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Rainier Beach ( ) is a set of neighborhoods in Seattle, Washington that are mostly residential. Also called Atlantic City, Rainier Beach can include Dunlap, Pritchard Island, and Rainier View neighborhoods.
The neighborhood is located in the far southeastern corner of the city along Lake Washington. Its primary arterials are Rainier and Renton Avenues South (northwest- and southeast-bound).
Neighborhood boundaries are informal and sometimes overlapping in Seattle; formal designations have not existed since 1910. Rainier Beach blends with the Rainier Valley neighborhood of Dunlap (also called Othello) on the north. On the east is Lake Washington, and the South Beacon Hill neighborhood lies to the west. South of Rainier Beach is Rainier View, bounded by South Bangor Street on the north and the city boundary on its south, east, and west. The Lakeridge and Skyway neighborhoods of unincorporated King County lie to the southeast and southwest, respectively, of Rainier View. The city of Tukwila abuts Rainier View on the west.
History
What is now Rainier Beach neighborhood has been inhabited since the end of the last glacial period (c. 8,000 BC – 10,000 years ago). The Xacuabš (hah-chu-ahbsh, Lake People or People of the Large Lake) were related to, but distinct from, the Dkhw'Duw'Absh, People of the Inside, tribe of the Lushootseed (Skagit-Nisqually) Coast Salish Nations. Both are now (c. mid-1850s) of the Duwamish tribe. The Xacuabš village of tleelh-chus (little island) was, appropriately, on an island at the southwest shore of what is now called Lake Washington, at their trail through a valley that led to the villages of the Dkhw'Duw'Absh on salt water at Elliott Bay and the estuarial Duwamish River. The Duwamish were dispossessed with the Treaty of Point Elliott of 1855. The trail became the route for driving livestock to the town of Seattle (1870s), the valley was renamed Rainier Valley, the island was renamed Young's Island (1883), then Pritchard Island (1900), the trail became the route of the Seattle and Rainier Beach Railway (1894), then the Seattle, Renton and Southern; the route became that of Rainier Avenue S (1937), the main road to Renton and on over Snoqualmie Pass until the then-innovative floating bridge of 1940 was opened at the nearby Mount Baker neighborhood.
An electric trolley line came to Rainier Valley in 1891, to Columbia City; to Renton in 1896. Residential development began in earnest. An early sharp operator (beginning in 1896), Clarence Dayton Hillman, namesake of the nearby Hillman City neighborhood, designated Rainier Beach as the Atlantic City residential development (1905) after the New Jersey resort. He included a park area on the cove, built a pier, bath house, boat house, picnic facilities—and sold the land to multiple buyers when he got around to platting the properties snapped up by eager buyers attracted by the adjacent amenities, as well as allowing multiple street naming rights. The tangled street names were sorted out, the property was eventually returned to park purposes (c. 1912) and the park name has stuck. (Hillman was eventually caught and nominally convicted.) The interurban railway remained until 1936, when it was torn up to make way for automobiles.
Of historic buildings, at least two survive. Emerson School (1909), Lakeridge, is an historic landmark, sitting on a hill over Rainier Beach. Emerson is nearly identical to Hawthorne and Greenwood schools, built at the same time. All are brick in Jacobean style. The first public Kindergarten in Seattle opened in 1914 at Emerson School. A notable Emerson graduate was professional baseball player and manager Fred Hutchinson (1919–1964), remembered today with the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center. Seattle Fire Department Firehouse #33 (1914), is a historic landmark, built for a single horse-drawn fire engine. The modified Tudor style was fitted architecturally into the Lakeridge neighborhood (also known as Rainier View). The hose tower was built into the ground rather than built above the roof line. For the horses (1914–1924), the floor of the single equipment bay was sloped to reduce the starting jolt in responding to a fire alarm.
Rainier Beach joined Seattle by annexation in 1907. In 1917, the level of the lake was dropped about with US Army Corps of Engineers construction of the Lake Washington Ship Canal, Pritchard Island (little island, 'tleelh-chus') became a peninsula, the sloughs (actually marshes) went dry. Post World War II, the area became urban. With a sewer outfall near the beaches of Atlantic City Park and dramatic collapses in water quality in the 1950s, the neighborhood benefited greatly with the Metro cleanup of Lake Washington in the 1960s. The African-American population has been slowly increasing in the neighborhood due in large part to the gentrification in other Seattle neighborhoods that has forced many Blacks to move either into the South end of the city or into the south King County suburbs. Today Rainier Beach has a population of 6,006 and is roughly 55% African American, 20% Asian, 10% Caucasian, 10% Hispanic and 5% from other races. It is now one of only two neighborhoods (the other being the southern end of the Central District) in the city where Blacks make up a majority. On November 25, 2014, the neighborhood became the site of several protests following the decision in Ferguson, Missouri not to indict police officer Darren Wilson over the killing of Michael Brown.
Public places and spaces
Rainier Beach has Beer Sheva Park (Atlantic City Park 1934–1978) and the Atlantic City Boat Ramp, Kubota Garden Park, Lakeridge Park, Fred Hutchinson Playground, and Deadhorse Canyon Natural Area. Too steep for houses in the 19th century, Lakeridge Park preserves of Taylor Creek and Deadhorse Canyon. Urban green spaces and restored natural places can not long survive the intense impact of urban life without due care and community stewardship. Neighborhood groups of citizen stewards of Rainier Beach creeks and woods provide public education and volunteer effort, together with the City Department of Neighborhoods and the Parks and Recreation Department.
Mapes Creek flows from a ridge in Rainier Beach through Kubota Garden Historical Landmark (1981) and Beer Sheva Park (formerly Atlantic City Park 1907–1977) to Lake Washington. The creek was largely spared the assault of urban development by the relative remoteness of its watershed through the frenzied boom development decades 1850–1910 and the efforts of the business of Master Gardener Fujitaro Kubota from 1927, interrupted by World War II Japanese American Internment, until his death in 1973. Fortuitous efforts of the Kubota family had continued to leave it relatively protected until environmental protection blossomed in the later 20th century. The garden is now maintained by the gardeners of the city Parks and Recreation department and by volunteers, largely from surrounding neighborhoods. The city purchased approximately of adjacent land to remain as a natural area, thus protecting about of Mapes Creek and the headwaters ravine (1987). The non-profit Kubota Garden Foundation (1990) provides stewardship to enhance and perpetuate the garden within the spirit and vision of its founder, in turn promoting understanding of Japanese gardening and philosophy in a uniquely syncretic Pacific Northwest Japanese American aesthetic.
Taylor Creek flows from Deadhorse Canyon (west of Rainier Avenue S at 68th Avenue S and northwest of Skyway Park), through Lakeridge Park to Lake Washington. With volunteer effort and some city matching grants, restoration has been underway since 1971. Volunteers have planted thousands of indigenous trees and plants, removed tons of garbage, removed invasive plants, and had city help removing fish-blocking culverts and improving trails. Viable, daylighted streams can exist only in intimate connection with restoration and stewardship by the neighborhoods of their watersheds in a long run, since the good health of an urban stream could not long survive carelessness or neglect. With impervious surfaces having replaced most of the natural ground cover in urban environments, both the sheer volume and flow rate from unmoderated stormwater and the carrying of non-point pollution converge through urban creeks. Effective solutions include the entire urban watershed, far beyond the riparian channel itself. A deer has been spotted and sightings of raccoon, opossum and birds are common. By about 2050, the area will be looking like a young version of what it looked like before being disrupted. Taylor is one of the four largest streams in urban Seattle. In 2010, the city of Seattle began a project to improve fish passage on the creek.
Schools located in the area include Rainier Beach High School and South Shore School.
Transit
Rainier Beach has a Sound Transit Link light rail station, the Rainier Beach station. To the north, this station connects Rainier Beach to Downtown Seattle, Capitol Hill, and the University of Washington. The Rainier Beach Station also provides service to the south, to the Seattle–Tacoma International Airport.
King County Metro also serves the Rainier Beach area:
References
Bibliography
See heading, "Note about limitations of these data".
**Page links to Village Descriptions Duwamish-Seattle section.
Dailey referenced "Puget Sound Geography" by T. T. Waterman. Washington DC: National Anthropological Archives, mss. [n.d.] [ref. 2]; **Duwamish et al. vs. United States of America, F-275. Washington DC: US Court of Claims, 1927. [ref. 5];
"Indian Lake Washington" by David Buerge in the Seattle Weekly, 1–7 August 1984 [ref. 8];
"Seattle Before Seattle" by David Buerge in the Seattle Weekly, 17–23 December 1980. [ref. 9];
The Puyallup-Nisqually by Marian W. Smith. New York: Columbia University Press, 1940. [ref. 10]. **Recommended start is "Coast Salish Villages of Puget Sound"
Rainier Beach and View maps NN-1330S and NN-1330S.Jpg [sic] dated 2002-06-13
High-Resolution Version, PDF format, 16.1 MB
Medium-Resolution Version, PDF format, 1.45 MB 12 January 2004.
Low-Resolution Version, PDF format, 825 KB 12 January 2004.
"Planned Arterials Map Legend Definitions", PDF format. 12 January 2004.
The high resolution version is good for printing, 11 x 17. The low and medium resolution versions are good for quicker online viewing. [Source: "Street Classification Maps, Note on Accessing These PDF Files"]
[No sources cited; Department of Neighborhoods, Landmarks Preservation Board, Seattle Landmarks, Fire Station #33 links to this page.]
Wilam referenced an extensize list. [This article used only interurban railway information.]
Wilma referenced Don Sherwood, "Atlantic City Park", Interpretive Essays on the History of Seattle Parks, Handwritten bound manuscript dated 1977, Seattle Room, Seattle Public Library;
Don Sherwood, "Beer Sheva Park", Ibid.;
David Buerge, "The Native American Presence in the Rainier Valley Area", typescript, undated, Rainier Valley Historical Society, Seattle;
David Buerge, "Indian Lake Washington", The Weekly, August 1-August 7, 1984, pp. 29–33;
Lucille McDonald, "Old-Timers of Rainier Beach Area", The Seattle Sunday Times, January 1, 1956, Magazine, 8;
Lucile McDonald, "Early Developments In Southeast Seattle", Ibid., January 15, 1956, 8;
Mark Higgins, "Diverse Population Makes for a Unique Feel", Seattle Post-Intelligencer, June 7, 1997, (www.seattlep-i.nwsource.com);
Mark Higgins, "Off The Beaten Path, Rejuvenation Takes Shape", Ibid.;
Mark Higgins, "Residents Unhappy With Focus On Negative", Ibid.;
Walt Crowley, National Trust Guide: Seattle, (New York: Preservation Press, 1998), 218-221;
"Rainier Beach Library: Our History", Seattle Public Library Website, (www.spl.lib.wa.us);
Paul Dorpat, "Rainier Beach Station", Seattle Now and Then, Vol. III (Seattle: Tartu Publications, 1992).
Wilma referenced Richard Berner, Seattle 1900-1920: From Boomtown, Urban Turbulence, to Restoration (Seattle: Charles Press), 191;
"Seattle Will Stand By Old City Charter", The Seattle Daily Times, July 1, 1914, p. 1, 2;
"Charter Attacked By Dr. Matthews", Seattle Post-Intelligencer, June 22, 1914, p. 2.
External links
Rainier Beach, Seattle, WA on Google Maps
Rainier Beach - Thumbnail History, HistoryLink.org
Rainier Beach Community Center, Seattle Parks & Recreation
Rainier Beach Community Empowerment Coalition
Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Map Atlas — Rainier Beach
Rainier Valley, Seattle |
Eduard Hitzig (6 February 1838 – 20 August 1907) was a German neurologist and neuropsychiatrist of Jewish ancestry born in Berlin.
Eduard was the son of Friedrich Hitzig and his grandfather had converted to Protestantism. He studied medicine at the Universities of Berlin and Würzburg under the instruction of famous men such as Emil Du Bois-Reymond (1818–1896), Rudolf Virchow (1821–1902), Moritz Heinrich Romberg (1795–1873), and Karl Friedrich Otto Westphal (1833–1890). He received his doctorate in 1862 and subsequently worked in Berlin and Würzburg. In 1875, he became director of the Burghölzli asylum, as well as professor of psychiatry at the University of Zurich. In 1885, Hitzig became a professor at the University of Halle where he remained until his retirement in 1903.
Hitzig is remembered for his work concerning the interaction between electric current and the brain. In 1870, Hitzig, assisted by anatomist Gustav Fritsch (1837–1927), applied electricity via a thin probe to the exposed cerebral cortex of a dog without anesthesia. They performed these studies at the home of Fritsch because the University of Berlin would not allow such experimentation in their laboratories. What Hitzig and Fritsch had discovered is that electrical stimulation of different areas of the cerebrum caused involuntary muscular contractions of specific parts of the dog's body. They identified the brain's "motor strip", a vertical strip of brain tissue on the cerebrum in the back of the frontal lobe, which controls different muscles in the body. In 1870, Hitzig published his findings in an essay called Ueber die elektrische Erregbarkeit des Grosshirns (On the Electrical Excitability of the Cerebrum). This experimentation was considered the first time anyone had done any localized study regarding the brain and electric current.
However this was not the first time Hitzig had experienced the interaction between the brain and electricity; earlier in his career as a physician working with the Prussian Army, he experimented on wounded soldiers whose skulls were fractured by bullets. Hitzig noticed that applying a small electric current to the brains of these soldiers caused involuntary muscular movement.
Hitzig and Fritsch's work opened the door to further localized testing of the brain by many others including Scottish neurologist, David Ferrier.
References
Mind as Mosaic (The Robot in the Machine), Bruce H. Hinrichs
Parts of this article are based on a translation of an article from the German Wikipedia.
External links
1839 births
1907 deaths
19th-century German Jews
German neurologists
German psychiatrists
Academic staff of the University of Halle
Physicians from Berlin
People associated with the University of Zurich
Academic staff of the University of Zurich |
Seinpost is a restaurant located in Scheveningen, Netherlands. It is a fine dining restaurant that was awarded one Michelin star in the periods 1985-1989 and 2006–present. It held a Bib Gourmand at least in the period 2001–2003.
GaultMillau awarded the restaurant 17.0 out of 20 points.
The Head chef of Seinpost is Gert-Jan Cieremans. Cieremans had previously worked in the Michelin-starred Parkheuvel under Cees Helder, before becoming head chef at Seinpost in 1996. The head chef in the first Michelin period was Henk Savelberg.
A company named "Tartuffe Holding", comprising Henk Savelberg and a group of friends, set up Restaurant Seinpost in 1983. In 1989, they started Vreugd en Rust and Savelberg moved. As a consequence of Savelberg leaving, Seinpost lost its star.
In 1986, politician Ed Nijpels was an honorary commissioner of the company that ran Seinpost. When he became minister, he had to give up all other positions he held, including this one. Unfortunately, Seinpost forgot to inform the Chamber of Commerce that Nijpels had given up his position, so a weekly magazine tried to create a row over it. The matter was soon defused.
Head chefs
- 1996–present: Gert-Jan Cieremans
- 1990-1996: Joop Zwiep
- 1983-1989: Henk Savelberg
See also
List of French restaurants
List of Michelin starred restaurants in the Netherlands
References
Restaurants in The Hague
Michelin Guide starred restaurants in the Netherlands
French restaurants |
Inca is a genus of beetles belonging to the family Scarabaeidae.
Species
Inca besckii Schaum, 1840
Inca bonplandi (Gyllenhaal, 1817)
Inca burmeisteri Burmeister, 1847
Inca clathratus (Olivier, 1792)
Inca irroratus Chevrolat, 1833
Inca pulverulentus (Olivier, 1789)
References
Cetoniinae
Scarabaeidae genera |
Belle Isle Northeast Light is a tall, 12-sided flying buttress lighthouse located on Belle Isle, Newfoundland, which was built in 1905. It is one of three lighthouses on the island and was maintained by the Canadian Government despite the fact that Newfoundland did not join Confederation until 1949. It was designed by William P. Anderson as one in a series of nine buttressed lighthouses built in Canada around 1910.
Its light characteristic is a white flash occurring every eleven seconds. The lightsource is placed at a focal plane of above sea level. A fog signal consisting of a single blast may be sounded every 30 seconds if needed.
See also
List of lighthouses in Newfoundland and Labrador
List of lighthouses in Canada
References
External links
Picture of Belle Isle Northeast Lighthouse
Aids to Navigation Canadian Coast Guard
Lighthouses completed in 1905
Lighthouses in Newfoundland and Labrador
1905 establishments in the British Empire |
Arnesa (, also Romanized as Ārnesā) is a village in Nazlu-e Shomali Rural District, Nazlu District, Urmia County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 182, in 60 families.
References
Populated places in Urmia County |
Juan Laso de la Vega (died December 1516) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Auxiliary Bishop of Seville (1506–1516).
Biography
Juan Laso de la Vega was ordained a priest in the Order of Saint Augustine. In 1506, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Julius II as Auxiliary Bishop of Seville and Titular Bishop of Philadelphia in Arabia. He was consecrated bishop in the same year. He served as Auxiliary Bishop of Seville until his death in Dec 1516.
References
External links and additional sources
(for Chronology of Bishops)
(for Chronology of Bishops)
16th-century Roman Catholic bishops in Spain
1516 deaths
Bishops appointed by Pope Julius II
Augustinian bishops |
Ralph Henry Miller (January 14, 1899 – February 18, 1967) was an American professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball for one game as a pitcher for the Washington Senators on September 16, .
Ralph's older brother Bing Miller played 16 seasons in the Major Leagues from 1921 through 1936.
References
External links
1899 births
1967 deaths
Major League Baseball pitchers
Baseball players from Iowa
Washington Senators (1901–1960) players
People from Vinton, Iowa
Regina Senators players |
Lipinki is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Biskupiec, within Nowe Miasto County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately south-west of Biskupiec, west of Nowe Miasto Lubawskie, and south-west of the regional capital Olsztyn.
During the German occupation of Poland (World War II), a forced labour subcamp of the Stalag XX-A prisoner-of-war camp was operated by the Germans in the village.
References
Lipinki |
Baron Edward Rastawiecki (October 20, 1804 in Nowosiółki near Hrubieszów - February 23, 1879 in Warszawa) was a Polish art historian.
He was a descendant of an aristocratic Polish family. His father was baron Ludwik Mikołaj Adam Rastawiecki. He finished the Liceum Warszawskie school in Warsaw. He then graduated in administration at Warsaw university. He worked in the National Bank of Poland. Later, he worked as chancellor in another bank, Towarzystwo Kredytowe Ziemskie.
His wife was Leonia Nakwaska (1818-1886). They had no children. Edward Rastawiecki died in his mansion on Mazowiecka street in Warsaw. He was buried on Cmentarz Powązkowski in Warsaw.
Works
Mapografia dawnej Polski, 1846;
Słownik malarzy polskich tudzież obcych w Polsce osiadłych lub czasowo w niej przebywających, t. 1-3, 1850–1857;
Słownik rytowników polskich, 1886;
Wzory sztuki średniowiecznej i z epoki Odrodzenia w dawnej Polsce, 1853–1858
References
Polish art historians
Barons of Poland
Burials at Powązki Cemetery
1879 deaths
1804 births |
Compton is an unincorporated community near Leonardtown in St. Mary's County, Maryland, United States. The St. Francis Xavier Church and Newtown Manor House Historic District where listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. The ZIP Code for Compton is 20627.
References
Unincorporated communities in St. Mary's County, Maryland
Unincorporated communities in Maryland |
San Victorino is a neighbourhood (barrio) of Bogotá, Colombia.
Neighbourhoods of Bogotá |
The Old St. Mary's Cemetery, Wrought-Iron Cross Site near Hague, North Dakota, United States, is a historic site that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989. It includes wrought-iron crosses. The listing included 55 contributing objects.
The National Register database listing for this site does not identify any specific blacksmith whose work is present here. However, there were a number of "German-Russian blacksmiths in central North Dakota" who developed individual styles in their crosses and whose "work was known for miles around them."
See also
St. Mary's Church Non-Contiguous Historic District, also NRHP-listed
References
External links
Cemeteries on the National Register of Historic Places in North Dakota
Cemeteries in Emmons County, North Dakota
German-Russian culture in North Dakota
National Register of Historic Places in Emmons County, North Dakota |
The Bigstone Cree Nation () is a First Nations band government in Alberta, Canada. As Woodland Cree, they are a western branch of the larger Cree nation, and are a party to Treaty 8 with Canada. The Bigstone Cree Nation was divided into two bands in 2010, with one group continuing under the former name, and the other becoming the Peerless Trout First Nation.
History
The forerunners of the Bigstone Cree signed onto Treaty 8 in 1899 and were provided with reserved lands based on a population survey. The Bigstone claimed that the lands they were assigned were not large enough based on the 1913 and 1937 population surveys. Band members settled into five communities all named after nearby lakes: Calling Lake, Chipewyan Lake, Peerless Lake, Trout Lake and Wabasca. The band has six reserves totalling . These included 166 A, 166 B, 166 C, 166 D, all in the vicinity of the Hamlet of Wabasca (also known as Wabasca-Desmarais), 166 south of the Hamlet of Sandy Lake, and Jean Baptiste Gambler Reserve 183 surrounded by the Hamlet of Calling Lake. All of these reserves are surrounded by the Municipal District of Opportunity No. 17. In 2007, there were 6,781 registered Bigstone Cree, of which 2,397 were living on reserve.
The people living at Chipewyan Lake, Peerless Lake, and Trout Lake and lived off-reserve on Crown land and did not have access to the same services available to those at Wabasca. The Canadian government accepted the claim in 1998 and negotiations began which resulted in a settlement in 2010, the largest land settlement in Alberta's history. The agreement ended with the separation of the Peerless Trout First Nation from the Bigstone Cree, and new reserve lands for both bands. The Calling Lake reserve was slightly enlarged and a new reserve was created at Chipewyan Lake.
Annual events
The Bigstone Cree First Nation host the annual Treaty Days Festivities in August of each year, celebrating their culture, language and achievements.
Reserves
Indian Reserves under the administration of Bigstone Cree Nation are:
Wabasca 166 () 8452.40 ha
Wabasca 166A () 682.10 ha
Wabasca 166B () 2413.40 ha
Wabasca 166C () 3502.60 ha
Wabasca 166D () 5817.40 ha
Jean Baptiste Gambler 183 198.70 ha
Desmarais Settlement
See also
First Nations in Alberta
List of Indian reserves in Alberta
List of First Nations peoples
Indian Act
List of Aboriginal communities in Canada
References
External links
Bigstone Cree Nation
First Nations governments in Alberta
Cree governments |
Fusus rubens is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Fasciolariidae, the spindle snails, the tulip snails and their allies.
References
rubens
Gastropods described in 1822 |
The atrial branches of right coronary artery derive from the right coronary artery and provide part of the blood supply to the right atrium and left atrium.
Although named for the right coronary artery in Terminologia anatomica, a portion of the blood supply to the atria derives from the Circumflex branch of left coronary artery.
External links
Image
Arteries of the thorax |
Gomes is a common Portuguese and Old Galician surname. It derived from the given name Gomes, which derived from the Visigothic word guma, meaning "man".
Its Spanish equivalent is Gómez.
Notable people
A–E
Al Gomes (born 1960), American music producer, music industry strategist, and songwriter
Albert Gomes (1911–1978), Trinidad and Tobago politician, labour leader and author
Albino Gomes (born 1994), Indian footballer
Ana Gomes (born 1954), Portuguese politician
André Gomes (born 1993), Portuguese footballer
Angel Gomes (born 2000), English footballer
Antônio Carlos Gomes (1836–1896), Brazilian composer
António Gomes Leal (1848–1921), Portuguese poet
Anthony Gomes (born 1970), Canadian musician
Bruno Gomes (born 1996), Brazilian footballer
Chandima Gomes (born 1966), Sri Lankan Sinhala Malaysian engineer, physicist and writer
Chico (footballer, born 1988), full name Francisco Miguel Franco Antunes Gomes, Portuguese footballer
Chiquinho Baiano (born 1980), full name Francisco Gomes de Andrade Junior (born 1980), Brazilian footballer.
Diogo Gomes (c. 1420–1500), Portuguese navigator and explorer
Eduardo Gomes (1896–1981), Brazilian soldier and politician
F–M
Fernão Gomes (15th century), Portuguese explorer and merchant
Francis Anthony Gomes (1931–2011), Bangladeshi Roman Catholic bishop
Francisco Gomes da Rocha, (1745–1808), Brazilian composer
Francisco Gomes de Amorim, (1827–1891), Portuguese poet and Dramatist
Francisco da Costa Gomes (1914–2001), Portuguese military officer and politician, the 15th President of the Portuguese Republic
Francisco Dias Gomes (1745–1795), Portuguese poet and literary critic
Francisco Luís Gomes, (1829–1869), Indo-Portuguese physician, writer, historian, economist, politician
Ed Gomes (1936-2020), American politician
Gomes da Costa (footballer), (1919–1987), former Portuguese footballer
Gomes de Sequeira (16th century), Portuguese explorer
Gomes Eanes de Zurara (c. 1410–1474), Portuguese chronicler
Harold Gomes (born 1933), American boxer
Heurelho Gomes (born 1981), Brazilian footballer
Jessica Gomes (born 1984), Australian model
Jonny Gomes (born 1980), American baseball player
José Alencar Gomes da Silva (1931–2011), Brazilian politician
Larry Gomes (born 1953), Trinidadian cricketer
Manuel Teixeira Gomes (1860–1941), Portuguese politician and president of Portugal
Manuel Gomes da Costa (1863–1929), Portuguese army officer, politician and president of Portugal
Marcelo Gomes (dancer) (born 1979), Brazilian ballet dancer
Mário Centeno, full name Mário José Gomes de Freitas Centeno (born 1966), Portuguese economist and politician
Miguel Gomes (fencer) (born 1972), Portuguese fencer
N–Z
Nácia Gomes (1925–2011), Cape Verdean singer
Nádia Gomes (born 1996), Portuguese footballer
Nuno Gomes (born 1976), Portuguese footballer
Nuno Gomes (diver) (20th/21st century), Portuguese-born South African Scuba Diver
Peter J. Gomes (1942–2011), American clergyman
Pedro Gomes (triathlete) (born 1983), Portuguese triathlete
Ralph Gomes (1937–2020), Guyanese track and field athlete
Ryan Gomes (born 1982), American basketball player
Soeiro Pereira Gomes (1909–1949), Portuguese writer
Steve Anthony (born 1959 as Stephen Anthony Gomes), Canadian broadcaster
Sumana Gomes (born 1968), Sri Lankan cinema actress
Venceslau Brás Pereira Gomes (1868–1966), Brazilian politician and president of Brazil
Weasley Gomes de Olivera (born 1962), Brazilian footballer
Yan Gomes (born 1987), Brazilian American baseball player
Institutions
Dr Francisco Luis Gomes District Library, the major library in the district of South Goa, Goa, India
Gomes Elementary School, a school in Fremont, California
Places
Pedro Gomes, a municipality in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
See also
Gómez, a common Spanish surname
Gomis, variant spelling
Portuguese-language surnames
Patronymic surnames |
Sverri Sandberg Nielsen (born 14 October 1993) is a Faroese rower who competes for Danske Studenters Roklub and Denmark in the heavyweight single sculls. He also competes in indoor rowing and has set a new Danish record three years in a row, 2015, 2016 and 2017 and again in 2019 and 2020. In 2019 he won silver medal at the World Rowing Championships. In 2020 he won the European Rowing Championship and the following year he won silver at the same event. In 2021 he competes for Denmark at the 2020 Summer Olympics.
Career
Sverri S. Nielsen began his rowing career in the Faroe Islands competing in Faroese wooden rowing boats with 6 or 8 rowers and a cox; he was also training indoor rowing in the Faroe Islands as well as outdoor rowing. In 2011 he won the C.R.A.S.H.-B.Sprints World Indoor Rowing Championships for Junior Men. He is a member of the Danish National rowing team, he currently competes in Single sculler, heavy weight, he has also competed in double sculler.
Results in Indoor Rowing – Danish record holder
Nielsen is the current Danish record holder in the men's indoor rowing, heavy weight, he broke a nine-year old Danish record in January 2015 and improved the same record in January 2016 in the time 5.51.6 and again in January 2017 in the time 5:49.20, and in February 2017 at the European Indoor Rowing Championship, which he won in the time 5:47.9.
Results in single scull
Nielsen competed at the 2015 World Rowing Championships making it to the semi-final; he competed at the 2015 World Rowing Championship under-23 and made it to the final where his final result was number four.
At the 2017 World Rowing Championships he made it to the semi-finals, where he was number four in the time 06:53.420.
Missed Olympic 2016 qualification
He missed the Olympic qualification for the 2016 Summer Olympics by less than one second, when he came in as number four at the final qualification race for the Olympics. Denmark and all other nations were not allowed to have more than two boats in the men's and women's single sculler and double lightweight sculler. But because or the new rule of diversity, Denmark gained another place for one of their boat for the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio; this happened when Belgium won two competition in the men's single and double scullers at the final qualification race, but were only allowed to take one of the two boats to Rio. It was therefore up Belgium to decide, whether Denmark should have the men's single sculler or double sculler to the Olympics. Belgium chose to take their single sculler, and therefore Sverri Nielsen could not compete at the Olympics 2016, instead the extra place went to Mads Rasmussen and Rasmus Quist.
