladenburg Sr. (born September 19, 1949) is an American attorney and politician. Ladenburg was appointed to the Tacoma City Council in 1982 and elected to a full term in 1984. He was elected Pierce County Prosecuting Attorney in 1986, defeating incumbent Bill Griffies. Ladenburg served as Pierce County prosecutor for three terms before becoming the county executive in 2001. He was re-elected County Executive in 2004, terming out November 2008. One of Ladenburg's principal accomplishments in office was spearheading the development of Chambers Bay Golf Course in University Place, a municipal facility that hosted the 2010 United States Amateur and 2015 U.S. Open golf championships.
Ladenburg was born in Leavenworth, Washington. In 1967 he graduated from Stadium High School in Tacoma, Washington. He received a B.A. degree in political science (honors) in 1971 and a J.D. degree in 1974, both from Gonzaga University. After graduation, he began a career as a trial attorney. Ladenburg was involved in several high-profile criminal cases including the Federal Salmon Scam trials and the Pierce County Racketeering trials.
His wife, Connie, served two terms on the Tacoma City Council from 2002-2010, she was elected to the State Legislature in 2010 serving one term and then was elected to the Pierce County Council in 2012. His brother, Barry, was appointed to the Sea-Tac City Council in 2008 and left office in 2010, then was elected to the Council again in 2012. His brother, David Ladenburg, is an elected Municipal Court Judge in Tacoma, serving his third term.
As County Executive, Ladenburg advocated for converting a gravel pit into what is now Chambers Bay. He is also considered largely responsible for bringing the U.S._Open_(golf) to the site in 2015.
In 2009 Ladenburg returned to private practice. He is Of Counsel at the law firm Ladenburg Law Injury Attorneys in Tacoma. He practices personal injury law with his two sons, John Ladenburg, Jr. and Erik Ladenburg.
References
1949 births
Living people
County executives in Washington (state)
Washington (state) Democrats
Gonzaga University alumni
People from Leavenworth, Washington
Politicians from Tacoma, Washington |
Kalikino () is a rural locality (a village) in Tregubovskoye Rural Settlement, Velikoustyugsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 22 as of 2002. There are 6 streets.
Geography
Kalikino is located 10 km southwest of Veliky Ustyug (the district's administrative centre) by road. Zaozerye is the nearest rural locality.
References
Rural localities in Velikoustyugsky District |
The Voice is an American singing reality competition television series broadcast on NBC. It premiered during the spring television cycle on April 26, 2011. Based on the original The Voice of Holland and part of the Voice franchise, it has aired 23 seasons and aims to find unsigned singing talent (solo or duets, professional and amateur) contested by aspiring singers drawn from public auditions. Singers must be at least thirteen years of age to compete.
The winner is determined by television viewers voting by telephone, internet, SMS text, and iTunes Store purchases of the audio-recorded artists' vocal performances. They receive US$100,000 and a record deal with Universal Music Group for winning the competition. The winners of the twenty-three seasons have been: Javier Colon, Jermaine Paul, Cassadee Pope, Danielle Bradbery, Tessanne Chin, Josh Kaufman, Craig Wayne Boyd, Sawyer Fredericks, Jordan Smith, Alisan Porter, Sundance Head, Chris Blue, Chloe Kohanski, Brynn Cartelli, Chevel Shepherd, Maelyn Jarmon, Jake Hoot, Todd Tilghman, Carter Rubin, Cam Anthony, Girl Named Tom, Bryce Leatherwood, and Gina Miles. Notable contestants who did not win but went on to have success on the Billboard charts afterwards include Morgan Wallen, Melanie Martinez, Libianca, Christina Grimmie, Loren Allred, Nicolle Galyon, Koryn Hawthorne and Fousheé.
The series employs a panel of four coaches who critique the artists' performances and guide their teams of selected artists through the remainder of the season. They also compete to ensure that their act wins the competition, thus making them the winning coach. The original panel featured Christina Aguilera, CeeLo Green, Adam Levine, and Blake Shelton; the panel for the current twenty-fourth season features Gwen Stefani, John Legend, Niall Horan, and Reba McEntire. Other coaches from previous seasons include Shakira, Usher, Pharrell Williams, Miley Cyrus, Alicia Keys, Kelly Clarkson, Jennifer Hudson, Nick Jonas, Ariana Grande, Camila Cabello and Chance the Rapper. In the fifteenth season, Kelsea Ballerini was featured as an off-screen fifth coach for "Comeback Stage" contestants. Bebe Rexha took over as the "Comeback Stage" coach for the sixteenth season.
Concept
An adaptation of the Dutch show The Voice of Holland, NBC announced the show under the name The Voice of America in December 2010; its name was soon shortened to The Voice due the association of the former name with a popular US news and radio broadcaster. Notably, the American edition of the series is the only one in the franchise that does not feature its country's name. In each season, the winner receives $100,000 and a record deal with Universal Republic Records (seasons 1 and 2) or later Universal Music Group (season 3–present).
Selection process and format
Each season begins with the "Blind Auditions", where coaches form their team of artists whom they mentor through the remainder of the season. The number of artists varies per season, with a set range between 8 and 16 artists. The coaches' chairs are faced towards the audience during artists' performances; those interested in an artist press their button, which turns their chair towards the artist and illuminates the bottom of the chair to read "I want you." At the conclusion of the performance, an artist either defaults to the only coach who turned around or selects their coach if more than one coach expresses interest. Introduced in the 14th season is "Block", which allows one coach to block another coach from getting a contestant.
In the "Battle Rounds", each coach pairs two of their team members to perform together, then chooses one to advance in the competition. Each coach are assisted by different celebrity advisors varies each season. In season one, coaches sit alongside their respective advisors in the battle stage; however, the advisors no longer join the coaches in the battle stage starting season two. In season 23, there are no advisors and its coach assumed the duties for advising the artists alone. Season three introduced "steals", allowing each coach to save/select individuals who were eliminated during a battle round by another coach. First seen in the eighth season, artists are either given a walkover or is reassigned to a three-way battle in the event of another artist withdrawing from the competition if each coach sees fit. Saves were also added starting Season 14, which lets a coach prevent someone that they eliminated on their team from going home; in Season 23, Saves are replaced with "Playoff Pass" (based on the Battle Pass from the Australian version) which allow one artist to exempt them from participating in the Knockouts and directly advance to the Playoffs (the other artist advancing to the Knockouts as usual).
The Knockout Rounds were also introduced in season three (except for seasons six and sixteen). A pair of artists within a team are selected to sing individual performances in succession. They are not told until a few minutes prior to their performances who their partner is. The artists get to choose their own songs in this round, although they continue to get help and advice from their respective coaches, and since season six, a celebrity advisor serving as a mega mentor (except seasons 14 and 22). At the conclusion of the performances, coaches would decide which one of each pair gets to advance to the next round. Similar to the battle rounds, the coaches can steal one eliminated artist from another coach starting with season five. Starting in season 14, coaches can save one eliminated artist from their own team. From season 18 till 20, artists who were saved faced a Four-Way Knockout, with the winner decided through a public vote.
The "Battles, Round 2" were introduced to replace the Knockout Rounds in season six. Similar to the Knockout Rounds, each singer is paired within their team. One celebrity key adviser also assists all four of the coaches and their teams in preparation of these rounds. Coaches give each Battle pairing a list of songs and each pair must agree on which song to sing. Like the first Battle round, each coach can still decide which of their singers in each pair will advance to the next round, and also allowed one steal.
In the sixteenth season, the knockouts were replaced by The Live Cross Battles, a format identical to the Cross Battles from the Chinese version of The Voice. Each coach selects an artist to perform with another coach's artist together. The artist that receives the public vote will move on to the Playoffs, while the losing artist may be eliminated from the competition. The Live Cross Battles did not return in season seventeen due to poor reception.
Previously eliminated artists can also advance to compete in the live shows; between seasons nine and thirteen (except season 11), each coach saved one artist (from either the Battle or Knockout rounds) to put through to the Live Playoffs. For seasons 15, 16 and 20, selected singers (prior to the Live elimination rounds) are put through to the "Comeback Stage" (which would be mentored by a fifth coach) and competed in a series of duels for a place in the live shows, with the winner earning a right to join a team of their choice. Season 21 added "Voice Comeback" where each coach picked one artist to compete in a Twitter poll, and only one artist with the most votes moves on.
In the final live performance phase of the competition (playoffs and elimination rounds), artists perform in weekly shows, where public voting narrows to a final group of artists and eventually declares a winner.
Under the current format since season three in favor on a more competitive standard previously seen on other similar reality shows, any artists, regardless of each team, who earned the lowest number of votes were progressively eliminated each week until five artists remain (three until season 6, then four prior to season 17), hence introducing a possibility where at least one coach would not represent a single artist in the finale.
Prior to season three, the coaches have the power to save one artist that had not received the public's vote that week, and as of season two, "last chance performance" are added where artists performed an additional song to vie for their coach's save, or other twists employed such as "instant elimination", where an artist faced immediate elimination without going through a public vote. However, in deciding who moves on to the final four phase, the television audience and the coaches have equal say. With one team member remaining for each coach, the contestants compete against each other in the finale, where the outcome is decided solely by public vote. Season 18-20 temporarily reverted this format allowing each coach to guarantee at least one artist advancing in the finale to accommodate the short number of live shows at three weeks, but these changes were reversed on Season 21 by reverting to the regular elimination format while retaining the top five finalists.
Voting system
In a first for a music competition series, NBC and Universal Republic Records offered fans of the show the ability to vote for their favorite artists by purchasing the studio versions of the songs that they perform on the live show each week via the iTunes Store. Alternative methods of voting can be done through toll-free phone calls (until season 8), text messaging, "The Voice Official App on NBC" app, and online votes via NBC.com and Facebook. Each method is limited to ten votes per user, and voting lasts until noon EST the next day.
From the top 12 results show of season 3 to the end of season 17, a rule regarding voting was enacted with regard to iTunes singles purchases. In the first two seasons, voting via iTunes purchases of contestant performances counted singly during the official voting window and only accredited to the live show in concern. When a competitor's performance peaked within the Top 10 of the iTunes "Top 200 Singles Chart" during this window, it was given an iTunes bonus that multiplies iTunes votes made by ten. In season 5, the iTunes bonus multiplier was reduced to five for the studio versions of the songs performed by the competitors. The finale's vote count included a 'Cumulative iTunes Vote Total' of all singles (from the live shows onwards) purchased during and outside of the various voting windows, with iTunes bonuses previously earned. Between seasons 15 and 17, the bonus multiplier was revised to include streams counting as a vote, and the only artist with the most streams after the voting window ended would receive the bonus. The iTunes bonus multiplier was discontinued beginning with the live shows of season 18, as the performances are now recorded away from the studios and could not be recorded to iTunes or Spotify; this measure was initially enacted for safety reasons as a result of the COVID-19 outbreak. In season 19, studio performances are now recorded on YouTube Music, replacing the traditional iTunes and Spotify recordings that were done between the seasons 2–17, but this was changed back beginning season 20, though bonuses do not apply regardless if the song charted within the top 10 or not. Season 22 was the first season to not have any studio performances released on any platform overall.
Only the studio recording of the contestants' performances, not the live performance, were available on iTunes. In the first season, the battle rounds were recorded in the studio with both artists in the pairing. However, from season 2 to season 18, only the winner's version of the song from the battle round was released. Season 7 reverted to the old style of both artists. With the introduction of the Knockout Rounds in season three, where each contestant sang a separate song, only the winner's single was released.
The "Instant Save" was introduced in season five. During the live elimination episodes, viewers are given a five-minute window to vote for the contestants at risk of elimination by using their Twitter account (and since season 17, the official app) to decide which contestant will move on to the next show, starting with the Top 13. Home viewers can only vote once per account for one contestant of their choice. Since season six, the instant saves now function as a last-chance performance where artists perform an additional song to rally votes.
Coaches and hosts
Coaches
CeeLo Green of Gnarls Barkley and Adam Levine of Maroon 5 became the first confirmed coaches in February 2011, followed by Christina Aguilera and Blake Shelton in March. Aguilera and Green did not return for season four and were replaced by Shakira and Usher. Aguilera and Green then returned for season five, while Shakira and Usher returned for season six. In an interview with Ellen DeGeneres in February 2014, Green revealed that he would not be returning to The Voice. On March 31, 2014, it was announced that Pharrell Williams would become Green's replacement. On April 19, 2014, it was announced that No Doubt's Gwen Stefani would replace Aguilera in season seven due to her pregnancy. On May 20, 2014, Shakira and Usher confirmed that after season six, they would focus on their music. On March 25, 2016, Miley Cyrus confirmed that following her role as key advisor during the tenth season that she would be joining the series once again in its eleventh season as a coach. That same day, Alicia Keys was also announced to be joining the series as a coach for the eleventh season. On October 18, 2016, it was announced that Stefani would re-join the coaches' panel for the series' twelfth season, alongside returning coaches Keys, Levine and Shelton; it was also confirmed that Cyrus would return for the thirteenth season.
On April 27, 2017, in an interview published by TV Insider, Keys confirmed that the twelfth season would be her last. She stated, "Who knows what the future holds, but I know this one is my final season." On May 10, 2017, NBC announced that Jennifer Hudson would join the coaches lineup for the series' thirteenth season alongside Cyrus, Levine and Shelton. On May 11, 2017, it was announced that Kelly Clarkson would be a coach in season fourteen in 2018. On October 18, 2017, NBC announced that Alicia Keys would return to the series for the 14th season. On May 10, 2018, it was announced that Hudson would return for the series' fifteenth season after a one-season hiatus joining Clarkson, Levine, and Shelton. Kelsea Ballerini also joined season fifteen as the fifth coach for the Comeback Stage of the competition. On September 13, 2018, John Legend was announced as a coach for the show's sixteenth season, alongside returning coaches Clarkson, Levine and Shelton.
On February 25, 2019, it was announced that Bebe Rexha will be the fifth coach for the season 16 Comeback Stage. In May 2019, it was announced that all four coaches from the same sixteenth season would return for the series' seventeenth season. Later that month, it was announced that Levine would exit the series; Stefani was announced to be returning to the coaching panel as his successor. In October 2019, it was announced that Nick Jonas would join the show as a coach for its eighteenth season, alongside returning coaches Shelton, Clarkson and Legend. In June 2020, it was announced that Stefani would be returning to the coaching panel, replacing Jonas, for the nineteenth season, alongside returning coaches Shelton, Clarkson and Legend. In November of the same year, it was announced Stefani would again depart the coaching panel ahead of its twentieth season, and would be replaced by a returning Jonas. In March 2021, it was announced Ariana Grande would replace Jonas for season twenty-one alongside returning coaches Clarkson, Legend and Shelton. In May 2022, it was announced that Stefani would be returning to the coaching panel for season twenty-two alongside returning coaches Legend and Shelton. It was later confirmed that Clarkson would also not be returning to the series in 2022, while Camila Cabello would enter the coaching panel as a new coach. On October 11, 2022, it was confirmed that Shelton and Clarkson would be returning for season 23, along with new coaches Chance the Rapper and Niall Horan. It was also announced that Shelton would leave the show after season 23. On May 12, 2023, NBC announced the show would return for a 24th season in fall of the same year. The following day, it was announced that Reba McEntire would join the panel, alongside returning coaches Horan, Legend and Stefani. On June 21, 2023, NBC announced that the show would return for a 25th season which will be released in the spring of 2024. For the first time in the history of the show, a double chair will be presented. The following day, it was announced that Dan + Shay would join the panel as the first duo coach on the American version, with returning coaches Legend, Chance the Rapper, and McEntire.
Gallery
Timeline
Line-up
Hosts
Carson Daly has hosted the series since the inaugural season. Alison Haislip served as the original "backstage, online and social media correspondent" and was replaced by Christina Milian. Milian did not return for season five, at which point Daly assumed the duties as the social media correspondent.
Coaches' advisors
Battle round advisors are listed first; additional advisors and their roles are denoted by superscripts.
Coaches' teams
Series overview
Warning: the following table presents a significant amount of different colors.
Coaches Results
Considering the final placement of the contestants who are members of their team (not the final placement of the coaches):
Reception
A study in 2023 ranked The Voice as the most popular competition show in the United States. Previously in 2016, a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that The Voice "is most popular in North Dakota and least popular in New York. It was behind only Duck Dynasty and Fast N' Loud in its correlation with Trump voters".
Awards and nominations
Ratings
The first season premiered strong at 11.78 million viewers and actually grew upon that audience through its first season. In the 18–49 demographic, the show constantly found itself in the top 5. For its average season rating, the show landed itself as no. 20 with total viewers at nearly 12 million viewers. In the 18–49 rankings, the show was no. 4 at a 5.4 ranking.
The second season premiered on Super Bowl Sunday, February 5, 2012, and for a while managed to keep a 6.0 in the adults 18–49 demographic and 17 million viewers. Partnering The Voice with Smash (NBC's musical drama) helped NBC win the Monday night ratings. However, by Monday, April 9, the ratings had fallen to a 4.0 rating in the adult 18–49 demographic.
The third season premiered on Monday, September 10, 2012, to 12.28 million viewers and a 4.2 rating in the 18–49 demographic and has since then grown to a season-high 4.8 rating in the 18–49 demographic on October 8, October 15 and 29, 2012 and a 4.9 rating in the finale. The Voice, along with NBC's new drama, Revolution has once again led NBC to win every Monday night of the season so far, just like it did last season. On Tuesdays, comedies Go On and The New Normal has been successful thanks to The Voice, leading NBC to be the only network of the Big 5 to grow in ratings from last season.
Each U.S. network television season starts in late September and ends in late May, which coincides with the completion of May sweeps.
† Including an episode that aired after a live broadcast of the Super Bowl:
10:19–10:30 = 46.786 million viewers (retention: 76.68% – football game itself reached a peak of 118.355 million viewers)
10:30–10:45 = 39.494 million viewers
10:45–11:00 = 36.310 million viewers
11:00–11:15 = 32.630 million viewers
11:15–11:21 = 31.792 million viewers
Video game
The Voice: I Want You is a video game based on the television show. It was released on PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Wii, and Wii U on October 21, 2014, and was published by Activision. The game includes a microphone and has songs from the show including songs performed by the coaches.
Broadcast
The Voice is broadcast on the NBC network in the United States. The show premiered in Canada on April 26, 2011, on CTV. In Asia, the series began airing on August 21, 2011, on AXN and was transferred to Star World (now Fox Life) starting in Season 11 until cessation of transmission on October 1, 2021. It premiered in New Zealand on July 16, 2011, on TV2, in Australia on August 9, 2011, on Go!, in South Africa on October 5, 2011, on SABC 3, and on March 31, 2012, in the Philippines on Studio 23 (now S+A). On May 22, 2019, it premiered in Germany on sixx starting Season 14.
References
External links
2010s American reality television series
2011 American television series debuts
American music television series
English-language television shows
Music competitions in the United States
NBC original programming
Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Reality Program winners
Primetime Emmy Award-winning television series
Super Bowl lead-out shows
Television series by Warner Horizon Television
Television series by MGM Television
American live television series |
GPCR neuropeptide receptors are G-protein coupled receptors which bind various neuropeptides. Members include:
Neuropeptide B/W receptor
NPBWR1
NPBWR2
Neuropeptide FF receptor
NPFFR1
NPFFR2
Neuropeptide S receptor
NPSR1
Neuropeptide Y receptor
Y1 - NPY1R
Y2 - NPY2R
Y4 - PPYR1
Y5 - NPY5R
References
External links
G protein-coupled receptors |
Country-Folk is a studio album by American country music artist Waylon Jennings featuring the Kimberlys on vocals. It was released in 1969 on RCA Victor.
Background
On Country-Folk, Jennings worked with producer Danny Davis, a New York City veteran who had produced Connie Francis and Nina Simone. RCA Victor executive Chet Atkins, who also produced Jennings' albums, had called Waylon's 1966 debut Folk-Country in an attempt to market the singer to this new, younger audience, and this idea continued on Country-Folk. Jennings, who was unhappy with the sound of his records at RCA Victor despite decent sales, butted heads with his new producer. In Michael Striessguth's book Outlaw: Waylon, Willie, Kris, and the Renegades of Nashville, Jennings guitarist Billy Ray Reynolds recalls, "Waylon liked Danny but the chemistry wasn't there. He [Davis] was a good guy but he had a little bit more of a New York attitude than Waylon was used to. They do things a little differently up there. They don't pull their punches." in his own memoir, Jennings agreed:
Chet had decided to leave producing and return to playing music, and he put me with Danny Davis. He couldn't have made a worse choice. We were like oil and water. I've always had a tendency to treat people right, with respect and honor. But I came pretty close to putting my hands around Danny's throat on more than one occasion, and I suspect he didn't like me much either...Danny didn't care what I was about; in his eyes, the producer was there to control the artist.
The Kimberlys were a quartet consisting of two brothers from Oklahoma and their wives, who are also sisters. The liner notes state that they were familiar to other musicians in the Las Vegas area. Jennings intended to gain for them a wider audience with this album. Three of the songs on the album are written or co-written by Harold Gay, one of the members. The album is best remembered for its version of Jimmy Webb's "MacArthur Park," which rose to #23 on the Billboard country charts and won a Grammy for Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group. In his autobiography, Jennings insisted he had a vision for the song from the start: "Danny and I got into it a couple of times over the arrangement. I knew exactly what I wanted the strings to do; I had to hum the parts. He probably had his own ideas. But the single got into the Top Twenty Five that fall...By then, everybody was more than happy to claim it was their idea."
Jennings also speculated that him broaching the idea of covering the song was when Chet Atkins "thought I was too far gone and turned me over to Danny."
Critical reception
Country-Folk reached #13 on the Billboard country charts. In 2013 author Michael Streissguth noted, "To say the least, it was an unusual outing that spouted from Waylon's romance with Verna Gay Kimberly...Nothing recorded before or after in Waylon's discography sounded like this album. Monstrous orchestral arrangements alternated with a cherry folk that echoed the Seekers...Despite the Grammy, the album soon receded into country music trivia."
Track listing
References
Bibliography
Waylon Jennings albums
1969 albums
RCA Victor albums
Albums produced by Chet Atkins |
Chloe MacCombe (; born 24 May 1995) is a Northern Irish paratriathlete.
Chloe is one of a pair of twins, along with Judith MacCombe, with visual impairment due to albinism; both compete as paratriathletes.
Chloe won a silver medal at the 2022 Commonwealth Games in the women's paratriathlon, with Catherine A. Sands as her sighted guide.
References
1995 births
Living people
Irish female triathletes
Paratriathletes
Commonwealth Games medallists in triathlon
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for Northern Ireland
Triathletes at the 2022 Commonwealth Games
Medallists at the 2022 Commonwealth Games
Competitors in athletics with a visual impairment
People with albinism
Twins from Northern Ireland
Athletes from County Londonderry
Triathletes from Northern Ireland
21st-century Irish women
Commonwealth Games competitors for Northern Ireland |
Hugh Joseph McDermott is an electronics engineer with the Bionic Ear Institute of the University of Melbourne in East Melbourne, Australia. McDermott was named a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in 2012 for his contributions to improved sound processing techniques for cochlear implants and hearing aids.
