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The International Journal of Eating Disorders is a peer-reviewed medical journal covering the study of eating disorders. It was established in 1981 and is published twelve times per year by John Wiley & Sons. The editor-in-chief is Ruth Striegel Weissman (Wesleyan University). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 4.861, ranking it 27th out of 89 journals in the category "Nutrition & Dietetics".
References
External links
Eating disorders
Psychiatry journals
Clinical psychology journals
Wiley (publisher) academic journals
Academic journals established in 1981
English-language journals
Nutrition and dietetics journals
8 times per year journals |
A co-cathedral is a cathedral church which shares the function of being a bishop's seat, or cathedra, with another cathedral, often in another city (usually a former see, anchor city of the metropolitan area or the civil capital). Instances of this occurred in England before the Protestant Reformation in the dioceses of 'Bath and Wells', and of 'Coventry and Lichfield'. These two dioceses were each named for both cities that served as bishop's seats.
As of March 2020, the Catholic Church had 322 co-cathedrals, mainly in Europe (140 in Italy alone).
Many are former cathedrals, but even if still in use, those often are not granted co-cathedral status.
Often the diocese with one or more co-cathedrals also has a multiple ("hyphenated") name reflecting these, but some have a co-cathedral not mentioned in the title while other former see titles may also be preserved without having a co-cathedral. Sometimes the first-named city does not have the main cathedral (actual see) but boasts another distinction such as being a national capital or having an august ecclesiastical past.
Catholic Europe
Albania
In Albania, the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Tirana-Durrës has a co-cathedral in Durrës, Saint Lucia co-cathedral.
Belgium
In Belgium, the cathedral of the primatial Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Mechelen-Brussels is the Metropolitan St. Rumbold's Cathedral in Mechelen (Malines), the archiepiscopal seat. Its co-cathedral is the Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula in Brussels, the national capital. A third, larger church in Koekelberg (also in Brussels) has the status of minor basilica, without co-cathedral rank, yet it has received papal visits including a papal beatification.
Bulgaria
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Sofia and Plovdiv has, besides the Cathedral of St Louis in Plovdiv, a new co-cathedral of St. Joseph in Sofia.
Croatia
The Metropolitan archbishop of Split-Makarska has, in Split (Dalmatia), the co-cathedral of Saint Peter the Apostle Konkatedrala sv. Petra Apostola, besides his episcopal see, Katedrala Sv. Dujma
The Metropolitan archbishop of Đakovo-Osijek has, in Osijek (Slavonia), the co-cathedral of St Peter and St Paul Crkva svetog Petra i Pavla, besides his episcopal see, Katedrala Bazilika Svetog Petra
Czech Republic
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Ostrava-Opava has a co-cathedral of Our Lady of the Assumption Co-Cathedral in Ostravian-Opavian diocese in Opava besides the Ostrava Savior cathedral.
France
The double-titled bishopric of Aire and Dax has a Co-cathedral of Notre Dame in Dax and a Cathedral of St John the Baptist in Aire
The Archdiocese of Chambéry–Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne–Tarentaise has its cathedral in Chambéry and co–cathedrals in Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne and in Tarentaise
The bishop of Couserans (a see suppressed in the French Revolution) had two co-cathedral churches at Saint-Lizier
The bishop of Sisteron (a see also suppressed) had a second throne in the church of Forcalquier, which is still called La Con-cathédrale.
Germany
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Augsburg has a co-cathedral of Saints Peter and Paul in Dillingen and a cathedral of the Visitation of Holy Mary in Augsburg
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Dresden-Meissen has a co-cathedral of Saint Peter in Bautzen and a cathedral of the Most Holy Trinity in Dresden
The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Munich and Freising has a co-cathedral of Saints Mary and Korbinian in Freising and a cathedral of Our Dear Lady in Munich
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Rottenburg-Stuttgart has a co-cathedral of Saint Eberhard in Stuttgart and a cathedral of Saint Martin in Rottenburg am Neckar.
Hungary
The primatial Metropolitan see of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Esztergom-Budapest has its primary cathedral in the old archiepiscopal seat, the Cathedral Basilica of Esztergom, and a co-cathedral basilica in the national state capital Budapest.
Italy
The Diocese of Adria-Rovigo has a Concattedrale di S. Stefano Papa e Martire Concattedrale dedicated to Martyr Pope Stephen I in Rovigo, which never was a diocese, besides Adria's own Cattedrale di SS. Pietro e Paolo dedicated to Saints Peter and Paul
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Alghero-Bosa (on Sardinia) has a Marian Co-Cathedral Concattedrale di Beata Vergine Immaculata Concattedrale di Beata Vergine Immaculata, in Bosa besides its cathedral episcopal see, the Marian Cattedrale di Beata Maria Vergine Immaculata Concezione, in Alghero
The Diocese of Diocese of Amalfi–Cava de' Tirreni has a Marian Co-Cathedral of the Visitation of Mary in Cava de' Tirreni, besides the cathedral of Apostle Andrew in Amalfi.
The Diocese of Avezzano has its cathedral in that city and a co-cathedral in its former see Pescina
The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Campobasso-Boiano has a
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Lucera-Troia has its cathedral in Lucera, present see; Troia's former cathedral serves as co-cathedral
The Diocese of Melfi–Rapolla–Venosa has a cathedral, a Marian Minor Basilica: Basilica Cattedrale di S. Maria Assunta, at Melfi, and two Co-cathedrals: Concattedrale di S. Andrea in Venosa, and Concattedrale di S. Michele Arcangelo, in Rapolla
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Molfetta-Ruvo-Giovinazzo-Terlizzi has a cathedral in Molfetta and three co-cathedral: in Ruvo, Giovinazzo and Terlizzi
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Pitigliano-Sovana-Orbetello has a cathedral of Peter&Paul in Pitigliano and a co-cathedral of the Assumptio in Orbetello
The Archdiocese of Rossano–Cariati has a Marian Cathedral di Maria SS. Achiropita at Rossano and a Co-Cathedral of the Archangel Michael in Cariati
The Archdiocese of Sant'Angelo dei Lombardi-Conza-Nusco-Bisaccia has its cathedral in Sant'Angelo dei Lombardi and three co-cathedrals in absorbed former bishoprics : Conza di Campania, Nusco and Bisaccia
The Diocese of Teggiano-Policastro has a Co-cathedral of the Assumption in Policastro Bussentino and a Marian cathedral of S. Maria Maggiore e S. Michele Arcangelo, in Teggiano
The Diocese of Termoli-Larino has its cathedral in Termoli and a co-cathedral in Larino
...
Malta
The metropolitan cathedral of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Malta is St. Paul's Cathedral in the former capital Mdina. Since the 1820s, the former Conventual Church of St. John in Valletta has been known as St. John's Co-Cathedral.
Poland
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Koszalin-Kołobrzeg has a cathedral in Koszalin and a co-cathedral in Kołobrzeg
The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Szczecin-Kamień has a cathedral of James the Elder in Szczecin and a co-cathedral of John the Baptist in Kamień; the same goes for both its suffragans :
the Roman Catholic Diocese of Zielona Góra-Gorzów has a cathedral of the Virgi Mary in Zielona Góra and a co-cathedral of St. Jadwiga in Gorzów
the Roman Catholic Diocese of Zamość-Lubaczów has a cathedral of the Resurrection and St. Thomas the Apostle in Zamość and a co-cathedral of St. Stanislaus in Lubaczów
Slovakia
Co-Cathedral of St. Nicholas, Prešov
Spain
The Diocese of Calahorra y La Calzada-Logroño has a Co-Cathedral of St Mary in Logroño besides its Cathedral of the Assumption of Our Lady in Calahorra and Cathedral of the Saviour and St Mary of Santo Domingo de la Calzada.
The Diocese of Coria-Cáceres has a Co-Cathedral of St Mary in Cáceres besides its Cathedral of the Assumption of Our Lady in Coria.
The Diocese of Guadix-Baza has a Co-Cathedral of Our Lady of the Incarnation (es) in Baza besides its Cathedral of the Incarnation in Guadix.
The Archdiocese of Mérida-Badajoz has a Co-Cathedral of Saint Mary Major in Mérida besides its Cathedral of St John the Baptist in Badajoz.
The Diocese of Mondoñedo-Ferrol has a Co-Cathedral of St Martin in Ferrol beside its Cathedral Basilica of the Assumption of Our Lady in Mondoñedo.
The Diocese of Orihuela-Alicante has a Co-Catedral of St Nicholas of Bary in Alicante besides its Cathedral of the Saviour and St Mary in Orihuela.
The Diocese of Osma-Soria has a Co-Cathedral of St Peter in Soria besides its Cathedral of the Assumption of Our Lady in Burgo de Osma.
The Diocese of Segorbe-Castellón has a Co-Cathedral os St Mary in Castellón de la Plana besides its Cathedral of the Assumption of Our Lady in Segorbe.
The Diocese of Sigüenza-Guadalajara has a Co-Cathedral of Santa María de la Fuente la Mayor in Guadalajara besides its Cathedral of St Mary in Sigüenza.
The Diocese of Tui-Vigo has a Co-Cathedral of St Mary in Vigo besides its Cathedral of St Mary in Tui.
Ukraine
Latin Diocese of Kyiv-Zhytomyr has a Co-Cathedral of St. Alexander, Kyiv, besides the Cathedral of St. Sophia, in Zhytomyr.
Latin diocese of Kharkiv-Zaporizhzhia has a Co-Cathedral of the Merciful Father, Zaporizhzhia, besides the Cathedral of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Kharkiv
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Odesa-Simferopol plans a co-cathedral in Simferopol, on Crimea, besides its Odesa cathedral, but suspended building plans after the Russian annexation
Catholic Asia
Indonesia
The Diocese of Sibolga has a co-Cathedral named The Lady of All Nations in Gunungsitoli, Nias, besides the Cathedral of Therese of Lisieux in Sibolga.
India
The Diocese of Simla and Chandigarh has a co-Cathedral, Christ the King Cathedral, at Chandigarh, which never was a diocese, besides the cathedral episcopal see of St. Michael and St. Joseph in Shimla, the capital of Himachal Pradesh state.
After the merger of the ecclesiastical provinces of Madras and Mylapore in 1952 to form the Archdiocese of Madras-Mylapore. The cathedral of the former Mylapore province was given Co-cathedral standard and is now known as St Mary's Co-Cathedral.
Japan
The co-Cathedral The Basilica of the Twenty-Six Holy Martyrs of Japan, in Nagasaki also known as Ōura Cathedral, a World Heritage Site, and the oldest church in Japan. Nearby is the Immaculate Conception Cathedral, also known as Urakami Cathedral.
Korea
The Archdiocese of Daegu has, besides the Kyesan Cathedral, a new co-cathedral, Beomeo Cathedral.
The Diocese of Suwon has a cathedral of Korean Martyrs in Jeongjadong and a co-cathedral of Queen of Peace in Jowon-dong
Philippines
The Archdiocese of Lingayen-Dagupan has a cathedral in Dagupan, Pangasinan and the original cathedral, now co-cathedral, the Epiphany of Our Lord Parish Church in Lingayen.
Syria
The Melkite Greek Catholic Archeparchy of Homs has in Yabrud (one of the two former eparchs which were title united with the diocese) the co-cathedral of Saints Constantine and Helen, besides its Cathedral of Our Lady of Peace in Homs.
Asian Turkey
The Apostolic Vicariate of Anatolia has a Co-Cathedral of St. Anthony of Padua, in Mersin, besides the Marian episcopal see Cathedral of the Annunciation, in İskenderun (Alexandria).
Catholic Africa
Egypt
The Latin Apostolic Vicariate of Alexandria had a St. Catherine cathedral in Alexandria and two co-cathedrals: the former cathedrals of the merged-in apostolic vicariates of Heliopolis of Egypt (Our Lady, in that Cairo suburb) and of Port Said (Our Lady and St. Michael in that Sinai Canal port).
Ghana
The Diocese of Keta–Akatsi has its co-cathedral at first-named Keta, the cathedral is in second-named Akatsi.
Catholic Central America and Antilles
Belize
Our Lady of Guadalupe Co-Cathedral in Belmopan is the diocesan co-cathedral of Belize City-Belmopan since the national capital was shifted to Belmopan, which was added to the bishopric's title, but the see and Holy Redeemer Cathedral remained in former capital Belize City.
Guatemala
The Metropolitan Archdiocese of Los Altos Quetzaltenango-Totonicapán has a Cocatedral, San Miguel Arcángel, in Totonicapán, besides the episcopal see Catedral del Espíritu Santo, in Quetzaltenango.
The diocese of Zacapa y Santo Cristo de Esquipulas has catedral San Pedro (dedicated to saint Peter), in Zacapa and a virtual Co-cathedral, Basílica del Cristo Negro de Esquipulas, which is officially still the cathedral of the (absorbed) Territorial Prelature of Santo Cristo de Esquipulas.
Martinique
The Metropolitan Archdiocese of Fort-de-France–Saint-Pierre has a co-cathedral Co-cathédrale Notre Dame de l’Assomption, in Saint-Pierre, besides the cathedral Cathédrale Saint-Louis, in Fort-de-France.
Catholic South America
Brazil
The bishop of Primavera do Leste–Paranatinga has a Co-Cathedral São Francisco Xavier, in Paranatinga, besides its episcopal see Catedral São Cristóvão, in Primavera do Leste.
Peru
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Tacna and Moquegua has a St. Dominic Co-cathedral in Moquegua besides its Our Lady of the Rosary Cathedral in Tacna.
Uruguay
The Armenian Catholic Apostolic Exarchate of Latin America and Mexico has a Cathedral Catedral Armênia São Gregório Iluminador, in São Paulo, Brazil and a Co-Cathedral Nuestra Señora de Bzommar, in Montevideo, Uruguay,
Catholic Oceania
Australia
The Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Saint Maron of Sydney has Our Lady of Lebanon Co-Cathedral in Harris Park, New South Wales, besides St. Maron's Cathedral, Sydney.
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Wollongong has St John Vianney Co-Cathedral in Fairy Meadow, New South Wales.
Papua New Guinea
The Archdiocese of Rabaul has besides its episcopal see -a cathedral in Vunapope- St Francis Xavier's Co-Cathedral, in the national capital Rabaul.
Polynesia
The Archdiocese of Samoa-Apia Co-Cathedral is Our Lady of the Rosary at Siusega, together with the Cathedral of the Immaculate Heart in the capital, Apia in Upolu.
The Diocese of Samoa–Pago Pago has a Co-Cathedral of St. Joseph the Worker in Fagatogo besides the Cathedral of the Holy Family in Tafuna, on Tutuila Island
United Kingdom
Church of England
Prior to the Protestant Reformation, the dioceses of 'Bath and Wells' and 'Coventry and Lichfield' were the only co-cathedrals in England.
Only one diocese of the Church of England has co-cathedrals; in the Anglican Diocese of Leeds there are three co-cathedrals, Ripon, Bradford and Wakefield. The Diocese of Leeds was formed in 2014 by the merger of the former Anglican dioceses of Bradford, Ripon, and Wakefield, with all three former diocesan cathedrals given co-equal status in the new diocese.
In the case of York the collegiate churches of Beverley, Ripon and Southwell were almost in the same position, but although the archbishop had a stall in each, he had no diocesan cathedra in them. The chapters were not united with that of the metropolitan church in the direct government of the diocese, or the election of the archbishop, nor had they those other rights which were held to denote the cathedral character of a church.
Scottish Episcopal Church
The Diocese of Argyll and The Isles of the Scottish Episcopal Church has two co-cathedrals: St John's Cathedral, Oban and Cathedral of The Isles, Millport, Cumbrae. It is the only diocese to have more than one cathedral.
North America
Catholic Church
In the United States, there are several instances in which a Roman Catholic diocese maintains two episcopal see cities, each with its own cathedral or co-cathedral. Examples include:
the Cathedral of Saint Paul and the Basilica of Saint Mary in the Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis (Minnesota).
the Archdiocese of Galveston–Houston (Texas),.
the Archdiocese of Anchorage-Juneau (Alaska).
the Diocese of Altoona–Johnstown (Pennsylvania).
the Diocese of Fort Wayne–South Bend (Indiana).
the Diocese of Great Falls–Billings (Montana).
the Diocese of Houma–Thibodaux (Louisiana).
the Diocese of Kansas City–Saint Joseph (Missouri).
the Diocese of Pensacola–Tallahassee (Florida).
the Diocese of Springfield–Cape Girardeau (Missouri).
the Diocese of Wheeling–Charleston (West Virginia).
the Diocese of Winona–Rochester (Minnesota).
In some cases the co-cathedrals are in different municipalities, but the diocese's name does not reflect the dual cathedral status. For example:
the Diocese of Trenton (New Jersey) the cathedral, St. Mary of the Assumption in Trenton, and the co-cathedral, St. Robert Bellarmine in Freehold,
the Melkite Greek Catholic Eparchy of Newton with its co-cathedrals, the Annunciation Melkite Catholic Cathedral in Boston, Massachusetts on the East Coast and the St. Anne Melkite Catholic Cathedral (North Hollywood, California) on the West Coast.
There are also three instances in the United States in which a cathedral and its co-cathedral are in the same city. This usually occurs when a historically important cathedral becomes too small to serve a growing population, and a larger co-cathedral is constructed to accommodate larger services. Examples include:
The Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of Peace and the Co-Cathedral of Saint Theresa of the Child Jesus in the Diocese of Honolulu, Hawaii.
The Cathedral of Mary Our Queen and the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary (originally the cathedral and now the co-cathedral) in the Archdiocese of Baltimore, Maryland.
The Cathedral Basilica of St. James and the Co-Cathedral of St. Joseph in the Diocese of Brooklyn, New York.
Examples in Canada are:
The Archdiocese of Halifax-Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, has the absorbed diocese's former see, St. Ambrose Co-Cathedral in Yarmouth, besides the Metropolitan's own cathedral minor basilica, St. Mary's Cathedral Basilica in Halifax.
The Cathedral of Saint-Jean-l'Évangéliste and the Co-Cathedral of Saint-Antoine-de-Padoue in the Diocese of Saint-Jean-Longueuil, Quebec.
Our Lady of Assumption Co-Cathedral in the former Gravelbourg Diocese, and the Holy Rosary Cathedral (Regina, Saskatchewan) both now in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Regina, in the Province of Saskatchewan.
The Holy Family Cathedral and St. Paul's Cathedral in the Diocese of Saskatoon, Saskatchewan.
Episcopal Church (United States)
In the Episcopal Church in the United States, the Diocese of Iowa and the Diocese of Minnesota each have two cathedrals, both located in different cities; however, they are not styled "co-cathedrals." The Diocese of Lexington maintains a second cathedral of the Cathedral Church of St. George the Martyr at their Cathedral Domain conference center and camp in Irvine, Kentucky, but they do not use the term "co-cathedral" to describe it.
See also
Pro-cathedral
List of the Catholic cathedrals of the United States
References
History of cathedrals
Types of church buildings |
Beltzhoover is a neighborhood in southern Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in an area known as the South Hills.
The area is named for Melchior Beltzhoover who was a tradesman there in the early 19th century. The community borders McKinley Park. The neighborhood lies in the 18th ward and is predominantly an African-American neighborhood. The area has commonly been referred as up and coming, due to fact that the crime rate has decreased tremendously over the past 10 years.
The neighborhood is currently the subject of a revitalization effort by local organizations, such as the Beltzhoover Consensus Group, the Hilltop Housing Initiative, and the Urban Redevelopment Authority. In hopes to reestablish the business districts, maintain current homeowners and create new homeowners by rehabbing current vacant homes. The Beltzhoover School, 60,000 sq ft, was recently purchased by the BCG and will be renovated in the next several years to boost the economy of Beltzhoover.
Surrounding neighborhoods
Beltzhoover has four Pittsburgh neighborhood borders, including Mount Washington to the north and west, Allentown to the upper east, Knoxville to the mid and lower east, and Bon Air to the south and southwest.
See also
List of Pittsburgh neighborhoods
References
Further reading
External links
Beltzhoover Neighborhood Map
Beltzhoover Neighborhood
Neighborhoods in Pittsburgh |
David Alan Smith may refer to:
David A. Smith (computer scientist) (born 1957), American computer scientist and entrepreneur
David Alan Smith (actor) (born 1959), American actor and writer |
```javascript
/**
*
* This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
* LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
*
* @flow strict-local
* @format
* @oncall draft_js
*/
'use strict';
import type DraftEditor from 'DraftEditor.react';
const UserAgent = require('UserAgent');
const onBeforeInput = require('editOnBeforeInput');
const onBlur = require('editOnBlur');
const onCompositionStart = require('editOnCompositionStart');
const onCopy = require('editOnCopy');
const onCut = require('editOnCut');
const onDragOver = require('editOnDragOver');
const onDragStart = require('editOnDragStart');
const onFocus = require('editOnFocus');
const onInput = require('editOnInput');
const onKeyDown = require('editOnKeyDown');
const onPaste = require('editOnPaste');
const onSelect = require('editOnSelect');
const isChrome = UserAgent.isBrowser('Chrome');
const isFirefox = UserAgent.isBrowser('Firefox');
const selectionHandler: (e: DraftEditor) => void =
isChrome || isFirefox ? onSelect : (e: DraftEditor) => {};
const DraftEditorEditHandler = {
onBeforeInput,
onBlur,
onCompositionStart,
onCopy,
onCut,
onDragOver,
onDragStart,
onFocus,
onInput,
onKeyDown,
onPaste,
onSelect,
// In certain cases, contenteditable on chrome does not fire the onSelect
// event, causing problems with cursor positioning. Therefore, the selection
// state update handler is added to more events to ensure that the selection
// state is always synced with the actual cursor positions.
onMouseUp: selectionHandler,
onKeyUp: selectionHandler,
};
module.exports = DraftEditorEditHandler;
``` |
Peter Byaruhanga (born 18 August 1979) is a Ugandan former professional soccer player, active primarily in the United States, who played as a striker.
Personal life
Byaruhanga was born in Kampala, Uganda and holds dual American-Ugandan citizenship.
Career
College career
Byaruhanga played for the UAB Blazers in the 1998 and 1999 seasons.
Professional career
In February 2000, the Kansas City Wizards selected Byaruhanga in the second round of the 2000 MLS SuperDraft. He made six appearances for the Wizards over two seasons. In May 2000, the Wizards sent Byaruhanga on loan to the Raleigh Express for five games. In 2001, he went on loan to the Atlanta Silverbacks. On June 18, 2001, the Wizards waived Byaruhanga. On July 6, 2001, he signed with the Richmond Kickers. In 2002, he played for both the Cincinnati Riverhawks and the Carolina Dynamo of the USL D3-Pro League. In 2009, he played for Rocket City United.
References
External links
1979 births
Living people
American people of Ugandan descent
Atlanta Silverbacks FC players
Sporting Kansas City players
North Carolina Fusion U23 players
Major League Soccer players
Raleigh Express players
Richmond Kickers players
UAB Blazers men's soccer players
Ugandan men's footballers
Ugandan expatriate men's footballers
USL Second Division players
A-League (1995–2004) players
Sporting Kansas City draft picks
Cincinnati Riverhawks players
Men's association football forwards
Ugandan expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Rocket City United players
National Premier Soccer League players
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States
Footballers from Kampala |
Maksim Aleksandrovich Belyayev (; born 30 September 1991) is a Russian professional footballer. He plays as a centre-back for Leningradets.
Club career
He made his debut in the Russian Premier League for FC Lokomotiv Moscow on 19 July 2009 when he replaced Dmitry Sennikov during the game against FC Amkar Perm.
After leaving Arsenal Tula as a free agent at the end of the 2020–21 season and missing the first 6 games of the 2021–22 Russian Premier League, he returned to Arsenal on 6 September 2021 and signed a new two-year contract with the club.
International
On 11 March 2019, he was called up to the Russia national football team for the Euro 2020 qualifiers against Belgium on 21 March 2019 and Kazakhstan on 24 March 2019.
He made his debut for the team on 19 November 2019 in a UEFA Euro 2020 qualifier against San Marino.
Career statistics
Club
Notes
References
External links
1991 births
People from Ozyory, Moscow Oblast
Living people
Russian men's footballers
Russia men's youth international footballers
Russia men's under-21 international footballers
Russia men's international footballers
Men's association football defenders
FC Lokomotiv Moscow players
FC Dynamo Bryansk players
FC Torpedo Vladimir players
FC Rostov players
FC Shinnik Yaroslavl players
FC Arsenal Tula players
FC Leningradets Leningrad Oblast players
Russian Premier League players
Russian First League players
Footballers from Moscow Oblast |
Athletics at the 2014 Pan American Sports Festival took place from August 15 to 16, 2014. The event was held at the Estadio Jesús Martínez "Palillo" in Mexico City, Mexico. A total of 34 events were contested, 17 by men and 17 by women. There were no road races, no relays, and no combined events.
The winner of each competition qualifies automatically for the 2015 Pan American Games in Toronto.
Medal summary
The results and medal winners were published.
Men
Women
Three competitors entered the pole vault but Mexico's Martha Olimpia Villalobos failed to record a valid height.
Medal table
Participation
According to an unofficial count, 270 athletes from 36 countries participated.
(2)
(6)
(1)
(5)
(2)
(2)
(14)
(10)
(16)
(2)
(40)
(3)
(5)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(35)
(46)
(1)
(5)
(7)
(4)
(9)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(4)
(19)
(3)
(4)
References
Athletics
2014 Pan American Sports Festival
2014 Pan American Sports Festival
Pan American Sports Festival
Pan American Sports Festival |
Glyphodes royalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Hubert Marion in 1954. It is found in Guinea.
References
Moths described in 1954
Glyphodes |
The boys' 56 kg weightlifting event was the first men's event at the weightlifting competition at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics, with competitors limited to a maximum of 56 kilograms of body mass.
Each lifter performed in both the snatch and clean and jerk lifts, with the final score being the sum of the lifter's best result in each. The athlete received three attempts in each of the two lifts; the score for the lift was the heaviest weight successfully lifted.
Results
External links
Results_Book p.12
olympedia.org
Weightlifting at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics |
The orange-spotted emerald (Oxygastra curtisii) is a dragonfly in the family Corduliidae. It is the only species in its genus.
The orange-spotted emerald is about long. It has bright green eyes and a bronzy-green body with yellow spots along the top of the abdomen. The last segment of the abdomen (S10) has a prominent yellow mark on the upper surface.
The species occurs in much of Europe but is regionally extinct in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. Its habitat is slow flowing streams, pools and ponds.
Status in Britain
This species was only ever known from two areas in southern England, one around the River Stour and Moors River in east Dorset, where the species was recorded from 1820 to 1963, and the other on the River Tamar in Devon where the species was recorded in 1946 only. It went extinct due to sewage pollution in rivers.
Habitat
This species lives in fresh water streams and rivers, with muddy or sandy beds. Where it lives today, it is still continually threatened by poor water quality. The nymphs are found on the banks of rivers, where they hide amongst leaf litter. Despite being regionally extinct in the UK and the Netherlands, they are still widespread throughout Europe,
References
4. Wildlife and countryside. https://www.wcl.org.uk/wanted-the-orange-spotted-emerald-stolen-from-future-generations.asp. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
Dragonflies of Europe
Corduliidae
Habitats Directive Species |
Guataquí is a municipality and town of Colombia in the department of Cundinamarca.
Municipalities of Cundinamarca Department |
Freedom is an American science fiction television series that aired on the UPN network from October 27 to December 22, 2000. There were 13 episodes filmed, including the original pilot, but only 9 episodes were aired in the United States.
Plot
After war breaks out in the Middle East, combined with an economic downturn that causes mass unemployment and homelessness in America, the President of the United States travels extensively to resolve the matter but Air Force One crashes and the President is presumed dead. The United States is taken over by the US military in what becomes an invisible coup, and the faction label themselves the "Regime". Four military personnel, from different sections of the uniformed services are arrested for unknown charges - one later reveals he was ordered to assassinate the President and refused, resulting in false charges being brought against him - and remanded to prison, where they are later freed by unknown rebels. The four join up with a wider resistance movement against the military government in order to restore the Constitution and bring freedom back to the people.
Cast
Holt McCallany as Owen Decker
Scarlett Chorvat as Becca Shaw
Bodhi Elfman as Londo Pearl
Darius McCrary as James Barrett
Georg Stanford Brown as Walter Young
James Morrison as Colonel Tim Devon
Françoise Yip as Jin
Nigel Johnson as Billy
Production
The original pilot was reshot with the eventual series cast.
Episodes
Broadcast
The episodes that were unaired in the United States aired internationally, and the full series is still occasionally broadcast in Brazil. Sci-Fi Channel began airing reruns of the show in 2006. The unaired episodes would be aired for the first time in America in 2008.
References
External links
2000s American science fiction television series
Military science fiction
2000 American television series debuts
2000 American television series endings
Television series by Warner Bros. Television Studios
Dystopian television series
UPN original programming |
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Brian Mitchell is a musical artist who records and performs his own original music. He has also worked with artists such as Levon Helm & The Midnight Ramble Band, Bob Dylan, BB King, Al Green, Dolly Parton, Buster Poindexter, and Allen Toussaint. Mitchell has appeared on five Grammy Award-winning recordings, three with Levon Helm, and one each with BB King and with Les Paul. In 2015, Brian was inducted into the New York Blues Hall Of Fame. He is known to have versatility on piano, Hammond B-3 organ, accordion, various vintage keyboards and harmonica, plus his distinct vocal stylings.
Mitchell is a native New Yorker and is a part of Manhattan's competitive live music scene. Known for kicking out high-energy performances, Mitchell's own original music features a unique blend of gutbucket blues, funky New Orleans style R& B, quirky Latin rhythms, and occasional visits into outer space.
Brian is currently performing throughout the country with The Weight, former members of The Band & The Levon Helm Midnight Ramble celebrating the music of The Band. He performs much of his original music with "The Brian Mitchell Band" as well as with his accordion power trio "Fatboy Kanootch" with Clark Gayton on tuba. He also performs funky electronica music with "House OF Diablo" featuring Shawn Pelton on drums and electronic percussion at various nightclubs and performance spaces around New York City.
Brian's work as a composer has been featured in TV, film, and theatre. His original music with “House Of Diablo” was featured in the Robert Altman movie “Tanner On Tanner”. His blues piano stylings were used in Bill Sims music for August Wilson's Broadway play “8 Pianos”. Brian also cowrote the music for the AMC TV series "Hell On Wheels" with Marc Copely and James Dolan and recently, the song “Step Away” written by Brian and Christine Santelli was included on Bettye LaVette's Grammy nominated CD “Worthy”.
Brian has made frequent TV appearances including performances on “The Late Show with David Letterman”, “Late Night with Conan O’Brien”, and "The Tonight Show" appearing with artists such as Dolly Parton, Dwight Yoakam, and Rosanne Cash. He has made an appearance on the soap opera “One Life To Live” as a mysterious piano man in the local hotel bar. Brian's accordion can be heard throughout Bob Dylan's version of the Dean Martin chestnut “Return To Me" on the HBO series "The Sopranos". Other special collaborations include accompanying actor Christopher Walken on accordion in the movie “Search and Destroy” and playing piano with Amy Helm in the Vera Farmiga directed film "Higher Ground".
Brian performed with Levon Helm in the Grammy award-winning DVD "Live At The Ryman" along with Robert Plant, Steve Earle, Emmylou Harris, Buddy Miller, and Sheryl Crow. On the PBS show "The Love For Levon Concert", he can be seen performing with Roger Waters, Gregg Allman & Warren Haynes, John Mayer, John Hiatt, John Prine, Mavis Staples, Lucinda Williams, Jakob Dylan, Dierks Bentley, Eric Church, and My Morning Jacket. On April 22, 2017, Brian performed on PBS once again with The Weight Band on "Live At The Infinity" and in November 2017, Brian appeared at The Woodland Festival in Namsos, Norway as the featured accordionist. In December 2017, Brian appeared at the 37th annual John Lennon Tribute at The Symphony Space performing the music of The Beatles "Sergeant Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band with Fatboy Kanootch.
His unique approach to performing and recording in the studio was the subject of a feature article in Keyboard Magazine. Subsequently, Brian has written various articles about his approach to performance as well as doing an interview with Allen Toussaint.
Recently, Mitchell released World Gone Mad as a member of The Weight Band. The project features contributions from Levon Helm, Jackie Greene and Stan Szelest.
References
External links
Bio on Levon Helm's website
"The Saint of New Orleans Piano" by Brian Mitchell. Interview of musician Allen Toussaint in Keyboard Magazine, November 2006.
Living people
American keyboardists
American accordionists
21st-century accordionists
Year of birth missing (living people) |
Cleptometopus invitticollis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1958.
References
invitticollis
Beetles described in 1958 |
Charles Herbert Woolery (born March 16, 1941) is an American game show host, talk show host, actor and musician. He has had long-running tenures hosting several game shows. Woolery was the original host of Wheel of Fortune (1975–1981), the original incarnation of Love Connection (1983–1994), Scrabble (1984–1990, and during a brief revival in 1993), Greed on Fox from 1999 to 2000, and Lingo on Game Show Network from 2002 to 2007. Woolery's musical career includes several advertising jingles, a top-40 pop hit with the psychedelic pop duo The Avant-Garde, and a number of country music releases.
Early life
Woolery was born in Ashland, Kentucky, on March 16, 1941.
Career
U.S. Navy
After graduating from high school, he served two years in the United States Navy. In 1963, Woolery worked as a wine consultant for Wasserstrom Wine and Import Company in Columbus, Ohio. He was also a sales representative for Pillsbury.