Summer Olympics 2020
Nielsen won heat three and advanced to the quarterfinals. He was the fastest in quarterfinal two and advanced to the semifinals.
Honour
2019 – Faroese Sportsperson of the Year
References
External links
Sverri Sandberg Nielsens profile on Team Denmark's website
1993 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Tórshavn
Danish male rowers
Faroese male rowers
World Rowing Championships medalists for Denmark
Rowers at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Olympic rowers for Denmark |
Vice-Admiral Francis Clifton Brown C.B., C.M.G., (10 July 1874 – 6 September 1963) was an officer of the Royal Navy.
Early life
Brown was born 10 July 1874 in Lower Beeding in the Horsham District of West Sussex, England. He was the son of James Clifton Brown and Amelia Rowe and during his childhood the family lived in Holmbush House. He was educated at Cheam School.
Navy career
Brown trained at the Britannia Royal Naval College and was appointed to HMS Dreadnought in 1890. On 23 April 1895 he was promoted to Sub-lieutenant and then 14 October 1894 to Lieutenant. Ten years later on 31 December 1904, he was promoted to the rank of Commander. In January 1910, he was appointed to command the 2nd class protected cruiser HMS Thetis. On 1 July 1912, he was promoted to the Captain.
During World War I Brown commanded HMS Skirmisher and HMS Edgar and was mentioned in despatches for his work. From 1917 to 1919 he was appointment as Head of the Naval Mission to Greece. On 1 July 1922 he was promoted to Rear admiral and then later promoted to the rank of Vice admiral (retired) on 3 August 1927. Brown received the C.M.G., the Order of the Redeemer and C.B.
Retirement
In retirement Brown remained active in public life. During 1931, he served as the High Sheriff of Berkshire and was on the governing body of Abingdon School from 1929 and was the Chairman of the Governors from 1944 to 1958.
References
1874 births
1963 deaths
Royal Navy vice admirals
Governors of Abingdon School
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George |
The San Francisco Police Department began operations on August 13, 1849 during the California Gold Rush under the command of Captain Malachi Fallon. At the time, Chief Fallon had a force of one deputy captain, three sergeants, and thirty officers.
In 1851, Albert Bernard de Russailh wrote about the nascent San Francisco police force:
As for the police, I have only one thing to say. The police force is largely made up of ex-bandits, and naturally the members are interested above all in saving their old friends from punishment. Policemen here are quite as much to be feared as the robbers; if they know you have money, they will be the first to knock you on the head. You pay them well to watch over your house, and they set it on fire. In short, I think that all the people concerned with justice or the police are in league with the criminals. The city is in a hopeless chaos, and many years must pass before order can be established. In a country where so many races are mingled, a severe and inflexible justice is desirable, which would govern with an iron hand.
On October 28, 1853, the Board of Aldermen passed Ordinance No. 466, which provided for the reorganization of the police department. Sections one and two provided as follows:
In July 1856, the "Consolidation Act" went into effect. This act abolished the office of City Marshal and created in its stead the office of Chief of Police. The first Chief of Police elected in 1856 was James F. Curtis a former member of the San Francisco Committee of Vigilance.
In early August 1975, the SFPD went on strike over a pay dispute, violating a California law prohibiting police from striking. The city quickly obtained a court order declaring the strike illegal and enjoining the SFPD back to work. The court messenger delivering the order was met with violence and the SFPD continued to strike. Only managers and African-American officers remained on duty, with 45 officers and 3 fire trucks responsible for a city population of 700,000. Supervisor Dianne Feinstein pleaded Mayor Joseph Alioto to ask Governor Jerry Brown to call out the National Guard to patrol the streets but Alioto refused. When enraged civilians confronted SFPD officers at the picket lines, the officers arrested them. The strike was joined by the city's firefighters. The ACLU obtained a court order prohibiting strikers from carrying their service revolvers. Again, the SFPD ignored the court order. On August 20, a bomb detonated at the Mayor's home with a sign reading "Don't Threaten Us" left on his lawn. On August 21, Mayor Alioto advised the San Francisco Board of Supervisors that they should concede to the strikers' demands. The Supervisors unanimously refused. Mayor Alioto immediately then declared a state of emergency, assumed legislative powers, and granted the strikers' demands. City Supervisors and taxpayers sued but the court found that a contract obtained through an illegal strike is still legally enforceable.
In 1997, the San Francisco International Airport Police merged with SFPD, becoming the SFPD Airport Bureau.
As of September 8, 2011, ground was broken for San Francisco's new Public Safety Building (PSB) in Mission Bay. A replacement facility for the San Francisco Police Department (SFPD) Headquarters and Southern District Police Station currently located at 850 Bryant, the PSB will also contain a fire station to serve the burgeoning neighborhood. The new building was completed in 2015.
In 2014, the San Francisco Police academy graduated its first publicly reported transgender police officer, Mikayla Connell.
Key events in the history of the San Francisco Police Department
1850-1875
1851 and 1856: The San Francisco Vigilance Movement usurped local and state authority during the post-Gold Rush period.
1861: Confederate privateer, the schooner J. M. Chapman captured in San Francisco bay by federal agents and San Francisco Police
January 1866: Author Mark Twain blasts the SFPD and Chief Martin Burke for corruption in a series of letters to the editor, including one to the Virginia City Territorial Enterprise, now lost but parts of which were reprinted elsewhere, published January 23, 1866
1875-1900
From 1875 to 1888: Hunt for Charles Bolles, known as "Black Bart", a notorious stagecoach robber at the time. He was eventually caught by a Wells Fargo detective James B. Hume. He disappeared shortly after he was released from prison in 1888.
April 26, 1877: Substitute Officer Charles J. Coots killed by gunfire
1877: The "July Days" rioting of 1877 that broke out as an indirect result of an earlier demonstration in solidarity with striking miners in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, where at least forty strikers had been killed by state militia. City fathers established a committee of safety to supplement the police force, handing out axe handles that gave the group the moniker, the "pick-handle" brigade.
Early 1880s: Chinatown Squad established.
February 16, 1884, Officer John Nicholson killed by stabbing
1886: C. W. Armanger requested a seven-point star for police badges, to represent the seven seals in the Book of Revelation of the new testament for virtue, divinity, prudence, fortitude, honor, glory, and praise of God. The first SF policeman to wear the star was Isaiah W. Lees. It was worn on the left breast.
November 1886: Police defend old Jail on Broadway in North Beach from vigilantes bent on lynching prisoners
December 17, 1886: Officer Edwin J. Osgood killed by stabbing
September 11, 1891: Officer Alexander G. Grant killed by gunfire
April 13, 1895: Theodore Durrant arrested for murdering both Minnie Williams and Blanche Lamont in Emanuel Church in Noe Valley San Francisco. Hanged in 1898.
September 15, 1895: Detective Daniel Coffee commits suicide by gun at home.
November 9, 1895, a troop of twenty officers from the southern district, under the command of Captain John Spillane, march down sixth street late at night, burn the shanties at Dumpville, evict the scavengers from the site which is quickly filled to be used as part of the huge southern Pacific railroad yards along Channel Street.
March 23, 1896, Lieutenant William L. Burke killed by gunfire
1900-1925
May 3, 1901: San Francisco CALL reports; Chief William P. Sullivan issues order against officers dyeing hair and whiskers, claiming the effort detracts from the officer's duties
1901: Carman's strikes. Employers' Association hired toughs and Mayor James D. Phelan's police attack strikers. City police ride with scabs. Police beat strikers but make no arrests. Police behavior during this strike is a major factor in the fall Mayoral election which brought Eugene Schmitz, his patron Abe Ruef, and the Union Labor Party to power. 5 dead, 300 injured.
January 21, 1902, Officer Eugene C. Robinson killed by gunfire
April 18, 1906, Officer Max Fenner killed by natural disaster
April 16, 1906; The first Hall of Justice on Kearney Street opposite Portsmouth Square was damaged in the earthquake and fire.
1906:Hall of Justice, opposite Portsmouth Square on Kearney Street, rebuilt after earthquake.
September 6, 1906, Officer James S. Cook killed by gunfire
November 16, 1906, Officer George P. O'Connell killed by gunfire
September 3, 1907, Officer Edward T. McCartney killed by gunfire
1907: first police car inaugurated. Among the first police departments to use fingerprints as a means of identification.
1907: San Francisco Streetcar Strike: Disagreements between the union and the management of United Railroads Company from 1902 to 1907 contribute greatly to this strike. Strike ends in failure as workers abandoned the strike.
December 1, 1908: San Francisco Chief of Police William J. Biggy went overboard from a police launch during a nighttime crossing of San Francisco Bay after a visit with judge in Tiburon, California. Biggy had been accused of failing to stop the killing, or suicide in jail, of ex-convict and alleged Ruef bagman Morris Haas, shooter of special prosecutor Francis J. Heney. Biggy's body was found two weeks later. The Coroner's Jury returned a verdict of accidental death although some people believed his death was suicide. The case remains unsolved.
1909: Establishment of SFPD motorcycle squad for "stopping scorchers (bicyclists) and reckless vehicle drivers" and countries first fingerprint bureau (S.F. Examiner June 13, 1977)
1912: Warned by Chinese Consul General Li Yung Yow that "efforts to bring a truce among warring highbinder factions" had been futile, police chief David A. White issues orders that the regular Chinatown squad be expanded ... and all officers be instructed to "shoot to kill" at the first indication of trouble." (LA times March 14, 1912 pg.12)
1913: Three women protective officers join the force. San Francisco among first departments to hire women.
May 4, 1913: Officer Byron C. Wood killed by gunfire
WW1: Daisy Simpson, later known as the "Lady Hooch Hunter," joins the SFPD morals squad.
March 10, 1914: Officer Harry L. Sauer killed by gunfire
April 19, 1915: Officer Edward Maloney killed by gunfire
November 24, 1915: Corporal Frederick Holmes Cook killed by gunfire
January 8, 1916: Officer Thomas Deasy killed by gunfire
May 12, 1916: Officer Peter Hammond killed by gunfire
May 26, 1916: Sergeant John Joseph Moriarty killed by gunfire
July 22, 1916: The bombing on the Preparedness Day parade killed 10 people and wounded 40 others. Two known radical labor leaders – Thomas Mooney and Warren K. Billings arrested and sentenced to death under a hasty trial. They are eventually commuted by President Woodrow Wilson in 1918 and pardoned by California governor Culbert Olson in 1939.
December 14, 1916: Officer Martin Judge struck and killed by streetcar
February 1917: The police raid and blockade the notorious red-light district Barbary Coast and refuse entry to any men without legitimate business. The police then proceed to evict over 1073 prostitutes, giving them a few hours to collect their belongings, thereby effectively shutting down 83 dives and brothels after nearly three quarters of a century as the west coast's premiere vice district.
August 1917: After three weeks of strikes on the United Railways, police are accused of refusing to search all "platform men" still on the job, causing president Koster of the San Francisco Law and Order Committee to notify the mayor that "unless he instructs the police to do their duty ... state and Federal government will be asked to interfere", in the United Railroad worker's strike. (LA Times September 1, 1917 pg. II4).
November 15, 1919: Police order all IWW members out of town.
1921: Appointment by Chief Dan O'Brien of Jack Manion to the Chinatown Squad
September 3, 1921: Famous silent film actor Roscoe Arbuckle aka Fatty Arbuckle involved in an alleged rape during his stay in San Francisco. The victim Virginia Rappe dies three days after party at Arbuckle's suite in the Saint Francis Hotel. The scandal attracts media attention and destroyed Arbuckle's career.
1923: Police Academy opens, first in the nation.
1925-1950
March, 1925. SFPD adds chemical warfare capabilities, with tear gas bombs and mustard agents.
William J. Quinn appointed chief. 1929 - 1940. He builds motorizes force, including-side car motorbikes, adds radios to every car, installs teletype system and establishes SFPD academy on October 18, 1937.
1932: Jessie Scott Hughes murdered, trial of public defender Frank Egan ends in first degree murder sentence of 25 years
1934: The 1934 West Coast longshore strike Bloody Thursday July 5, 1934 Gene Olson and over a hundred people wounded, strikers Nicholas Bordois and Howard Sperry killed.
July 17, 1934: the California National Guard blockade both ends of Jackson Street from Drumm to Front with machine gun mounted trucks to assist vigilante raids, protected by SFPD, on the headquarters of the Marine Workers' Industrial Union (MWIU) and the ILA soup kitchen at 84 Embarcadero. Moving on, the Workers' Ex-Servicemen's League's headquarters on Howard between Third and Fourth is raided, leading to 150 arrests and the complete destruction of the facilities. The employer's group, the Industrial Association, has agents riding with the police. Further raids are carried out at the Workers' Open Forum at 1223 Fillmore Street and the Western Worker building opposite City Hall containing a bookstore and the main offices of the Communist Party, which are thoroughly destroyed. Attacks are also perpetrated on the Workers' School at 121 Haight Street and the Mission Workers' Neighborhood House at 741 Valencia Street. This brings to an end the 1934 West Coast waterfront strike.
Mid-1930s: Hiring of barrister Jake Ehrlich in mid-1930s by police officers association.
March 16, 1937: Revelation of widespread graft reported in the 1937 investigation by Matthew Brady (district attorney) hired detective Edwin Atherton.
Sunday, May 2, 1937: Patrolman George Burkhard, trophied marksman, shoots wife and two grown daughters then commits suicide in the midst of prosecution for falsifying documents related to his appearance at the Grand Jury graft hearings.
May 29, 1937: Riot in the Polk Gulch area on the night of the Golden Gate Bridge Fiesta.
September 1938: Mounted police chase striking Retail Department Store Employees Union in commercial district where thirty-five department stores are affected in general strike.
October 1943: "Iron Ring" police clique exposed. Certain officers are accused of participating and profiting from after hours bars, vice, "juke box racket" and gambling operations. Ostentatious displays of jewelry, cars and flashy cash decried as criminal gains (SF Chronicle October 25, 1943)
1940: Charles W. Dullea appointed chief by Mayor Angelo Joseph Rossi
May 1, 1942: meeting to establish The San Francisco Police Officers Association held with more than 100 members in attendance.
October and November, 1943: San Francisco Chronicle reports accusations of police tip-offs in the Ynez Burns-Caldwell underground abortions case. Grand Jury holds hearings.
1944: Lake Merced firing range opens.
1945: V-Day riots last three days, mostly joined by men in uniform.
May 6, 1946: San Francisco Police and Coast Guard patrol boats circling Alcatraz Island in response to call from Warden James Johnston as rioting breaks out.
1946: the San Francisco Police Officers Association established.
1946: Inspector Jack Manion of the Chinatown Squad retires.
1947: The Nick de John mafia murder of 1947.
1948: Chief Michael Mitchell appointed.
1949: frame-up and arrest for narcotics possession of Billie Holiday
September 13–15, 1949: SF Chronicle reports on investigation of fake traffic tickets, printer claims he made them for plainsclothesman Albert E. Birdsall, Sr.
1950-1975
1951: Chief Michael Gaffey appointed.
1955: Chief George Healy sworn in.
February, 1955: Reporter Charles Raudebaugh writes a 12-part series titled "the Untold Story of the San Francisco Police Dept." for the SF Chronicle. The editors preface states; "The people of San Francisco are entitled to a full, if unpleasant report on what sort of police they are getting for their money. It must be crystal clear that these stories are not an attack on the hundreds of honorable officers on the force. Rather, this is an unmasking of "The System" itself - A self-perpetuating tradition of indolence and corruption." -Editor
September 30, 1955: Chief George Healey asks for disbanding of Chinatown squad, upon request of influential Chinese World newspaper, which states that squad is an "affront to Americans of Chinese descent".
May 1956: proposed bond issue proposition "A" to build a new Hall of Justice supported by the POA.
1956: regular POA Meetings Held at Hamm's Brewery Skyroom.
1956: Chief Frances J. Ahern "Frank" appointed.
1957: The 1957 arrest of City Lights Bookstore publisher Lawrence Ferlinghetti on obscenity charges for publication of the Allen Ginsberg poem Howl
October, 1957: Herbert P. Lee sworn in as first Chinese-American member of the SFPD, although there are references to other Chinese men served in the SFPD auxiliary in the 1940s.
September 1, 1958: Chief Frances J. Ahern died of a heart attack at a baseball game in Seal Stadium (New York Times: September 2, 1958. p. 25)
1958: Thomas J. Cahill, namesake of the current Hall of Justice appointed Chief.
May 13, 1960: A large group of students and citizens fire-hosed down the marble steps inside City Hall rotunda by the SFPD for protesting their exclusion from HUAC hearings, 52 arrests.
Sept. 14, 1961 San Francisco Police Department vice squad San Francisco Police raided the Tay-Bush Inn and arrested 103 people. All but 14 were men accused of dancing together and kissing. Charges were dropped against 101 of them.
1961: The 1961 arrest of comedian Lenny Bruce for obscenity.
1962: Elliott Blackstone is selected as SFPD's first liaison officer with the "homophile community."
April 1962: Pacific Coast Unitarian Universalist Council meeting held in San Francisco in February contains the following: BE IT THEREFORE RESOLVED that we urge the creation at proper levels of government, tribunals of review and redress for police malpractice and misfeasance that shall be selected by and from the public at large having full powers of discipline, and that she shall endeavor to have enacted laws requiring that all persons with the powers of police officers shall be bonded in a sufficient amount to insure the safety of those who may have civil claims against them for malpractice and misfeasance.
1962: Dog patrol unit established.
March 7, 1964: Police arrest 167 of nearly 1,000 demonstrators who sat-in at the Sheraton Palace hotel in protest of the hotels failure to hire blacks.
April 14, 1964: Police arrest 180 civil rights demonstrators, motivated by the San Francisco NAACP, on Van Ness Avenue's "Auto Row", including actor Sterling Hayden and six clergymembers, who continue sit-ins at major auto showrooms such as the Wessman Lincoln-Mercury and nearby Cadillac dealership, protesting discriminatory hiring practices and demanding integration of work sales force.
January 1, 1965: New Year's Eve party at California Hall (Polk Street) raided and 600 attendees lined up and photographed as homosexuals. The cases went to trial with support from the ACLU. All were acquitted.
1965: Two police officers and three ex-convicts charged with burglary of the home of ex-madam Sally Stanford in Pacific Heights, San Francisco. All but one of the accused convicted. The case was also known as the "Sally Stanford Burglary Caper."
August 1966: Compton's Cafeteria riot.
Hunters Point riot September 27, 1966: A three-day riot breaks out when a white police officer shoots and kills a sixteen-year-old fleeing the scene of a stolen car. National guard cover city for two days.
1966: Police seize copies of Lenore Kandel's book of poems, the love book, leading to another long obscenity trial. Kandel thanks police for the publicity by giving 1 percent of all profits to the Police Retirement Association.
1966 to 1967: Hippies enact walk-ins in Haight Street intersections precipitating repeated military-style police marches down the street.
1967: Police arrest dancers Rudolph Nureyev and Dame Margot Fonteyn on the roof of a house near the panhandle for being in the vicinity of pot smoking.
December 1968 through January 1969: Police repeatedly called on student protesters by Chancellor S. I. Hayakawa.
May 1, 1969: Arrest of seven young Latinos Los Siete De La Raza for the May 1, 1969, murder of an undercover officer Joe Brodnik and wounding of partner Paul McGoran.
1960s: Targeting of SFPD officers for assassination by militants alleged to be connected to the Black Panther Party.
In the late 1960s, New Age philosopher Alan Watts suggests police cars be painted baby blue and white instead of black and white. This proposal was implemented in San Francisco by Chief Charles Gain in the late 1970s. Along with the new color scheme, Gain substituted the City's seal (which appeared on almost all other municipal vehicles owned by San Francisco), with "Police Services" for the department's traditional seven-pointed, blue star logo. Watts suggested the police wear baby blue uniforms, but this was never implemented. Later the police cars were repainted their former black and white colors with the blue star.
1960s to 1970s: The Zodiac serial killer case which rocked the Bay Area.
February 11, 1971: Officer Charles Logasa drowns when UH-1 Huey Helicopter crashes into Lake Merced. Pilot Stan Odmann attempts rescue.
February 16, 1970: A homemade bomb explodes outside the police station on Waller St. Sgt. Brian McDonnell (44) died 2 days later and 8 other officers are injured. Black Panthers or the Weather Underground are suspects.
1970: Chief Alfred J. Nelder appointed.
1970s: The racially motivated Zebra murders by a violent offshoot of Nation of Islam.
1973: Officers for Justice file lawsuit against SFPD. The lawsuit alleges SFPD has engaged in a pattern of employment discrimination based on race, sex and national origin. Lawsuit settled by Consent Decree in 1979. As a result of the lawsuit, many rules and selection criteria for employment at the SFPD were declared illegal, including written examinations, minimum height requirements, and the strength test.
1975-2000
1975: Chief Charles Gain appointed.
1975: The Symbionese Liberation Army crime spree and the 1975 arrest of Patty Hearst, William and Emily Harris and Wendy Yoshimura in a house on Bernal Heights.
August 18, 1975: Over 90% of 1,935 police walk out for four days in pay dispute, shooting out streetlights and arresting anyone who questions them. Mayor Joe Alioto threatens immediate suspension without pay for striking officers.
September 22, 1975: President Gerald R. Ford dodges a second assassination attempt in less than three weeks. Sara Jane Moore, an FBI informer and self-proclaimed revolutionary, attempts to shoot President Ford outside a San Francisco hotel, but misses.
August 4, 1977: Over 400 riot-equipped police (some on horseback), and sheriff's deputies take the International Hotel, known as the I-Hotel, from 2,000 protesters.
August 25, 1977: Police commission approves an equal opportunity plan including recruitment of homosexuals.
September 1977: Golden Dragon massacre.
November 27, 1978 Former SFPD officer, firefighter and Supervisor Dan White is arrested for the assassinations of Mayor George Moscone and Supervisor Harvey Milk.
May 21, 1979 The White Night Riots follow Dan White's acquittal of first degree murder charges and conviction on lesser charges of voluntary manslaughter when hundreds march to city hall and riot, break windows and torch police cars. These spontaneous actions lead to an unprovoked police raid on a Castro Street gay bar called the Elephant Walk, two miles away and hours after the City Hall disturbance.
January 27, 1979 Police department settles racial discrimination suit filed by the Black Police Officer's Association.
1980: Chief Cornelius P. Murphy appointed.
1981: The 1981 arrest of David Carpenter, "Trailside Killer".
May 1984: Notorious sex party at California Hall's Rathskeller bar, celebrating the graduation of new San Francisco Police Department cadets.
September 1984: Police siege Lord Jim's bar looking for drugs.
1984: Still unsolved disappearance of Kevin Andrew Collins
1984: Democratic National Convention
1980s: The case against serial killers Leonard Lake and Charles Ng
1980s: The case against Richard Ramirez, the night stalker.
1986: Chief Frank Jordan appointed.
August 15, 1988: Captain Richard Holder leads arrest of first nine Food Not Bombs volunteers at Golden Gate Park.
August 22, 1988: Police arrest 29 Food Not Bombs Volunteers for Making a Political Statement at Golden Gate Park.
September 5, 1988: 54 Food Not Bombs volunteers arrested sharing vegan food at Golden Gate Park.
1988: S.F. Police officer breaks two ribs and ruptures spleen of UFW leader Dolores Huerta at a demonstration in Union Square against George H. W. Bush, leading to the dismissal of officers with excessive force complaints and a settlement with the city for $825,000.
October 6, 1989: Castro Sweep: In response to a small, peaceful protest by the AIDS activist group ACT UP San Francisco, more than 200 SFPD officers descend on the Castro District, the city's main gay neighborhood, on a busy Friday evening. Declaring the entire commercial district an unlawful-assembly zone, officers sweep all pedestrians from the streets and sidewalks over a seven-block area and prevent patrons from exiting businesses and residents from leaving their homes for an hour or more. More than 50 individuals are arrested, and a number of protesters and passersby are clubbed and injured by police officers. Following the event, the Office of Citizen Complaints, the city's independent police review board, determines that the crackdown had been ordered by Deputy Chief Frank Reed and that half of all officers on duty had taken part. The San Francisco Police Commission ultimately disciplines several officers, and the city pays $250,000 to settle two civil suits brought by victims of the police misconduct. The police action comes to be known as the Castro Sweep Police Riot.
October 17, 1989: Loma Prieta earthquake.
1990: Chief Willis Casey appointed.
1992: Chief Anthony Ribera appointed.
1993: 68,000 citizens vote on measure BB to allow officer Bob Geary to carry his puppet, Brendon O'Smarty on patrol.
1993: Massacre at 101 California Street.
1993: The Anti-Defamation League Spy Scandal of 1993 involving ADL researcher Roy Bullock and officer Tom Gerard.
New Year's Day, 1995: Four officers charged with using unnecessary force and making homophobic comments to party-goers at an AIDS fund-raiser at 938 Harrison St.
June 4, 1995: Aaron Williams, an African American man suspected of a pet store burglary dies in police custody. According to witnesses and police sources, a team of police led by Officer Marc Andaya repeatedly kicked Williams in the head and emptied three canisters of pepper spray into his face. Despite the fact that Williams was having difficulty breathing, the police hog-tied, gagged and left him unattended in the back of a police van, where he died.
1996: Chief Fred Lau appointed.
April 6, 1996: Mark Garcia, a 15-year teamster, killed by San Francisco police. Garcia was robbed and partially stripped of his clothing. SFPD called. Instead of helping Mark, the police beat him, pepper spray him, handcuff him, stand on his back for more than 5 minutes, hog-tie him, and then throw him into the back of a police van. Although they took him to the hospital, Garcia died.
May 1997: two-year-long corruption trial involving alleged thefts from drug dealers by Gary Fagundes and two other officers in 1993-95 ends, prosecutors win no convictions. Superior Court jury sides with the officers on all verdicts so far - a total of 17 - with three charges against Fagundes left to be decided and one against Officer Steven Landi. Officer James Acevedo exonerated, winning three acquittals.
July 1997: The Critical Mass bike ride that led to over a hundred arrests and charges of police overreaction.
Investigation launched into cashier's checks specifically made out to the Vice Crimes Division and handed directly to a vice squad sergeant. The money was collected from massage parlor workers arrested by the Vice Squad.
May 13, 1998: Sheila Patricia Detoy, sitting in the front seat of a Ford Mustang, shot once in the head by plainclothes police officers as the car barreled out of the driveway of the Oakwood Apartments. Mother of slain girl files wrongful death claim.
2000-present
October 11, 2001 SFPD called to disturbance at High School. Thurgood Marshall High School Melee closes S.F. high school / Melee closes high school in San Francisco
February 2002: Off-duty officer Steve Lee in fistfight with Gregory Hooper, a street vendor. Eyewitnesses report that after the fight ended, Lee shot the unarmed Hooper four times in the chest at point- blank range.
March 2002: Five officers open fire on a mentally disabled man named Richard Tims wielding a knife, killing him. Barrage of bullets destroy a bus shelter, spray the block and hit onlooker Vilda Curry, a 39-year-old mother, causing her irreparable reproductive harm, and the loss of use of her leg.
June 12, 2001: Idriss Stelley shot more than 20 times and killed by eight San Francisco Police Officers at the Sony Metreon. (see the Idriss Stelley Foundation)
2001: The case against Robert Noel and Marjorie Knoller for the death-by-dog of Diane Whipple.
June 2002: Six year Police Chief Fred Lau announces retirement from force to take an airport security job with the U.S. Department of Transportation.
July, 2002: Mayor Willie Brown names Assistant Police Chief Earl Sanders as San Francisco's Chief.
November 20, 2002: Scandal known as "Fajitagate" occurs when three off-duty police officers—Matthew Tonsing, David Lee, and Alex Fagan Jr.—assault two San Francisco residents, Adam Snyder and Jade Santoro, over a bag of fajitas. Alex Fagan Jr. is the son of SFPD Assistant Chief Alex Fagan, who later became Chief. Nine officers and Chief Earl Sanders are involved in a coverup regarding the fight. Incident leads to a grand jury indictment of the parties involved. However, unable to prove that a cover up ever existed, the district attorney drops the charges against former Chief Earl Sanders. Acting Chief Alex Fagan resigns. In 2006, a civil jury finds former officers Fagan and Tonsing liable for damages suffered in the beating, awarding plaintiffs Snyder and Santoro $41,000 in compensation.
February 19, 2003: Michael Moll killed. Officers fire eight shots, striking Moll five times.
January 18, 2004: Mayor Gavin Newsom replaces Chief Alex Fagan with 26-year veteran Heather Fong, 47, first woman to run the SFPD. Newsom announced the appointment at a Vietnamese New Year's festival, appearing with Assistant Chief Fong.
2003: Murder conviction overturned involving police officers Earl Sanders and partner Napoleon Hendrix for withholding evidence. In 2003, John Tennison and Antoine Goff are released after a federal court found Sanders and Hendrix withheld evidence. In 2009, The City pays a $7.5 million settlement for wrongful convictions.
2004: John Garvey publishes "San Francisco Police Department" booklet by Arcadia Publishing, dedicated to officers who have died in the line of duty, and especially to his great-great uncle Edward Maloney, killed in the line of duty in 1915.