References
External links
https://patents.google.com/patent/CA2361544C/en_2
https://patents.google.com/patent/EP1172020A4
https://patents.google.com/patent/EP1532841A1/fr
https://scholar.google.com.au/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=%22Hugh+Joseph+McDermott%22&btnG=
Fellow Members of the IEEE
Living people
Australian computer scientists
Year of birth missing (living people) |
Richard Boyle was an American football player and coach. He served as the head football coach (1939–1941, 1946–1949) and head baseball coach (1950–1958) at San Francisco State University.
Boyle played college football at Saint Mary's College of California, where he was instrumental in the 1930 Saint Mary's Gaels football team's upset of Eastern powerhouse Fordham.
Head coaching record
Football
References
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
American football halfbacks
Saint Mary's Gaels football players
San Francisco State Gators football coaches
San Francisco State Gators baseball coaches |
Main Bhi Chowkidar (, ) is a Hindi slogan used by the Bharatiya Janata Party in its campaign for the 2019 Indian general election. The slogan was coined by the BJP's prime ministerial candidate Narendra Modi as a counter-slogan against the Indian National Congress leader Rahul Gandhi. It was awarded EFFIE Silver Award 2020 in the category of Government, Institutions and Recruitments. Millions of BJP members changed their DPs (display pictures) and profiles to show their solidarity with Modi.
History
On 14 March 2019, Modi responded to the jibe of Chowkidar Chor Hai coined by Rahul Gandhi by launching a campaign with the slogan "Main Bhi Chowkidar" for his supporters, implying that everyone is a fighter against corruption and social evils. Modi even changed the name of his official Twitter handle titled 'Narendra Modi' to 'Chowkidar Narendra Modi'. The slogan came under considerable ridicule from opposition, who labeled it as a "new drama".
In a coordinated campaign, party leaders of the BJP, including party president Amit Shah, Chief ministers and other Union Ministers changed their Twitter profile names by adding a prefix "Chowkidar". Eventually, lacs of NDA supporters also changed their names accordingly. Modi addressed a large group of watchmen on audio link as part of the campaign.
Congress party criticized BJP's election slogan with Rahul Gandhi stating that the truth cannot change since Chowkidar Chor Hai. The chief spokesperson of Congress, Randeep Surjewala, responded to Modi's slogan and accused Modi of being the "only chowkidar who is a thief". Congress social media team responded with the slogan "Main Bhi Berozgar" (I too am jobless) to highlight the problem of unemployment under the Modi government and to counter Main Bhi Chowkidar campaign.
Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) chief Arvind Kejriwal stated that Modi wants the entire country to become chowkidar , people who want their children to become watchmen should vote for Modi while those looking for good education for the children to become doctor, engineer or lawyer should vote for him.
Main Bhi Chowkidar is considered more impactful than Chowkidar Chor Hai campaign.
For 2020 Bihar Elections, Nitish Kumar modelled his campaign main bhi Nitish Kumar( I too am Nitish Kumar) after it.
See also
Bharatiya Janata Party campaign for the 2019 Indian general election
2019 Indian general election
Chowkidar Chor Hai
References
2019 Indian general election
Indian political slogans
Bharatiya Janata Party campaigns
Indian general election campaigns
Narendra Modi
Rahul Gandhi
Indian National Congress campaigns
Hindi words and phrases |
Badhamiopsis is a genus of fungi belonging to the family Physaraceae.
The species of this genus are found in Europe and America.
Species:
Badhamiopsis ainoae
Badhamiopsis cavifera
Badhamiopsis nucleata
References
Myxogastria
Amoebozoa genera |
The 2001 Insurrextion was the second annual Insurrextion professional wrestling pay-per-view event produced by the American promotion, World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE). It took place on May 5, 2001, at the Earls Court Exhibition Centre in London, England and was broadcast exclusively in the United Kingdom. It was the final Insurrextion produced before the promotion introduced the brand extension in March 2002.
Production
Background
In 2000, the American professional wrestling promotion World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE) held a United Kingdom-exclusive pay-per-view (PPV) titled Insurrextion. The following year, a second Insurrextion PPV was announced to be held on May 5, 2001, at the Earls Court Exhibition Centre in London, England, the same venue as the first event, thus establishing Insurrextion as an annual UK PPV for the promotion.
Storylines
The event featured seven professional wrestling matches and two pre-show matches that involved different wrestlers from pre-existing scripted feuds and storylines. Wrestlers portrayed villains, heroes, or less distinguishable characters in the scripted events that built tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches.
Aftermath
The 2001 Insurrextion was the final Insurrextion produced before the promotion introduced the brand extension in March 2002, which divided the roster into two separate brands, Raw and SmackDown!, where wrestlers were exclusively assigned to perform. The following year's event was subsequently a Raw-exclusive show.
Results
(*) Since Undertaker pinned Triple H, he did not win the title
Other on-screen talent
See also
Professional wrestling in the United Kingdom
References
2001 WWF pay-per-view events
2001 in England
Events in London
Professional wrestling in England
WWE Insurrextion
May 2001 events in the United Kingdom |
Scampolo is a 1928 German silent comedy film directed by Augusto Genina and starring Carmen Boni, Livio Pavanelli and Hans Junkermann. The film featured an early appearance from the future star Anna Magnani. The story of Scampolo, a fictional street child from Rome, has been made into several films.
It was made by the Berlin-based production company Nero Film. The film's sets were designed by the art directors Otto Erdmann and Hans Sohnle.
Cast
Carmen Boni as Scampolo, römisches Bettelmädchen
Livio Pavanelli as Tito Sacchi, Ingenieur
Hans Junkermann as Bertini, sein Freund
Lya Christy as Lia Bertini, seine Frau
Carla Bartheel as Franka
Max Schreck as Ein Kellner
Carl Goetz as Professor Giglioli
Karl Platen as Hotelportier
Mary Kid
Anna Magnani
See also
Scampolo (1932)
Scampolo (1958)
References
Bibliography
Teresa Viziano Fenzi & Gastone Bosio. Anna Magnani: una voce umana. Titivillus, 2008.
External links
1928 films
Films of the Weimar Republic
German silent feature films
1928 comedy films
Films directed by Augusto Genina
Films set in Rome
Films produced by Seymour Nebenzal
National Film films
German black-and-white films
1920s German-language films
Silent German comedy films
1920s German films |
Uwe Weidemann (born 14 June 1963) is an East German former professional footballer who played as an attacking midfielder. He later became a coach, last managing VfR Fischeln.
He appeared in 196 top-flight matches in East and the reunified Germany.
Weidemann collected ten caps for the East Germany national team between 1985 and 1990.
Honours
Schalke 04
Bundesliga: third place 1995–96
UEFA Cup: 1996–97
References
External links
1963 births
Living people
People from Weißensee, Thuringia
People from Bezirk Erfurt
German men's footballers
East German men's footballers
Footballers from Thuringia
Men's association football midfielders
East Germany men's international footballers
DDR-Oberliga players
Bundesliga players
FC Rot-Weiß Erfurt players
1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig players
1. FC Nürnberg players
SV Waldhof Mannheim players
MSV Duisburg players
FC Schalke 04 players
Hertha BSC players
Fortuna Düsseldorf players
FC Gütersloh players
UEFA Cup winning players
German football managers
Fortuna Düsseldorf managers
KFC Uerdingen 05 managers |
Professor Günter Blöschl (born 11 July 1961) is an Austrian hydrologist, engineer and academic.
In 2020, Blöschl was elected as a member of the US National Academy of Engineering for international leadership in the prediction and management of extreme hydrological events.
Education
Günter Blöschl holds a Diploma (Dipl.-Ing.) in Civil Engineering (1985), a Ph.D. in Hydrology (1990), and a Senior Doctorate (Habilitation) in Hydrology (1997), all from the Vienna University of Technology.
Career and research
Blöschl was an assistant professor (1985–1992, 1994–1997) at the Vienna University of Technology. During that time, he was a research fellow at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (1989), a visiting fellow at the University of Melbourne (1992–1993, 1997), and a research fellow at the Australian National University, Canberra (1992–1994). In 1997, he was appointed associate professor of Hydrology and in 2007 full professor and chair of Hydrology and Water Resources Management at the Vienna University of Technology. Since 2012 he has been the Head of the Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management at Vienna University of Technology. In 2014 he was appointed advisory professor at Hohai University, Nanjing, and a distinguished visiting professor at Tsinghua University, Beijing in 2017.
Blöschl chairs the Scientific Advisory Council of the German Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG) and has been chair of the Predictions in Ungauged Basins (PUB) initiative of the International Association Hydrological Sciences whose Synthesis book he has edited. From 2013 to 2015 he was president of the European Geosciences Union. For 2017-2021 he is the president of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences. He was editor of the American Geophysical Union’s journal Water Resources Research. He has been a member of the Progetto Firenze 2016 International Advisory Board that provided strategic advice on flood-proofing for the city of Florence after the devastating 1966 flood.
His main research interests are in hydrology and water resource management and in particular understanding and predicting floods. An ERC Advanced Grant on ‘Deciphering River Flood Change’ was awarded to him. Using this grant, he demonstrated the role of climate change in increasing flood risk at the European scale which he published in Science Magazine 2017 and in Nature 2019. He is currently leading the HORA 3.0 project where flood risk is mapped for of Austrian streams. As the director of the Vienna Doctoral Programme on Water Resource Systems, which is funded by the Austrian Science Fund, Blöschl is coordinating interdisciplinary water research. He is also directing the Hydrology Open Air Laboratory (HOAL) where detailed field observations are performed to understand water and matter fluxes in the landscape.
Throughout his career, Günter Blöschl has been a strong advocate of bridging the gap between understanding fundamental processes and the practice of water resources management.
He has published about 300 peer-reviewed papers and several books.
Awards and honours
Blöschl is an international member of the Academy of Sciences of the Institute of Bologna (2017) and the National Academy of Engineering (2020).
He received the Robert E. Horton Medal from the American Geophysical Union (AGU) in 2015, became a Corresponding Member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (ÖAW) in 2014, received the Helmholtz International Fellow Award of the Helmholtz Association, Germany in 2014, and the International Hydrology Prize from the IAHS in 2013. He was named Boussinesq Lecturer of the Royal Academy of Sciences, the Netherlands in 2013. He also is an ERC Advanced Grant Laureate, and was named Leonardo Lecturer: EGU in 2011. He received the Creativity Prize of the Prince Sultan Bin Abdulaziz International Prize for Water in 2018 and the John Dalton Medal from the European Geophysical Union in 2019.
Blöschl is a member of the German Academy of Science and Engineering (Acatech) (2010), and has been a fellow of the American Geophysical Union (AGU) since 2006, and the International Water Academy, Norway since 2003.
References
External links
1961 births
Living people
Hydrologists
TU Wien alumni
Academic staff of TU Wien |
```smalltalk
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Threading;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;
using Volo.Abp.EventBus.Distributed;
using Volo.Abp.Uow;
namespace Volo.Abp.EntityFrameworkCore.DistributedEvents;
public class DbContextEventOutbox<TDbContext> : IDbContextEventOutbox<TDbContext>
where TDbContext : IHasEventOutbox
{
protected IDbContextProvider<TDbContext> DbContextProvider { get; }
public DbContextEventOutbox(
IDbContextProvider<TDbContext> dbContextProvider)
{
DbContextProvider = dbContextProvider;
}
[UnitOfWork]
public virtual async Task EnqueueAsync(OutgoingEventInfo outgoingEvent)
{
var dbContext = (IHasEventOutbox)await DbContextProvider.GetDbContextAsync();
dbContext.OutgoingEvents.Add(new OutgoingEventRecord(outgoingEvent));
}
[UnitOfWork]
public virtual async Task<List<OutgoingEventInfo>> GetWaitingEventsAsync(int maxCount, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
{
var dbContext = (IHasEventOutbox)await DbContextProvider.GetDbContextAsync();
var outgoingEventRecords = await dbContext
.OutgoingEvents
.AsNoTracking()
.OrderBy(x => x.CreationTime)
.Take(maxCount)
.ToListAsync(cancellationToken: cancellationToken);
return outgoingEventRecords
.Select(x => x.ToOutgoingEventInfo())
.ToList();
}
[UnitOfWork]
public virtual async Task DeleteAsync(Guid id)
{
var dbContext = (IHasEventOutbox)await DbContextProvider.GetDbContextAsync();
await dbContext.OutgoingEvents.Where(x => x.Id == id).ExecuteDeleteAsync();
}
[UnitOfWork]
public virtual async Task DeleteManyAsync(IEnumerable<Guid> ids)
{
var dbContext = (IHasEventOutbox)await DbContextProvider.GetDbContextAsync();
await dbContext.OutgoingEvents.Where(x => ids.Contains(x.Id)).ExecuteDeleteAsync();
}
}
``` |
Plants
Conifers
Flowering plants
Arthropods
Insects
Sauropterygians
New taxa
Vertebrates
Expeditions, field work, and fossil discoveries
Charles Gilmore returned to prospect for fossils in the Two Medicine Formation.
Institutions and organizations
The Calgary Public Museum of Alberta, Canada closed due to financial problems triggered by the Great Depression. By this point the museum had accumulated roughly 7500 different items of both natural and man-made origin. The collections were stored in another Calgary building called the Coste House.
References
1930s in paleontology
Paleontology 5 |
The Black EP is an EP by American rock band Interpol, released in August 2003 by EMI Records. It includes "Say Hello to the Angels" (taken from their debut album, Turn on the Bright Lights), a demo version of "NYC", and four live recordings from the Black Sessions recorded on French radio station Radio France.
Track listing
"Say Hello to the Angels" – 4:27
"NYC (Demo)" – 4:28
"Obstacle 1 (Black Session)" – 4:18
"Specialist (Black Session)" – 6:33
"Leif Erikson (Black Session)" – 3:55
"PDA (Black Session)" – 5:19
Personnel
Paul Banks – vocals, guitar
Daniel Kessler – guitar
Sam Fogarino – drums
Carlos Dengler – bass guitar, keyboards on tracks 1 and 2
Eric Altesleben - keyboards and backing vocals on tracks 3, 4, 5 and 6
Releases
References
Interpol (band) EPs
2003 EPs |
Hana Janků (25 October 1940 – 28 April 1995) was a Czech operatic soprano.
Life and career
Born in Brno, Janků studied with Jaroslav Kvapil in her home city before making her professional opera début at the Brno Opera in Vítězslav Novák's Lucerna. She became a principal singer at the Opéra national du Rhin and the Deutsche Oper am Rhein. She made her La Scala début in 1967 and at the Deutsche Oper Berlin in 1970. She made her debut at the Royal Opera, London in 1973 as Tosca. She also worked as a guest artist with several other major opera houses, including the Vienna State Opera, the Hamburg State Opera, the San Francisco Opera and the Teatro Colón. She was particularly admired for her portrayal of the title role in Giacomo Puccini's Turandot and Tosca. She died in Vienna on 28 April 1995.
References
External links
Katalog vědecké knihovny v Olomouci
Článek ke 230 letům milánské La Scaly
Z historie festivalu Smetanova Litomyšl
Jeden z největších poválečných talentů. Hana Janků v operním recitálu na CD
1940 births
1995 deaths
Czech operatic sopranos
Musicians from Brno
20th-century Czech women opera singers
Czechoslovak women opera singers |
The greater ancient Near East (including Egypt) offers some of the oldest evidence of the existence of international relations, since it was there that states first developed (the city-states and empires of Mesopotamia, the Levant, and Egypt) around the 4th millennium B.C.E. Almost 3000 years of the evolution of diplomatic relations are thus visible in sources from the ancient Near East. However, because only certain periods are well documented within that timespan, there remain many gaps in the modern study of diplomacy in this era.
Evolution of diplomatic relations
The diplomatic relations of the ancient Near East are known only in a fragmented fashion. A limited number of texts allow us to understand relatively well the contemporary diplomatic practices of certain decades, spread out across more than two millennia and large geographical distances. Long periods with little or no documentation are broken up by brief periods of abundant documentation. However, this does not prevent us from understanding the broad threads and general trends in the evolution of international relations, for it follows the evolution of politics itself, which is known in general terms.
Ancient states period
Diplomatic relations have existed for as long as human communities have been organized into political units, which precedes the period of this study. The first Near Eastern states formed during the 4th millennium B.C.E., but international relations during this era are unknown due to a lack of documentation.
The first surviving documents on the subject of international relations appear towards the end of the Early Dynastic period of ancient Mesopotamia (2600-2340 B.C.E.). They relate to the Sumerian city-state of Lagash. Among them is the oldest known treaty, concluded between the king of Lagash (En-metena) and the king of Uruk. However, the richest of the records concern the series of conflicts between Lagash and its neighbor Umma between 2600 and 2350 B.C.E. The documents about these wars are primarily about the military aspects of the war, with little about the diplomatic side. They display the constant rivalries between the cities of southern Mesopotamia. These also appear in the epic stories of the kings of Uruk (Lugalbanda, Enmerkar, and Gilgamesh), which may describe real events. They show the antagonisms pushing Lagash against its rivals, Kish and Aratta. The city of Kish seemed to assert a hegemonic position at certain points— its king, Mesalim, intervened around 2600 to arbitrate in the conflict between Lagash and Umma, and the title of "King of Kish" was also assumed by kings of other cities as a sign of superiority.
The site which offers the most important diplomatic archives from this period are those from Ebla, in Syria. The kings of Ebla had contacts with neighboring kings, notably the powerful sovereigns of Mari and Nagar, but also with the kings of more distant regions, like Kish in Mesopotamia and Hamazi in western Iran. Excavations at Ebla have uncovered the oldest example of a written peace treaty, the treaty between Ebla and Abarsal, as well as proof of matrimonial alliances between the local kings and certain of their allies.
The first empires
Gradually, certain states in southern Mesopotamia were able to exercise hegemony over their neighbors for longer and longer, like Uruk under Enshakushana and above all Umma under Lugal-zagesi. This evolution was completed by Sargon of Akkad, who founded the first empire in 2340, comprising all of the Mesopotamian city-states, up to those of eastern Syria. The diplomatic relations of this period are not well known. There is a tablet which is inscribed with a peace treaty concluded between Naram-Sin of Akkad (Sargon's grandson) and the king of Awan, in southwest Iran, who was his vassal. This complete hegemony endured until the second half of the 22nd century B.C.E., when the Akkadian Empire collapsed. This vacuum was filled several decades later by the kings of the Third Dynasty of Ur, who founded in their turn the Neo-Sumerian Empire. These sovereigns were in communication with their neighboring kingdoms, and they regularly received embassies, and sent their own messengers. Their diplomatic service was controlled by a dignitary named SUKKAL.MAH. They combined their military expeditions onto the Iranian plateau with matrimonial politics, marrying their daughters to the kings of the regions (Anshan, Zabshali) in order to win their loyalty and solidify their own legitimacy. However, their empire ended in disintegration, and began a long period without a hegemonic empire, under the Amorite dynasties.
The second millennium: the balance of powers
The 2nd millennium was a period during which a relative power equilibrium was reached— no kingdom was able to exert power over its neighbors in a durable fashion. This allowed the gradual formation of more and more powerful and stable states, which dominated the international stage, and controlled a certain number of vassals, which tended to reduce over time. These vassals were the object of many rivalries between the dominant kingdoms, which sometimes resulted in overt conflict.
The first half of the millennium was the era of the Amorite Kingdoms (2004-1595 B.C.E.), which formed a kind of koiné of political practices, similar from the Mediterranean to the Zagros foothills. Mesopotamia and Syria were dominated successively by many kingdoms— first by Isin and Larsa, who took the succession of Ur, but finally by Babylon, which imposed its hegemony under Hammurabi (1792-1750) and his successors, just as Elam failed to impose its power over Mesopotamia. In Syria, the dominant kingdom was that of Yamkhad (Aleppo), which profited from the dissipation of its neighbors Mari and Qatna (its greatest rival) over the course of the 18th and 17th centuries. The diplomatic practices of this era were documented mainly by the exceptional royal archives of Mari, dating from the first half of the 18th century (diplomatic correspondence, political accords, historical records), but also supplemented by the more minor archives of Tell Leilan, Tell Rimah, Kültepe, and others.
The end of the Amorite period was marked by the destruction of its two great kingdoms by the Hittites, who had reunited the kingdoms of eastern Anatolia in the last decades of the 17th century. At the same time, the Hurrians began to found increasingly powerful political entities, culminating in the formation of the kingdom of Mitanni. To these two were added Egypt. After the 18th dynasty had driven out the Hyksos, they invaded several decades later the Levant, expanding their empire their, bordering Mitanni. This marked a new era, with larger, more powerful, and more culturally diverse kingdoms. Most of the ancient Amorite kingdoms became vassals of the new rulers, with the exception of Babylon, which remained an important power under the Kassites (1595-1155). The sovereigns of these dominant kingdoms were considered as "great kings", equal among each other. Beginning in the 14th century, Assyria replaced Mitanni in this group. Elam could also be considered one of the great kingdoms of this period, at least in the 13th and 12th centuries. The diplomatic practices of this period are known thanks to several collections of exceptional importance: those of Hattusa, the Hittite capital (letters, diplomatic accords, historical chronicles), the letters of Amarna, in Egypt (international correspondence of the pharaohs Amenhotep III and Akhenaton), and the royal archives of Ugarit, a minor Syrian kingdom controlled first by Egypt and later by the Hittites. It is during this period that international relations are documented by the most abundant and geographically diverse sources.
The empires of the first millennium
The period of the "great kings" ended around 1200, with the arrival of great political changes, notably the successive migrations of the Sea Peoples and the Arameans, the collapse of the dominant kingdoms' power, and the creation of many smaller kingdoms in Syria, the Levant, and Anatolia, which were not under the control of any larger power. This transformation is known as the Late Bronze Age Collapse. The Books of the Prophets of the Hebrew Bible allow us to observe the relations of two of these states (Israel and Judea) with their neighbors.
Assyria was the only one of these great kingdoms to preserve its power and political stability enough to rebuild an empire starting at the end of the 10th century. In a little more than two centuries, Assyria imposed its control over most of the Near Eastern kingdoms around it. Only Babylon, Urartu, Elam, and Egypt were able to resist their domination, but they were eventually conquered as well. This period marked the beginning of great hegemonic empires in the Middle East. Because of this, Assyria did not seek to develop very strong diplomatic relations, opting instead to dominate its neighbors. Its relations with other kingdoms were mostly unequal. The foreign relations of the Assyrians, above all those with their vassals, are known from the archives of the Assyrian capitals (mainly Nineveh), complemented by sources from outside the core of the empire (notably the Hebrew Bible).
Between 614 and 609, Assyria was destroyed by an alliance between the Babylonians and the Medes, but the empire of the former did not last even a full century, since their real power did not compare with that of the Medes— the Achaemenid Persians. Under the leadership of Cyrus II, Cambyses, and Darius, they created a lasting empire, which outlasted the Assyrian and Babylonian empires. They did not tolerate any kingdom which purported to be their equal. This empire fell to the invasion of Alexander the Great between 333 and 330, who proved incapable of utilizing the Achaemenid heritage to his advantage, and at his death in 323 his generals divided up the empire. This was the beginning of the Hellenistic period, during which the Mediterranean and the Middle East were divided between several rival great kingdoms.