Music career
In the early 1960s, he sang and played the double bass with a folk song trio called The Bordermen. He also sang in a duo called The Avant-Garde who were in the psychedelic pop genre. The other half of the duo was Bubba Fowler. They signed to Columbia Records and had a Top 40 hit with "Naturally Stoned" in 1968, bringing the duo one-hit wonder status. During this time, he worked as a truck driver to supplement his income. They released three singles.
As a solo artist, he released five records with Columbia. After 1970, he signed with RCA and released "Forgive My Heart". In 1971, another single "Love Me, Love Me" failed to make any impact. He then turned to acting.
In the late 1970s, he returned to his singing career. Woolery charted on Hot Country Songs with "Painted Lady" and "The Greatest Love Affair". Between 1977 and 1980, Woolery recorded for Warner Bros. Records and Epic Records as a solo artist, with two low-charting singles on Hot Country Songs. Woolery also co-wrote "The Joys of Being a Woman" on Tammy Wynette's 1971 album We Sure Can Love Each Other.
Acting and television show host
As an actor, Woolery appeared with Stephen Boyd, Rosey Grier, and Cheryl Ladd in the mid-1970s film The Treasure of Jamaica Reef. He appeared as himself in the 1989 film Cold Feet that starred Keith Carradine and Rip Torn.
Woolery performed as Mr. Dingle on the children's television series New Zoo Revue in the early 1970s. During that time, he made his first game show appearance on an episode of Tattletales in 1974, alongside then-wife Jo Ann Pflug. Starting as a singer, Woolery appeared on an episode of Your Hit Parade. On January 6, 1975, he began hosting Wheel of Fortune at the suggestion of creator Merv Griffin, who had seen Woolery sing on The Tonight Show. Woolery hosted the show for six years. In 1981, he was involved in a salary dispute with the program's producers; he said in a 2007 interview that he demanded a raise from $65,000 a year to about $500,000 a year because the program was drawing a 44 share at the time, and other hosts (such as Richard Dawson and Bob Barker) were making that much. Griffin offered Woolery $400,000 a year, and NBC offered to pay the additional $100,000, but after Griffin threatened to move the program to CBS, NBC withdrew the offer. Woolery's contract was not renewed and his final episode aired on December 25, 1981. Pat Sajak replaced him.
Woolery hosted Love Connection (1983–1994), The Big Spin (1985), Scrabble (1984–1990, 1993), Home & Family (1996–1998, co-host), The Dating Game (1997–1999), Greed (1999–2000), TV Land Ultimate Fan Search (1999–2000) and Lingo (2002–2007). In addition, he was the subject of a short-lived reality television, Chuck Woolery: Naturally Stoned (originally titled Chuck Woolery: Behind the Lingo) in 2003. He also hosted his own talk show, The Chuck Woolery Show, which lasted for only a few months in 1991. He hosted The Price Is Right Live! at Harrah's Entertainment casinos, and appeared in the live stage show "$250,000 Game Show Spectacular" at the Westgate Las Vegas until April 2008.
On April 21, 2023, it was announced that Woolery would be featured in an upcoming four-episode documentary by ABC News titled The Game Show Show, covering the history of game shows in America over the last eight decades. The four-part documentary premiered on May 10, 2023.
Radio and podcast host
From 2012 to 2014, Woolery hosted a nationally syndicated radio commentary show, Save Us Chuck Woolery, which grew out of his YouTube videos. In 2014, the show became a long-format podcast, and was retitled Blunt Force Truth. However, the show can still be heard on about 60 radio stations across the country. With co-host Mark Young, Woolery expands on his conservative political ideals and current events, often inviting guest experts to join the conversation.
Political views
Woolery has spoken in favor of American conservatism. He is an active supporter of the Republican Party, and has mainly donated to Republican and conservative causes. He is a gun rights activist.
Woolery was accused of antisemitism after a series of tweets in May 2017, including this message: "Believe it or not. Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin were both Jewish. I was shocked to find, most of the original Soviet Communists were Jewish." The claim that communism is Jewish in origin forms the core of the antisemitic canard called Judeo-Bolshevism. The tweet led to accusations of antisemitism against Woolery. In response to the criticism, Woolery tweeted: "Amazing to me, I point out that Marx and Lenin were Jewish, Fact [sic] of history, and now I'm being called anti-Semitic? why do people do this?"
On July 12, 2020, Woolery tweeted that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, doctors, the media, and Democratic Party were lying about the COVID-19 pandemic. Then-president Donald Trump retweeted Woolery's claims. The following day, Woolery tweeted that his son had tested positive for the virus and that the "COVID-19 pandemic is real". His Twitter account was later made private before later being made again public.
Personal life
Woolery is a Christian who volunteers in ministry. He has been married four times and is the father of five children. Woolery and his first wife, Margaret Hayes, had two children together, Katherine and Chad. Chad was killed in a motorcycle accident in January 1986. In 1972, he married actress Jo Ann Pflug and they divorced in 1980. They had a daughter together, Melissa. With third wife Teri Nelson, who is the adopted daughter of actor David Nelson and granddaughter of Ozzie and Harriet Nelson, he has two sons, Michael and Sean. In 2006, Woolery married Kim Barnes.
Filmography
Acting
Television/Radio
Discography
Singles
See also
List of game show hosts
References
External links
Chuck Woolery Signature Products website
Political podcast co-hosted by Chuck Woolery
1941 births
Living people
American Christians
American conspiracy theorists
American country singer-songwriters
American game show hosts
American gun rights activists
American male singer-songwriters
American male television actors
American podcasters
American male pop singers
American rockabilly musicians
American television talk show hosts
Country musicians from Kentucky
Kentucky Republicans
Musicians from Appalachia
Musicians from Ashland, Kentucky
Paul G. Blazer High School alumni
People from Ashland, Kentucky
Singer-songwriters from Kentucky
Wheel of Fortune (franchise) |
The Field of Stars () is a 2007 Spanish drama film written and directed by Mario Camus which stars Álvaro de Luna, Marián Aguilera, José Manuel Cervino, Antonio de la Torre, Rodolfo Sancho, and Mari González. It is Camus' swan song.
Plot
Set in rural Cantabria, the plot tracks several intertwined stories, including an elder man (Alfonso) paying visits to Nanda, who lives in a geriatric centre and the budding cycling talent of young Martín (brother of Luisa, an independent woman and social worker in the aforementioned geriatric centre who falls romantically for Ramiro, a mechanic). Martín is helped by Alfonso and his pal Tasio in order to fulfill his potential.
Cast
Production
The screenplay was penned by Mario Camus. The film was produced by Cre-Acción Films alongside 2 y 4 Films and Proverfilms. Filming began on 16 October 2006 and wrapped in December 2006. Shooting locations included Cantabria (Comillas, Santander, Torrelavega, Valderredible, Cabuérniga, portillo de Lunada, and ) and the Province of Palencia (comarca of Aguilar de Campoo).
Release
The film was selected for screening at the official selection of the 52nd Valladolid International Film Festival, where it premiered on 1 November 2007. It was theatrically released in Spain on 11 January 2008.
Reception
Jonathan Holland of Variety deemed the film to be "an understated, cross-generational rural drama whose general air of lethargy is redeemed by a decent central perf and the beauty of its locations", in which the director "plays out its themes of emotional uncertainty, memory and loss to unconvincing effect".
Carlos Marañón of Cinemanía rated the film 3 out of 5 stars, positively pointing out that what in advance appeared to be a "tourism advertorial" paid by the Cantabrian government turns out to be simple story of well-performed solitudes, with an open ending.
Accolades
|-
| rowspan = "2" align = "center" | 2008
| rowspan = "2" | 22nd Goya Awards || Best Actor || Álvaro de Luna || || rowspan = "2" |
|-
| Best New Actor || Óscar Abad ||
|-
| rowspan = "2" align = "center" | 2009
| rowspan = "2" | 64th CEC Medals || Best Director || Mario Camus || || rowspan = "2" |
|-
| Best Original Screenplay || Mario Camus ||
|}
See also
List of Spanish films of 2008
References
Spanish drama films
2000s Spanish-language films
Cycling films
Films shot in Cantabria
Films shot in the province of Palencia
Films set in Cantabria
Spanish sports films
2000s Spanish films |
Leander Rand (October 7, 1827 – February 12, 1900) was a farmer and political figure in Nova Scotia, Canada. He represented King's County in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1886 to 1890 as a Liberal member.
He was born in Canning, Nova Scotia, the son of Stephen Strong Rand and Nancy Forsyth. In 1851, Rand married Olivia Ann Borden. He was a major in the local militia and also served on the municipal council for King's County.
References
1827 births
1900 deaths
Nova Scotia Liberal Party MLAs |
Janet Elizabeth Hall is a Canadian-American physician-scientist and neuroendocrinologist specialized in the human reproductive physiology and pathophysiology. Her research focuses on women's health and the neuroendocrine interactions governing normal reproduction and the impact of aging. She is the clinical director at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. Hall was previously a professor of medicine at the Harvard Medical School.
Life
Hall completed a B.A. and B.P.E. (1972), Masters of Medical Sciences (1979) in exercise physiology and a M.D. (1981) at the McMaster University Medical School. She completed a residencies in internal medicine at McMaster University from 1981 to 1984. In 1984, she became a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada. She completed a clinical and research fellowships at the Massachusetts General Hospital from 1984 to 1987.
Hall became an instructor in medicine at Harvard Medical School in 1987 and later became a full professor of medicine in 2007. She is an elected member of the Association of American Physicians. From 2006 to 2009, she was president of Women in Endocrinology. She was president of the Endocrine Society in 2011. In 2015, she joined National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) as a senior investigator in the NIH Intramural Research Program. Hall is the clinical director of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) and head of the Reproductive Physiology and Pathophysiology Group and holds a secondary appointment in NIEHS Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory.
Hall specializes in the human reproductive physiology and pathophysiology. Her research focuses on women's health and the neuroendocrine interactions governing normal reproduction and the impact of aging. This includes studying ovarian feedback control of the central components of the reproductive system by gonadal steroids and the inhibin. Hall and her group utilize frequent blood sampling for measurement of LH and gonadotropin free alpha subunit as markers of GnRH secretion and developed and utilized physiologic probes including GnRH, GnRH agonists and antagonists and estradiol, estrogen receptor blockers and aromatase inhibitors, as well as neuroimaging modalities.
References
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Canadian emigrants to the United States
21st-century Canadian women scientists
21st-century American women physicians
21st-century American physicians
McMaster University alumni
Physicians of Massachusetts General Hospital
National Institutes of Health people
Physician-scientists
American endocrinologists
Canadian endocrinologists
Neuroendocrinologists
Women endocrinologists
Women neurologists
American medical researchers
Canadian medical researchers
Women medical researchers
American physiologists
Canadian physiologists
Women physiologists
Canadian women physicians |
A kurgan is a type of tumulus constructed over a grave, often characterized by containing a single human body along with grave vessels, weapons and horses. Originally in use on the Pontic–Caspian steppe, kurgans spread into much of Central Asia and Eastern, Southeast, Western and Northern Europe during the 3rd millennium BC.
The earliest kurgans date to the 4th millennium BC in the Caucasus, and a part of researchers associate these with the Indo-Europeans. Kurgans were built in the Eneolithic, Bronze, Iron, Antiquity and Middle Ages, with ancient traditions still active in Southern Siberia and Central Asia.
Etymology
According to the Etymological dictionary of the Ukrainian language the word "kurhan" is borrowed directly from the "Polovtsian" language (Kipchak, part of the Turkic languages) and means: fortress, embankment, high grave. The word has two possible etymologies, either from the Old Turkic root qori- "to close, to block, to guard, to protect", or qur- "to build, to erect, furnish or stur". According to Vasily Radlov it may be a cognate to qorγan, meaning "fortification, fortress or a castle".
The Russian noun, already attested in Old East Slavic, comes from an unidentified Turkic language. Kurgans are mounds of earth and stones raised over a grave or graves. Popularised by its use in Soviet archaeology, the word is now widely used for tumuli in the context of Eastern European and Central Asian archaeology.
Origins and spread
Some sceptre graves could have been covered with a tumulus, placing the first kurgans as early as the 5th millennium BC in eastern Europe. However, this hypothesis is not unanimous.
Kurgans were used in Ukrainian and Russian steppes, their use spreading with migration into southern, central, and northern Europe in the 3rd millennium BC.
Later, Kurgan barrows became characteristic of Bronze Age peoples, and have been found from Ukraine, Belarus, Bulgaria (Thracians, Getae, etc) and Romania (Getae, Dacians), the Caucasus, Russia, to Kazakhstan, Mongolia and the Altay Mountains.
Kurgan hypothesis
The Kurgan hypothesis is that Proto-Indo-Europeans were the bearers of the Kurgan culture of the Black Sea and the Caucasus and west of the Urals. Introduced by Marija Gimbutas in 1956, it combines kurgan archaeology with linguistics to locate the origins of the peoples who spoke the Proto-Indo-European language. She tentatively named the culture "Kurgan" after its distinctive burial mounds and traced its diffusion into Europe. The hypothesis has had a significant impact on Indo-European studies.
Scholars who follow Gimbutas identify a "Kurgan culture" as reflecting an early Proto-Indo-European ethnicity that existed in the steppes and in southeastern Europe from the 5th millennium to the 3rd millennium BC. In Kurgan cultures, most burials were in kurgans, either clan or individual. Most prominent leaders were buried in individual kurgans, now called "royal kurgans". More elaborate than clan kurgans and containing grave goods, royal kurgans have attracted the most attention and publicity.
Scythian-Saka-Siberian monuments
The monuments of these cultures coincide with Scythian-Saka-Siberian monuments. Scythian-Saka-Siberian monuments have common features, and sometimes common genetic roots. Also associated with these spectacular burial mounds are the Pazyryk, an ancient people who lived in the Altai Mountains lying in Siberian Russia on the Ukok Plateau, near the borders with China, Kazakhstan and Mongolia. The archaeological site on the Ukok Plateau associated with the Pazyryk culture is included in the Golden Mountains of Altai UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Scythian-Saka-Siberian classification includes monuments from the 8th to the 3rd century BC. This period is called the Early or Ancient Nomads epoch. "Hunnic" monuments date from the 3rd century BC to the 6th century AD, and Turkic ones from the 6th century AD to the 13th century AD, leading up to the Mongolian epoch.
Cultural influence
The tradition of kurgan burials was adopted by some neighboring peoples who did not have such a tradition. Various Thracian kings and chieftains were buried in elaborate mound tombs found in modern Bulgaria; Philip II of Macedon, the father of Alexander the Great, was buried in a kurgan in present Greece; and Midas, a king of ancient Phrygia, was buried in a kurgan near his ancient capital of Gordion.
Usage
Architecture
Burial mounds are complex structures with internal chambers. Within the burial chamber at the heart of the kurgan, elite individuals were buried with grave goods and sacrificial offerings, sometimes including horses and chariots. The structures of the earlier Neolithic period from the 4th to the 3rd millenniums BC, and Bronze Age until the 1st millennium BC, display continuity of the archaic forming methods. They were inspired by common ritual-mythological ideas.
Common components
In all periods, the development of the kurgan structure tradition in the various ethnocultural zones is revealed by common components or typical features in the construction of the monuments. They include:
funeral chambers
tombs
surface and underground constructions of different configurations
a mound of earth or stone, with or without an entrance
funeral, ritual, and other traits
the presence of an altar in the chamber
stone fence
moat
bulwark
the presence of an entryway into the chamber, into the tomb, into the fence, or into the kurgan
the location of a sacrificial site on the embankments, inside the mound, inside the moat, inside the embankments, and in their links, entryways, and around the kurgan
the location of a fire pit in the chamber
a wooden roof over or under the kurgan, at the top of the kurgan, or around the kurgan
the location of stone statues, columns, poles and other objects; bypass passages inside the kurgan, inside tombs, or around the kurgan
funeral paths from the moat or bulwark.
Depending on the combination of these elements, each historical and cultural nomadic zone has certain architectural distinctions.
Pre-Scythian-Saka-Sibirian kurgans (Bronze Age)
In the Bronze Age, kurgans were built with stone reinforcements. Some of them are believed to be Scythian burials with built-up soil, and embankments reinforced with stone (Olhovsky, 1991).
Pre-Scythian-Saka-Sibirian kurgans were surface kurgans. Wooden or stone tombs were constructed on the surface or underground and then covered with a kurgan. The kurgans of Bronze culture across Europe and Asia were similar to housing; the methods of house construction were applied to the construction of the tombs. Kurgan Ak-su - Aüly (12th–11th centuries BC) with a tomb covered by a pyramidal timber roof under a kurgan has space surrounded by double walls serving as a bypass corridor. This design has analogies with Begazy, Sanguyr, Begasar, and Dandybay kurgans. These building traditions survived into the early Middle Ages, to the 8th–10th centuries AD.
The Bronze Pre-Scythian-Saka-Sibirian culture developed in close similarity with the cultures of Yenisei, Altai, Kazakhstan, southern, and southeast Amur regions.
Some kurgans had facing or tiling. One tomb in Ukraine has 29 large limestone slabs set on end in a circle underground. They were decorated with carved geometrical ornamentation of rhombuses, triangles, crosses, and on one slab, figures of people. Another example has an earthen kurgan under a wooden cone of thick logs topped by an ornamented cornice up to 2 m in height.
Scythian-Saka-Sibirian kurgans (Early Iron Age)
The Scythian-Saka-Sibirian kurgans in the Early Iron Age have grandiose mounds throughout the Eurasia] continent.
Gender
Females were buried in about 20% of graves of the lower and middle Volga river region during the Yamna and Poltavka cultures. Two thousand years later, females dressed as warriors were buried in the same region. David Anthony notes, "About 20% of Scythian – Sarmatian "warrior graves" on the lower Don and lower Volga contained females dressed for battle as if they were men, a phenomenon that probably inspired the Greek tales about the Amazons."
A near-equal ratio of male-to-female graves was found in the eastern Manych steppes and Kuban–Azov steppes during the Yamna culture. In Ukraine, the ratio was intermediate between the other two regions.
Archaeological remains
The most obvious archeological remains associated with the Scythians are the great burial mounds, some over 20 m high, which dot the Ukrainian and Russian steppe belts and extend in great chains for many kilometers along ridges and watersheds. From them much has been learnt about Scythian life and art.
Excavated kurgans
Some excavated kurgans include:
The Ipatovo kurgan revealed a long sequence of burials from the Maykop culture c. 4000 BC down to the burial of an elite woman of the 3rd century BC, excavated 1998–99.
Kurgan 4 at Kutuluk near Samara, Russia, dated to c. 24th century BC, contains the skeleton of a man, estimated to have been 35 to 40 years old and about 152 cm tall. Resting on the skeleton's bent left elbow was a copper object 65 cm long with a blade of a diamond-shaped cross-section and sharp edges, but no point, and a handle, originally probably wrapped in leather. No similar object is known from Bronze Age Eurasian steppe cultures.
The Maikop kurgan dates to the 3rd millennium BC.
The Novovelichkovskaya kurgan of c. 2000 BC on the Ponura River, Krasnodar region, southern Russia, contains the remains of 11 people, including an embracing couple, buried with bronze tools, stone carvings, jewelry, and ceramic vessels decorated with red ocher. The tomb is associated with the Novotitorovka culture nomads.
The Kostromskaya kurgan of the 7th century BC produced a famous Scythian gold stag (now Hermitage Museum), next to the iron shield it decorated. Apart from the principal male body with his accoutrements, the burial included thirteen humans with no adornment above him, and around the edges of the burial twenty-two horses were buried in pairs. It was excavated by N. I. Veselovski in 1897.
The Issyk kurgan, in southern Kazakhstan, contains a skeleton, possibly female, c. 4th century BC, with an inscribed silver cup, gold ornaments, Scythian animal art objects and headdress reminiscent of Kazakh bridal hats; discovered in 1969.
Kurgan 11 of the Berel cemetery, in the Bukhtarma River valley of Kazakhstan, contains a tomb of c. 300 BC, with a dozen sacrificed horses preserved with their skin, hair, harnesses, and saddles intact, buried side by side on a bed of birch bark next to a funeral chamber containing the pillaged burial of two Scythian nobles; excavated in 1998.
The Tovsta Mohyla Kurgan belongs to the 4th century BC and was excavated in 1971 by the Ukrainian archaeologist Boris M. Mozolevsky. It contained the famous Golden Pectoral from Tovsta Mohyla that is now in exhibition in the Museum of Historical Treasures of Ukraine, which is located inside the Kyiv Pechersk Lavra, in Kyiv. This pectoral is the most famous artwork connected with the Scythians. A beautiful sword scabbard was found in the same burial pre-chamber, which was never robbed, differently from the main chamber. A second lateral burial was found intact in the same Kurgan. It belonged to a woman and her 2-year old baby girl, both very likely related to the man buried at the center of the Kurgan. She was found covered with gold, including a golden diadem and other fine golden jewels. The Tovsta Mohyla Kurgan, 60 m in diameter before the excavation, is located in present-day southern Ukraine near the city of Pokrov in the Dnipro region.
The Ryzhanovka kurgan, a kurgan 125 km south of Kyiv, Ukraine, containing the tomb of a Scythian chieftain, 3rd century BC, was excavated in 1996.
The Solokha kurgan, in the Zaporizhzhia Oblast of Ukraine, Scythian, dates to the early 4th century BC.
Mamai-gora, kurgan on the banks of Kakhovka Reservoir south west of Enerhodar (near the village of Velyka Znam'yanka). Known as one of the biggest tumulus in Europe. The height of the kurgan is 80 meters. Here were found remains of people from Bronze Age, Scythians, Sarmatians, Cimmerians and Nogai people.
The Thracian Tomb of Kazanlak, near the town of Kazanlak in central Bulgaria, is a Thracian kurgan of c. the 4th century BC.
The Aleksandrovo kurgan is a Thracian kurgan of c. the 4th century BC.
The Thracian Tomb of Sveshtari, Bulgaria, is a Thracian kurgan of c. the 3rd century BC.
The Håga Kurgan, located on the outskirts of Uppsala, Sweden, is a large Nordic Bronze Age kurgan from c. 1000 BC.
The Pereshchepina Kurgan is a burial memorial of the Bulgarian ruler Kubrat from c. AD 660.
Noin-Ula kurgan, located by the Selenga River in the northern Mongolia hills north of Ulan Bator, is the tomb of Uchjulü-Chanuy (8 BC – AD 13), head of the Hun confederation.
Scythian Kurgans tombs, located in Almaty, Kazakhstan
A kurgan near Melitopol was excavated and its assemblage included Scythian gold jewellery, which is not in the collection of the Melitopol Museum of Local History.
Kurgans in Poland
Kurgan building has a long history in Poland. The Polish word for kurgan is kopiec or kurhan. Some excavated kurgans in Poland:
Burial mounds of the Unetice culture include fourteen kurgans dated to 2000–1800 BC
Kraśnik Neolithic (Stone Age) kurhans
Tombs at Pleśnik
Trawiasta Buczyna — hundreds of stone kurhans dated to 1200–1000 BC
Skalbmierz has kurgans dated 4000 BC.
Zambrow
Mounds at Jawczyce were described by Bishop Nankerus in 1322. Kurgan mounds dated to the Neolithic or Bronze Age included a burial of an elderly person, probably male. Some weapons and pottery fragments were also found in the tomb.
Near Sieradz a tomb dated to the Trzciniec culture of c. 1500 BC contains a man and woman buried together.
A kurgan burial site at Łubna-Jakusy and a kurgan cremation near Guciów are examples of Trzciniec culture of c. 1500 BC.
The Krakus Mound is located in Kraków. Legend says it is the burial place of Krakus, founder of the city.
Wanda Mound, burial place of the daughter of Krakus, is located in Kraków.
Piłakno near Mrągowo, excavated in 1988, is an example of west Baltic kurhan culture.
In Bełchatow there is a pagan temple built upon a kurgan. Dating of this structure awaited results of carbon 14 tests in 2001.
The mound called Kopiec Tatarski at Przemyśl is triangular in shape, 10 meters in length, and pointing east. In 1869, T. Żebrawski found bones and ancient coins. In 1958, A. Kunysz found skulls and bones and medieval ceramics. a structure called Templum S. Leonardi was constructed around 1534 on top of the mound; it was destroyed in World War II.
Kopiec Esterki was erected in the 14th century by Casimir III of Poland for his deceased wife.
Burial tomb of Władysław III of Poland (died in 1444), part of the Memorial of the Battle of Varna built in 1924 in Varna, Bulgaria. The tomb was dug into an ancient Thracian kurgan (tumulus, burial mound).
Kościuszko Mound in Kraków was completed in November 1823 as a memorial to Tadeusz Kościuszko
The Union of Lublin Mound was completed in Lviv in 1980. Artificial mound in modern-day Ukraine.
A Mound of Immortality was constructed to honor poet Adam Mickiewicz in 1898.
Kopiec Wyzwolenia (Mound of Liberation) commemorates the 250th anniversary of the passage of the Polish Hussars through the city of Piekary Śląskie under John III Sobieski. It was completed in 1937.
Piłsudski's Mound in Kraków honors Polish general and politician Józef Piłsudski.
See also
Animal sacrifice, Ashvamedha
Kleczanów Forest
Kurgan stelae
Mamayev Kurgan, used during the Battle of Stalingrad.
Newgrange
Tarpan
References
Sources
Hugh Honour and John Fleming, A World History of Art, 1st edn. 1982 (many later editions), Macmillan, London, page refs to 1984 Macmillan 1st edn. paperback.
Piotrovsky, Boris, et al. "Excavations and Discoveries in Scythian Lands", in From the Lands of the Scythians: Ancient Treasures from the Museums of the U.S.S.R., 3000 B.C.–100 B.C. The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 32, no. 5 (1974), available online as a series of PDFs (bottom of the page).
Further reading
"In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology and Myth" by J. P. Mallory,
"The Kurgan Culture and the Indo-Europeanization of Europe: Selected Articles Form 1952 to 1993" von Marija Gimbutas u.a.,
"Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture" ed. James Mallory, D. Q. Adams,
D. Ya. Telegin et al., Srednestogovskaya i Novodanilovskaya Kul'tury Eneolita Azovo-Chernomorskogo Regiona. Kiev: Shlyakh, 2001. Reviewed by J.P. Mallory, JIES vol. 32, 3/4, p. 363–366.
"Reconstruction Of The Genofond Peculiarities Of The Ancient Pazyryk Population (1st-2nd Millennium BC) From Gorny Altai According To The mtDNA Structure" Voevoda M.I., Sitnikova V.V., Romashchenko A.G., Chikisheva T.A., Polosmak N.V., Molodin V. I http://www.bionet.nsc.ru/bgrs/thesis/99/.
O. Ismagulov 'Population of Kazakhstan from Bronze Epoch to Present (Paleoanthropological research)', Science, Alma-Ata, 1970
External links
Kurgan Culture
excavated kurgans (archaeology.org).
Ritual Sites, and Settlements: Eurasian Bronze and Iron Age book for download (www.csen.org)
An extensive list of mounds in Poland
Archaeology of Central Asia
History of Ural
Turkic words and phrases |
Alan Wake's American Nightmare is an action-adventure video game developed by Remedy Entertainment and published by Microsoft Studios. The game is a downloadable follow-up and spin-off to its predecessor, Alan Wake. The game is an Xbox 360 title and was released on 22 February 2012 worldwide. A Microsoft Windows version was released on 22 May 2012 in North America, 29 June 2012 in Europe and 15 November 2012 in Australia.
Gameplay
Alan Wake's American Nightmare makes use of the same combat mechanics found in the original Alan Wake: Alan has a flashlight, which must be focused on enemies before firing weapons at them. American Nightmare is more battle-focused, containing more ammunition and a wider variety of weapons, including a machine gun, a nail gun, a crossbow, and combat shotguns, among others. Some weapons are unlocked via cases found throughout the maps, which each require a certain number of acquired manuscript pages to open. Collectible pages were also featured in the original Alan Wake, though they had only served to provide an additional story element.
The game also features an arcade mode, where Alan is set against increasingly difficult waves of enemies. New arcade maps are unlocked as they are successfully beaten, while available weapons are determined by the number of pages that have been recovered in story mode.
Synopsis
Setting and Characters
Alan Wake's American Nightmare revolves around the titular Alan Wake, a former bestselling author of crime fiction. During a vacation to the small town of Bright Falls, Washington, Alan encountered a supernatural entity known as the Dark Presence, which forced him to write the manuscript of a horror novel which would give it power by turning the events of the story into reality. This occurred through the power of the Dark Place, a subjective alternate dimension located beneath the volcanic Cauldron Lake near Bright Falls. Alan was ultimately able to defeat the Dark Presence by altering the ending of the manuscript, freeing Bright Falls and destroying the Dark Presence but trapping Alan within the Dark Place.
Alan Wake's American Nightmare focuses on Mr. Scratch, a doppelgänger of Alan created by the power of Cauldron Lake. During the events of the game, it is revealed that Mr. Scratch was created when false rumors spread of Alan following his disappearance; the power of the Dark Place turned this misinformation into reality in the form of Mr. Scratch, who thus represents a negative, purely evil version of Alan. Mr. Scratch serves an unknown entity from the Dark Place, and seeks to use its power to plunge the Earth into darkness. Alan seeks to defeat Mr. Scratch in order to protect humanity, particularly his wife, Alice Wake. Like the Dark Presence, Mr. Scratch has the power to possess human beings and turn them into "Taken," monstrosities which can only be killed when light is shone on them.
The game takes place in Night Springs, a fictional town brought to life by Alan's writings. Within the town, Alan encounters several denizens who aid him in his mission to stop Mr. Scratch, including auto mechanic Emma Sloan, astronomer Dr. Rachel Meadows, and art curator Serena Valdivia. Other characters who make cameos in the game include Alan's friend and agent Barry Wheeler, and the Anderson brothers, heavy metal musicians from Bright Falls who aided Alan during the events of the first game, whom Barry now manages during their comeback tour.
Plot
The plot of American Nightmare is framed by the narration of an episode of the fictional TV show, Night Springs, which follows the style of The Twilight Zone and appeared on television screens throughout the original Alan Wake. The episode is displayed on a TV screen in the hotel room of Barry Wheeler, Alan's friend and former agent. The narration explains that Alan is attempting to chase down the "herald of darkness", Mr. Scratch, who is Alan's evil doppelganger created by a dark force. Scratch is determined to take away everything Alan loves, including his wife, Alice. Alan, as the "champion of light," has the ability to rewrite reality, and was able to write his escape from Cauldron Lake in Washington. He ends up near the small town of Night Springs, Arizona, and learns that he has been missing from the real world for nearly two years.
A nearby oil derrick erupts with hordes of Taken controlled by Mr. Scratch. Seeking light, Alan runs to a nearby motel, where he encounters Emma Sloan, who at first thinks he is Mr. Scratch, since they look identical. She tells Alan that Scratch was at the motel the night before, and provides Alan with a typewritten page, a way to alter reality to destroy the derrick and stop the Taken. Alan follows its instructions and alters the scene by the oil derrick, which causes a meteor to collide with an artificial satellite, sending it hurtling towards the Earth, where it then collides with the oil derrick. While Alan is away performing this task, the dark forces consume Emma.
Following clues he found at the motel, along with a set of keys, Alan heads to a nearby observatory. There, Dr. Rachel Meadows, who also met Mr. Scratch previously, is tracking a mysterious signal sent just before the satellite was knocked out of orbit. Rachel tells Alan that Mr. Scratch was very interested in this signal, and Alan surmises that it must contain the key to defeating him. Before they can acquire the complete signal, the observatory's telescope is sabotaged by the Taken. After Alan repairs the damage, a portion of the signal comes through that translates into a page of a story: a new reality that Alan can presumably implement.
The page points Alan to a nearby drive-in theater, where he meets Serena Valdivia, who is under the influence of the darkness. After freeing her by restoring power and switching the lights on, Serena tells Alan that Mr. Scratch is trying to prevent the sun from ever rising again. She gives Alan the security code to the projection room where he can change reality. Alan uses the incomplete message to try to set the new reality; however, as the message is only partial, the new reality does not take effect. Mr. Scratch appears, gloating, and sends Alan back in time to a few hours before. Alan realizes that Mr. Scratch intends to keep Alan trapped in the time loop forever, until he is finally killed and Mr. Scratch will be free to take over the world.
Waking up again near the motel, Alan repeats many of the same motions. Emma and Rachel still have some deja vu of the previous loop's events, and have helped perform some of Alan's previous tasks for him. Despite his efforts to change events this time around, Emma is nevertheless consumed again by the darkness. Rachel is able to capture a longer portion of the signal this time, but it is still incomplete. When Alan returns to the drive-in theater, he is still unable to complete the new reality and is sent back in time again by Mr. Scratch.
Alan repeats his actions for a third time, but this time, he is able to save Emma and gain the complete message from Rachel. He sets the correct series of events in the projection room, which triggers the projector to show a film made by Alice. Mr. Scratch appears again, but discovers that Alan has successfully written the new reality, and he is burned out of existence by the film. On the screen, Alan appears to reunite with Alice along a sun-lit shoreline; however, the narrator challenges whether these events actually occurred, or were merely a figment of Alan's imagination.
In a post-credits scene, Barry wakes up suddenly, believing he has heard Alan's voice.