July 8, 2005: At an Anti-G8 protest, officer Peter Sheilds' skull is fractured, San Francisco police collaborate with Federal Homeland Security department and FBI in investigation of new media journalist Josh Wolf. Wolf is called to testify at the grand jury and jailed for 226 days, for refusing to speak.
December 2005: A staged videotape of officers engaging in racist and sexist parodies leaked. Twenty officers suspended. Homemade videos for a Christmas party that parody the Police Department. President of SFPOA says the videos were meant as "comic relief" but acknowledges they were offensive and issues a public apology.
December 2005: SF Chronicle publishes wrap up of police corruption scandals in the SFPD.
December 2006 to February 2007: The San Francisco Chronicle published a special report titled, The Use Of Force: When SFPD Officers Resort to Violence, detailing incidents and providing context for San Francisco police officer use of excessive force against suspects and citizens, and the consequences.
January 2007: Eight former Black Panthers arrested for alleged involvement in the 1971 murder of Sgt. John V. Young at Ingleside station and other serious thirty-year-old crimes. Richard Brown, Richard O'Neal, Ray Boudreaux, and Hank Jones arrested in California. Francisco Torres arrested in Queens, New York. Harold Taylor arrested in Florida. Two of the men charged, Herman Bell and Jalil Muntaqim, have been in prison for over 30 years. Bail amounts running between three and five million dollars each. Supporters call these men the San Francisco 8.
June 2007: Officer Jesse Serna, involved in five incidents in previous nine months in which citizens accused him of using excessive force without provocation, removed from street duty.
May 2008: City pays $235,000 in largest settlement in an excessive force case not involving a weapon. Lawsuit claims San Francisco police officer Christopher Damonte used excessive force on schoolteacher Kelly Medora.
April 2009: Female and minority officers accuse San Francisco Police Department of violating court orders in a 36-year-old discrimination lawsuit by appointing 31 sergeants to inspectors' jobs in 2007. The suit claims appointments by Chief Heather Fong illegally bypassed officers on a waiting list for assistant inspector, the entry-level detective position, after passing an exam that had been revised in response to the suit, said Officers for Justice, the group that sued the department in 1973.
December 20, 2008: Chief Heather Fong retires.
2009 New Chief and former D.A. George Gascón hired,
March 9, 2010: Police Chief George Gascón closes drug testing unit of the SFPD crime lab after technician Deborah Madden admits to skimming cocaine. Hundreds of criminal cases dismissed or discharged.
March 2011: with group of undercover police officers under suspicion of perjury and conducting illegal searches, San Francisco District Attorney George Gascón drops at least 57 drug and robbery cases and continues to investigate scores more for possible dismissal.
April 2011: Greg Suhr sworn in as Police Chief https://sanfrancisco.granicus.com/TranscriptViewer.php?view_id=197&clip_id=12135
June 29, 2012: SFPD evacuate Mayor Ed Lee from City Hall for bomb threat, leave everyone else in building.
November 26, 2013: Jury awards $575,000 to former San Francisco police officer Bret Cornell who had sued the city, saying two colleagues wrongfully arrested him as he jogged in Golden Gate Park, causing him to be fired. Cornell said he was jogging on the morning of July 10, 2010, when he heard a man say, "I will shoot you!" and turned to see a "dark figure" pointing a gun at him. The man was Officer David Brandt, the suit said, so he continued running until he stumbled, rolled down a hill and saw uniformed Sgt. Wallace Gin and asked him for help. Gin and Brandt arrested him for "delaying an officer" rather than admit their own fault. The jury found that the officers had no reasonable suspicion of Cornell despite seeing a "look of worry" on his face, and thus no reason to stop him (let alone at gunpoint).
December 5, 2014: Sgt. Ian Furminger found guilty on four of seven charges and Officer Edmond Robles was found guilty on five counts related to conspiracy to sell drugs, extortion and theft. They were found not guilty of conspiracy against civil rights and one theft charge.
March 21, 2014: Alex Nieto killed by the SFPD on Bernal Hill.
January 27, 2015: SFPD arrest Deputy Public Defender Jami Tillotson after she questions their interrogation of her client.
February 26, 2015 SF police shoot and kill Guatemalan Amilcar Perez Lopez.
March 14, 2015. SF Chronicle report on racist emails from disgraced officer Ian Furminger and friends. Chief recommends dismissal of at least eight officers over racist text messages.
June 2015: DA loses $2M in grant funds for rape kit backlog when SFPD won't sign on.
June 15, 2015: SF cop shoots dog.
October 2015: Allegations of favoritism by Chief for high school friend's son who failed training.
November 29, 2015: 'Hot Cop of the Castro' arrested in S.F. injury hit-and-run.
December 2, 2015: Five SFPD officers shoot and kill 26-year-old Mario Woods on Keith Street in the Bayview neighborhood. Woods, a suspect in a stabbing and wounding of a man, was confronted by officers on a sidewalk and was armed with a kitchen knife. The shooting, recorded by at least two bystanders, shows Woods being shot with a beanbag gun four times in the chest and hips, and then slowly approaching an officer who stepped into Woods' path before Woods is fired upon. The shooting led to protests in the city. An autopsy indicated that Woods had 20 gunshot wounds, in the head, back, abdomen, buttocks, legs and hands, and was under the influence of meth and marijuana.
December 30, 2015: names of officers in Mario Woods shooting released.
December 31, 2015: Chief Suhr seeks Federal Department of Justice review of SFPD policies, procedures and training.
January 5, 2016: San Francisco city attorney to challenge court decision on racist police texts.
February 1, 2016: Justice Department to investigate San Francisco Police Department
February, 2016: Police Chief Greg Suhr is notified that rape cases are being swept under the rug by SFPD, and not taken seriously. Chief Suhr dismisses concerns.
February 1, 2016: Police union targets Black officer for vocal critique of racism in the department. Chief says he is monitoring situation.
April 2016: Police shoot and kill Luís Gongora Pat. After immediately complying with police orders to get on the ground, police shoot several bullets and ended his life. https://missionlocal.org/2019/10/sfpd-internal-report-finds-officer-who-shot-luis-gongora-pat-acted-out-of-policy-in-escalating-encounter/
May 19, 2016: Police shoot and kill an unarmed 29-year-old woman, Jessica Williams, in Bayview. San Francisco Mayor Lee requests and receives resignation of Chief Greg Suhr, a disgrace.
June 11, 2016: DA's launched report recommends reforms.
April, 2019: Police Chief Bill Scott receives detailed account of extreme anti-Black racism and misogyny from Dante King, who has attempted for three years to train SFPD. https://s3.documentcloud.org/documents/6775271/Antiblack-Racism-at-SFPD-Redacted.pdf
https://www.sfexaminer.com/news/former-police-trainer-speaks-out-about-anti-black-bias/article_f183eac5-7188-5553-be21-9c0bccdc4a73.html
July 2020: Amid widespread protests and public demands to defund the San Francisco Police Department, which has the largest budget of any police department in the US, Police Chief Bill Scott reveals that barely any of the reforms mandated by the Dept. of Justice in 2016 have been completed. SFPD hired a multimillion dollar consultant for help making progress.
November 23, 2020: For the first time in San Francisco history, a police officer is charged with an on-duty killing. Chris Samayoa, who was on the force for four days at the time of the incident, shot and killed Keita O'Neal, 42, an assault and car theft suspect, in Bayview-Hunters Point, on December 1, 2017. Samayoa, who had ended his job with the department, was charged with manslaughter and assault in connection with the case. O'Neal was allegedly unarmed during the incident, and was running away from Samayoa.
November 2, 2021: Officer Kenneth Cha is charged with manslaughter over the 2017 shooting of Sean Moore, who died of his wounds in 2020. Cha shot Moore after he allegedly struck another officer.
February 2023: San Francisco executes settlement of discrimination to Dante King, who attempted to aid SFPD with its pervasive culture of bias and discrimination. https://missionlocal.org/2023/02/black-sf-equity-worker-dante-king-discrimination-payout/
References
Police Department
Police Department
Crime in San Francisco
Law enforcement in California
San Francisco Police Department
San Francisco
Police Department
United States law-related lists
Legal history of San Francisco
San Francisco Police Department History
Law enforcement in the San Francisco Bay Area
San Francisco Police Department |
St. Dionysius Orthodox Church is an Indian Orthodox church in the city of Al Ain, Emirate of Abu Dhabi. It is the first church dedicated to the sacred memory of Saint Geevarghese Dionysius of Vattasseril, the third proclaimed saint of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church. It is the largest Indian Orthodox church in the Arab region.
St. Dionysius of Vattaserril
Saint Geevarghese Mar Dionysius of Vattasseril (31 October 1858 – 23 February 1934) was the Malankara Metropolitan (primate) of the Indian Orthodox Church. Vattasseril Geevarghese Mar Dionysius is popularly known as "Malankara Sabha Bhasuran" (Malayalam: Malankara Sabha Bhasuran, meaning 'The Great Luminary of Malankara Church'). He received that title in recognition of his contribution to Malankara Church.
Vattasseril Thirumeni was a man of prayer, determination and dynamism. He was an advocate of the sovereignty and autonomy of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church. He was an outstanding orator who emphasized the importance of the Bible when preaching to the faithful. Prayers and fasting were central to his faith. He spent much time in private prayer and silent meditation. He focused on three to four Bible lessons each day.
By his leadership qualities including powerful charisma and progressive mindedness, the church recognized him as a living saint.
His legacy survived through his successors and students, including Catholicos of the East, H. H. Baselios Geevarghese II and Metropolitan Kuriakose Mar Gregorios of Pampady. He was apparently inspired by the reformation movements during his time. He maintained an ardent faith, citing Mary of Bethany ().
Mar Dionysius VI was exalted as a saint and confessor. On the 69th feast day of Mar Dionysius VI (24 February 2003), he was canonized by the Episcopal Synod of Malankara Orthodox Church headed by H. H. Baselios Mar Thoma Mathews II, Catholicos of the East. St. Dionysius is the second Indian to be canonized by the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church. Catholicos Baselios Geevarghese II might have foreseen this when he caused "The time will not dim his glory" to be engraved on the tomb of Mar Dionysius VI. 23 February is observed as the saint's feast day. Thousands of believers visit the church to seek his blessings.
A portion of the holy relics of the saint has been preserved in St. Dionysious Orthodox church by the late H. H. Moran mor baselios Paulose II as per the request of the faithful.
History
A congregation of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church under the title St. George Orthodox Congregation was initiated in 1968. It was begun by expatriates who had come from Kerala seeking work. During this period the Orthodox Congregation of Abu Dhabi was elevated to the rank of a church and Fr. T. A Jacob was appointed as its resident vicar by the metropolitan of the Kerala region. The faithful in Al Ain contacted him and under his leadership the holy Qurbana was conducted once in three months in one of the houses of the faithful. In 2003, after long years of tribulation, the congregation was elevated to the rank of a church with the title St. Dionysius Orthodox Church.
In 2010 the rulers of UAE granted the church land for the church building. Worshippers had previously gathered at the parsonage for evening prayers and services and special events were held at other churches. The cornerstone was laid on April 20 by H.G Abraham Mar Seraphim in the presence of the diocesan metropolitan H.G Youhanon Mar Demetrios. Construction began under the blessings of Fr. Saji Abraham. The church fathers had visited the construction site and blessed it. The church is a landmark in the history of the Orthodox Church of India. The building can accommodate up to 1,500 believers. The Dh13 million project was funded by donations from members and local and international benefactors. Sister churches in other emirates were major contributors.
A second church was erected in 2014. Its consecration was conducted by the late H.H moran mor Baselios Paulose II, Catholicos of the East and Malankara metropolitan. A colossal multitude of believers gathered for the consecration ceremony.
Parish activities
The parish has about 230 members and nearly 500 people come together on Friday and Saturday evening to celebrate the Holy Qurbana. The Sunday school, Youth Movement, and Martha Mariam Samajam have 120, 50, and 40 members, respectively. MGOCSM has strength of 20 members. Three prayer groups are active with 120 members. Ministry of Human Empowerment activities are organized under the leadership of OCYM and Martha Mariam Samajam.
The Vicar and Managing committee coordinate many spiritual activities that benefit the sick, homeless, education-deprived, and those with marital troubles. Every year in February - March, the church holds the feast of St. Dionysius of Vattasseril which is attended by thousands of believers across the country. The church is led by Vicar Fr. Johnson Iype .
References
1. Malankara Sabna Bhasurari ^
2. St. George Orthodox Congregation ^
3. Fr. Ta Jacob ^
4. metropolitan of the Kerala region ^
5. UAE ^
6. H. Gabraham Mar Seraphim ^
7. diocesan metropolitican ^
8. H.G. Youhanon Mar Demetrios ^
9. Fr. Saji Abraham ^
10. H.G. Baselios Paulose II Catholicos of the East and Kalankara metropolitan ^
11. Martha Mariam Samajam ^
12. MGOCSM ^
13. OCYM ^
14. The Vicar committee ^
15. charity committee ^
16. Vicar R. John Thomas Marvelil ^
External links
{{Cite web|url=http://alainsdoc.com
Churches in the United Arab Emirates
Malankara Orthodox Syrian church buildings
Buildings and structures in Al Ain
21st-century Oriental Orthodox church buildings |
Hoseynabad-e Dartang (, also Romanized as Ḩoseynābād-e Dartang; also known as Ḩoseynābād) is a village in Cham Chamal Rural District, Bisotun District, Harsin County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 30, in 10 families.
References
Populated places in Harsin County |
"Girls Want Girls" is a song by Canadian rapper Drake featuring American rapper Lil Baby. It is the third track on the former's sixth studio album Certified Lover Boy, released on September 3, 2021, and sent to rhythmic contemporary radio on September 28, 2021, as the album's second official single.
The R&B and trap song, written alongside producers Oz and Ambezza, is about the artists being attracted to lesbians. It received mixed to negative reviews, with critics praising it as catchy but criticizing the lyrics as confusing and fetishistic. Criticisms were also levelled against lyrics about Drake being a lesbian himself, which critics considered immature. It peaked at number two on the UK Singles Chart, the ARIA Singles Chart, and the Billboard Hot 100, matching "Wants and Needs", another Drake collaboration, as well as "Do We Have a Problem?" with Nicki Minaj, as Baby's highest charting song on the latter chart.
Composition
"Girls Want Girls" is a downtempo, melodic R&B and trap song which contains interpolations of Drake's song "Time Flies". It was produced by Oz and Ambezza and features vocals from Lil Baby. It is the fifth collaboration between Drake and Lil Baby, after "Yes Indeed", "Never Recover", "Wants and Needs", and the remix of Future's "Life Is Good" also featuring DaBaby. On the song, Drake raps about being attracted to lesbians, and about attempting to seduce a homosexual woman by claiming that he is also a lesbian, rapping, "Yeah, say that you a lesbian, girl, me too". The Guardians Alim Kheraj wrote that the song was "either about a night out picking up women with a lesbian friend or...[the] insinuation that [Drake] could 'turn' a queer woman".
Reception
Variety included the song in their list of the worst songs of 2021. Pitchforks Matthew Strauss called "Girls Want Girls" a "pleasant, classic Drake moment", while Brandon Yu of Variety described it as "infectiously moody". Billboards Carl Lamarre ranked the song eighth out of the 21 songs on Certified Lover Boy, calling it a "catchy earworm" and an "instant classic" with a "sticky hook", also complimenting Lil Baby's "frenzied delivery". The A.V. Clubs Nina Hernandez opined that the song "has everything you need in a next-gen pop hit" and praised the song for its "catchy" hook, Lil Baby's "effortless" verse, and its appreciation of lesbians. William Rosebury of The Line of Best Fit wrote that "Girls Want Girls" was one of several songs on Certified Lover Boy that followed the "classic Drake formula" of having "nocturnal and soulful" production and "melodic", "stream-of-consciousness" lyrics, which had "countless quotables and yet little to no depth".
Jon Caramanica of The New York Times described "Girls Want Girls" as "silly", while Clashs Nathan Evans called the song a "dud" that "welcome[s] in the familiar malaise of a Drake project", adding that Lil Baby's verse takes the song's concept "well beyond its limit". The Guardians Alim Kheraj called the song "confusing and meandering", while Slant Magazines Charles Lyons-Burt described it as "nonsensical". The Ringers Josh Milton of PinkNews wrote that the song was proof that "straight men never know where to draw the line". For the Financial Times, Ludovic Hunter-Tilney wrote that "Drake's sexism becomes ludicrous" on the song; Times Cady Lang identified "Girls Want Girls" as "the most overt instance" of Drake's "no-longer-so subtle misogyny", adding that he fetishizes lesbians on the song. Craig Jenkins of Vulture stated that Drake "serves reheated lesbian jokes" on the song.
Much of the criticism toward the song was levelled against a lyric in which Drake raps about being a lesbian. Sam Moore of The Independent wrote that the lyric was the worst punchline on the album, calling it "rote" and "so grating even Eminem would balk at [it]", adding that it fetishized bisexuality. Elamin Abdelmahmoud of BuzzFeed News wrote that the line was "god-awful" and delivered with "the charm of a middle-aged dad in the club". Writing for NME, Rhian Daly described it as "cringe-y as fuck" and "the kind of thing kids think is smart when they've just hit puberty", adding that it was "just tragic" coming from a 34-year-old man. Pitchforks Matthew Strauss also wrote that Drake rapped the line "like the cleverest little boy at sleepaway camp", with Ludovic Hunter-Tilney deeming the line an "absurd claim". Jon Caramanica remarked that the "deep-sigh" line was aimed at "those in search of a cheap wink". Charles Holmes of The Ringer called it a "cringe pickup line that no cisgendered man has ever sold throughout recorded history". Listeners also expressed their confusion about the lyric on social media.
Commercial performance
"Girls Want Girls" debuted at number two on the Billboard Hot 100, earning 57.4 million streams and 1.5 million in airplay audience and selling 3,000 copies in its first week. The song matches "Wants and Needs", another Drake and Lil Baby collaboration, as the latter's highest-charting song. In its second week on the chart, it fell eight spots to number 10. The song also peaked at number two in the UK and in Australia, and at number three on the Billboard Global 200 chart.
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
Release history
References
2021 singles
2021 songs
Drake (musician) songs
Lil Baby songs
Lesbian-related songs
Songs written by Drake (musician)
Songs written by Lil Baby
Songs written by Oz (record producer)
Republic Records singles
OVO Sound singles |
Software incompatibility is a characteristic of software components or systems which cannot operate satisfactorily together on the same computer, or on different computers linked by a computer network. They may be components or systems which are intended to operate cooperatively or independently. Software compatibility is a characteristic of software components or systems which can operate satisfactorily together on the same computer, or on different computers linked by a computer network. It is possible that some software components or systems may be compatible in one environment and incompatible in another.
Examples
Deadlocks
Consider sequential programs of the form:
Request resource A
Request resource B
Perform action using A and B
Release resource B
Release resource A
A particular program might use a printer (resource A) and a file (resource B) in order to print the file.
If several such programs P1,P2,P3 ... operate at the same time, then the first one to execute will block the others until the resources are released, and the programs will execute in turn. There will be no problem. It makes no difference whether a uni-processor or a multi-processor system is used, as it's the allocation of the resources which determines the order of execution.
Note, however, that programmers are, in general, not constrained to write programs in a particular way, or even if there are guidelines, then some may differ from the guidelines. A variant of the previous program may be:
Request resource B
Request resource A
Perform action using A and B
Release resource A
Release resource B
The resources A and B are the same as in the previous example – not simply dummy variables, as otherwise the programs are identical.
As before, if there are several such programs, Q1,Q2,Q3 which run at the same time using resources as before, there will be no problem.
However, if several of the Ps are set to run at the same time as several of the Qs, then a deadlock condition can arise. Note that the deadlock need not arise, but may.
P: Request resource A
Q: Request resource B
Q: Request resource A (blocked by P)
P: Request resource B (blocked by Q)
...
Now neither P nor Q can proceed1.
This is one kind of example where programs may demonstrate incompatibility.
Interface incompatibility
Another example of a different kind would be where one software component provides service to another. The incompatibility could be as simple as a change in the order of parameters between the software component requesting service, and the component providing the service. This would be a kind of interface incompatibility. This might be considered a bug, but could be very hard to detect in some systems. Some interface incompatibilities can easily be detected during the build stage, particularly for strongly typed systems, others may be hard to find and may only be detected at run time, while others may be almost impossible to detect without a detailed program analysis.
Consider the following example:
Component P calls component Q with parameters x and y. For this example, y may be an integer.
Q returns f(x) which is desired and never zero, and ignores y.
A variant of Q, Q' has similar behaviour, with the following differences:
if y = 100, then Q' does not terminate.
If P never calls Q with y set to 100, then using Q' instead is a compatible computation.
However if P calls Q with y set to 100, then using Q' instead will lead to a non-terminating computation.
If we assume further that f(x) has a numeric value, then component Q'' defined as:
Q'''' behaves as Q except that
if y = 100 then Q'' does not terminate
if y = 101 then Q'' returns 0.9 * f(x)
if y = 102 then Q'' returns a random value
if y = 103 then Q'' returns 0.
may cause problem behaviour. If P now calls Q'' with = 101, then the results of the computation will be incorrect, but may not cause a program failure. If P calls Q'' with y = 102 then the results are unpredictable, and failure may arise, possibly due to divide by zero or other errors such as arithmetic overflow.
If P calls Q'' with y= 103 then in the event that P uses the result in a division operation, then a divide by zero failure may occur.
This example shows how one program P1 may be always compatible with another Q1, but that there can be constructed other programs Q1' and Q1'' such that P1 and Q1' are sometimes incompatible, and P1 and Q1'' are always incompatible.
Performance incompatibility
Sometimes programs P and Q can be running on the same computer, and the presence of one will inhibit the performance of the other. This can particularly happen where the computer uses virtual memory. The result may be that disk thrashing occurs, and one or both programs will have significantly reduced performance. This form of incompatibility can occur if P and Q are intended to cooperate, but can also occur if P and Q are completely unrelated but just happen to run at the same time. An example might be if P is a program which produces large output files, which happen to be stored in main memory, and Q is an anti-virus program which scans many files on the hard disk. If a memory cache is used for virtual memory, then it is possible for the two programs to interact adversely and the performance of each will be drastically reduced.
For some programs P and Q their performance compatibility may depend on the environment in which they are run. They may be substantially incompatible if they are run on a computer with limited main memory, yet it may be possible to run them satisfactorily on a machine with more memory. Some programs may be performance incompatible in almost any environment.
See also
Backward compatibility
Forward compatibility
References
C. M. Krishna, K. G. Shin, Real-Time Systems, McGraw-Hill, 1997
Incompatibility
Software |
C More Sport HD is a premium high-definition television channel owned by C More Entertainment, which is a part of TV4 AB. It broadcasts sports in high definition.
The channel was launched on 3 February 2007, when the existing HD channel from C More was split into two: Canal+ Film HD and Canal+ Sport HD.
As of January 2008, the channel is only available from the Canal Digital satellite and cable platforms. Competing cable platforms that have launched HDTV, such as Com Hem in Sweden and Stofa in Denmark, only offer Canal+ Film HD.
References
Pan-Nordic television channels
TV4 AB
Television stations in Denmark
Television channels in Finland
Television channels in Norway
Television channels in Sweden
Television channels and stations established in 2007
Sports television in Denmark |
Tina Piermarini is an American entrepreneur and Fortune 100 executive. She designed and implemented marketing and business development strategies for global companies. Piermarini studies how information technology can continue to support business growth in the industry. Her works have been published in several periodicals including: World Energy, Energy Business and Technology; and on the website: eds.com.
Professional career
On July 28, 2014, Ciber Inc., a global information technology consulting, services and outsourcing company, announced that Tina Piermarini had joined the executive leadership team as Executive Vice President and Chief Administrative Officer. She is responsible for global shared service functions including Human Resources, Marketing and IT.
Piermarini most recently founded her own firms "Thinking is Required" (2011) and "Vivezza" (2008) in Dallas, TX. Thinking is Required, has worked with entrepreneurs, new business start-ups, and global organizations. The company’s focus is idea generation, developing strategies and implementing techniques in the Retail, Public Relations, Entertainment, Logistics, Customer Service, Print, Consumer Goods and Scientific Industries.
Prior to forming Thinking is Required and Vivezza, Piermarini was Senior Vice President and Chief Administrative Officer (CAO) of Electronic Data Systems (EDS), started in 1962 by H. Ross Perot a $22 billion IT services giant acquired by Hewlett-Packard. She also served as a company officer and member of EDS' Executive Committee, reporting directly to the Chairman and CEO. Starting in 2007, she served as Chairman of the Board of Directors at ExcellerateHRO, the jointly owned HR outsourcing business of EDS and Towers Perrin.
During her tenure at EDS, Piermarini was a member of the executive team that engineered one of the most comprehensive financial, operational and cultural business transformations of the past decade. She played an instrumental role in restructuring and revitalizing the company during its global business transformation. In 2003, Piermarini was tasked with redesigning the company’s internal processes, while supporting the company’s larger business plan and unifying its workforce, a task she likened “to keep(ing) the airplane in the air while you’re changing the wing.” The program was implemented to free up EDS to shift its creative energies away from its "transformation" and toward its future. Piermarini’s organization infused new talent throughout the company and implemented recruitment, training, compensation, benefits, diversity and career development programs that could enhance EDS' competitiveness and performance. “Within 45 days of the original transformation in July and August 2003, the company reassigned its entire workforce of 130,000 employees.” Additionally, she designed and implemented a global executive talent management program, personally coaching more than 200 of the company's senior executives. Piermarini also led the development of EDS' succession plans, ensuring the company had a robust pipeline of strong talent within its executive ranks.
Piermarini directed the company's global Human Resources, Enterprise Risk Management, Security, Real Estate, Travel, and Administration. From 2001-2002, Piermarini was president of EDS' Global Energy Industry Group, bringing 20 years of energy leadership experience to help grow the unit into the $1 billion sector. She also served as EDS' Executive Sponsor of Susan G. Komen for the Cure and its worldwide races.
Before joining EDS, Piermarini served as Vice President of Strategic Marketing, Sales, and Business Development for Halliburton affiliate GrandBasin as well as Vice President of Marketing and Innovation, Energy for Science Applications International Corporation. (SAIC) Additionally, she spent 19 years at Data General Corporation holding Global Account Management and Sales Leadership positions, transforming and growing multinational companies with strategic marketing and technology implementation; Piermarini was the Multinational Multinational Account Vice President at the time of the company's sale.
Education
Piermarini is a magna cum laude graduate (1974) of Springfield College in Massachusetts and participated in the Executive Development Program at Rice University in 1994.
Speeches & Appearances
Piermarini delivered a bold, intimate and well-argued speech at the Franklin Covey Symposium for ‘Sustained Superior Performance' in Chicago on May 4, 2005, where she discussed the “essential balance between work and life that must exist for individuals, families and companies to flourish and realize their full potential.”
Also in 2005, Piermarini helped EDS CEO, Michael H. Jordan author the Corporate Social Responsibility Report titled "Creating a World of Opportunity."
In April 2006, Piermarini spoke at the Annual Conference for the Human Resource Planning Society alongside Mike Jordan, Chairman and CEO of EDS. Piermarini spoke about the importance of knowing and harnessing company culture or “DNA”.
Piermarini was asked to be a speaker for SMU’s Business Leaders Spotlight in August 2007. At the Business Leaders Spotlight, sponsored by Bank of Texas, leaders from some of the top organizations throughout the nation speak to members of the Cox, SMU and DFW business communities. Recent speakers have included Dallas Mayor Tom Leppert, William Blase with AT&T, and George Abercrombie with Hoffmann-La Roche
In November 2007, Piermarini also appeared at a forum for the Houston Wellness Association in a speech titled “Creating a Culture of Wellness”.
Piermarini sat on the advisory board of BrainHealth Strategies, which is affiliated with the Center for BrainHealth at The University of Texas at Dallas from 2010-2012.
References
American businesspeople
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) |
Henrik Magnus von Buddenbrock (22 July 1685 – between 16 and 27 July 1743) was a Swedish baron and Lieutenant General. He and Carl Emil Lewenhaupt were executed for negligence in the Russo-Swedish War, in the aftermath of the defeat at Villmanstrand.
Biography
He was born on 22 July 1685 in Swedish Livonia. He was the son of the landed gentleman and Swedish Empire army officer Henrik Gotthard von Buddenbrock (1648–1727) and Charlotta Cronman. He enlisted as an officer of the Swedish army, becoming a captain of the Life Guards in 1711, Major of grenadiers in 1715, Major General in 1721. He was elevated to friherre (matricle number 206) in 1731 and promoted to Lieutenant General of the infantry in 1739. As such, he was in 1741 commander of the troops in Finland, under General Charles Emil Lewenhaupt, at the onset of the Russo-Swedish War.
On 23 August 1741 (3 September 1741) Swedish Major General Carl Henrik Wrangel and his corps in Villmanstrand in Karelia, at the long disputed frontier between Sweden and Russia, was attacked and defeated by a Russian army under General Peter Lacy before Buddenbrock, less than 10 kilometers away, could come to his assiantance.