Diplomatic practices
The different practices utilized in diplomatic relations in the ancient Near East are essentially known through the royal archives of the 2nd millennium, coming largely from four archaeological sites (Mari, Hattusa, Tell el-Amarna, and Ugarit), complemented by less numerous sources from the preceding millennium (Lagash, Ebla) and the following (Nineveh, Hebrew Bible). There seems to be a relative homogeneity and continuity in practices. However, this article mainly concerns the 2nd millennium, because of the available sources and because the international context at that time was more conducive to developments in international relations.
One big family
The kings of the 2nd millennium resembled one large family. The suzerains were the "fathers" (In Akkadian, abu(m)) of their vassals, who were called their "sons" (māru(m)). Between sovereigns of equal rank (great kings, or else vassals of the same king or of a king of equal rank), rulers were considered "brothers" (ahu(m)). The relationship between suzerain and vassal was also marked by the usage of the terms "master" and "servant" (bēlu(m) et (w)ardu(m)). The familial metaphor reflects the nature of the relationships, or at least the ideal relationships, between these sovereigns— they must have affection for one another, a father must protect his son, but on the other hand the latter must obey, respect, remain loyal, and offer a regular tribute. Equals must work to ensure they are always on equal footing, with reciprocity in their relations, with the principle of gift and counter-gift. Gradually, kings who didn't have suzerains (besides the gods) acquired a place apart, and in the second half of the second millennium they began to take the title of "great king" (šarru rābu), and formed a sort of very close "club" (to use the expression of H. Tadmor, reused by M. Liverani), which determined who could enter, as a function of their political successes. It was this that allowed Assur-uballit I of Assyria to take the place of Mitanni, after defeating them, but at the same place not Tarundaradu of Arzawa (in eastern Anatolia), who did not defeat the Hittites. Each king thus sought relations with their peers.
The agents of diplomacy: the messengers
The agents who conducted relations between royal courts were the messengers (Akkadian mār šipri(m)), empowered by the royal palaces. Sometimes they called on merchants traveling on their own business, or perhaps dignitaries of the realm, often accompanied by other dignitaries or by servants. These messengers were the key actors in diplomacy: they carried messages, gifts sent by their king, but were also empowered to negotiate potential political accords or future marriages between royal courts. Their autonomy varied according to circumstances— some were merely letter-carriers, but other were charged with a mission and could negotiate; other had the full power of their king by proxy (often those close to the king). It all depended on the degree of confidence which they inspired in their master.
These messengers traveled on foot, on donkeys, on chariots, or even ships. They were welcomed upon their arrival in their destination country, and were lodged in designated buildings by their hosts, rarely in their palace. Their daily needs were paid for. They could also have audiences before the sovereign, who received them, and deliver him presents on behalf of their sovereign. These audiences were public, and foreign envoys could attend them (even if they were enemies of those being given an audience). They frequently had to adjust diplomatic protocol between different hosts, knowing that the stakes were very high, with very serious consequences. The term of the visit was fixed by the host: certain messengers might have stayed for many months, or even one or two years, as in certain cases known from the letters of Amarna. A returning messenger was generally accompanied by a messenger of the host country, to ensure safe passage and to vouch for the information they carried.
There were no permanent ambassadors present in foreign courts, but certain dignitaries could specialize in relations with a specific court where they had residences and connections. An example of this was the Egyptian Mane, who traveled many times to the court of the Mitanni king Tushratta, in the era of Amarna. There were also specialists in international relations. These messengers in theory had an immunity, and when one was subjected to difficulties, or killed at the direction of the sovereign, there would be an outcry from the other kings. Two examples of laissez-passer reserved for these messengers have been found, at Mari and at Tell el-Amarna. Courts where foreign messengers passed without being received in audience were still obliged to house them: at Mari, they were referred to as being messengers "in passage" (ētiqum).
Royal Correspondence
In order to allow the existence of proper relations between kings, without interpretive bias, written diplomatic tablets were required, of which many examples have been found at numerous archaeological sites. These messages were generally written in Babylonian Akkadian, the international language dating from the beginning of the 2nd millennium B.C.E., and begin in a very simple manner, with an introductory address naming the sender and the recipient (according to the common Akkadian formula ana X qibī-ma umma Y-ma: "to X say: ... thus spoke Y". During the second half of the 2nd millennium, these diplomatic messages contained very elaborate greetings, in which a great king would wish the happiness and prosperity of one of his peers and his house, or if he was a vassal, would reiterate the extent to which he submitted to him (for example, following the formula "I prostrate myself at your feet seven times and seven times more").
Exchange of gifts
Royal envoys going to foreign courts were often charged with delivering presents to their hosts. A sovereign could extract a tribute from his vassal, regularly but also at a whim. These relations were thus asymmetric. But in the case of relations between two equals, the relationship had to be symmetrical: a present received had to be reciprocated by a present of the same value. It was a system of gifts and contra-gifts (šūbultum and šūrubtum in the Amorite period). This paradigm is summarized in a letter discovered at Mari, in which the king of Qatna complains to his counterpart in Ekallatum, because the latter had not sent him gifts of the same value as those which he had sent previously. The king of Qatna explains that this type of protest must not normally be made (the rules being unspoken etiquette), but that in this case he was almost inclined to take it as an affront, and that other sovereigns, upon learning of the incident, would think that he had come away from the exchange weaker than before. It was thus an affair of prestige, which was taken very seriously. In the era of Amarna, quarrels over the sending of gifts were common.
The goods exchanged often mirrored those one found in international commerce: Elam in the Amorrite period thus made presents of tin from the mines of the Iranian Plateau, as the king of Egypt in the Amarna era sent gold from Nubia, and that of Alashiya (without a doubt Cyprus) offered copper. These prized metals were the object of veritable negotiations in the Amarna letters, and kings negotiated fiercely over what was being sent, which seems to indicate a certain dependence with regard to these exchanges. Manufactured products— vases, jewels, jewelry, thrones, or chariots— were also found. Some believe that it amounted to disguised commerce, the contra-gift being the "price" paid for the gift, but this is debatable to the extent to which the desire for reciprocity remained present and dominant in these negotiations. The economic and symbolic aspects remain difficult to dissociate. Exchanges of diplomatic presents could concern other objects, notably artisanal works, but also exotic animals, or of course fine horses.
In specific cases, one could also send people to other courts. A vassal could be summoned to send servants to the court of his suzerain as tribute. Ramses II sent one of his doctors to the Hittite court of Hattusili III. In the era of Amarna, Tushratta of Mitanni sent the statue of the goddess Ishtar from Nineveh to Egypt, possibly to appease the pharaoh Amenhotep III. It seems thus that this consisted of services rendered between allied courts (allied by dynastic marriages), and not exchanges following the gift/contra-gift principle.
Alliances and International Treaties
At particular times, states could conclude diplomatic accords, of which the names varied (for example, in Akkadian niš ili(m), riksu(m), māmītu(m), or adê in the neo-Assyrian era; lingaiš- or išhiul- in Hittite; bêrit in Hebrew). These generally followed periods of war, and were intended to end them. These treaties were not necessarily written down, but written treaties appeared relatively early— the earliest known example dates to the 24th century, and concerns the cities of Ebla and Abarsal, the latter of which involved Naram-Sin of Akkad and an Elamite king. In the Amorrite period, many tablets detailing the protocols of oaths of alliance between kings were unearthed at Mari, Tell Leilan, and Kültepe, or are of unknown provenance (accords between Shadlash and Nerebtum and Eshnunna, Larsa and Uruk). And the texts of treaties date to the following period, found at Alalakh, Ugarit, and above all Hattusa, the Hittite capital, the treaty between Hittite king Hattusili III and Egyptian king Ramses II being additionally known by its Egyptian copy inscribed in hieroglyphs, the only time copies of a treaty have been found at sites of both parties. Concerning the neo-Assyrian period, international treaties were exhumed at Nineveh; another is linked by an Aramaic inscription to Sfire.
.
A written version was not necessarily recorded at the conclusion of a diplomatic accord. What mattered was the oath taken by witness of the gods, engaging each of the parties. "Treaties" from the Amorrite period are actually protocols for these oaths; they were often reinforced by rituals: a sacrifice following a banquet if both parties could be present for the conclusion of the accord, or a ritual called "throat touching" (lipit napištim) if it was impossible to meet in person. No ritual of this type is known from other periods. The Hittites paid more attention to the tablets on which treaties were recorded; the clauses of certain treaties stipulated that many copies were to be produced, and stored in specified locations, chiefly the temples of the gods bearing witness to the accord. They also recorded treaties on metal tablets, a single example of which has been found in Hattusa. Treaties in general seem to have concerned only the parties themselves, and not their descendants, who would have to renew the accord upon ascending to the throne. The Hittites, though, seem to have considered treaties to engage the parties' descendants as well.
The texts of treaties generally consisted of: presentation of the parties concerned, the clauses of the accord, the list of divinities guaranteeing the accord, and eventually the curses which would afflict those who broke the contract. The Hittites also included a section detailing the historical situation which led to the treaty's existence. Clauses usually concerned the conditions of peace between parties (the circulation of people between kingdoms, the repatriation of prisoners, and eventually the expulsion of political refugees), or even an alliance (following the formula "to be friends with the friends and enemies with the enemies" of the other). The hierarchy of kings was respected in the clauses: they were symmetrical if they concerned two rulers of equal rank, but unequal if they concerned a suzerain and his vassal. The treaties of vassalhood (above all attested in the Hittite and Assyrian spheres) regulated the conditions of the submission of one kingdom to another: the vassal could not maintain an independent foreign policy, had to pay a tribute, lend military aid to the suzerain when needed, and sometimes to allow the suzerain's garrisons on their soil. In the case of the treaties passed by the merchant city of Assur in the 19th century, clauses relating to economic activities are found (taxation, security of merchants).
Matrimonial Alliances
Dynastic marriages were a very common diplomatic practice in the history of the ancient Near East, attested from the archives of Ebla in the archaic period, but above all documented in the 2nd millennium. It was a means of creating or deepening links between two royal families. Sovereigns were polygamous, so they could contract marriages with many daughters or sisters of other kings. It was always the woman who left her court to join that of her fiancé. Marriages could be between kingdoms of the same rank, or between those of different ranks, when a suzerain promised a woman to a vassal, or even a vassal promised a woman to a suzerain. They would thus join the harem of their new spouse. Great kings generally ensured that their daughters would play main roles at the courts they went to, and often imposed that they would be the principal wife so that they could eventually play a political role. The Hebrew Bible presents the case of Jezabel, daughter of the king of Tyre, as an examples of this; she married King Ahab of Judea and exercised great influence over him. But such a success was not systematic, and a study of the destinies of the daughters of king Zimri-Lim of Mari, who were married to daughters of other Syrian Amorrite kings, shows that some fared better than others. In principle, every sovereign must play the game of matrimonial exchanges, but the Egyptian kings of the recent Bronze age make an exception. They refused to marry their daughters to foreign kings, even their equals, but still consented to marry foreign princesses themselves; they did not respect the rules of parity in this case.
The process of arranging dynastic marriages is known thanks to many well-documented records, found at Mari, Tell el-Amarna, and Hattusa (in the case of marriages between kingdoms of equal rank. First, the marriage had to be negotiated, in particular the choice of spouse. The initiative was generally taken by the future father-in-law, but sometimes by the future husband. Negotiations were conducted by correspondence, and through the most trusted messenger/ambassadors available. In the case of the marriage between Ramses II and the daughter of Hattusili III, the Hittite queen Puduhepa negotiated directly with the Egyptian queen. But generally, it was the business of men. Envoys had to negotiate the dowry, but also to see the bride and assure the groom's family that she was beautiful, which was the main quality sought after in her. The dowry (nidittum in paleo-Babylonian, given by the bride's family to the groom's) was the object of negotiations which could be fierce, and called equally for a counter-dowry (terhatum in paleo-Babylonian, given by the groom's family to the bride's). Lists of dowries and counter-dowries have been exhumed at Mari and Tell el-Amarna. Once the arrangements had been made, the princess left her home court for good in order to integrate into her husband's. She made the journey with her entourage, representatives of her home court, and those of her fiancé's court. The marital ceremony was generally held after she arrived. She could then keep in contact with her family through letters, or through envoys sent by them. Her family would have anxiously awaited news that she bore children (preferably male) for her husband.
See also
Ebla
Mari, Syria
Amarna letters
References
General Bibliography
B. Lafont, "Diplomatie," in Dictionnaire de la civilisation mésopotamienne, ed. F. Joannès, Paris, 2001, 235-239.
B. Lafont, "International Relations in the Ancient Near East: The Birth of a Complete Diplomatic System," in Diplomacy and Statecraft 12, 2001, 39-60.
A.H. Podany, Brotherhood of Kings: How International Relations Shaped the Ancient Near East, New York, 2010.
D. Charpin, "Tu es de mon sang! Les alliances dans le Proche-Orient ancien, Les Belles Lettres - Collège de France, Paris, 2019.
Ancient Near East |
CN Group Limited was formerly an independent local media business based in Carlisle, Cumbria, England, operating in print and radio. It is now owned by Newsquest and their newspapers are printed in Glasgow.
The company was formerly known as the Cumbrian Newspapers Group Ltd but changed its name to reflect the fact that is no longer primarily a newspaper publisher. One of its principal subsidiaries, however, is still known as Cumbrian Newspapers Ltd.
History
The company can trace its origins to the founding of the Carlisle Patriot newspaper in 1815, which eventually became the Cumberland News. Historical copies of the Carlisle Patriot, dating back to 1817, are available to search and view in digitised form at The British Newspaper Archive.
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Until 2017, CN Group owned two radio stations: Lancaster-based The Bay and Kendal-based Lakeland Radio. In October 2017 it was announced that both had been sold to the UK media company Global.
The company formerly owned the Touch Radio Network stations in the Midlands outright until selling them to Quidem in June 2009. The two exceptions to this were the Loughborough licence, Oak FM, which was sold to the Lincs FM Group, and the Banbury Touch FM licence, which was sold to a private consortium and relaunched as Banbury Sound. It quickly became apparent that operating these licences outside of the regional network was not a commercially sensible move. As a result, Quidem acquired Banbury Sound in 2010 and Oak FM in 2012, effectively reforming the original CN Midlands network. In September 2019, it was announced that Quidem, the station's current owners, were running at a financial loss and the business had entered into a brand-licensing agreement with Global Radio. This change means that the Quidem group of stations will take one of Global's brands. At the beginning of October, Ofcom opened a consultation following Quidem's request for its six stations to make significant changes to their formats.
CN previously owned Mid FM in Northern Ireland. CN also previously owned Belfast CityBeat until January 2015 when it was sold to the Q Radio Network.
They also had a shareholding in Carlisle-based CFM Radio, holding a further stake in neighbouring Border Television.
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CN Group publishes daily and weekly newspapers and magazines for Cumbria, Northumberland, Dumfries and Galloway and the Scottish Borders. Since the takeover of the CN Group by Newsquest, it is now printed in Glasgow.
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Printing
CN Group prints items such as newspapers (local and national), magazines and leaflets.
References
External links
How a Whitehaven newspaper led the world's media for a day, The Independent, 6 June 2010
Mass media in Cumbria
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Radio broadcasting companies of the United Kingdom
Companies based in Carlisle, Cumbria |
Valery Tarakanov (; born 9 August 1941 in Yaroslavl) is a Soviet/Russian former cross-country skier who competed in the late 1960s and early 1970s. He won the 4x10 km gold at the 1970 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Vysoké Tatry. Tarakanov also finished 6th in the 15 km in the same championships. He was on the 4x10 km team that finished fourth at the 1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble.
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Richard Gustafsson Sjöberg (20 September 1890 – 14 September 1960) was a Swedish athlete who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics. In 1912 he finished 13th in the high jump competition. In the pole vault event he finished twelfth.
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1890 births
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Swedish male high jumpers
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Maximiliano Pighin (born 7 July 1985) was an Argentine footballer. The most part of his career is distributed between Unión San Felipe and Luján.
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Brian Crozier is an American guitarist. Crozier was a member of Bottle Rocket, but after their 2006 breakup, he replaced Mike "MR" Campbell as the new guitarist of Latterman, a four-piece punk rock band from Huntington, New York. Crozier joined the band just before their European tour, and he is featured on the band's last album, "We Are Still Alive". He is an original member of Iron Chic and is on their Demo Tape '08 and the Shitty Rambo E.P. He currently plays in New York City's Pox.
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CATALYST Magazine is a free alternative monthly tabloid-paged magazine published in Salt Lake City, Utah. It was founded in 1982 by Greta Belanger deJong, Victoria Fugit, Lezlee Spilsbury, Don Ashton and Lucy Powell.
The magazine organizes annual Clean Air Solutions Fair.
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The renal medulla (Latin: medulla renis 'marrow of the kidney') is the innermost part of the kidney. The renal medulla is split up into a number of sections, known as the renal pyramids. Blood enters into the kidney via the renal artery, which then splits up to form the segmental arteries which then branch to form interlobar arteries. The interlobar arteries each in turn branch into arcuate arteries, which in turn branch to form interlobular arteries, and these finally reach the glomeruli. At the glomerulus the blood reaches a highly disfavourable pressure gradient and a large exchange surface area, which forces the serum portion of the blood out of the vessel and into the renal tubules. Flow continues through the renal tubules, including the proximal tubule, the loop of Henle, through the distal tubule and finally leaves the kidney by means of the collecting duct, leading to the renal pelvis, the dilated portion of the ureter.
The renal medulla contains the structures of the nephrons responsible for maintaining the salt and water balance of the blood. These structures include the vasa rectae (both spuria and vera), the venulae rectae, the medullary capillary plexus, the loop of Henle, and the collecting tubule. The renal medulla is hypertonic to the filtrate in the nephron and aids in the reabsorption of water.
Blood is filtered in the glomerulus by solute size. Ions such as sodium, chloride, potassium, and calcium are easily filtered, as is glucose. Proteins are not passed through the glomerular filter because of their large size, and do not appear in the filtrate or urine unless a disease process has affected the glomerular capsule or the proximal and distal convoluted tubules of the nephron.
Though the renal medulla only receives a small percentage of the renal blood flow, the oxygen extraction is very high, causing a low oxygen tension and more importantly, a critical sensitivity to hypotension, hypoxia, and blood flow. The renal medulla extracts oxygen at a ratio of ~80% making it exquisitely sensitive to small changes in renal blood flow. The mechanisms of many perioperative renal insults are based on the disruption of adequate blood flow (and therefore oxygen delivery) to the renal medulla.
Interstitium
The medullary interstitium is the tissue surrounding the loop of Henle in the medulla. It functions in renal water reabsorption by building up a high hypertonicity, which draws water out of the thin descending limb of the loop of Henle and the collecting duct system. Hypertonicity, in turn, is created by an efflux of urea from the inner medullary collecting duct.
Pyramids
Renal pyramids (or malpighian pyramids or Malpighi's pyramids named after Marcello Malpighi, a seventeenth-century anatomist) are cone-shaped tissues of the kidney. In humans, the renal medulla is made up of 10 to 18 of these conical subdivisions. The broad base of each pyramid faces the renal cortex, and its apex, or papilla, points internally towards the pelvis. The pyramids appear striped because they are formed by straight parallel segments of nephrons' Loops of Henle and collecting ducts. The base of each pyramid originates at the corticomedullary border and the apex terminates in a papilla, which lies within a minor calyx, made of parallel bundles of urine collecting tubules.
Papilla
The renal papilla is the location where the renal pyramids in the medulla empty urine into the minor calyx in the kidney. Histologically it is marked by medullary collecting ducts converging to form a papillary duct to channel the fluid. Transitional epithelium begins to be seen.
Clinical significance
Some chemicals toxic to the kidney, called nephrotoxins, damage the renal papillae. Damage to the renal papillae may result in death to cells in this region of the kidney, called renal papillary necrosis. The most common toxic causes of renal papillary necrosis are NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen, acetylsalicylic acid, and phenylbutazone, in combination with dehydration. Perturbed renal papillary development has also been shown to be associated with onset of functional obstruction and renal fibrosis.
Renal papillary damage has also been associated with nephrolithiasis and can be quantified according to the papillary grading score, which accounts for contour, pitting, plugging and randall plaque.
Image gallery
See also
Medullipin
Kokko and Rector Model, a theory to explain how a gradient is generated in the inner medulla
Renal sinus
Medullary interstitium
Renal capsule
References
External links
- "Posterior Abdominal Wall: Internal Structure of a Kidney"
- "Urinary System: neonatal kidney"
()
Kidney anatomy |
Samuel Fox (1884–1971) was an American music publisher and founder of the Sam Fox Publishing Company.
Early life
The son of Hungarian immigrants Simon and Sara Klein Fox, Samuel Fox was born at Zanesville, Ohio on May 15, 1884. His father was a traveling salesman who moved the family to Cleveland, Ohio, and Fox resided with his parents and sister Hattie until the age of 25. As a young man, Fox worked as conductor of the Central High School Orchestras in Cleveland, an activity that served as a foundation for his pioneering work as a publisher of music for educational training and performance. With a $300 loan in 1906, Fox founded Sandbox Music Publishing company, later called Sam Fox Publishing Company.
Early music publishing
His early efforts included the publishing of piano novelties, but he quickly branched into other types of music. Early on, Fox became acquainted with John Stepan Zamecnik, who in 1907 was named music director of the newly opened Cleveland Hippodrome Theater. The business arrangement between Fox and Zamecnik flourished and the music director became the major composer and music director for Sam Fox Publishing Company.
Career
In 1917, Fox became the exclusive publisher for John Philip Sousa, the American march king, and maintained a working relationship with the musician until Sousa's death in 1934. It was during the same period Fox experienced an international hit with the publishing of "Nola," which was followed by "Lady of Spain" and "Neapolitan Nights," both of which also achieved acclaim. His film scoring for Hollywood companies was solidified with contracts with Fox Films and Movietone News as their exclusive musical producer. The Hollywood film work led to his publication of songs in Fox films, including "The Good Ship Lollipop" sung by Shirley Temple.
Later life
Fox later opened an office in New York, which was run by his son Frederick. Additionally, Sam Fox Publishing Company had representatives in offices in London, Paris, Berlin, Melbourne, and other cities worldwide. Fox entered the Broadway field with the publishing in 1947 of the film score for "Brigadoon," followed by the prize winning "Man of La Mancha." He died November 30, 1971 in San Francisco, California at the age of 87.
Family
Fox married Elsa A Buerger and they had two children, Frederick and Muriel.
After his first wife, Elsa, died after 1930, Fox remarried in 1966 at the age of 78 to Clara M. Klein of San Francisco, California.