Development
On 9 May 2011, a sequel game was hinted at when "Alan Wake 2" was shown on Althea Suarez Gata's curriculum vitae. On the same day, the information was removed from her curriculum vitae.
On 10 May 2011, Oskari Häkkinen from Remedy told Joystiq, who had leaked an announcement rumor, that the official announcement of this installment was coming. He stressed that it would not be considered "Alan Wake 2", but neither would it be mere add-on content.
Spike Video Game Awards 2011 showed a new trailer for the game on 10 December 2011. It had been speculated that the game would be an Xbox 360 game named "Alan Wake's Night Springs". The first image for the game was released by GameInformer on 7 November 2011. Just before the Video Game Awards, IGN released a screenshot of the game, along with the official title.
Following rumors that the game would be released for Microsoft Windows, Remedy announced in early May 2012 that the game would be available for the platform on 22 May 2012. This followed Remedy's port of the original Alan Wake to the Windows platform a few months earlier.
Soundtrack
Petri Alanko, the composer from the first game, returned to score American Nightmare. Licensed music includes the song "Club Foot" by British indie rock band Kasabian, which plays a pivotal role in the game's narrative. Poets of the Fall also composed two new songs: "The Happy Song", which is featured whenever Mr. Scratch appears, and "Balance Slays the Demon", which appears under the fictional band "Old Gods of Asgard".
Reception
American Nightmare has received a positive reception. IGN scored the game an 8/10, praising its production and action elements, but criticizes the sub-par story, the oddly written dialogue, and lack of suspense. In the first week of release, the game was the top-selling Arcade game on Xbox Live. 1Up.com gave the game a B saying, "It's not Alan Wake 2, nor is it a proper episode; it's just Alan Wake's solid shooting married to an even-odder-than-usual story."
Sequel
Remedy Entertainment has stated that this is not the last Alan Wake game, and that a sequel is in development. In May 2013, Remedy confirmed they were not currently developing a new Alan Wake, instead focusing on a new game for the Xbox One called Quantum Break. Alan Wake II was announced during The Game Awards 2021, and released October 27th, 2023. Alan Wake II expands upon the Remedy Connected Universe it shares with Control, also by Remedy.
Notes
References
External links
2012 video games
Action-adventure games
Microsoft games
Nitro Games games
Remedy Entertainment games
Single-player video games
Third-person shooters
Video games about the paranormal
Video games developed in Finland
Video games set in Arizona
Video games using Havok
Video games written by Sam Lake
Windows games
Xbox 360 Live Arcade games |
The Charles University Rector election, 2013 was held when term of the incumbent Rector Václav Hampl ended. Former Dean of First Faculty of Medicine, Tomáš Zima was elected the new Chancellor. Hampl was ineligible to run for another term.
Candidates
Michal Stehlík, Dean of Faculty of Arts. He was originally considered a front-runner
Stanislav Štech, Vice Rector of the University.
Tomáš Zima, Former Dean of First Faculty of Medicine.
Voting
The Chancellor was elected by the academic senate, consisting of 36 lecturers and 34 students. A candidate needed 36 votes to be elected. Micha Stehlík was considered the front-runner but was eliminated in the first round. Zima was elected in the third round.
Czech President Miloš Zeman confirmed the election on 21 January 2014 and appointed Zima as the new Rector. Zima stated that he wanted fewer Bachelor students but more Masters' students. He also stated that he wants to defend academic freedom.
Notes
2013
2013 elections in the Czech Republic
Non-partisan elections |
Nshkhar ( nšxar) is the communion bread used during mass (Badarak) in the Armenian Church. A blessed but unconsecrated version may also be given out by a priest at special occasions, such as a house blessing.
At the end of mass, deacons or other church officials will hand out portions of a blessed unleavened bread, known as mas ( mas), to the congregation. In some Armenian communities, this bread is baked especially for this purpose, but in others it may simply consist of lavash.
References
External links
Culture of Armenia |
Horjul () is a small town in the Inner Carniola region of Slovenia. It is the administrative center of the Municipality of Horjul. It developed from a clustered village on the north side of the marshy valley of Horjulka Creek. It includes the hamlets of Vovčne and Lipalca. Elevations in the territory of the settlement include Brezovec Hill (471 m), Rog Hill (448 m), and Lupar Hill () (ca. 420 m) to the north, and Rožman Peak () (452 m), Kremenik Hill (406 m), and Čelc Hill (391 m) to the south.
Name
The origin of the name Horjul is unclear; various theories have tried to derive it from a Romance or Celtic root. In the local dialect the town is known as Hrjuj or Hurjujc in the lowlands, and as Frjuj or Frjujc in the hills above the settlement.
History
A prehistoric Celtic cemetery was discovered in the village at the beginning of the 20th century. Although the finds have since been lost, this late Iron Age site is the only evidence of a Celtic presence in the Horjul Valley. The discovery of some Roman-era water pipes is associated with the Polhov Gradec Villa rustica. Known as the Vovčne–Saint Margaret archaeological site, the cemetery is registered as cultural heritage.
A part-time school was established in Horjul in the sexton's house in 1855. A regular school was established in 1861. In 1862 the sexton's house was torn down and a school building was built. A new school building was built in 1862. The current school building dates from 1975.
Second World War
Horjul was annexed to Italy as part of the Province of Ljubljana on 3 May 1941. Partisan activity began in the Horjul area in June 1941. The mayor of Horjul, Janez (or Ivan) Bastič and his wife Marjana were abducted, tortured, and murdered by the Partisans on 14 June 1942. A White Guard post was established in Horjul in November 1942. After the capitulation of Italy in September 1943, this was converted to a Home Guard post. Horjul was bombarded by German forces in November 1943, with the loss of several houses. The Partisans launched an unsuccessful attack against the Home Guard post on 8 September 1944.
Religious heritage
Church
The parish church in the town of Horjul is dedicated to Saint Margaret and belongs to the Ljubljana Archdiocese. It was first mentioned in written sources in 1526. The church was originally built in Gothic style and was renovated in 1678. The rectory dates from 1787, when the Parish of Horjul was established. Two side chapels were built in 1858 following plans by Anton Leben from Polhov Gradec. The church's frescoes depicting Saint Margaret and various saints were painted in 1877 by Janez Šubic, who also created the altar painting of Saint Margaret in 1876. The church's main altar and side altar were made by the Toman workshop of Ljubljana.
Cemetery
The town's walled cemetery was reworked in 1922 and 1923 following plans by Jože Plečnik. It lies in the northern part of the town, northwest of the school and Saint Margaret's Church. In the center there is a large wooden crucifix bearing the year 1881 and a monument. There are several gravestones from the 18th and early 19th centuries.
Shrines
Several wayside shrines in Horjul are registered as cultural heritage:
There is a closed two-story chapel-shrine north of the road in the center of the town. It has a square hip roof topped by a small belfry. It was built in 1923 and is dedicated to Saint Anthony. It was designed by the architect Janko Omahen (1898–1980).
An open chapel-shrine dedicated to Our Lady of the Rosary stands in the northern part of the town, west of the school. It dates from 1895 and has a painted interior with a statue of the Virgin Mary in a niche.
An open chapel-shrine dedicated to Saint Joseph stands near the woods in the northern part of the town. It contains a statue of the saint and was dedicated on 2 December 1898 in honor of the fiftieth anniversary of the rule of Emperor Franz Joseph I.
Other cultural heritage
In addition to its religious cultural heritage, several other structures in Horjul are registered as cultural heritage:
The farm at Livada no. 3 (formerly Horjul no. 19) stands in the southeastern part of the village center. It has a stone two-story house with the year 1830 carved into the door casing. It has a symmetrical gabled roof covered with concrete tiles. A barn is connected to the house; it has a wooden upper story.
The farm at Vrhnika Street () no. 150 stand on Mavsar Hill (), north of Velika Ligojna and east of Žažar. It has a one-story rectangular stone house with the year 1843 carved into the black stone door casing and a statue of Saint Florian in a niche in the gable. There is a barn, partially built of wood, with the year 1840 carved into it, a hayrack, an herb garden, and a linden tree in the courtyard.
Notable people
Notable people that were born or lived in Horjul include:
Kristina Brenk (1911–2009), writer of juvenile literature and translator
Cene Logar (1913–1995), philosopher and communist-era dissident
Janez Logar (1908–1987), literary historian
Tine Logar (1916–2002), linguist and Slavic specialist
Anton Oblak (1871–1953), rural writer
Janez Potrebuješ (1830–1904), sculptor
Rudolf Hribernik a.k.a. "Svarun" (1921–2002), Yugoslav general and politician
Aleš Stanovnik (1901–1942), political activist and journalist
Ivan Stanovnik (1891–?), writer of juvenile literature and political activist
Andrej Zamejic (1824–1907), religious writer and translator
References
External links
Horjul on Geopedia
Populated places in the Municipality of Horjul |
The Chief of the Indonesian National Police, commonly known as the National Police Chief, is the official who heads the Indonesian National Police (Polri).
Since it was first formed, this position has experienced several changes in hierarchy and position names. In the Old Order era, this position had undergone several name changes (such as Men/Pangak, or Minister/Commander of the Police Force as then-member of the cabinet) and in the New Order era the position of the Chief of Police in a hierarchy was under the ABRI Commander.
History
On 19 August 1945 the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence (PPKI) formed the National Police Agency (BKN). On 29 September 1945 President Sukarno appointed Raden Said Soekanto Tjokrodiatmodjo to become the Chief of the National Police (KKN).
Initially the police were within the Ministry of Internal Affairs under the name Djawatan National Police which was only responsible for administrative matters, while operational issues were accountable to the Attorney General.
Starting from 1 July 1946 with the Government Determination in 1946 No. 11 / S.D. Djawatan National Police which is directly responsible to the Prime Minister.
In the country of the United States of Indonesia, the Bureau of State Police of the United States of Indonesia was under the Prime Minister through the mediation of the Attorney General in the political and operational fields. Meanwhile, in terms of maintenance and administrative arrangements, the Minister of Home Affairs is responsible. The United States of Indonesia President Sukarno on 21 January 1950 reappointed Soekanto Tjokrodiatmodjo as Chief of the Bureau of Police of the United States of Indonesia. After RIS broke up, Soekanto was reappointed as Head of the Indonesian Police Service Bureau.
In 1961 the State Police became part of the armed forces. In 1962 the position of head of the police department was changed to Minister / Head of State Police, and was changed again to Minister / Chief of Staff of the National Police Force. During the Dwikora Cabinet the position of National Police Chief was changed to become Minister / Commander-in-Chief of the Police Force.
After the reorganization of ABRI in 1970, it again became the Head of the Indonesian National Police (Kapolri), which was under the command of the Commander of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Indonesia (ABRI Commander).
Since 1 April 1999, the Indonesian National Police were separated from the Indonesian Armed Forces from ABRI and became independent. Upon election, the President could receive recommendation nominees from National Police Commission (Kompolnas) and send his/her preferred candidate(s) to the House of Representatives for approval. Nominees are usually active three-star police generals (Commissioner General rank, such as Chief of Investigation Body, Vice Chief of National Police, Chief of Terrorism Eradication Body, etc.)
The National Police Chief is elected by the President based on the approval of the House of Representatives and is directly responsible to the President.
List of holders
See also
Indonesian National Police
References
Chiefs of police |
Monica Ann Conyers (née Esters; October 31, 1965) is an American politician in Detroit, Michigan. Elected to the Detroit City Council in 2005, she was elected by its members to serve as president pro tempore of the council for the four-year term.
Background
Monica Ann Esters was born in River Rouge, Michigan, on October 31, 1965. She had four brothers and one sister. She grew up with her mother in west Detroit and attended Henry Ford High School. Her father had a record for breaking and entering. One of her brothers was imprisoned for robbery, and another for weapons violations. Esters graduated from high school and went to college, earning a Bachelor of Arts in Secondary Education and Political Science from Bennett College. She also completed a master's in Public Administration from Central Michigan University. Conyers later attended the University of the District of Columbia School of Law and received a Juris Doctor.
Career
Monica Conyers worked as a teacher for mentally challenged teens. She was selected for jobs in administration and became a vice administrator for Detroit Public Schools. Conyers got more involved with politics. She is a member of the Democratic Party.
In 2005, Conyers ran and was elected to a four-year term on the Detroit City Council. At that time, all candidates ran at-large, meaning they had to attract a majority of votes across the city. She was elected by other members to serve as president pro tempore, and Kenneth Cockrel, Jr. was elected to serve as President of the City Council.
In 2008 a turbulent time for Mayor Kwame Kilpatrick ended with his resignation at midnight on September 19, 2008. At that time council president Kenneth Cockrel, Jr. succeeded him as mayor of Detroit until a special election could be held. In keeping with the city charter, Monica Conyers advanced from president pro tem of the city council to president.
The special election for mayor was held on May 5, 2009. Kenneth Cockrel, Jr. ran for the office, but he was defeated by Dave Bing. Conyers initially wanted to investigate whether the city charter guaranteed her being able to keep the position as President of City Council. She learned that it did.
But after learning that the council's legal analyst position was that Cockrel had rights to return to the position of Council President, she decided not to contest the changes. She returned to president pro tempore for the remainder of her term.
Positions and votes
Conyers has sometimes made headlines for breaking with her colleagues in the Michigan Democratic Party and the city council (which consists entirely of Democrats). She was critical of the party for running ads in a mayoral race in Flint, Michigan. During the lengthy legal and political crisis of Detroit Mayor Kwame Kilpatrick, Conyers was the only member of council to vote against a resolution demanding that he resign.
Controversies
Synagro bribery scandal and conviction
On June 16, 2009, it was reported that Conyers had been linked to an ongoing corruption investigation in Detroit, involving alleged bribes offered by Synagro Technologies. Originally, case documents had referred only to "Council Member A" receiving bribes totaling more than $6,000 to influence passage of a contract with the city, but on June 16 the United States Attorney's Office confirmed that two Synagro representatives had named Conyers as the recipient.
Conyers was given a pre-indictment letter and offered a plea deal in the case. On June 26, 2009, Conyers was charged with conspiring to commit bribery and pleaded guilty.
On June 26, 2009, Conyers pleaded guilty to accepting a bribe in the Synagro Sludge scandal. Three days later, Conyers officially resigned from the Detroit City Council, effective July 6. Her former chief of staff, Sam Riddle, faced prosecution as well. Riddle's later trial included wiretap recordings of conversations with and about Conyers, in which he describes her as "crazy." Testimony given during Riddle's trial on February 4, 2010, indicated that Conyers often left a downtown Detroit restaurant without paying for the meal; the restaurant's owner estimated that Conyers owed him about $3,000. On March 10, 2010, Conyers was sentenced to 37 months in federal prison. During the sentencing hearing, Conyers requested to withdraw her guilty plea, which the judge denied. She filed notice to appeal.
Financial
In January 2009, Detroit's General Retirement System notified Conyers that she owed $5,600 to the city, which included travel advances not spent on business-class airfare to London. The pension board also claimed she had not submitted receipts for trips to Grand Cayman and Philadelphia.
In April 2009, Conyers admitted she had helped her brother, Reggie Esters, a convicted felon, obtain a city job that was originally scheduled to last four months. It was extended to two years, ending only when Esters' absenteeism became an issue. Esters is reported to have submitted a false resume. She originally denied helping her brother.
Personal/professional conduct
In February 2008, The Detroit News reported details of an exchange between Conyers and DeDan Milton, an aide to Mayor Kilpatrick. Conyers allegedly made reference to a gun in an argument with Milton. Conyers has denied the allegations. The police reports have since been withdrawn.
In April 2008, Conyers got into an argument with City Council President Ken Cockrel, Jr. during a public hearing. Cockrel reprimanded Conyers for interrupting fellow councilwoman JoAnn Watson, and Conyers turned on Cockrel. The argument escalated until Conyers referred to Cockrel as "Shrek", after the animated film character. Cockrel tried to call for a recess, but Conyers continued insulting him. Video of the incident exists on YouTube.
In February 2009, Conyers was involved in a confrontation with fellow council member Kwame Kenyatta. After Kenyatta insisted that Conyers submit in writing her request to cut his budget, Conyers insulted Kenyatta about his hearing aid, health, and lack of education. Conyers stated that Kenyatta needed to "learn how to talk to a woman", to which Kenyatta replied that when he was with a woman, he would do so. Conyers had to be restrained by a council staffer and a council security officer as she attempted to approach Kenyatta. Conyers later sent an apology letter, which was rejected by Kenyatta; he thought it was insincere. Conyers subsequently said that re-election "might not be worth it," in view of the constant public criticism of her.
In February 2009, the Detroit Free Press editorial board opined that Conyers was no longer fit for office due to her increasingly "volatile" behavior.
In March 2009, Conyers led a group of five members of the Detroit City Council who blocked the proposed transfer of ownership of Detroit Cobo Hall (the home of the North American International Auto Show) to a regional authority. The latter was to have representatives from Wayne, Oakland and Macomb counties, which make up the metropolitan area.
Council hearings about the proposed deal became heated. She said to Isaac Robinson, a white official of the Teamsters union, that most of the people who customarily worked at the large annual show "don't look like me. They look like you." When questioned about her remarks, she denied any intention of racism. Conyers said, "Black people cannot be racist".
The subject reportedly lost her weekend radio show job at 910 AM Superstation (WFDF-AM) primarily for unapproved hotel lodging expenses in March 2017.
Bribery conviction
On June 16, 2009, the United States Attorney's Office said that two Synagro Technologies representatives had named Monica Conyers as having received bribes from the company totaling more than $6,000, paid to influence passage of a contract with the City of Detroit. The information was gathered during an FBI investigation into political corruption in the city, and Mayor Kwame Kilpatrick was also named in the probe.
Conyers was given a pre-indictment letter, and offered a plea bargain deal in the case. On June 26, 2009, she was charged with conspiring to commit bribery. She pleaded guilty. On March 10, 2010, she was sentenced to 37 months in prison, and also received two years of supervised probation.[Need to address bribery/corruption case]
She served her time at the Alderson Federal Prison Camp in West Virginia. She was released from prison after 27 months on December 21, 2012, and began supervised probation. She was admitted to a residential re-entry program in the Detroit area. She was released to home confinement in the Detroit area on January 25, 2013. Federal Bureau of Prisons spokesman Ed Ross said Conyers earned 108 days of credit for good behavior, and she was released from federal custody officially on May 16, 2013. To fulfill the work requirement for her parole, Conyers worked part time as a cashier for an auto parts store and as a ticket agent at the Greyhound Station.
Personal life
On June 4, 1990, Esters married John Conyers, a long-serving Congressman from Detroit. She was 25, and he was 61. They had two sons together, John James Conyers III and Carl Edward Conyers.
In October 2015, the Detroit Free Press reported that Conyers had filed for divorce in Wayne County Circuit Court from September 3, 2015, after 25 years of marriage. The filing cited "a breakdown of the marriage relationship to the extent that the objects of matrimony have been destroyed and there remains no reasonable likelihood that the marriage can be preserved." In 2016, the divorce action was ended and the couple remained married, until his death in 2019.
References
African-American city council members in Michigan
Detroit City Council members
Michigan Democrats
Bennett College alumni
Central Michigan University alumni
University of the District of Columbia alumni
Living people
1965 births
American politicians convicted of bribery
American politicians convicted of federal public corruption crimes
Michigan politicians convicted of crimes
Women city councillors in Michigan
21st-century American politicians
21st-century American women politicians
Henry Ford High School (Detroit, Michigan) alumni
21st-century African-American women
21st-century African-American politicians
20th-century African-American people
20th-century African-American women |
The Mucoraceae are a family of fungi of the order Mucorales, characterized by having the thallus not segmented or ramified. Pathogenic genera include Absidia, Apophysomyces, Mucor, Rhizomucor, and Rhizopus. According to a 2008 estimate, the family contains 25 genera and 129 species.
Genera
The family consists of the following genera:
Actinomucor
Apophysomyces
Benjaminiella
Chaetocladium
Circinella
Cokeromyces
Dicranophora
Ellisomyces
Helicostylum
Hyphomucor
Kirkomyces
Mucor
Parasitella
Pilaira
Pilophora
Pirella
Rhizomucor
Rhizopodopsis
Rhizopus
Sporodiniella
Syzygites
Thamnidium
Thermomucor
Zygorhynchus
References
Zygomycota
Taxa named by Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier |
Henry Ildefenso Ruiz Hernández (born 1940) is Nicaraguan politician. He is a former guerilla and one of the nine commandants of the Sandinista (FSLN) Directorate, announced in Havana in March 1979, that overthrew the Somoza regime in July 1979. With Tomás Borge and Bayardo Arce, he represented the Prolonged Popular War (GPP) faction. Following the revolution, he was Minister of Planning from 1979 to 1985 when he became Minister of Foreign Cooperation.
He later left the FSLN, joining Sergio Ramírez and Dora María Téllez to lead the Sandinista Renovation Movement (MRS).
Early life
Henry Ruiz was born in Jinotepe in 1940 to a modest family.
As a child, he won the national elementary school award for best student, awarded by Luis Somoza Debayle.
References
Bibliography
Footnotes
Living people
Sandinista Renovation Movement politicians
Sandinista National Liberation Front politicians
1940 births |
2010 was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar.
2010 may also refer to:
2010s, the decade
2010 FIFA World Cup, the 19th FIFA World Cup, the world championship for men's national association football teams
2010 Winter Olympics, February Winter Olympics that was held in Vancouver, BC
2010: Odyssey Two, a 1982 science fiction novel by Arthur C. Clarke
2010: The Year We Make Contact, a science fiction film released in 1984 directed by Peter Hyams based on the novel
2010 (Stargate SG-1), an episode of Stargate SG-1
2010 Lost Edition, an album by the award-winning reggaeton duo Wisin & Yandel
2010 Biodiversity Target, conservation targets aiming to reduce biodiversity loss by the end of the year 2010
2010 Biodiversity Indicators Partnership, an organization working toward the target
2010 (Li-Ron Choir album), 2011
Twenty Ten (album), a 2010 album by Guy Sebastian |
Rudolf Steinwand (4 August 1906 – 10 November 1982) was a German politician (KPD, SED). Uncompromising in his political stance, he spent many of the twelve Hitler Years in prisons or concentration camps.
After 1949 he became a junior government minister in the German Democratic Republic.
Life
Rudolf Steinwand was born in Boppard on the left bank of the Rhine Gorge. He came from a family of teachers. His own education was interrupted when he was exiled from the French occupation zone in connection with a civil passive disobedience campaign: he was obliged to defer his school final exams till 1928. Further progress towards qualifying as a teacher proved impossible due to lack of funds. He made a start on studying for a degree in Philology at Bonn, but the costs proved unsustainable. In 1930 he joined the German Communist Party. There was at this stage nothing illegal about Communist Party membership, but he was nevertheless arrested for his own illegal political activism.
1933 was a year of regime change as the German Nazi Party took power and lost little time in establishing one-party government in Germany. Communist Party membership was now by definition illegal and during 1933 Steinwand was taken into "protective custody". He was released in 1934 and resumed his work for the Communist Party. He was re-arrested in 1935 and spent most of the next four years incarcerated in a succession of establishments including the concentration camps at Esterwegen (in the extreme north-west of Germany) and at Sachsenhausen (near Berlin).
The leader's birthday in 1939 was marked with a limited amnesty for certain political prisoners and on 20 April 1939 Steinwand was released from prison: he immediately took a job as a bookkeeper with a large wine business. By early 1940 he had made his way back to the Koblenz area and joined up with Jakob Newinger, André Hoevel and the latter's wife Annelise. The politically committed friends came to be described as a small "political circle": they used to listen to foreign radio broadcasts and discuss the news. War had returned towards the end of 1939 and this sort of conduct was banned. Steinwand's own connections with the "Circle" were abruptly terminated in September/October 1941 when he was conscripted into the army. Before the end of 1941, reportedly because they had been denounced by someone, members of the "Circle" had been arrested and the Hoevels had been sentenced to death. Steinwand was also arrested and placed in a military prison. At some stage, however, he was released from prison and sent back to the army to fight on the Russian front.
Early in 1945 he managed to defect to the Red Army. He now became a prisoner of war of the Soviets and/or of the Americans. Source differ. The war ended in May 1945 and Rudolf Steinwald was quickly back in Germany, settling not in his Rhineland home region but in the Soviet occupation zone further towards the east of what remained of the country. The end of the war appeared to mark the end of one-party dictatorship, and following his release he lost no time in rejoining the no longer illegal Communist Party of Germany. He threw himself into reconstruction in the Soviet zone and in the German Democratic Republic which the entire region became, formally in October 1949. Before that, in April 1946, the authorities prepared the way for a rapid return to one-party government with the contentious merger of the Communist Party and the more moderately left-wing SPD. After a couple of years the formerly SPD members had been removed from positions of influence, leaving the new party looking like the old party with a new name. Steinwald had signed his Communist Party membership across to the new Socialist Unity party shortly after the merger in 1946 and now built his career as a party official. In 1946 he became a regional party head of personnel for the head office for state controlled enterprises in Thuringia. In December 1948 he was elected a member of the regional legislative assembly being set up by the German Economic Commission, a position he retained till 1949. Following the new country's foundation, between 1950 and 1954 he sat as a member of the National Legislative Assembly (Volkskammer).
From 1950 till 1952 was Plant Director at the Maxhütte Steel Mill. In 1952 he became department head at the Ministry for Mining and Metallurgy. He then became Secretary of State for Heavy Plant Construction. There followed a brief period working at the East German embassy in Moscow. From November 1955 till 1958 he himself served as the German Democratic Republic's Minister for Mining and Metallurgy. In February 1958 he was switched to the powerful National Planning Commission where he headed up the Extractive Industries Department.
He later became the deputy to the East German permanent representative to Comecon, a position he retained till 1966.
Awards and honours
1955: Patriotic Order of Merit in bronze
1966: Patriotic Order of Merit in silver
1971: Patriotic Order of Merit in gold
1976: Patriotic Order of Merit gold clasp
1981: Star of People's Friendship in silver
References
1906 births
1982 deaths
People from Boppard
Politicians from the Rhine Province
Communist Party of Germany politicians
Socialist Unity Party of Germany politicians
Government ministers of East Germany
Members of the 1st Volkskammer
Union of Persecutees of the Nazi Regime members
Communists in the German Resistance
Recipients of the Patriotic Order of Merit (honor clasp) |
The Grumman OV-1 Mohawk is an American armed military observation and attack aircraft that was designed for battlefield surveillance and light strike capabilities. It has a twin turboprop configuration, and carries two crew members in side-by-side seating. The Mohawk was intended to operate from short, unimproved runways in support of United States Army maneuver forces.
Development
The Mohawk began as a joint Army-Marine program through the then-Navy Bureau of Aeronautics (BuAer), for an observation/attack plane that would outperform the Cessna L-19 Bird Dog. In June 1956, the Army issued Type Specification TS145, which called for the development and procurement of a two-seat, twin turboprop aircraft designed to operate from small, unimproved fields under all weather conditions. It would be faster, with greater firepower, and heavier armour than the Bird Dog, which had proved vulnerable during the Korean War. The Mohawk's mission would include observation, artillery spotting, air control, emergency resupply, naval target spotting, liaison, and radiological monitoring. The Navy specified that the aircraft must be capable of operating from small "jeep" escort class carriers (CVEs). The DoD selected Grumman Aircraft Corporation's G-134 design as the winner of the competition in 1957. Marine requirements contributed an unusual feature to the design. As originally proposed, the OF-1 could be fitted with water skis that would allow the aircraft to land at sea and taxi to island beaches at . Since the Marines were authorized to operate fixed-wing aircraft in the close air support (CAS) role, the mockup also featured underwing pylons for rockets, bombs, and other stores.
The Air Force did not like the armament capability of the Mohawk and tried to get it removed, while the Marines did not want the Army's sophisticated sensors. However the Navy then opted to spend the allocated budget on a fleet oil tanker instead, so the Marines had to drop out of the program in September 1957. The Army continued with armed Mohawks and developed cargo pods that could be dropped from underwing hard points to resupply troops in emergencies.
The radar imaging capability of the Mohawk was to prove a significant advance in both peace and war. The Side-Looking Airborne Radar (SLAR) could look through foliage and map terrain, presenting the observer with a film image of the earth below only minutes after the area was scanned. In military operations, the image was split in two parts, one showing fixed terrain features, the other spotting moving targets.
The prototype (YAO-1AF) first flew on April 14, 1959. The OV-1 entered production in October 1959.
In mid-1961, the first Mohawks to serve with U.S. forces overseas were delivered to the 7th Army at Sandhofen Airfield near Mannheim, Germany. Before its formal acceptance, the camera-carrying AO-1AF was flown by Ralph Donnell on a tour of 29 European airfields to display it to the U.S. Army field commanders and potential European customers. In addition to their Vietnam and European service, SLAR-equipped Mohawks began operational missions in 1963 patrolling the Korean Demilitarized Zone. Germany and France showed early interest in the Mohawk, and Grumman actually signed a license production agreement with the French manufacturer Breguet Aviation in exchange for American rights to the Atlantic maritime patrol aircraft.
The very nature of the joint Army/Marine program had forced design compromises, such as ejection seats, that made the aircraft expensive and, sometimes, an openly resisted item in Army budgets. Orders for the OV-1 stopped in Fiscal 1964, and the controversy in the Pentagon over the armed Mohawk peaked with a 1965 directive that prohibited the Army from operating armed fixed-wing aircraft (See the Johnson-McConnell agreement of 1966). Operational success in Vietnam led to additional Mohawk orders in 1966, and by 1968, five surveillance companies were operating in Southeast Asia.
The last of the Mohawk versions to enter production was the OV-1D with more powerful T53-L-701 engines, improved avionics, and interchangeable mission pallets that made it possible to switch the aircraft from infrared to SLAR configuration in about an hour. The first four OV-1Ds were prototypes converted from earlier production airframes, and the first flew in 1969. These were followed by 37 new-build aircraft, the last of which was delivered in December 1970.
Over the years, the mission and the aircraft underwent many changes and roughly 380 were built over all variants. Mohawk variants included the JOV-1 [armed reconnaissance], OV-1A, [visual and photographic], OV-1B [visual, photographic, and side-looking radar (SLAR) pod], the OV-1C [visual, photographic, and infrared], and the OV-1D (SLAR pod and bigger wings), OV-1E [enlarged fuselage for more sensor operators or cargo], EV-1E [special electronic intelligence installation] and RV-1E [advanced ELINT reconnaissance]. A four-engined Model 134E with tiltwings and tail ducted fan for control for VTOL was proposed to the Army but not built. Model 134R was a tandem cockpit version offered to meet the Light Armed Reconnaissance Aircraft (LARA) requirement, but the NA300 was chosen instead becoming the OV-10.
Operational history
United States Army
The U.S. Army flew the OV-1 operationally in the Vietnam War, with sixty-five lost to accidents, ground fire, and one shot down by a North Vietnamese fighter.
In early 1968, while flying an OV-1 over South Vietnam, U.S. Army Captain Ken Lee shot down a MiG-17 “Fresco” fighter jet with his XM14 .50 in. (12.7 mm) caliber gun pods as well as two M159 unguided rocket pods, becoming the only Army Aviator to ever down a MiG. Due to the Key West Agreement, the Army tried to keep the shootdown a secret for fear that it would allow the USAF to transfer Mohawks to its inventory. Lee's kill was finally formally recognized by the Army in 2007.
The Army also used the aircraft during Operation Desert Storm.
Starting in 1972, the Army National Guard (ARNG) began to receive the Mohawk, with the ARNG eventually operating thirteen OV-1Bs, twenty-four OV-1Cs, and sixteen OV-1Ds serving with three aviation units in Georgia and Oregon. The Oregon Army National Guard Unit operating the Mohawk was located at McNary Field in Oregon, initially as the 1042nd Military Intelligence Company (Aerial Surveillance), then reflagged as the 641st Military Intelligence Battalion (CEWI)(Aerial Exploitation).
U.S. Army OV-1s were retired from Europe in 1992, from Korea in September 1996, and finally in the United States in 1996, superseded by newer systems, newer aircraft, and the evolution of reconnaissance satellites. The OV-1 was primarily replaced by the EO-5C, a militarized version of the de Havilland Canada Dash 7 turboprop airliner equipped with a SLAR system, until the U.S. Air Force's Northrop Grumman E-8 Joint STARS (Joint Surveillance Target Attack Radar System) aircraft became fully operational.
As of 2011, Alliant Techsystems partnered with the Broadbay Group and Mohawk Technologies of Florida in a venture to return an armed, modernized version of the OV-1D to operational use as a counter-insurgency aircraft. A demonstrator was equipped with a FLIR Star Safire turret and a ventral, trainable M230 chain gun.
Argentine Army
The Argentine Army Aviation received twenty-three OV-1s in the 1990s. Ten were operational and the rest were used for spare parts. They became inactive and retired from use in 2015.
Accidents and incidents
On 1 November 2019, a Grumman OV-1D Mohawk operated by Mohawk Airshows crashed at Witham Field, Stuart, Florida, during the Stuart Air Show. The aircraft was destroyed and the pilot was killed. Its serial number was 68-15958.
On 14 January 1981, a Grumman OV-1D Mohawk crashed and burned in a rural area near Lampasas, Texas during a maintenance test flight out of Fort Hood, Texas for engine rigging and nose gear strut replacement. The Inertial Navigation System had stretched a wire/pulled a pin at a computer connector and the pin re-locked. Pilot CW3 Sandy L. Oliphant and SSG Roger A. Meadows were killed instantly.