As the war was developing unfavorably for Sweden, the defeat was blamed on Lewenhaupt and Buddenbrock. In August 1742 they were dismissed from Finland and immediately arrested by Vice Admiral Ritterstolpe upon their return. On the night of 28 September Buddenbrock was brought to Stockholm, where he was imprisoned and closely guarded. A court martial was convened under Field Marshal Hugo Johan Hamilton (sv) on 8 October to investigate the two cases. The prosecutor was Chancellor of Justice Silverschildt, who submitted an extensive indictment. Buddenbrock was accused of, among other things, not assembling his troops in a timely fashion to cross the Russian border, as planned. In addition he had not arrived at Villmanstrand in time to rescue Major General Wrangel.
Buddenbrock defended himself so well, that had he only faced the nobility, he would have left with his life. However the other Estates of the Riksdag, in particular the peasants, were embittered and demanded a scapegoat. The verdict of the commission was announced to a large congregation on 29 May. Buddenbrock was to be dishonored, his property confiscated, and he himself beheaded with an axe. In an appeal, Buddenbrock wrote a comprehensive account where he detailed his services to the kingdom, but despite this and the pleading of his family, the verdict was confirmed by the Estates the following day. Even a request to be beheaded with a sword as befitting a nobleman, or to be executed by firing squad was denied. The date of his execution was set to 20 July but king Frederick postponed it another week. On 27 July 1743 General von Buddenbrock was executed in Stockholm. His wife, Magdalena Elisabeth Rahm, and their four children left Sweden for the Netherlands.
Children
Magdalena Elisabeth von Buddenbrock (1717-1768), she married her cousin Carl Magnus von Buddenbrock (died 1778)
Friedrich Magnus von Buddenbrock (1719-c.1785)
Ulrike Dorothea von Buddenbrock (1721-1788) married in 1743 to Cornet Isaac Tham
Carl Heinrich von Buddenbrock (1725-1745) Swedish Lieutenant who was killed in action at Tournay
See also
Carl Emil Lewenhaupt
References
Ancestors
Henrik Magnus von Buddenbrock at Geni.com
1685 births
1743 deaths
Swedish generals
Swedish people of German descent
Caroleans
People of the Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)
18th-century Swedish military personnel
18th-century executions by Sweden
People executed by Sweden by decapitation
Executed Swedish people
People from Swedish Livonia |
```shell
#!/usr/bin/env bash
#
#
# path_to_url
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# your_sha256_hash______
# Dependency: trash cli tool
# >> Install: brew install trash
#
# Call as
# ./delete_build_folder.sh
# your_sha256_hash______
# Delete all generated build folders, because they will eat up a lot of space on the disc
echo " Deleting build directories..."
# Find all directories with name "build" inside the current directory, recursively
for FOUND_BUILD_DIR in $(find . -type d -name "build" | grep -v "cookiecutter");
do
# Run the trash command on found build directory
trash $FOUND_BUILD_DIR
done
echo " Done."
``` |
José María Dionisio Melo y Ortiz (October 9, 1800 – June 1, 1860) was a Colombian general and political figure who fought in the South American wars of independence, and who rose to power and briefly held the presidency of Colombia in 1854. Of Pijao ancestry, he is considered the country's first and only indigenous president.
Joining the revolutionary army of Simón Bolívar in 1819, Melo distinguished himself in numerous battles of the wars of independence, including the decisive Battle of Ayacucho. During the collapse of Gran Colombia he was exiled to Venezuela. After participating in another failed revolution, he traveled to Central America and then Europe, where he was introduced to utopian socialist ideals.
Melo returned to Colombia in 1840 and became involved in the , reformist political groups made up of middle-class artisans. He supported the presidency of José Hilario López, the first Liberal to take power in the country. Amidst a schism in the Liberal Party and a deteriorating political situation in the capital, Melo took power in a coup d'etat in 1854. He ruled for eight months until he was overthrown by an alliance of Conservatives and rival Liberals.
Once again exiled to Central America, Melo fought against the invasion of Nicaragua by American mercenary William Walker, and pledged his support to Mexican President Benito Juárez at the outset of the Reform War. He was captured by conservative troops in Chiapas in 1860 and executed.
Melo is a controversial figure in Colombian history. After his death, his regime was characterized as an apolitical military dictatorship, and his role in the 19th century struggle between liberals and conservatives was generally minimized or forgotten. In the late 20th century, however, historians began to reexamine his legacy. Today, many on the Colombian left, including President Gustavo Petro, consider Melo a radically progressive figure whose ambitious reforms were prevented by reactionary interests, and who was martyred in Mexico for his beliefs.
Early life
José María Dionisio Melo y Ortiz was born to Manuel Antonio Melo and María Antonia Ortiz in Chaparral, a small town in the Mariquita Province of the Viceroyalty of New Granada, on October 9, 1800. He was raised in Ibagué, the provincial capital.
Melo was of indigenous Pijao ancestry, and is considered the only Colombian president with a strong claim to indigenous ancestry. Some historians have called the extent of this ancestry into question, noting that both his father and mother were listed by the census as "white nobles" who came from important families in the colonial towns of Cartago and Buga, respectively. Others have sought to distinguish Melo's ancestry from his political contemporaries, saying that unlike Bolívar and Santander, Melo was never considered part of the criollo elite.
Wars of independence
Melo joined in the patriot army led by Simón Bolívar on April 21, 1819, commissioned as a lieutenant. The liberation army had crossed into Spanish-controlled New Granada (modern-day Colombia) from Venezuela earlier that year.
Melo distinguished himself as a leader in combat, participating in battles at Popayán, and Jenoy. He also fought at and Pichincha in 1822, securing the independence of Ecuador, as well as Junín, Mataró and Ayacucho in 1824, securing the independence of Peru from the Spanish crown.
Melo was also part of the army that besieged the fortress city of Callao in 1825, which ultimately saw the collapse of the last Spanish stronghold in South America.
Gran Colombia
Melo remained with Bolívar's army after the final defeat of the Spanish. He participated in the war between Gran Colombia (which included modern-day Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Panama) and Peru (which sought to Bolívar's army out of Bolivia). Melo fought in the Battle of Portete de Tarqui in 1829, which ended in stalemate between the Colombian and Peruvian forces.
Though the war with Peru was resolved with the 1830 Treaty of Guayaquil, the political situation in Gran Colombia was rapidly deteriorating. Venezuela and Ecuador withdrew from the union, and Bolívar resigned from the presidency of Colombia in 1830, to be replaced by the conservative Domingo Caycedo as president of the Republic of New Granada. In September 1830, general Rafael Urdaneta overthrew Caycedo and formally requested Bolívar's return. The attempt failed, and Caycedo returned to power. Urdaneta and his supporters, Melo included, were imprisoned in the Castillo San Fernando in Cartagena, before they were deported to Dutch Curaçao in August 1831.
First exile
Melo traveled to Venezuela, settling in Caracas; here he married Urdaneta's sister-in-law, María Teresa Vargas y París. In Caracas, Melo was introduced to a group of military officers that favored the restoration of Gran Colombia, and opposed the separatist, conservative civilian government of José María Vargas. The group also opposed the continued influence of caudillo and former president José Antonio Páez, who was considered a chief ideologue of Venezuela's separation from Gran Colombia.
In 1835, the group, led by revolutionary hero Santiago Mariño, rose up in what became known as the Revolution of the Reforms, demanding the restoration of Gran Colombia as well as various political and social reforms. Though they managed to depose Vargas, Páez raised an army and forced the rebels to evacuate Caracas; the surviving rebels went into exile, some to the Dutch Antilles, and others to Nicaragua.
Melo went to Europe in December 1836. He studied at the Military Academy in Bremen, Lower Saxony, and became interested in socialist ideas debated in local circles. In particular, Melo was drawn to the early utopians, including Charles Fourier and Henri de Saint-Simon, as well as the proto-anarchist ideas of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and Louis Auguste Blanqui. Melo was also interested in the Chartist movement that emerged in England in 1838, and even the work of French socialist and suffragist Flora Tristan.
Return to Colombia
The Democratic Societies
Melo returned to Colombia in 1841, after an amnesty offered by President José Ignacio de Márquez during the War of the Supremes. Despite his military training in Germany, he did not rejoin the army and instead settled in Ibagué, where he engaged in several commercial ventures and even taught classes at the . He eventually became a regional political leader.
After returning to Colombia, Melo participated in the foundation of the "Democratic Societies," political clubs that organized artisan workers and liberal intellectuals. The groups drew from the ideas of Saint-Simon, Fourier, and French socialist politician Louis Blanc. They also organized readings of the Bible in Spanish, with radical interpretations reminiscent of 20th century liberation theology.
The artisans also demanded tariffs on imports from industrialized countries like England and the United States, which they argued were detrimental to the development of national industry. They rejected the Mallarino–Bidlack Treaty signed by the administration of Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera, which allowed the U.S. to intervene in Panama, which at the time was a Colombian province, to protect their economic interests.
Liberal government and party schism
Melo and the Democratic Societies supported the Liberal General José Hilario López in the presidential elections of 1849, which the Liberals managed to win. López's platform encompassed many of the demands of the Democratic Societies, including the abolition of slavery and the separation of church and state; he also pursued issues like land reform and decentralization.
In June 1849, President López appointed Melo, who had rejoined the military in 1847, the commander of the Hussars Cavalry Corps, garrisoned in Bogotá. In this capacity, Melo fought against the insurrection of 1851, where slaveowners and conservatives led by Julio Arboleda Pombo took arms against the López government in protest of the abolition of slavery. He was promoted to the rank of general, and managed to raise a militia of 3,000 volunteers to suppress the rebellion in Cundinamarca, which was being led by Mariano Ospina Rodríguez. Melo managed to defeat the rebels at Guasca, and after the rebellion was suppressed in the rest of the country, was named commander of military forces in Cundinamarca in June 1852.
However, Melo broke with López on the issue of the "resguardos", or indigenous reservations. Melo and the Democratic Societies felt that dissolving the resguardo system, as López proposed, would allow landowners to exploit indigenous as cheap labor for their plantations.
The break was part of a larger schism within the Liberal Party between two factions. The ascendant faction were the Gólgotas, or Golgotha liberals, who espoused a form of bourgeois socialism while holding free trade principles; they included figures like José María Samper and Manuel Murillo Toro. Opposed to them were the Draconianos, or Draconian liberals; this group believed that the republican project could be safeguarded only with a centralized state and a protectionist economy. After the civil war of 1851, Melo and the Democratic Societies began to drift increasingly towards the Draconian camp, particularly due to the artisans' strong opposition to free trade.
In August 1850, the artisans demanded protection and the creation of a national workshop supported by the government.
Melo founded a newspaper, El Orden, in 1852. Though its intended readers were military officers (and it railed against the Golgothas' proposals to reduce garrisons in urban centers), it became closely associated with both the Draconian Liberals and the artisans of the Democratic Societies. The publication attacked both the Conservatives and the Golgothas, accusing them of planning to sell Panama to the United States, and of scheming to exile prominent Draconians like José María Obando.
Obando, representing the Draconians, was elected president in 1853. He promulgated the Constitution of 1853, which was unprecedented in Latin America at the time; it established a federal system, formalized the abolition of slavery, extended near-universal male suffrage, and provided for national elections decided by direct popular vote. Despite the constitution's progressive nature, Obando and the Draconians were not entirely satisfied, aware that the document had been drafted by the Golgothas.
Quiroz affair
In 1853 and 1854, Liberal Bogotá became fractured between the artisans and the merchant class, especially after a tariff bill failed in the Golgotha-controlled Colombian Senate. The city was facing a severe food shortage, exacerbated by the tax law of 1853. Violent street battles occurred between the two groups, and a coup d'etat against Obando was discussed as a real possibility.
This was the backdrop for the Quiroz affair in March 1854, where various political enemies of Melo accused the general of being responsible for the death of a corporal under his command, Pedro Ramón Quiroz, who was fatally wounded in a street brawl in January. Melo was said to have struck the corporal with his sword after he resisted arrest. In court, Melo produced evidence proving he was at regimental headquarters at the time, and also the deathbed testimony of Quiroz himself, to exonerate himself. However, both the case's judge, , and the Mayor of Bogota, Lorenzo González, were political opponents of Melo and sought to discredit this testimony.
As the trial went on in April 1854, the situation in Bogotá continued to deteriorate. Golgothas fought with Draconians in the streets, and armed artisans rallied to the slogan pan, trabajo, o muerte (bread and work, or death). Vice President Obaldía, himself a Golgotha, recommended to President Obando that Melo be discharged from the Army immediately in the name of preventing an insurrection, though Obando declined.
Eight-month presidency
On April 17, 1854, mobs of artisans stormed the houses of prominent senators in Bogotá and placed them under arrest. The revolt origins are unclear, but some historians have concluded that it was masterminded by Miguel León, a prominent local blacksmith and president of the local Democratic Society club. Whatever the case, Melo arrived with the artisans at the presidential palace at 7 a.m., urging Obando to dissolve Congress and form an emergency provisional government. Obando refused, and he was placed under arrest.
Melo proclaimed that his government was a rejection of the 1853 constitution and the Golgotha-controlled Congress, which sought to impugn the Army, "illustrious body of armed citizens that gave the people independence." He also declared that "liberty shall not perish as long as I exist." Similar artisans' revolts broke out in Cali and Popayán.
Though the Golgothas and Conservatives, who had fled to Ibagué and formed a provisional government, accused the artisans of forming a "audacious military dictatorship" headed by Melo, the "uncouth soldier", his government enjoyed the strong support of the artisans. One artisan newspaper declared of the new government: "We are free, we are democrats, and we did not abandon our workshops, our homes, and our families, only to give away our sovereignty to one man; we will not, for any price, exchange our title of citizens for that of subjects."
Despite this support, Melo's regeneradores were outnumbered and outmatched by the constitucionalistas, which had united Golgothas like Tomás de Herrera with Conservatives like Julio Arboleda and Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera. Despite victories at Tíquiza and Zipaquirá, Melo's effective control of the country was limited to Bogotá, especially after Cali fell to the constitutionalists without resistance. In a climactic battle south of the capital, San Diego y Las Nieves, Melo's army was decisively defeated and Miguel León, one of the regime's chief ideologues, was killed.
After Melo was militarily defeated, his soldiers and artisans were severely repressed. The only military survivors of the Artisans Revolution were 200 participants, banished on foot to Panama after their property was confiscated. Conservatives in particular regarded the punishment as "an excellent method of purging Bogotá of the democratic pest," in the words of José Manuel Restrepo Vélez.
Final exile and death
Melo was put on trial and was ultimately expelled from the country for a period of eight years. There were some agitating for his execution, but this was avoided thanks to the intervention of certain Golgothas who pushed for clemency, including Manuel Murillo Toro, who paid his bail. He sailed for Costa Rica on October 23, 1855. Though his whereabouts immediately after his exile are unclear, historians believe that he participated in the Central American resistance against the American filibuster William Walker, who sought to create a slave republic in Nicaragua.
After the victory over Walker, Melo worked as an instructor of troops in El Salvador. He briefly moved to Guatemala before falling out with the country's dictator, Rafael Carrera.
Melo crossed the Mexican border on October 10, 1859. At the time, Mexico was engulfed in the War of the Reform, another conflict between liberals (led by Benito Juárez) and conservatives. Melo sought to offer his services to Juárez directly, but was unable to reach the Liberal seat of government in Veracruz due to Conservative activity in Oaxaca; instead he was sworn into the Liberal army by the Governor of Chiapas, Ángel Albino Corzo. Melo was named chief cavalry officer of the Military Department of Comitán, which operated on the Mexico-Guatemala border; he sought out to train his men, most of them Tojolabal Indians, in the art of cavalry warfare.
On June 1, 1860, Melo's cavalry troops, encamped at the Juncaná hacienda in La Trinitaria, were ambushed by the Conservative forces of General Juan Antonio Ortega. After several hours of fighting, the Juarista defense collapsed and the wounded Melo was captured by rebel forces. Ortega ordered Melo to be put to death, and the Colombian general was summarily executed by firing squad.
Melo's position in the Liberal army was taken by José Pantaleón Domínguez, who managed to suppress the Conservative uprising in Chiapas. He was survived by his son, Máximo Melo Granados, who married the daughter of the governor of Chiapas, Ángel Albino Corzo, and remained in Mexico.
References
1800 births
1860 deaths
People from Chaparral, Tolima
Indigenous people of the Andes
Colombian Liberal Party politicians
Presidents of Colombia
Colombian generals
Mexican generals
Colombian independence activists
People of the Spanish American wars of independence
Indigenous military personnel of the Americas
Indigenous leaders of the Americas
Executed Colombian people
Executed military personnel
19th-century executions by Mexico |
Terre du Lac is an unincorporated community and census-designated places in St. Francois and Washington counties in the U.S. state of Missouri. It uses zip code 63628, from neighboring Bonne Terre.
The recreational community is built around several man-made lakes and a golf course overlooking the Big River valley to the south.
Demographics
References
External links
Census-designated places in St. Francois County, Missouri
Census-designated places in Missouri
Unincorporated communities in St. Francois County, Missouri
Unincorporated communities in Missouri |
Diaphania flavicaput is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1899. It is found in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
References
Moths described in 1899
Diaphania |
The Gateway Festival Orchestra is a seasonal orchestra based in St. Louis, Missouri. It usually performs four concerts each summer on Sunday evenings on the campus of Washington University in St. Louis.
History
The Gateway Festival Orchestra was founded in 1964 by Professor William Schatzkamer of Washington University along with members of the St. Louis Symphony Orchestra and community leaders. The orchestra performed its first concerts on the levee of the Mississippi River. It began performing on the Brookings Quadrangle at Washington University in 1970.
Due to construction on the Quadrangle, it performed in Washington University's 560 Music Center for the 2019 season. Due to the pandemic, there were no concerts in 2020. In 2021, there were 3 concerts at St. Louis Music Park at Centene Community Ice Center and one at Chesterfield Amphitheater. The orchestra's board of directors planned concerts for the summer of 2022 in a variety of locations.
The GFO is an ensemble of paid instrumentalists. Its concerts are free to the public.
Music Directors
The orchestra's first music director William Schatzkamer, who was trained at the Juilliard School of Music. He was a piano student of Alexander Siloti. Over his storied career performing, he performed a total of 175 concerts and recitals and recorded with RCA Victor. He served on the music faculty of Washington University between 1951 and 1987.
The orchestra's second music director was Dr. James Richards, Professor of Orchestral Studies at the University of Missouri–St. Louis. He was trained at the Eastman School of Music. Richards retired at the end of the 2018 season.
The orchestra's current music director is Darwin Aquino, a native of the Dominican Republic. He has a master's degree in Music for orchestral conducting from Florida International University, and has conducted numerous orchestras in Europe and the Americas.
External links
Official Website
Musical groups from St. Louis |
Rø is a small village on the Danish island of Bornholm, 2 km from the north coast and 7 km west of Gudhjem. The Rønne–Allinge railway (1913–1953) brought prosperity to the village leaving the old station in the village. The Bornholm Art Museum is close to Rø as are the scenic Sanctuary Rocks.
Rø Church from 1888 is a rough copy of the now demolished Romanesque building from the 13th century.
With a top at 431.3 metres (1,036 ft) above sea level, the nearby Rø Transmission Tower reaches the highest elevation in Denmark.
References
Bornholm
Villages in Denmark |
The women's 4 × 100-metre medley relay competition at the 2022 Mediterranean Games was held on 4 July 2022 at the Aquatic Center of the Olympic Complex in Bir El Djir.
Records
Prior to this competition, the existing world and Mediterranean Games records were as follows:
Results
The final was held at 18:53.
References
Women's 4 x 100-metre medley relay
2022 in women's swimming |
The Secret of Women is an upcoming Indian Malayalam-language emotional thriller drama film, written and directed by Prajesh Sen and produced by Prajesh Sen Movie Club. The film follows the story of two women and stars Niranjana Anoop, Aju Varghese, Srikant Murali, Midhun Venugopal, Suma Devi, Adheesh Damodaran, Zakir Manoli, and others.
Joshwa VJ, a newcomer to the industry, serves as the background score composer for the film, while Anil Krishna, another newcomer, is the music director. The film also features two songs, sung by singers Shahabaz Aman and Janaki Easwar.
Prajesh Sen Movie Club, the film's production company, is a new player in the Malayalam film industry. Recently, Prajesh Sen Movie Club launched the audio of "The Secret of Women" at Calicut on 17 March 2023. The event was a grand affair, featuring performances by renowned singers Shahabaz Aman and Janaki Easwar, who sang songs from the film.
Cast
Niranjana Anoop
Aju Varghese
Srikant Murali
Midhun Venugopal
Suma Devi
Adheesh Damodaran
Zaki Manoli
References
Upcoming Malayalam-language films
Indian thriller films
Films shot in Kozhikode |
Kahlil Whitney (born January 8, 2001) is an American professional basketball player who last played for the Rio Grande Valley Vipers of the NBA G League. He played college basketball for the Kentucky Wildcats.
High school career
Whitney attended Eric Solorio Academy High School for his freshman year. Following his freshman year, Whitney transferred to Roselle Catholic High School in Roselle, New Jersey for the remainder of his high school career. As a senior, Whitney averaged 19.4 points, 5.7 rebounds, 1.8 assists and 1.1 steals per game and led Roselle Catholic to a 28–4 record. He was named a McDonald's All-American and was named co-MVP of the Iverson Classic after scoring a game-high 38 points.
Recruiting
On August 10, 2018, Whitney committed to play at the University of Kentucky.
College career
In his second game at Kentucky, a 91–49 win over Eastern Kentucky, Whitney scored 11 points. He averaged 3.3 points and 1.7 rebounds per game at Kentucky. On January 24, 2020, in the middle of his freshman season, Whitney announced that he would be leaving the University of Kentucky. Whitney declared for the 2020 NBA draft and hired an agent.
Professional career
Greensboro Swarm (2021)
After going undrafted in the 2020 NBA draft, Whitney signed an Exhibit 10 deal with the Charlotte Hornets. He was waived at the end of training camp and added to the roster of the Hornets' NBA G League affiliate, the Greensboro Swarm. Whitney averaged 3.0 points and 1.3 rebounds per game for the Swarm.
Rio Grande Valley Vipers (2021–2022)
In October 2021, Whitney joined the Rio Grande Valley Vipers after being acquired in a trade.
Newfoundland Growlers (2022)
On April 21, 2022, Whitney signed with the Newfoundland Growlers of the CEBL.
Return to Rio Grande Valley (2022–2023)
On November 3, 2022, Whitney was named to the opening night roster for the Rio Grande Valley Vipers. On January 28, 2023, Whitney was waived.
On October 16, 2023, Whitney signed with the Chicago Bulls, but was waived just two days later.
Career statistics
College
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2019–20
| style="text-align:left;"| Kentucky
| 18 || 8 || 12.8 || .371 || .250 || .435 || 1.7 || .4 || .3 || .2 || 3.3
References
External links
Kentucky Wildcats bio
2001 births
Living people
American expatriate basketball people in Canada
American men's basketball players
Basketball players from Chicago
Greensboro Swarm players
Kentucky Wildcats men's basketball players
McDonald's High School All-Americans
Newfoundland Growlers basketball players
Rio Grande Valley Vipers players
Small forwards |
Spillimacheen is an unincorporated community near the mouth of the Spillimacheen River on the east shore of the Columbia River, in the East Kootenay region of southeastern British Columbia. The locality, on BC Highway 95, is by road about north of Cranbrook and southeast of Golden.
Name origin
The First Nations word origins suggest a meaning of "flat mouth," "'flat meadow," or "meeting of the waters." The earliest mention of the name was 1864, when applied to the river mouth and then to the river. The two most common spellings were Spillimacheen and Spillimachene. The riverboat landing was an access point to the mining country westward across the Columbia.
Peter McIntyre was the inaugural postmaster 1889–1889, followed by George McMillan 1889–1909. McMillan, who had arrived the prior year, named his farm after the galena ore found in the area. Consequently, the post office and the general area adopted the Galena name. The 1898 voters' list combined all residents as Galena. The 1907 list comprised separate sections for Spillimacheen, Brisco, and Galena (the undefined area spanning the gap).
Mining
Reputedly, the first BC smelter was erected by prospector John McRae at the river mouth on the western shore of the Columbia in 1883. Having processed silver lead ore, the smelter was dismantled in 1906.
The Giant Mascot Mine comprised the Giant, Giant Mineral, Silver Giant, and Giant Mascot claims on the southwest side of Spillimacheen Mountain. In 1883, Albert Isaaco, W. Isaaco and Thomas (Tom) Jones made the initial stake, but developments during the 1890s were not promising. In 1907, Golden Giant Mine Ltd was more successful, extracting 500 tons of silver lead ore in 1908. Apart from 77 tons shipped in 1917 and some diamond exploration during 1926–1928, the mine was inactive until after World War II. Silver Giant Mines shipped 1,383 tons in 1947, and in partnership with Hedley Mascot Gold Mines was producing 500 tons per day by 1952. The mining camp expanded from six families in 1951 to include 40 houses, a school, and a community hall by 1954. When the mine closed in 1957, the population dispersed. Baroid of Canada continued baryte operations 1959–1966.
Other claims listed on the mountain in 1898 included Rothchilds and Hidden Treasure. At that time on Bugaboo Creek were Last Chance, Surprise, France, Magda, Hortense, June Bug, Riverside, No. 21, and Western Cross.
Waterway and roads
From the mid-1880s, steamboats provided a vital link on the Upper Columbia. In 1887, the Cline sank near Spillimacheen, while carrying equipment for the NWMP. An alternative name was Jubilee Landing, which by river was from Golden. Galena Landing was about farther southeast.
During the early 1890s, Galena was an important stop on the steamer timetable. However, river ice shut down river traffic from December to April. A Golden–Fort Steele stage ran twice a month but the journey was rugged. Prior to the stages, pack trains followed the trail along the foot of the Rockies.
In 1899, the respective mileposts from Golden were Carbonate (16), Hog Ranch (23), Spillimachene (41), Shorty's (49), McKay's (66), Sinclair (68), and Windermere (82). In 1911, the listed stopping places from Golden were Hadden's (13), Johnson's (18), McKeeman's (29), Spillimacheen (41), Dolan's (54), and Windermere (82).
By 1892, Malcolm and Rosella Cameron were part owners of a Spillimacheen hotel. By 1894, Peter Lambrich was the proprietor of Riverside House at Mile 41. By 1897, J. Francis (Frank) and Jessie Deacon ran the renamed Spillimacheen Hotel. Following his mining and farming activities, Tom Jones was the proprietor by 1899. William and Diana Barry purchased the place around 1900, described in 1909 as a little tavern along the rough narrow trail. In 1912, the liquor licence was revoked. The next year, the hotel was demolished for the railway right-of-way.
In 1884, the government called tenders for a ferry across the Columbia at Spillimacheen, which commenced operations at that time. In 1896, P. Lambridge (Lambrich alternative spelling) built a large scow ferry. The ferry was subsidized 1908–1912. Being unstaffed, passengers moved the vessel by pulling on the cable. The 1912 replacement was a manned swing bridge, which comprised a swing span, with an adjoining king post truss. The bridge was upgraded in the early 1930s, and a running deck installed two decades later. The bridge was reconstructed in the late 1950s and replaced by a concrete structure in the late 1990s.
In 1950, Highway 4 was renumbered as Highway 95, which was rebuilt in the late 1950s and paving was completed in 1962.
Earlier community
In 1886, only a couple of cabins existed at Spillimacheen Landing. By 1893, opposite Galena Landing, Harry Barr owned on Bugaboo Creek, which he sold to James Montgomery in 1897.
Erected on land donated by George McMillan from his Galena farm, the school adopted the Galena name. In 1904, Miss B.O. Frazer was the inaugural teacher.
Insufficient student numbers prompted closures during 1924–1926, 1943–1946, 1947–1949, and permanently in 1971.
In 1912, Thomas Alton built a dance hall on his property. However, the large train station at Spillimacheen, built in 1913, soon became the venue for community dances.
When Hugh McDonald opened the first general store in 1913, the post office moved to a permanent location. In 1921, the name changed to Spillimachene General Store. By 1940, when called the Trading Post, a Texaco and an Imperial gas pump stood at the front. In the 1950s, a coffee shop and tourist cabins were added, but the store permanently closed in the 1980s. During the late 1930s, Clyde and Dorothy Ambrose operated a small store for a short period near the Westside Road junction. In 1948, Joe and Olga Roesch bought in this location, installing two Shell gas pumps in the early 1950s and adding a general store in 1954, which traded as Bug-a-boo Service. Spare rooms in their large house were let to lodgers. In 1977, Doug and Lorraine Bolton bought the business and property, which operated for a few years before closing. The vacant buildings still stand.
About 1900, the Federal government installed a telephone line from Golden, which would link to Windermere.
Although still party lines, capacity increased substantially when BC Tel expanded into the area in 1968/69. An automatic exchange brought privacy to calls in 1997.
During the 1940s, the Alpine Club of Canada operated a base at Spillimacheen.
In 1946, when the post office name was changed from Galena, the local intention was for Spillimachene, but the Ottawa authorities inadvertently chose Spillimacheen, the spelling which endured.
In 1954, Jim and Kay Paul started Jim's Service using a couple of small buildings and a small gravity gas pump. The next year, a new building was erected with a shop, hoist, office, and electric pump.