References
External links
Mont Alto: Composer Profile: J.S. Zamecnik (1872-1953)
1884 births
1971 deaths
Businesspeople from Cleveland
American publishers (people)
Music of Cleveland
20th-century American businesspeople |
Behind Enemy Lines: Colombia is a 2009 American action war film directed by Tim Matheson and starring Joe Manganiello, WWE wrestler Mr. Kennedy, Keith David and Matheson. It is the third installment in the series, following Behind Enemy Lines, and Behind Enemy Lines II: Axis of Evil. The film was co-produced by WWE Studios, written by Tobias Iaconis and released direct-to-video on January 6, 2009.
Plot
Colombia is in chaos, as a five-man team of U.S. Navy SEALs embark on a secret mission to ensure that peace talks between the country's government and insurgent guerrillas do not erupt into violence. An unforeseen complication threatens all-out war. Out of nowhere, the meeting falls under attack and the leaders from both sides are killed. The SEALs have been framed for the crime, leaving them to fight for their lives from behind enemy lines against the Colombian Special Forces (AFEUR). Abandoned by their government and left for dead, the weary warriors race to uncover the evidence that will prove their innocence while ensuring that the violence is contained. Should the fighting spill over the border, the entire region or both sides could be plunged into a nightmarish inferno of war and death.
Cast
Joe Manganiello as Lieutenant Sean Macklin
Mr. Kennedy as Master chief petty officer Carter Holter
Channon Roe as Chief Petty Officer Kevin Derricks
Yancey Arias as Alvaro Cardona
Chris J. Johnson as Petty Officer 3rd Class Steve Gaines
Antony Matos as Petty Officer 2nd Class Greg Armstrong
Jennice Fuentes as Nicole Jenkins
Keith David as Commander Scott Boytano
Steven Bauer as General Manuel Valez
Tim Matheson as Carl Dobb
Luzangeli Justiniano as Maria Cardona
Anibal O. Lleras as Carlos Rivera
Rey Hernandez as Ramirez
Production
The film takes place in Colombia, but was shot in Puerto Rico.
Release
The film was released on January 6, 2009.
As with all WWE films, Behind Enemy Lines: Colombia was constantly advertised on WWE programming, shortly before, and after its release. Kennedy also frequently made brief appearances to promote the film.
Sequel
Behind Enemy Lines: Colombia was followed by another direct-to-video sequel, SEAL Team 8: Behind Enemy Lines, starring Tom Sizemore.
See also
List of films featuring the United States Navy SEALs
References
External links
2009 films
2009 action films
2009 direct-to-video films
2000s action war films
2000s American films
2000s English-language films
2000s war adventure films
20th Century Fox direct-to-video films
American action war films
American sequel films
American war adventure films
Behind Enemy Lines (film series)
Direct-to-video action films
Direct-to-video adventure films
Direct-to-video sequel films
Films about United States Navy SEALs
Films directed by Tim Matheson
Films scored by Joseph Conlan
Films set in Colombia
Films shot in Puerto Rico
WWE Studios films |
Events from the year 1880 in Denmark.
Incumbents
Monarch – Christian IX
Prime minister – J. B. S. Estrup
Events
16 April The Vega Expedition calls at Copenhagen.
18 April A banquet is held for Nordenskiöld and the other members of the Vega Expedition in the Great Hall of Børsen in Copenhagen.
Undated
Sports
26 September Aarhus Gymnastikforening is founded.
Births
22 October Julius Paulsen, painter (died 1940)
Deaths
29 March – Constantin Hansen, painter (born 1804 in Denmark)
6 April Louise Westergaard, pedagogue and educator (born 1826)
17 May Christen Andreas Fonnesbech, lawyer, landowner and politician (born 1817)
References
1880s in Denmark
Denmark
Years of the 19th century in Denmark |
Robert Holden (24 July 1805 — 11 November 1872) was an English first-class cricketer and British Army officer.
The son of Robert Holden and Mary Anne Drury Lowe, he was born at Spondon in July 1805. He was commissioned into the Sherwood Rangers Yeomanry as a second lieutenant in May 1828. He played first-class cricket for the Marylebone Cricket Club in 1835 and 1836, making five appearances. He scored 70 runs in his five matches, with a highest score of 22. He was promoted to captain in the Sherwood Rangers in April 1835, with promotion to lieutenant colonel in April 1848. In March 1848, he replaced John Manners-Sutton as High Sheriff of Nottinghamshire. In April 1859, he was appointed a lieutenant colonel commandant in the Sherwood Rangers, while in August of the same year he was appointed a deputy lieutenant of Nottinghamshire. Holden travelled to London in November 1872 for medical treatment, where he died at Marylebone. His brother, Henry, and nephew Thomas Pearson both played first-class cricket.
References
External links
1805 births
1872 deaths
People from Spondon
Cricketers from Derby
Sherwood Rangers Yeomanry officers
English cricketers
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
High Sheriffs of Nottinghamshire
Deputy Lieutenants of Nottinghamshire |
Charles Clayton Wylie (1886–1976) was born in Idana, Kansas on June 18, 1886 and died in Cedar Rapids, Iowa in April 1976. He earned his first degree from Park College in Missouri in 1908 and a master's degree from the University of Missouri in 1912. After working at the US Naval Observatory from 1913-1919, he went to the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and was the first Ph.D. graduate from University of Illinois' astronomy department. He graduated with his doctorate in 1922 for his work "The Eclipsing Binary Sigma Aquilae, the Cepheid Variable Eta Aquilae."
Wylie remained at the University of Illinois Observatory as an instructor until 1925 when he left for the University of Iowa where he remained for the rest of his career in the department of mathematics and astronomy. Trained in photoelectric photometry by Joel Stebbins, he shifted his research focus to meteors and meteorites because of the lack of equipment at Iowa City. He often interviewed people who have seen meteors and collected samples of the meteorites. During the 1930s he corresponded with Fred Whipple concerning the origins or meteors. Wylie and Whipple agreed that the meteors were of solar system origin. He was the first vice-president of the Society for Research on Meteorites (now Meteoritical Society) when it organized in 1933.
He authored several books including "Our starland: An easy guide to the study of the heavens," "Astronomy, maps, and weather," and "Problems in Practical Astronomy."
References
University of Illinois alumni
University of Iowa faculty
American astronomers
1886 births
1976 deaths
University of Missouri alumni |
Puleng Peter "Pule" Mabe (born 19 March 1980) is a South African politician who served as the national spokesperson of the African National Congress (ANC), South Africa's governing party, from 2018 to 2023. He formerly represented the ANC in the National Assembly from 2014 to 2017.
Mabe rose to national prominence in 2008 when he was elected Treasurer-General of the ANC Youth League, then under the leadership of Julius Malema. Amid divisions over Malema's suspension from the ANC and over Mabe's political support for Jacob Zuma, Mabe was removed from his party position by a motion of no confidence in May 2012 and then reinstated in January 2013. After his term in the league office ended in March 2013, he launched an abortive campaign to succeed Malema as ANC Youth League president. He was elected to Parliament in the 2014 general election but resigned in mid-2017.
Mabe was elected to his first term on the ANC National Executive Committee in 2012. After his re-election at the party's 54th National Conference in December 2017, he was appointed ANC spokesperson in February 2018. He was elected to a third consecutive five-year term on the National Executive Committee in 2022.
A journalist by training, Mabe also had a career in business, and his former business dealings have attracted controversy. A 2012 contract between his company and the state-owned Passenger Rail Agency of South Africa was the subject of a Public Protector investigation and a parliamentary misconduct finding, and in 2014 Mabe was acquitted on a charge of defrauding the South African Social Security Agency.
Early life and career
Mabe was born on 1 March 1980 in Namakgale, a township in Phalaborwa in present-day Limpopo. He was raised by a single mother who died when he was 22. He earned a BTech in journalism from the Tshwane University of Technology (then called Technikon Northern Gauteng), where he served as deputy president of the students' representative council from 1998 to 1999. Later, in June 2019, he completed a Master of Business Leadership at the University of South Africa.
After he earned his undergraduate degree, Mabe worked as a print journalist. He met and befriended Julius Malema in Johannesburg while he was working at his first reporting job at the Mail & Guardian. In the early 2000s, he left journalism and ultimately was employed at the Passenger Rail Agency of South Africa (Prasa), where he served as executive manager for corporate affairs until his resignation in the 2008/2009 financial year. He also pursued his own business career, establishing a publishing company called KG Media. Malema told the Mail & Guardian that he and Mabe occasionally took on business deals together, especially contracts with state agencies. In addition, Mabe served on the Gauteng Youth Commission from 2003 to 2009.
ANCYL Treasurer: 2008–2013
In April 2008, Mabe was elected Treasurer-General of the African National Congress (ANC) Youth League (ANCYL). He ran for the position on a slate of candidates aligned to Malema, who was elected ANCYL President at the same party conference. He was re-elected to the position, again alongside Malema, in June 2011. During his tenure as Treasurer-General, the league approached insolvency.
It was also reported that Mabe, formerly a "staunch supporter" of Malema, grew increasingly estranged from Malema in 2011 and 2012, as Malema turned against incumbent ANC President Jacob Zuma and was suspended and then expelled from the ANC. Mabe, and other ANCYL leaders aligned to him, apparently urged the ANCYL to accept Malema's expulsion and hold new leadership elections rather than challenge the mainstream ANC's decision. In addition, the pro-Malema caucus of the ANCYL reportedly resented Mabe's support for Zuma's bid to be re-elected ANC President, as it was at odds with the ANCYL's unofficial platform at the time.
Motion of no confidence
In May 2012, the ANCYL National Executive Committee passed a motion of no confidence in Mabe and dismissed him as Treasurer-General, though he would remain an ordinary member of the league. The motion reportedly arose from allegations that Mabe had mismanaged the league's funds and, through his own ANCYL presidential ambitions, had sown division in the league. Pule rejected the decision, saying it had been made improperly. The Mail & Guardian reported that Mabe attempted to attend an ANCYL leadership meeting as usual later in May and was escorted out by security guards.
According to the Sowetan, some ANCYL members believed that Mabe's dismissal constituted an attempt to sideline him in the race to succeed Malema; the Sunday Independent said that it was the third attempt to remove Mabe from the ANCYL leadership. Sources told the Sowetan that several members of the ANCYL National Executive Committee intended to ask the mainstream ANC to review the decision, and Mabe laid a formal complaint with the ANC leadership, who concurred that the decision was indeed procedurally questionable and did require review.
Election to the NEC
Amid his battle with the ANCYL, Mabe attended the ANC's 53rd National Conference in December 2012 and secured election to his first five-year term on the mainstream party's National Executive Committee; by number of votes received, he was ranked 64th of the 80 candidates elected to the committee. Mabe was the youngest member of the committee at that time and his election was linked to his support for Zuma's re-election bid at the same conference. He was appointed to the National Executive Committee's subcommittee on communications.
In the aftermath of the national conference, in late January 2013, the ANCYL reinstated Mabe as Treasurer-General, acknowledging in a statement that "no proper process was followed in the removal of comrade Pule". In the same statement, the league acknowledged and accepted the mainstream ANC's decision not to reinstate Malema. However, less than two months after Mabe's reinstatement, the ANC National Executive Committee prematurely ended his term and that of the league's other leaders when it resolved to disband the incumbent ANCYL leadership corps.
National Assembly: 2014–2017
In the 2014 general election, Mabe was elected to a seat in the National Assembly, the lower house of the South African Parliament; he was ranked 53rd on the ANC's party list. News24 said that in Parliament Mabe "consistently and fiercely defended" President Zuma.
Fraud trial
While a Member of Parliament, Mabe was a defendant in a criminal trial which dated back to November 2013, when he turned himself in for arrest at the Sunnyside police station in Pretoria. He and his co-accused, Paseka Letsatsi and Kabedi Ramosa, were charged with fraud, money laundering, and theft. Prosecutors alleged that Letsatsi, an employee of the South African Social Security Agency (SASSA), had illegally solicited funds from SASSA and given them to companies owned by Mabe and Ramosa. City Press alleged that a Mabe-owned company had received R1.5 million, of which R681,000 allegedly went to Mabe's personal bank accounts; the newspaper also claimed that Mabe had paid some of the money out to other political comrades, including R30,000 to Floyd Shivambu.
Mabe was released on R10,000 bail and made his first appearance in the Pretoria Specialised Commercial Crime Court in February 2014. In September that year, law enforcement agencies, acting in terms of the Prevention of Organised Crime Act, seized assets worth R2.2 million from Mabe, Letsatsi, and Ramosa. Mabe and his co-accused were acquitted in December 2014. Mabe said that he had been "tried in court and the court of public opinion" and that his reputation had been severely damaged.
ANCYL presidency bid
Also while Mabe was in Parliament, the ANCYL prepared to elect a new leadership corps to replace that which had been disbanded in March 2013. Mabe had been viewed as a possible successor to Malema since at least 2012, and, despite the pending criminal charges against him, he emerged as one of the frontrunners for election as ANCYL President, alongside Ronald Lamola and Magasela Mzobe. Stella Ndabeni-Abrahams later said that Mabe's candidacy had high-level political support, including from Zuma himself. However, the Mail & Guardian reported that the ANC's top leadership urged him – without success – to withdraw from the contest because of the pending fraud charges against him.
The league's elective conference was scheduled for December 2014, but, when it opened, the national ANC unexpectedly announced that the conference would instead be a "consultative" conference and that no leadership vote would take place. This was viewed as an attempt by national ANC leaders, including ANC Secretary-General Gwede Mantashe, to block Mabe's candidature.
In 2015, Mabe was still considered a presidential candidate, although the City Press reported that he had lost the backing of the influential "Premier League" – David Mabuza, Supra Mahumapelo, and Ace Magashule, the Premiers of Mpumalanga, North West, and Free State respectively, who apparently had switched their support to Collen Maine. There was also substantial controversy about Mabe's age: in March 2015, he turned 35, the cut-off age for membership in the ANCYL, but it was not clear whether he would remain eligible until his 36th birthday. When the elective conference opened in September 2015, Mabe did not qualify for inclusion on the ballot; Maine was elected unopposed and Mabe was succeeded as Treasurer-General by Reggie Nkabinde.
Public Protector investigation
In 2015, Mabe was implicated in an investigation into corruption at Prasa conducted by the Public Protector, Thuli Madonsela. The report of the investigation concluded that Mabe had benefitted from a R33-million state communications contract between Prasa and his company, KG Media, which had been improperly awarded in 2012 and improperly extended in 2015.
Parliament's Joint Committee on Ethics and Members' Interests subsequently launched its own investigation in response to a complaint alleging that Mabe, in the Prasa saga, had breached the parliamentary code of conduct. The initial improper award of the Prasa contract had taken place before Mabe was sworn into the National Assembly, but he was in his seat in 2015 when the contract was unlawfully extended. According to the committee, at that time, Mabe had resigned his directorship at KG Media but remained a beneficiary of the Kedibone Mabe Trust, which held 100% of shares in KG Media; the committee therefore found that Mabe had contravened the ethics code's prohibition against Members of Parliament "receiving any benefit including but not limited to a tender or a contract with an organ of state". Mabe was sentenced to a reprimand and to pay a fine worth 15 days of his salary, about R40,000.
Also noted in the Public Protector's 2015 report was the allegation that Prasa had improperly paid salaries to Mabe in 2009 after he had already left his job at Prasa to take up his ANCYL office. Investigation of this claim was deferred to the second volume of the report, released in April 2019, in which Madonsela's successor in the Public Protector's office, Busisiwe Mkhwebane, said that the allegation could not be substantiated.
Resignation
In mid-2017, the ANC appointed Mabe as the party caucus's whip in Parliament's Standing Committee on Finance. However, in early September 2017, he announced his resignation from the National Assembly. News24 speculated that he might have been "bitter" that President Zuma had not appointed him as a Deputy Minister or Minister in his cabinet, although Mabe rejected that interpretation. After he resigned, he returned full-time to his business career.
ANC spokesman: 2018–2022
Ahead of the ANC's 54th National Conference in December 2017, Mabe supported Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma's unsuccessful campaign to be elected ANC President upon the expiry of Zuma's term. He was nonetheless re-elected to the party's National Executive Committee, ranked 25th of the 80 elected candidates by popularity. In the aftermath of the conference, on 6 February 2018, the ANC announced that Mabe had been appointed as the party's national spokesperson, effective immediately. He succeeded Zizi Kodwa in that role. He assumed office shortly before the party forced Zuma to resign as national President.
Sexual harassment allegation
In December 2018, Mabe took a leave of absence from his ANC work in order to address an allegation of sexual harassment after his personal assistant laid a internal complaint against him. She alleged that Mabe had made unwanted sexual advances on three separate occasions and that, when she rejected his advances, he had emotionally abused her and reduced her salary. Mabe strongly denied the accusation and said that he had lowered her salary because he had discovered that she had fraudulently misrepresented her qualifications in her job application.
While on leave, Mabe was replaced in an acting capacity by his predecessor, Zizi Kodwa, and then by Dakota Legoete. In February 2019, an internal ANC panel chaired by Sdumo Dlamini cleared Mabe of sexual harassment and ruled that both he and the complainant should return to work. However, dissatisfied with the ANC finding, the complainant lodged a formal complaint against Mabe with the police, and he voluntarily extended his leave in line with the ANC's step-aside policy. He also laid his own complaint with the police, alleging that the misrepresentations on his accuser's job application amounted to criminal fraud and had caused him personal harm. He returned to work at Luthuli House in early April 2019.
SIU investigations
While ANC spokesman, Mabe remained involved in business, developing and patenting a model of three-wheel motorbike, labelled the Kariki, that was specially modified to transport solid waste in under-serviced remote or highly populated areas such as informal settlements. The Karikis were made and sold by Mabe's company Enviro Mobi. Mabe later said that he had resigned from Enviro Mobi in 2014, though he retained the patent for the Karikis.
In 2017 and 2018, Enviro Mobi reportedly received R27-million in state contracts, with the Gauteng provincial government and City of Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality, to supply Karikis to waste collectors. The Mail & Guardian reported in 2018 that the initial contract had been awarded improperly and had not been fulfilled timeously. The Special Investigating Unit (SIU) reportedly raised similar concerns in a 2019 investigation into the contracts, although the SIU report was not released to the public. In April 2021, President Cyril Ramaphosa granted the SIU a mandate to investigate the Enviro Mobi contracts more thoroughly.
ANC treasury bid
Ahead of the ANC's 55th National Conference in December 2022, Mabe was nominated to stand for the position of ANC Treasurer-General. Other contenders for the office included Bejani Chauke, Mzwandile Masina, and Gwen Ramokgopa. When the conference opened, Masina withdrew from the race and endorsed Mabe, saying that he and Mabe had shared objectives – including shared support for the ANC presidential bid of Zweli Mkhize – and therefore wished to avoid splitting the vote. However, at the time of Masina's withdrawal, his name had already been printed on the ballot and voting had begun; despite the announcement of his withdrawal, Masina ultimately received 281 votes. Mabe lost to Ramokgopa by a margin of 157 votes, receiving 1,652 votes against her 1,809.
However, the conference re-elected Mabe to his third consecutive five-year term on the National Executive Committee; by popularity, he was ranked eighth of the 80 candidates elected, receiving 1,806 votes across the 4,029 ballots cast in total. He said that he would not seek reappointment as spokesperson.
Personal life
Mabe met his wife, Hleki, while he was an undergraduate. As of 2018, they had two children: a son, Kgothatso (born 2003), and a daughter, Naledi (born 2009).
References
Spokespersons
Members of the African National Congress
1960 births
Living people
External links
2015 Public Protector report
People from Ba-Phalaborwa Local Municipality
Members of the National Assembly of South Africa
Tshwane University of Technology alumni
University of South Africa alumni
South African journalists |
The A Black Diamond District is a high school conference of the Virginia High School League which draws its members from the western part of Southwest Virginia. The schools in the Black Diamond District compete in A Region D with the schools of the A Cumberland District, and the A Lonesome Pine District. The district gets its name from the "black diamond," a nickname for the coal whose mining formed the backbone of the region's economy until the 1980s.
Haysi and Honaker have a larger enrollment than the other schools in the district, sometimes leading to disparities, mostly in football. This is aggravated by Council choosing not to field a football team due to the schools small size and inability to produce enough athletes (typical Council football teams consisted of 15-20 players).
In Scholastic Bowl, Honaker has been the dominant force, winning either the district regular season and/or district tournament for 12 consecutive years. While Haysi has traditionally been the dominant team in the sports arena winning nearly all of the boys track titles and a majority of the districts football titles.
However, all members have proven competitive in basketball and other activities, with Council, Hurley, and Twin Valley all making deep runs into the playoffs during the past 10 years. Twin Valley is the "newest" member, resulting from Buchanan County's decision to consolidate Garden and Whitewood High Schools in 2001.
Member schools
Council High School of Council, Virginia
Grundy Senior High School
Honaker High School of Honaker, Virginia (left for the Hohoheegee District in 2023)
Hurley High School of Hurley, Virginia
Twin Valley High School of Pilgrims Knob, Virginia
Virginia High School League |
The Singapore Food Festival is an annual event that takes place every year from the end of June to the end of July. It is organised by the Singapore Tourism Board. Composed of weekly core events, themed celebrations, culinary workshops, and competitions organised island-wide, this month-long festival celebrates the local perennial food favourites that have given Singapore an international reputation of a diverse food heaven. In 2017 the theme was 'Savour Singapore in Every Bite.' Some of the local features include: Hawker Wine Safari, Kueh Appreciation Day, the Singapore Tea Festival, the 50 Cents Fest and more.
References
External links
Singapore Food Festival Web Site
Festivals in Singapore |
Frigophobia is a phobia pertaining to the fear of becoming too cold. Frigophobia is a condition that appears mainly in the Chinese culture. Sufferers of this problem bundle up in heavy clothes and blankets, regardless of the ambient air temperature. This disorder has been linked to other psychological disorders such as hypochondriasis and obsessive-compulsive disorder. In a 1975 study among ethnic Chinese in Taiwan, it was noted that frigophobia may be culturally linked to koro. Where that disorder causes male sufferers to feel that their penis is retracting into the body due to an insufficiency of "male element" (or yang), male frigophobia sufferers correlate coldness with an over-abundance of "female element" (or yin).
Definition
Frigophobia is defined as a persistent, abnormal, and unwarranted fear of coldness, despite conscious understanding by the phobic individual and reassurance by others that there is no danger. It is also known as cryophobia, cheimaphobia or cheimatophobia.
Society and culture
China
In China, frigophobia is known as weihanzheng (畏寒症, lit. "coldness-fearing syndrome"). From the standpoint of traditional Chinese beliefs, the disorder is highly influenced by an imbalance of yin (the female element) and yang (the male element). Chinese traditional beliefs also states that working women are particularly susceptible to frigophobia, triggered by a combination of stress, menopause, pregnancy and other disorders such as anemia. During winter, these women are likely to experience coldness in extremities and back pains caused by the disorder.
It is believed that the disorder can be treated using a combination of diet in order to correct an imbalance in the sufferer's yin and yang. Dietary treatments include:
Chicken soup
Turnip juice mixed with ginger juice and honey, three times a day
Red tea with ginger juice and sugar, two times a day
Foods containing yeast (e.g. bread)
Spices (e.g. ginger, chili pepper)
Vinegar diluted in water
It is also believed that the dietary treatment will be more effective if taken in conjunction with an acupuncture routine.