Variants
YAO-1 (YOV-1A) Initial prototypes (9 built).
OV-1A (AO-1AF) Daylight observation variant (64 built). Short wingspan (42 ft).
OV-1A - Pittsburgh Institute of Aeronautics Fitted with two additional Westinghouse J34 jet engines. A non-flying, mixed-power, testbed, operated by the Pittsburgh Institute of Aeronautics (1 conversion).
OV-1B (AO-1BF) SLAR variant (101 built). Long wingspan (48 ft).
OV-1C (AO-1CF) IR reconnaissance variant (169 built). Short wingspan (42 ft).
OV-1D Consolidated sensor variant (37 new, 82 conversions). Long wingspan (48 ft).
JOV-1A OV-1As and OV-1Cs fitted with armament (59 conversions).
RV-1C Quick Look ELINT machines (two conversions).
RV-1D Quick Look II ELINT machine (31 conversions).
EV-1E Quick Look III ELINT machine (16 conversions).
OV-1E Prototype for unproduced modernized variant (1 built).
Operators
Argentine Army Aviation
Israeli Air Force
United States Army
Army National Guard
Surviving aircraft
Airworthy
59-2604 – OV-1A flown by the Planes of Fame Air Museum in Chino, California.
62-5874 – Flown by the Carolinas Aviation Museum at airshows.
62-5889 – Cavanaugh Flight Museum flies one Mohawk
62-5890 – Flown by the Carolinas Aviation Museum at airshows.
64-14262 – American Wings Air Museum, Blaine, Minnesota.
67-15959 – Operated by Mohawk Technologies and based at Palm Beach County Park Airport in Lantana, Florida.
67-18899 – Operated by Mohawk Technologies and based at Palm Beach County Park Airport in Lantana, Florida.
67-18923 – Operated by Mohawk Technologies and based at Palm Beach County Park Airport in Lantana, Florida.
67-18924 – Operated by Mohawk Technologies and based at Palm Beach County Park Airport in Lantana, Florida.
67-18926 – Owned by Paul Pefley, CEO of Mohawk Technologies, and based at Palm Beach County Park Airport in Lantana, Florida.
68-15936 – American Wings Air Museum, Blaine, Minnesota.
68-15946 – Operated by Mohawk Technologies and based at Palm Beach County Park Airport in Lantana, Florida.
68-15947 – Located at Air Heritage Museum, Beaver County Airport, Pennsylvania. No longer owned by museum.
69-17004 – Operated by Mohawk Technologies and based at Palm Beach County Park Airport in Lantana, Florida.
69-17021 – American Wings Air Museum, Blaine, Minnesota.
Static display
57-6539 – YOV-1A on display at the United States Army Aviation Museum in Fort Rucker, Alabama.
59-2631 – OV-1B on display at the Zephyrhills Museum of Military History in Zephyrhills, FL
59-2633 – OV-1B on display at Cradle of Aviation Museum
60-3747 – OV-1C on display at the 1st Cavalry Division Museum in Fort Hood, Texas.
61-2724 – The Pima Air & Space Museum adjacent to Davis–Monthan Air Force Base in Tucson, Arizona lists an OV-1C Mohawk as a static display
62-5856 – The Wings of Eagles Discovery Center owns an OV-1C on static display among its collection
62-5860 – OV-1B on display at the United States Army Aviation Museum at Fort Rucker, Alabama.
62-5874 - Hickory Aviation Museum, Hickory, NC
62-5875 – Headquarters, 48th Infantry Brigade Combat Team, (Georgia Army National Guard) in Macon, Georgia displays a static OV-1D as part of an outdoor exhibit
62-5880 – Texas Air Museum in Slaton, Texas has a modified OV-1D that was used by NASA that is on loan from the Museum of Naval Aviation.
62-5906 – Cockpit only on display at the Valiant Air Command Warbird Museum.
63-13128 - Military Aviation Preservation Society (MAPS) Air Museum (under restoration for museum display)
64-14247 – The United States Army's Tobyhanna Army Depot in Tobyhanna, Pennsylvania, has an OV-1B on display outside the main gate access control point.
64-14252 – The Mississippi Armed Forces Museum at Camp Shelby has an OV-1 on static display
67-15959 – The G-Star School of the Arts in West Palm Beach, Florida displays a static OV-1D
67-18902 – The Evergreen Aviation & Space Museum in McMinnville, Oregon displays a static OV-1D
67-18922 – Hunter Army Airfield in Savannah, Georgia displays a static OV-1D as part of an outdoor exhibit
67-18930 – Fort Huachuca, Arizona maintains a static display of an OV-1 Mohawk
68-15932 – OV-1D c/n 136C, Argentine Army Aviation AE-021 – displayed at the Argentine Army Museum ( Museo Histórico del Ejército), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
68-15939 – Was at McClain's Military Museum in Anderson, Indiana but now sits at "Vic's Antiques and Uniques" in Edinburgh, Indiana
69-16998 – The Valiant Air Command Warbird Museum at Space Coast Regional Airport in Titusville, Florida has a static OV-1 on display
69-17007 – The 1st Cavalry Division Museum at Fort Hood, Texas displays a static OV-1D as part of an outdoor exhibit
69-17010? – The United States Army Aviation Museum at Fort Rucker, Alabama displays a static OV-1D as part of the outdoor exhibit at the intersection of Red Cloud Avenue and Ruf Avenue
69-17022 - United States Army Garrison Humphreys, Republic of Korea, OV-1 Mohawk displayed outdoors at the intersection round-a-bout of Key Street & CPX Road
The United States Army Intelligence and Security Command Headquarters Building at Fort Belvoir, Virginia displays a static OV-1D
AZO Plane Partners in current possession of the Air Zoo's OV-1D
OV-1D ex-Argentine Army Aviation, in the Aviación del Ejército Argentino Park Buenos Aires, Argentina
OV-1D Air Zoo Aerospace & Science Museum, Kalamazoo, Michigan
Specifications (OV-1D)
See also
References
Notes
Bibliography
Further reading
Printed sources
Online sources
External links
OV-1 US Army Aviation history fact sheet
The Grumman OV-1 Mohawk at Greg Goebel's AIR VECTORS
Mohawk as monument in the Aviación del Ejército Argentino Park
OV-001 Mohawk
1950s United States military reconnaissance aircraft
Twin-turboprop tractor aircraft
Mid-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1959
Triple-tail aircraft
Aircraft with auxiliary jet engines
Mixed-power aircraft |
OLiS (Oficjalna Lista Sprzedaży; ) is the official chart of the 100 highest selling music albums in Poland. The chart exists since 23 October 2000 and is provided by ZPAV.
Until January 2023 the chart consisted of 50 albums, based only on physical sale. Since January 2023 the chart consists of 100 albums and is based on both physical sale (compiled by Kantar Polska) and listeners in four streaming services (compiled by Ranger agency): Spotify, YouTube (including YouTube Music and YouTube Premium), Apple Music and Deezer.
List of number-one albums
See also
Polish music charts
List of number-one singles in Poland
List of number-one dance singles in Poland
References
External links
Official OLiS website
Polish record charts |
The War of the Mascates might be more accurately called an insurrection; the main events occurred in and around Recife, Pernambuco during 1710 and 1711. Some consider the underlying causes lasted for two centuries. The two sides were the landed elites, often referred to as senhores de engenho, and the merchants of Recife.
Intro
The twentieth century historian C. R. Boxer, in describing the coeval accounts of the War of the Mascates commented: "So much hard lying is involved in this conflict of evidence that the exact truth is probably unascertainable..."
The War of the Mascates evidences the tensions between the landed elites in colonial Brazil and the mascates (merchants) of Recife. The "war" (there was considerable shooting but little loss of life) has elements of class struggle. Moreover, although Recife and Olinda were far from the goldfields, to an arguable extent the War of the Mascates can be seen as a parallel to the War of the Emboabas between people born in Brazilian and newcomers. To the extent that is true, it shows effects of the gold rush were felt in Pernambuco, many miles from the goldfields.
After the expulsion of the Dutch, Olinda, then the capital of Pernambuco and the civic and religious center, was left in shambles. Yet Olinda was the municipality of the planters, the local aristocracy. Recife, the port facility for Olinda, had formerly consisted of a few modest dwellings, warehouses, and businesses catering to ships and seamen. It had been developed by the Dutch into a thriving center of commerce populated by wealthy, mostly recently arrived merchants. The investment required to build, operate, and maintain an engenho had always been high and the discovery of gold and the subsequent demand for slaves had driven up the cost of slaves significantly, which further indebted the planters to the merchants.
The events
The governor, Sebastião de Castro e Caldas, was appointed by the crown. The local municipal offices were controlled by the planters. The wealthy merchants resented the political controls exercised by the planters, and the planters resented being indebted to the merchants. The governors frequently favored wealthy merchants.
In 1710, after many denied requests, the crown granted Recife municipal status. The governor, anticipating resistance from the planters, decided on a secret and clumsy strategy to implement the new municipality. The planters seized upon his secrecy to contend that the new status for Recife had not been authorized by the king. The planters reacted, the governor reacted, the governor was shot at and decamped to Bahia. The planters attacked Recife, although serious violence was averted by clerical intercession. The planters and their allies regrouped in Olinda where, in a precursor to the declaration of an independent republic in the nineteenth century, there was at least a minimally credible suggestion that Pernambuco be declared an independent republic.
For several months the situation was subdued, but then the merchants and their allies rebelled. After some minimal violence, the planters and their adherents laid siege to Recife, and additionally to some other areas adhering to the mascates, such as the fortress of Tamandaré. The siege succeeded in isolating and inconveniencing the residents of Recife but despite a need to subsist mostly by eating shellfish and other seafood, Recife was able to sustain itself until the crown-appointed new governor arrived. The new governor, Felix Machado, came with a pardon for the rebels and relative peace was restored temporarily. However, the municipal status of Recife was also affirmed and the planters again took offense. Felix Machado, who would be remembered as one of the worst governors of Pernambuco, sided with the merchants and persecuted the planters. He too like his predecessor, Sebastiåo de Castro, accrued an attempted assassination.
However accurate or exaggerated the descriptions of the depravity of governor Felix Machado, his excesses were eventually quelled when António de Albuquerque, twice governor of Rio de Janeiro, stopped in Pernambuco en route to Lisbon. Apprised of the situation he presented his Pernambucan relative's case to the king. The king issued a new set of instructions to Governor Felix Machado, freeing a shipload of planters who were already chained and on board a ship about to sail to Portugal. In 1715 the crown dispatched a new governor to replace Felix Machado and residents of Pernambuco finally felt the troubles were ended, though many families of the colony's elites were ruined.
See also
History of Pernambuco
Captaincies of Brazil
Politics of Pernambuco
References
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20121213152927/http://www.v-brazil.com/information/geography/pernambuco/history.html
1710 in Brazil
1711 in Brazil
Conflicts in 1710
Conflicts in 1711
18th-century rebellions
Portuguese colonization of the Americas
Wars involving Brazil
Rebellions in Brazil
History of Recife |
The McNeely Creek Bridge is a historic bridge spanning McNeely Creek just outside Beirne, Arkansas, a village in southwestern Clark County. The bridge, a steel Warren pony truss bridge with a span of , carries County Route 12. Built in 1923, it has a wooden deck wide.
The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004. It was delisted in 2022.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Clark County, Arkansas
List of bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Arkansas
References
Road bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Arkansas
Bridges completed in 1923
National Register of Historic Places in Clark County, Arkansas
Steel bridges in the United States
Warren truss bridges in the United States
1923 establishments in Arkansas
Transportation in Clark County, Arkansas
Former National Register of Historic Places in Arkansas |
Ellie Kanner, sometimes credited as Ellie Kanner-Zuckerman, is an American film and television director and former casting director.
Career
Kanner grew up in Bloomfield, Connecticut. From a young age, she wanted to move to Los Angeles and pursue a career in entertainment. She is Jewish.
She attended Southern Connecticut State University before transferring to Pasadena City College. She dropped out of school and was hired as an agent by Irvin Arthur Associates, a talent agency that represented Ellen DeGeneres, Marsha Warfield, Shelley Berman and Dick Shawn. She soon left the company to become a casting director and cast the pilot episodes of The Drew Carey Show, Sabrina, the Teenage Witch, Two Guys and a Girl, Sex and the City and Friends. She won a Casting Society of America award for her work on Friends.
Kanner's other television casting credits include Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman, The Great War and the Shaping of the 20th Century, Clueless, Time Trax, Special Unit 2 and The Dead Zone. She also cast the films High Strung (1991), Sleep with Me (1994), Kicking and Screaming (1995), MVP: Most Valuable Primate (2000) and Air Bud: World Pup.
In 2001 Kanner directed her first film, entitled Rachel's Room. It featured Maggie Grace's first major role and Liz Tigelaar's first screenplay credit. Her next film, Italian Ties (2001), starred Scott Baio and Meat Loaf. Other film directing credits include Crazylove (2005) starring Reiko Aylesworth and Bruno Campos, Wake (2009) starring Bijou Phillips and Ian Somerhalder, For the Love of Money (2012) with Edward Furlong and James Caan, and Authors Anonymous (2014) starring Kaley Cuoco, Dylan Walsh, Chris Klein, and Dennis Farina.
She has directed television episodes of The Division, The Dead Zone, Boston Legal, Greek and Wildfire.
Personal life
Kanner was married to television producer and writer David Zuckerman and is currently a single mom to their two teenaged sons, Zachary and Adam. She belongs to the Kehillat Israel Reconstructionist Congregation of Pacific Palisades.
References
External links
American television directors
American casting directors
Women casting directors
American women film directors
American Reconstructionist Jews
American women television directors
Living people
People from Bloomfield, Connecticut
Southern Connecticut State University alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Film directors from Connecticut
21st-century American women |
The IEEE Pioneer Award in Nanotechnology is given by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Nanotechnology Council for research in nanotechnology.
The main considerations for judging include distinction in long-term technical achievements, leadership, innovation, breadth, and impact on nanotechnology and engineering, recognizing individuals whose technical achievements go beyond the borders of a particular technical society. Nominees must be at least 10 years beyond their terminal degree. One or two Pioneer Awards are given each year; when two are awarded, there may be one for academics, and one for industry or government. The award consists of honorarium and a commemorative plaque.
Recipients
See also
Kavli Prize in Nanoscience
Foresight Institute Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology
ISNSCE Nanoscience Award
References
External links
The Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
IEEE Nanotechnology Council
Academic awards
IEEE society and council awards |
Washington, D.C. is located in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States at , the coordinates of the Zero Milestone, on The Ellipse. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a geographical area of , of which is land, and the remaining (10.16%) of which is water. The Anacostia River and the smaller Rock Creek flow into the Potomac River in Washington.
Washington, D.C. is surrounded by Northern Virginia on its southwest side and Maryland on its southeast, northeast, and northwest sides; it interrupts those states' shared border, which is the south shore of the Potomac River both upstream and downstream from the city. The portion of the Potomac River that passes Washington, D.C. is virtually entirely within the city's border, as Washington, D.C. extends to the south bank. The city contains the remaining federal district, which was formerly part of those two adjacent states before they respectively ceded it for the national capital in the 1790s. The land ceded from Virginia was returned by Congress in 1847, so what remains of the modern District was all once part of Maryland.
Topography and geology
The topography of Washington, D.C. is highly similar to the physical geography of much of Maryland. The city has three significant natural flowing bodies of water: the Potomac River and two tributaries, the Anacostia River and Rock Creek. The confluence of the Potomac and Anacostia forms the historic peninsula known as Arsenal Point. The District also includes the Washington Channel, which flows into the junction of the Anacostia and Potomac rivers. There are also three artificial reservoirs: Dalecarlia Reservoir, which crosses over the northwest border of the District from Maryland, McMillan Reservoir near Howard University, and Georgetown Reservoir upstream of Georgetown. A fourth, minor reservoir is at Fort Reno in Tenleytown.
Washington, D.C. is situated in a topographic bowl. The bottom of the bowl, where the White House and United States Capitol are located, is in the floodplain of the junction of the Anacostia and Potomac Rivers. Extending out from the floodplain is a series of rising river terraces. These high ridges nearly surround the city. The highest of these terraces is 200 feet above sea level and is fronted by an escarpment that is very prominent along the east side of the Anacostia River. Steep-sided ravines and small streams cut through the upper terrace east of the Anacostia River at frequent intervals. Examples of these stream valleys can be found at Forts Dupont and Stanton.
Washington, D.C. is located on the fall line, the border of two considerably different geological terrains or provinces; the hard rock of the Piedmont Plateau to the north and west and the soft sediments of the Atlantic Coastal Plain to the east. The Piedmont Plateau is located north and west of the city. Deeply cut valleys and prominent ridges characterize this area.
The highest point in Washington, D.C. is 410 feet (125 m) above sea level at Reno Reservoir in Tenleytown. The lowest point is sea level, which occurs along all of the Anacostia shore and all of the Potomac shore except the uppermost 100 meters (the Little Falls-Chain Bridge area). The sea level in the Tidal Basin rose eleven feet during Hurricane Isabel on September 18, 2003. The geographic center of Washington, D.C. is on the site of the Organization of American States headquarters. The U.S. Capitol marks the intersection of the city's four administrative quadrants.
Other prominent geographical features of Washington, D.C., include Theodore Roosevelt Island, Columbia Island, the Three Sisters, and Hains Point.
Some areas, especially around the National Mall and parts of Foggy Bottom, were marshes or parts of the river that have been filled in.
Natural history
During the 18th century, significant portions of the region were forested, with species including rabbits, turkey, pheasants, woodcocks, turtles, and quail, as well as numerous bird species including mockingbirds, bluebirds, hummingbirds, and orioles. Other indigenous species include black snake, garter snake, rattlesnake, copperhead, bullfrog and other types of frogs, ground squirrels, flying squirrels, skunks, opossums, raccoons, foxes, beavers, deer, wolves, and bears. Snipes and various types of ducks inhabited swampy areas, as well as soruses.
Native tree species include willow, birch, cedar, and oak. Other plant species found along the Potomac during the early 19th century include yellow jessamine, prickly pear cactus, white horehound, sweet fennel, wild cherries, and wild strawberries. The large percentage of parkland contributes to a high urban tree canopy coverage of 35%.
In 1965, President Lyndon Johnson called the Potomac River a "national disgrace" and used the river to illustrate the need for the Clean Water Restoration Act of 1966. The river is now home to a vibrant warm-water fishery and naturally reproducing bald eagles have returned to its banks. Despite its intensely urbanized landscape, the District of Columbia is a center for research on urban wildlife management, invasive species management, urban stream restoration, and the aquatic ecology of urban streams. The National Park Service's Center For Urban Ecology is a regional source of expertise and applied science for the region.
Earthquakes
Earthquake activity in the District of Columbia is low. No earthquakes have been centered within the District, nor are there any faults. However, it has felt earthquakes centered in Virginia, Maryland, and other surrounding states and large earthquakes in Canada and New England.
The District felt the 1811–1812 New Madrid earthquakes, and according to old records, residents were "badly frightened". In March 1828, President John Quincy Adams felt a "violent" earthquake in the White House and wrote it in his journal. The 1886 Charleston earthquake (magnitude 6.6 to 7.3) was felt in DC. The strongest earthquake in Virginia happened in 1897 and was felt in the District. An earthquake in 1925 in Canada, estimated about magnitude 7, was felt over 2 million square miles. Another 6.2 earthquake in 1935 caused damage in New York and shook residents from Maine to Wisconsin.
The 2011 Virginia earthquake was felt in Washington and caused damage to landmarks and monuments such as the Washington Monument and the Washington National Cathedral.
Climate
Washington, D.C., is located in the humid subtropical climate zone (Köppen climate classification: Cfa), exhibiting four distinct seasons. Its climate is typical of the mid-Atlantic states. The District is located in USDA plant hardiness zone 8a near downtown, and zone 7b elsewhere in the city, indicating a temperate climate. As implied in the previous sentence, the downtown area exhibits an urban heat island (UHI) build-up that can especially exacerbate the sultriness of summer nights.
Winter sees generally cold temperatures, and the daily average temperature in January is . Rarely lows will be into the teens °F (−7 °C or below), and temperatures below are rare, and the last -or-colder reading at Reagan National occurred on January 19, 1994. In terms of highs, January alone sees + highs on 8.6 days, while 9 days per season stay at or below freezing.
Spring is typically dry, sunny, and begins in March. At Reagan National, the last freeze on average occurs on March 27. Due to the rapid warming, pollen is also problematic during this time of year. Serious heat and humidity begin in late April to early May, although a drier heat is possible earlier. The first + high of the year on average falls on May 17.
Summer is hot and humid, with July averaging . Nighttime conditions stay warm and are often humid, falling into the low 70s °F (21–23 °C). Dew points average from from June to August as well, indicating moderate discomfort. There are more than 35 days of or higher temperatures, yet temperatures do not occur every year. In recent years, due partly to increased UHI build-up, daily minima of have become evermore common.
Autumn is similar to spring in temperature, with crisp mornings, and is a reasonably long transition, with the last + high of the year on average falling on September 10, and the first freeze at Reagan National occurring on November 18.
Precipitation is generous and well-distributed throughout the year (though February is noticeably drier), falling on 8 to 11 days per month, averaging . Annual precipitation has ranged from in 1930 and 2018, respectively. The wettest month on record was September 1934, with of rain, while the driest month was October 1963 with trace amounts. The most rain in a calendar day was on August 23, 1933.
Snowfall falls mostly in small accumulations, totaling an average per season, occurring mostly in January and February, with some accumulation in December and March, but rarely November or April; on average there are 12.1 days per season with a snow depth of or more. The strongest wintertime storms are usually "nor'easters", which typically feature high winds and heavy rains, occasionally in the form of a 'blizzard', while Alberta clippers are generally fast-moving and bring accumulations of under . The Knickerbocker Storm produced both the heaviest fall in a single storm, at and also the greatest 24-hour total of ; with an aggregate , the snowiest season was 2009–10; the most snow in one month was in February 1899. The seasons with the least snow were 1972–73 and 1997–98 at each. The earliest and latest dates for measurable (≥) snowfall are October 10, 1979, and April 28, 1898, respectively. The suburbs to the north and west, due to a variety of factors (including inland location, elevation, and reduced UHI), typically receive more snowfall, with seasonal averages generally above . Freezing rain is also possible during the winter months; the location of the warm waters of the Gulf Stream to the east often causes the rain-snow line to be located in the region, and ice storms are more likely in January and February.
During late summer and early fall, hurricanes, or their remnants, occasionally track through the area. However, they have often weakened when doing so, partly due to the city's inland location. Flooding of the Potomac River, however, caused by a combination of high tide, storm surge, and runoff, has been known to cause extensive property damage in Georgetown.
Sunshine is adequate, totaling 2,529 hours per year. However, bright sunshine is more likely to occur less than 50% of the time from November through February.
Temperature extremes are as follows:
The highest recorded temperature was on July 20, 1930, and August 6, 1918, while the lowest recorded temperature was on February 11, 1899, right before the Great Blizzard of 1899. The extreme low daily high temperature was , occurring one day before the all-time minimum, while the extreme high daily low temperature was on July 23–24, 2011 and July 16, 1983. Monthly mean temperatures have ranged from in January 1918 to in July 2011, while the corresponding range for the annual mean is in 1904 to in 2012.
Monthly statistics
City plan
Washington, D.C. was created to serve as the national capital from its inception. The Residence Act of 1790 required that the capital's territory would be located along the Potomac River within an area that Maryland and Virginia would cede to the federal government. However, it permitted the nation's first president, George Washington, to select the territory's precise location. President Washington then chose for the territory a square whose sides were in length and whose corners were directly north, east, south, and west of its center. The area of the square contained the existing towns of Georgetown and Alexandria, as well as two small villages, Hamburgh in the Foggy Bottom area and Carrollsburg near the confluence of the Potomac and Anacostia rivers.
The Residence Act had granted the president the authority to locate the federal capital's territory only as far south and east as the mouth of the Anacostia River in Maryland. However, President Washington wanted to expand the territory's area southward so that its boundaries could encompass the town of Alexandria. In 1791, Congress amended the Residence Act to approve President Washington's selected site, which included the portion of the territory that Virginia would cede.
The location of the capital had many natural advantages: the Potomac was navigable up to the territory, allowing for boat traffic; the established ports at Alexandria and Georgetown could provide an important economic base for a major city; and the territory's inland location was close to the Northwest Territory. During 1791–1792, Andrew Ellicott and several assistants, including Benjamin Banneker, surveyed the boundary between the federal territory and the states of Virginia and Maryland, placing marker stones at every mile point. Many of the stones are still standing.
A new federal city, named in 1791 as the City of Washington in the Territory of Columbia, was then laid out in a largely undeveloped area at the center of the 100 square-mile federal territory. This city, which Pierre (Peter) L'Enfant designed, was bounded to the north by Boundary Street (now Florida Avenue) at the base of the escarpment of the Atlantic Seaboard Fall Line, to the southeast by the Anacostia River, to the southwest by the Potomac River and the west by Rock Creek. Although L'Enfant designed the city's original layout in 1791, surveyor Andrew Ellicott revised it in 1792 (see Streets and highways of Washington, D.C.).
The remainder of the territory was designated as Washington County (on the Maryland side of the Potomac) and Alexandria County (on the Virginia side).
Alexandria
The land from Virginia was eventually returned to the state in 1846, effective 1847. This land in Virginia makes up the modern area of Arlington County and the old part of Alexandria, Virginia, both of which are Washington, D.C. suburbs. Arlington National Cemetery and The Pentagon are both located in Arlington. Between 1790 and 1846, Alexandria was referred to as Alexandria, D.C.
Georgetown
Georgetown was originally part of Maryland and was the only significant population in the area that would become part of Washington, D.C. when the federal city was first created but which remained an independent city then referred to as Georgetown, D.C., until 1871 when it was merged with Washington City and Washington County, completing the process of Washington and the District of Columbia occupying the same geographic borders.
McMillan plan
The monumental core of the city includes the National Mall and many key federal buildings, monuments, and museums, including the Lincoln Memorial, Washington Monument, and the National Air and Space Museum. Its layout is based on that proposed by the McMillan Commission report in 1901.
Building heights
To preserve the grandeur of the National Mall, the White House, the Capitol, and various other key locations, the entire city is subject to strict building height limits. This limitation was placed in effect just before the 20th century when government officials realized that structural steel "skyscrapers" could overwhelm the city. In 1899, Congress enacted a height limit for the District prohibiting private buildings from rising more than 130 feet. Contrary to popular belief, no law has ever restricted buildings to the height of the United States Capitol or Washington Monument.
A revised height law in 1910 did away with that fixed maximum. The newer legislation, still in effect today, states that no new building may be more than 20 feet taller than the width of the street in front of it. The current law is codified as D.C. CODE ANN. § 6-601.05. Thus, Washington has a relatively modest skyline in comparison to the majority of American cities. However, the District is ringed by high-rise buildings in many nearby suburbs like Arlington, Silver Spring, and Bethesda.
Neighborhoods
Washington, D.C. is divided into eight wards and 37 Advisory Neighborhood Commissions (ANCs) within these wards. The total number of named neighborhoods is 127. The ANCs serve to advise the Washington, D.C. city council on neighborhood matters. The council is required by law to give their opinions great weight, though what that means is up to the Council to decide. Since 2000, the demographics of many neighborhoods have changed markedly.
Adjacent communities
The District of Columbia is bordered by various cities, towns, villages, and unincorporated CDPs in Maryland and Virginia. Following is a list of those adjacent communities.
Bethesda, Maryland
Brookmont, Maryland
Capitol Heights, Maryland
Chevy Chase (CDP), Maryland
Chevy Chase Village, Maryland
Chillum, Maryland
Colmar Manor, Maryland
Coral Hills, Maryland
Cottage City, Maryland
Fairmount Heights, Maryland
Glassmanor, Maryland
Hillcrest Heights, Maryland
Mount Rainier, Maryland
Seat Pleasant, Maryland
Silver Hill, Maryland
Silver Spring, Maryland
Suitland, Maryland
Takoma Park, Maryland
Alexandria, Virginia
Arlington, Virginia
McLean, Virginia (touches Washington, D.C., at one corner only)
In addition to the places named above, there are other small unincorporated parts of Prince George's County, Maryland, which also border Washington, D.C.
See also
List of circles in Washington, D.C.
Streets and highways of Washington, D.C.
Quadrants of Washington, D.C.
Tiber Creek
Notes
References
External links
Capital Weather Gang: "The inside scoop on weather in the D.C. area and beyond" |
The Teatro Lido is a Colombian theater located at the southeastern coast of Park of Bolívar, in Medellín. The theater began operating in 1945 and in 2007, after a methodical restoration was reopened, and is administered by the Mayor of Medellin. It has capacity for 1,100 spectators and offers a variety of programming throughout the year.
The site was previously occupied by la Macarena billiard hall.
References
Theatres in Medellín
1945 establishments in Colombia
Theatres completed in 1945 |
Wiesen (; ) is a town in the district of Mattersburg in the Austrian state of Burgenland.
Population
References
Cities and towns in Mattersburg District |
John "Jack" Perri (born 1975) is the head men's basketball coach at Southern New Hampshire University. He previously served as the head men's basketball coach for LIU Brooklyn from 2012 to 2017, and was the head coach at Rhode Island College from 2004 to 2005. Perri also has been an assistant coach at his alma mater Bentley and Boston University.
Perri grew up in Manalapan Township, New Jersey and scored 1,200 points playing basketball at Manalapan High School.
Head coaching record
References
1975 births
Living people
Basketball coaches from New Jersey
Basketball players from New Jersey
Bentley Falcons men's basketball coaches
Bentley Falcons men's basketball players
Boston University Terriers men's basketball coaches
College men's basketball head coaches in the United States
LIU Brooklyn Blackbirds men's basketball coaches
Manalapan High School alumni
People from Manalapan Township, New Jersey
Southern New Hampshire Penmen men's basketball coaches
Sportspeople from Monmouth County, New Jersey |
Sucrononic acid is a guanidine derivative artificial sweetener. It is one of the most potent sweeteners known, with a sweetness 200,000 times that of sucrose (table sugar).
It has not been approved for use in food.
Sucrononic acid is an artificial compound which is part of the family of guanilic acids, guanidines combined with acetic acid, which are very sweet:
Lugduname (230,000x at equivalent concentration)
Carrelame (200,000x at equivalent concentration)
Bernardame (188,000x at equivalent concentration)
Sucrooctate (162,000x at equivalent concentration)
BIMU8 is a structural isomer of Sucrononic acid.
References
External links
Sugar substitutes
Guanidines
Nitriles
Zwitterions |
Brigadier Victor Henry Jaques (sometimes Jacques) CBE DSO MC & Bar (31 December 1896 – November 1955) was a British Army officer. He served during the First World War before becoming a lawyer in Bangkok, Siam, with Tilleke & Gibbins. During the Second World War Jaques rejoined the army. In 1945 he was posted as the representative of Force 136, a British intelligence unit, in Bangkok. One of his key roles was to liaise with the Thai official Pridi Banomyong. The Thai government was technically at war with the Allies, but Pridi was also a leader of the anti-Japanese Free Thai Movement, and Jaques worked to co-ordinate Allied operations with the movement and to plan for future relations. Jaques was hindered by Pridi's distrust of British plans for South-east Asia in the post-war period, as well as various diplomatic incidents. Pridi instead favoured closer relations with the Americans. Jaques remained in Bangkok after the war, both as an army officer and as a civilian lawyer. He played a key role in re-founding the city's British Club in 1947.
Early life and career
The records of the British Club note that Jaques was born on 31 December 1896, and attended Thame School in Oxfordshire. They also state that he joined the British Army in 1914, during the First World War. The London Gazette records that he received training in the Officers' Training Corps prior to receiving a probationary commission as a second lieutenant on 16 May 1915 in the 3rd (Special Reserve) battalion of the Royal Sussex Regiment. His probationary period ended on 7 June 1916. Jaques was promoted to the acting rank of captain on 10 December 1916 and to the substantive rank of lieutenant on 1 July 1917. On 15 October 1918, Jaques received the Military Cross "for conspicuous gallantry and dash during a raid on enemy trenches". The medal citation commends his organisation and leadership of the raid, after which he led a patrol to search no man's land for three snipers while under machine gun and trench mortar fire.
Jaques relinquished his acting rank on 21 December 1918 but was appointed again to that rank and command of a company on 7 January 1919. Jaques received a bar to his Military Cross on 15 February 1919 for actions in an attack on a German position north of the Ormignon River on 18 September 1918, during the Hundred Days Offensive. The medal citation notes that Jaques "handled his company throughout with conspicuous ability and displayed great gallantry". Once his unit had reached its final objective, he reorganised his company, as well as, under heavy machine gun fire, platoons in other companies that had lost their officers. He afterwards volunteered to lead two of these platoons forwards to exploit an opportunity and was wounded in action. By February 1919 Jaques was attached to the 2nd (Regular) battalion of his regiment. He served as an aide-de-camp between 4 April and 3 November 1919. Jaques left the army on 1 April 1920, being promoted to the substantive rank of captain.
Jaques became a lawyer, being called to the bar of the Inner Temple in 1924 and leaving for Siam in 1925, where he joined the practice of Tilleke & Gibbins in Bangkok. He served for more than a decade as general counsel to the Siam Electricity Company (renamed the Thai Electric Company in 1939). Jaques learnt to speak the Thai language fluently. Jaques returned to the United Kingdom once, in 1930, to marry Dora Watson. The firm carried out work for the Thai royal family and various government agencies. In 1935 Jaques acted as defence counsel for Phraya Thephatsadin, which led to him being associated with the Thai royalist cause.