In 1955, the opening of the Spillimacheen Dam brought electricity. Founded the prior year, the Spillimacheen-Columbia Valley Country Club organized card parties and dances. In 1958, a steel building was erected to house the community hall. By the 1980s, the community had shrunk and the building had deteriorated, being removed in 1990.
Forestry
In 1902, Robert (Bob) H. and Minnie Milligan arrived. Bob logged on the Spillimacheen and Bugaboo rivers, rafting the logs downstream to Golden. The couple left in 1910.
In 1907, Thomas and Jennie Alton settled. He moved his steam-powered sawmill to available stands of trees. In 1922, his operations relocated to Harrogate.
During the 1930s and 1940s, small mills were operated by Pat Magrath, Charlie Ross & Hoffman, and Joe Roesch.
In 1950, E. Peter Nelson (son of Einar and Beatrice Nelson of Brisco) established a sawmill in partnership with Doug Stewart, whom he bought out in 1961. This major mill still operates.
In 1952, the Spillimacheen Ranger District was formed. Over the next two years, an office/warehouse and staff houses were erected. A 1974 amalgamation reduced the presence to a skeletal staff. The station closed in 1986.
Railway
The Kootenay Central Railway (KCR) was a Canadian Pacific Railway (CP) subsidiary. In 1912, CP bought the Spillimacheen ranches of George McMillan and William Barry. The latter was to create the main townsite between Golden and Lake Windermere. Oswald J. Curtis sold of his farm for the Brisco townsite.
The southward advance of the rail head from Golden reached Spillimacheen in early January 1913 and the large Spillimacheen station was built that year.
The location became the temporary terminus for a couple of years and the track condition from Golden restricted the mixed train to .
During 1914, Capt. Frank P. Armstrong used scows to move railway construction workers, supplies, and steam shovels, between Spillimacheen and Columbia Lake. Ponds Construction was the subcontractor for Burns and Jorden on the Brisco portion. Horse- or mule-drawn equipment moved earth to build up the road bed through the large marshlands on the way to Luxor. On completion, the old machinery was abandoned near the Brisco school. The station and section house at Brisco were both small. In 1920, a proper house was built, as was the case at Luxor a year or two later.
In September 1914, a tri-weekly Golden to Edgewater service commenced, and the southeastward rail head was about northwest of Windermere. That November, the last spike was driven near the north end of Columbia Lake. The commencement of through train service in January 1915 ended stage and riverboat traffic.
In 1931, the twice weekly service was reduced to once weekly.
Later community
In the mid-1980s, Joseph Lehman, Glenys Snow, and a small group arrived to establish the Columbia Society of Interdependent Living (Columbia S.O.I.L.). The society, which incorporates both environmental and disability issues, has liaised with federal and provincial parks to improve access for people with disabilities and the elderly. Also, the organization has secured of the former township centre of Spillimacheen to create a model community.
In 1986, George and Laquita Rollins arrived and opened Turtle Island Gift Shop. In 1992, they helped in-laws Dennis and Nola Alt establish Spilli-Station Café.
The café changed hands through the years, but Nola was actively involved during the late 2010s, before new owners Bernie and Patty Derbyshire took over in 2020.
In 2006, the historic Spillimacheen Trading Post reopened as a retail honey outlet called Beeland.
In 2022, the federal government made a grant to install high-speed internet.
Notable people
George Overton (1880–1957), painter, was a resident 1938–1954.
Maps
Footnotes
References
Columbia Valley
British Columbia populated places on the Columbia River
Populated places in the Regional District of East Kootenay
Unincorporated settlements in British Columbia |
The voiced retroflex plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is d`. Like all the retroflex consonants, the IPA symbol is formed by adding a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of a d, the letter that is used for the corresponding alveolar consonant. Many South Asian languages, such as Hindi and Urdu, have a two-way contrast between plain and murmured (breathy voice) .
Features
Features of the voiced retroflex stop:
Occurrence
See also
African D
Index of phonetics articles
Notes
References
External links
Retroflex consonants
Plosives
Pulmonic consonants
Voiced oral consonants
Central consonants |
In opera or commedia dell'arte (Italian comedy), a prima donna (; Italian for "first lady"; plural: prime donne) is the leading female singer in the company, the person to whom the prime roles would be given.
Prime donne often had grand off-stage personalities and were seen as demanding of their colleagues. Because of this, the term has spread in contemporary usage, from its original usage in opera, to refer to anyone behaving in a demanding or temperamental fashion, or having an inflated view of oneself and a self-centered attitude.
The prima donna in opera was normally, but not necessarily, a soprano. The corresponding term for the male lead (usually a castrato in the 17th and 18th centuries, later a tenor) is primo uomo.
Opera
In 19th-century Italy, the leading woman in an opera or commedia dell'arte company was known as the prima donna, literally the "first lady". This woman, usually the principal soprano of the company, would typically perform leading roles, and generally sang more music than other women in the company. Famous opera prime donne have often caused opera enthusiasts to divide into opposing "clubs" supporting one singer over another. The rivalry between the fans of Maria Callas and Renata Tebaldi, for example, was one of the most famous, despite the friendship of the two singers.
The designation prima donna assoluta (absolute first lady) is occasionally applied to a prima donna of outstanding excellence. It has also been used to describe the creators of heroic coloratura roles in the first half of the 19th century.
The female who sang the second major part in an opera was, correspondingly, referred to as the seconda donna; by the late 18th century, this role was sometimes called the altra prima donna.
Personality
At times, these prime donne (the Italian plural form) were grand with their off-stage personalities and demands on fellow troupe members, musicians, set and wardrobe designers, producers and other staff, but were deferentially tolerated because of their consummate talent and their draw at the box office. From this experience, the term prima donna has come into common usage in any field denoting someone who behaves in a demanding, often temperamental fashion, revealing an inflated view of themselves, their talent, and their importance. Due to this association, the contemporary meaning of the word has taken on this negative connotation of a vain, undisciplined, egotistical, obnoxious or temperamental person who finds it difficult to work under direction or as part of a team, but whose contributions are essential to the success of the team.
See also
Convenienze
Diva
Entitlement
References
Further reading
Rupert Christiansen, Prima Donna: A History, Viking, 1985.
Italian opera terminology
Commedia dell'arte
Women singers
Narcissism
Female stock characters |
Dissonidae is a family of crustaceans belonging to the order Siphonostomatoida.
Genera:
Dissonus Wilson, 1906
Innaprokofevnas Kazatchenko, 2001
References
Siphonostomatoida |
The Alameda Museum is a history museum about the history and culture of Alameda, California. It is located in Alameda, California, in the United States. The museum includes exhibitions about old dioramas, model ships and toys, Native American culture, the Alameda fire department, Neptune Beach and Phyllis Diller. The museum also features rotating exhibitions and partners frequently with children to create exhibits.
History
The museum opened in 1951 in the basement the Carnegie Library. In 1971, after thirty years of not paying rent, the museum moved to Alameda High School so the Alameda Historical Society library could have more space. There, they paid $150 a month to assist with utilities. The museum lost its lease in 1981 and moved to its current location on Alameda Avenue.
The museum is currently funded by the county government. In 2014, the museum hosted Diller Day, which celebrated the life and work of Phyllis Diller. The museum has a permanent exhibition about the comedian.
References
External links
Official website
1951 establishments in California
Buildings and structures in Alameda, California
History museums in California
Museums in Alameda County, California
Museums established in 1951 |
"The Tallow Candle" () is a 700-word literary fairytale by Danish writer Hans Christian Andersen (1805–1875).
It was written in the 1820s, making it one of his earliest works and his first known work in the fairytale genre, but its existence was apparently unknown to scholars or the public for almost two centuries. A copy of the manuscript was discovered in a filing box in the National Archives of Funen in October 2012.
Plot
A tallow candle, whose parents are a sheep and a melting pot, becomes more and more disheartened as it cannot find a purpose in life. It meets a tinderbox who lights a flame on the candle, and it finally finds its right place in life and spreads joy and happiness for itself and its fellow creatures.
Discovery
The manuscript was discovered in late 2012 in a suitcase with documents belonging to the Plum family in the local branch of the Danish National Archives in Funen, Denmark. The first people to come across the document were a couple doing amateur research into their family history, but they thought nothing of it since it seemed unrelated to genealogy. Later the archivist and local historian Esben Brage noted the document's signature and realized that it might be an original H. C. Andersen document. Danish experts confirmed its authorship in December 2012.
Commentaries and criticism
Andersen scholars agree that the work is not of the same literary quality as his later tales, and that it has many similarities with other writings from his time at the Latinate schools in Slagelse and Elsinore. It was dedicated to Madame Bunkeflod, a vicar's widow and one of the young Andersen's benefactors. One scholar argued that the tale was overly didactic and moralistic, and lacking Andersen's later sense of humor, probably to impress his benefactress, who had paid for his education. Danish author and Andersen specialist Johannes Møllehave opined that the tale could have been written by any bright 15-year-old and that it displayed nothing of Andersen's later virtuosity.
Two Danish philologists have expressed doubts about the authorship of the fairy tale. They argue that the tale is too close in form to the models used in the Latinate schools of the time for it to be likely to be an original composition, and they have also expressed disbelief in the use of the word formfuldendt ("flawless") which does not otherwise appear in texts until much later. Since the manuscript is difficult to read there is a possibility that what is written is in fact another word.
Christian Graugaard, a Danish poet and professor of sexology, has analyzed the tale as a covert autoerotic tale, in which the candle symbolizes the phallus and the melting tallow the semen in an ejaculation. According to him Andersen often added erotic undertones and metaphoric phallic imagery in his tales. He characterizes the fairy tale as "a literary cumshot".
See also
Hans Christian Andersen bibliography
References
External links
The full text of The Tallow candle in Danish
English translation of The Tallow Candle, by Julian Isherwood
1820s short stories
2012 archaeological discoveries
Danish fairy tales
Short stories by Hans Christian Andersen
Fictional objects |
Agron refers to two surnames with the same spelling, one Jewish and one Hispanic.
Etymology
As such, there are two origins, the Hebrew Agron (אגרון) and (with Slavic suffix) Agronsky, and the Spanish and Galician Agrón.
The Jewish names are patronymics of the biblical Aaron, first high priest of the Jews and brother of Moses, and are two of many Jewish surnames related to him. In the United States, the surname is transliterated from "Ahron" in Eastern Europe usage, though "Agron" and "Ogron" were commonly used in Russia.
The Hispanic name is a habitational surname, directly meaning "by the dry ground" and deriving from two towns of the same name, one in A Coruña and one in Granada.
People
Notable people with the surname include:
Agron journalism family
Gershon Agron (born Agronsky; 1894–1959), American-Israeli journalist and mayor of Jerusalem
Hassia Levy-Agron (1923–2001), Israeli dancer (daughter-in-law of Gershon)
Martin Agronsky (born Agrons; 1915–1999), American journalist (nephew of Gershon)
Alfredo Agron, Filipino-American WWII veteran, centenarian, and Congressional Gold Medal recipient
Bernie Agrons (died 2015), American politician (related to Gershon et al above)
Charles Agron, American filmmaker
Dianna Agron (born 1986), American actress (distantly related to Gershon et al above)
Evsei Agron (died 1985), Russian-American mob boss
Gary Agron, retired United States Army Alaska Chief of Staff (son of Alfredo)
Kimberly Agron, 2015 Miss Alaska USA
Salvador Agron (1943–1986), Puerto Rican gang member
See also
Other surnames derived from Aaron, including:
Aaron (surname)
Aarons (surname)
Baron-Cohen
Cohen (surname)
Goren (surname)
References
Galician-language surnames
Hebrew-language surnames
Patronymic surnames
Russian-Jewish surnames
Spanish-language surnames
Toponymic surnames |
Nephrotoma australasiae the tiger crane fly is a species of fly in the family Tipulidae. It is found in Australia .
References
Tipulidae
Insects described in 1890
Nematoceran flies of Europe
Taxa named by Frederick A. Askew Skuse |
Gina Lynne LoSasso (born March 13, 1956), formerly known as Gina Linn and also known by her married names Langan and formerly Finegold, is an American chess player who played for the United States and Belgium on the international chess circuit and holds the titles of FIDE title of Woman International Master (WIM, 1990), the USCF title of National Master (NM, 1990), and the ICCF title of Lady International Master (LIM, 1993).
Biography
In the second half of the 1980s, playing as Gina Linn, Gina Lynne LoSasso was one of the leading American female chess players having participated in two US Women's Championships. In 1989, she moved to Belgium to play and won the Belgian Women's Chess Championship in Ghent. She then placed first in the Women’s World Championship Zonal for Northwestern Europe in Oosterwijk in 1990, and participated in Women's World Chess Championship Interzonal Tournament in Azov where she placed 16th.
Gina Lynne LoSasso played for the United States and Belgium in the Women's Chess Olympiads in Abu Dhabi and Novi Sad respectively.
In 1990, she was awarded the FIDE Woman International Master (WIM) title for her performance playing first board at the 29th Chess Olympiad (women) in Novi Sad (+7, =3, -3). In the 1990s, she returned to the US and completed a bachelors, masters, and doctoral degree in clinical psychology at Wayne State University in less than five years.
She received her PhD in clinical psychology in 1999.
Personal life
Gina Lynne LoSasso was born in Brooklyn, New York. She learned to play chess in her 20s and became one of the leading female chessplayers of the 1980s and early 1990s before returning to college in 1994. She married GM Ben Finegold in January 1989 in Hastings, England. They had a son, Spencer Finegold (born June 1991), and later divorced. She later married Christopher Langan.
References
External links
(1986)
(1990)
1956 births
Living people
Belgian female chess players
Belgian chess players
American female chess players
American chess players
Chess Woman International Masters
Chess Olympiad competitors
21st-century American women |
Eoophyla discalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1906. It is found on Sulawesi in Indonesia.
References
Eoophyla
Moths described in 1906 |
Lake Burrumbeet is a large but shallow eutrophic lake in central western Victoria, Australia. Located west of Ballarat and west of Melbourne, the lake has been progressively emptying since 1997 and was declared completely dry in 2004. It has however in recent years refilled because of good rainfalls, making water sports in the lake once again possible, with recreational jet skiing and boating taking place in the winter of 2010. The lake is a major wetland for the region because of its size and is utilised as a recreational area for boating, fishing and camping.
Burrumbeet is the largest of four shallow lakes in the Ballarat region covering approximately . The lake reserve is of important historical significance as many Aboriginal camp sites and areas of geological interest are located around its foreshore.
Physical features and hydrology
The lake is a large open water body with a surface area of approximately . Burrumbeet Creek is the main input to the lake with some other catchment areas to the north and south. The flow of the creek is supplemented by a release of of treated waste water per year from the Ballarat North Treatment Plant. The lake outlet is situated in the south-west shore of the lake and flows into Baillie Creek, which is a tributary of Hopkins River. The outlet is controlled by a series of boards which are raised or lowered depending on water levels. The lake is characterised by a sand and mud bottom with rock outcrops.
Surrounded by grazing land the lake has suffered from a rise in salinity levels due to abnormally dry conditions. This is reflected also by a fall in lake levels. High nutrient levels and algal blooms occur in the lake from time to time. The lake is often discoloured and has seasonal changes in turbidity levels.
History
Before European settlement the area around Lake Burrumbeet was inhabited and frequented by the Burrumbeet balug clan of the Wada wurrung people. The area would have provided a good source of food, particularly short-finned eel. The name Burrumbeet derives from the local aboriginal word burrumbidj meaning 'muddy or dirty water'. Some artifacts and tools have been found on the northern edge of the lake in the past.
European settlement came in 1838 when Thomas Learmonth and his brother took up the Ercildoun squatting run to the north of the lake. William Bramwell Withers recounting in his "History of Ballarat" describes hot days and freezing cold nights, so much so, that the early pioneers camping place, near Burrumbeet, was named Mt Misery. In the next year, 1839, the bed of Lake Burrumbeet was quite dry, and it remained so for several succeeding summers when Mrs Andrew Scott drove across the dry lake bed in 1840. In 1944 it was reported that the lake had again completely dried up.
On 21 October 1965, a Ballarat Aero Club Cessna plunged into the lake with a pilot and three passengers on board. Two people were killed when the plane crashed 1.5 km from shore. The bodies and most of the plane's wreckage were removed from the lake in the days following the crash. With the lake recently being dry the remaining wreckage was only discovered and is believed to have since been souvenired.
Flora and fauna
Burrumbeet is one of the most productive redfin perch waterways in Victoria, with fish to 2.5 kg and is very popular with anglers. Short-finned eel to , roach to , tench to , goldfish, flat-headed gudgeon, Australian smelt and European carp are found here. The lake is occasionally stocked with rainbow trout when conditions are suitable and at those times, it provides a very good trout fishery. The lake is also fished commercially for short-finned eel. Birdlife such as black swan are common.
There is little vegetation remaining of value around the lake due to the intensive agricultural methods used since settlement. However, there are stands of river red gum near the mouth of Burrumbeet creek estimated to be over 500 years old. The current drought conditions has created an environment suitable for unwanted vegetation to grow on the lake bed, in particular, Agrostis Avenacea, commonly known as fairy grass or tumble weed. When dry, this type of grass produces a seed head that becomes wind blown and can become a nuisance value and a fire hazard due to it gathering in wind drifts.
See also
Lake Wendouree
Drought in Australia
References
External links
Glenelg-Hopkins Catchment Management Authority
City of Ballarat
Central Highlands Water
Lakes of Victoria (state)
Glenelg Hopkins catchment
Rivers of Grampians (region)
Ballarat |
Mnesia is a distributed, soft real-time database management system written in the Erlang programming language. It is distributed as part of the Open Telecom Platform.
Description
As with Erlang, Mnesia was developed by Ericsson for soft real-time distributed and high-availability computing work related to telecoms. It was not intended as a general office-based data processing database management system, nor to replace SQL-based systems. Instead Mnesia exists to support Erlang, where DBMS-like persistence is required. It has more in common with embeddable DBMS such as Berkeley DB than with any SQL database server.
Database model
"Rows" in tables are represented as records that contain a key value and a data field. This data field may in turn be a tuple containing an Erlang data structure of any complexity.
Backend types
Mnesia has three inbuilt table types: ram_copies, disc_copies and disc_only_copies.
Ram_copies
Data resides in memory and table size is limited by available memory and are backed by ETS (erlang term storage) table.
Disc_copies
Data resides in memory but is also persisted on disk backed by disk_log. Disc_copies were backed by Dets tables until 30th September 2001 with the release of Erlang R7B-4.
Disc_only_copies
Data resides only on disc and are backed by Dets (disk version of ETS). Dets file format uses signed 32-bit integers for file offsets and has a limit of 2 GB so do disc_only_copies.
Backend plugins
Due to limits imposed by Dets, support for other backend plugins was suggested by Ulf Wiger and these were added to Mnesia. Klarna added the LevelDB backend plugin while Aeternity added the RocksDB backend plugin.
Relational features
The database model is relational, but isn't what someone familiar with SQL might expect. A database contains tables. Relationships between them are modelled as other tables.
A key feature of Mnesia's high-availability approach is that tables can be reconfigured within a schema and relocated between nodes, not only while the database is still running, but even while write operations are still going on.
Coding
The query language of Mnesia is Erlang itself, rather than SQL. It permits easy representation of transactions as a natural feature of Erlang by allowing developers to utilize a single language throughout an application.
Transactions
Erlang is a functional language. Mnesia builds on this to obtain ACID transaction support. The functional block which is run as a transaction is a commonplace Erlang construct called a Functional Object (or Fun) and is called by the single Mnesia statement mnesia:transaction(F). This can lead to clearer source code than the paired BEGIN / COMMIT syntax of SQL, and so avoids its problem of unclosed transactions within a procedure.
Again as a result of the functional nature of Erlang, nesting transactions is simple. It's also possible to distribute transactions across multiple nodes (i.e. separate servers). The semantics of using transactions in this way remains consistent, making it easy to write library code that works equally in either context.
General coding style for Mnesia will always use transactions. For performance reasons, it also supports deliberate "dirty operations" which avoid transactions. These compromise the atomicity and the isolation properties of ACID, but offer around 10× more throughput. In addition there are also in-memory alternatives, although these lose the durability property of ACID.
Efficient execution
Mnesia forms part of the LYME web application stack. This is akin to LAMP, but based on Erlang. Implementation in Erlang confers an efficiency benefit because of the use of a single virtual machine throughout an application. LYME makes use of this, since the Yaws web server is also implemented in Erlang.
Address space is shared (although safely so, under Erlang) between code and data, including Mnesia's table data.
Origins and licensing
Mnesia and Erlang were developed by the Ericsson Computer Science Laboratory. They have been released as open source software. Mnesia is released under a derivative of the Mozilla Public License. Since OTP 18.0 they are published according to the open source Apache License 2.0. Versions before OTP 18.0 were published under the open source Erlang Public License.
ejabberd
Mnesia is also an option embedded within the Erlang-based Jabber daemon, ejabberd.
See also
Riak
Apache Cassandra
Couchbase
CouchDB
LYME (software bundle)
References
Erlang (programming language)
Free database management systems
Structured storage |
The Steamship That Carried Peace () is a documentary film about the Turkish steamship SS Kurtuluş, that sank in 1942 in the Marmara Sea while taking food aid to Greece under Nazi occupation and suffering the Great Famine. The film was based on the research by Turkish writer-researcher-film director Erhan Cerrahoğlu and debuted on June 1, 2006 in Istanbul.
See also
SS Kurtuluş
Great Famine (Greece)
References
External links
The Story of "The Steamer That Carried Peace"
Barışı taşıyan vapur (The ship that carried peace)
Turkish documentary films
2006 films
Documentary films about maritime disasters
Greece–Turkey relations
2006 documentary films
Documentary films about World War II |
Lake Amtkeli or Amtkel (; ; ) is a lake in the Gulripshi District of Abkhazia, Georgia that was formed on 3 October 1891 when an earthquake caused a landslide on the south-western slope of Mt. little Shkhapach into the valley of the Amtkeli River.
Geography
Lake Amtkeli is fed by the Amtkeli River, but only a small part of its water percolates through the obstructing rubble back into the river. The greater part leaves the lake through underground passages to the Jampal River. Due to the lake's limited discharge capacity, its water level rises strongly during snowmelt in May, leading to annual fluctuations of up to in the lake's average height above sea level and maximal depth, and increasing its length from to . The average surface area of Lake Amtkeli is , and its drainage basin measures .
Due to the lake's origin, its underwater slopes are steep, following the surface slopes.
Environment
Lake Amtkeli is home to trout, chub, nase, barbel and spirlin.
In July and August, the lake's average surface temperature is , in Winter it rarely freezes over.
Human settlement
The village of Azanta is located next to lake Amtkeli, and some of its inhabitants keep fishing boats on its shore.
References
Lakes of Abkhazia
Mountain lakes |
California's 66th State Assembly district is one of 80 California State Assembly districts. It is currently represented by Democrat Al Muratsuchi of Rolling Hills Estates.
District profile
The district encompasses the heart of the South Bay region, including the Beach Cities and the Palos Verdes Peninsula. Located southwest of Downtown Los Angeles, the district is relatively suburban and primarily affluent.
Los Angeles County – 4.8%
Alondra Park
Gardena – 74.2%
Hermosa Beach
Lomita
Los Angeles – 1.0%
Harbor City – partial
Harbor Gateway – partial
Manhattan Beach
Palos Verdes Estates
Rancho Palos Verdes
Redondo Beach
Rolling Hills
Rolling Hills Estates
Torrance
West Carson
Election results from statewide races
List of Assembly Members
Due to redistricting, the 66th district has been moved around different parts of the state. The current iteration resulted from the 2011 redistricting by the California Citizens Redistricting Commission.
Election results 1992 - present
2020
2018
2016
2014
2012
2010
2008
2006
2004
2002
2000
1998
1996
1994
1992
See also
California State Assembly
California State Assembly districts
Districts in California
References
External links
District map from the California Citizens Redistricting Commission
66
Government of Los Angeles County, California
Hermosa Beach, California
Palos Verdes Peninsula
Lomita, California
Manhattan Beach, California
Redondo Beach, California
South Bay, Los Angeles
Torrance, California |
Greenhouse gas emissions (abbreviated as GHG emissions) from human activities strengthen the greenhouse effect, contributing to climate change. Carbon dioxide (), from burning fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas, is one of the most important factors in causing climate change. The largest emitters are China followed by the US, although the United States has higher emissions per capita. The main producers fueling the emissions globally are large oil and gas companies. Human-caused emissions have increased atmospheric carbon dioxide by about 50% over pre-industrial levels. The growing levels of emissions have varied, but have been consistent among all greenhouse gases. Emissions in the 2010s averaged 56 billion tons a year, higher than any decade before. Total cumulative emissions from 1870 to 2017 were 425±20 (1539 ) from fossil fuels and industry, and 180±60 (660 ) from land use change. Land-use change, such as deforestation, caused about 31% of cumulative emissions over 1870–2017, coal 32%, oil 25%, and gas 10%.
Carbon dioxide () is the dominant-emitted greenhouse gas (by humans), is the next-most important greenhouse gas (accounting for more than half of the warming), while methane (CH4) emissions have almost the same short-term impact. Nitrous oxide (N2O) and fluorinated gases (F-gases) play a lesser role in comparison.
Electricity generation, heat and transport are major emitters; overall energy is responsible for around 73% of emissions. Deforestation and other changes in land use also emit carbon dioxide and methane. The largest source of anthropogenic methane emissions is agriculture, closely followed by gas venting and fugitive emissions from the fossil-fuel industry. The largest agricultural methane source is livestock. Agricultural soils emit nitrous oxide partly due to fertilizers. Similarly, fluorinated gases from refrigerants play an outsized role in total human emissions.
The current -equivalent emission rates averaging 6.6 tonnes per person per year, are well over twice the estimated rate 2.3 tons required to stay within the 2030 Paris Agreement increase of 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) over pre-industrial levels. Annual per capita emissions in the industrialized countries are typically as much as ten times the average in developing countries.
The carbon footprint (or greenhouse gas footprint) serves as an indicator to compare the amount of greenhouse gases emitted over the entire life cycle from the production of a good or service along the supply chain to its final consumption. Carbon accounting (or greenhouse gas accounting) is a framework of methods to measure and track how much greenhouse gas an organization emits.
Overview of main sources
Relevant greenhouse gases
The major anthropogenic (human origin) sources of greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide (), nitrous oxide (), methane, three groups of fluorinated gases (sulfur hexafluoride (), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and perfluorocarbons (PFCs, sulphur hexafluoride (SF6), and nitrogen trifluoride (NF3)). Though the greenhouse effect is heavily driven by water vapor, human emissions of water vapor are not a significant contributor to warming.
Although CFCs are greenhouse gases, they are regulated by the Montreal Protocol which was motivated by CFCs' contribution to ozone depletion rather than by their contribution to global warming. Note that ozone depletion has only a minor role in greenhouse warming, though the two processes are sometimes confused in the media. In 2016, negotiators from over 170 nations meeting at the summit of the United Nations Environment Programme reached a legally binding accord to phase out hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) in the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol.
Human activities
Since about 1750, human activity has increased the concentration of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. As of 2021, measured atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide were almost 50% higher than pre-industrial levels.
Natural sources of carbon dioxide are nearly 20 times greater than sources due to human activity, but over periods longer than a few years natural sources are closely balanced by natural sinks, mainly photosynthesis of carbon compounds by plants and marine plankton. Absorption of terrestrial infrared radiation by longwave absorbing gases makes Earth a less efficient emitter. Therefore, in order for Earth to emit as much energy as is absorbed, global temperatures must increase.
The main sources of greenhouse gases due to human activity (also called carbon sources) are:
Burning of fossil fuels and deforestation: Burning fossil fuels is estimated to have emitted 62% of the human-caused greenhouse gases in 2015. The largest single source is coal-fired power stations, with 20% of greenhouse gases (GHG) as of 2021.
Land use change (mainly deforestation in the tropics) accounts for about a quarter of total anthropogenic GHG emissions.
Livestock enteric fermentation and manure management, paddy rice farming, land use and wetland changes, man-made lakes, pipeline losses, and covered vented landfill emissions leading to higher methane atmospheric concentrations. Many of the newer style fully vented septic systems that enhance and target the fermentation process also are sources of atmospheric methane.
Use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in refrigeration systems, and use of CFCs and halons in fire suppression systems and manufacturing processes.
Agricultural soils emit nitrous oxide (N2O) partly due to application of fertilizers.
The largest source of anthropogenic methane emissions is agriculture, closely followed by gas venting and fugitive emissions from the fossil-fuel industry. The largest agricultural methane source is livestock. Cattle (raised for both beef and milk, as well as for inedible outputs like manure and draft power) are the animal species responsible for the most emissions, representing about 65% of the livestock sector's emissions.
Global estimates
Global greenhouse gas emissions are about 50 Gt per year and for 2019 have been estimated at 57 Gt eq including 5 Gt due to land use change. In 2019, approximately 34% [20 Gt-eq] of total net anthropogenic GHG emissions came from the energy supply sector, 24% [14 Gt-eq] from industry, 22% [13 Gt-eq]from agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU), 15% [8.7 Gt-eq] from transport and 6% [3.3 Gt-eq] from buildings.