A case study of a 45-year-old Singaporean housewife with frigophobia concluded that frigophobia is closely related to, and influenced by, cultural beliefs. Generally speaking, in therapy, treatments would consist of using low dose of anxiolytics and antidepressants, and psychological interventions. But usually when Asian women are notified of the illness, they would adopt various measures to recover. These include withdrawal from workforce, avoid exposure to cold air and wind, and dietary precautions. It would be important to consider the patient's cultural beliefs about the "illness" in comparison to the therapist's belief of the illness, and then find a negotiable approach for the treatment.
See also
Culture-bound syndrome
Fan death
Genital retraction syndrome
Traditional Chinese medicine
Yin and yang
References
Further reading
Chang YH, Rin H, Chen CC Frigophobia: a report of five cases. Bulletin of the Chinese Society of Neurology and Psychiatry 1975; 1:9–13
Zhou JS Wei han zheng. In: Therapeutics in psychology. Taiwan: He-ji, 1993:327–329
External links
Extreme cases in Sri Lanka
Frozen Mythbusters
Environmental phobias |
Vértesszőlős is a village in Komárom-Esztergom county, Hungary. It is most known for the archaeological site where a Middle Pleistocene human fossil, known as "Samu", was found.
History
Prehistory
Vértesszőlős sits at the foot of the Gerecse Mountains, which were at one point in the sea. At the bottom of this sea, many fossils accumulated, including that of a Homo heidelbergensis individual that is now known as Samu.
Recent history
For most of its history, Vértesszőlős has been constantly inhabited by different peoples, including Celts, Romans, Avars, Moravians, and Hungarians. According to legend, it was near Vértesszőlős that Svatopluk I of Moravia and Árpád fought.
At the beginning of the 18th century, the village had several Lords, who recruited Slovakian-speaking serfs to settle the land. These settlers radically transformed the landscape; they drained the marshes, cut forests to make pastures, and brought sheep into the territory. By the end of the 18th century, the Slovakian settlers decided to build a church, which was completed in 1792.
In 1809, Napoleon's armies invaded Hungary, and ramparts were built in Vértesszőlős.
In World War I, 236 inhabitants of the village fought, of which 32 died and 7 became disabled. In 1929, the names of the dead were recorded on the Hero Memorial which stands in front of the village's church. This was also the year that the village's school was built.
In World War II, 23 soldiers from the village died. The front passed through the village twice, causing many buildings to be damaged. In 1944, the parish priest of the village died, and the pastor died a year later in January 1945. It wasn't until March 1945 that the Soviet forces displaced the German occupants from Vértesszőlős.
Between 1990 and 1994 the town grew with several newly built public institutions: a sports hall, a football field, a new school building, a health house, and a pharmacy had been built. After Hungary joined the European Union in 2004, from 2006 onwards, the EU development funds, more significant than the previous ones, provided new impetus to the development of Vértesszőlős.
References
External links
Street map (Hungarian)
Populated places in Komárom-Esztergom County |
Graham Cyril Kennedy AO (15 February 1934 – 25 May 2005) was an Australian entertainer, comedian and variety performer, as well as a personality and star of radio, theatre, television and film. He often performed in the style of vaudevillian and radio comedy star Roy Rene and was often called "Gra Gra" (pronounced "gray-gray").
Honoured as an officer of the Order of Australia, he was a six-time recipient of the Gold Logie, including the Logie Hall of Fame award, and won the Star of the Year Award in 1959. He is the most awarded star of Australian television. He was often referred to as "The King" or the "King of Australian television".
He was also known for his television collaborations with Bert Newton and Don Lane.
Early life
Childhood
Kennedy was born in Camden Street, Balaclava to Cyril William Kennedy and Mary Austin Kennedy (née Scott). Kennedy's mother, who was 18 years old at the time of his birth, was employed at a local picture theatre. His father worked variously as an engineer and handyman, mowed lawns and washed cars. In 1939 he joined the RAAF as an air gunner. Kennedy's first home was a "small, crowded duplex" at 32 Nelson Street, Balaclava. A 20 cm diameter plaque was placed on the property by the City of Port Phillip, coincidentally in the week of Kennedy's death.
When Kennedy was two years old, his parents moved to Carlisle Street, St Kilda, for two years. His parents divorced shortly before World War II and Kennedy was largely raised by his grandparents, "Pop" Kennedy (who had been an electrician at Melbourne's Tivoli, Royal and Bijou theatres) and "Grandma Scott", to whom he remained particularly close until her death. Kennedy later said that he had:
often wished his mother and father had never married. 'I wasn't enamoured of either of them [...] they betrayed me [...] divorce is not too much fun for a little nine-year-old [...]
After Kennedy's death, an article in The Bulletin by his friend and colleague John Mangos recorded that:
... he would sometimes talk about the violent arguments between his parents, how he gravitated to his grandmother's bosom, his two uncles ("one fought the Germans, the other fought the Japs") and how one of them took liberties with the boy. Graham never resented him, claiming he equated it with affection.
Education
Kennedy was educated firstly at Euston College (which no longer exists) on the corner of Chapel and Carlisle streets, secondly at Caulfield North Central School (now Caulfield Junior College) and finally at Melbourne High School, South Yarra.
In 1977, Kennedy chaired a project to raise funds for improvements at Melbourne High which raised more than $100,000 in its first year.
After school
During a school break in 1949, Kennedy worked at his uncle's hairdressing shop at 475 Collins Street, where he met clients who worked in the same building for the Radio Australia shortwave service of the Australian Broadcasting Commission (ABC). He accepted a job as a news runner from Collins Street to the ABC studios in Lonsdale Street. Shortly after he joined radio station 3UZ, working in the station's record library.
Radio career
3UZ and "Nicky"
Clifford "Nicky" Nicholls Whitta was a Melbourne radio personality. A radio performer since 1932, he presented a housewives' program, as well as "Chatterbox Corner" with his wife Nancy Lee (Kathleen Lindgren). In an era when Australian radio announcers routinely adopted false British accents and a "hard-sell" approach to advertisements, Whitta's authentic Australian voice and irreverent attitude towards his sponsors brought him a large audience. In Nancy Lee's 1979 biography Being a Chum Was Fun she says: "Nicky went on to become the most popular announcer ever on Melbourne (r)adio".
In his foreword to Nancy Lee's book, Kennedy wrote:
About 40 years ago, when I was a snow haired six year old, I can remember being totally captivated by a grown man pretending to be a naughty little boy on 3AW's children session called "Chatterbox Corner". His name was Clifford Whitta, and he was to become the most important man in my life. Years later I was even more fascinated with this man when he conducted a breakfast program and let the boy who played his records actually talk on the air with him.
Nicholls moved from 3KZ to 3UZ (where Kennedy was working), bringing with him his teenage panel operators Alf "Alfie Boy" Thesinger and Russell Archer. However, eighteen-year-olds, Thesinger and Archer were conscripted for National Service. Nancy Lee's book records:
I asked Nicky, "Have you decided on anyone to help you in the session yet?" When I heard the chosen one was to be young Graham, I was surprised. "Oh, no, not Graham! [...] he's a nice boy, but he can't talk." Nick said, "Mum, leave him to me."
Nicky became father-figure, personal friend and mentor to Kennedy, and the two built an extraordinary on-air rapport. Kennedy wrote:
Being straight man to one of the greatest entertainers of our time was not all that easy. We were not always chums. He would spend weeks not talking to me (except on air) for something I had unknowingly said or done. Once he even suspended me from the programme for some trivial matter. [...] I worked with him until his sudden death in 1956. I never stopped being a fan. I did not realise then that I had been prepared for another career on another electrical medium: the most potent communication device of the century.
Nicky died on 8 September 1956.
Other radio
By May 1957, Kennedy was appearing on television, but also presented a 3AK morning radio program with Bert Newton in 1961–1962, which later originated from a studio built at Kennedy's home in Olivers Hill, Frankston.
In 1970, he worked at 3XY; from June to December 1975 he appeared on a 3LO drivetime program with Richard Combe; from September to November 1976 was on 3DB with Dennis Scanlan; in 1977 he returned to DB to cover the Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II live from London.
RS Playhouse
Kennedy recorded eight 30-minute radio comedies for the ABC under the title Graham Kennedy's RS Playhouse. Written by Gary Reilly and Tony Sattler (who together wrote the television programs Kingswood Country and The Naked Vicar Show), the shows were broadcast between 11 August and 23 September 1979.
Sattler and his wife (actress Noeline Brown) were two of Kennedy's closest friends.
2Day FM
In 1980, Kennedy became a 10% shareholder in Sydney radio station 2Day FM, and from 24 May 1981 he presented a computer-edited, three-hour Sunday morning program of music and comedy.
Television career
Kennedy's first television appearance was in March 1957, representing 3UZ on a GTV-9 Red Cross telethon. Viewing his performance on the monitors, GTV-9's general manager Colin Bednall and producer Norman Spencer "... turned to one another without exchanging a word and shook hands."
In Melbourne Tonight
Bednall and Spencer defied both the GTV-9 boardroom and the first sponsor (Philips) by choosing Kennedy, who began on a salary of £30 for five one-hour evening shows per week to be called In Melbourne Tonight (or IMT) which began on 6 May 1957 (A$213 per hour in 2022 terms). Thus, the 23-year-old Kennedy began a career of which he later said that he was "terrified for forty years". The show's theme song, "Gee, But You're Swell", was written by Abel Baer and Thomas Tobias in 1936.
Kennedy was not GTV-9's first choice – they had planned to use either 3UZ personality John McMahon or 3DB's Dick Cranbourne. Despite later reports that the program's name had been intended to be The Late Show, and that rival station HSV-7 beat GTV-9 to the title by one week, contemporary press reports from several weeks before the show's debut list the title as "In Melbourne Tonight". The program became extremely popular, although Kennedy had his detractors. Kennedy was quoted as saying:
Many women write to tell me that although their husbands may not like me, they do. It appears from the mail that the women have the say on what the household is watching. And we do remember that it is the women who do the buying of products that we advertise. Bearing that in mind we try and design our commercials for them.
IMT was devised as a copy of the American Tonight Show format, with the host presiding over sketches, introducing star artists and reading advertisements live. His colleague Bert Newton records in his autobiography:
(Norman) Spencer was the mastermind of IMT; don't let anyone forget that. Nothing happened on IMT that Norm did not approve personally [...] Norman Spencer chose Graham Kennedy as compère; Norm kept his eye on the show from day to day; he pushed the buttons from the control room which put the TV shots into viewers' homes at night; he added the talent around Graham and he set up the organisation.
Spencer wielded other influence, too. According to Hugh Stuckey, a writer on the show, the producer placed Kennedy with a series of attractive young women to displace rumours of Kennedy's homosexuality.
This was an era in which homosexuality was, well, horrifying. So every now and again Kennedy had to be seen about in case any viewers thought him the other persuasion. [...] It was cleverly manipulated – the station had the media at its disposal. It was all to give Graham a good old hetero image though he always seemed very unsexual.
By July 1959, the program was still popular in Melbourne. Recurring comedy players Joff Ellen and Rosie Sturgess became regulars. Singer Toni Lamond joined the cast. Attempts were made at this time to launch Kennedy as a national personality. Special Friday night editions of IMT were produced under the title of The Graham Kennedy Show and recorded on videotape which had just come into use. After being transmitted live in Melbourne taped copies of the show would be shipped to Adelaide, Brisbane and Sydney for transmission there on subsequent evenings. Producer Spencer observed there was critical and popular resistance to Kennedy in Sydney. Queensland too had shown suspicion to imports from down south trumpeted to Queenslanders as the best in Australia while Queensland itself had apparently been left out of this judgement.
The Graham Kennedy Show began in February 1960 but was not popular in Sydney. The program was judged stilted compared to IMT itself; Kennedy seemed much more subdued than usual, was tense, and the comedy was not working. Critics in Sydney and Queensland disliked key components of the show. Judged as a flop, The Graham Kennedy Show in Sydney was dropped by ATN7 after 13 weeks. The program however was immediately picked up by TCN9 – its general manager Ken G. Hall saw potential in the program. After continued bad reviews its popularity increased in Sydney. By July 1960 it had reached its twenty-fifth episode and had the highest ratings in Australia.
Later in 1960 Kennedy faced opposition when Sir Frank Packer bought GTV-9. Unlike the previous owner, Packer interfered directly with the station's activities. GTV-9 executive Colin Bednall reported that Packer hated Kennedy and forcefully articulated his desire to have him removed from the IMT.
Packer had a phobia about homosexuals and he believed Kennedy to be one. He insisted he could pick one a mile off.
Kennedy himself was aware that Packer "loathed" him:
Sir Frank did suspect that I and others were of that persuasion. I mean if everyone in the television industry was fired because of that, there would be few around! [...] I've been accused of everything. I've been accused of being homosexual, bisexual, heterosexual and worst of all asexual, which means you don't do anything. That's cruel.
Packer's arrival prompted the departure of IMT producer Norman Spencer. IMT continued its run. Other regular performers on IMT were Patti Newton and Philip Brady. In 1961 Kennedy described his presentation of the program.
In the whole of the ten years I have been working on radio and television, I have been working to a majority of women. I think women prefer men to be well-mannered, so I always try to watch my manners. They like men to be well dressed, so I do my best to observe this. Others bring to my notice the fact that I sometimes make grammatical errors in my speech; so, because of this, I try to watch my grammar – but at the same time I bear in mind that it's more profitable for me to be entertaining than to be perfect in my use of English.
By March 1961 the national show had been renamed Graham Kennedy's Channel 9 Show and was finding quiet acceptance nationally. Even at this time Kennedy admitted there were problems in the weekly national show.
We clam up and get tense. But I think the national show will improve in the next few weeks. We want to include the best segments of IMT in the national show. IMT is a lot more spontaneous than the national show – we've run up to an hour overtime. We like to get the audience to participate and if we can find someone interesting in the studio audience we throw away our scripts and just adlib.
Kennedy by this stage did not always host IMT. Bert Newton hosted on Monday nights. Then a September 1961 reshuffle had Toni Lamond host Monday nights and Newton hosted only on Thursday nights. Kennedy took occasional nights off to be replaced by Fred Parslow, Jimmy Hannan, and Philip Brady. Despite resistance from network executives to the varied hosting line-up, the ratings remained strong.
In January 1962 the national Graham Kennedy's Channel 9 Show was cancelled and replaced by The Channel 9 Show hosted by Bert Newton. Kennedy continued to fine-tune his IMT performances. Kennedy had a strong understanding of key technical elements of television and perfected his comic timing, and watched the lenses on the TV cameras, adjusting his performance depending on whether he was in a wide shot or a close up. Compilation highlight programs of IMT segments were screened in Sydney, Perth, Brisbane and Adelaide in May 1963 under the title The Best of Kennedy. The Best of Kennedy continued until December 1963. On IMT, Noel Ferrier was appointed the new Friday night host. Also in 1963 writer Mike McColl-Jones joined. Kennedy had often disliked having writers on the program, was reluctant for them to be publicly acknowledged, and often ignored all their material, preferring to rely on Tivoli shtick and sketches remembered by veterans like Joff Ellen. In the case of McColl-Jones, Kennedy seemed to like him and his comedy material, which was apparently the key requirement by which Kennedy would use a writer's material. McColl-Jones continued as a writer on the series for several years. Also in 1963 Ernie Carroll joined the writing team. Kennedy had apparently relaxed his attitude towards writers by this stage and seemed happy to use their material with few complaints.
In 1964 Bert Newton abruptly disappeared from the program. It was not publicly acknowledged at the time but he had suffered a nervous breakdown. After a long absence he returned to appear on the Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday evening episodes. On 14 June 1965 IMT reached its 2,000th instalment and more people watched the show per capita than any other television program in the world.
By this stage Fred Parslow was well established on the program's writing team and was a confidante of Kennedy's.
When he was really down, depressed about things. A relationship had failed. He rang me in a terrible state and asked me to go down to his house in Frankston. Joan, my wife, said you better go. He sounded really desperate. There wasn't much he could do for such a long time. Of course, when he did start to get brave, he was too old for going around and picking up what he might enjoy. He was the first of our mega stars; there seem to be mega stars everywhere now. In those days, living in such a Sleepy Hollow like Melbourne, he found his life terribly, terribly difficult. And you can understand in those days. The times have changed. It's almost compulsory to be homosexual now.
On 7 July 1965 Kennedy appeared on a then-innovative live split-screen link with Don Lane, the host of Sydney Tonight, via the recently completed co-axial cable linking Melbourne and Sydney. Starting late September 1966, IMT itself was transmitted to Sydney via the coaxial cable. This coincided with a cameo in the film They're a Weird Mob in which Kennedy plays himself. Like the film's protagonist, Kennedy in the film finds Sydney to be a city somewhat unwelcoming towards migrants from anywhere. By early December 1966 ratings for Kennedy's show were strong in Sydney. There was an increase from one IMT episode a week in Sydney, to two, with a Monday night broadcast added that month.
By 1968 there was a regular roster of IMT guest hosts, including Bert Newton, Tim Evans, Bobby Limb, Don Lane, Kevin Sanders, and Michael Preston. The announcement of Kennedy's intention to leave IMT was made in October 1969 and he left the show on the expiration of his contract 23 December 1969. His final episode features newsreader Sir Eric Pearce placing on his head a crown made by the Channel Nine prop department in the style of that worn by Henry IV, symbolising Kennedy's reign as King of Australian television.
In 2007, the crown (which a private collector had recognised at a junk store in Bowral NSW, and purchased for $5) was auctioned for more than $17,000 to a producer of the Seven Network's Sunrise program.
The Graham Kennedy Show
After specials on 15 November 1971 and 2 March 1972, Kennedy returned to regular television with The Graham Kennedy Show on 19 September 1972. This series lasted until late 1973. In 1974, when Kennedy claimed he wanted a rest, Nine allegedly paid him not to sign with another network. It was Frank Packer who paid Kennedy $50,000 to do nothing, as he was fearful he would work for someone else. Kennedy said in 1978:
It wasn't a retainer. It was $50,000 not to work. Sir Frank didn't know it but I had no intention of working.
The Graham Kennedy Show resumed in March 1975, and was Kennedy's first series in colour.
Memorable, and controversial, moments, included the "crow call" controversy where, on 3 March 1975, Kennedy imitated a crow call ("faaaaaark") highly reminiscent of the word "fuck". This led the Australian Broadcasting Control Board to request that Kennedy "show cause" why he should not be removed from the airwaves. Kennedy replied that he could not show cause, suggesting that the Board take action to limit his appearances, while hinting at legal action should they do so. Rather than removing him, the ABCB banned Kennedy from appearing live, forcing him to pre-record the show on videotape.
Another notable moment was from 17 April 1975, when Kennedy attacked Senator Doug McClelland, the then Minister for the Media, over local content issues. His comments were edited, and a voiceover recorded by the general manager was inserted saying that Kennedy had made a "cowardly attack on a Labor Minister who was unable to defend himself."
Following the McClelland incident, Kennedy parted company with the Nine Network, but later returned.
Later television work
Kennedy appeared as Clive Parker in an episode of the 26-part ABC drama Power Without Glory, which began on 21 June 1976.
He returned to television in 1977 for what is now Network Ten to host a comedy game show, Blankety Blanks. It dominated early evening television over two seasons, between 7 February 1977 and 15 September 1978. The show featured friends from his earlier days including Noeline Brown, Barry Creyton, Noel Ferrier, Ugly Dave Gray, Carol Raye and Stuart Wagstaff. It was only after the show became a ratings success and the network's most profitable program that it revealed Kennedy was paid an unprecedented $1 million per season.
In 1979, "The King" became King of Moomba complete with his motorised desk, the second Melbourne-born recipient after Newton.
In 1982 Kennedy provided the voice-over narration for a ten-episode ABC historical documentary The Blainey View.
Kennedy appeared as the host of Channel Seven's morning news program Eleven AM in 1983 and again – for eight weeks – in 1984. Nearly 60 by this point, Kennedy accepted an offer from the Nine Network's managing director Sam Chisholm to present Graham Kennedy's News Show from Sydney, to air five nights a week at 10:30 pm against Clive Robertson's Newsworld on the Seven Network. Five trial programs were recorded but never broadcast.
Kennedy initially "pulled the plug" and withdrew from the show but returned (see Harry M. Miller, below). Kennedy's contract stipulated that his co-presenter would be sports commentator Ken Sutcliffe.
Kennedy's writers, who worked from a production cottage at the corner of Scott Street and Artarmon Road included Jim Pike, Tim Evans, Larry Burns, and Ken Sterling. Blundell records:
They worked in the back room shooting out gags over typewriters and word processors, united in their hatred of the 'Little Guy', as they also called him."
The writers also referred to Kennedy as "the little buggle-eyed bastard",. However, they admired his talent. Jim Pike said, ".. I hate him, but he is the best there is".
Kennedy defied convention with his tasteless humour. Pointing out the irony of how a news show gets good ratings he said it would be helpful for his show's ratings if the Pope's aircraft were to fly into a mountain while it was full of orphans. He also remarked that Queen Elizabeth II "didn't have bad breasts ... for a woman of her age" and mocked 17 October 1989, San Francisco Loma Prieta earthquake with a re-creation on the set.
After a slightly heavy woman was caught for streaking at a cricket match, Graham explained on air that they would run the footage but had to cover certain offending parts of her body with black. The clip he played was all black, except for a single spot that revealed her pubic hair.
He also reprised the "Chum Song" from Melbourne radio days, saying that it originated in a 1920s children's newspaper column in Scotland. In Nancy Lee's book Being a Chum Was Fun she writes:
The Chum Song, I believe, was written and recorded in Glasgow in 1930 by Jack Hylton's orchestra for a Scottish Newsboys Club. The recording Kennedy used to close the program was provided by Melbourne music Historian Alex Hehr
The lyrics of the chorus are:
Being a chum is fun,
That is why I'm one;
Always smiling, always gay,
Chummy at work,
(and) chummy at play -
Laugh away your worries,
Don't be sad or glum;
And everyone will know that you're a
Chum, chum, chum!
Sutcliffe would "corpse", with tears in his eyes, unable to continue; this became so frequent that Kennedy managed to coin a catchphrase, "I love it when he cries".
Kennedy called Sutcliffe "Two Dogs" after delivering a joke ending with the tag "Why do you ask, Two Dogs Rooting?"
Graham Kennedy's News Show was a rarity in that it was a live news show that had a studio audience. Five nights a week for most of the year, audiences lined up at 10:30 at night just to see Kennedy do his magic in the flesh. Often the funniest parts of the show were in the commercial breaks when Kennedy would come down and join the audience for a chat. He always made a point of telling them a particularly crude joke that was timed so they got the punchline just a second before the show was back on air. On 13 February 1989 the show became Coast to Coast, with Nine journalist John Mangos replacing Sutcliffe, and ran until 8 December 1989. Kennedy's last series was Graham Kennedy's Funniest Home Video Show which was broadcast between 29 March and 15 November 1990 on the Nine Network. Kennedy presented the introduction segment to the Nine Network special 35 Years of Television in 1991. The segment covered the very early days of television variety, including his own In Melbourne Tonight. Kennedy's last television appearance was in February 1994 in an interview for Ray Martin Presents Graham Kennedy's Sixtieth. Believing that Martin had ambushed him by departing from a pre-agreed list of questions, Kennedy ensured that much of the interview was unusable for broadcast by peppering his responses with obscenities.