Second World War
With the coming of World War II, Jaques left Siam in 1940 to rejoin the army and, on 26 May, received a commission as a lieutenant in his old regiment. He fought with his old regiment in Italy, India and Burma. By 11 January 1945, when he was mentioned in dispatches for his service in Italy, he had been promoted to the substantive rank of major and the temporary rank of lieutenant colonel. Jaques was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire on 19 April 1945 for his service in Italy; by this time he held the acting rank of colonel.
Thailand
By early 1945 Jaques had been selected by Force 136, the Far East branch of the undercover Special Operations Executive (SOE), as their representative in Japanese-occupied Thailand (Siam had been renamed in 1939). SOE officer Andrew Gilchrist notes in his memoir that he was asked whether the job might be too demanding for Jaques. He replied "Nuts. I know Jacques, he's mad enough for anything. If he's offer this job he'll take it. There's only one thing ... is he fit enough? I believe he's got a game leg—a wound from the last war". Force 136 decided that Jaques would be selected, though his injury ruled him out of any parachute drops and meant he would be transferred in and out of the country by sea plane.
Jaques's role was to discuss future operations and post-war relations with Pridi Banomyong, an official of the Thai government. Thailand was technically at war with the Allies, but Pridi was also a leader of the anti-Japanese Free Thai Movement. Jaques, codenamed Brigadier Hector, entered Thailand in Operation Panicle on the night of 27/28 April 1945. Jaques arrived in Bangkok in the company of Tan Chin (Prince , a rival of Pridi, who had been permitted to return by Pridi's pardoning of political exiles), who had been sent by insistence of the British government. Force 136 had opposed the sending of Subha as it thought the presence of the unpopular royalist would harm relations with the Free Thai Movement. Upon arrival in Thailand Force 136 quickly posted Subha as liaison officer to a remote post on the Burmese border.
There were delays in getting Jaques into Thailand, which meant that the American intelligence service—the Office of Strategic Services—already had a mission to Pridi in place, giving them a distinct advantage. Despite the presence of Japanese forces and the official position of Thailand as an enemy state, Allied intelligence agents were able to travel fairly freely across the country, in full uniform, because of the support of the Free Thai Movement. Jaques, particularly conspicuous by his height, found he was able to travel across Bangkok openly wearing his British Army uniform.
Jaques lodged in a house directly across the Chao Phraya River from Pridi's residence. He met with Pridi on 30 April, on a boat that cruised up and down the river to escape Japanese intelligence. Jaques secured an agreement from Pridi that a post-war Thai government would renounce claims on British territories annexed to Thailand by the Japanese. Pridi raised concerns over a Force 136 unit that had been parachuted into the Shan Hills without his permission. Jaques reassured him that the unit was acting only to cut off the Japanese retreat from Burma and had no interest in Thailand. Pridi also sought assurances over post-war Anglo-Thai relations, but Jaques was not authorised to promise anything in this regard. His silence made Pridi suspicious of post-war British intentions in Thailand, and led him to favour closer relations with the Americans.
Jaques left Thailand on 2 May, returning to India with a number of Thai liaison officers. Whilst there, Jaques campaigned for closer co-operation between Force 136 and the OSS in Thai relations. He was supported in this by the OSS agent Waller B. Booth, who proposed to install Jaques as the head of a joint Allied mission to Thailand. However, these plans were scuppered by American suspicion of Britain's post-war intentions to the country. Within a week of arriving in India, Jaques travelled to Ceylon to meet with Admiral Lord Mountbatten, the Supreme Allied Commander for South East Asia. Jaques pressed Mountbatten for military aid to be sent to the Free Thai Movement, to which the admiral agreed in principle. Mountbatten cautioned against any risings by the Thais at this stage, which were unlikely to succeed, owing to their lack of equipment and training, and might provoke a strong Japanese reaction. The British government concurred with this opinion, which some in the OSS thought was political in nature, denying any opportunity for the Thais to participate in their own liberation.
Jaques returned to Thailand by seaplane on 1 June and established a permanent Force 136 headquarters at Thammasat University. He continued his efforts to improve relations with the OSS mission and to press for greater inter-Allied cooperation but faced obstruction from the Americans. As the OSS and Force 136 offices were in opposite sides of the city, Allied personnel were escorted between them, past Japanese patrols, by Thai military police. The Americans and Thais were both frustrated by Mountbatten's insistence that an Allied invasion of Thailand could not be achieved before December and that any uprising would have to be postponed to suit.
Jaques's mission was made more difficult by the British Secret Intelligence Service, whose Inter-Services Liaison Department sent operatives into Thailand to report on Japanese movements without requesting permission from Pridi. Some of the SIS agents were detected by Free Thai units and reported to Pridi, increasing his distrust of the British. Jaques attempted to intervene to ensure the SIS sent no more operatives without permission, and also sought to bring the SIS operatives under his direction to remedy a lack of staff, but was refused. This led to a further breakdown of his relations with Pridi and left the British mission behind the Americans in intelligence work.
A further incident that affected Anglo-Thai relations was an article in a British Ceylon newspaper that advocated annexation of the Kra Isthmus by Britain after the war. A clipping of this article was provided to Pridi by the Americans and it was shown by him to Jaques, as an indication of why he distrusted the British. Jaques suspected that the clipping had been provided by the Americans. The incident led the OSS to ask Pridi not to share with the British any information they had supplied unless it also came from another source. Anglo-Thai relations were also affected by the cancellation of a meeting between a Thai liaison officer and Mountbatten. Though he acknowledged the difficulties present in Anglo-Thai relations, Jaques was hopeful that Pridi thought the British might be useful in supporting Thai claims to retain territories annexed from French Indo-China in 1941 and in opposing any southward expansion of China.
At noon on 18 June 1945, the Americans staged an air drop of supplies for the Free Thai Movement in Bangkok as a display of strength. Packages of medical supplies were dropped from three B-24 bombers from an altitude of just . The supplies were collected by the movement and Thai civilians despite attempts by Japanese soldiers to seize them. The action greatly embarrassed the Japanese military who had been unable to prevent the drop, and also helped to demonstrate to Pridi that the Americans were capable of providing greater practical support to the Thais than the British. As part of the demonstration, four P-38 fighters buzzed low over the watching crowd while another five aircraft strafed the Japanese forces. Four Japanese soldiers were killed and five Thai civilians wounded. Jaques was among the crowd and one of the cannon shells struck within of him. In July Jaques was summoned to meet Pridi, who had received news that a British invasion of Phuket had been foiled by Japanese forces; he was concerned that he had not been forewarned. Jaques explained that this was a mistake by the Japanese and that they had actually attacked a British minesweeping force, preparing for Operation Zipper, the anticipated liberation of British Malaya. Jaques left Thailand soon afterwards and was in India at the time of the 6 and 9 August atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
Jaques returned to Thailand in mid-August, accompanied by officers detailed to help with the rescue of British prisoners of war in the north-east of the country. Jaques continued to meet with Pridi and advised him not to formally renounce the Thai declaration of war on the Allies for fear of antagonising the Japanese. Jaques later horrified Pridi by visiting British internees at Vajiravudh College openly and in full uniform.
Jaques relinquished his commission on 20 May 1946, holding the war substantive rank of lieutenant-colonel and being granted the honorary rank of colonel. On 13 June he was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire for his service on the staff of the Supreme Allied Commander, Southeast Asia (Mountbatten). Jaques received the Distinguished Service Order on 7 November 1946 "in recognition of gallant and distinguished services while engaged in Special Operations in South East Asia".
Post-war
In the immediate post-war period, Jaques served as political advisor to General Geoffrey Charles Evans, who had entered Thailand as the head of Allied forces to supervise the disarming of the Japanese. Jaques was replaced in this role on 7 October by Hugh R. Bird of the Foreign Office, who had been consul in Chiang Mai in the pre-war years.
After the war, Jaques returned to legal practice in Bangkok, being retained by many British firms who were opening offices there. He was one of the first two British lawyers to return to the city. Jaques attempted to reform Bangkok's office working hours, which were set on a British pattern of 10:00 am to 4:00 pm. For around a year Jaques worked from 7:00 am to 1:00 pm, before being obliged to conform to the traditional hours to match those of his clients. He reopened Tilleke & Gibbins in 1946, now its only remaining partner, but retired from the firm the following year. He assigned its trademark business to his secretary Ina Jorgensen, who had safeguarded the firm's interests during the war, and sold the rest of the business to Albert Lyman in 1951.
Jaques also served as director of the Thai Electric Company and the International Rice Company. He helped re-found the city's British Club in 1946 and served as its first post-war chairman. As the club's records were destroyed during the Japanese occupation, Jaques wrote the club's new rulebook largely from memory. He became an honorary member of the British Club in 1951 for his "invaluable and distinguished service". He and his wife, Dora, returned to Britain in 1955 and he died soon afterwards that November.
References
Bibliography
British Army personnel of World War I
British Army personnel of World War II
British Special Operations Executive personnel
20th-century British lawyers
British expatriates in Thailand
1896 births
1955 deaths
Officers' Training Corps officers
Royal Sussex Regiment officers
Recipients of the Military Cross
British Army brigadiers |
Alberto Iribarne (born 2 August 1950) is an Argentinian lawyer, who was Minister of Justice during the presidency of Néstor Kirchner from 2005 and 2007.
He was born in Buenos Aires. He was designated by president Cristina Fernández de Kirchner as Ambassador of Argentina to the Holy See but his diplomatic approval was refused by the Vatican. According some reports, it was because he is divorced. In 2019 Iribarne was designated the Ambassador to Uruguay by President Alberto Fernández.
He is graduated at law from University of Buenos Aires.
References
1950 births
Living people
Lawyers from Buenos Aires
20th-century Argentine lawyers |
Bauria is an extinct genus of the suborder Therocephalia that existed during the Early and MiddleTriassic period, around 246-251 million years ago. It belonged to the family Bauriidae. Bauria was probably a carnivore or insectivore. It lived in South Africa, specifically in the Burgersdorp Formation in South Africa.
Taxonomy
Bauria was named by Robert Broom in 1909 and found at Winnaarsbaken, South Africa. The first species Broom discovered, Bauria cynops, was a reasonably complete skull, but according to the first description somewhat poorly preserved, and apparently equally poorly prepared. Five other specimens were later found at different points in time, with mostly skulls being found.
There have only been two known species of Bauria that have been discovered so far, with the first species, Bauria cynops, being known from 6 different skulls in varying conditions of poor to excellent.
The second species, Bauria robusta is known from a skull that is as much as twenty percent larger than the largest known specimen of Bauria cynops, which is about fifteen percent larger than the average of all other specimens of this genotype. The skull was unfortunately not well preserved, due to exposure to weathering. The only tangible evidence of a feature which is quite apparent to the eye is the fact that the snout appears to be stouter, higher and shorter than in Bauria cynops. The cheek bulges in other Bauria specimens are below the anterior borders of the orbits, while in the new species they rise to a position more directly in front of the orbits.
Only two species of Bauria are known, with the most recent one, Bauria robusta, being discovered by J. W. Kitching in 1955 in the Burghersdorp district However, a 2013 study proposed that Microgomphodon oligocynus and Bauria cynops are recognized as the only valid species of southern African bauriids.
Based on Brink's analysis of skull and lower jaw features in 1963, Bauria is a therapsid sufficiently different from Scaloposaurus and its allies to warrant distinction at the infraorder level. It was suggested that a suborder be recognized level with Gorgonopsia, Therocephalia, Cynodontia and Ictidosauria and that this suborder be called Scaloposauria. The suborder Scaloposauria should be divided into two infraorders, the earlier Ictodosuchoidea and the later Bauriamorpha, a natural branch separate from the suborder Cynodontia.
Bauria was later confirmed to be a sister taxon of cynodonts, followed by an outgroup formed by (Moschorhinus (Ictidosuchops, Theriognathus)), using techniques involving Most Parsimonious Trees.
Most therocephalian genera lack an ectepicondylar foramen, with Bauria being the only exception, making Bauria a derived genera.
Description
Skull
According to what Brink compiled, the basioccipital of Bauria contributes in the typical therocephalian-scaloposaurid manner to the occipital condyle. In Bauria, the three exoccipitals are of equal size. The shape of the rest of the basioccipital in ventral view doesn't differ too much from other related forms like Ictidosuchops. The opisthotic contribution is visible in ventral view. There is the presence of bosses on the exoccipitals, dorsally and laterally, which mark the areas of articulation of the proatlas. The parietals form a parietal crest, in contrast with the slightly broader, more rounded ictidosuchoid condition. The fronto-parietal suture is narrow in Bauria, which differs from ictidosuchids who have a generally broader region The pineal foramen is absent, a feature of considerable significance at this critical level near the threshold of homoiotherm mammals. The postorbitals are very characteristic, making it possible to identify Bauria on one isolated postorbital bone. The posterior extensions flanking the parietals do not extend upward, the postorbital frontal sutures form no ridges, unlike in ictidosuchoids.
The dentary is peculiarly curved, making it a characteristic of this genus. The peculiar twist is designed to swing the posterior lower cheek teeth inward to ensure proper occlusion on the upper teeth. The dentary is greatly thickened, both internally and externally along the series of cheek teeth, much more than the transversely broadened teeth and their roots demand. The posterior part of the dental row is displaced inward so the dorsal margin of the coronoid process descends some distance laterally to the hindmost teeth and continues down and forward across the lateral face of the dentary virtually to the chin. This arrangement gives the dentary a very mammal-like or ictidosaur appearance, but the coronoid process is by contrast typically scaloposaurid. It reaches far back and high through the temporal vacuity, but as a long slender extension, somewhat square terminally. There are three large incisors, one short canine only slightly larger than the incisors, and it would appear that the cheek teeth normally count one more than in the upper jaw. The lower teeth are narrower than the upper teeth, but are still distinctly transversely ovate. All the teeth in the series are twice as wide as their antero-posterior measurement. The therocephalian Bauria shows a more complex postcanine crown pattern, but only one cusp can be seen in labial view
Palaeobiology
The diet of Bauria is assumed to have included tough fibrous material due to the way the anterior edge of an upper tooth shears against the posterior edge of the corresponding lower tooth to generate a cutting action.
The cheek bulges, and the wide and deep depression below them, suggest a muscular arrangement associated with the corners of the mouth, whereby it is possible for such an animal to pull the corners of the mouth forwards as is characteristic of mammals, while in true reptiles the corners of the mouth are fixed and very close to the articulation of the lower jaw. This is a significant arrangement, because even with a secondary palate an animal would not be able to suck unless the corners of the mouth can be brought forward, allowing the mouth as a whole to close properly around the teat of a milk gland.
See also
Therocephalia
Synapsid
References
External links
Bauria | fossil genus | Britannica
Therocephalia genera
Early Triassic synapsids of Africa
Fossil taxa described in 1909
Taxa named by Robert Broom |
Joseph Murphy (born 6 August 1976 in Mullingar, Ireland) is an Irish Olympic eventing rider. He competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics where he finished 14th in the individual and 5th in the team eventing competition. He postponed his wedding to allow him to take part.
Murphy also took part at the 2014 World Equestrian Games and at four editions of European Eventing Championships (in 2011, 2013, 2015 and 2017).
References
1976 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Mullingar
Irish male equestrians
Olympic equestrians for Ireland
Equestrians at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Equestrians from County Westmeath |
Ginásio Gilberto Cardoso or Ginásio do Maracanãzinho, sometimes called just Maracanãzinho ("Little Maracanã" or "Mini Maracanã"), is an indoor arena located in Maracanã in the north zone of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is used mostly for volleyball. Its formal name, Ginásio Gilberto Cardoso, honors a former Clube de Regatas do Flamengo president. The capacity of the arena is 11,800 and it was opened in 1954. It stands next to the Maracanã Stadium.
History
Maracanãzinho's construction started on April 13, 1954 and lasted for only five months. It was built by Construtora Prolar S.A. The architects were Rafael Galvão, Pedro Paulo Bernardes Bastos, Orlando Azevedo and Antônio Dias Carneiro, the engineer was Joaquim Cardoso.
The gymnasium was inaugurated on September 24, 1954, with that year's Men's Basketball World Championship, for which it had a capacity for 25,000 spectators. The arena also hosted the 1963 event of the same competition, with the home team, coached by Kanela taking the gold medal, its second Men's Basketball World Championship in a row.
During the 1950s and the 1960s, the Miss Guanabara and Miss Brasil beauty pageants were held in Maracanãzinho.
During the 1960s and the 1970s several national and international music festivals were held in the gymnasium.
The 1960 and 1990 Men's Volleyball World Championship was held in Maracanãzinho.
At the age of 32, Simone Bittencourt de Oliveira became the first female singer to fill the Maracanãzinho Gymnasium in 1981.
The 2013 World Judo Championships was held in Maracanãzinho.
The Maracanãzinho Gymnasium hosted UFC 179 in October 2014 and UFC Fight Night: Maia vs. LaFlare in March 2015.
The Maracanãzinho Gymnasium hosted the volleyball competitions during the 2016 Summer Olympics.
In 2013, WWE.com claimed the arena was the site of the 1979 WWE Intercontinental Championship tournament, an April Fools' Day prank.
Renovations
For the 2007 Pan American Games, the gym was remodeled, with new central air conditioning, an added four-sided scoreboard, a new sound system, a dome which allows natural lighting during the day, new comfortable seating, and adaptions to all international requirements. As a result, the Maracanãzinho became a venue for the volleyball competitions of the 2007 Pan American Games, and many other international competitions. After the renovations, the capacity of the arena was reduced from approximately 13,000 to 11,800 spectators for futsal. The arena became much more comfortable for spectators, as the field of vision was increased for better viewing of the arena floor.
Concerts
The arena has also hosted a number of important rock concerts, including, among others, the following list:
Nat King Cole
Jackson Five
Legião Urbana
Engenheiros do Hawaii
Earth, Wind & Fire
Genesis
Alice Cooper
The Cure
New Order
Deep Purple
The Police
Midnight Oil
Peter Frampton
Van Halen
Megadeth
Metallica
Quiet Riot
Secos & Molhados
Skid Row
Iron Maiden
Information Society (band)
Faith No More
Motörhead
Jethro Tull
Venom
Blackpink
TXT (Tomorrow X Together)
References
External links
Venue information
Sports venues completed in 1954
Indoor arenas in Brazil
Sports venues in Rio de Janeiro (city)
Venues of the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic volleyball venues
Mixed martial arts venues in Brazil
Volleyball venues in Brazil
Basketball venues in Brazil
Boxing venues in Brazil
Judo venues |
Professor Michael John Wingfield (born 21 April 1954) is a South African academic and scientist who studies plant pathology and biological control. He was the founding director of the Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria. Wingfield has authored or co-authored over 1,000 scientific publications and is considered a leading expert in the field of forest health and invasive species. He has received numerous awards and honours throughout his career, including Harry Oppenheimer Fellowship Award and John Herschel Medal, the highest accolade from the Royal Society of South Africa. He is also a Fellow of the Royal Society of South Africa and the African Academy of Sciences. Wingfield has had several fungi named after him.
Life and career
Early life and education
Michael John Wingfield was born on 21 April 1954 in Durban, South Africa. He earned a Bachelor of Science in Botany from the University of Natal in 1976, before completing a Master of Science in plant pathology while working for the Plant Protection Research Institute of Stellenbosch University, in 1979, graduating with distinction. He earned his doctorate in entomology and plant pathology from the University of Minnesota in 1983. Wingfield also graduated from the Advanced Management Program at Harvard Business School in Boston, Massachusetts, in 2008.
Career
While working at the Plant Protection Research Institute of Stellenbosch University, Wingfield started the country's first forest pathology research programme in 1978. After earning his PhD, he continued the program's expansion. In 1990, Wingfield was promoted to professor in the Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry at the University of the Free State after relocating there in 1988. Wingfield was named the Mondi Paper Co. Ltd. Chair in forest pathology in 1994.
Wingfield was the founding director of the Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, in until 2017. FABI was founded in 1998 due to Wingfield's work in 1990 to create the Tree Protection Co-operative Programme. He continued as a professor at FABI and an advisor to the Executive Board of the University of Pretoria.
Wingfield was the director of the Centre of Excellence in Tree Health Biotechnology, National Research Foundation, and the President of the International Union of Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO) between 2014 and 2019. His collaboration with Chinese academics led to the formation of the CERC/FABI Tree Protection Programme (CFTPP), a joint venture between the FABI and the China Eucalyptus Research Centre (CERC), in 2015. CFTPP was renamed to RIFT-FABI Tree Protection Programme (RFTPP).
Personal life
Wingfield is married to Brenda D. Fairbairn, one of his main collaborators, a professor of genetics and previous Deputy Dean at the University of Pretoria, and an Associate Fellow of the African Academy of Sciences since 2016.
Research
Wingfield's research focuses on forest protection and health, mycology, entomology, and biotechnology. He has worked on several projects and partnerships studying diseases that affect pine, eucalyptus, and other significant plants. He, along with his students and collaborators worked on various pathogens, including Ceratocystis, Ophiostoma, Mycosphaerella, Fusarium, Cryphonectria, and Armillaria species. His team has used traditional and molecular approaches to classify and distinguish infections, define a novel, sometimes cryptic species, and determine evolutionary connections.
Wingfield is an expert on plants' health with an h-index of 120 and more than 69,000 citations as of August 2023, over 700 research papers and seven books. He has been featured in the Web of Science list of the world's most-cited researchers since 2018.
Awards and honours
Wingfield is a member of the Academy of Science of South Africa. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of South Africa in 1998, and a Fellow of the African Academy of Sciences in 2016.
For his contributions and collaboration in the field of forestry, Wingfield was awarded the Christiaan Hendrik Persoon Medal by the Southern African Society for Plant Pathology Society (SASPPS) in 1999, the Johanna Westerdijk Award from the CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Netherlands in 2012, the Kwame Nkrumah Award from the African Union in 2013, the University of Minnesota's Distinguished Leadership Award in 2016, John Herschel Medal, the highest accolade from the Royal Society of South Africa, in 2017, the Chinese Government's Friendship Award in 2017, National Science and Technology Forum-South32's Special Annual Theme Award: Plant Health on 30 July 2020, and Harry Oppenheimer Fellowship Award in 2022.
Wingfield received an honorary doctorate of science (DSc) from the University of British Columbia in 2012, and the North Carolina State University in 2013.
Wingfield has several fungi named in his honour: Sterigmatomyces wingfieldii ; Leptographium wingfieldii ; Asterina wingfieldii ; Catenulostroma wingfieldii ; and Gondwanamyces wingfieldii . Racheliella wingfieldiana was named after his first grandchild, Rachel.
References
External links
A global perspective on tree health: Celebrating the United Nations 2020 International Year of Plant Health. Innagural lecture by Prof. Mike Wingfield on 29 June 2021 at the National Science and Technology Forum on YouTube.
South African scientists
1954 births
Living people
University of Minnesota alumni
Stellenbosch University alumni
Academic staff of the University of Pretoria
Fellows of the African Academy of Sciences
Fellows of the Royal Society of South Africa
South African mycologists |
The July effect, sometimes referred to as the July phenomenon, is a perceived but scientifically unfounded increase in the risk of medical errors and surgical complications that occurs in association with the time of year in which United States medical school graduates begin residencies. A similar period in the United Kingdom is known as the killing season or, more specifically, Black Wednesday, referring to the first Wednesday in August when postgraduate trainees commence their rotations.
United States
A Journal of General Internal Medicine study, published in 2010, investigated medical errors from 1979 to 2006 in United States hospitals and found that medication errors increased 10% during the month of July at teaching hospitals, but not in neighboring hospitals. Surgical errors did not increase, leading to the hypothesis that medication errors are easier for new personnel to make because they are prescribing drugs on their own, rather than being cross-checked by others. The study did not have sufficient data to link the increased errors to new residents, however, and further study would need to be done in order to determine the sources of this increase. A criticism of the study suggests that the supervision of new residents and the patient loads at teaching hospitals have improved since 1979 and that the results may be skewed by including much older data.
Other studies searching for the July effect have found variable evidence of an increased risk, with several studies finding no risk at all.
A 2010 scientific review published in the Journal of Surgical Education found no July effect for patients with acute appendicitis.
A 2010 study published in the Journal of Trauma found an increased risk of errors that resulted in preventable complications but these errors had no significant impact on mortality.
A 2009 study published in the Journal of the American College of Surgeons found no month-by-month differences in outcomes of medical trauma patients.
A 2009 study published in the Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases found no evidence of the July effect for patients with acute ischemic stroke.
A 2009 study published in the Southern Medical Journal found no difference in the medical management of patients with acute cardiovascular conditions.
A 2008 study published in The American Journal of Surgery found no seasonal difference in outcomes for cardiac surgery patients.
A 2007 study published in the Annals of Surgery found a significant seasonal variation with surgical outcomes, with an increase in postsurgical morbidity and mortality associated with the beginning of the academic year.
A 2006 Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics study found a small increase in the risks associated with cerebrospinal fluid shunt surgery in children during the months of July and August.
A 2003 Obstetrics & Gynecology study found no July effect in obstetric procedures.
A 2011 systematic review in the Annals of Internal Medicine found that during year-end changeovers, hospital mortality increases and hospital efficiency decreases.
A 2016 study in JAMA Surgery found no evidence of the July effect in patient-experience outcomes in surgical patients.
A 2019 study from the Yale School of Medicine found no difference in morbidity or mortality after Whipple procedures (pancreaticoduodenectomy) performed in July compared to the remainder of the academic year.
United Kingdom
In Britain, there is an influx of newly qualified doctors into the National Health Service (NHS) each August, and this period is associated with an increase in medical errors. The phenomenon has been recognised by Professor Sir Bruce Keogh, medical director of the NHS. The term "Killing Season" originated in the 1994 British medical drama series Cardiac Arrest written by Jed Mercurio (under the pseudonym John MacUre). In an episode first broadcast on BBC1 on 5 May 1994, the character Dr. Claire Maitland consoles a junior who has just committed a fatal error with the dialogue: "You come out of medical school knowing bugger all. No wonder August is the killing season. We all kill a few patients while we're learning."
The day when junior doctors typically start work has also been dubbed "Black Wednesday" among NHS staff. A 2009 Imperial College London study of records for 300,000 patients at 170 hospitals between 2000 and 2008 found that death rates were 6 percent higher on Black Wednesday than the previous Wednesday. The study also found that typically fewer patients attended A&E on the first Wednesday in August than the previous week.
References
External links
Laerdal Medical: The July Effect – Improving Patient Safety
Bakhtiari, Elyas "Preparing for the July Effect: Five Strategies for Integrating New Residents , HealthLeaders Media, 7 June 2010
Patient safety
Medical slang
Social problems in medicine |
Strickland v. Sony was a court case that focused on whether violent video games played a role in Devin Moore's first-degree murder/shooting of three people in a police station. In August 2005, former attorney Jack Thompson filed the lawsuit against Sony.
History
Devin Moore was convicted in 2005 for the 2003 shooting of two police officers and a dispatcher as he was being detained for allegedly stealing a car. He grabbed one officer's .45 caliber pistol and killed all three before fleeing the station in a police cruiser he stole from the station. He was eventually caught and sentenced to death by lethal injection.
In March 2005, Thompson announced he was filing a lawsuit on behalf of the families of two of the three victims in Fayette, Alabama. He was also featured in a 60 Minutes special on the case.
On August 12, 2005, the third victim's family later joined the lawsuit.
On November 1, 2005, Thompson sent an email to various websites commenting on the opening day of the civil trial. In it, he compared Sony and Take-Two Interactive's sale of the Grand Theft Auto video game to Imperial Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor during World War II. According to Thompson, certain regional governments in Japan had prevented the sale of the Grand Theft Auto games to minors, though Sony continued to sell the game where its sale was not restricted in Japan and abroad (Microsoft is doing the same for its own video game console). Thompson also compared the distribution of violent games to the distribution of pornography.
On November 4, 2005, Blank Rome submitted a motion to have Thompson removed from the case, stating that Thompson would "turn the courtroom into a circus."
On November 7, 2005, Thompson withdrew from the case, stating, "It was my idea [to leave the case]." He was quick to mention that the case would probably do well with or without his presence. This decision followed scrutiny from Judge James Moore; however, Thompson claimed he received no pressure to withdraw. At the same time, Judge Moore had taken the motion to revoke Thompson's license under advisement. Jack Thompson appeared in court to defend his right to practice law in Alabama (using Pro Hac Vice), following accusations that he violated legal ethics.
Just before leaving the case, Thompson filed a motion with the court, quoting noted designer Warren Spector (Deus Ex, Thief) as being critical of Rockstar's actions, taken from a speech Spector gave at the Montreal International Game Summit. He even implied that Spector could be served a subpoena to testify, even though the court's jurisdiction did not extend to Spector's place of residence. On November 9, 2005, Spector lashed out at Thompson for taking his comments out of context, saying "Take two or three things, from different contexts, mash them together and you can mislead people pretty dramatically."
On March 29, 2006, the Alabama Supreme Court upheld Judge Moore's ruling against the dismissal of the case. Law firm Blank-Rome, representing the defendants, had previously attempted unsuccessfully to have the suit dismissed during the pre-trial since it argued that the defendants had a right under the 1st Amendment to sell mature games to minors. At the time of the sale, there was no law preventing such a sale. Thompson called the ruling "exciting" because "no one has ever before survived a motion to dismiss." At the same time, the Alabama Supreme Court agreed to hear arguments as to whether the Fayette County Court had the jurisdiction to preside over the case at all.
On July 29, 2009, the court granted summary judgement to Take-Two. One of the plaintiffs filed an appeal on Aug. 10, 2009 which the Alabama Supreme Court affirmed the lower court's ruling in Sept. 2010. The plaintiffs eventually chose not to seek further action and the case is officially closed.
Devin Moore
Devin Moore was apprehended several hours after the shootings in Mississippi. According to the Associated Press, after his recapture he said, "Life is a video game. Everybody's got to die sometime." Once in custody, Moore quickly confessed. He told detectives that he shot the men because he didn't want to go to jail.
Moore faced trial in 2005 and pleaded not guilty. The trial judge barred the defense from introducing evidence to the jury that Grand Theft Auto incited Moore's shooting spree. Moore's attorney, Jim Standridge, contended that Moore was suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder at the time of the crimes. Standridge argued that Moore had been emotionally and physically abused by his father as a child.
In August 2005, Moore was convicted as charged. On October 9, 2005, he was sentenced to death by lethal injection. Jim Standridge appealed the case. On February 17, 2012, the Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals upheld Moore's conviction in a 5-0 decision. The case will automatically be appealed to the Alabama Supreme Court, and can then be appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States.
Alabama license revoked
On November 18, 2005, Judge Moore rejected Thompson's request to withdraw, and instead revoked his Pro Hac Vice admission (a temporary license to practice in a given jurisdiction), in an 18-page decision. Thompson responded with a letter to Alabama's Judicial Inquiry Commission, questioning Judge Moore's ethics and accusing him of violating the first 3 Alabama Canons of Judicial Ethics Thompson also claimed the judge had "absolutely no authority" in preventing him from withdrawing from the case, and so therefore the court's decision to kick him off the case was a "legal nullity". He accused the court of punishing him for "aggressively telling the truth" while it "looked the other way when Blank Rome elegantly told those lies."
Judge Moore has also referred this matter to the Alabama State Bar for "appropriate action" remarking among other things: "Mr. Thompson's actions before this Court suggest that he is unable to conduct himself in a manner befitting practice in this state."
On November 21, 2005, Thompson claimed that "We had heard going into this civil case, before it was even filed, that a particular Western Alabama lawyer had to be part of our litigation team or Judge Moore would not give us a fair hearing. This lawyer himself claims, openly, that 'Judge Moore will not allow you to survive summary judgment if I am not on the case.' For too long we have heard swirling around this Judge allegations of improper influence." Thompson alluded that the "fixer" was local lawyer Clatus Junkin, although Junkin denied he had any influence over any judges, or that he had made such a comment, as he was "not that dumb [...] or foolish enough to imply that [he] could [influence Judge Moore]." He also declined Thompson's request to join the plaintiffs' team, citing disagreements over Thompson's demands of complete control of any contact with the news media. Judge Moore noted that even though he had banned comments on the case outside the courtroom, Thompson had issued 7 different communications between the start of the case and the day he revoked Thompson's Pro Hac Vice. After being thrown off the case, Thompson requested that Judge Moore recuse himself from the case. Moore ignored him, stating "I can't consider it because he's no longer practicing in the state of Alabama. If some other lawyer in the case asks me to recuse myself, I'll consider it in court."
On December 13, 2005, Thompson announced that he will be "assisting plaintiffs' counsel during the discovery process and in the courtroom at trial" when the civil trial begins in 2006 (the judge ruled on both Thompson's dismissal from the case, and dismissal of the case itself, during pretrial hearings). He also claimed he "will likely be a witness in the case." Although he gave no details as to what he would be a witness to, except that he claimed he had "warned, in writing," Take-Two and Rockstar Games "that murders such as those in Alabama would occur by teens who had rehearsed the murders on their virtual reality killing simulators." Judge Moore forbade Thompson from "[communicating] with the court or the judge" or he "would be held in contempt of court." While that order was appealed, it has not yet been ruled on.