The current -equivalent emission rates averaging 6.6 tonnes per person per year, are well over twice the estimated rate 2.3 tons required to stay within the 2030 Paris Agreement increase of 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) over pre-industrial levels.
While cities are sometimes considered to be disproportionate contributors to emissions, per-capita emissions tend to be lower for cities than the averages in their countries.
A 2017 survey of corporations responsible for global emissions found that 100 companies were responsible for 71% of global direct and indirect emissions, and that state-owned companies were responsible for 59% of their emissions.
China is, by a significant margin, Asia's and the world's largest emitter: it emits nearly 10 billion tonnes each year, more than one-quarter of global emissions. Other countries with fast growing emissions are South Korea, Iran, and Australia (which apart from the oil rich Persian Gulf states, now has the highest per capita emission rate in the world). On the other hand, annual per capita emissions of the EU-15 and the US are gradually decreasing over time. Emissions in Russia and Ukraine have decreased fastest since 1990 due to economic restructuring in these countries.
2015 was the first year to see both total global economic growth and a reduction of carbon emissions.
High income countries compared to low income countries
Annual per capita emissions in the industrialized countries are typically as much as ten times the average in developing countries. Due to China's fast economic development, its annual per capita emissions are quickly approaching the levels of those in the Annex I group of the Kyoto Protocol (i.e., the developed countries excluding the US).
Africa and South America are both fairly small emitters: accounting for 3-4% of global emissions each. Both have emissions almost equal in size to international aviation and shipping.
Calculations and reporting
Variables
There are several ways of measuring greenhouse gas emissions. Some variables that have been reported include:
Definition of measurement boundaries: Emissions can be attributed geographically, to the area where they were emitted (the territory principle) or by the activity principle to the territory that produced the emissions. These two principles result in different totals when measuring, for example, electricity importation from one country to another, or emissions at an international airport.
Time horizon of different gases: The contribution of given greenhouse gas is reported as a equivalent. The calculation to determine this takes into account how long that gas remains in the atmosphere. This is not always known accurately and calculations must be regularly updated to reflect new information.
The measurement protocol itself: This may be via direct measurement or estimation. The four main methods are the emission factor-based method, mass balance method, predictive emissions monitoring systems, and continuous emissions monitoring systems. These methods differ in accuracy, cost, and usability. Public information from space-based measurements of carbon dioxide by Climate Trace is expected to reveal individual large plants before the 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference.
These measures are sometimes used by countries to assert various policy/ethical positions on climate change.The use of different measures leads to a lack of comparability, which is problematic when monitoring progress towards targets. There are arguments for the adoption of a common measurement tool, or at least the development of communication between different tools.
Reporting
Emissions may be tracked over long time periods, known as historical or cumulative emissions measurements. Cumulative emissions provide some indicators of what is responsible for greenhouse gas atmospheric concentration build-up.
National accounts balance
The national accounts balance tracks emissions based on the difference between a country's exports and imports. For many richer nations, the balance is negative because more goods are imported than they are exported. This result is mostly due to the fact that it is cheaper to produce goods outside of developed countries, leading developed countries to become increasingly dependent on services and not goods. A positive account balance would mean that more production was occurring within a country, so more operational factories would increase carbon emission levels.
Emissions may also be measured across shorter time periods. Emissions changes may, for example, be measured against the base year of 1990. 1990 was used in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) as the base year for emissions, and is also used in the Kyoto Protocol (some gases are also measured from the year 1995). A country's emissions may also be reported as a proportion of global emissions for a particular year.
Another measurement is of per capita emissions. This divides a country's total annual emissions by its mid-year population. Per capita emissions may be based on historical or annual emissions.
Embedded emissions
One way of attributing greenhouse gas emissions is to measure the embedded emissions (also referred to as "embodied emissions") of goods that are being consumed. Emissions are usually measured according to production, rather than consumption. For example, in the main international treaty on climate change (the UNFCCC), countries report on emissions produced within their borders, e.g., the emissions produced from burning fossil fuels. Under a production-based accounting of emissions, embedded emissions on imported goods are attributed to the exporting, rather than the importing, country. Under a consumption-based accounting of emissions, embedded emissions on imported goods are attributed to the importing country, rather than the exporting, country.
A substantial proportion of emissions is traded internationally. The net effect of trade was to export emissions from China and other emerging markets to consumers in the US, Japan, and Western Europe.
Carbon footprint
Emission intensity
Emission intensity is a ratio between greenhouse gas emissions and another metric, e.g., gross domestic product (GDP) or energy use. The terms "carbon intensity" and "emissions intensity" are also sometimes used. Emission intensities may be calculated using market exchange rates (MER) or purchasing power parity (PPP). Calculations based on MER show large differences in intensities between developed and developing countries, whereas calculations based on PPP show smaller differences.
Example tools and websites
Carbon accounting (or greenhouse gas accounting) is a framework of methods to measure and track how much greenhouse gas an organization emits.
Climate TRACE
Historical trends
Cumulative and historical emissions
Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change. In particular, stays in the atmosphere for at least 150 years and up to 1000 years, whilst methane disappears within a decade or so, and nitrous oxides last about 100 years. The graph gives some indication of which regions have contributed most to human-induced climate change. When these numbers are calculated per capita cumulative emissions based on then-current population the situation is shown even more clearly. The ratio in per capita emissions between industrialized countries and developing countries was estimated at more than 10 to 1.
Non-OECD countries accounted for 42% of cumulative energy-related emissions between 1890 and 2007. Over this time period, the US accounted for 28% of emissions; the EU, 23%; Japan, 4%; other OECD countries 5%; Russia, 11%; China, 9%; India, 3%; and the rest of the world, 18%.
Overall, developed countries accounted for 83.8% of industrial emissions over this time period, and 67.8% of total emissions. Developing countries accounted for industrial emissions of 16.2% over this time period, and 32.2% of total emissions.
However, what becomes clear when we look at emissions across the world today is that the countries with the highest emissions over history are not always the biggest emitters today. For example, in 2017, the UK accounted for just 1% of global emissions.
In comparison, humans have emitted more greenhouse gases than the Chicxulub meteorite impact event which caused the extinction of the dinosaurs.
Transport, together with electricity generation, is the major source of greenhouse gas emissions in the EU. Greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation sector continue to rise, in contrast to power generation and nearly all other sectors. Since 1990, transportation emissions have increased by 30%. The transportation sector accounts for around 70% of these emissions. The majority of these emissions are caused by passenger vehicles and vans. Road travel is the first major source of greenhouse gas emissions from transportation, followed by aircraft and maritime. Waterborne transportation is still the least carbon-intensive mode of transportation on average, and it is an essential link in sustainable multimodal freight supply chains.
Buildings, like industry, are directly responsible for around one-fifth of greenhouse gas emissions, primarily from space heating and hot water consumption. When combined with power consumption within buildings, this figure climbs to more than one-third.
Within the EU, the agricultural sector presently accounts for roughly 10% of total greenhouse gas emissions, with methane from livestock accounting for slightly more than half of 10%.
Estimates of total emissions do include biotic carbon emissions, mainly from deforestation. Including biotic emissions brings about the same controversy mentioned earlier regarding carbon sinks and land-use change. The actual calculation of net emissions is very complex, and is affected by how carbon sinks are allocated between regions and the dynamics of the climate system.
The graphic shows the logarithm of 1850–2019 fossil fuel emissions; natural log on left, actual value of Gigatons per year on right. Although emissions increased during the 170-year period by about 3% per year overall, intervals of distinctly different growth rates (broken at 1913, 1945, and 1973) can be detected. The regression lines suggest that emissions can rapidly shift from one growth regime to another and then persist for long periods of time. The most recent drop in emissions growth - by almost 3 percentage points - was at about the time of the 1970s energy crisis. Percent changes per year were estimated by piecewise linear regression on the log data and are shown on the plot; the data are from The Integrated Carbon Observation system.
Changes since a particular base year
The sharp acceleration in emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2 ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations. China was responsible for most of global growth in emissions during this period. Localised plummeting emissions associated with the collapse of the Soviet Union have been followed by slow emissions growth in this region due to more efficient energy use, made necessary by the increasing proportion of it that is exported. In comparison, methane has not increased appreciably, and by 0.25% y−1.
Using different base years for measuring emissions has an effect on estimates of national contributions to global warming. This can be calculated by dividing a country's highest contribution to global warming starting from a particular base year, by that country's minimum contribution to global warming starting from a particular base year. Choosing between base years of 1750, 1900, 1950, and 1990 has a significant effect for most countries. Within the G8 group of countries, it is most significant for the UK, France and Germany. These countries have a long history of emissions (see the section on Cumulative and historical emissions).
Data from Global Carbon Project
The Global Carbon Project continuously releases data about emissions, budget and concentration.
Emissions by type of greenhouse gas
Carbon dioxide () is the dominant emitted greenhouse gas, while methane () emissions almost have the same short-term impact. Nitrous oxide (N2O) and fluorinated gases (F-gases) play a lesser role in comparison.
Greenhouse gas emissions are measured in equivalents determined by their global warming potential (GWP), which depends on their lifetime in the atmosphere. Estimations largely depend on the ability of oceans and land sinks to absorb these gases. Short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs) including methane, hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), tropospheric ozone and black carbon persist in the atmosphere for a period ranging from days to 15 years; whereas carbon dioxide can remain in the atmosphere for millennia. Reducing SLCP emissions can cut the ongoing rate of global warming by almost half and reduce the projected Arctic warming by two-thirds.
Greenhouse gas emissions in 2019 were estimated at 57.4 Gte, while emissions alone made up 42.5 Gt including land-use change (LUC).
While mitigation measures for decarbonization are essential on the longer term, they could result in weak near-term warming because sources of carbon emissions often also co-emit air pollution. Hence, pairing measures that target carbon dioxide with measures targeting non- pollutants – short-lived climate pollutants, which have faster effects on the climate, is essential for climate goals.
Carbon dioxide ()
Fossil fuel: oil, gas and coal (89%) are the major driver of anthropogenic global warming with annual emissions of 35.6 Gt in 2019.
Cement production (4%) is estimated at 1.42 Gt
Land-use change (LUC) is the imbalance of deforestation and reforestation. Estimations are very uncertain at 4.5 Gt. Wildfires alone cause annual emissions of about 7 Gt
Non-energy use of fuels, carbon losses in coke ovens, and flaring in crude oil production.
Methane (CH4)
Methane has a high immediate impact with a 5-year global warming potential of up to 100. Given this, the current 389 Mt of methane emissions has about the same short-term global warming effect as emissions, with a risk to trigger irreversible changes in climate and ecosystems. For methane, a reduction of about 30% below current emission levels would lead to a stabilization in its atmospheric concentration.
Fossil fuels (32%), again, account for most of the methane emissions including coal mining (12% of methane total), gas distribution and leakages (11%) as well as gas venting in oil production (9%).
Livestock (28%) with cattle (21%) as the dominant source, followed by buffalo (3%), sheep (2%), and goats (1.5%).
Human waste and wastewater (21%): When biomass waste in landfills and organic substances in domestic and industrial wastewater is decomposed by bacteria in anaerobic conditions, substantial amounts of methane are generated.
Rice cultivation (10%) on flooded rice fields is another agricultural source, where anaerobic decomposition of organic material produces methane.
Nitrous oxide ()
N2O has a high GWP and significant Ozone Depleting Potential. It is estimated that the global warming potential of N2O over 100 years is 265 times greater than . For N2O, a reduction of more than 50% would be required for a stabilization.
Most emissions (56%) of nitrous oxide comes from agriculture, especially meat production: cattle (droppings on pasture), fertilizers, animal manure.Further contributions come from combustion of fossil fuels (18%) and biofuels as well as industrial production of adipic acid and nitric acid.
F-gases
Fluorinated gases include hydrofluorocarbons (HFC), perfluorocarbons (PFC), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), and nitrogen trifluoride (NF3). They are used by switchgear in the power sector, semiconductor manufacture, aluminum production and a largely unknown source of SF6. Continued phase down of manufacture and use of HFCs under the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol will help reduce HFC emissions and concurrently improve the energy efficiency of appliances that use HFCs like air conditioners, freezers and other refrigeration devices.
Hydrogen
Hydrogen leakages contribute to indirect global warming.
When hydrogen is oxidized in the atmosphere, the result is an increase in concentrations of greenhouse gases in both the troposphere and the stratosphere. Hydrogen can leak from hydrogen production facilities as well as any infrastructure in which hydrogen is transported, stored, or consumed.
Black carbon
Black carbon is formed through the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, biofuel, and biomass. It is not a greenhouse gas but a climate forcing agent. Black carbon can absorb sunlight and reduce albedo when deposited on snow and ice. Indirect heating can be caused by the interaction with clouds. Black carbon stays in the atmosphere for only several days to weeks. Emissions may be mitigated by upgrading coke ovens, installing particulate filters on diesel-based engines, reducing routine flaring, and minimizing open burning of biomass.
Emissions by sector
Global greenhouse gas emissions can be attributed to different sectors of the economy. This provides a picture of the varying contributions of different types of economic activity to climate change, and helps in understanding the changes required to mitigate climate change.
Greenhouse gas emissions can be divided into those that arise from the combustion of fuels to produce energy, and those generated by other processes. Around two thirds of greenhouse gas emissions arise from the combustion of fuels.
Energy may be produced at the point of consumption, or by a generator for consumption by others. Thus emissions arising from energy production may be categorized according to where they are emitted, or where the resulting energy is consumed. If emissions are attributed at the point of production, then electricity generators contribute about 25% of global greenhouse gas emissions. If these emissions are attributed to the final consumer then 24% of total emissions arise from manufacturing and construction, 17% from transportation, 11% from domestic consumers, and 7% from commercial consumers. Around 4% of emissions arise from the energy consumed by the energy and fuel industry itself.
The remaining third of emissions arise from processes other than energy production. 12% of total emissions arise from agriculture, 7% from land use change and forestry, 6% from industrial processes, and 3% from waste.
Electricity generation
Coal-fired power stations are the single largest emitter, with over 20% of global greenhouse gas emissions in 2018. Although much less polluting than coal plants, natural gas-fired power plants are also major emitters, taking electricity generation as a whole over 25% in 2018. Notably, just 5% of the world's power plants account for almost three-quarters of carbon emissions from electricity generation, based on an inventory of more than 29,000 fossil-fuel power plants across 221 countries. In the 2022 IPCC report, it is noted that providing modern energy services universally would only increase greenhouse gas emissions by a few percent at most. This slight increase means that the additional energy demand that comes from supporting decent living standards for all would be far lower than current average energy consumption.
Agriculture, forestry and land use
Agriculture
Deforestation
Deforestation is a major source of greenhouse gas emissions. A study shows annual carbon emissions (or carbon loss) from tropical deforestation have doubled during the last two decades and continue to increase. (0.97 ±0.16 PgC per year in 2001–2005 to 1.99 ±0.13 PgC per year in 2015–2019)
Land-use change
Land-use change, e.g., the clearing of forests for agricultural use, can affect the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere by altering how much carbon flows out of the atmosphere into carbon sinks. Accounting for land-use change can be understood as an attempt to measure "net" emissions, i.e., gross emissions from all sources minus the removal of emissions from the atmosphere by carbon sinks.
There are substantial uncertainties in the measurement of net carbon emissions. Additionally, there is controversy over how carbon sinks should be allocated between different regions and over time. For instance, concentrating on more recent changes in carbon sinks is likely to favour those regions that have deforested earlier, e.g., Europe.
In 1997, human-caused Indonesian peat fires were estimated to have released between 13% and 40% of the average annual global carbon emissions caused by the burning of fossil fuels.
Transport of people and goods
Transportation accounts for 15% of emissions worldwide. Over a quarter of global transport emissions are from road freight, so many countries are further restricting truck emissions to help limit climate change.
Maritime transport accounts for 3.5% to 4% of all greenhouse gas emissions, primarily carbon dioxide. In 2022, the shipping industry's 3% of global greenhouse gas emissions made it "the sixth largest greenhouse gas emitter worldwide, ranking between Japan and Germany."
Aviation
Jet airliners contribute to climate change by emitting carbon dioxide (), nitrogen oxides, contrails and particulates.In 2018, global commercial operations generated 2.4% of all emissions.
In 2020, approximately 3.5% of the overall human impacts on climate are from the aviation sector. The impact of the sector on climate in the late 20 years had doubled, but the part of the contribution of the sector in comparison to other sectors did not change because other sectors grew as well.
Some representative figures for average direct emissions (not accounting for high-altitude radiative effects) of airliners expressed as and equivalent per passenger kilometer:
Domestic, short distance, less than : 257 g/km or 259 g/km (14.7 oz/mile) e
Long-distance flights: 113 g/km or 114 g/km (6.5 oz/mile) e
Buildings and construction
In 2018, manufacturing construction materials and maintaining buildings accounted for 39% of carbon dioxide emissions from energy and process-related emissions. Manufacture of glass, cement, and steel accounted for 11% of energy and process-related emissions. Because building construction is a significant investment, more than two-thirds of buildings in existence will still exist in 2050. Retrofitting existing buildings to become more efficient will be necessary to meet the targets of the Paris Agreement; it will be insufficient to only apply low-emission standards to new construction. Buildings that produce as much energy as they consume are called zero-energy buildings, while buildings that produce more than they consume are energy-plus. Low-energy buildings are designed to be highly efficient with low total energy consumption and carbon emissions—a popular type is the passive house.
The global design and construction industry is responsible for approximately 39 percent of greenhouse gas emissions. Green building practices that avoid emissions or capture the carbon already present in the environment, allow for reduced footprint of the construction industry, for example, use of hempcrete, cellulose fiber insulation, and landscaping.
In 2019, the building sector was responsible for 12 Gt-eq emissions. More than 95% of these emissions were carbon, and the remaining 5% were , , and halocarbon.
Embodied carbon emissions, or upfront carbon emissions (UCE), are the result of creating and maintaining the materials that form a building. As of 2018, "Embodied carbon is responsible 11% of global greenhouse gas emissions and 28% of global building sector emissions ... Embodied carbon will be responsible for almost half of total new construction emissions between now and 2050."
It has been suggested that buildings with "high carbon frames should be taxed like cigarettes" to create a presumption in favour of timber, stone, and other zero-carbon architectural design techniques."
Industrial processes
Secunda CTL is the world's largest single emitter, at 56.5 million tonnes a year.
Around 6% of emissions are fugitive emissions, which are waste gases released by the extraction of fossil fuels.
Steel and aluminum
Steel and aluminum are key economic sectors for the carbon capture and storage. According to a 2013 study, "in 2004, the steel industry along emits about 590M tons of , which accounts for 5.2% of the global anthropogenic GHG emissions. emitted from steel production primarily comes from energy consumption of fossil fuel as well as the use of limestone to purify iron oxides."
Plastics
Plastics are produced mainly from fossil fuels. It was estimated that between 3% and 4% of global GHG emissions are associated with plastics' life cycles. The EPA estimates as many as five mass units of carbon dioxide are emitted for each mass unit of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) produced—the type of plastic most commonly used for beverage bottles, the transportation produce greenhouse gases also. Plastic waste emits carbon dioxide when it degrades. In 2018 research claimed that some of the most common plastics in the environment release the greenhouse gases methane and ethylene when exposed to sunlight in an amount that can affect the earth climate.
Due to the lightness of plastic versus glass or metal, plastic may reduce energy consumption. For example, packaging beverages in PET plastic rather than glass or metal is estimated to save 52% in transportation energy, if the glass or metal package is single-use, of course.
In 2019 a new report "Plastic and Climate" was published. According to the report, the production and incineration of plastics will contribute in the equivalent of 850 million tonnes of carbon dioxide () to the atmosphere in 2019. With the current trend, annual life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of plastics will grow to 1.34 billion tonnes by 2030. By 2050, the life cycle emissions of plastics could reach 56 billion tonnes, as much as 14 percent of the Earth's remaining carbon budget. The report says that only solutions which involve a reduction in consumption can solve the problem, while others like biodegradable plastic, ocean cleanup, using renewable energy in plastic industry can do little, and in some cases may even worsen it.
Pulp and paper
The global print and paper industry accounts for about 1% of global carbon dioxide emissions. Greenhouse gas emissions from the pulp and paper industry are generated from the combustion of fossil fuels required for raw material production and transportation, wastewater treatment facilities, purchased power, paper transportation, printed product transportation, disposal and recycling.
Various services
Digital services
In 2020, data centers (excluding cryptocurrency mining) and data transmission each used about 1% of world electricity. The digital sector produces between 2% and 4% of global GHG emissions, a large part of which is from chipmaking. However the sector reduces emissions from other sectors which have a larger global share, such as transport of people, and possibly buildings and industry.
Mining for proof-of-work cryptocurrencies requires enormous amounts of electricity and consequently comes with a large carbon footprint. Proof-of-work blockchains such as Bitcoin, Ethereum, Litecoin, and Monero were estimated to have added between 3 million and 15 million tonnes of carbon dioxide () to the atmosphere in the period from 1 January 2016 to 30 June 2017. By the end of 2021, Bitcoin was estimated to produce 65.4 million tonnes of , as much as Greece, and consume between 91 and 177 terawatt-hours annually. Bitcoin is the least energy-efficient cryptocurrency, using 707.6 kilowatt-hours of electricity per transaction.
Health care
The healthcare sector produces 4.4–4.6% of global greenhouse gas emissions.
Based on the 2013 life cycle emissions in the health care sector, it is estimated that the GHG emissions associated with US health care activities may cause an additional 123,000 to 381,000 DALYs annually.
Water supply and sanitation
Tourism
According to UNEP, global tourism is a significant contributor to the increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
Emissions by other characteristics
The responsibility for anthropogenic climate change differs substantially among individuals, e.g. between groups or cohorts.
By type of energy source
Generational
Researchers report that, on average, played "a leading role in driving up greenhouse gas emissions in the past decade and are on the way to becoming the largest contributor" due to factors such as demographic transition, and high expenditures on carbon-intensive products like energy which is used i.a. for heating rooms and private transport. They are less affected by climate change impacts, but have e.g. the same vote-weights for the available electoral options.
By socio-economic class
Fueled by the consumptive lifestyle of wealthy people, the wealthiest 5% of the global population has been responsible for 37% of the absolute increase in greenhouse gas emissions worldwide. It can be seen that there is a strong relationship between income and per capita carbon dioxide emissions. Almost half of the increase in absolute global emissions has been caused by the richest 10% of the population. In the newest report from the IPCC 2022, it states that the lifestyle consumptions of the poor and middle class in emerging economies produce approximately 5–50 times less the amount that the high class in already developed high-income countries. Variations in regional, and national per capita emissions partly reflect different development stages, but they also vary widely at similar income levels. The 10% of households with the highest per capita emissions contribute a disproportionately large share of global household greenhouse gas emissions.
Studies find that the most affluent citizens of the world are responsible for most environmental impacts, and robust action by them is necessary for prospects of moving towards safer environmental conditions.
According to a 2020 report by Oxfam and the Stockholm Environment Institute, the richest 1% of the global population have caused twice as much carbon emissions as the poorest 50% over the 25 years from 1990 to 2015. This was, respectively, during that period, 15% of cumulative emissions compared to 7%. The bottom half of the population is directly-responsible for less than 20% of energy footprints and consume less than the top 5% in terms of trade-corrected energy. The largest disproportionality was identified to be in the domain of transport, where e.g. the top 10% consume 56% of vehicle fuel and conduct 70% of vehicle purchases. However, wealthy individuals are also often shareholders and typically have more influence and, especially in the case of billionaires, may also direct lobbying efforts, direct financial decisions, and/or control companies.
Methods for reducing greenhouse gas emissions
Governments have taken action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to mitigate climate change. Countries and regions listed in Annex I of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (i.e., the OECD and former planned economies of the Soviet Union) are required to submit periodic assessments to the UNFCCC of actions they are taking to address climate change. Policies implemented by governments include for example national and regional targets to reduce emissions, promoting energy efficiency, and support for an energy transition.
Projections for future emissions
In October 2023, the US Energy Information Administration (EIA) released a series of projections out to 2050 based on current ascertainable policy interventions. Unlike many integrated systems models in this field, emissions are allowed to float rather than be pinned to netzero in 2050. Asensitivity analysis varied key parameters, primarily future GDP growth (2.6%pa as reference, variously 1.8% and 3.4%) and secondarily technological learning rates, future crude oil prices, and similar exogenous inputs. The model results are far from encouraging. In no case did aggregate energy-related carbon emissions ever dip below 2022 levels (see figure3 plot). The IEO2023 exploration provides a benchmark and suggests that far stronger action is needed.
Country examples
Lists of countries
In 2019, China, the United States, India, the EU27+UK, Russia, and Japan - the world's largest emitters - together accounted for 51% of the population, 62.5% of global gross domestic product, 62% of total global fossil fuel consumption and emitted 67% of total global fossil . Emissions from these five countries and the EU28 show different changes in 2019 compared to 2018: the largest relative increase is found for China (+3.4%), followed by India (+1.6%). On the contrary, the EU27+UK (-3.8%), the United States (-2.6%), Japan (-2.1%) and Russia (-0.8%) reduced their fossil emissions.
United States
United Arab Emirates
The UAE was to host the COP28 from 30 November 2023 till 12 December 2023. But, the Emirates faced extensive criticism over its human rights and for appointing the head of an oil company (Abu Dhabi National Oil Company), Sultan Al Jaber, as the President-Designate of COP28. Human rights groups condemned Al Jaber’s appointment, saying he was incompatible with the role because ADNOC planned to expand its fossil fuel production, causing higher damage to the climate..Meanwhile, the UAE failed to submit its methane emission to the United Nations for almost a decade. Countries are required to submit their methane emission to the UN every two years since 2014. The powerful greenhouse gas, methane accounts for a quarter of global heating. The major source of methane is the leaks from fossil fuel exploitation. Al Jaber’s ADNOC also established a target for methane leak, which was much higher than it had already reached. In October 2022, ADNOC announced to decrease the methane emissions from oil and gas by 2025. In 2021, International Energy Agency reported ADNOC’s methane emission was 38,000 tonnes, which was 3% of the Emirates’ overall methane emissions. In 2019 research, the UAE’s methane leaks were at 3.3%.
China
India
Society and culture
Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic
In 2020, carbon dioxide emissions fell by 6.4% or 2.3 billion tonnes globally. In April 2020, emissions fell by up to 30%. In China, lockdowns and other measures resulted in a 26% decrease in coal consumption, and a 50% reduction in nitrogen oxide emissions. Greenhouse gas emissions rebounded later in the pandemic as many countries began lifting restrictions, with the direct impact of pandemic policies having a negligible long-term impact on climate change.
See also
Arctic methane emissions
Attribution of recent climate change
Carbon offsets and credits
Carbon tax
Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands
Low-carbon economy
Net zero emissions
World energy supply and consumption
References
External links
The official greenhouse gas emissions data of developed countries from the UNFCCC
Annual Greenhouse Gas Index (AGGI) from NOAA
NOAA CMDL CCGG – Interactive Atmospheric Data Visualization NOAA data
IPCC Website
Official IPCC Sixth Assessment Report website
Articles containing video clips
Climate forcing
Climate change |
Mountainhome is a census-designated place (CDP) in Barrett Township, Monroe County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 1,182 at the 2010 census.
Geography
Mountainhome is located at (41.177450, -75.266749).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 1.9 square miles (4.9 km2), all land.
Laura Randall described Mountainhome as "not a walkable kind of place, but it has several cafes, shops, and attractions like the Pocono Playhouse and Callie's Candy Factory."
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,169 people, 491 households, and 315 families residing in the CDP. The population density was . There were 566 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the CDP was 95.47% White, 2.74% African American, 0.26% Native American, 0.51% Asian, 0.68% from other races, and 0.34% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.05% of the population.
There were 491 households, out of which 28.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.5% were married couples living together, 7.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.8% were non-families. 31.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 3.06.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 24.7% under the age of 18, 5.0% from 18 to 24, 25.5% from 25 to 44, 25.4% from 45 to 64, and 19.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.8 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $40,357, and the median income for a family was $49,868. Males had a median income of $30,709 versus $35,500 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $20,580. About 4.3% of families and 6.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.1% of those under age 18 and 4.3% of those age 65 or over.
References
External links
Barrett Township Community Portal
Pocono Mountains
Census-designated places in Monroe County, Pennsylvania
Census-designated places in Pennsylvania |
Jean-François Mocquard (1791-1864) was a French lawyer and politician. He served as a member of the French Senate from 1863 to 1864. He also served as the chief-of-staff to Emperor Napoleon III. He was buried at the Père Lachaise Cemetery.
References
1791 births
1864 deaths
Politicians from Bordeaux
Lawyers from Bordeaux
French senators of the Second Empire
19th-century French lawyers |
This is a list of the first minority male lawyer(s) and judge(s) in Oklahoma. It includes the year in which the men were admitted to practice law (in parentheses). Also included are men who achieved other distinctions such becoming the first in their state to graduate from law school or become a political figure.