In 2005 John Mangos wrote:
He (Kennedy) later explained the experience in a piece for TV Week in an article called 'In his own words'.
"Ray Martin and I had worked together before, and he well knows that if I have the questions in advance, he'll get a better interview. Everyone knows this – politicians in particular. Ray duly faxed the questions to me, but on the morning of the recording changed them. I was bewildered by this (I think a researcher let him down). I terminated the interview when I didn't know what he was talking about and went upstairs to lunch."
It was a critical turning point in his career. He vowed never to do television again.
Ray Martin denied any ill intent, saying "We faxed a series of general topics, but it was clear at the outset that much would depend on the general run of the interview [...] An ambush was not on the agenda [...] He had no complaints. There was never a suggestion that he was unhappy."
Logie awards
Kennedy coined the name Logie Award in 1960, after the inventor of television, John Logie Baird.
Kennedy received many Logies, including:
5 Gold Logies for the Most Popular Personality on Australian Television (1960, 1967, 1969, 1974, and 1978).
He also won the "TV Week Awards' Star of the Year" award at the inaugural presentation in 1959, and this is sometimes counted as his first Gold Logie, which would give him 6 in total
a Special Logie Award – the Star of the Decade in 1967
a Hall of Fame Logie Award in 1998. He did not attend the ceremony; the award was accepted on his behalf by Bert Newton.
Filmography
Film
Television
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Type
|-
| 1957 || GTV-9 Red Cross telethon || 3UZ representative || TV special
|-
| 1957-69 || In Melbourne Tonight (IMT) || Host || TV variety series, 87 episodes
|-
| 1959 || The Bob Dyer Show || Himself || TV special
|-
| 1959 || BP Super Show || Himself || TV series
|-
| 1959 || Adelaide Tonight || Himself || TV series
|-
| 1960 || The General Motors Hour || Himself || TV series, 1 episode
|-
| 1961-62 || Graham Kennedy's Channel 9 Show''' || Host || TV variety series
|-
| 1963 || The Best of Kennedy || || TV highlights series
|-
| 1965 || In Perth Tonight || Himself || TV series
|-
| 1972 || ALP: It's Time || Himself || TV political campaign
|-
| 1972-75 || The Graham Kennedy Show || Host || TV variety series, 115 episodes
|-
| 1975 || Celebrity Squares || Himself || TV game series, 11 episodes
|-
| 1976 || Power Without Glory || Clive Parker || TV series, 1 episode
|-
| 1976-83 || The Don Lane Show || Himself || TV series, 2 episodes
|-
| 1977-78 || Blankety Blanks || Host || TV game series, 27 episodes
|-
| 1980 || Kingswood Country || Himself || TV series, 1 episode
|-
| 1980 || Celebrity Tattle Tales || Himsf || TV series, 2 episodes
|-
| 1980 || Cabaret || Himself || TV series
|-
| 1981 || The Love Boat || Port Vila Jeweller || TV series, 2 episodes
|-
| 1982 || The Blainey View || Narrator || TV documentary series, 10 episodes
|-
| 1983 || Silent Reach || Chasser Fitzpatrick || TV miniseries, 2 episodes
|-
| 1983-84 || Eleven AM || Host || TV series
|-
| 1984 || Five Mile Creek || Walker the Hawker || TV series, 1 episode
|-
| 1988-89 || Graham Kennedy's News Show || Host || TV series
|-
| 1989 || Coast to Coast || || TV series
|-
| 1989 || Channel Seven Perth Telethon || Himself || TV special, 1 episode
|-
| 1990 || Graham Kennedy's Funniest Home Video Show || Host || TV series, 1 episode
|-
| 1991 || 35 Years of Television || Presenter (introduction segment) || TV specials
|-
| 1994 || Ray Martin Presents Graham Kennedy's Sixtieth || Interviewee || TV special
|}
Personal life
Being a period of that era of the 1950s I think being gay must have been pretty harsh for Graham. I can imagine...everybody knew, nobody cared, but I think it was such a time when you didn't talk about issues that were personal, and I think that made him much more secretive and reclusive, and I think that was probably quite a tough thing for him... – Susan Gaye Anderson
Kennedy himself never publicly acknowledged that he was gay, but his homosexuality was considered an open secret within the Australian entertainment industry.
In the 1960s, Bob Dyer described him as "probably the loneliest young man in Australia."
In 1973, Melbourne newspapers reported that Kennedy was engaged to 28-year-old Australian singer Lana Cantrell, who became a successful New York lawyer. Many years later, Kennedy wrote to a newspaper that a photographer, taking pictures of him and Cantrell leaving a restaurant together, asked if he could "hint at a romance". The following Sunday, a poster proclaimed "Graham and Lana to wed". His former housekeeper, Devona Fox, in the 2009 television documentary The Real Graham Kennedy—produced by Bob Phillips, one of the producers from Kennedy's breakthrough Channel 9 program In Melbourne Tonight—is quoted as saying:
Graham always told me right early on that he would never get married. He told me that his life was devastated when his parents split up, and he said straight out, "Mrs Fox, I'll never get married", so I never expected anything more of him than what did happen. Even when Lana Cantrell came into the scene I was puzzled and I did say to him why all this, and of course we all know it was good publicity. Lana came to the house and I had to go up, and have it all cleaned, ready for her and her party to come one Sunday night. And then on the Monday night, this great big announcement was going to be made that he was supposed to be engaged to Lana Cantrell. Well, the ratings went through the roof...
In his 2006 book King and I: My Life with Graham Kennedy, published by celebrity agent Anthony Zammit, broadcaster Rob Astbury stated that Kennedy and he had been lovers. Kennedy is portrayed as homosexual in the 2007 biopic The King.
He was a Freemason.
Lawsuit
Kennedy engaged Harry M. Miller as his agent. According to biographer Blundell, Kennedy believed that Miller was to donate his commission of $2500 per week to the Wayside Chapel for Kennedy's appearance on Graham Kennedy's News Show.
Miller later sued Kennedy for "wrongful termination and for a 20 per cent commission on his 1989 gross earnings." During the court case, Miller "painted a picture of his client of twenty years as a late-night drunk in the habit of sending demanding faxes while under the influence." Justice Brownie found against Miller, and ordered him to pay $75,699 and costs.
Retirement
In 1991, Kennedy retired to a rural property at Canyonleigh, near Bowral in the Southern Highlands of New South Wales, near his friends Tony Sattler and Noeline Brown, where his main companions were two Clydesdale horses named Dave and Sarah, and Henry, a Golden Retriever.
Health problems
Kennedy's health declined during the 1990s. He was diabetic, and a heavy smoker and drinker. Throughout his illnesses, his friends Tony Sattler and Noeline Brown rallied to his aid.
On 18 December 2001 his housekeeper found him unconscious and dehydrated. Sattler said "Between the diabetes and the booze, there's not much left of him", adding that the death of Kennedy's dog Henry was "the final trigger".
On 14 June 2002 Kennedy was found unconscious at the foot of the stairs at his home, suffering a broken leg and skull with suspected brain damage.
His Canyonleigh property was sold, and he moved into a townhouse and later a nursing home.
Benefactor
Despite a career of high earnings, press reports said that his financial situation was, while not disastrous, insufficient to fund his ongoing care. Having made millions for the Packer family interests, he believed that "the Packers will always look after me".
According to Graeme Blundell's biography, Tony Sattler:
[...]spent several days ringing Kerry Packer's office [...] Nursing was going to cost $3000 a week. 'We could cope for several years but not longer. [...] After three days Di Stone, Mr Packer's personal assistant, called Sattler back: 'Mr Packer has considered his plight. Unfortunately, he is unable to assist.
[...] Sattler received a phone call from [...] an 'unnamed businessman' – [...] ten minutes later there was a call from Graham's bank to tell Sattler that $150,000 had been deposited in the ailing comedian's account.
On 27 May 2005, Noeline Brown confirmed that the benefactor was Sam Chisholm.
However, Kennedy's will reportedly left a seven-figure sum to the Sydney City Mission.
Decline and death
On 2 February 2004, The Daily Telegraph said:
The king of Australian TV Graham Kennedy will celebrate his 70th birthday next weekend with a few close friends. The low-key affair is expected to be at the Kenilworth Nursing Home at Bowral where Kennedy has lived since taking a nasty tumble a few years ago. Physically he's not in terrific shape. He can't walk any more and gets around in a wheelchair as a result of the diabetes and the years of heavy smoking.
Actor Graeme Blundell, who had worked with Kennedy on the movie The Odd Angry Shot, published a biography of Kennedy, King: The Life and Comedy of Graham Kennedy (MacMillan, 2003). A newspaper report stated that Kennedy "passed on his best wishes but declined to be involved 'for no particular reason [...] other than he believes he has a limited memory of many of the facts of his life'." The book, which was completed before Kennedy's death, ends with "Graham read them [chapters of an early draft] ... asked if he wished to read any more, 'No', Graham Kennedy said. 'I know how it ends.'"
In 2001, Kennedy's friend and Coast to Coast colleague John Mangos was reported as saying:
I can say to his beloved fans that they won't see Graham again. He won't appear publicly again; he is in his twilight. He has made a personal decision to disappear quietly into the sunset.On 25 May 2005, aged 71, Kennedy died at the Kenilworth Nursing Home, Bowral, from complications from pneumonia.
John Mangos wrote in The Bulletin:
A week before his 69th birthday, he was bedridden and infirm. His wasted and frail, aching body could take no more. I paid a short and emotional visit. Still, the ashtray was by his bedside next to a radio tuned to ABC Radio National. I leaned over to kiss him on the forehead and he whispered, 'Don't get too close, it hurts'.
He also wrote:
I was often asked if he had cancer or AIDS. In fact at 67, he had diabetes, some rheumatism, the odd creaky joint, a healthy capacity to whinge and the usual symptoms connected with smoking and drinking. But by now the horses were gone and the dog had died. He was eating less and drinking more. One night, he fell down the stairs. He was discovered the next morning on the floor by his housekeeper. He was rushed to the local hospital where pneumonia in one lung was treated effectively and efficiently, a fracture near his hip was repaired and he was diagnosed with brain damage. We were to learn he had Korsakoff's syndrome (an alcohol-related condition) and we decided to keep it private.
Korsakoff's syndrome is a form of amnesia seen in chronic alcoholics; briefly stated, victims eat too little and drink too much.
Derryn Hinch controversy
After his death, controversial Melbourne-based 3AW radio broadcaster Derryn Hinch alleged that Kennedy had died from an AIDS-related disease. This was strenuously denied by his friends and carers Noeline Brown and Tony Sattler, and as a result Kennedy's biographer Graeme Blundell then published Kennedy's medical records, including a recent negative HIV test, to disprove this allegation.
Funeral
Tony Sattler offered the Nine Network the right to televise the funeral but it declined, claiming it could not justify the cost of the outside broadcast. The Seven Network accepted, and gave coverage free of charge to the Nine Network. Hence, the one-hour funeral service was aired simultaneously across both Seven and Nine networks.
Stuart Wagstaff presented the funeral, which was attended by many of Kennedy's friends, colleagues and associates on the morning of 31 May 2005 at a small community theatre in the town of Mittagong. At the end of the funeral Kennedy's coffin was carried by players from the St Kilda Football Club, the Australian rules football team he supported.
Wagstaff's eulogy alluded to the claims made by Derryn Hinch about the cause of Kennedy's death:
Delivering a eulogy for a close friend and for someone who was so much admired is never a happy occasion. Though I must confess I would be quite happy to deliver a eulogy for a certain media personality who's tried the second Kennedy assassination of our time... and failed.The Age newspaper, on 26 June 2005, reported John Mangos as saying that he "knew Kennedy wanted his ashes scattered at sea. And that wish was carried out." This was confirmed in a report in The Sydney Morning Herald which stated that Kennedy's ashes were scattered in the sea at Kiama attended by a group which included "Noeline Brown, Tony Sattler, John Mangos, Stuart Wagstaff, Kennedy's former housekeeper Sally Baker-Beall and her husband John, and old friends Christine and Nicholas Deeprose."
Legacy
Four of Kennedy's television shows were named in the program 50 Years 50 Shows which counted down the top 50 Australian TV shows of all time, as decided by ratings data and the opinions of 100 television industry professionals, on the Nine Network on 25 September 2005. Kennedy's In Melbourne Tonight topped the poll, Power Without Glory was 15th, Blankety Blanks was 20th, and Coast to Coast was 42nd.
In the Australia Day honours of 26 January 2006, Kennedy was posthumously appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO), for "service to the entertainment industry as an actor, comedian and presenter significantly influencing the development of the radio, television and film industries in Australia, and to the community". The award was made effective from 5 May 2005.
The King telemovie
A telemovie examining Kennedy's life, titled The King'', began filming in December 2006. It stars Stephen Curry as Kennedy and Stephen Hall as Bert Newton, with Garry McDonald, Shaun Micallef, Steve Bisley, Jane Allsop as Noeline Brown, Beau Brady, Leo Taylor as Sir Frank Packer and Bernard Curry as John Wesley.
The project, which cost $2.1 million, premiered on 20 May 2007 on TV1 (becoming the highest-rating drama to be shown on pay-TV) to heavy criticism by Kennedy's friends. Tony Sattler and his wife, actress Noeline Brown, Kennedy's closest friends, said they were mortified by the movie, saying that "The film was obsessed with his homosexuality. I don't think people cared about that ... He was Australia's most famous, successful entertainer but how much do we see of that in the film? We see fuck all of it." The Nine Network screened the film on 27 August 2007 .
Comedic style
Kennedy deliberately pushed the boundaries of acceptability in a socially conservative era. Inspired by stage comedians such as Roy Rene, his style was bawdy, irreverent, iconoclastic, often smutty, sometimes deliberately camp, and laden with innuendo and double-entendre. He regularly overstepped the boundaries of accepted "good taste", once telling a fan "There are no limits, love, there are no limits."
Journalist Megan Gressor described Kennedy's style as having "... mongrel roots – a hybrid of vaudeville, slapstick and endless suggestiveness, plus a subliminal subversiveness all his own. It seems almost pantomimic to modern eyes, but Kennedy was a product of simpler times. And more complex. His was an act predicated upon repression; naughtiness loses its point in a world without taboos, where anything goes. It wouldn't work today, when people don't just say "fuck" on television, they do it."
References
Further reading
External links
Graham Kennedy biography (ABC)
ABC news obituary including video and audio links
Laughterlog.com – Biography with list of radio, television and film appearances
Vale Graham Kennedy – includes rare early recordings of Whitta with Kennedy
Blainey – The first inhabitants – Kennedy voiceover
Blainey – Bush medicine – Kennedy voiceover
1934 births
2005 deaths
Australian Freemasons
Australian game show hosts
Australian male comedians
Australian male film actors
Australian radio personalities
Australian television talk show hosts
Comedians from Melbourne
Deaths from pneumonia in New South Wales
Australian gay actors
Gay comedians
Gold Logie winners
Officers of the Order of Australia
People educated at Melbourne High School
Television personalities from Melbourne
Royal Australian Air Force personnel
20th-century Australian comedians
Radio personalities from Melbourne
20th-century Australian LGBT people
People from St Kilda, Victoria
Australian LGBT comedians |
Boxing at the 8th All Africa Games was held in Abuja, Nigeria from October 4-13, 2003. It served as a qualification tournament for the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece. The number one and two earned a ticket for the Olympic tournament.
A total number of 182 fighters from 27 countries did participate in Abuja, Nigeria, with the host country (four gold, three silver, no bronze) as the overall-winner before Egypt (three gold, two silver, two bronze) and Algeria (two gold, one silver, four bronze). All the finalists got quotes for the 2004 Summer Olympics. Two more qualification tournaments followed afterwards on the African continent: in Casablanca, Morocco (January 15 to January 22, 2004) and in Gaborone, Botswana (March 15 to March 22, 2004).
Medal winners
See also
2003 African Amateur Boxing Championships
Boxing at the 2004 Summer Olympics
External links
Results
Amateur Boxing
Boxing at the African Games
A
2003 All-Africa Games |
Halilehi (, also Romanized as Ḩalīlehī and Ḩalīlehee) is a village in Gonbaki Rural District, in the Central District of Rigan County, Kerman Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 183, in 42 families.
References
Populated places in Rigan County |
Diana Liverman (born May 15, 1954, Accra, Ghana) is a retired Regents Professor of Geography and Development and past Director of the University of Arizona School of Geography, Development and Environment in the College of Social and Behavioral Sciences in Tucson, Arizona.
Liverman studies global environmental change and the impacts of climate on human society, including the effects of drought and famine on society, agriculture, food systems, and vulnerable populations.
She is particularly concerned with adaptation interventions that address climate change, what makes them successful, and when they create or reinforce inequality.
Liverman examines the potential for reducing the effects of climate change and at the same time reaching the U.N.'s Sustainable Development Goals. In 2010, Liverman received the Founder's Medal of the Royal Geographical Society, for "encouraging, developing and promoting understanding of the human dimensions of climate change".
Liverman was a co-author of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) October 8, 2018 Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C.
Liverman was one of 19 scientists worldwide elected to the Earth Commission in 2019.
In 2020, Liverman was elected to the National Academy of Sciences and to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
Education
Diana Liverman was born May 15, 1954, in Accra, Ghana to British parents and grew up in the UK.
Liverman earned her B.A. in geography from University College London (1976). She earned her M.A. from the University of Toronto, with a thesis on The coordination of response to drought in the Canadian Prairie Provinces (1979) with advisor Anne U. Whyte.
Liverman did her Ph.D. work at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), in collaboration with the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) in Boulder, Colorado. She worked with Steve Schneider from 1982 to 1985, receiving her Ph.D. in geography from UCLA in 1984.
Her dissertation was The use of a simulation model in assessing the impacts of climate on the world food system, with advisors Werner Terjung and Stephen Schneider.
Career
Liverman taught geography at the University of Wisconsin-Madison where she was also affiliated with the Institute for Environmental Studies from 1984 to 1990. She taught at Penn State University from 1990 to 1996 where she was the Associate Director of the Earth System Science Center directed by Eric Barron. She moved to the University of Arizona in 1996 to become Director of Latin American Studies, retiring in 2022.
In 2003 she was appointed to the first Chair in Environmental Science at the University of Oxford and became Director of the Environmental Change Institute, a centre for research, teaching and outreach on the environment at Oxford University.
In 2009 Liverman returned to the University of Arizona as co-Director of the Institute of the Environment with Jonathan Overpeck. She remained in this position until 2016.
As of July 2019, Liverman became director of the School of Geography and Development in the College of Social and Behavioral Sciences at the University of Arizona.
Liverman was a co-editor of the journal Annual Review of Environment and Resources from 2009 to 2015.
She has served on several national and international committees including the National Academy of Sciences' Committee on the Human Dimensions of Global Environmental Change (chair, 1995-1999) and the NAS Committee on America's Climate Choices. She also chaired the scientific advisory committee of the Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research (1998-2002), the Global Environmental Change and Food Systems (GECAFS) program (2006-) and the IHDP Earth System Governance Project. She co-chaired a transition team to create a new international research initiative, Future Earth, for an Alliance of international organizations that include ICSU, UNEP, and UNESCO.
Liverman has served as an author and committee member for multiple reports from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), including the October 8, 2018 Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C. Liverman was one of the scientists who "contributed substantially" to IPCC reports that led to the awarding of the Nobel Peace Prize to the IPCC in 2007. She has also reported on gender bias in the IPCC.
She serves on the board of a number of organizations including cultural and creative sustainability experts Julie's Bicycle.
Scholarship
Liverman has made many contributions to understanding of the human dimensions of global environmental change. Her publications and research grants deal with climate impacts, vulnerability and adaptation, climate change and food security, and climate policy, mitigation and justice especially in the developing world.
She has a particular interest in the political ecology of environmental management in the Americas, especially in Mexico.
Liverman worked on the human impacts of drought as early as the 1980s, and the impacts of climate change on food systems using early climate modelling techniques and crop simulation models. Having identified the limitations to modelling approaches, fieldwork in Mexico followed, examining vulnerability to natural hazards in the agricultural sector, and the potential impacts of climatic change on food systems. Liverman has also examined the effects of neoliberalism on Latin American society and environmental regimes along the US-Mexico border.
In recent years she has focused on the international dimensions of climate policy and the growth of the new carbon economy, and is a frequent speaker and commentator on global climate issues. She is a co-author of influential papers on planetary boundaries and Earth system governance.
She has also led several major collaborative research projects, funded mainly by US and European agencies. In 2011 she was part of a group who briefed the Dalai Lama (2011) on climate change.
Internationally, Liverman has raised awareness of the importance of the social sciences in understanding impacts of environmental change.
The Royal Geographical Society credits Liverman with "promoting the idea that climate impacts depend as much on vulnerability as the physical climate change, and especially showing how changing socioeconomic and political conditions have shifted the patterns of climate vulnerability". Liverman has carried out some of the earliest academic analyses of adaptation and mitigation, examined connections between the global north and global south, and investigated the challenges of sustainable development in a changing world.
Honours
2020, Member of the National Academy of Sciences
2020, Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
2017, Alexander & Ilse Melamid Medal, American Geographical Society
2014, Guggenheim Fellowship
2014, Presidential Achievement Award, Association of American Geographers
2011, Distinguished Scholarship Honors from the Association of American Geographers
2010, Founder's Medal of the Royal Geographical Society
1991, Mitchell Prize for Sustainable Development, Cynthia and George Mitchell Foundation
Key publications
Books
(Diana Liverman, contributing author.)
(Lead author, D. M. Liverman.)
(Multiple editions).
(D. M. Liverman and others).
Articles
References
American geographers
British geographers
Fellows of Linacre College, Oxford
University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty
Pennsylvania State University faculty
University of Arizona faculty
Alumni of University College London
University of Toronto alumni
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
1954 births
Living people
Political ecologists
Women geographers
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change lead authors
Recipients of the Royal Geographical Society Founder's Medal
Annual Reviews (publisher) editors
Climate change mitigation researchers |
Stephen Mack Stigler (born August 10, 1941) is the Ernest DeWitt Burton Distinguished Service Professor at the Department of Statistics of the University of Chicago. He has authored several books on the history of statistics; he is the son of the economist George Stigler.
Stigler is also known for Stigler's law of eponymy which states that no scientific discovery is named after its original discoverer – whose first formulation he credits to sociologist Robert K. Merton.
Biography
Stigler was born in Minneapolis. He received his Ph.D. in 1967 from the University of California, Berkeley. His dissertation was on linear functions of order statistics, and his advisor was Lucien Le Cam. His research has focused on statistical theory of robust estimators and the history of statistics.