On February 16, 2006, Thompson sent a letter to the Alabama Bar, accusing Judge Moore of breaking the bar rules by publicly disclosing that he had filed a complaint about Thompson with the Alabama Bar. He accused Judge Moore of denying Devin Moore a fair trial, and claimed the FBI was investigating the Florida Bar's "disciplinary process". Thompson gave the Alabama Bar until "five o'clock p.m., Eastern time, February 17, 2006" to drop the complaint, or else he would file a "federal lawsuit in the United States District Court in the Southern District of Florida on Monday, February 20, 2006."
The Alabama State Bar rules state that a court official who revokes Pro Hac Vice due to conduct must refer the matter to the Bar for review, and the Bar decides if an investigation is needed. No complaint is required to open an investigation.
Thompson's deadline of February 17 passed, without action from either party.
On February 22, 2006, Thompson followed up with another letter, announcing that he had filed a lawsuit against the Alabama Bar, for investigating a complaint " which in fact was not even filed" in "violation of its own Bar Rules."
The Alabama Bar has not yet been served notice with any complaint from Thompson, nor has any Florida court acknowledged a civil suit being filed.
Thompson announced that the Strickland v. Sony plaintiffs were still his clients, and vowed to represent them in-court when the trial resumed.
On October 9, 2007, Thompson filed a lawsuit against the Alabama Bar with the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Florida. The case was assigned to the same judge who had previously presided over attempts by Thompson to sue the Florida Bar, which were voluntarily withdrawn. Thompson claimed that his rights of "speech, petition, and religion" were violated when his Pro Hac Vice status was revoked.
References
External links
Boston Globe - "Ala. appeal in game-blame killings nixed"
2005 in United States case law
Grand Theft Auto
2010 in United States case law
2006 in United States case law
Video game censorship
Video game controversies
Video game case law
Sony litigation
Murder in Alabama |
is a passenger railway station located in Kōhoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan, operated by the private railway company Tokyu Corporation.
Lines
Tsunashima Station is served by the Tōkyū Tōyoko Line from in Tokyo to in Kanagawa Prefecture. It is 15.8 kilometers from the terminus of the line at .
Station layout
The station consists of two elevated opposed side platforms, with the station building and bus terminal underneath.
Platforms
History
The station first opened as on February 14, 1926. It received its present name on October 20, 1944. The station was rebuilt and tracks were elevated in November 1963 and the station building was refurbished in 2001, with a new North Exit and see-through ticket gates at the main entrance, as well as new escalators and elevators.
Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2019, the station was used by an average of 103,630 passengers daily.
The passenger figures for previous years are as shown below.
Surrounding area
Shin-tsunashima Station, very close to this station, but fares are treated separately.
Tsunashima Onsen
Tsurumi River
Otsuna Bridge
Tsunashima Kofun
Yokohama City Tsunashima District Center
See also
List of railway stations in Japan
References
External links
Railway stations in Kanagawa Prefecture
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1926
Tokyu Toyoko Line
Stations of Tokyu Corporation
Railway stations in Yokohama |
Julian Brian Pearce (born 7 March 1937 in Jabalpur, India) is an Indian-born Australian former field hockey player who represented Australia in 45 international matches including three Olympic Games. Julian was the youngest of five international-level hockey playing brothers, the others being Cec, Mel, Eric and Gordon.
Following the partition of India, his father Cec and elder brothers Cec and Mel settled in Perth, Western Australia in 1947. His mother Gladys arrived in 1948 with Julian and the two other brothers. The Anglo-Indian family had intended on settling in Victoria but instead chose to stay in Western Australia.
Tall and solidly built, Julian was highly regarded as a defender, being the odd man out as all four of his brothers were better known as forwards. In 1958 he captained the state Colts team and in the same year joined his brothers in the state senior side in which the team enjoyed a win in the national final against New South Wales. This was the only time the five brothers competed alongside each other. Julian represented Western Australia also in 1959, 1960, 1964, 1965 and 1968.
He joined Eric and Gordon in the Australian team at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome and in 1962 went to India in the Ten-Nation Championship—the forerunner to today's Hockey World Cup. In 1964 he went to Tokyo Olympics with Eric where Australia managed a bronze medal and in 1968 at Mexico City won silver with Eric and Gordon.
Pearce retired from international hockey in 1970 but continued in the Western Australian grade competition, playing with and coaching Trinity until the mid-1980s.
He was inducted into the Western Australian Hall of Champions in 1987 and the Sport Australia Hall of Fame in 1999.
References
External links
Anglo-Indians In Touch
1947 births
Australian male field hockey players
Anglo-Indian people
Australian people of Anglo-Indian descent
Australian sportspeople of Indian descent
Field hockey players at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Field hockey players at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Field hockey players at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Indian emigrants to Australia
Living people
Medalists at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Olympic field hockey players for Australia
Olympic medalists in field hockey
People from Jabalpur
Sport Australia Hall of Fame inductees
Field hockey players from Madhya Pradesh
Field hockey players from Perth, Western Australia
Olympic silver medalists for Australia |
GoMidjets is an Israeli source code management and application lifecycle management (ALM) software company. Its main line of products is an enhancement toolbox for IBM Rational Software products.
History
GoMidjets was founded in 2009 by Tamir Gefen, who previously worked on configuration management and ALM projects for the Israeli Air Force. For a long time Gefen was an active participant in IBM DeveloperWorks and in other configuration management forums; he was recognized as the fourth most active DeveloperWorks contributor. After studying the forums' users' most requested features in Rational Software products Gefen started GoMidjets and developed three ClearCase plug-ins according to market needs that he learned and marketed the tools he developed through the forums.
The company received the 2010 IBM Beacon Award and the 2011 IBM Champion Award. It is in a limited partnership with IBM.
Products
ClearCheck - Health Checks for Rational ClearCase
ClearEnv - Setup Work Environments for Rational ClearCase
R&D Reporter (formerly CompBL) - Real-time Visibility and Reporting on ClearCase UCM Projects' Status
Visual Annotate - drill-down into the history of any code line in ClearCase files ("blame")
References
Software companies of Israel
Proprietary version control systems
Companies based in Petah Tikva |
Mexicaltzingo is a station on Line 12 of the Mexico City Metro. The station is located between Ermita and Atlalilco. It was opened on 30 October 2012 as a part of the first stretch of Line 12 between Mixcoac and Tláhuac.
The station is located south of the city center, at the intersection between Eje 2 Ote Calzada de la Viga and Eje 8 Sur Calzada Ermita-Iztapalapa. It is built underground.
The name of the station is taken from that of the colonia it is located in. The station's icon depicts the god Mexictli sitting on top of an inverted maguey plant, in reference to Mexicaltzingo's symbol in the Codex of Coatlinchan.
Ridership
References
External links
Mexicaltzingo
Railway stations opened in 2012
2012 establishments in Mexico
Mexico City Metro stations in Iztapalapa
Accessible Mexico City Metro stations |
Katy Lied is the fourth studio album by American rock band Steely Dan, released by ABC Records in March 1975; reissues have been released by MCA Records since ABC Records was acquired by MCA in 1979. It was the first album the group made after they stopped touring, as well as their first to feature backing vocals by Michael McDonald.
In the United States, the album peaked at number 13 on the Billboard Top LPs & Tape chart, and it has been certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). The single "Black Friday" charted at number 37 on the Billboard Hot 100.
Recording
The album was the first one recorded by Steely Dan after guitarist Jeff "Skunk" Baxter and drummer Jim Hodder left the group as a result of Walter Becker and Donald Fagen's decision to stop touring and focus solely on recording with various studio musicians. Guitarist Denny Dias, a founding member of Steely Dan, contributed to the album as a session musician, as did vocalist Michael McDonald and drummer Jeff Porcaro, who were both members of Steely Dan's final touring band. Then only 20 years old, Porcaro played drums on every track on the album except "Any World (That I'm Welcome To)", which features session drummer Hal Blaine. Larry Carlton, who became a regular collaborator of the group, made his first appearance on a Steely Dan album playing guitar on "Daddy Don't Live in That New York City No More".
Band leaders Becker & Fagen said they were dissatisfied with the album's sound quality because of an equipment malfunction with the then-new dbx noise reduction system. The damage was mostly repaired after consulting with the engineers at dbx, but Becker & Fagen still refused to listen to the completed album.
Lyrics
"Black Friday", which features Michael Omartian on piano and David Paich on Hohner electric piano and was released as the first single from the album, relates the story of a crooked speculator who makes his fortune and absconds to Muswellbrook, New South Wales, Australia, as, according to Fagen, "It was the place most far away from LA we could think of". The town also "fit[s] the metre of the song and rhyme[s] with 'book'", though Fagen did not realise that locals pronounce it "Musselbrook" (omitting the "w"), which makes the song grating for Australian fans.
Title and packaging
The album's title comes from the lyrics of "Doctor Wu" ("Katy lies / You can see it in her eyes"), and the album cover is a picture of a katydid, a "singing" (stridulating) insect related to crickets and grasshoppers, as a pun on the title. Walter Becker told Rolling Stone, during the band's 2009 tour: "It's about that uneasy relationship between the patient and doctor. People put faith in doctors, yet they abuse their power and become dangerous." The back cover photograph of Donald Fagen (in reindeer sweater) and Denny Dias (in overalls and sombrero and holding a tank of helium) was taken during the session (sometime in 1972-73) for their Schlitz Beer jingle.
Critical reception
{{Album ratings
| rev1 = AllMusic
| rev1Score =
| rev2 = Chicago Tribune
| rev2Score =
| rev3 = Christgau's Record Guide
| rev3Score = A−
| rev4 = Encyclopedia of Popular Music
| rev4Score =
| rev5 = The Great Rock Discography
| rev5Score = 8/10
| rev6 = MusicHound Rock
| rev6Score = 4/5
| rev7 = Pitchfork
| rev7Score = 9.1/10
| rev8 = The Rolling Stone Album Guide
| rev8Score =
| rev9 = Select
| rev9Score = <ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Prendergast |first=Mark |date=September 1990 |title=Steely Dan: 'Katy Lied |magazine=Select |issue=3 |page=106}}</ref>
| rev10 = Tom Hull – on the Web| rev10Score = A
}}
Reviewing the album in 1975 for The Village Voice, Robert Christgau said that, while Katy Lied might be Steely Dan's "biggest" album to that point, he found it "slightly disappointing" on a musical level, citing the loss of lead guitarist Baxter and what he perceived as "cool, cerebral, one-dimensional" jazz guitar influences. Nonetheless, Christgau admitted that he played the album frequently, and he voted it the third-best album of the year on his ballot for the 1975 Pazz & Jop critics poll, on which it placed sixth. John Mendelsohn was more critical in Rolling Stone, writing that "however immaculately tasteful and intelligent" Steely Dan's music may be in theory, it did not register with him emotionally and remained "exemplarily well-crafted and uncommonly intelligent schlock". Mendelsohn found the lyrics interesting, but inscrutable, the musicianship tasteful and well-performed, but not stimulating, and Fagen's singing unique-sounding, but seemingly passionless. In a review in Rolling Stone from 1977, Cameron Crowe called the album "anonymous, absolutely impeccable swing-pop" with "no cheap displays of human emotion".
Retrospectively, Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic called the album "a smoother version of Pretzel Logic" and "another excellent record" by Steely Dan. Travis Elborough wrote in his 2008 book The Long-Player Goodbye: The Album from LP to iPod and Back Again that Katy Lied, while not on par with Pretzel Logic (1974) or Aja (1977), was still "up there as jazz rock staples go". In The Rolling Stone Album Guide (2004), Rob Sheffield said the album completed a trilogy of Steely Dan albums (the other parts being Countdown to Ecstasy (1973) and Pretzel Logic) that is "a rock version of Chinatown, a film noir tour of L.A.'s decadent losers, showbiz kids, and razor boys". Jazz historian Ted Gioia cited the album as an example of Steely Dan "proving that pop-rock could equally benefit from a healthy dose of jazz" during their initial tenure, which coincided with a period when rock musicians frequently experimented with jazz idioms and techniques.
Of lead single "Black Friday", Cash Box'' said that it contains elements that made earlier Steely Dan singles successful, such as "hot fender rhodes piano tracks, lead guitar work, rhythm that won't stop cooking and identifiable vocals and mix."
Track listing
Personnel
Steely Dan
Donald Fagen – piano, keyboards, vocals
Walter Becker – bass guitar, guitar (solo on 1, 2), personnel photos
Additional musicians
Denny Dias – guitar (solo on 7)
Rick Derringer – guitar (solo on 8)
Dean Parks – guitar (solo on 3)
Elliott Randall – guitar (solo on 10)
Hugh McCracken – guitar
Larry Carlton – guitar (4)
Michael Omartian, David Paich – piano, keyboards
Chuck Rainey, Wilton Felder – bass guitar
Jeff Porcaro – drums (all except 9), dorophone
Hal Blaine – drums (9)
Victor Feldman – percussion, vibraphone
Phil Woods – alto saxophone (5)
Jimmie Haskell – horn arrangement (10)
Bill Perkins – saxophone (10)
Michael McDonald – backing vocals
Sherlie Matthews, Carolyn Willis, Myrna Matthews – backing vocals (6)
Production
Gary Katz – producer
Roger Nichols – engineer, personnel photos
Stuart "Dinky" Dawson – sound consultant
Bob DeAvila – real time analysis
Rick Collins – mastering
Dorothy White – cover photo
Reissue
Vartan – art direction
Michael Diehl – design
Daniel Levitin – consultant
Charts
Album
Singles
References
External links
Complete lyrics
Steely Dan albums
1975 albums
ABC Records albums
Albums arranged by Jimmie Haskell
Albums produced by Gary Katz |
Tillandsia butzii is a species of flowering plant in the genus Tillandsia. This species is native to Costa Rica and Mexico.
Cultivars
Tillandsia 'Kacey'
Tillandsia 'Kinkin'
References
BSI Cultivar Registry Retrieved 11 October 2009
butzii
Flora of Costa Rica
Flora of Mexico |
Donna's Ranch is a legal, licensed brothel located in Nevada, United States. Donna's Ranch is situated in Wells, in Elko County, on 8th Street. The ranch traces its history back to 1867 and is owned by Geoff Arnold. The boxer Jack Dempsey was a previous owner.
History
The ranch was originally established near the railroad to serve the men constructing the nearby railroad. Wells was a major cattle pick-up point on the Central Pacific Railway, cowboys who had driven the cattle to the railroad celebrated in the ranch. Local ranchers would give a few cattle to Donna's for credit against future visits.
During the Great Depression, the ranch donated food and money to the people of Wells.
It has undergone several name changes and has been previously known as The Calico Club, Donna's Calico Club, and Chardon's Club.
Arnold purchased the ranch from Evelyn and Ken Merrill in 1999 for $1,000,000.
On February 21, 2008, the ranch survived a 6.0 earthquake, however the interior of the building was trashed. The building was also extensively damaged in a flood on February 7, 2017.
They operated two locations, however the one in Battle Mountain, Nevada in Lander County, closed in 2011. It was subsequently re-opened by new owners under its previous name of The Calico Club.
See also
Prostitution in Nevada
List of brothels in Nevada
References
External links
Donna's Ranch website
Brothels in Nevada
Buildings and structures in Elko County, Nevada
Companies established in 1867
1867 establishments in Nevada |
Slump Mountain () is a peak 0.7 nautical miles (1.3 km) southwest of University Peak, rising to 2,195 m between the heads of University Valley and Farnell Valley in the Quartermain Mountains, Victoria Land. So named by New Zealand Antarctic Place-Names Committee (NZ-APC) following geological work carried out by C.T. McElroy, G. Rose, and K.J. Whitby in the 1980–81 season. The face of the peak exhibits large-scale slump structures in the Metschel Tillite zone.
Mountains of Victoria Land
Scott Coast |
Gmina Wapno is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Wągrowiec County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. Its seat is the village of Wapno, which lies approximately north-east of Wągrowiec and north-east of the regional capital Poznań.
The gmina covers an area of , and as of 2006 its total population is 3,068.
Villages
Gmina Wapno contains the villages and settlements of Aleksandrowo, Graboszewo, Komasin, Podolin, Rusiec, Srebrna Góra, Stołężyn and Wapno.
Neighbouring gminas
Gmina Wapno is bordered by the gminas of Damasławek, Gołańcz, Kcynia and Żnin.
References
Polish official population figures 2006
Wapno
Wągrowiec County |
Uranyl hydroxide is a hydroxide of uranium with the chemical formula UO2(OH)2 in the monomeric form and (UO2)2(OH)4 in the dimeric; both forms may exist in normal aqueous media. Uranyl hydroxide hydrate is precipitated as a colloidal yellowcake from oxidized uranium liquors near neutral pH.
Uranyl hydroxide was once used in glassmaking and ceramics in the colouring of the vitreous phases and the preparation of pigments for high temperature firing. The introduction of alkaline diuranates (like sodium diuranate) into glasses leads to yellow by transmission, green by reflection; moreover these glasses become dichroic and fluorescent under ultraviolet rays.
Uranyl hydroxide is teratogenic and radioactive.
References
The Structure of the a Form of Uranyl Hydroxide
Alexander, C.A. (2005) "Volatilization of urania under strongly oxidizing conditions," Journal of Nuclear Materials, 346, 312–318.
Uranyl compounds
Hydroxides |
Ingrid Stephanie Boyce (born 1972) is a British solicitor. From March 2021 to October 2022, she was President of the Law Society.
Life
Boyce is of Caribbean descent. Her mother, born on the island of Saint Vincent in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, came to England aged 15 in 1967 to join her parents, who had emigrated there. I. Boyce's father had come to the UK from Barbados three years earlier. I. Boyce was born in Aylesbury, where she was brought up in a single-parent household on a council estate. The footballer Emmerson Boyce is her younger brother. When she was in her teens, the family relocated to the United States, where she lived for six years before returning to the UK to study law. She gained a law degree from London Guildhall University in 1999, and subsequently passed the Legal Practice Course at the College of Law, Guildford. She was admitted as a solicitor in 2002. She is the director of Stephanie Boyce Consulting Limited (10866503 - incorporated on 14 July 2017), a micro-entity company advising on not-for-profit management and governance.
Law Society
Boyce was elected Deputy Vice President of the Law Society in 2019, taking up the post in July 2019. She became the society's vice president in 2020, and its president in March 2021.
In May 2021 Boyce said that Priti Patel's plans to penalise asylum seekers who arrived in the United Kingdom by "so-called irregular routes" risked a "two-tier asylum system" in breach of international law and the Refugee Convention. After the Queen's Speech at the 2021 State Opening of Parliament announced government plans to limit judicial review in England and Wales, she said that the proposals "would allow unlawful acts by government or public bodies to be untouched or untouchable" and "risk taking power away from citizens".
Membership
Boyce is a Fellow the Chartered Governance Institute.
In 2022, she received honorary doctorates of law from Keele University and the University of East London, as well as an Distinguished Alumna of the Year award from King's College London. That year, she also received the High Sheriff of Buckinghamshire for her leadership of the legal profession during the COVID-19 pandemic and for services to equality, diversity and inclusion. She also received a Lifetime Achievement Award in 2023 for her services to the legal profession.
References
1972 births
Living people
People from Aylesbury
Alumni of London Guildhall University
English solicitors
English people of Barbadian descent
English people of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines descent |
Le Loroux (; ) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department in Brittany in northwestern France.
Population
Inhabitants of Le Loroux are called Lorousiens in French.
See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department
References
External links
Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association
Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine |
The 1920 Giro di Lombardia was the 16th edition of the Giro di Lombardia cycle race and was held on 9 November 1920. The race started and finished in Milan. The race was won by Henri Pélissier.
General classification
References
1920
Giro di Lombardia
Giro di Lombardia |
is a former Japanese football player.
Playing career
Nakai was born in Otsu on June 19, 1984. After graduating from high school, he joined J1 League club Kashiwa Reysol in 2003. However he could not play at all in the match. In 2005, he moved to J2 League club Mito HollyHock. On July 2, he debuted as substitute midfielder against Sagan Tosu. However he could hardly play in the match. He retired end of 2005 season.
Club statistics
References
External links
1984 births
Living people
Association football people from Shiga Prefecture
Japanese men's footballers
J1 League players
J2 League players
Kashiwa Reysol players
Mito HollyHock players
Men's association football midfielders |
is a 1988 Japanese film directed by Yōjirō Takita. It is also known as The Yen Family in America, as well as Famille Yen in France. It stars Takeshi Kaga and Kaori Momoi. It is a comedy about a family and their obsession for making money.
Cast
Takeshi Kaga as Hajime Kimura
Kaori Momoi as Noriko Kimura
Hiromi Iwasaki as Terumi Kimura
Mitsunori Isaki as Taro Kimura
Akira Emoto as Shinichi Amemiya
Yutaka Ikejima as Manager
References
External links
1988 films
Japanese comedy films
1980s Japanese-language films
Films directed by Yōjirō Takita
1988 comedy films
1980s Japanese films |
"Wanted" is a song by American band OneRepublic, released as the second single from their fifth studio album Human through Interscope Records on September 6, 2019. It was co-written by frontman Ryan Tedder with bassist Brent Kutzle, and Casey Smith, Tyler Spry and Zach Skelton. On December 20, 2019, a new version titled "Wanted (String Mix)", was released, which features more string instruments.
Music video
The music video was shown to Universal Music Group executives in Berlin in September 2019; it was noted for Tedder's dance performance. On December 23, 2019, a performance video was released for the "String Mix", showing Ryan Tedder singing while the Colorado Symphony played.
Track listing
Digital download
"Wanted" – 2:16
Digital download – TT Spry Remix
"Wanted" (TT Spry Remix) – 2:54
Digital download – String Mix
"Wanted" (String Mix) – 2:15
Charts
Certifications
Release history
References
2019 singles
OneRepublic songs
Songs written by Ryan Tedder
Songs written by Zach Skelton
Songs written by Brent Kutzle |
Lachnagrostis is a genus of African, Australian, Pacific Island, and South American plants in the grass family. They are often treated as members of genus Agrostis.
Species
Lachnagrostis adamsonii - Victoria
Lachnagrostis aemula - Australia incl Lord Howe I
Lachnagrostis ammobia - New Zealand (South)
Lachnagrostis barbuligera - South Africa, Lesotho, Eswatini
Lachnagrostis batesii - South Australia
Lachnagrostis billardierei - Australia, New Zealand (North+ South+ Chatham Is)
Lachnagrostis × contracta - Victoria (L. adamsonii × L. deflexa)
Lachnagrostis deflexa - Victoria
Lachnagrostis drummondiana - Western Australia
Lachnagrostis elata - New Zealand (North+ South)
Lachnagrostis filiformis - Australia (incl Norfolk I), New Guinea, Lesser Sunda Is, New Zealand (North+ South + Antipodes+ Chatham + Kermadec Is), Easter I; naturalized in South Africa, Taiwan, scattered locales in the Americas
Lachnagrostis glabra - New Zealand (North)
Lachnagrostis lachnantha - Yemen, eastern + southern Africa from Eritrea to Cape Province
Lachnagrostis lacunis - Tasmania
Lachnagrostis leptostachys - New Zealand (Antipodes)
Lachnagrostis leviseta - Victoria
Lachnagrostis limitanea - South Australia
Lachnagrostis littoralis - New Zealand (North+ South+ Chatham + Kermadec Is)
Lachnagrostis lyallii - New Zealand (North+ South+ Chatham Is)
Lachnagrostis meionectes- Victoria, New South Wales
Lachnagrostis morrisii - Tasmania
Lachnagrostis nesomytica - Western Australia
Lachnagrostis palustris - South Australia, Victoria
Lachnagrostis perennis - South Australia
Lachnagrostis pilosa - New Zealand (North+ South+ Antipodes + Chatham Is)
Lachnagrostis plebeia - Western Australia, South Australia
Lachnagrostis preissii - Western Australia
Lachnagrostis rudis - South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales, Tasmania
Lachnagrostis schlechteri - Cape Province of South Africa
Lachnagrostis sodiroana - Ecuador, Peru
Lachnagrostis striata - New Zealand (North + South)
Lachnagrostis tenuis - New Zealand (South)
Lachnagrostis uda - New Zealand (South)
formerly included
see Agrostis Calamagrostis Gastridium Triplachne
References
Poaceae genera
Pooideae |
Alfredo Quesada Farías (born 22 September 1949) is a Peruvian football midfielder who played for Peru in the 1978 FIFA World Cup. He also played for Sporting Cristal.
International career
Quesada earned 50 caps, scoring one goal, for Peru between 1971 and 1978.
References
External links
1949 births
Living people
People from Talara
Peruvian men's footballers
Peru men's international footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Peruvian Primera División players
Sporting Cristal footballers
1975 Copa América players
1978 FIFA World Cup players
Copa América-winning players |
```javascript
import _isEqual from 'lodash/isEqual'
import _isFunction from 'lodash/isFunction'
import _isObject from 'lodash/isObject'
import _keys from 'lodash/keys'
import _union from 'lodash/union'
const isReferenceEntity = o => Array.isArray(o) || _isObject(o)
export const deepDiff = (prev, next, name, notes) => {
const isRefEntity = isReferenceEntity(prev) && isReferenceEntity(next)
if (!_isEqual(prev, next)) {
const isFunc = _isFunction(prev) && _isFunction(next)
if (isFunc) {
if (prev.name === next.name) {
const type = `function`
return notes.concat({name, prev, next, type})
}
} else if (isRefEntity) {
const keys = _union(_keys(prev), _keys(next))
return keys.reduce((acc, key) => deepDiff(prev[key], next[key], `${name}.${key}`, acc), notes)
}
} else if (prev !== next) {
const type = `avoidable`
if (isRefEntity) {
const keys = _union(_keys(prev), _keys(next))
return keys.reduce((acc, key) => deepDiff(prev[key], next[key], `${name}.${key}`, acc), notes.concat({name, prev, next, type}))
} else {
return notes.concat({name, prev, next, type})
}
}
return notes
}
``` |
Vakhtang Maisuradze (; born 11 March 1987 in Tskhinvali) is a Georgian rugby union player who plays as a lock.
He played for Polish club Pogoń Siedlce (2008–2009) before moving to France, where he played for Saint-Nazaire and Albi, among others.
He has 20 caps for Georgia, with 3 tries scored, 15 points on aggregate. He had his first game on 5 February 2011, in a 62-3 win over Ukraine, in Tbilisi, for the Six Nations B. He was called for the 2011 Rugby World Cup, where he played in all the four games without scoring.
References
External links
1987 births
Living people
Rugby union players from Georgia (country)
Expatriate rugby union players from Georgia (country)
Rugby union locks
Rugby Club Vannes players
People from Tskhinvali
Georgia international rugby union players
2011 Rugby World Cup players |
```php
<?php
/*
* This file is part of the Kimai time-tracking app.
*
* For the full copyright and license information, please view the LICENSE
* file that was distributed with this source code.
*/
namespace App\Widget\Type;
use App\Repository\CustomerRepository;
use App\Repository\Query\CustomerQuery;
use App\Widget\WidgetInterface;
final class TotalsCustomer extends AbstractWidget
{
public function __construct(private CustomerRepository $customer)
{
}
public function getTitle(): string
{
return 'stats.customerTotal';
}
/**
* @param array<string, string|bool|int|null|array<string, mixed>> $options
@return array<string, string|bool|int|null|array<string, mixed>>
*/
public function getOptions(array $options = []): array
{
return array_merge([
'route' => 'admin_customer',
'icon' => 'customer',
'color' => WidgetInterface::COLOR_TOTAL,
], parent::getOptions($options));
}
/**
* @param array<string, string|bool|int|null|array<string, mixed>> $options
*/
public function getData(array $options = []): mixed
{
$user = $this->getUser();
$query = new CustomerQuery();
$query->setCurrentUser($user);
return $this->customer->countCustomersForQuery($query);
}
/**
* @return string[]
*/
public function getPermissions(): array
{
return ['view_customer', 'view_teamlead_customer', 'view_team_customer'];
}
public function getTemplateName(): string
{
return 'widget/widget-more.html.twig';
}
public function getId(): string
{
return 'TotalsCustomer';
}
}
``` |
In the computer industry, vaporware (or vapourware) is a product, typically computer hardware or software, that is announced to the general public but is late, never actually manufactured, or officially cancelled. Use of the word has broadened to include products such as automobiles.
Vaporware is often announced months or years before its purported release, with few details about its development being released. Developers have been accused of intentionally promoting vaporware to keep customers from switching to competing products that offer more features. Network World magazine called vaporware an "epidemic" in 1989 and blamed the press for not investigating if developers' claims were true. Seven major companies issued a report in 1990 saying that they felt vaporware had hurt the industry's credibility. The United States accused several companies of announcing vaporware early enough to violate antitrust laws, but few have been found guilty.
"Vaporware" was coined by a Microsoft engineer in 1982 to describe the company's Xenix operating system and appeared in print at least as early as the May 1983 issue of Sinclair User magazine (spelled as 'Vapourware' in UK English). It became popular among writers in the industry as a way to describe products they felt took too long to be released. InfoWorld magazine editor Stewart Alsop helped popularize it by lampooning Bill Gates with a Golden Vaporware award for the late release of his company's first version of Windows in 1985.
Etymology
"Vaporware", sometimes synonymous with "vaportalk" in the 1980s, has no single definition. It is generally used to describe a hardware or software product that has been announced, but that the developer is unlikely to release any time soon, if ever.
The first reported use of the word was in 1982 by an engineer at the computer software company Microsoft. Ann Winblad, president of Open Systems Accounting Software, wanted to know if Microsoft planned to stop developing its Xenix operating system as some of Open System's products depended on it. She asked two Microsoft software engineers, John Ulett and Mark Ursino, who confirmed that development of Xenix had stopped. "One of them told me, 'Basically, it's vaporware'," she later said. Winblad compared the word to the idea of "selling smoke", implying Microsoft was selling a product it would soon not support.
Winblad described the word to influential computer expert Esther Dyson, who published it for the first time in her monthly newsletter RELease 1.0. In an article titled "Vaporware" in the November 1983 issue of RELease 1.0, Dyson defined the word as "good ideas incompletely implemented". She described three software products shown at COMDEX in Las Vegas that year with bombastic advertisements. She stated that demonstrations of the "purported revolutions, breakthroughs and new generations" at the exhibition did not meet those claims.
The practice existed before Winblad's account. In a January 1982 review of the new IBM Personal Computer, BYTE favorably noted that IBM "refused to acknowledge the existence of any product that is not ready to be put on dealers' shelves tomorrow. Although this is frustrating at times, it is a refreshing change from some companies' practice of announcing a product even before its design is finished". When discussing Coleco's delay in releasing the Adam, Creative Computing in March 1984 stated that the company "did not invent the common practice of debuting products before they actually exist. In microcomputers, to do so otherwise would be to break with a veritable tradition". After Dyson's article, the word "vaporware" became popular among writers in the personal computer software industry as a way to describe products they believed took too long to be released after their first announcement. InfoWorld magazine editor Stewart Alsop helped popularize its use by giving Bill Gates, then-CEO of Microsoft, with a Golden Vaporware award for Microsoft releasing Windows in 1985, 18 months late. Alsop presented it to Gates at a celebration for the release while the song "The Impossible Dream" played in the background.
"Vaporware" took another meaning when it was used to describe a product that did not exist. A new company named Ovation Technologies announced its office suite Ovation in 1983. The company invested in an advertising campaign that promoted Ovation as a "great innovation", and showed a demonstration of the program at computer trade shows. The demonstration was well received by writers in the press, was featured in a cover story for an industry magazine, and reportedly created anticipation among potential customers. Executives later revealed that Ovation never existed. The company created the fake demonstration in an unsuccessful attempt to raise money to finish their product, and is "widely considered the mother of all vaporware," according to Laurie Flynn of The New York Times.
Use of the term spread beyond the computer industry. Newsweek magazine's Allan Sloan described the manipulation of stocks by Yahoo! and Amazon.com as "financial vaporware" in 1997. Popular Science magazine uses a scale ranging from "vaporware" to "bet on it" to describe release dates of new consumer electronics. Car manufacturer General Motors' plans to develop and sell an electric car were called vaporware by an advocacy group in 2008 and Car and Driver magazine retroactively described the Vector W8 supercar as vaporware in 2017.
Causes and use
Late release
A product missing its announced release date, and the labeling of it as vaporware by the press, can be caused by its development taking longer than planned. Most software products are not released on time, according to researchers in 2001 who studied the causes and effects of vaporware; "I hate to say yes, but yes", a Microsoft product manager stated in 1984, adding that "the problem isn't just at Microsoft". The phenomenon is so common that Lotus' release of 1-2-3 on time in January 1983, three months after announcing it, amazed many.
Software development is a complex process, and developers are often uncertain how long it will take to complete any given project. Fixing errors in software, for example, can make up a significant portion of its development time, and developers are motivated not to release software with errors because it could damage their reputation with customers. Last-minute design changes are also common. Large organizations seem to have more late projects than smaller ones, and may benefit from hiring individual programmers on contract to write software rather than using in-house development teams. Adding people to a late software project does not help; according to Brooks' Law, doing so increases the delay.
Not all delays in software are the developers' fault. In 1986, the American National Standards Institute adopted SQL as the standard database manipulation language. Software company Ashton-Tate was ready to release dBase IV, but pushed the release date back to add support for SQL. The company believed that the product would not be competitive without it. As the word became more commonly used by writers in the mid-1980s, InfoWorld magazine editor James Fawcette wrote that its negative connotations were unfair to developers because of these types of circumstances.