Firsts in state history
Lawyers
First known African American/Creek Freedmen male to practice: Sugar T. George (c. 1870s)
First Cherokee Indian male: Simon R. Walking-Stick (c. 1893)
First African American male (admitted to state bar): Buck Colbert (B.C.) Franklin (1908)
First undocumented male: Javier Hernandez in 2019
State judges
First African American male: Charles L. Owens (1960) in 1968
First African American male (elected): Amos T. Hall in 1970
First African American male: David Lewis in 2004 (2004)
First African American male (Supreme Court of Oklahoma): Tom Colbert (1982) in 2004
First African American male (Presiding Judge; Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals): David Lewis
First African American male (Chief Justice; Supreme Court of Oklahoma): Tom Colbert (1982) in 2013
First Native American (Chickasaw Nation) male (Supreme Court of Oklahoma): Dustin Rowe in 2019
Federal judges
First Native American male (Cherokee Nation) (United States District Court for the Eastern District of Oklahoma): Frank Howell Seay in 1979
First Native American (Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma) male (U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Oklahoma, Northern District of Oklahoma, and Western District of Oklahoma): Michael Burrage (1974) beginning 1994
First African American male (U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit): Jerome Holmes (1988) in 2006
First African American male (United States District Court for the Western District of Oklahoma): Bernard M. Jones in 2019
Assistant Attorney General
First African American male: Charles L. Owens (1960) in 1963
Political Office
First African American male (Oklahoma State Senate): E. Melvin Porter (1960) in 1964
Firsts in local history
David Lewis: First African American male to serve as a district judge in Comanche County, Oklahoma (1999)
Steve Pazzo: First Hispanic American male judge in Rogers County, Oklahoma (2010)
Carlos Chappelle: First African American male to serve as a Presiding District Judge in Tulsa County, Oklahoma (2013)
See also
List of first minority male lawyers and judges in the United States
Other topics of interest
List of first women lawyers and judges in the United States
List of first women lawyers and judges in Oklahoma
References
Minority, Oklahoma, first
Minority, Oklahoma, first
Legal history of Oklahoma
Lists of people from Oklahoma
Oklahoma lawyers |
George Bruff Hammond (October 21, 1903 – February 18, 1981) was an American race car driver from Colorado Springs, Colorado. He won the Pikes Peak International Hill Climb in 1952, when he was part of the AAA Championship Car. His victory in the 1952 race was commented on by LIFE magazine: "On Labor Day, he swept to victory in the thrilling and dangerous Pike's Peak Climb, where a slip or a skid could mean death or serious injury, against a field of fast, experienced drivers."
Hammond has a total of 8 races, between 1947 and 1955 in AAA Championship.
Complete AAA Championship Car results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position)
References
1903 births
1981 deaths
Racing drivers from Denver
AAA Championship Car drivers |
Seyyed Sohrab (, also Romanized as Seyyed Sohrāb; also known as Saiyid Fatu, Sayid Fata, and Seyyed Fotūḩ) is a village in Nasrabad Rural District (Kermanshah Province), in the Central District of Qasr-e Shirin County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 85, in 22 families. The village is populated by Kurds.
References
Populated places in Qasr-e Shirin County
Kurdish settlements in Kermanshah Province |
The 1985 Individual Long Track World Championship was the 15th edition of the FIM speedway Individual Long Track World Championship. The event was held on 15 September 1985 at the Korskro Motor Centre in Esbjerg in Denmark.
The world title was won by Simon Wigg of England.
Final Classification
E = eliminated (no further ride)
f = fell
ef = engine failure
x = excluded
References
1985
Speedway competitions in Denmark
Motor
Motor |
Florian Richard Wirtz (born 3 May 2003) is a German professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder or left winger for Bundesliga club Bayer Leverkusen and the Germany national team.
Club career
Regarded as a big upcoming talent in German football, Wirtz joined the youth team of 1. FC Köln in 2010, where he remained until he was signed by Bayer Leverkusen in January 2020.
Bayer Leverkusen
2020–2021: First years and youngest scoring records
After impressing for the under-17 team, Wirtz made his senior professional debut for Leverkusen in the Bundesliga on 18 May 2020, starting in an away match against Werder Bremen. In doing so, he overtook Kai Havertz as Leverkusen's youngest player in the league, at the age of 17 years and 15 days. On 6 June, Wirtz scored his first goal for Leverkusen in the 89th minute of their 4–2 home loss against Bayern Munich, making Wirtz the youngest goalscorer in Bundesliga history at the age of 17 years and 34 days. This record would later be surpassed by Youssoufa Moukoko less than a year later, aged 16 years and 28 days. On 22 October, he scored his first goal in European competitions in a 6–2 win over Nice during the 2020–21 Europa League.
Wirtz signed a contract extension with the club on 23 December 2020, extending his deal until 2023. On 19 January 2021, he scored the winner in the 80th minute of Leverkusen's 2–1 home victory over Borussia Dortmund. Wirtz scored his fifth career Bundesliga goal in a 5–2 win against VfB Stuttgart on 6 February, becoming the first player in league history to reach this benchmark before turning eighteen years old. He extended his contract until 2026 on 3 May 2021, the day of his 18th birthday. On 28 November 2021, Wirtz netted his fifth Bundesliga goal of the season in a 1–3 win against RB Leipzig to become the first player under the age of 19 to score more than ten Bundesliga goals. On 15 December, he became the youngest player to reach 50 Bundesliga appearances against Hoffenheim, at the age of 18 years and 223 days.
2022–present: Long-term injury and return to form
On 13 March 2022, Wirtz tore his anterior cruciate ligament in a 1–0 defeat against 1. FC Köln, hence he missed the rest of the 2021–22 Bundesliga season. On 22 January 2023, he played his first competitive match in ten months, coming off the bench, in a 3–2 away win over Borussia Mönchengladbach. On 26 October 2023, he scored a goal and provided a hat-trick of assists in a 5–1 victory over Qarabağ during the 2023–24 Europa League group stage.
International career
Wirtz received his first call up to the senior team for 2022 FIFA World Cup qualifiers in March 2021. He made his debut on 2 September in a World Cup qualifier against Liechtenstein, a 2–0 away victory. He substituted Joshua Kimmich in the 82nd minute. In May 2022, German national coach Hansi Flick expressed his willingness to name Wirtz in the final squad for the 2022 FIFA World Cup, yet he missed the tournament due to his ACL injury.
Playing style
Wirtz is an attacking midfielder, although he can also play wide on the left as an inverted winger. He has a marked offensive mindset and is a very dynamic midfielder, who covers a lot of ground.
Personal life
Wirtz was born in the Brauweiler district of Pulheim, North Rhine-Westphalia.
Wirtz's parents are his agents; his father, Hans-Joachim, is also the chairman of Grün-Weiß Brauweiler, the club that Wirtz played for as a child before joining Köln. His elder sister Juliane Wirtz is a professional footballer as well; she made her Women's Bundesliga debut at the age of sixteen and represented Germany at youth level.
Career statistics
Club
International
Honours
International
Germany U21
UEFA European Under-21 Championship: 2021
Individual
Fritz Walter Medal U19 Gold: 2022
Fritz Walter Medal U17 Gold: 2020
Bundesliga Player of the Month: September 2021
Bundesliga Team of the Season: 2021–22
VDV Bundesliga Newcomer of the Season: 2021–22
VDV Bundesliga Team of the Season: 2021–22
UEFA Europa League Young Player of the Season: 2022–23
References
External links
2003 births
Living people
People from Pulheim
Footballers from Cologne (region)
German men's footballers
Germany men's youth international footballers
Germany men's under-21 international footballers
Germany men's international footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Bayer 04 Leverkusen players
Bundesliga players |
MOL Campus is a neomodern skyscraper and the headquarters of MOL Group, currently built in Budapest, Hungary, designed by Foster and Partners. The tower is the tallest building in Budapest and in Hungary. Construction began in 2019 and was completed in 2022. It integrates a 28-storey tower with a podium a single form to create a unified campus.
References
Buildings and structures in Budapest |
Stunner was the site of a Stone Age settlement located near Ski in Akershus County, Norway.
The settlement was first discovered during 1928 on the Stunner farm while Johannes Mikkelsen harvested potatoes. Mikkelsen was a well-read man with a great interest in archeology. In February 1929 he first collected eight flint pieces for submission to the University of Oslo Museum of National Antiquities. Subsequently, Mikkelsen and his two sons, Hans and Sverre, submitted approximately 700 finds from their farm to the University Museum.
The flint finds from the Stone Age settlement at Stunner reveal that the site was populated around 11,000 years ago. During the Upper Paleolithic era, pioneer settlers from the Ahrensburg culture tracked northward from the submerged North Sea continent and European mainland. Their primary prey was reindeer. At Stunner marine resources was also significant. The landscape the settlers encountered was dramatically different from the present. The sea level was 160 meters higher, and the fauna and flora resembled the arctic tundra and coastline.
References
Prehistoric sites in Norway
North Sea
Stone Age sites in Europe
Ski, Norway |
Boronia dichotoma is a plant in the citrus family, Rutaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is an erect, slender perennial herb or shrub with simple leaves and pink, four-petalled flowers. The species is characterised by sticky glandular hairs on the pedicels.
Description
Boronia dichotoma is an erect slender herb or shrub that grows to a height of about with slender branches. The leaves are glabrous, narrow oblong to elliptic or egg-shaped, long, the upper leaves almost cylindrical in shape. The flowers are arranged in open, branched groups on the ends of the branches. Each flower is on the end of a thin pedicel with small bracts and bracteoles at the base. The pedicels have sticky glandular hairs. The four sepals are red, egg-shaped, about long and fall off as the fruit develops. The four petals are pink, elliptic, long and glabrous. The eight stamens are hairy on their outer edges and the stigma is small. Flowering occurs from August to December.
Taxonomy and naming
Boronia dichotoma was first formally described in 1841 by John Lindley and the description was published in Edwards's Botanical Register from a specimen collected by Georgina Molloy near "a beautiful turn of the River Vasse".
Distribution and habitat
This boronia grows in winter-wet areas from near Perth to the Margaret River in the Jarrah Forest, Swan Coastal Plain and Warren biogeographic regions.
Conservation
Boronia dichotoma is classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.
References
dichotoma
Flora of Western Australia
Plants described in 1841
Taxa named by John Lindley |
Julian Radlein (born February 6, 1981 in Kingston, Jamaica) is a former Canadian Football League fullback who played for the Hamilton Tiger-Cats. He attended Lincoln Heights Public School and Bluevale Collegiate Institute in Waterloo, Ontario.
In 2003, Radlein won the Frank M. Gibson trophy for being the outstanding rookie in the CFL East Division. Radlein was a CFLPA All-Star in the following season. He retired prior to the 2008 season.
References
Hamilton Tiger-Cats players
Canadian Football League Rookie of the Year Award winners
UBC Thunderbirds football players
University of British Columbia alumni
Living people
1981 births |
Bound & Gagged may refer to:
Bound and Gagged (comic strip), a syndicated newspaper comic strip drawn by Dana Summers
Bound & Gagged (magazine), a gay bondage magazine
Bound and Gagged (serial), a 1919 spoof film serial
Bound and Gagged: Pornography and the Politics of Fantasy in America, a 1996 book by Laura Kipnis |
George Duthie FRSE (4 March 1865 – 14 June 1921) was a Scottish mathematician, educator and colonial administrator. He served as Inspector General of Education for Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) in the early 20th century.
Life
Duthie was born in Woodside, Aberdeen, Scotland to George Forsyth Duthie and Mary Campbell. In 1899, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were George Chrystal, John Sturgeon Mackay, Peter Guthrie Tait and Andrew Beatson Bell.
In 1900 he is listed as a member of the Edinburgh Mathematical Society and served as their president in 1901.
In Rhodesia, his role as Director of Education also held the responsibility of Government Statistician, Registrar General and Keeper of the National Census.
He died in 1921 in Salisbury, Rhodesia.
Memorials
Duthie House at Chaplin High School in Zimbabwe is named after him.
Publications
Duthie wrote the section on Rhodesia in the 11th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica.
References
1865 births
1921 deaths
People from Aberdeen
Scottish educators
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
People from Southern Rhodesia |
Ancylistes lacteovittatus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1957.
References
Ancylistes
Beetles described in 1957 |
The 2005 Atlantic Sun Conference baseball tournament was held at Melching Field at Conrad Park on the campus of Stetson University in DeLand, Florida, from May 26 through 28. won its fifth tournament championship to earn the Atlantic Sun Conference's automatic bid to the 2005 NCAA Division I baseball tournament.
Seeding
The top six teams (based on conference results) from the conference earn invites to the tournament.
Results
All-Tournament Team
The following players were named to the All-Tournament Team.
Tournament Most Valuable Player
Shane Jordan was named Tournament Most Valuable Player. Jordan was an outfielder for Stetson.
References
Tournament
ASUN Conference baseball tournament
Atlantic Sun baseball tournament
Atlantic Sun baseball tournament
Baseball competitions in DeLand, Florida
College baseball tournaments in Florida |
Ole Andres Olsen (28 July 1845 – 29 January 1915) was a Seventh-day Adventist minister and administrator. He was General Conference president of the Seventh-day Adventist church organization globally from 1888 to 1897.
Biography
Born in Skogen, in Songdalen near Kristiansand, Norway, Olsen emigrated to the United States to Wisconsin at the age of five. By the age of nine his parents had begun to keep the seventh-day Sabbath. He was baptized in 1858. From 1876 to 1877 he attended school at Battle Creek College (now Andrews University). In 1869 the Wisconsin Conference granted him a ministerial license. On 2 June 1873, he was ordained as a minister. The following year he was elected president of the Wisconsin Conference.
In 1868, Olsen married Jennie Nelson. His son's were Alfred B. Olsen and Mahlon Ellsworth Olsen.
At the 1888 General Conference session he was elected president of the General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists. Olsen was the first non-American-born president of this church organization and this is reflected in the global and culturally sensitive approach he took in his presidency. He was also one of the first individuals to advocate the formation of Union Conferences within the Seventh-day Adventist church. He was not reelected as world church president in 1897 and instead became a missionary in South Africa. In 1901 he was asked to head the work of the Seventh-day Adventist church in Great Britain.
Olsen died of a heart attack on 29 January 1915.
1888 - 1897, The Olsen Presidency
The 1888 General Conference Session elected Olsen as president. However, he was in Europe at the time and did not take on the presidency until May 1889. The 1889 General Conference session, held in October, gave Olsen the opportunity to bring about significant changes and development and turn the Seventh-day Adventist church into a global Protestant religion. Olsen's objectives included addressing administrative concerns as well as implementing a major shift in church structure, accountability, and practices:
Europe: Adventist literature should be translated into the Russian and Spanish languages. There should be more translation of such literature into German. Establish laborers in Turkey, France, Italy, Austria, Holland and Spain. Believers in Scandinavia want, and should have, schools established.
Australasia: The Australasian Conference needed a business manager so the leader, Tenny, could do more editing and conference work. Daniells, in New Zealand, needed an assistant. The canvassing work was getting started there and needed to be put on a business footing.
South Africa: For South Africa, a Dutch laborer should go back with Wessels to work among the people of that nationality. There should be tracts in the Nguni languages.
The United States: The work in the Southern United States needed attention. Olsen believed that canvassing, or book sales, would be the most successful type of work in the early years of the work there. Missions in the big American cities should get special help. The Bible school in Chicago deserved the conference's support. In 1889, three Colleges existed to serve the church: Battle Creek in Michigan, South Lancaster in Massachusetts, and Healdsburg in California. Careful consideration should be given to a college in the Mid-West. Olsen recommended that the work in the United States be divided into districts with each one being under the supervision of a member of the General Conference committee. This district superintendent would plan the institutes, camp-meetings, general meetings and other work for the territory. (Olsen, 1889, p. 8) As the meetings progressed, Olsen's recommendation on this became a reality.
Training Institutes: There should be special time-limited schools established for the training of ministers, the teaching of the Scandinavian, French and German languages in the United States. Most of these schools were slated to begin in November 1889. Yet, everything that has been started should be improved upon.
Religious Liberty: The recently established National Religious Liberty Association should receive the General Conference Session's endorsement. The GC Session should also develop a plan for circulating Religious Liberty petitions.
These initiatives demonstrate Olsen's comprehensive involvement with the world church.
See also
General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists
Seventh-day Adventist Church
Seventh-day Adventist theology
Seventh-day Adventist eschatology
History of the Seventh-day Adventist Church
References
1845 births
1915 deaths
Seventh-day Adventist administrators
Seventh-day Adventist religious workers
American Seventh-day Adventist ministers
American Seventh-day Adventist missionaries
History of the Seventh-day Adventist Church
Norwegian Seventh-day Adventists
Norwegian emigrants to the United States
Andrews University alumni
Seventh-day Adventist missionaries in South Africa |
Air Pacific may refer to:
Air Pacific (United States)
Fiji Airways, traded as Air Pacific until 2012 |
Aaron Joseph (born 4 July 1989) is an Australian rules footballer who played with the Carlton Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL).
Early career
Joseph is a midfielder who played junior football in Tasmania with the Glenorchy Football Club and the Tassie Mariners. He represented Tasmania at the 2007 AFL Under 18 Championships, where he impressed sufficiently to be named on the interchange bench in the Under 18s All-Australian Team. He was passed over in the 2007 AFL National Draft, but was selected by the Carlton Football Club with its first pick (#2 overall) in the 2008 Rookie Draft. He then spent the 2008 season playing exclusively with Carlton's , the Northern Bullants.
AFL career
Joseph first appeared for Carlton in the 2009 NAB Cup, where he played all three games for Carlton. Appearing mainly in a defensive, tagging role, Joseph was lauded for his performance in the semi-final against Geelong's Gary Ablett, Jr., and was made a nominated rookie for the 2009 season. He made his debut in the first round of the season, and played several tagging roles early in the season. He received a Rising Star nomination in Round 11 after tagging St Kilda's Stephen Milne out of the game, and earning 19 disposals himself. He would go on to play every game for the season, win the Blues' Best First Year Player award, and finish tenth in the best and fairest.
Joseph was promoted from the rookie list to the senior list in the 2009/10 offseason. He had another solid season, playing 22 of 23 games and again finishing tenth in the best and fairest.
Joseph fell out of favour in early 2011, spending the majority of the first half of the season playing with the Bullants, but regained his regular place in the team in the latter part of the season to play eleven games for the season.
He was delisted by Carlton at the end of the 2013 season. He signed a deal to play for Glenelg in the South Australian National Football League from 2014, spending six seasons, playing 98 games and winning one premiership with the club before retiring at the end of 2019.
Notes
:1. Joseph was eligible for the Best First Year Player award, even though it was his second season on the Carlton list, because he played his first AFL game in 2009.
References
External links
Australian rules footballers from Tasmania
Carlton Football Club players
Glenorchy Football Club players
Glenelg Football Club players
Preston Football Club (VFA) players
1989 births
Living people
Tassie Mariners players |
Jan Václav Hugo Voříšek (; Johann Hugo Worzischek, 11 May 1791, in Vamberk, Bohemia – 19 November 1825, in Vienna, Austria) was a Czech composer, pianist, and organist.
Life
Voříšek was born in the town of Vamberk, Bohemia, where his father was schoolmaster, choirmaster and organist. As a child prodigy, he started to perform publicly in Bohemian towns at the age of nine.
His father taught him music, encouraged his playing the piano and helped him get a scholarship to attend the University of Prague, where he studied philosophy. He also had lessons in piano and composition from Václav Tomášek. He found it impossible to obtain sufficient work as a musician in Prague and in 1813, at the age of 22, moved to Vienna to study law, hoping to meet Beethoven. In Vienna Voříšek was able to greatly improve his piano technique under Johann Nepomuk Hummel, but once more failed to gain full-time employment as a musician.
Although Voříšek was enthralled by the classical style of Mozart, he was more intrigued by the incipient romanticism of Beethoven.
In 1814, as he was starting to compose, he did indeed meet Beethoven in Vienna. He also met other leading musicians there, including the composers Louis Spohr, Ignaz Moscheles, Hummel, and especially Franz Schubert with whom he became fast friends.
He completed his law studies in 1821 and was appointed barrister to the Court Military Privy Councillor, for whom he mainly drafted legal documents. But in 1822, he at last found musical employment as second court organist and ended his legal career. He was appointed first organist in 1824.
He soon won esteem as a composer of orchestral, vocal and piano music for orchestra. In 1818 he became conductor of the Society of Friends of Music in Vienna.
Vorišek died, in Vienna, of respiratory arrest in 1825 at the age of 34. He was buried at the common cemetery in Währing (today's Währinger Park).
Music
Voříšek wrote only one symphony, his Symphony in D major, in 1821. Its style has been likened to Beethoven's first two symphonies; its melodically inventive late classical/early Romantic idiom was similar to Beethoven and Schubert's.
In his capacity as imperial court organist, Voříšek composed a Mass in B-flat major. Together with his single symphony, some of his piano works and his Violin Sonata in G major, Op. 5, the Mass has been recorded.
The first recorded use of impromptu as a musical term occurred in 1817, in the Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung, an idea of the publisher to describe a piano piece by Voříšek . His Impromptus Op. 7 were published in 1822, pieces known to his friend Schubert who subsequently used the description for several sets of music for piano, as did Frederic Chopin and numerous other composers.
In 1823–24, he was, like Schubert, one of the 50 composers to contribute a variation on the same waltz by Anton Diabelli for the Vaterländischer Künstlerverein on which Beethoven composed his 33 variations (Op. 120).
Selected discography
Grand Rondo Concertante for Piano, Violin, Cello and Orchestra op25 (B09QNG2NC2), released 2022, coupled with Beethoven Triple Concerto - Lobkowicz Trio on Rubicon Classics
Cedille Records recording (CDR 90000 058) of Voříšek's Symphony in D major and Mass in B-flat major with Paul Freeman and the Czech National Symphony Orchestra & Prague Chamber Choir, with program notes by Andrea Lamoreaux
Cantus Classics 1993 recording (CACD 8.0019 D) of Voříšek's Symphony in D major and Mass in B-flat major with Oldrich Vlchek (resp. Václav Neumann) and the Virtuosi di Praga & Prague Chamber Choir.
ArkivMusic.com first CD recording of Voříšek's chamber music including his Violin Sonata (Praga 250204), played by the Kocian String Quartet with program notes by James Reel, FANFARE
Hyperion Records recording (CDA 66800) Voříšek's Symphony in D, with Charles Mackerras and the Scottish Chamber Orchestra.
Opus 111 recording OPS 30241 Fantasia Op. 12, Impromptus Nos 1-6 Op. 7, Sonata in B flat minor and Variations in B flat Op. 19. Olga Tverskaya (piano)
Regis Records recording RRC1224 Six Impromptus Op. 7, Sonata in B flat minor Op. 20, Variations in B flat Op. 19 and Fantasie Op. 12, also for piano.
Centaur Records recording (CRC 3022) of select pieces for solo piano performed by David Gross
Footnotes
Further reading
Olga Zuckerová: Jan Hugo Vorísek (1791–1825): Thematic Catalogue, Praha, Ed. Bärenreiter, 2003. 95 p.
External links
Classical Composers entry to Voříšek
Calendar of Composers entry to Voříšek
1791 births
1825 deaths
19th-century classical composers
19th-century classical pianists
19th-century Czech musicians
19th-century deaths from tuberculosis
19th-century Czech male musicians
19th-century organists
Czech classical organists
Czech classical pianists
Czech expatriates in Austria
Czech male classical composers
Czech Romantic composers
Male classical pianists
Male classical organists
People from Vamberk
Tuberculosis deaths in the Austrian Empire |
Jangah or Jang Gah () may refer to:
Jangah, Kerman
Jang Gah, Khuzestan
Jangah, North Khorasan
Jangah, Razavi Khorasan |
IHM Societe Anonyme
Organizations
Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary, a Catholic religious order founded in 1848
Sisters, Servants of the Immaculate Heart of Mary, US Catholic religious order founded in 1842
Institute of Healthcare Management, former name of Institute of Health and Social Care Management, a UK professional organisation
Institute of Hotel Management, a multi-location India-based hospitality management school
People with the name
Joe Ihm (1889–1951), a member of the Missouri House of Representatives
Jisoon Ihm (born 1951), a South Korean physicist and professor in the School of Physics at Seoul National University
See also
Ihm House (disambiguation)
Institute of Hotel Management (disambiguation) |
Kõera is a village in Lääneranna Parish, Pärnu County, in western Estonia.
References
Villages in Pärnu County |
Joseph Bolivar DeLee (October 28, 1869 – April 2, 1942) was an American physician who became known as the father of modern obstetrics. DeLee founded the Chicago Lying-in Hospital, where he introduced the first portable infant incubator. Early in his career, he was associated with the medical school at Northwestern University. After 1929, he was employed by the medical school at the University of Chicago.
An early proponent of hygienic standards during childbirth, DeLee even advocated for the construction of separate hospital buildings for labor and delivery. He was an influential figure in the discussion of whether childbirth required medical interventions to ensure a healthy mother and baby; in 1920, he proposed a standardized, invasive approach to childbirth known as the "prophylactic forceps operation". DeLee believed that mechanical intervention (such as forceps delivery) could prevent the poor outcomes that sometimes resulted from childbirth in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. His advocacy of such active techniques is sometimes blamed for the rise in mechanical interventions during childbirth.
DeLee pioneered medical filmmaking as a teaching tool in medicine and he invented a device used for several decades to suction the airways of newly born infants. After becoming an emeritus professor at the University of Chicago in 1935, DeLee was featured on a Time magazine cover the next year. He died in 1942, but his systematic approach to childbirth continued to influence medical practice through the baby boom. An endowed chair in DeLee's name was established at the University of Chicago a few years after he died.
Early life and education
DeLee was the fifth son and ninth of ten children of Morris and Dora Tobias DeLee, Jewish immigrants from Poland. His paternal grandfather was a French army surgeon who settled in Poland following Napoleon's failed invasion of Russia. DeLee was born in Cold Spring, New York, but the family moved to New Haven, Connecticut, New York City, and finally, in 1885, Chicago, Illinois, where DeLee graduated from South Division High School in 1888.
Despite his father's wishes that DeLee become a rabbi, DeLee attended Chicago Medical College. Of particular influence on DeLee was obstetrics professor W. W. Jaggard. He graduated in 1891. Author Charlotte Borst noted that most women delivered at home in the 1870s through 1890s; medical students at Northwestern only witnessed deliveries at that time if they could bribe women into having their babies at the hospital's amphitheatre. DeLee felt fortunate to have observed two such births while he was a student.
Early career
After completing an internship and a trip abroad for postgraduate studies, DeLee was ready to set up a medical practice by the age of 25. Noting that obstetric care in Chicago was often inadequate, he opened a clinic on Chicago's Maxwell Street after consulting with the noted social worker Jane Addams. Early on, DeLee provided prenatal care to the neighborhood's women, but the babies were delivered by midwives in the area. Over time, hundreds of women began having their babies delivered by DeLee.
DeLee opened Chicago Lying-in Hospital in 1899. The hospital provided a larger space than the Maxwell Street Clinic and it focused on providing obstetrical care and training of doctors and nurses. Sanfilippo and Uppal write that, after he paid the first month's rent at the new Ashland Boulevard facility and purchased the necessary equipment, DeLee was left with sixty-one cents to his name. In late 1899, the Chicago Tribune described one of the hospital's innovations, the first portable incubator. The device, which was sometimes known as a "hand ambulance", allowed premature infants to be transported to a hospital following a home birth.
Though he was an obstetrician rather than a pediatrician, DeLee became the greatest advocate of the infant incubator in the U.S. At that time, obstetricians dealt with the problems of the premature baby after birth, where pediatricians were likely to only see the survivors of prematurity many days later. The pediatricians – influenced by their experiences taking care of other types of malnourished children – thought it was essential for the babies to be exposed to sunlight. For most pediatricians, it seemed counterintuitive to enclose the babies in a box. By 1901, DeLee had built an entire incubator transport service staffed with specially trained nurses, but costs were high and maternity hospitals still did not attract many private patients. The funds ran out on the incubator station in 1908.
Introduction of "prophylactic forceps"
In the early twentieth century, DeLee observed that obstetric complications and deaths were so common that he "often wondered whether nature did not intend women should be used up in the process of reproduction, in a manner analogous to that of the salmon, which dies after spawning. Perhaps laceration, prolapse and all the evils are, in fact, natural to labor and in fact normal... If you adopt this view, I have no ground to stand on, but, if you believe that a woman after delivery should be as healthy, as well as anatomically perfect as she was before, and that the child should be undamaged, then you will have to agree with me that labor is pathogenic, because experience has proved such ideal results exceedingly rare."
In 1915, at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Study and Prevention of Infant Mortality, DeLee spoke out against the use of midwives for childbirth. DeLee said that midwives stunted the progress of the obstetrical profession and said that he refused to take part in the education of a provider that lowered the standards of the profession. If obstetrics were seen as dignified work that could draw more than the menial fees charged by midwives, DeLee said, many young physicians would be willing to deliver the patients that were then under the care of midwives.
At a meeting of the American Gynecological Society in 1920, DeLee sparked controversy when he presented a paper advocating for the use of a systematic approach to childbirth for physicians, including the use of forceps and episiotomy even in women who had no labor complications. DeLee's "prophylactic forceps operation" consisted of several steps: scopolamine injections in the first stage of labor, ether anesthesia in the next stage, then episiotomy and forceps delivery. Ergot was used in the subsequent manual extraction of the placenta. DeLee reasoned that the episiotomy prevented perineal tears which could cause complications like uterine prolapse and vesicovaginal fistula. He said that the early use of forceps would avoid pressure from the pelvic bones against a baby's head, thus preventing complications like epilepsy and cerebral palsy; DeLee said that fatal complications occurred in 4–5% of labors managed with the traditional conservative approach. Though DeLee said that such interventions should only be carried out by a well-equipped physician specialist, John Whitridge Williams and other prominent obstetricians criticized DeLee sharply. They felt that DeLee was being too aggressive by removing a baby before complications occurred; DeLee's colleagues preferred to be conservative and to manage complications as they arose.