Stigler taught at University of Wisconsin–Madison until 1979 when he joined the University of Chicago. In 2006, he was elected to membership of the American Philosophical Society, and is a past president (1994) of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics.
His father was the economist George Stigler, who was a close friend of Milton Friedman.
Bibliography
Books
As editor
Selected articles
———
———
———
———
——— Stigler, S. M. (1980). Stigler's law of eponymy. Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences, 39: 147–58 (Merton Festschrift Volume, F. Gieryn (ed))
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See also
Chicago school of economics
George Stigler
List of examples of Stigler's law
Milton Friedman
Stigler's law of eponymy
References
External links
Official CV of Stephen M. Stigler (September 2015)
Homepage at the University of Chicago
Mathematics Genealogy Project: Stephen Mack Stigler
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Presidents of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics
Presidents of the International Statistical Institute
Elected Members of the International Statistical Institute
Fellows of the American Statistical Association
American statisticians
American historians of mathematics
University of Chicago faculty
Scientists from Minneapolis
American people of German descent
Living people
1941 births
Mathematicians from Minnesota
Members of the American Philosophical Society |
The 1st Ayrshire and Galloway Artillery Volunteer Corps was formed in 1859 as a response to a French invasion threat. It transferred to the Territorial Force (TF) in 1908 and its successor units fought with the 52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division in Palestine during World War I, and in North West Europe and Burma during World War II. It continued in the Territorial Army (TA) until amalgamation in 1967.
Artillery Volunteers
The enthusiasm for the Volunteer movement following an invasion scare in 1859 saw the creation of many Rifle and Artillery Volunteer Corps composed of part-time soldiers eager to supplement the Regular British Army in time of need. The 1st Administrative Brigade of Ayrshire Artillery Volunteers was formed with its headquarters (HQ) at Irvine, North Ayrshire, in November 1860. It comprised the following Ayrshire Artillery Volunteer Corps (AVCs):
1st Corps formed at Irvine on 22 December 1859, as one and a half batteries ; reduced to one battery in 1862.
2nd Corps formed at Ayr on 31 January 1860, as one and a half batteries; increased to two batteries in 1874.
3rd Corps formed at Largs on 1 March 1860, as one battery.
4th Corps formed at Ardrossan on 3 March 1860, as one battery.
5th Corps formed at Kilmarnock on 12 July 1860, as one battery; increased in 1864 to one and a half batteries.
In 1863, the following corps were added to the brigade:
1st Kirkcudbright Artillery Volunteers formed at Kirkcudbright on 2 February 1860, as one battery.
1st Wigtown Artillery Volunteers formed at Stranraer on 20 February 1860, as one battery.
2nd Wigtown Artillery Volunteers formed at Port Patrick on 22 February 1860, as one battery.
3rd Wigtown Artillery Volunteers formed at Sandhead on 4 May 1867 as one battery and became part of the Brigade.
The first commanding officer (CO) of the administrative brigade was Major Sir Edward Hunt-Blair, 4th Baronet of Dunskey, Wigtown, appointed on 8 May 1861, who was replaced on 17 July 1863 by Lieutenant-Colonel the Hon Greville Vernon, whose his second-in-command (with the rank of major) was Captain (later Admiral) John Eglinton Montgomerie, Royal Navy. Hunter-Blair was reappointed (with the rank of lieutenant-colonel) on 4 September 1866.
In 1863, brigade HQ moved from Irvine to Ayr, and in May 1880 the brigade was consolidated as the 1st Ayrshire & Galloway Artillery Volunteers, with headquarters at Ayr and 11 batteries as follows:
No 1, Irvine (late 1st Ayrshire Corps)
Nos 2 and 3, Ayr (late 2nd Ayrshire Corps)
No 4 at Largs (late 3rd Ayrshire Corps)
No 5 at Ardrossan (late 4th Ayrshire Corps)
Now 6 and 7 at Kilmarnock (late 5th Ayrshire Corps)
No 8 at Kirkcudbright (late 1st Kirkcudbright Corps)
No 9 at Stranraer (late 1st Wigtown Corps)
No 10 at Port Patrick (late 2nd Wigtown Corps)
No 11 at Sandhead (late 3rd Wigtown Corps)
Position artillery
The AVCs were intended to serve as garrison artillery manning fixed defences, but a number of the early units manned semi-mobile 'position batteries' of smooth-bore field guns pulled by agricultural horses. At that time they were not officially supported by the War Office (WO). The concept was revived in 1888 when some Volunteer batteries were reorganised as position artillery to work alongside the Volunteer infantry brigades. In 1889, a position battery of 16-pounder Rifled Muzzle Loading (RML) guns was issued to the 1st Ayrshire & Galloway and manned by the two Kilmarnock batteries. In that year the HQ moved to Kilmarnock.
In 1892, the existing position battery took the number 1, absorbing the 6th and 7th Companies. In 1901, two more batteries of 9 Pounder Rifled Muzzle Loading (RML) guns were issued to the corps, which took the numbers 2 and 3 and absorbed the Irvine and Ayr Companies, and an extra personnel formed as a 6th Company at Kilmarnock. The 8th to 11th Companies took the numbers 7 to 10.
Royal Garrison Artillery
In 1882 all the AVCs were affiliated to one of the territorial garrison divisions of the Royal Artillery (RA) and the 1st Ayrshire & Galloway AVC became part of the Scottish Division. In 1889 the structure was altered, and the corps joined the Southern Division. In 1899 the RA was divided into separate field and garrison branches, and the artillery volunteers were all assigned to the Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA). When the divisional structure was abolished their titles were changed, the unit becoming the 1st Ayrshire and Galloway Royal Garrison Artillery (Volunteers) on 1 January 1902, with its HQ at Kilmarnock. The following year the position batteries were redesignated as heavy batteries.
In 1903, 4.7-inch Quick Firing (QF) guns replaced the RML armament of all three heavy batteries. The final organisation of the unit until 1908 was as follows:
No 1 Heavy Battery at Kilmarnock
Nos 2 and 3 Heavy Batteries at Ayr
No 4, 5, 7, 8, 9 and 10 Garrison Companies (No 6 vacant, accounted for by extra personnel in the heavy batteries)
The corps carried out its gun practice at Irvine. It used the Ayrshire Rifle Association range at Irvine for musketry, except the 7th to 10th Companies, which had ranges near their own headquarters.
In 1900, over 600 men of the unit volunteered to serve in the Second Boer War, but as artillery men were not required they were not accepted. Twenty-eight men served in South Africa during the war with other units.
Territorial Force
When the Volunteers were subsumed into the new Territorial Force in 1908 under the Haldane Reforms, the 1st Ayrshire and Galloway RGA (V) was to have formed the III (or 3rd) Lowland Brigade in the Royal Field Artillery (RFA). The new unit would have had the following organisation:
HQ
Ayrshire Battery – from Nos 1,2 and 3 Heavy Btys
Kirkcudbright Battery – from No 7 Company
Wigtownshire Battery – from Nos 8–10 Companies
3rd Lowland Ammunition Column – from Nos 4–6 Companies It also provided a nucleus for the Lowland Mounted Brigade Transport & Supply Column, Army Service Corps.
However, the Wigtownshire Battery was soon disbanded, the Ayrshire battery expanded to two on 12 September, and the brigade renumbered as II (2nd) by October 1908, giving the final organisation:
II Lowland Brigade, RFA
HQ at Irvine
1st Ayrshire Battery at Irvine
2nd Ayrshire Battery at Titchfield Street, Kilmarnock
Kirkcudbright Battery at Dee Walk, Kircudbright
2nd Lowland Ammunition Column at Ardrossan
The II Lowland Brigade was part of the TF's Lowland Division. The batteries were each issued with four 15-pounder guns.
World War I
Mobilisation
The Lowland Division had been attending annual camp on the Ayrshire coast when the order to mobilise was received at 17.25 on Tuesday August 1914. Mobilisation began the following day at unit drill halls, and units undertook some guard duties until mobilisation was completed on 10 August, when the division went to its war stations as the mobile reserve in Scotland. II Lowland Bde was stationed at Larbert, near Stirling, with a battery detached to Invergordon to defend the naval base.
On the outbreak of war, units of the TF were invited to volunteer for Overseas Service. On 15 August the WO issued instructions to separate those men who had signed up for Home Service only, and form these into reserve units. Then on 31 August the formation of a reserve or 2nd Line unit was authorised for each 1st Line unit where 60 per cent or more of the men had volunteered for Overseas Service. The titles of these 2nd Line units would be the same as the original, but distinguished by a '2/' prefix. In this way duplicate batteries, brigades and divisions were created, mirroring those TF formations being sent overseas.
1/II Lowland Brigade
Egypt
On 11 May 1915 the Lowland Division was numbered as 52nd (Lowland) Division, and later that month it began embarking for the Mediterranean, expecting to reinforce the Gallipoli Campaign. Only a portion of the artillery embarked, but 1/II Lowland Bde was one of those that accompanied the division. It travelled by rail to Devonport where on 2 June a section of 1/1st Ayrshire Bty sailed on the troopship Mercian with 1/IV Lowland Bde. The rest of the battery and the Brigade Ammunition Column (BAC) followed with the divisional cyclists and ambulances aboard the Karoa on 5 June, and the 1/2nd Ayrshire and 1/1st Kirkcudbright batteries with the small arms ammunition (SAA) sections of the rest of the BACs aboard the Marquette on 7 June. Although the first ships arrived off Gallipoli only one infantry brigade landed and the rest were diverted to Egypt; the three ships carrying 1/I Lowland Bde went straight to Port Said where they arrived on 17, 20 and 23 June respectively. The rest of the infantry did then sail to Gallipoli, but the only artillery sent was 1/IV Lowland Bde with its high-angle howitzers; apart from the SAA section of its BAC, 1/II Lowland Bde with its 15-pdrs never reached the peninsula, remaining at in Egypt during the whole campaign.
1/II Lowland Bde under Lt-Col Wilson was stationed at El Kubri, north of Suez, from 7 January 1916, but when 52nd (L) Division was evacuated back to Egypt following the failure of the Gallipoli campaign and the brigade rejoined it at El Qantara in March. The division took over part of No 3 Section of the Suez Canal defences. Two sections of the brigade (both sections of the Kirkcudbright battery were sent) were then detailed for duty on the Egypt's western frontier to defend against the Senussi. The old 15-pdrs and wagons were dragged for two days from the railhead at Sollum harnessed to camels. The following month the brigade was re-armed with modern 18-pounder guns. The guns were equipped with 'ped-rails', block of wood attached to the wheels to prevent them sinking into soft sand. The brigade was redesignated CCLX (or 260) Brigade, RFA, on 28 May 1916, and the batteries became A, B and C.
The infantry posts of the canal defences were some way east of the canal itself, but only a portion of the artillery was pushed forwards because of the shortage of water for the horses. However, CCLX Bde's two Ayrshire batteries were among those pushed out to Romani in July. When the Turks attacked on 4 August (the Battle of Romani), B Bty was in the railway loop in the centre of No 3 Section with the howitzer batteries, while A Bty was dug in on the Mediterranean shore near Mahamdiyah. The battle was fought before the Kircudbright battery could be brought back by rail, but the brigade's new commander, Lt-Col A. Brown (recently promoted from the Kirkcudbright battery), arrived in time and fought as a section commander in Maj J. Milligan's B Bty. The batteries had not previously had a chance to fire their new 18-pdrs, and ammunition was limited, but from 05.40 the forward observation officers on the ridge behind began to give them targets. A Battery on the left was observing for the fire of Royal Navy monitors offshore. As the Turkish attack moved round the British right flank, B Bty had to reposition its guns under enemy bullets, shells and aircraft bombs. When the Turks gathered behind 'Wellington Ridge' for an attack the battery fired Shrapnel shell over the reverse slope and when the attackers came over the ridge they suffered heavy casualties from the crossfire of the artillery batteries and machine gun and rifle fire from the redoubts. By mid-day the situation was well in hand and the artillery were able to conserve ammunition in the afternoon while the mounted troops began counter-attacking. Next morning the Turks left behind Wellington Ridge surrendered. The British artillery casualties had been very small.<ref>Farndale, Forgotten Fronts', pp. 73–5, Maps 23 & 24.</ref> Thompson, pp. 266–94.
After a short pursuit the British remained in their positions for several months. CCLX Brigade was renumbered as CCLXI (261) Brigade on 15 September. In September the Egyptian Expeditionary Force began preparing to mount an offensive into Palestine. For this advance 52nd (L) Divisional Artillery was organised into two groups, each of two 18-pdr batteries and one of 4.5-inch howitzers; C Bty of CCLXI Bde was left behind on the lines of communication, and A Bty of CCLXIII (Howitzer) Bde joined the group. 52nd (L) Division formed part of the Desert Column covering the extension of the railway and water pipeline into the Sinai Desert, and the head of the column reached El Arish, near the Palestine frontier, on 22 December.Thompson, pp. 298–303.
On 25 December 1916 the divisional artillery was reorganised once more. C Bty of CCLXI Bde was brought up from the rear and then broken up, Right Section joining A Bty and Left Section B Bty to bring both up to a strength of six guns. Then on 30 December A/CCLXIII Bty formally joined the brigade as C (Howitzer) Bty, and finally on 1 January 1917 the BACs were abolished and incorporated into the Divisional Ammunition Column, giving the brigade the following organisation:Thompson, p. 305.
A Bty (1st Ayrshire + R Sec Kirkcudbright) – 6 x 18-pdrs
B Bty (2nd Ayrshire + L Sec Kirkcudbright) – 6 x 18-pdrs
C (H) Bty (4th Glasgow) – 4 x 4.5-inch
Gaza
In March 1917 the EEF advanced against Gaza. 52nd (L) Division was in reserve and its Divisional Artillery was not engaged at the First Battle of Gaza (26–27 March), which failed to take the city.MacMunn & Falls, Vol I, p. 304. The division participated in a renewed attempt, the Second Battle of Gaza, beginning on 17 April, advancing without difficulty through the Turkish outposts to its objective, the El Sire Ridge. The EEF's artillery then spent 18 April bombarding the Turkish main position, before attacking the following day, when CCLXI Bde under Lt-Col G.S. Simpson (formerly of CCLXIII (H) Bde), supported 52nd (L) Division from behind Mansura and east of El Sire. The howitzers fired gas shells for 40 minutes beginning at 05.30, followed by 80 minutes of high explosive (HE). The 18-pounders joined in for the last 10 minutes before the infantry assault went in, laying down a barrage on the objectives and then providing a Creeping barrage for the advance. 52nd (L) Division attacked the key Ali Muntar position, but it was soon obvious that the gas shelling had not suppressed the Turkish artillery and machine gun positions, and shortage of ammunition meant that these were never silenced. The Turkish artillery searched the El Sire Ridge and the area behind: one of CCLXI Bde's observation posts (OPs) was knocked out by a direct hit. CCLXI Brigade supported 155th (South Scottish) Brigade's attacks, sweeping 'The Labyrinth', 'The Warren', Ali Muntar, and the long Turkish communication trench to 'Outpost Hill', but as early as 09.00 the brigade was ordered to conserve ammunition. At 11.00 the single tank on the division's front, 'War Baby', advanced under covering fire from the brigade and crushed the wire at Outpost Hill, allowing the infantry into the position, but it was then knocked out by Turkish artillery, and the Turks launched repeated counter-attacks. The rest of the attacks were held up, and Outpost Hill had to be abandoned after dark. The division's casualties had been very heavy, but the infantry dug in on the positions they had retained.MacMunn & Falls, Vol I, pp. 327–8, 332–48.
A period of trench warfare then set in, with occasional raids and frequent exchanges of artillery fire, in which 52nd (L) Divisional Artillery suffered numerous casualties in men and guns because of the superiority of enemy observation aircraft. Lieutenant-Col Simpson of CCLXI Bde was badly wounded by a sniper while visiting an OP, and was succeeded by Lt-Col J. Farquhar from CCLXII Bde. In case of wire-tapping, units were given codenames for use on the telephone: these were based on Scottish football teams, with CCLXI RFA assigned 'Celts' (as in Celtic F.C.).
The EEF was reorganised during the summer months and artillery ammunition supply improved. The offensive was renewed on 1 November 1917 with the Third Battle of Gaza. 52nd (L) Division was now in XXI Corps facing Gaza, where the preliminary bombardment began on 27 October. This was calculated to be the heaviest British bombardment of the war outside the Western Front. At 23.00 on 1 November the bombardment opened on the outpost of Umbrella Hill and was successful in cutting the wire, neutralising enemy fire and cutting off enemy HQs: 10 minutes later 156th (Scottish Rifles) Brigade attacked close behind the barrage and quickly took the hill. After a renewed bombardment 156th Bde attacked again at 03.00 on 2 November and took the front line trenches at El Arish Redoubt after a fierce fight. Just after 08.00 a large Turkish counter-attack began, and on which the whole of XXI Corps' artillery was turned and destroyed it. Having attracted attention to the Gaza front, the rest of the EEF broke through the Turkish lines further inland, beginning with the capture of Beersheba on 31 October. By 7 November, with the EEF's Desert Mounted Corps sweeping round into their rear, the Turks abandoned Gaza and 52nd (L) Division went in pursuit, capturing Wadi el Hesi the following day. Despite water shortages for the horses, B/CCLXI Bty was up with 157th (Highland Light Infantry) Brigade on 10 November when it pushed on to Ashdod and joined the Australian 1st Light Horse Brigade. The Turks were still holding the wells, but the battery shelled them while there was still light, and the infantry attacked at dusk. The Turks evacuated their positions before daylight and both men and horses could be watered.Farndale, Forgotten Fronts, pp. 93–102, 107–8, Maps 30, 32 & 33.
The pursuit continued. The Turks held a position at El Mughar, which XXI Corps assaulted after a 60-minute bombardment on 13 November. CCLXI Brigade with a mountain battery accompanied 155th Brigade's advance on Beshshit and then fired an intense 15-minute bombardment of El Mughar at 15.30 to support the attack against the Mughar Ridge, which had also been charged by the Yeomanry of 6th Mounted Brigade. The important Junction Station fell to the British the day following the Battle of Mughar Ridge., while 52nd (L) Division's artillery made for MansurahFarndale, Forgotten Fronts, pp. 108–9, Map 32.
On 19 November the EEF moved east into the Judaean Hills to begin closing in on Jerusalem. XXI Corps was sent to capture the Nebi Samwill ridge. The village itself was captured by surprise on 21 November, but moving artillery on the hill roads was difficult: at Berfilya CCLXI Bde had to pull out of the column with many of its guns stuck in very bad ground and blocking the way for the infantry. The onset of heavy rain made the conditions worse, but by employing 10-horse teams, 52nd (L) Divisional Artillery got 10 guns (including a section of C(H)/CCLXI) up for 75th Division's attack on El Jib on 23 November, described by the corps commander as 'a magnificent feat'. Although too late to prevent that attack from failing, the sections were in position in a dip in the ground south-east of Biddu when the attack was renewed next day by 52nd (L) Division. Nevertheless, that attack also failed, and while Nebi Samwill itself had been successfully held, the wider attacks were called off and 52nd (L) Division went into reserve. The Turks threw in fierce counter-attacks, but when they had been beaten off Jerusalem fell without a fight on 9 December.Farndale, Forgotten Fronts, pp. 111–4, Maps 34–36.
On 5 December 52nd (L) Division had already marched out to take over the line north of Jaffa on the coast. After a tough march it was overlooking the River Auja by 8 December. The Turks were in a strong position on the other side. To drive them out XXI Corps planned a 24-hour bombardment to launch the Battle of Jaffa, but 52nd (L) Division got infantry across the Auja during the night of 20/21 December, initially covered by the artillery's normal nightly fire, which then became a creeping barrage. The Royal Engineers then built bridges and the whole divisional artillery crossed during 22 December as the division advanced rapidly to Arsuf.Farndale, Forgotten Fronts, p. 114.
Megiddo
The division remained in the line near Arsuf until March 1918. The German spring offensive on the Western Front meant that urgent reinforcements were required, and 52nd (L) Division was sent. It was relieved in the line by 7th (Meerut) Division, but as part of the relief the whole of 52nd (L) Divisional Artillery was exchanged with 7th (Meerut) Divisional Artillery on 3 April 1918. The Lowland artillery served with this Indian Army formation in Palestine until the end of the war.Farndale, Forgotten Fronts, pp. 121, 125; Annex 1.Thompson, p. 505.
There was little activity in the coastal sector during the summer of 1918. On 28/29 May the divisional artillery supported an advance of about , then on 8 June 7th (Meerut) Division seized the 'Two Sisters' hills being used as OPs by the Turks: the attack was launched at 03.45 after a 15-minuted bombardment. It also caused heavy casualties to the Turks when the division raided 'Piffer Ridge' on 27 July.Farndale, Forgotten Fronts, pp. 127–8.
The EEF was now ready to launch its final offensive in Palestine, the Battle of Megiddo on 19 September. For XXI Corps' opening attack (the Battle of Sharon) there was no preparatory 'softening up' bombardment: when the guns opened fire at 04.30 it was the signal for the infantry to advance with 35 minutes' moonlight followed by 35 minutes darkness before dawn. The field guns bombarded the enemy front line positions until the infantry arrived, then the 18-pdrs lifted to begin a creeping barrage while the 4.5s concentrated on important targets beyond the barrage. On 7th (Meerut) Division's front the barrage advanced at a rate of per minute. Once it broke through the front line its attack on the crossings of the Zerqiye marsh was supported by the heavy artillery while its divisional artillery moved up. The division drive the Turks off a rearguard position at 15.00, and opposition ended. The advanced troops bivouacked in Taiyibe that night. The advanced guard of the Desert Mounted Corps had already passed through the division to begin the exploitation phase. XXI Corps continued the pressure next day, with 7th (Meerut) Division advancing in two columns. 21st Indian Brigade was supported by a mixed field brigade including two of the howitzer batteries and one 18-pdr battery, but under the hot sun the artillery horses were unable to go on. After a rest and drink at midday, the infantry continued advancing and outpaced the artillery.Farndale, Forgotten Fronts, pp. 129–31, 133.
The cavalry were now fanning out across the Plain of Sharon and all XXI Corps had to do was follow up. 7th (Meerut) Division reached Haifa and 29 September and set off in three columns for Beirut on 3 October. A composite RFA brigade went with Column C, following the advance guard and the engineers and pioneers who widened the 'Ladder of Tyre' route for artillery. Column C marched in 8 days After a few days' rest the advance continued, seeing few Turkish troops, and the Lowland gunners reached Tripoli on 26 October, having marched in 38 days. Hostilities with Turkey ended with the Armistice of Mudros on 30 October.Falls, Vol II, pp. 561, 563, 597, 601–5.
The Lowland Artillery remained at Tripoli until 22 November, suffering a large number of deaths from disease. The brigades then began moving back to Egypt, reaching Cairo on 20 December. In March 1919 there were civil disturbances in Egypt, and the gunners formed several mobile columns for patrol work. They remained at Abbassia Barracks outside Cairo until August, when their demobilisation was completed. CCLXI Brigade, RFA, was then placed in suspended animation.