Duke Nukem
Vaporware also includes announced products that are never released because of financial problems, or because the industry changes during its development. When 3D Realms first announced Duke Nukem Forever in 1997, the video game was early in its development. The company's previous game released in 1996, Duke Nukem 3D, was a critical and financial success, and customer anticipation for its sequel was high. As personal computer hardware speeds improved at a rapid pace in the late 1990s, it created an "arms race" between companies in the video game industry, according to Wired News. 3D Realms repeatedly moved the release date back over the next 12 years to add new, more advanced features. By the time 3D Realms went out of business in 2009 with the game still unreleased, Duke Nukem Forever had become synonymous with the word "vaporware" among industry writers. The game was revived and released in 2011. However, due to a 13-year period of fan anticipation and design changes in the industry, the game received a mostly negative reception from critics and fans.
A company notorious for vaporware can improve its reputation. In the 1980s, video game maker Westwood Studios was known for shipping products late, but by 1993 it had so improved that, Computer Gaming World reported, "many publishers would assure [us] that a project was going to be completed on time because Westwood was doing it".
Early announcement
Announcing products early—months or years before their release date, also called "preannouncing", has been an effective way by some developers to make their products successful. It can be seen as a legitimate part of their marketing strategy, but is generally not popular with industry press. The first company to release a product in a given market often gains an advantage. It can set the standard for similar future products, attract a large number of customers, and establish its brand before competitor's products are released. Public relations firm Coakley-Heagerty used an early announcement in 1984 to build interest among potential customers. Its client was Nolan Bushnell, formerly of Atari Inc. who wanted to promote the new Sente Technologies, but his contract with Atari prohibited doing so until a later date. The firm created an advertising campaign—including brochures and a shopping-mall appearance—around a large ambiguous box covered in brown paper to increase curiosity until Sente could be announced.
Early announcements send signals not only to customers and the media, but also to providers of support products, regulatory agencies, financial analysts, investors, and other parties. For example, an early announcement can relay information to vendors, letting them know to prepare marketing and shelf space. It can signal third-party developers to begin work on their own products, and it can be used to persuade a company's investors that they are actively developing new, profitable ideas. When IBM announced its Professional Workstation computer in 1986, they noted the lack of third-party programs written for it at the time, signaling those developers to start preparing. Microsoft usually announces information about its operating systems early because third-party developers are dependent on that information to develop their own products.
A developer can strategically announce a product that is in the early stages of development, or before development begins, to gain competitive advantage over other developers. In addition to the "vaporware" label, this is also called "ambush marketing", and "fear, uncertainty and doubt" (FUD) by the press. If the announcing developer is a large company, this may be done to influence smaller companies to stop development of similar products. The smaller company might decide their product will not be able to compete, and that it is not worth the development costs. It can also be done in response to a competitor's already released product. The goal is to make potential customers believe a second, better product will be released soon. The customer might reconsider buying from the competitor, and wait. In 1994, as customer anticipation increased for Microsoft's new version of Windows (codenamed "Chicago"), Apple announced a set of upgrades to its own System 7 operating system that were not due to be released until nearly two years later. The Wall Street Journal wrote that Apple did this to "blunt Chicago's momentum".
A premature announcement can cause others to respond with their own. When VisiCorp announced Visi On in November 1982, it promised to ship the product by spring 1983. The news forced Quarterdeck Office Systems to announce in April 1983 that its DESQ would ship in November 1983. Microsoft responded by announcing Windows 1.0 in fall 1983, and Ovation Technologies followed by announcing Ovation in November. InfoWorld noted in May 1984 that of the four products only Visi On had shipped, albeit more than a year late and with only two supported applications.
Industry publications widely accused companies of using early announcements intentionally to gain competitive advantage over others. In his 1989 Network World article, Joe Mohen wrote the practice had become a "vaporware epidemic", and blamed the press for not investigating claims by developers. "If the pharmaceutical industry were this careless, I could announce a cure for cancer today – to a believing press." In 1985 Stewart Alsop began publishing his influential monthly Vaporlist, a list of companies he felt announced their products too early, hoping to dissuade them from the practice; among the entries in January 1988 were a Verbatim Corp. optical drive that was 30 months late, WordPerfect for Macintosh (12 months), IBM OS/2 1.1 (nine months), and Lotus 1-2-3 for OS/2 and Macintosh (nine and three months late, respectively). Wired Magazine began publishing a similar list in 1997. Seven major software developers—including Ashton-Tate, Hewlett-Packard and Sybase—formed a council in 1990, and issued a report condemning the "vacuous product announcement dubbed vaporware and other misrepresentations of product availability" because they felt it had hurt the industry's credibility.
Antitrust allegations
In the United States, announcing a product that does not exist to gain a competitive advantage is illegal via Section 2 of the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, but few hardware or software developers have been found guilty of it. The section requires proof that the announcement is both provably false, and has actual or likely market impact.
False or misleading announcements designed to influence stock prices are illegal under United States securities fraud laws. The complex and changing nature of the computer industry, marketing techniques, and lack of precedent for applying these laws to the industry can mean developers are not aware their actions are illegal. The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission issued a statement in 1984 with the goal of reminding companies that securities fraud also applies to "statements that can reasonably be expected to reach investors and the trading markets".
Several companies have been accused in court of using knowingly false announcements to gain market advantage. In 1969, the United States Justice Department accused IBM of doing this in the case United States v. IBM. After IBM's competitor, Control Data Corporation (CDC), released a computer, IBM announced the System/360 Model 91. The announcement resulted in a significant reduction in sales of CDC's product. The Justice Department accused IBM of doing this intentionally because the System/360 Model 91 was not released until two years later. IBM avoided preannouncing products during the antitrust case, but after the case ended it resumed the practice. The company likely announced its PCjr in November 1983—four months before general availability in March 1984—to hurt sales of rival home computers during the important Christmas sales season. In 1985 The New York Times wrote
The practice was not called "vaporware" at the time, but publications have since used the word to refer specifically to it. Similar cases have been filed against Kodak, AT&T, and Xerox.
US District Judge Stanley Sporkin was a vocal opponent of the practice during his review of the settlement resulting from United States v. Microsoft Corp. in 1994. "Vaporware is a practice that is deceitful on its face and everybody in the business community knows it," said Sporkin. One of the accusations made during the trial was that Microsoft has illegally used early announcements. The review began when three anonymous companies protested the settlement, claiming the government did not thoroughly investigate Microsoft's use of the practice. Specifically, they claimed Microsoft announced its Quick Basic 3 program to slow sales of its competitor Borland's recently released Turbo Basic program. The review was dismissed for lack of explicit proof.
See also
List of vaporware
List of commercial failures in video gaming
Technology demonstration
Osborne effect
Development hell
Notes
References
External links
Community Memory postings from 1996 on the term's origins crediting Ann Winblad and Stewart Alsop.
RELease 1.0 November 1983 — a scanned copy of Esther Dyson's original article
Wired Magazine Vaporware Awards
Vaporware 1997: We Hardly Knew Ye
Vaporware 1998: Windows NT Wins
Vaporware 1999: The 'Winners'
Vaporware 2000: Missing Inaction
Vaporware 2001: Empty Promises
Vaporware 2002: Tech up in Smoke?
Vaporware 2003: Nuke 'Em if Ya Got 'Em
Vaporware 2004: Phantom Haunts Us All
Vaporware 2005: Better Late Than Never
Vaporware 2006: Return of the King
Vaporware 2007: Long Live the King
Vaporware 2008: Crushing Disappointments, False Promises and Plain Old BS
Vaporware 2009: Inhale the Fail
Vaporware 2010: The Great White Duke
Software release |
Winterhawk was an American heavy metal band formed in 1978 in San Francisco, California. Fronted by lead vocalist, lead guitarist and songwriter Nik "Winterhawk" Alexander (a Cree musician), the band released two albums via Mother Earth records. Their debut album, Electric Warriors (1979), was produced by Tom Bee.
Their second album, Dog Soldier (1980), included drums and backing vocals by blue-eyed soul musician Jon Gibson (who went on to have success in the contemporary Christian music industry). Both Electric Warriors and Dog Soldier were remastered and reissued on Don Giovanni Records in 2021.
Winterhawk was committed to a native anti-drug movement, pioneering an abstinence-through-music platform that ran parallel to the straight edge hardcore movement. Winterhawk performed in the 1983 US Festival and has opened for Tina Turner, Santana, Country Joe and the Fish, Steve Miller and Van Halen. The band separated in 1984.
Due to cancer, Alexander died on July 5, 2017.
Discography
Albums
EPs
Personnel
Nik Alexander — lead vocals, lead guitar
Doug Love — bass, backing vocals, percussion
Alfonso Kolb — drummer
Frank J. Diaz de Leon — bass guitar
Frankie Joe — rhythm guitar
Gordon Campbell — trombone, bells
Jon Gibson — drums, backing vocals
References
Musical groups established in 1978
Native American musical groups
Don Giovanni Records artists |
Aluminum building wiring is a type of electrical wiring for residential construction or houses that uses aluminum electrical conductors. Aluminum provides a better conductivity to weight ratio than copper, and therefore is also used for wiring power grids, including overhead power transmission lines and local power distribution lines, as well as for power wiring of some airplanes. Utility companies have used aluminum wire for electrical transmission in power grids since around the late 1800s to the early 1900s. It has cost and weight advantages over copper wires. Aluminum wire in power transmission and distribution applications is still the preferred material today.
In North American residential construction, aluminum wire was used for wiring entire houses for a short time from the 1960s to the mid-1970s during a period of high copper prices. Electrical devices (outlets, switches, lighting, fans, etc.) at the time were not designed with the particular properties of the aluminum wire being used in mind, and there were some issues related to the properties of the wire itself, making the installations with aluminum wire much more susceptible to problems. Revised manufacturing standards for both the wire and the devices were developed to reduce the problems. Existing homes with this older aluminum wiring used in branch circuits present a potential fire hazard.
In communist former East Germany (GDR, 1945-1990), aluminum or Copper-clad aluminium wire (″AlCu-Kabel″) had to be used for wiring as copper was expensive to import. While all devices were designed for aluminum during that era, this ended with unification in 1990 when standard Western European equipment became available and the national public owned enterprises (Volkseigener Betrieb) went out of business.
Materials
Aluminum wire has been used as an electrical conductor for a considerable period of time, particularly by electrical utilities related to power transmission lines in use shortly after the beginning of modern power distribution systems being constructed starting in the late 1880s. Aluminum wire requires a larger wire gauge than copper wire to carry the same current, but is still less expensive than copper wire for a particular application.
Aluminum alloys used for electrical conductors are only approximately 61% as conductive as copper of the same cross-section, but aluminum's density is 30.5% that of copper. Accordingly, one pound of aluminum has the same current carrying capacity as two pounds of copper. Since copper costs about three times as much as aluminum by weight (roughly US$3/lb vs. USD $1/lb ), aluminum wires are one-sixth the cost of copper wire of the same conductivity. The lower weight of aluminum wires in particular makes these electrical conductors well suited for use in power distribution systems by electrical utilities, as supporting towers or structures only need to support half the weight of wires to carry the same current.
In the early 1960s when there was a housing construction boom in North America and the price of copper spiked, aluminum building wire was manufactured using utility grade AA-1350 aluminum alloy in sizes small enough to be used for lower load branch circuits in homes. In the late 1960s problems and failures related to branch circuit connections for building wire made with the utility grade AA-1350 alloy aluminum began to surface, resulting in a re-evaluation of the use of that alloy for building wire and an identification of the need for newer alloys to produce aluminum building wire. The first 8000 series electric conductor alloy, still widely used in some applications, was developed and patented in 1972 by Aluminum Company of America (Alcoa). This alloy, along with AA-8030 (patented by Olin in 1973) and AA-8176 (patented by Southwire in 1975 and 1980), performs mechanically like copper.
Unlike the older AA-1350 alloy previously used, these AA-8000 series alloys also retain their tensile strength after the standard current cycle test or the current-cycle submersion test (CCST), as described in ANSI C119.4:2004. Depending on the annealing grade, AA-8176 may elongate up to 30% with less springback effect and possesses a higher yield strength (, for a cold-worked AA-8076 wire).
A home with aluminum wiring installed prior to the mid-1970s (as the stock of pre-1972 aluminum wire was permitted to be used up) likely has wire made with the older AA-1350 alloy that was developed for power transmission. The AA-1350 aluminum alloy was more prone to problems related to branch circuit wiring in homes due to mechanical properties that made it more susceptible to failures resulting from the electrical devices being used at that time combined with poor workmanship.
The 1977 Beverly Hills Supper Club fire was a notable incident triggered by poorly-installed aluminum wiring.
Modern building construction
Aluminum building wiring for modern construction is manufactured with AA-8000 series aluminum alloy (sometimes referred to as "new technology" aluminum wiring) as specified by the industry standards such as the National Electrical Code (NEC). The use of larger gauge stranded aluminum wire (larger than #8AWG) is fairly common in much of North America for modern residential construction. Aluminum wire is used in residential applications for lower voltage service feeders from the utility to the building. This is installed with materials and methods as specified by the local electrical utility companies. Also, larger aluminum stranded building wire made with AA-8000 series alloy of aluminum is used for electrical services (e.g. service entrance conductors from the utility connection to the service breaker panel) and for larger branch circuits such as for sub-panels, ranges, clothes dryers and air-conditioning units.
In the United States, solid aluminum wires made with AA-8000 series aluminum alloy are allowed for 15-A or 20-A branch circuit wiring according to the National Electrical Code. The terminations need to be rated for aluminum wire, which can be problematic. This is particularly a problem with wire to wire connections made with twist-on connectors. As of 2017 most twist-on connectors for typical smaller branch circuit wire sizes, even those designed to connect copper to aluminum wiring, are not rated for aluminum-to-aluminum connections, with one exception being the Marette #63 or #65 used in Canada but not approved by UL for use in the United States. Also, the size of the aluminum wire needs to be larger compared to copper wire used for the same circuit due to the increased resistance of the aluminum alloys. For example, a 15-A branch circuit supplying standard lighting fixtures can be installed with either #14AWG copper building wire or #12AWG aluminum building wire according to the NEC. However, smaller solid aluminum branch circuit wiring is almost never used for residential construction in North America.
Older homes
When utility grade AA-1350 alloy aluminum wire was first used in branch circuit wiring in the early 1960s, solid aluminum wire was installed the same way as copper wire with the same electrical devices.
For smaller branch circuits with solid wires (15-/20-A circuits) typical connections of an electrical wire to an electrical device are usually made by wrapping the wire around a screw on the device, also called a terminal, and then tightening the screw. At around the same time the use of steel screws became more common than brass screws for electrical devices.
Over time, many of these terminations with solid aluminum wire began to fail due to improper connection techniques and the dissimilar metals having different resistances and significantly different coefficients of thermal expansion, as well as problems with properties of the solid wires. These connection failures generated heat under electrical load and caused overheated connections.
The larger size stranded aluminum wires don't have the same historical problems as solid aluminum wires, and the common terminations for larger size wires are dual-rated terminations called lugs. These lugs are typically made with a coated aluminum alloy, which can accommodate either an aluminum wire or a copper wire. Larger stranded aluminum wiring with proper terminations is generally considered safe, since long-term installations have proven its reliability.
Problems
The use of older solid aluminum wiring in residential construction has resulted in failures of connections at electrical devices, has been implicated in house fires according to the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), and in some areas it may be difficult to obtain homeowners insurance for a house with older aluminum wiring. There are several possible reasons why these connections failed. The two main reasons were improper installations (poor workmanship) and the differences in the coefficient of expansion between aluminum wire used in the 1960s to mid-1970s and the terminations, particularly when the termination was a steel screw on an electrical device. The reported hazards are associated with older solid aluminum branch circuit wiring (smaller than )
Improper installations
Many terminations of aluminum wire installed in the 1960s and 1970s that were properly installed continue to operate with no problems. However, problems can develop in the future, particularly if connections were not properly installed initially.
Improper installation, or poor workmanship, includes: not abrading the wires, not applying a corrosion inhibitor, not wrapping wires around terminal screws, wrapping wires around terminal screws the wrong way, and inadequate torque on the connection screws. There can also be problems with connections made with too much torque on the connection screw as it causes damage to the wire, particularly with the softer aluminum wire.
Coefficient of expansion and creep
Most of the problems related to aluminum wire are typically associated with older (pre-1972) AA-1350 alloy solid aluminum wire, sometimes referred to as "old technology" aluminum wiring, as the properties of that wire result in significantly more expansion and contraction than copper wire or modern day AA-8000 series aluminum wire. Older solid aluminum wire also had some problems with a property called creep, which results in the wire permanently deforming or relaxing over time under load.
Aluminum wire used before the mid-1970s had a somewhat higher rate of creep, but a more significant issue was that aluminum wire critically had a coefficient of expansion that varied significantly from steel screws commonly used in lieu of brass screws around this time for terminations at devices such as outlets and switches. Aluminum and steel expand and contract at significantly different rates under thermal load, so a connection can become loose, particularly for older terminations initially installed with inadequate torque of the screws combined with creep of the aluminum over time. Loose connections get progressively worse over time.
This cycle results from the connection loosening slightly, with a reduced contact area at the connection leading to overheating, and allowing intermetallic steel/aluminum compounds to be formed between the conductor and the terminal screw. This resulted in a higher resistance junction, leading to additional overheating. Although many believe that oxidation was the issue, studies have shown that oxidation was not significant in these cases.
Electrical device ratings
Many electrical devices used in the 1960s had smaller plain steel terminal screws, which made the attachment of the aluminum wires being used at that time to these devices much more vulnerable to problems. In the late 1960s, a device specification known as CU/AL (meaning copper-aluminum) was created that specified standards for devices intended for use with aluminum wire. Some of these devices used larger undercut screw terminals to more securely hold the wire.
Unfortunately, CU/AL switches and receptacles failed to work well enough with aluminum wire, and a new specification called CO/ALR (meaning copper-aluminum, revised) was created. These devices employ brass screw terminals that are designed to act as a similar metal to aluminum and to expand at a similar rate, and the screws have even deeper undercuts. The CO/ALR rating is only available for standard light switches and receptacles; CU/AL is the standard connection marking for circuit breakers and larger equipment.
Oxidation
Most metals (with a few exceptions, such as gold) oxidize freely when exposed to air. Aluminium oxide is not an electrical conductor, but rather an electrical insulator. Consequently, the flow of electrons through the oxide layer can be greatly impeded. However, since the oxide layer is only a few nanometers thick, the added resistance is not noticeable under most conditions. When aluminum wire is terminated properly, the mechanical connection breaks the thin, brittle layer of oxide to form an excellent electrical connection. Unless this connection is loosened, there is no way for oxygen to penetrate the connection point to form further oxide.
If inadequate torque is applied to the electrical device termination screw or if the devices are not CO/ALR rated (or at least CU/AL-rated for breakers and larger equipment) this can result in an inadequate connection of the aluminum wire. Also, due to the significant difference in thermal expansion rates of older aluminum wire and steel termination screws connections can loosen over time, allowing the formation of some additional oxide on the wire. However, oxidation was found not to be a substantial factor in failures of aluminum wire terminations.
Joining aluminum and copper wires
Another issue is the joining of aluminum wire to copper wire. In addition to the oxidation that occurs on the surface of aluminum wires which can cause a poor connection, aluminum and copper are dissimilar metals. As a result, galvanic corrosion can occur in the presence of an electrolyte, causing these connections to become unstable over time.
Upgrades and repairs
Several upgrades or repairs are available for homes with older pre-1970s aluminum branch circuit wiring:
Completely rewiring the house with copper wires (usually cost prohibitive)
"Pig-tailing" which involves splicing a short length of copper wire (pigtail) to the original aluminum wire, and then attaching the copper wire to the existing electrical device. The splice of the copper pigtail to the existing aluminum wire can be accomplished with special crimp connectors, special miniature lug-type connectors, or approved twist-on connectors (with special installation procedures). Pig-tailing generally saves time and money, and is possible as long as the wiring itself is not damaged.
However, the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) currently recommends only two alternatives for a "permanent repair" using the pig-tailing method. The more extensively tested method uses special crimp-on connectors called COPALUM connectors. As of April 2011, the CPSC has also recognized miniature lug-type connectors called AlumiConn connectors. The CPSC considers the use of pigtails with wire nuts a temporary repair, and even as a temporary repair recommends special installation procedures, and notes that there can still be hazards with attempting the repairs.
COPALUM connectors use a special crimping system that creates a cold weld between the copper and aluminum wire, and is considered a permanent, maintenance-free repair. However, there may not be sufficient length of wires in enclosures to permit a special crimping tool to be used, and the resulting connections are sometimes too large to install in existing enclosures due to limited space (or "box fill"). Installing an enclosure extender for unfinished surfaces, replacing the enclosure with a larger one or installing an additional adjacent enclosure can be done to increase the available space. Also, COPALUM connectors are costly to install, require special tools that cannot simply be purchased and electricians certified to use them by the manufacturer, and it can sometimes be very difficult to find local electricians certified to install these connectors.
The AlumiConn miniature lug connector can also be used for a permanent repair. The only special tool required for an electrician installing them is a special torque screwdriver that should be readily available to qualified electrical contractors. Proper torque on the connectors set screws is critical to having an acceptable repair. However, use of the Alumiconn connectors is a relatively newer repair option for older aluminum wiring compared to other methods, and use of these connectors can have some of the same or similar problems with limited enclosure space as the COPALUM connectors.
Special twist-on connectors (or "wire nuts") are available for joining aluminum to copper wire, which are pre-filled with an antioxidant compound made of zinc dust in polybutene base with silicon dioxide added to the compound to abrade the wires. As of 2014 there was only one twist-on connector rated or "UL Listed" for connecting aluminum and copper branch circuit wires in the U.S., which is the Ideal no. 65 "Twister Al/Cu wire connector". These special twist-on connectors have a distinctive purple color, have been UL Listed for aluminum to copper branch circuit wire connections since 1995, and according to the manufacturer's current literature are "perfect for pig-tailing a copper conductor onto aluminum branch circuit wiring in retrofit applications". The CPSC still considers the use of twist-on connectors, including the Ideal no. 65 "Twister Al/Cu wire connector", to be a temporary repair.
According to the CPSC, even using (listed) twist-on connectors to attach copper pigtails to older aluminum wires as a temporary repair requires special installation procedures, including abrading and pre-twisting the wires. However, the manufacturer's instructions for the Ideal no. 65 Twister only recommends pre-twisting the wires, and does not state it is required. Also, the instructions do not mention physically abrading the wires as recommended by the CPSC, although the manufacturer current literature states the pre-filled "compound cuts aluminum oxide". Some researchers have criticized the UL listing/tests for this wire connector, and there have been reported problems with tests (without pre-twisting) and installations. However, it is unknown if the reported installation problems were associated with unqualified persons attempting these repairs, or not using recommended special installation procedures (such as abrading and pre-twisting the wires as recommended by the CPSC for older aluminum wire, or at least pre-twisting the wires as recommended by Ideal for their connectors).
The use of newer CO/ALR rated devices (switches and receptacles) can be used to replace older devices that did not have the proper rating in homes with aluminum branch circuit wiring to reduce the hazards. These devices are reportedly tested and listed for both AA-1350 and AA-8000 series aluminum wire, and are acceptable according to the National Electrical Code.
However, some manufacturers of CO/ALR devices recommend periodically checking/tightening the terminal screws on these devices which can be hazardous for unqualified individuals to attempt, and there is criticism of their use as a permanent repair as some CO/ALR devices have failed in tests when connected to "old technology" aluminum wire. Furthermore, just installing CO/ALR devices (switches and receptacles) doesn't address potential hazards associated with other connections such as those at ceiling fans, lights and equipment.
See also
Copper-clad aluminium wire
References
"Installing Aluminum Building Wire", Christel Hunter, EC&M Article, 2007.
Electrical wiring
Aluminium |
The Zhou Yongjun incident was a political controversy which involved the rendition of Zhou Yongjun (), a former student activist during the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, by the Hong Kong authorities to the People's Republic of China. Zhou attempted to enter Hong Kong from the United States via Macau using a forged Malaysian passport. Zhou's supporters alleged the renditioning to be illegal, and his lawyer, Democratic Party chairman Albert Ho, described Zhou's case as "posing the biggest challenge to the one country, two systems principle laid down in the Basic Law." The Government of Hong Kong refused to comment on individual cases, and the People's Republic of China said Zhou was detained on several charges, including one of financial fraud.
Background on Zhou
Zhou was a student at the China University of Political Science and Law at the time of the student protests and ensuing military crackdown on 4 June 1989. He was among a group of students who were photographed kneeling in front of the Great Hall of the People on 22 April that year to present a list of demands to China's leaders after the death of Hu Yaobang.
Zhou was arrested and held for two years in prison for his role in the protests. He subsequently lost his enrolment status as a student as well as his family registration as a Beijing resident. In 1992, Zhou fled to Hong Kong and then travelled to the United States, where he was granted resident's status. His first attempt to re-enter China was in 1998, but he was caught and sentenced to three years of administrative detention in a re-education-through-labour camp. After his release, he again left in 2002 for the United States.
The incident
Illegal entry into Hong Kong
Zhou made a second attempt to reenter mainland China on 28 September 2008, but he was intercepted by immigration department officials at the Hong Kong Macau Ferry Terminal, on suspicion of entering Hong Kong using a counterfeited travel document. He had travelled from the United States to Macao, using a Malaysian passport purchased from a travel agent in Los Angeles. The passport was in the name of Wang Xingxiang, a known alias of Zhong Gong leader Zhang Hongbao. He had repeatedly been denied requests for an official permit to return to China by the Chinese authorities. Zhou was on his way to Sichuan to visit his ailing father. Zhou was documented in Sichuan saying he was detained on arrival in Hong Kong and then secretly handed over to Shenzhen authorities two days later. Lawyer Li Jinjin said Zhou was initially held at the No.1 Detention Center in the southern city of Shenzhen, and later transferred to the Shenzhen Yantian Detention Center. In May 2009, seven months after his arrest, Zhou's family was notified that he had been detained by Sichuan authorities on fraud charges. The indictment by prosecutors in Shehong county stated Zhou used the alias of Wang Xingxiang, and attempted to transfer money from an account at Hang Seng Bank in Hong Kong to two banks, in the city and in Australia.
His lawyer, pan-democrat legislator Albert Ho, held a press conference on 12 October 2009 during which he said his client was picked up by immigration officers, put into a van and driven across the border to mainland China against his will. Ho said that normal protocol would be to send him back to his place of origin, which in this case would be Macau or the United States. Furthermore, Ho noted that there was no agreement with the mainland on extradition, and demanded that the Hong Kong government explain why Zhou was handed over to Shenzhen authorities; he appealed to Chief Executive Donald Tsang to make available police records of the incident and to press for Zhou's release. The Hong Kong Government, speaking only in general terms, said in an official statement that "a passenger whose travel document does not meet the entry requirements will be repatriated to his or her place of embarkation or origin."
The trial
Zhou was tried in Shehong, and was sentenced to nine years in jail for a fraud attempted in Hong Kong. The Times remarked that "details of the charges against Zhou are vague, as is common in China’s opaque legal system." Wang Xingxiang, the name in Zhou's bogus passport, was placed on a money laundering watch list following a complaint by the Hang Seng Bank received a suspicious request to transfer HK$6 million out of an account registered in that name. The transfer was not completed as the signature on the transfer form did not match that of the account signatory.
After Zhou was sentenced, Secretary for Security, Ambrose Lee, rejected accusations the government knowingly turned Zhou over to the mainland authorities. On the other hand, he also denied there had been any serious errors in the Hong Kong Government's handling of the incident. A South China Morning Post article on this goes on to state that "However, a person with direct knowledge of the case said immigration officers did not know Zhou's real identity when they repatriated him and that Zhou did not state that he had residency in another country when officers told him that he would be sent to the mainland."
An editorial in the South China Morning Post on 6 February 2010 said the Chinese government action appeared to be extra-territorial. It criticized the Hong Kong government for hiding behind bland statements, and urged it to defend the principle of 'One country, two systems'
References
External links
mirror mirror mirror
1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
2009 in Hong Kong
Political controversies in China
Human rights in China |
The 2005 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix was the last round of the 2005 MotoGP Championship. It took place on the weekend of 4–6 November 2005 at the Circuit Ricardo Tormo.
Race
This race featured a battle between Marco Melandri and Nicky Hayden, and a fightback to third place from a bad qualifying from Valentino Rossi, who by then was already crowned world champion.
Before the start of the weekend, the Factory Yamaha Team had unveiled a special, one-off 'retro' livery to commemorate Yamaha's fiftieth anniversary and their very successful year in racing, replacing their main sponsor and its colours (Gauloises and dark blue) with the traditional white with red and black blocks/stripes. They ran a similar livery before at the United States round but that livery consisted of yellow instead of white.
After sixteen rounds, Valentino Rossi has already won the title at the Malaysian round. Rossi has since then increased his title lead to 351 points. Second is Marco Melandri with 195 points and a close third is Nicky Hayden with 186 points.
On Saturday, Sete Gibernau clinched his the final pole position of the season - his fifth - with a time of 1:31.874. Second is Marco Melandri who is +0.237 seconds behind and third is Nicky Hayden who is +0.343 seconds behind. The second row of the grid consists out of Carlos Checa in fourth place, Max Biaggi in fifth place and Colin Edwards in sixth place. World champion Valentino Rossi had a poor qualifying result after a crash and starts a lowly fifteenth. Suzuki test rider Nobuatsu Aoki replaces Kenny Roberts Jr. who is still recovering from a broken left wrist he sustained after a big highside during Friday practice at the Australian round, having then also confirmed his split with the team shortly after.
MotoGP classification
250 cc classification
125 cc classification
Championship standings after the race (MotoGP)
Below are the standings for the top five riders and constructors after round seventeen has concluded.
Riders' Championship standings
Constructors' Championship standings
Note: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings.
References
Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix
Valencian
Valencian Motorcycle Grand Prix
21st century in Valencia |
Superman and Spider-Man is an intercompany comic book jointly published by DC Comics and Marvel Comics in July 1981. Number 28 (and final) in the Marvel Treasury Edition series, it is a "sequel" to 1976's Superman vs. the Amazing Spider-Man.
Like the earlier Superman - Spider-Man crossover, the issue is noncanonical, as it assumes that the heroes and their respective cities of residence, Metropolis and New York, exist in the same universe, with no explanation given as to why they had never before met or been mentioned in each other's individual stories. It also does not explicitly mention the events of the first crossover story.
Publication history
Superman vs. the Amazing Spider-Man was very much a collaboration between the two companies; this second treasury-sized edition was largely the work of Marvel, with DC's approval. The first team-up featured the heroes' most popular enemies, Lex Luthor and Doctor Octopus, but with this story writer Jim Shooter clearly sought plot convenience over "rogues gallery" prominence, and chose Doctor Doom (more typically a Fantastic Four villain, though he had occasionally battled Spider-Man and would do so in the future as well) from Marvel, and the Parasite (a lesser-known Superman foe) from DC. The comic also pits Superman against the Hulk for the first time, and Spider-Man against Wonder Woman.
The book was officially co-written by Shooter and Marv Wolfman, who at the time was writing the popular DC title The New Teen Titans. John Buscema penciled the story, and Joe Sinnott inked the main figures. The backgrounds were inked by a who's who of contemporary Marvel talent: Terry Austin, Klaus Janson, Bob Layton, Steve Leialoha, Bob McLeod, Al Milgrom, Josef Rubinstein, Walt Simonson, Brett Breeding, and Bob Wiacek. The front cover was painted by Bob Larkin from a layout by John Romita, Sr.
Other features of the book include Superman and Spider-Man's origins on the inside front cover, an earlier cover concept on the inside back cover, and house ads for both Marvel and DC.
Plot summary
The story begins in Manhattan, where Spider-Man foils a bank robbery. Easily dispatching the criminals, his Spider-sense alerts him about a nearby construction site, but unable to determine any immediate danger, he moves on. The reader learns, however, that the site camouflages an elaborate base of the Latverian monarch Doctor Doom, connected with a years-long plot of his known as "Project Omega". Doom initiates Omega by luring the Hulk to Superman's hometown of Metropolis using a special micro-transmitter.
Spider-Man's alter-ego of Peter Parker is assigned by The Daily Bugle to cover The Hulk's advance towards Metropolis. Parker arrives in Metropolis just in time to witness the confrontation between Superman and the Hulk. Parker changes into Spider-Man, but is outclassed and unable to help. Battling the Hulk, Superman discovers the beacon and destroys it, calming the Hulk and winning his trust. The Hulk reverts to his Bruce Banner form, but Doom's plan has worked: the damage Hulk caused released the Parasite from a special underground cell. S.T.A.R. Labs takes custody of Banner, hoping to find a cure for his condition. Doom, monitoring everything, still needs Banner for his plan, and now he knows exactly where to find him.
Peter Parker goes to work for The Daily Planet while Superman's alter-ego of Clark Kent takes a leave and joins the staff of the Bugle in New York City, each seeking to investigate the crisis from a different end. Superman has realized that the Hulk's rampage was designed to free the Parasite, and reasons that, as Luthor is behind bars, only Dr. Doom could be behind the scheme. Superman visits the monarch of Latveria at its New York embassy, where Doom freely admits he's plotting world domination. Superman is sworn to uphold the laws of men, and on Latverian soil, Doom is the law. He even makes an attempt to capture the Man of Steel, but Superman uses the lead-lined everything room of Doom's headquarters to his advantage. When Doom releases some kryptonite, Superman rolls himself in the lead-lining and blocks the lethal radiation. Nonetheless, Doom remains untouchable.