Growing influence
Well into the 20th century, many physicians had looked at obstetrics as an unnecessary medical specialty. As a result, medical schools did not cover childbirth in much detail, and medical students might graduate without having even witnessed the delivery of a baby. Distressed by this lack of attention, DeLee made teaching and mentoring important parts of his career. With a maternal mortality rate about one-quarter of the national average, DeLee's Chicago Lying-In Hospital became well-respected and influential, and medical students would travel across the country to gain some experience there. A young woman named Beatrice Edna Tucker came to Lying-In to complete her residency in 1929. Three years later, DeLee named Tucker director of the Chicago Maternity Center, where she worked for more than forty years and delivered an estimated 100,000 babies.
David Hillis, one of DeLee's colleagues at the Chicago Lying-in Hospital, published a 1917 journal article about his invention of the fetoscope, also known as the head stethoscope. By 1922, DeLee published a report of a similar device. Though DeLee published his findings several years after Hillis, he claimed that he had been openly discussing his idea for the device over many years. The device became known as the DeLee-Hillis stethoscope. DeLee was also the inventor of a catheter used to suction an infant's airway; the DeLee suction trap is still used after the delivery of a baby. He was one of the earliest physicians to advocate for the lower segment cesarean section.
Despite the initial resistance DeLee faced from his colleagues over his standardized, invasive approach to delivery, forceps began to appear in routine obstetric practice in the 1930s. Social forces increased DeLee's influence and accelerated the use of mechanical interventions in childbirth. As childbirth was still beset with problems such as childbed fever, physicians were asserting their superiority over non-physician birth attendants, and mechanical interventions in obstetrics set their profession apart from midwifery. In an age of increasing reliance on technology, urban women were increasingly likely to choose a hospital birth attended by a physician rather than a traditional home birth with a midwife.
In 1933, DeLee noted that while hospital births were increasingly popular, maternal complications and deaths were increasing. He identified infection as a major problem in hospital maternity wards. DeLee called for hospitals to construct maternity wards in separate buildings with their own staff members and laundry. Such proposals were met with great criticism by influential physicians such as J. Whitridge Williams, who said that DeLee's precautions represented "a degree of caution that approaches 'infectio-phobia'." He was the first physician to call for the use of face masks in midwifery practice.
When DeLee's critics cited the costs of his proposals such as separate buildings and maternity staffs, DeLee replied, "Nothing compares in value with human life." Despite his concerns about infections, he believed that the hospital was the best place for a birth to be supervised. In a letter to journalist Paul de Kruif, DeLee even wrote that he was "perfectly willing to repeat that general hospitals are cesspools of infections, but only in a medical journal." He did not want such stories appearing in the popular press, as these reports might frighten women.
DeLee was one of the pioneers of filmmaking for the purpose of medical teaching. He authored a paper in the mid-1930s, Sound Motion Pictures in Obstetrics, which described the necessary components of a medical film, including scripts, props, lighting, sound and expert staff members.
Later life and legacy
DeLee was employed with Northwestern University until 1929, when he aligned with the University of Chicago. DeLee authored several editions of Principles and Practice of Obstetrics, which was described as "unequalled in text and illustration." DeLee created Our Baby's First Seven Years, a book that parents could use to record the milestones of infancy and childhood. The book also provided child care advice. More than eight million copies of the book had been sold by 1987.
William S. Kroger, who DeLee successfully revived as a newborn in 1906, graduated from medical school in 1930 and served a residency under DeLee in obstetrics, gynecology and neuroendocrinology. Since his childhood, Kroger had been urged by his mother to follow in the footsteps of the doctor who had saved his life. Kroger became a well-known authority on the use of hypnosis in obstetrics and other medical specialties.
In 1934, the University of Chicago recognized DeLee with its Rosenberger Medal, which is awarded for excellence in research, invention, authorship or other distinctions that benefit humanity. DeLee became an emeritus professor at the University of Chicago in 1935. In May 1936, DeLee appeared on the cover of Time magazine. He died at his Chicago home in April 1942. DeLee never married and he was said to have lived constantly at the hospital. Author Harold Speert wrote, "Despite his wide professional acclaim, DeLee remained a lonely unhappy man, plagued by excessive sensitivity and by the compulsive tendencies of the perfectionist he was."
In 1948, a mothers aid group from the Chicago Maternity Center raised $30,000 to endow a professorship in obstetrics in DeLee's name at the University of Chicago. The board of directors for the Chicago Lying-in Hospital awards the Joseph Bolivar DeLee Humanitarian Award annually to an individual who has made significant contributions to the care of women and children. DeLee's nephew, Sol DeLee, was a Las Vegas obstetrician who wrote several editions of the book Safeguarding Motherhood from the 1940s to 1980s.
During the baby boom, DeLee's prophylactic forceps approach found new life. Busy physicians were often eager to adopt this systematic approach to anesthetized delivery because its efficiency allowed them to care for more patients. By 1968, nearly 40% of the babies born in U.S. hospitals were delivered with forceps. The use of episiotomies also continued to increase throughout DeLee's career and after his death. By the 1970s, 90% of delivering women received an episiotomy. A 1983 study did not support good outcomes with this practice, and by the year 2000, only 20 percent of U.S. deliveries involved an episiotomy.
DeLee has been remembered in published literature as one of two "titans of modern obstetrics". He has been credited with making important advancements in obstetrical care, and he has been criticized for encouraging the liberal use of medications and surgical procedures during childbirth – interventions that carried their own risks – even in cases where childbirth could have proceeded uneventfully.
References
Further reading
Fishbein, Morris and Sol Theron DeLee (1949). Joseph Bolivar DeLee: Crusading Obstetrician. New York: E. P. Dutton.
External links
1869 births
1942 deaths
American obstetricians
Feinberg School of Medicine alumni
Northwestern University faculty
University of Chicago faculty
People from Cold Spring, New York
Physicians from Illinois |
Alfred William Lutter III (born March 21, 1962) is an American entrepreneur, engineer, consultant, and former child actor.
Life and career
Lutter was born on March 21, 1962, in Ridgewood, New Jersey, where he also grew up. He graduated from Ridgewood High School in 1980. Lutter starred along with Ellen Burstyn and Jodie Foster in the 1974 Martin Scorsese film Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore. The TV series Alice was a spin-off of this movie, in which he reprised his role as Alice's son Tommy in the pilot episode but was replaced by Philip McKeon when the series began.
Lutter also appeared as the young version of Woody Allen's character, Boris, in Love and Death; and played the brainy Alfred Ogilvie in the original The Bad News Bears, and its first sequel, The Bad News Bears in Breaking Training. He also starred as Phillip in The Cay, a TV movie about a black Caribbean Islander and a white American boy lost on an island.
Lutter earned a Bachelor of Science in civil engineering from Stanford University in 1984 and a Master of Science in management and engineering from Stanford in 1988. In June 1986, he founded Lutter Consulting, a company providing technology strategy, organizational management, and outsourced software development services. He was also the CTO of Cumulus Media, E*Offering, and Lynda.com.
Filmography
References
Bibliography
.
.
External links
1962 births
20th-century American businesspeople
20th-century American engineers
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American businesspeople
21st-century American engineers
American chief executives in the media industry
American chief technology officers
American consulting businesspeople
American male child actors
American male film actors
American male television actors
American management consultants
American radio executives
American software engineers
American technology chief executives
Businesspeople from California
Businesspeople from New Jersey
Engineers from California
Engineers from New Jersey
Living people
Male actors from New Jersey
People from Ridgewood, New Jersey
People in educational technology
Ridgewood High School (New Jersey) alumni
Stanford University alumni |
Terajima (written: 寺島 or 寺嶋; sometimes read Terashima) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Ken Terajima
Shinobu Terajima (born 1972), Japanese actress
Susumu Terajima (born 1963), Japanese actor
Yuji Terajima (born 1974), Japanese manga artist
Japanese-language surnames |
Munyaradzi Oliver Chawawa (born 29 December 1992) is a British-Zimbabwean actor and comedian.
Early life
Munyaradzi Oliver Chawawa was born on 29 December 1992 in Derby, England, and spent his childhood in Zimbabwe. In his youth, his family returned from Zimbabwe to Framingham Pigot, a village close to Norwich in Norfolk. He studied at Notre Dame High School in Norwich, where he was made head boy. He then went on to the University of Sheffield, earning a BSc degree in psychology in 2014.
Career
Chawawa is known for his development and portrayal of characters such as a posh drill rapper called "Unknown P" and the chef "Jonny Oliver". Chawawa has said that he "created Unknown P as a nod towards the appropriation and false ownership of black culture that often happens in western societies". His comedic influences are John Oliver, Andy Zaltzman and Sacha Baron Cohen.
His popularity grew during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, with the main focus being his 2019 Fire in the Booth freestyle, for the parody news sketches he created. In November 2020, Atlantic Records released his first single, "Piers Morgan", as well as a Daily Duppy on GRM Daily in December. His second single, "Pain au Chocolat" was released in August 2021. He has collaborated with the likes of comedians Mo Gilligan, Michael Dapaah and musicians Unknown T (from whom he derived Unknown P), S1mba, and KSI. In June 2022 he was announced as a contestant for the 14th series of Taskmaster, beginning in October.
Filmography
Television
References
External links
Living people
Alumni of the University of Sheffield
Black British male rappers
Black British male comedians
Comedy YouTubers
English people of Zimbabwean descent
English YouTubers
Music YouTubers
Musicians from Derby
Musicians from Norfolk
People from South Norfolk (district)
1992 births |
"Slow Mover" is a song written and performed by Australian singer Angie McMahon. The song was released in October 2017 as McMahon's debut single and lead from her debut studio album Salt (2019). The song was certified gold in Australia in 2019 and platinum in 2021.
Upon release, McMahon said "'Slow Mover' is a song about putting energy into things that are worthwhile, and taking plenty of time to get to a good place. I'd spent a lot of time pining after love, but at this point my head was shifting, and what I actually wanted and needed was to pursue my music career."
The song polled at number 33 on the Triple J Hottest 100, 2017.
At the APRA Music Awards of 2019, the song was nominated for the "Rock Work of the Year" and "Song of the Year".
Reception
Forte Magazine said "With a deep sound reminiscent of London Grammar, and upbeat summer anthem vibe, this new track is an easy listen."
Joseph Earp from The Brag called the song "an extraordinarily elegant and intelligent song about indecision and the aching desire to be kinder. The song is a stunning work – a compact piece of art, so sharp it could draw blood."
Track listing
Digital download
"Slow Mover" – 3:10
Certifications
Release history
References
2017 songs
2017 debut singles
Angie McMahon songs |
```xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
path_to_url
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-->
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xmlns:android="path_to_url"
android:id="@+id/header1"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="120dip"
android:background="@color/test_red" />
``` |
The Mazda Savanna is a rotary-powered automobile sold by the Japanese manufacturer Mazda between 1971 and 1978. Between 1978 and 1991, spanning two generations, Mazda sold the Savanna replacement as the Mazda Savanna RX-7. Mazda exclusively used the Savanna nameplate in Japan. It was exported as the Mazda RX-3 in its first generation from 1971-1978, and as the Mazda RX-7 in its subsequent generations.
For the original 1971 version of Savanna, Mazda fitted its 10A rotary engine to the Mazda Grand Familia to create a separately marketed product sold in coupé, sedan, and station wagon guises. The engine was upgraded to the larger 12A rotary in the GT model introduced in September 1972, and eventually this became the standard engine across the entire range. Coupé sales accounted for over half of total sales, influencing the design and marketing of the second generation of Savanna. The subsequent two generations, released in 1978 and 1985 respectively, fitted the rotary engines to a unique coupe body that sold internationally as the Mazda RX-7.
The rotary engine had financial advantages to Japanese consumers in that the engine displacement remained below 1.5 litres, a significant determination when paying the Japanese annual road tax which kept the obligation affordable to most buyers, while having more power than the traditional inline engines.
Savanna
Cars powered by Wankel engines
Cars introduced in 1971 |
Kenneth Street may refer to:
Kenneth Street (jurist) (1890–1972), Australian jurist
Kenneth Street Jr. (1920–2006), American chemist |
The basket hap (Mylochromis lateristriga) is a species of cichlid endemic to Lake Malawi where it is found in the southern portion, preferring sheltered bays with sandy or vegetated substrates. This species can reach a length of TL. This species can also be found in the aquarium trade.
References
Basket hap
Fish described in 1864
Taxa named by Albert Günther
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot |
"Moon Water" is one of dances performed by Cloud Gate Dance Theater Theater in Taiwan. Choreographed by Lin Hwai-min, it is the second piece of the “Spiritual Journey” series. This work is inspired by Buddha’s teaching: emptiness like flowers in the mirror or moon in the water. The premier took place at Taipei National Theater, Taipei, Taiwan on November 18, 1998. Cloud Gate Dance Theater was invited to perform this dance during Sydney Olympic Arts Festival on August 19, 2000.
Choreography and Soundtrack
The choreography is composed of movements of Tai chi and Ballet. “Moon Water” reveals the lightness such as touching the water surface as well as power of calmness. This dance attempts to present the cycles of life and the beauty of illusion by utilizing water and mirror. As for the soundtrack, it is the cello solo music by Johann Sebastian Bach during Baroque.
Designers
Lighting: Chang, ChanTao
Stage: Wang, MengChao
Costume Design: Lin, JingZhu
From 1999, Cloud Gate Dance Theater has toured in England twelve times, in which ten visits were invited by Sadler's Wells Theatre, London. During this difficult time of COVID-19 pandemic, almost all theaters have been closed. Sadler’s Wells, presented Streaming video of “Moon Water” from May 15, 2020 to May 22nd 2020 on the Facebook pages of Sadler’s Well and YouTube. The last performance of “Moon Water” was held at its headquarters in Tamshui, Taiwan on November 20, 2016. Cloud Gate has no plan to revive this piece.
References
Asian dances
Contemporary dance
Tai chi
Ballet
Performance art |
Austroposeidon is a genus of titanosaurian sauropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous Presidente Prudente Formation of Brazil. It contains one species, Austroposeidon magnificus (meaning "Magnificent Southern Poseidon").
Discovery and naming
Austroposeidon is known from a single specimen, MCT 1628-R, which consists of portions of the cervical (neck), dorsal (back), and sacral (hip) vertebrae (including a cervical rib and one complete dorsal vertebra). The specimen was discovered in the Campanian-Maastrichtian Presidente Prudente Formation of the Bauru Group by palaeontologist Llewellyn Ivor Price in 1953, but the remains were not described until 2016. The animal was likely preserved by a crevasse splay on a floodplain, judging by the fine sandstone that the specimen was found in. Unfortunately, the site where the specimen was recovered has now been lost to urban development.
The genus name combines austro ("southern", as in South America, from Latin Auster, the southern wind) and poseidon, a reference to the Greek god of earthquakes of the same name. The specific name is the Latin word magnificus ("great, elevated, noble"), referring to the large size of the specimen.
Description
Austroposeidon was a large sauropod, the largest dinosaur discovered in Brazil, with the only known specimen, an adult, having a length of about .
Several traits show that Austroposeidon was a titanosaur; the hyposphene-hypantrum articulations are missing from the vertebrae, the cervical and dorsal vertebrae do not have forked neural spines, and the internal texture of the bone is camellate (punctuated by many small air chambers). The describers determined that Austroposeidon was a new genus based on a number of autapomorphies (traits unique to the known fossils) in the vertebrae: the thirteenth cervical vertebra has columnar centropostzygapophyseal laminae, and its rear centrodiapophyseal lamina splits into two prongs; the first dorsal vertebra has front and back centrodiapophyseal laminae that curve downwards and outwards, and its diapophysis stretches down to the top margin of the centrum; and the frontmost part of the spinoprezygapophyseal laminae forks in the dorsal vertebrae positioned towards the back of the torso. Additionally, Austroposeidon possesses a unique combination of other vertebral traits, not seen elsewhere among titanosaurs.
A CT scan showed that the internal bone texture of the vertebrae possessed concentric, alternating rings of camellate tissue and dense tissue; the describers interpreted these as rings of growth within the bone.
Classification
A phylogenetic analysis in 2016 recovered Austroposeidon as the sister taxon of the Lognkosauria. An updated version was published by Silva et al. (2019), where the only significant changes from the original, based on a redescription of Uberabatitan, was the movement of Uberabatitan and Brasilotitan from Saltasaurinae to Aeolosaurini.
See also
2016 in paleontology
References
Lithostrotians
Campanian life
Maastrichtian life
Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of South America
Cretaceous Brazil
Fossils of Brazil
Paraná Basin
Fossil taxa described in 2016 |
Rogalino () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Świdwin, within Świdwin County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately north-east of Świdwin and north-east of the regional capital Szczecin.
See also
History of Pomerania
References
Rogalino |
Sylvanelater cylindriformis is a species of click beetle in the family Elateridae.
References
Further reading
External links
Elateridae
Beetles described in 1806 |
Kızılören is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Çubuk, Ankara Province, Turkey. Its population is 55 (2022).
References
Neighbourhoods in Çubuk District |
Stephen Earl Shifflett (born January 5, 1966) is a former Major League Baseball pitcher who played for one season. He pitched in 34 games for the Kansas City Royals during the 1992 season.
Shifflett attended but did not play baseball at Pleasant Hill High School in Missouri, instead playing American Legion Baseball. He began his college baseball career at Longview Community College before transferring as a third baseman to Central Missouri. He converted to pitching at Central Missouri but, after one year, could not afford to attend the school and transferred back to Longview. After attending a tryout camp, he accepted an offer to play at Emporia State. In the summer of 1989, he signed with the Kansas City Royals and began a professional baseball career.
References
External links
1966 births
Living people
Baseball players from Kansas City, Missouri
Major League Baseball pitchers
Kansas City Royals players
Emporia State Hornets baseball players
Appleton Foxes players
Colorado Springs Sky Sox players
Iowa Cubs players
Memphis Chicks players
Omaha Royals players
Central Missouri Mules baseball players
Junior college baseball players in the United States |
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``` |
Berthenicourt () is a commune in the department of Aisne in Hauts-de-France in northern France.
Population
See also
Communes of the Aisne department
References
Communes of Aisne
Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia |
Cosley Zoo is an AZA-accredited zoo located in Wheaton, Illinois. It is a facility of the Wheaton Park District and open year-round. The zoo, which is situated on of land, is built on the site of a historic train station and consists of domestic animals, as well as wildlife that is native to Illinois.
The zoo holds various youth-directed programs, including Junior Zookeepers, birthday parties and holiday events.
Local Impact
Cosley Zoo and the Willowbrook Wildlife Center have teamed up in an effort to increase the population of the endangered Blanding's turtle. Eggs are incubated and hatched at the Willowbrook Wildlife Center, where the baby turtles also spend their first year of life. Their second year is spent at Cosley Zoo, and then they are released into the wild. The program has helped to release 2,100 turtles since 1996.
Species list
Birds
American kestrel, Black-crowned night heron, Blue jay, Swedish blue duck, Cayuga duck, Cedar waxwing, Chicken, Common barn owl, Crested duck, Eastern bluebird, Eastern Screech Owl, Great Horned Owl, Hahn's macaw, Hairy Woodpecker, Hermit Thrush, India Blue Peafowl, Indian Runner Duck, Khaki Campbell Duck, Killdeer, North American Wood Duck, Northern Cardinal, Northern Flicker, Northern Pintail Duck, Orpington Duck, Red-tailed Hawk, Redhead Duck, Ringed Turtle Dove, Rose-breasted Grosbeak, Rouen Duck, Sandhill Crane, Tennessee Warbler, Turkey Vulture, Veery, White Pekin Duck
Invertebrates
Chaco Golden Knee Tarantula, Common Walking Stick, Madagascar Hissing Cockroach, Vietnamese Walking Stick
Mammals
African Pygmy Hedgehog, Black Angus Cow, Coyote, Guernsey Cow, Guinea Hog, Himalayan Rabbit, Llama, Miniature Donkey, Montadale Sheep, Norwegian Fjord Horse, Nubian Goat, Raccoon, Red Fox, Shetland Pony, White-tailed Deer
Reptiles
Black Rat Snake, Blanding's turtle, Common bull snake, Eastern Blue-tongued Skink, Eastern Milk Snake, Fox snake, Midland Painted Turtle, Three-toed Box Turtle
History
On November 9, 1973, Paula Jones donated 2.65 acres of land in honor of relative Harvey Cosley. It opened as Cosley's Children's Park and Museum in August 1974. In 1975, the zoo acquired a retired caboose that sat next to the former train station. The zoo gained enough funding to expand by 2 acres in 1976. In the same year, the park changed its name to Cosley Animal Farm and Museum. In 1987, the Vern Keibler Learning Center was completed. The zoo continued adding exhibits and updating old ones to more natural-looking habitats. In 1999, the zoo staff and the Wheaton Park District decided to give the park its current name, Cosley Zoo. In 2000, the Zoo received accreditation by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums. It started its work with the DuPage County Forest Preserve District to rehabilitate Illinois' Blanding's Turtle population in the same year. In 2008, Cosley Zoo worked with an Eagle Scout to turn the old caboose shell into an interactive learning exhibit.
References
External links
Zoos in Illinois
Buildings and structures in Wheaton, Illinois
Tourist attractions in DuPage County, Illinois |
Jan Vencálek (1598-????) was a Bohemian Renaissance-era composer for the lute and voice. Considered one of the masters in arrangement for lutes, Vencálek's compositions were showcased in Prague during the reign of Rudolph II.
External links
Radio Prague.
Official site of the Czech Republic.
Czech classical composers
Czech male composers
Year of death unknown
1598 births |
Tanguiyeh (, also Romanized as Tangū’īyeh and Tangoo’yeh; also known as Tangū and Tangūyeh) is a village in Chahar Gonbad Rural District, in the Central District of Sirjan County, Kerman Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 19, in 6 families.
References
Populated places in Sirjan County |
Gimhae Heo clan () is a Korean clan. This clan traces their origin to King Suro and his legendary Queen Heo Hwang-ok, who are mentioned in the 13th-century Korean chronicle Samguk Yusa. King Suro was the founder of Gaya confederacy. According to a 2015 survey, the population of Gimhae Heo clan is 1,340,688.
The founder of Gimhae Heo clan, a 35th descendant of Queen Heo Hwang-ok and King Suro, was who served in the court of King Munjong of Goryeo. He was appointed as the Prince of Garak / Gaya ().
More than six million present day Koreans, especially from Gimhae Kim, Gimhae Heo clan and Incheon Lee clan (Yi) clans associate their ancestry to royal family of Gaya, and these clans place restrictions on marriage with each other due to the shared ancestors. Today, the Gimhae Kim clan is the largest clan group among them.
The Gimhae Heo clan and Incheon Lee clan, descended from the two sons of King Suro who used their mother's Queen Heo Hwang-ok's surname, instead of their father's. According to Samguk Yusa, Queen Heo Hwang-ok became the wife of King Suro of Geumgwan Gaya at the age of 16, after having arrived in Gaya confederacy in Korea in the year 48 AD by boat from a distant kingdom called "Ayuta", making her the first queen of Geumgwan Gaya. Her native kingdom is believed to be located in India by some, there is however no mention of her in any pre-modern Indian sources. There is a tomb in Gimhae in Korea, that are believed by some to be of King Suro and Queen Heo, and a memorial of Queen Heo Hwang-ok in Hindu holy city of Ayodhya in India.
References
External links |
George Francis Barrett (November 17, 1907 – December 2, 1980) served as Illinois Attorney General from 1941 to 1949.
Biography
George F. Barrett, Jr. hailed from a prominent Chicago family. His father George F. Barrett, Sr. was chief justice of the Cook County (IL) Circuit Court.
References
Lawyers from Chicago
Illinois Attorneys General
Illinois Republicans
1907 births
1980 deaths
20th-century American lawyers
20th-century American politicians |
The Count of Paço de Arcos (), or alternately Count of Paço d'Arcos () was a noble title, instituted by King Carlos I of Portugal on 13 October 1890, in favour of Carlos Eugénio Corrêa da Silva for his naval career and diplomatic service within the Portuguese Empire.
History
Carlos Eugénio was a colonial marine at the age of 18, serving in China, before becoming involved in politics, where he was nominated to post of Governor of Macau and Timor in 1876. His service resulted in his appointment as Viscount of Paço d'Arcos in 1876. Following postings to Mozambique and later India, he returned to Lisbon, where he served as peer-of-the-realm, superintendent of the arsenal, and adjunct to King Luís, before being appointed as Civil Governor of Lisbon. Following his service to the Crown, and being exonerated for his position in Lisbon, Carlos Eugênio was made Count of Paço d'Arcos on 14 October 1890.
List of counts
Carlos Eugénio Corrêa da Silva, 1st Count of Paço de Arcos (1834)
Henrique Paço de Arcos, 2nd Count of Paço de Arcos (1906)
With the fall of the monarchy, Henrique José Maria Roquette Corrêa da Silva, became a pretender to the title.
References
Notes
Sources
Counts of Paço de Arcos
1890 establishments in Portugal |
Maud Martha Cameron (1886–1973) was a teacher and school headmistress of Firbank Church of England Girls' Grammar School, in Australia.
She served as president of the Victorian Association of Headmistresses and acting president of the Headmistresses Association of Australia.
In 1955, she was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (Civil).
Early life and education
Cameron was born in Melbourne in 1886. She was the first of four children of Ewen Cameron, a grazier who later became a member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly, and his wife Emma Harriet, née Nunn, both of whom had been born in Victoria.
Cameron was educated at Presbyterian Ladies' College and the University of Melbourne. She graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1908 and master's degree in education in 1911.
Career
For 43 years, from 1911 to 1954, Cameron was headmistress of Firbank Church of England Girls' Grammar School, in Brighton, a suburb of Melbourne, Australia. During her tenure the school grew from 43 students to over 900 leaving Firbank one of the largest girls' schools in Australia. The founder of the school, Henry Lowther Clarke, wrote "My greatest service to Firbank was the discovery of Miss Cameron... seldom have School and Headmistress been so identified with the other." Prior to her tenure at Firbank she was on the teaching staff of Lauriston Girls' School and Presbyterian Ladies' College.
From 1936 to 1937, Cameron was president of the Victorian Association of Headmistresses. In 1945, she was acting president of the Headmistresses Association of Australia.
References
1886 births
1973 deaths
People from Melbourne
University of Melbourne alumni
Australian Members of the Order of the British Empire
Australian headmistresses
Australian schoolteachers
19th-century Australian women
20th-century Australian women
People educated at the Presbyterian Ladies' College, Melbourne |
Francis Hong Yong-ho (; born 12 October 1906 – death unknown, but acknowledged in June 2013) was a Roman Catholic prelate in North Korea who was imprisoned by the communist regime of Kim Il Sung in 1949 and later disappeared. After his disappearance, he was for many years listed as the Bishop of Pyongyang.
Biography
Born in Pyongyang on 12 October 1906, Francis Hong Yong-ho was ordained to the priesthood on 25 May 1933. Eleven years later, he was appointed the Vicar Apostolic of Heijō and Titular Bishop of Auzia by Pope Pius XII on 24 March 1944. His episcopal ordination took place on 29 June 1944, the principal consecrator being Bishop Bonifatius Sauer, O.S.B., with Bishops and Paul Roh Ki-nam as co-consecrators.
He was imprisoned by the communist regime of Kim Il Sung in 1949 and later disappeared. According to Cardinal Nicolas Cheong Jin-suk, speaking in 2006:
The Vicariate Apostolic of Heijō changed its name to Pyongyang on 12 July 1950, which was elevated to the status of the Diocese of Pyongyang by Pope John XXIII on 10 March 1962, with Francis Hong Yong-ho named as the first bishop of the new diocese.
Disappearance
After being listed as the ordinary of Pyongyang by the Pontifical Yearbook for decades, with the specification that he was to be considered "missing", Hong Yong-ho's death was finally acknowledged by the Holy See in June 2013, although the actual date and place of death is unknown. This decision is connected to the fact that the Catholic Bishops' Conference of Korea have asked the Congregation for the Causes of Saints for the nihil obstat to open the cause of beatification of Bishop Hong.
See also
List of people who disappeared
References
1906 births
Year of death unknown
Place of death unknown
1940s missing person cases
20th-century Roman Catholic bishops in Korea
Enforced disappearances in North Korea
Christian martyrs
Missing people
Missing person cases in Asia
North Korean prisoners and detainees
North Korean Roman Catholic bishops
Bishops in Korea
People from Pyongyang
Prisoners and detainees of North Korea
Roman Catholic bishops of Pyongyang |
General Poole may refer to:
Frederick Poole (1869–1936), British Army major general
Gerald Robert Poole (1868–1937), Royal Marines lieutenant general
Roger C. Poole (born 1936), South Carolina Militia brevet major general |
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