2/II Lowland Brigade
2/II Lowland Brigade served with the 2nd Lowland Division (65th (2nd Lowland) Division from August 1915) in Scotland and England. It was redesignated CCCXXVI (or 326) Brigade, RFA, in May 1916. Early in 1917 the division was sent to Ireland. It was broken up in early 1918, but 326 Bde remained at Kildare until 27 October 1919 when it completed its disbandment.65 (2nd L) Division at Long, Long Trail.
Interwar years
The 2nd Lowland Brigade reformed in 1920, and was redesignated as the 79th (Lowland) Brigade, RFA, the following year when the TF was reconstituted as the Territorial Army (TA). It continued to be part of 52nd (Lowland) Division and had the following organisation:
HQ at Drill Hall, 111 South Harbour Street, Ayr
313 (Ayr) Bty at Ayr
314 (Irvine) Bty at High Street, Irvine
315 (Kirkcudbright) Bty at Drill Hall, Kirkcudbright
316 (Kilmarnock) (Howitzer) Bty at John Finnie Street, Kilmarnock
Field Brigades were termed Field Regiments from 1938 onwards.
The establishment of a TA divisional artillery brigade was four 6-gun batteries, three equipped with 18-pounders and one with 4.5-inch howitzers, all of World War I patterns. However, the batteries only held four guns in peacetime. The guns and their first-line ammunition wagons were still horsedrawn and the battery staffs were mounted. Partial mechanisation was carried out from 1927, but the guns retained iron-tyred wheels until pneumatic tyres began to be introduced just before World War II. In 1924 the RFA was subsumed into the Royal Artillery (RA), and the word 'Field' was inserted into the titles of its brigades and batteries.
In 1938 the RA modernised its nomenclature and a lieutenant-colonel's command was designated a 'regiment' rather than a 'brigade'; this applied to TA field brigades from 1 November 1938.
World War II
Mobilisation
The TA was doubled in size after the Munich Crisis, and most regiments split to form duplicates. Part of the reorganisation was that field regiments changed from four six-gun batteries to an establishment of two batteries, each of three four-gun troops. For the 79th (Lowland) Fd Rgt this resulted in the following organisation from 12 June 1939:Farndale, Years of Defeat, p. 9.Scottish Command 3 September 1939 at Patriot Files.
79th (Lowland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery
HQ at Ayr
313 (Ayr) Field Bty
314 (Irvine) Field Bty
130th Field Regiment, Royal Artillery
HQ at Kilmarnock
315 (Kirkcudbright) Field Bty
316 (Kilmarnock) Field Bty
79th (Lowland) Field Regiment
79th Field Regiment mobilised in 52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division. Apart from a period in June 1940 when the rest of the division was briefly deployed to France, the regiment served with the 52nd (L) Division throughout the war. One of the lessons learned from the Battle of France was that the two-battery organisation did not work: field regiments were intended to support an infantry brigade of three battalions. As a result, they were reorganised into three 8-gun batteries. On 6 July 79th (L) Fd Rgt reorganised as A, B and C Btys, but by March 1941 these had been numbered as 313, 314 and 457 Fd Btys.
The regiment served with 52nd (L) Division in the campaign in North West Europe from October 1944 to VE Day. It was placed in suspended animation on 10 May 1946 in British Army of the Rhine (BAOR).
130th (Lowland) Field Regiment
130th Field Regiment mobilised in 15th (Scottish) Infantry Division (the duplicate of 52nd (Lowland)) and served with it through the early years of war. The regiment formed its third battery, 494 Fd Bty, by March 1941. It was authorised to use its parent's 'Lowland' subtitle on 17 February 1942. It left the 15th (S) Division on 4 January 1942 and sailed to India, where it joined first 14th Indian Infantry Division and later 36th Indian Division, with which it served in the Burma Campaign. 36th Indian Division became 36th British Division in September 1944 and continued fighting in Burma.Farndale, Far East, Annex K.
130th (Lowland) Fd Rgt passed into suspended animation on 30 September 1946.
Postwar
When the TA was reconstituted on 1 January 1947, the 79th reformed at Ayr as 279 (Lowland) Field Rgt, while 130th reformed at Troon (later returning to Kilmarnock) as 330 (Lowland) Medium Rgt. Both were in 85 (Field) Army Group Royal Artillery.Farndale, Years of Defeat, Annex M.Litchfield, Appendix 5.266–288 Rgts RA at British Army 1945 on.
The Lowland regiments were reorganised on 1 July 1950 when 279 (Lowland) Fd Rgt absorbed the Greenock-based 328 (Lowland) Medium Rgt (except one battery) and 330 (Lowland) Medium Rgt converted to the Light Anti-Aircraft (LAA) role. At the same time 85 (Fd) AGRA became HQ 52nd (Lowland) Divisional Artillery once more. When Anti-Aircraft Command was abolished on 10 March 1955, 279 Fd Rgt and 330 LAA Rgt amalgamated as 279 (Ayrshire) Fd Rgt.Litchfield, pp. 304–5.
With the ending of National Service there was a reduction of the TA in 1961, and most of 279 (Ayrshire) Fd Rgt amalgamated with 280 (Lowland – City of Glasgow) Medium Rgt to form 279th (City of Glasgow & Ayrshire) Fd Rgt with the following organisation:
RHQ at Troon
P (1st City of Glasgow) Bty
Q (Ayrshire) Bty
R (3rd City of Glasgow) Bty
Surplus personnel of 279 (Ayrshire) Fd Rgt were transferred to 576 (General Transport) Company, Royal Army Service Corps.
When the TA was reduced into the Territorial and Army Volunteer Reserve in 1967, the regiment merged with 277 (Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders) Fd Rgt and 278 (Lowland) Fd Rgt to form 'S (Ayrshire)' and 'T (Glasgow)' Btys in the Glasgow-based Lowland Regiment, RA. The Lowland Regiment was reduced to a cadre in 1969 and disbanded in 1975, but in 1986 105 (Scottish) Air Defence Regiment was designated as its successor unit.Litchfield, pp. 294–5.
Uniforms
The original uniform of the 1st and 2nd Ayrshire AVCs was blue tunics with red collars, cuffs, and piping, edged all round with black braid and with four rows of black braid across the chest. Blue trousers with black stripe with red piping were also worn, along with blue peaked caps with a black lace band, scarlet piping, and a silver grenade in front. Black waist-belts were worn. The original uniform of the 1st Wigtown was blue with scarlet facings, white belts, and silver badges.
Commanding officers
The commanding officers of the unit included:
Major Sir Edward Hunt-Blair, 4th Baronet, 8 May 1861
Lt-Col Hon. Greville Vernon, 17 July 1863
Lt-Col Sir Edward Hunter-Blair, Bart, (reappointed), 4 September 1866
Vacant 1872–73
Lt-Col John Shand, 6 May 1874
Lt-Col Sir Mark John MacTaggart–Stewart, 1st Baronet of Southwick, VD, 5 February 1879
Lt-Col (honorary Colonel) John G. Sturrock, VD, 22 December 1888
Lt-Col T E Stuart, 5 April 1905
Lt-Col C.H. Wilson, 9 May 1911
Lt-Col A. Brown (Romani)
Lt-Col G.S. Simpson (2nd Gaza)
Lt-Col J. Farquhar (3rd Gaza)
Lt-Col J. Milligan, DSO, TD
Brevet Col A.R. Crawford, TD, 16 February 1925
Lt-Col J. Kennedy
Lt-Col T.T. Anderson, TD, 16 February 1938
Lt-Col R.G. Price (130th in India/Burma)
Lt-Col R.C. Laughton (130th in India/Burma)
Lt-Col R.A.G. Nicholson (130th in India/Burma)
Lt-Col J.S. Wilkins (130th in India/Burma)
Lt-Col G.G. Peel (130th in India/Burma)
Lt-Col J.D.C. Thompson (130th in India/Burma)
Lt-Col D.C.B. MacQueen (130th in India/Burma)
Lt-Col W. Hanwell (130th in India/Burma)
Honorary Colonels
The following served as Honorary Colonel of the unit:
Sir Mark John MacTaggart–Stewart, Bt, VD, former CO, appointed 22 December 1888
Brig-Gen J.W. Walker, CMG, DSO, TD, appointed 21 February 1922
Footnotes
Notes
References
Maj A.F. Becke,History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 2a: The Territorial Force Mounted Divisions and the 1st-Line Territorial Force Divisions (42–56), London: HM Stationery Office, 1935/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, .
Maj A.F. Becke,History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 2b: The 2nd-Line Territorial Force Divisions (57th–69th), with the Home-Service Divisions (71st–73rd) and 74th and 75th Divisions, London: HM Stationery Office, 1937/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, .
Ian F. W. Beckett, Riflemen Form: A Study of the Rifle Volunteer Movement 1859–1908, Aldershot, The Ogilby Trusts, 1982, .
Col John K. Dunlop, The Development of the British Army 1899–1914, London: Methuen, 1938.
Maj L.F. Ellis, History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series: The War in France and Flanders 1939–1940, London: HM Stationery Office, 1954/Uckfield: Naval & Military, 2004, 978-1-85457-056-6.
Capt Cyril Falls, History of the Great War: Military Operations, Egypt and Palestine, Vol II, From June 1917 to the End of the War, Part I, London: HM Stationery Office, 1930/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2013, ISBN 978-1-84574-951-4.
Capt Cyril Falls, History of the Great War: Military Operations, Egypt and Palestine, Vol II, From June 1917 to the End of the War, Part II, London: HM Stationery Office, 1930/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2013, ISBN 978-1-84574-950-7.
Gen Sir Martin Farndale, History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: Western Front 1914–18, Woolwich: Royal Artillery Institution, 1986, .
Gen Sir Martin Farndale, History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: The Forgotten Fronts and the Home Base 1914–18, Woolwich: Royal Artillery Institution, 1988, .
Gen Sir Martin Farndale, History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: The Years of Defeat: Europe and North Africa, 1939–1941, Woolwich: Royal Artillery Institution, 1988/London: Brasseys, 1996, .
Gen Sir Martin Farndale, History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: The Far East Theatre 1939–1946, London: Brasseys, 2002, .
J.B.M. Frederick, Lineage Book of British Land Forces 1660–1978, Vol I, Wakefield: Microform Academic, 1984, ISBN 1-85117-007-3.
J.B.M. Frederick, Lineage Book of British Land Forces 1660–1978, Vol II, Wakefield: Microform Academic, 1984, ISBN 1-85117-009-X.
Maj-Gen James Grierson, Records of the Scottish Volunteer Force 1859–1908, Edinburgh: Blackwood, 1909.
Norman Litchfield & Ray Westlake, The Volunteer Artillery 1859–1908 (Their Lineage, Uniforms and Badges), Nottingham: Sherwood Press, 1982, .
Norman E.H. Litchfield, The Territorial Artillery 1908–1988 (Their Lineage, Uniforms and Badges), Nottingham: Sherwood Press, 1992, .
Lt-Gen Sir George MacMunn & Capt Cyril Falls, History of the Great War: Military Operations, Egypt and Palestine, Vol I, From the Outbreak of War with Germany to June 1917, London: HM Stationery Office, 1928/Imperial War Museum and Battery Press, 1992, ISBN 1-870423-26-7/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2011, ISBN 978-1-84574-952-1.
F.W. Perry, History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 5b: Indian Army Divisions, Newport, Gwent: Ray Westlake, 1993, ISBN 1-871167-23-X.
Lt-Col J.D. Sainsbury, The Hertfordshire Yeomanry Regiments, Royal Artillery, Part 1: The Field Regiments 1920-1946, Welwyn: Hertfordshire Yeomanry and Artillery Trust/Hart Books, 1999, ISBN 0-948527-05-6.
Edward M. Spiers, The Army and Society 1815–1914, London: Longmans, 1980, .
Lt-Col R.R. Thompson, The Fifty-Second (Lowland) Division 1914–1918, Glasgow: Maclehose, Jackson 1923/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2004, ISBN 978-1-84342993-7.
War Office, Titles and Designations of Formations and Units of the Territorial Army'', London: War Office, 7 November 1927 (RA sections also summarised in Litchfield, Appendix IV).
External sources
Mark Conrad, The British Army, 1914 (archive site)
British Army units from 1945 on
Great War Centenary Drill Halls.
The Long, Long Trail
Orders of Battle at Patriot Files
The Regimental Warpath 1914–1918 (archive site)
Royal Artillery 1939–1945
Graham Watson, The Territorial Army 1947
Ayrshire
Ayrshire
Scottish regiments
Military units and formations in Ayrshire
Military units and formations established in 1860
Military units and formations disestablished in 1967 |
Agrioglypta itysalis is a moth of the family Crambidae. It is found in Asia, including India and Borneo.
The wingspan is about 30 mm. The forewings are brown with white patches and the hindwings are white with a broad brown margin. It looks similar to Glyphodes bivitralis.
References
Spilomelinae
Moths described in 1859
Moths of Asia |
The Mpenjati Nature Reserve is situated on the KwaZulu-Natal South Coast south of Margate. The reserve lies on the Mpenjati River Lagoon.
The residential town of Trafalgar is on the northern border of the reserve, and Palm Beach lies to the south.
The reserve is managed by Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife, and consists of a system of interconnecting riverine and floodplain marsh habitats, areas of coastal forest, coastal grasslands and open coastline, as well as the river estuary.
In the reserve the following bird species may be seen: water thick-knee, osprey, swift tern, half-collared kingfisher, Kittlitz's plover, African black oystercatcher, giant kingfisher, black-bellied starling, red-capped robin-chat, white-browed scrub robin, brown scrub robin, black-backed puffback, forest canary, green twinspot, orange-breasted bushshrike and grey-headed bushshrike.
The Mpenjati River Lagoon is also a popular venue for water-based recreation including angling, boating and swimming. The beach in the reserve has been used by nudists for over 20 years and was proclaimed as a nude beach in October 2014. In November 2017 the Public Protector declared that the proclamation of the beach as a nudist beach by the Municipality and did not follow proper procedures and prescripts. The beach continues to be used by naturists, even though the beach is not an official nudist beach.
Mpenjati has two picnic sites, one on each bank of the river, the picnic sites have braai facilities, toilets, and a children's playground.
See also
Notes and references
Protected areas of KwaZulu-Natal
Nude beaches
KwaZulu-Natal South Coast |
Poongulam is a village in Thiruvarur district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.
Temples
It has four temples: Varasithi Vinayagar, Agastheeswarar (Shiva), Mariamman (Kali), and Ayyanar.
Economy
Agriculture is the primary industry. Many workers left their farms to work in a neighboring village.
Governance
The village is subject to Panchayat Veedthivedangan.
References
Villages in Tiruvarur district |
DNA repair protein XRCC2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the XRCC2 gene.
Function
This gene encodes a member of the RecA/Rad51-related protein family that participates in homologous recombination to maintain chromosome stability and repair DNA damage. This gene is involved in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks by homologous recombination and it functionally complements Chinese hamster irs1, a repair-deficient mutant that exhibits hypersensitivity to a number of different DNA-damaging agents.
The XRCC2 protein is one of five human paralogs of RAD51, including RAD51B (RAD51L1), RAD51C (RAD51L2), RAD51D (RAD51L3), XRCC2 and XRCC3. They each share about 25% amino acid sequence identity with RAD51 and each other.
The RAD51 paralogs are all required for efficient DNA double-strand break repair by homologous recombination and depletion of any paralog results in significant decreases in homologous recombination frequency.
XRCC2 forms a four-part complex with three related paralogs: BCDX2 (RAD51B-RAD51C-RAD51D-XRCC2) while two paralogs form a second complex CX3 (RAD51C-XRCC3). These two complexes act at two different stages of homologous recombinational DNA repair. The BCDX2 complex is responsible for RAD51 recruitment or stabilization at damage sites. The BCDX2 complex appears to act by facilitating the assembly or stability of the RAD51 nucleoprotein filament.
The CX3 complex acts downstream of RAD51 recruitment to damage sites. The CX3 complex was shown to associate with Holliday junction resolvase activity, probably in a role of stabilizing gene conversion tracts.
Interactions
XRCC2 has been shown to interact with RAD51L3, Bloom syndrome protein and RAD51C.
Epigenetic deficiency in cancer
There are two known epigenetic causes of XRCC2 deficiency that appear to increase cancer risk. These are methylation of the XRCC2 promoter and epigenetic repression of XRCC2 by over-expression of EZH2 protein.
The XRCC2 gene was found to be hypermethylated in the promoter region in 52 of 54 cases of cervical cancer. Promoter hypermethylation reduces gene expression, and thus would reduce the tumor suppressing homologous recombinational repair otherwise supported by XRCC2.
Increased expression of EZH2 leads to epigenetic repression of RAD51 paralogs, including XRCC2, and thus reduces homologous recombinational repair. This reduction was proposed to be a cause of breast cancer. EZH2 is the catalytic subunit of Polycomb Repressor Complex 2 (PRC2) which catalyzes methylation of histone H3 at lysine 27 (H3K27me) and mediates gene silencing of target genes via local chromatin reorganization. EZH2 protein is up-regulated in numerous cancers. EZH2 mRNA is up-regulated, on average, 7.5-fold in breast cancer, and between 40% and 75% of breast cancers have over-expressed EZH2 protein.
References
Further reading |
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Hasan Tahsin Pasha (1859 – 1930) was an Ottoman bureaucrat and pasha. He served as First Secretary of Ottoman Sultan Abdulhamid II between 1894 and 1908.
Biography
He was appointed to this role on 26 November 1894 and became an influential figure in the politics of the Sublime Porte. According to Tevfik Bey's (Biren) testimony, he played a key role in the appointment of Mehmed Ferid Pasha to the post of the Grand Vizier, in an attempt to diminish the influence of Ahmad Izzat al-Abid over the Sultan. This political alliance was not long-lasting, Ferid Pasha's son recounts that his father nicknamed Tahsin Pasha "Kara Tahsin" (lit. "Black Tahsin"), in part due to his complexion, but also because "this man, who was fearful for his position and who had unlimited ambitions, was hostile to [his] father". Tahsin Pasha himself accused Mehmed Ferid Pasha of hypocrisy and incompetence in his memoirs. He had his own competing faction, vying for influence at the Porte during this period. His faction included prominent members of the Bedirhani family, such as Ali Şamil Pasha and Rıdvan İsmail Pasha.
He was nicknamed "Serhafiye" ("the Chief Informant", a reference to the Umur-u Hafiye, the domestic intelligence organisation) by the Young Turks. In the wake of the rise of the Committee of Union and Progress to power with the Young Turk Revolution, Abdulhamid was forced to dismiss Tahsin Pasha of his position, replacing him with Cevad Pasha on 4 August 1908.
He was of ethnic Turkish descent and only spoke Turkish. His memoirs, titled Abdülhamid ve Yıldız Hatıraları ("Memories of Abdülhamid and the Yıldız Palace") serve as an important primary source detailing the court life under Abdulhamid II.
In popular culture
Between 2017 and 2021, he was played by actor Bahadır Yenişehirlioğlu in TRT's Payitaht: Abdülhamid series.
References
1859 births
1930 deaths
20th-century people from the Ottoman Empire
19th-century people from the Ottoman Empire
Pashas
Mabeyn-i hümayun katipleri |
Joseph Lancaster Budd (1834? – December 20, 1904) was an American professor and horticulturist. He was employed by Iowa State College and was part of the Iowa State Horticultural Society among others. His work involved fruit trees and other plants, but particularly apples.
Personal life
Budd was born in Putnam County, New York on his parents' farm in 1834, 1835, or 1837. His parents were Joseph Budd Sr. and Maria Sutten Budd. He was educated in Monticello, New York public schools and Monticello Academy. Budd attended two colleges in New York which were Union College and the State Normal School of New York. Budd and Sarah Martha Breed were married in Iowa City on January 26, 1860. They had a son and daughter, Etta May Budd and Allen Joseph Budd. Budd died on December 20, 1904, in Phoenix, Arizona and was buried in Ames Municipal Cemetery. His home in Ames, Iowa is on the National Register of Historic Places.
Early career and professorship
In about 1855 or 1857, Budd traveled to Rockford, Illinois where he became the principal of Rockford Academy. He purchased farmland in Benton County, Iowa in 1858 and started the Benton County Orchards where he grew about 200 acres of fruit trees. With the help of agents, Budd marketed his fruit to highly populated parts of Iowa. He co-founded the Iowa State Horticultural Society of which he was its secretary for almost all years spanning from 1873 to 1896. During his tenure as secretary, he wrote "Orcharding in the Open Prairies of Northern Iowa" for the society's first volume of proceedings, earned first place on Iowa State Fair horticultural exhibits in 1874, and became an honorary member of the American Pomological Society along with other similar societies. In 1877, Budd was hired by the Iowa Agricultural College in which he was a professor of horticulture and head of the Horticulture Department until 1898. While working as a professor, Budd introduced varieties of fruits, trees, and shrubs. Other positions that were held by Budd were as a temporary president of Iowa State College and a horticulturist at an Experimental Station. Budd resigned from being a professor in 1899, after which he became professor emeritus.
Experiments and publications
Budd visited England, France, Austria, Russia, and China during the summer of 1882 to discover fruit trees that could grow in Iowa. He came back to Iowa State College with seed for more than 100 apple varieties along with varieties of pear and cherry seeds. He also had seeds for various plants including lilacs, firs, and honeysuckles. Almost all of the apples died over two winters, and the rest yielded poor results. The failures led Budd to resign as the State Horticultural Society's secretary from 1886 to 1890. His position as secretary was reinstated in 1890 due to his discovery that the apple trees grew better in northern climates such as Minnesota.
Budd wrote articles for the Iowa State Register and co-published two volumes of the American Horticultural Manual.
References
External links
Date of birth uncertain
1904 deaths
Iowa State University faculty
American horticulturists
1830s births
People from Ames, Iowa
People from Putnam County, New York |
Gerta von Ubisch (3 October 1882 in Metz – 1965) was a German physicist, geneticist, and botanist. She studied barley and found a genetic explanation for heterostyly. In 1933 she lost her position at Heidelberg University because of her Jewish heritage.
She had a brother, zoologist Leopold von Ubisch (1886–1965).
References
1882 births
1965 deaths
20th-century German botanists
German geneticists
20th-century German physicists
German women physicists
Academic staff of Heidelberg University |
Hervé Phélippeau (born 16 September 1962 in Lorient) is a retired French middle-distance runner who competed primarily in the 1500 metres. He won the gold medal at the 1989 European Indoor Championships. In addition, he represented his country at two World Indoor Championships.
International competitions
Personal bests
Outdoor
800 metres – 1:47.03 (Viareggio 1989)
1000 metres – 2:19.4 (Vannes 1989)
1500 metres – 3:33.54 (Bologna 1990)
One mile – 3:52.57 (Berlin 1989)
3000 metres – 7:53.5 (Lorient 1990)
Indoor
1000 metres – 2:20.31 (Liévin 1993)
1500 metres – 3:36.98 (Seville 1990)
References
All-Athletics profile
1962 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Lorient
French male middle-distance runners
Athletes (track and field) at the 1987 Mediterranean Games
Mediterranean Games competitors for France |
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