While Clark Kent works his mild-mannered charm on the Bugle's cantankerous publisher J. Jonah Jameson, Peter Parker has to deal with Steve Lombard, the jock sportscaster who harassed Kent throughout the 1970s. Soon enough, Parker stumbles onto the Metropolis division of Doom's Project Omega, around the same time as Wonder Woman, who has also been following this case. Actually Doom planted evidence in order to lure Wonder Woman; her capture is also part of his master plan. Spider-Man and Wonder Woman fall into fighting under false pretenses, but quickly realize they're on the same side and join forces. Doom captures Wonder Woman before they can accomplish anything, however, while Spider-Man escapes and trails her captors to their destination, finally learning the truth about Project Omega.
The Omega installations, positioned all across the world, will go online and emit a particular radiation which will render most forms of fuel useless. Only a special generator — built by Doom, of course — will provide the energy the world needs; he will step in and make himself absolute monarch. In exchange for making him Doom's privileged enforcer, Doom enhances the Parasite's abilities with the absorbed powers of Wonder Woman, the Hulk, and Superman. The Parasite likes the idea, but only because he intends to turn on Doom. Of course, he won't get that chance; Doom knows that all that power will burn out the Parasite, turning his body into a unique kind of crystal with unique energy-absorbing properties that will allow Doom to use it to control the power of his super-reactor.
The story comes to a climax as the heroes battle the Parasite, Doom and his henchmen, and a giant robot. Doom and the Parasite turn on each other after Parasite absorbs some of Spider-Man's powers during the fight and his spider-sense alerts him to the danger of Doom's plan. Superman and Spider-Man use their respective abilities to foil Doom's plot, Spider-Man using his webbing as an improvised 'lint brush' to 'clean' Superman of the kryptonite dust Doom used to immobilize him, and Superman subsequently taking Doom's gauntlet to knock out the Parasite (correctly deducing that Doom would have developed an armour that would prevent the Parasite from absorbing him). They also prevent the accidental world-destroying explosion of Doom's super-reactor after the controls are damaged in the fight; Superman contains the reactor from the inside long enough for Spider-Man to use his spider-sense to find the lever necessary to fully turn the reactor off. The Hulk wanders off when the stasis tube in which he was imprisoned cracks, while the Parasite is recaptured and Wonder Woman released after the crisis is over. Doom manages to make it back to the Latverian Embassy, where he enjoys diplomatic immunity, seconds before Superman catches up with him.
References
External links
Timeshredder. "Superman and Spider-man", Everything2 (Apr. 12, 2004).
Comics by Marv Wolfman
Crossover comics
Intercompany crossovers
1981 comics debuts
Team-up comics
Doctor Doom |
The World Figure Skating Championships is an annual figure skating competition sanctioned by the International Skating Union in which figure skaters compete for the title of World Champion.
The competition took place from February 10 to 11 in Stockholm, Sweden. Originally allotted to London the competition was transferred to Stockholm due to the death of Queen Victoria. There were only two contestants. Four out of six judges came from Sweden. None of the judges came from the German Empire. Still the placings were the same. Adams, Pettersson, and Westergren put Salchow in first position, the other three judges Fuchs.
Medal table
Results
Judges:
W. F. Adams
G. Euler
A. Hansson
L. Lindquist
H. Pettersson
Ivar Westergren
References
World Figure Skating Championships
World Figure Skating Championships, 1901
Figure skating in Sweden
International figure skating competitions hosted by Sweden
February 1901 sports events
1901 in Swedish sport
1900s in Stockholm
International sports competitions in Stockholm |
Charles Betts Waite (December 19, 1861 – March 22, 1927) was an American photographer who worked in Mexico at the turn of the twentieth century. He signed his work C. B. Waite, and his full name is often mistakenly stated as Charles Burlingame Waite.
Personal life and career
Born on December 19, 1861 in Ohio to William and Ann (née Dawson) Waite. Waite's brother, Frank Dawson Waite, was editor of the San Diego Sun newspaper from 1887 to 1910. Charles Betts Waite moved to California by June 1881, when he was working with photographer Henry Ellis Coonley in the San Diego region. In the 1890s, Waite's photographs of Southern California ranches and landscapes appeared in the magazine Land of Sunshine, and he was contracted by railroad companies to provide views of Arizona and New Mexico. Waite's only child, a daughter, was born in 1885.
He worked in Los Angeles as a photographer for Burdick and Company in his late twenties. Waite owned his own studio, having gained a reputation for his work as a landscape photographer. When he was 35, about 1896, he was married to Alice M. Cooley, who was born in Missouri.
He traveled to Mexico City and in May 1897 established a photography studio there, during the Porfirio Díaz government. He became part of Porfirian society, taking photographs of many in the ruler's circle. He was among a group of expatriate photographers (such as Winfield Scott and fellow San Diegans Ralph Carmichael and Percy S. Cox) working in Mexico in the first decade of the 20th century. Waite traveled throughout Mexico, exploring archaeological sites and the countryside.
His works were published in books, travel magazines, and on post cards, having contracted with the Sonora News Company. He also worked for several Mexican newspapers, and he documented United States scientific expeditions in Mexico. The images often included scenic Mexican images and the country's native residents. Many of Waite's photographs depict railroads, parks, archaeological sites, and business enterprises.
Perhaps anticipating the development of a railroad line from the Pacific Ocean to the Gulf of Mexico, linking Salina Cruz and Coatzacoalcos (Puerto México), he purchased about of land in Veracruz. The subject of many of his works, he lost the scenic property during the Mexican Revolution.
Waite retained his American citizenship, traveling to the United States regularly from 1897 to 1918. Alice Cooley Waite died in Mexico City in June, 1923. Later that year, Waite moved back to Los Angeles, where he died on March 22, 1927.
Works
Waite's photographs of the southwestern United States and Mexico can be seen in a number of collections, including the Huntington Library, Art Collections and Botanical Gardens; University of New Mexico's Center for Southwest Research; Princeton University Library's Collections of Western Americana; the Latin American Library of Tulane University; the Benson Latin American Collection, University of Texas at Austin; the Eugene P. Lyle, Jr. Photographs, University of Oregon; the DeGolyer Library, Southern Methodist University; and at the Tomás Rivera Library at University of California, Riverside.
Waite's work has appeared in exhibitions, including "Mexican Life and Culture During the Porfiriato: The Photography of C.B. Waite, 1898-1913," at the Southwest Museum, Los Angeles (1991) and "Mexico: From Empire to Revolution" at the Getty Institute (2000-2001). Some of his photographs are represented in the digital collection "A Nation Emerges: 65 Years of Photography in Mexico".
Critical assessment of Waite's work focuses on his representation of poverty in Mexican society in relation to the industrialization and modernization projects of the Porfirio Díaz government.
Gallery
Notes
References
Further reading
Debroise, Olivier. Mexican Suite: A History of Photography in Mexico. Trans. Stella de Sá Rego. Austin: University of Texas Press 2001.
External links
Charles Betts Waite, Library of Congress
1861 births
1927 deaths
American photographers
Photography in Mexico |
Korotkikh (, from короткий meaning short) is a gender-neutral Russian surname.
Sergey Korotkikh (born 1967), Soviet rower
Yuri Korotkikh (1939–2016), Soviet footballer
References
Russian-language surnames |
James Lindsay Embrey, Jr., also known as J. Lindsay Embrey (September 23, 1925 - November 11, 2005) was an American real estate developer and philanthropist. He was a primary benefactor of Southern Methodist University in Dallas, Texas. He served as a member of the Board of Trustees of Southern Methodist University from 1970 to 1987. In 1978, he established an endowment for students majoring in engineering at the University. , this endowment has provided scholarships for over 2,000 engineering students. In 1991, he was named emeritus of the board of trustees.
Early life
James Lindsay Embrey, Jr. was born in 1925 in Gainesville, Texas. He was the son of James Lindsay and Margaret (née Marsh) Embrey. His great-grandfather was James Menees Lindsay (1835-1919), who migrated to Cooke County, Texas from Tennessee in 1857 and became a real estate developer, judge, and philanthropist. He graduated with honors from Gainesville High School. He received a Bachelor of Science degree in civil engineering from Southern Methodist University in 1945. In 1947, after completing his service in the V-12 Navy College Training Program, he received a Bachelor's degree in Business Administration from the University. He was President of Phi Delta Theta, a member of Cycen Fjodr, and lettered as a varsity guard for the school's basketball team.
Professional background
Land development
In the mid-1950s, he developed the city Richardson, Texas with George Underwood, Jr. as well as the North Texas Technology corridor. He later served as Chair of First Continental Enterprises, while co-owning several shopping centers and apartment complexes.
Philanthropy
Embrey sat on the Board of Trustees of Southern Methodist University from 1970 to 1987. He was the chair of both the University's Alumni Board and Mustang Club, as well as President of the University's Alumni Association. He also served on the University's Athletic Forum Board and the School of Engineering Executive Board.In 1991, he was named emeritus of the board of trustees.
In 1978, he established an endowment for students majoring in engineering at Southern Methodist University. , the endowment has provided scholarships for over 2,000 engineering students. He also donated funds to assist with the construction of the Jerry R. Junkins Engineering Building and the Gerald J. Ford Stadium.
In 2003, the J. Lindsay Embrey Engineering Building, located on the Southern Methodist University campus was built, following his donation of $7.5 million.
Honors and awards
In 1999, Embrey was honored with the Mustang Award from the University. In 2004, he was the recipient of the Hall of Leaders Distinguished Alumni Award from the School of Engineering.
Personal life
Embrey was married to Bobbie G. (née Sherwood) Embrey. He had two daughters from his previous marriage to Grace Nelson Embrey, Gayle Nelson Embrey and Lauren Marsh Embrey. In 2008, his daughters established the Human Rights Education Program at Southern Methodist University, run by Professor Rick Halperin. In 2009, they also produced the documentary Playground against the child sex trade in the United States. Both daughters continue to run the Embrey Family Foundation, established by their father prior to his death.
Embrey died on November 11, 2005 in Dallas, Texas.
References
1925 births
2005 deaths
People from Gainesville, Texas
Businesspeople from Dallas
Southern Methodist University alumni
20th-century American businesspeople
20th-century American philanthropists |
The Diocese of the Isles, also known as the Diocese of Suðreyar, or the Diocese of Sodor, was one of the dioceses of medieval Norway. After the mid-13th-century Treaty of Perth, the diocese was accounted as one of the 13 dioceses of Scotland. The original seat of the bishopric appears to have been at Peel, on St Patrick's Isle, where indeed it continued to be under English overlordship; the Bishopric of the Isles as it was after the split was relocated to the north, firstly to Snizort and then Iona.
History
The diocese in its full form included the Outer Hebrides, most of the Inner Hebrides (including Iona, Skye, Raasay, Canna, Eigg, Coll, Tiree, Mull, Colonsay, Islay, Jura, Gigha – but not Lismore, Kerrera, Seil or Luing, all under the Bishop of Argyll), the Isle of Bute and the Isle of Arran, as well as the Isle of Man (Mann). The diocese may have originally contained Galloway, a suggestion thought to explain the possible attacks of Wimund on Bishop Gilla Aldan of Whithorn.
From the 11th century until the creation of the Archdiocese of Niðarós, Mann and the Isles appear to have been under the jurisdiction of the Archbishop of York. Thereafter, it was formally under Niðarós (modern Trondheim). The diocese was severed after the English acquisition of Mann in the 14th century.
In 1472, however, the Norwegian territories of Orkney and Shetland became Scottish, as part of the marriage settlement of King James III of Scotland, following which the Bishopric of St. Andrews was elevated to an archdiocese, and the Isles (but not Mann) came under her jurisdiction.
The Bishopric's links with Rome ceased to exist after the Scottish Reformation, but continued, apart from temporary abolition between 1638 and 1661, under the episcopal Church of Scotland until the Revolution of 1688. Episcopacy in the established church in Scotland was permanently abolished in 1689 but it continued in the now nonconformist Scottish Episcopal Church until 1702 with the death of Bishop Archibald Graham. The diocese then came under the care of the Bishop of Ross or Caithness or Moray variously. A new united Scottish Episcopal Diocese of Argyll and The Isles was established in 1847 with Bishop Alexander Ewing as the first Bishop living at Lochgilphead.
Medieval parishes
Source: Argyll Bute Inverness Ross. Man not included.
Barra
Barvas (Lewis)
Benbecula
Bracadale (Skye)
Canna
Coll
Colonsay
Duirinish (Skye)
Eye or Stornoway (Lewis)
Gigha & Cara
Harris
Howmore (South Uist)
Inchkenneth (Mull)
Iona
Jura or Killearndale
Kilarrow (Islay)
Kilbride (Arran)
Kilchoman (Islay)
Kilcolmkill (Mull)
Kildalton (Islay)
Kildonan (Eigg)
Kilfinichen (Mull)
Kilmaluoc (Raasay)
Kilmeny (Islay)
Kilmore (Mull)
Kilmory (Arran)
Kilmuir or Kilmorie (North Uist)
Kilmuir (Skye)
Kilninian (Mull)
Kilpeter (South Uist)
Kilvickeon (Mull)
Kingarth (Bute)
Kirkapoll (Tiree)
Lochs (Lewis)
Minginish (Skye)
Ness (Lewis)
Rodel (Harris)
Rothesay (Bute)
Sand (North Uist)
Sleat (Skye)
Snizort (Skye)
Soroby (Tiree)
Strath (Skye)
Torosay or Killean (Mull)
Trumpan (Skye)
Uig (Lewis)
Uig (Skye)
Notes
References
See also
Bishop of the Isles, list of bishops of the Isles
Diocese of Sodor and Man
History of the Isle of Man
Pre-Reformation dioceses of Scotland
Religion in Argyll and Bute
Religion in Highland (council area) |
Kearsney is:
Kearsney, Kent, a village in the United Kingdom
Kearsney railway station in Kearsney, Kent
Kearsney College, a private boarding school for boys in South Africa |
```c++
//===-- MCCodeEmitter.cpp - Instruction Encoding --------------------------===//
//
// The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
//
// This file is distributed under the University of Illinois Open Source
//
//===your_sha256_hash------===//
#include "llvm/MC/MCCodeEmitter.h"
using namespace llvm_ks;
MCCodeEmitter::MCCodeEmitter() {
}
MCCodeEmitter::~MCCodeEmitter() {
}
``` |
```go
// or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
// distributed with this work for additional information
// regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
//
// path_to_url
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
package encoding_test
import (
"bufio"
"fmt"
"os"
"path"
"reflect"
"strconv"
"testing"
"unsafe"
"github.com/apache/arrow/go/v18/arrow"
"github.com/apache/arrow/go/v18/arrow/bitutil"
"github.com/apache/arrow/go/v18/arrow/memory"
"github.com/apache/arrow/go/v18/parquet"
"github.com/apache/arrow/go/v18/parquet/internal/encoding"
"github.com/apache/arrow/go/v18/parquet/internal/testutils"
"github.com/apache/arrow/go/v18/parquet/schema"
"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
"github.com/stretchr/testify/suite"
)
type nodeFactory func(string, parquet.Repetition, int32) *schema.PrimitiveNode
func createNodeFactory(t reflect.Type) nodeFactory {
switch t {
case reflect.TypeOf(true):
return schema.NewBooleanNode
case reflect.TypeOf(int32(0)):
return schema.NewInt32Node
case reflect.TypeOf(int64(0)):
return schema.NewInt64Node
case reflect.TypeOf(parquet.Int96{}):
return schema.NewInt96Node
case reflect.TypeOf(float32(0)):
return schema.NewFloat32Node
case reflect.TypeOf(float64(0)):
return schema.NewFloat64Node
case reflect.TypeOf(parquet.ByteArray{}):
return schema.NewByteArrayNode
case reflect.TypeOf(parquet.FixedLenByteArray{}):
return func(name string, rep parquet.Repetition, field int32) *schema.PrimitiveNode {
return schema.NewFixedLenByteArrayNode(name, rep, 12, field)
}
}
return nil
}
func initdata(t reflect.Type, drawbuf, decodebuf []byte, nvals, repeats int, heap *memory.Buffer) (interface{}, interface{}) {
switch t {
case reflect.TypeOf(true):
draws := *(*[]bool)(unsafe.Pointer(&drawbuf))
decode := *(*[]bool)(unsafe.Pointer(&decodebuf))
testutils.InitValues(draws[:nvals], heap)
for j := 1; j < repeats; j++ {
for k := 0; k < nvals; k++ {
draws[nvals*j+k] = draws[k]
}
}
return draws[:nvals*repeats], decode[:nvals*repeats]
case reflect.TypeOf(int32(0)):
draws := arrow.Int32Traits.CastFromBytes(drawbuf)
decode := arrow.Int32Traits.CastFromBytes(decodebuf)
testutils.InitValues(draws[:nvals], heap)
for j := 1; j < repeats; j++ {
for k := 0; k < nvals; k++ {
draws[nvals*j+k] = draws[k]
}
}
return draws[:nvals*repeats], decode[:nvals*repeats]
case reflect.TypeOf(int64(0)):
draws := arrow.Int64Traits.CastFromBytes(drawbuf)
decode := arrow.Int64Traits.CastFromBytes(decodebuf)
testutils.InitValues(draws[:nvals], heap)
for j := 1; j < repeats; j++ {
for k := 0; k < nvals; k++ {
draws[nvals*j+k] = draws[k]
}
}
return draws[:nvals*repeats], decode[:nvals*repeats]
case reflect.TypeOf(parquet.Int96{}):
draws := parquet.Int96Traits.CastFromBytes(drawbuf)
decode := parquet.Int96Traits.CastFromBytes(decodebuf)
testutils.InitValues(draws[:nvals], heap)
for j := 1; j < repeats; j++ {
for k := 0; k < nvals; k++ {
draws[nvals*j+k] = draws[k]
}
}
return draws[:nvals*repeats], decode[:nvals*repeats]
case reflect.TypeOf(float32(0)):
draws := arrow.Float32Traits.CastFromBytes(drawbuf)
decode := arrow.Float32Traits.CastFromBytes(decodebuf)
testutils.InitValues(draws[:nvals], heap)
for j := 1; j < repeats; j++ {
for k := 0; k < nvals; k++ {
draws[nvals*j+k] = draws[k]
}
}
return draws[:nvals*repeats], decode[:nvals*repeats]
case reflect.TypeOf(float64(0)):
draws := arrow.Float64Traits.CastFromBytes(drawbuf)
decode := arrow.Float64Traits.CastFromBytes(decodebuf)
testutils.InitValues(draws[:nvals], heap)
for j := 1; j < repeats; j++ {
for k := 0; k < nvals; k++ {
draws[nvals*j+k] = draws[k]
}
}
return draws[:nvals*repeats], decode[:nvals*repeats]
case reflect.TypeOf(parquet.ByteArray{}):
draws := make([]parquet.ByteArray, nvals*repeats)
decode := make([]parquet.ByteArray, nvals*repeats)
testutils.InitValues(draws[:nvals], heap)
for j := 1; j < repeats; j++ {
for k := 0; k < nvals; k++ {
draws[nvals*j+k] = draws[k]
}
}
return draws[:nvals*repeats], decode[:nvals*repeats]
case reflect.TypeOf(parquet.FixedLenByteArray{}):
draws := make([]parquet.FixedLenByteArray, nvals*repeats)
decode := make([]parquet.FixedLenByteArray, nvals*repeats)
testutils.InitValues(draws[:nvals], heap)
for j := 1; j < repeats; j++ {
for k := 0; k < nvals; k++ {
draws[nvals*j+k] = draws[k]
}
}
return draws[:nvals*repeats], decode[:nvals*repeats]
}
return nil, nil
}
func encode(enc encoding.TypedEncoder, vals interface{}) {
switch v := vals.(type) {
case []bool:
enc.(encoding.BooleanEncoder).Put(v)
case []int32:
enc.(encoding.Int32Encoder).Put(v)
case []int64:
enc.(encoding.Int64Encoder).Put(v)
case []parquet.Int96:
enc.(encoding.Int96Encoder).Put(v)
case []float32:
enc.(encoding.Float32Encoder).Put(v)
case []float64:
enc.(encoding.Float64Encoder).Put(v)
case []parquet.ByteArray:
enc.(encoding.ByteArrayEncoder).Put(v)
case []parquet.FixedLenByteArray:
enc.(encoding.FixedLenByteArrayEncoder).Put(v)
}
}
func encodeSpaced(enc encoding.TypedEncoder, vals interface{}, validBits []byte, validBitsOffset int64) {
switch v := vals.(type) {
case []bool:
enc.(encoding.BooleanEncoder).PutSpaced(v, validBits, validBitsOffset)
case []int32:
enc.(encoding.Int32Encoder).PutSpaced(v, validBits, validBitsOffset)
case []int64:
enc.(encoding.Int64Encoder).PutSpaced(v, validBits, validBitsOffset)
case []parquet.Int96:
enc.(encoding.Int96Encoder).PutSpaced(v, validBits, validBitsOffset)
case []float32:
enc.(encoding.Float32Encoder).PutSpaced(v, validBits, validBitsOffset)
case []float64:
enc.(encoding.Float64Encoder).PutSpaced(v, validBits, validBitsOffset)
case []parquet.ByteArray:
enc.(encoding.ByteArrayEncoder).PutSpaced(v, validBits, validBitsOffset)
case []parquet.FixedLenByteArray:
enc.(encoding.FixedLenByteArrayEncoder).PutSpaced(v, validBits, validBitsOffset)
}
}
func decode(dec encoding.TypedDecoder, out interface{}) (int, error) {
switch v := out.(type) {
case []bool:
return dec.(encoding.BooleanDecoder).Decode(v)
case []int32:
return dec.(encoding.Int32Decoder).Decode(v)
case []int64:
return dec.(encoding.Int64Decoder).Decode(v)
case []parquet.Int96:
return dec.(encoding.Int96Decoder).Decode(v)
case []float32:
return dec.(encoding.Float32Decoder).Decode(v)
case []float64:
return dec.(encoding.Float64Decoder).Decode(v)
case []parquet.ByteArray:
return dec.(encoding.ByteArrayDecoder).Decode(v)
case []parquet.FixedLenByteArray:
return dec.(encoding.FixedLenByteArrayDecoder).Decode(v)
}
return 0, nil
}
func decodeSpaced(dec encoding.TypedDecoder, out interface{}, nullCount int, validBits []byte, validBitsOffset int64) (int, error) {
switch v := out.(type) {
case []bool:
return dec.(encoding.BooleanDecoder).DecodeSpaced(v, nullCount, validBits, validBitsOffset)
case []int32:
return dec.(encoding.Int32Decoder).DecodeSpaced(v, nullCount, validBits, validBitsOffset)
case []int64:
return dec.(encoding.Int64Decoder).DecodeSpaced(v, nullCount, validBits, validBitsOffset)
case []parquet.Int96:
return dec.(encoding.Int96Decoder).DecodeSpaced(v, nullCount, validBits, validBitsOffset)
case []float32:
return dec.(encoding.Float32Decoder).DecodeSpaced(v, nullCount, validBits, validBitsOffset)
case []float64:
return dec.(encoding.Float64Decoder).DecodeSpaced(v, nullCount, validBits, validBitsOffset)
case []parquet.ByteArray:
return dec.(encoding.ByteArrayDecoder).DecodeSpaced(v, nullCount, validBits, validBitsOffset)
case []parquet.FixedLenByteArray:
return dec.(encoding.FixedLenByteArrayDecoder).DecodeSpaced(v, nullCount, validBits, validBitsOffset)
}
return 0, nil
}
type BaseEncodingTestSuite struct {
suite.Suite
descr *schema.Column
typeLen int
mem memory.Allocator
typ reflect.Type
nvalues int
heap *memory.Buffer
inputBytes *memory.Buffer
outputBytes *memory.Buffer
nodeFactory nodeFactory
draws interface{}
decodeBuf interface{}
}
func (b *BaseEncodingTestSuite) SetupSuite() {
b.mem = memory.DefaultAllocator
b.inputBytes = memory.NewResizableBuffer(b.mem)
b.outputBytes = memory.NewResizableBuffer(b.mem)
b.heap = memory.NewResizableBuffer(b.mem)
b.nodeFactory = createNodeFactory(b.typ)
}
func (b *BaseEncodingTestSuite) TearDownSuite() {
b.inputBytes.Release()
b.outputBytes.Release()
b.heap.Release()
}
func (b *BaseEncodingTestSuite) SetupTest() {
b.descr = schema.NewColumn(b.nodeFactory("name", parquet.Repetitions.Optional, -1), 0, 0)
b.typeLen = int(b.descr.TypeLength())
}
func (b *BaseEncodingTestSuite) initData(nvalues, repeats int) {
b.nvalues = nvalues * repeats
b.inputBytes.ResizeNoShrink(b.nvalues * int(b.typ.Size()))
b.outputBytes.ResizeNoShrink(b.nvalues * int(b.typ.Size()))
memory.Set(b.inputBytes.Buf(), 0)
memory.Set(b.outputBytes.Buf(), 0)
b.draws, b.decodeBuf = initdata(b.typ, b.inputBytes.Buf(), b.outputBytes.Buf(), nvalues, repeats, b.heap)
}
func (b *BaseEncodingTestSuite) encodeTestData(e parquet.Encoding) (encoding.Buffer, error) {
enc := encoding.NewEncoder(testutils.TypeToParquetType(b.typ), e, false, b.descr, memory.DefaultAllocator)
b.Equal(e, enc.Encoding())
b.Equal(b.descr.PhysicalType(), enc.Type())
encode(enc, reflect.ValueOf(b.draws).Slice(0, b.nvalues).Interface())
return enc.FlushValues()
}
func (b *BaseEncodingTestSuite) decodeTestData(e parquet.Encoding, buf []byte) {
dec := encoding.NewDecoder(testutils.TypeToParquetType(b.typ), e, b.descr, b.mem)
b.Equal(e, dec.Encoding())
b.Equal(b.descr.PhysicalType(), dec.Type())
dec.SetData(b.nvalues, buf)
decoded, _ := decode(dec, b.decodeBuf)
b.Equal(b.nvalues, decoded)
b.Equal(reflect.ValueOf(b.draws).Slice(0, b.nvalues).Interface(), reflect.ValueOf(b.decodeBuf).Slice(0, b.nvalues).Interface())
}
func (b *BaseEncodingTestSuite) encodeTestDataSpaced(e parquet.Encoding, validBits []byte, validBitsOffset int64) (encoding.Buffer, error) {
enc := encoding.NewEncoder(testutils.TypeToParquetType(b.typ), e, false, b.descr, memory.DefaultAllocator)
encodeSpaced(enc, reflect.ValueOf(b.draws).Slice(0, b.nvalues).Interface(), validBits, validBitsOffset)
return enc.FlushValues()
}
func (b *BaseEncodingTestSuite) decodeTestDataSpaced(e parquet.Encoding, nullCount int, buf []byte, validBits []byte, validBitsOffset int64) {
dec := encoding.NewDecoder(testutils.TypeToParquetType(b.typ), e, b.descr, b.mem)
dec.SetData(b.nvalues-nullCount, buf)
decoded, _ := decodeSpaced(dec, b.decodeBuf, nullCount, validBits, validBitsOffset)
b.Equal(b.nvalues, decoded)
drawval := reflect.ValueOf(b.draws)
decodeval := reflect.ValueOf(b.decodeBuf)
for j := 0; j < b.nvalues; j++ {
if bitutil.BitIsSet(validBits, int(validBitsOffset)+j) {
b.Equal(drawval.Index(j).Interface(), decodeval.Index(j).Interface())
}
}
}
func (b *BaseEncodingTestSuite) checkRoundTrip(e parquet.Encoding) {
buf, _ := b.encodeTestData(e)
defer buf.Release()
b.decodeTestData(e, buf.Bytes())
}
func (b *BaseEncodingTestSuite) checkRoundTripSpaced(e parquet.Encoding, validBits []byte, validBitsOffset int64) {
buf, _ := b.encodeTestDataSpaced(e, validBits, validBitsOffset)
defer buf.Release()
nullCount := 0
for i := 0; i < b.nvalues; i++ {
if bitutil.BitIsNotSet(validBits, int(validBitsOffset)+i) {
nullCount++
}
}
b.decodeTestDataSpaced(e, nullCount, buf.Bytes(), validBits, validBitsOffset)
}
func (b *BaseEncodingTestSuite) TestBasicRoundTrip() {
b.initData(10000, 1)
b.checkRoundTrip(parquet.Encodings.Plain)
}
func (b *BaseEncodingTestSuite) TestRleBooleanEncodingRoundTrip() {
switch b.typ {
case reflect.TypeOf(true):
b.initData(2000, 200)
b.checkRoundTrip(parquet.Encodings.RLE)
default:
b.T().SkipNow()
}
}
func (b *BaseEncodingTestSuite) TestDeltaEncodingRoundTrip() {
b.initData(10000, 1)
switch b.typ {
case reflect.TypeOf(int32(0)), reflect.TypeOf(int64(0)):
b.checkRoundTrip(parquet.Encodings.DeltaBinaryPacked)
default:
b.Panics(func() { b.checkRoundTrip(parquet.Encodings.DeltaBinaryPacked) })
}
}
func (b *BaseEncodingTestSuite) TestDeltaLengthByteArrayRoundTrip() {
b.initData(10000, 1)
switch b.typ {
case reflect.TypeOf(parquet.ByteArray{}):
b.checkRoundTrip(parquet.Encodings.DeltaLengthByteArray)
default:
b.Panics(func() { b.checkRoundTrip(parquet.Encodings.DeltaLengthByteArray) })
}
}
func (b *BaseEncodingTestSuite) TestDeltaByteArrayRoundTrip() {
b.initData(10000, 1)
switch b.typ {
case reflect.TypeOf(parquet.ByteArray{}):
b.checkRoundTrip(parquet.Encodings.DeltaByteArray)
default:
b.Panics(func() { b.checkRoundTrip(parquet.Encodings.DeltaLengthByteArray) })
}
}
func (b *BaseEncodingTestSuite) TestByteStreamSplitRoundTrip() {
b.initData(10000, 1)
switch b.typ {
case reflect.TypeOf(float32(0)), reflect.TypeOf(float64(0)), reflect.TypeOf(int32(0)), reflect.TypeOf(int64(0)), reflect.TypeOf(parquet.FixedLenByteArray{}):
b.checkRoundTrip(parquet.Encodings.ByteStreamSplit)
default:
b.Panics(func() { b.checkRoundTrip(parquet.Encodings.ByteStreamSplit) })
}
}
func (b *BaseEncodingTestSuite) TestSpacedRoundTrip() {
exec := func(vals, repeats int, validBitsOffset int64, nullProb float64) {
b.Run(fmt.Sprintf("%d vals %d repeats %d offset %0.3f null", vals, repeats, validBitsOffset, 1-nullProb), func() {
b.initData(vals, repeats)
size := int64(b.nvalues) + validBitsOffset
r := testutils.NewRandomArrayGenerator(1923)
arr := r.Uint8(size, 0, 100, 1-nullProb)
validBits := arr.NullBitmapBytes()
if validBits != nil {
b.checkRoundTripSpaced(parquet.Encodings.Plain, validBits, validBitsOffset)
switch b.typ {
case reflect.TypeOf(false):
b.checkRoundTripSpaced(parquet.Encodings.RLE, validBits, validBitsOffset)
case reflect.TypeOf(int32(0)), reflect.TypeOf(int64(0)):
b.checkRoundTripSpaced(parquet.Encodings.DeltaBinaryPacked, validBits, validBitsOffset)
case reflect.TypeOf(parquet.ByteArray{}):
b.checkRoundTripSpaced(parquet.Encodings.DeltaLengthByteArray, validBits, validBitsOffset)
b.checkRoundTripSpaced(parquet.Encodings.DeltaByteArray, validBits, validBitsOffset)
}
}
})
}
const (
avx512Size = 64
simdSize = avx512Size
multiSimdSize = simdSize * 33
)
for _, nullProb := range []float64{0.001, 0.1, 0.5, 0.9, 0.999} {
// Test with both size and offset up to 3 simd block
for i := 1; i < simdSize*3; i++ {
exec(i, 1, 0, nullProb)
exec(i, 1, int64(i+1), nullProb)
}
// large block and offset
exec(multiSimdSize, 1, 0, nullProb)
exec(multiSimdSize+33, 1, 0, nullProb)
exec(multiSimdSize, 1, 33, nullProb)
exec(multiSimdSize+33, 1, 33, nullProb)
}
}
func TestEncoding(t *testing.T) {
tests := []struct {
name string
typ reflect.Type
}{
{"Bool", reflect.TypeOf(true)},
{"Int32", reflect.TypeOf(int32(0))},
{"Int64", reflect.TypeOf(int64(0))},
{"Float32", reflect.TypeOf(float32(0))},
{"Float64", reflect.TypeOf(float64(0))},
{"Int96", reflect.TypeOf(parquet.Int96{})},
{"ByteArray", reflect.TypeOf(parquet.ByteArray{})},
{"FixedLenByteArray", reflect.TypeOf(parquet.FixedLenByteArray{})},
}
for _, tt := range tests {
t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
suite.Run(t, &BaseEncodingTestSuite{typ: tt.typ})
})
}
}
type DictionaryEncodingTestSuite struct {
BaseEncodingTestSuite
}
func (d *DictionaryEncodingTestSuite) encodeTestDataDict(e parquet.Encoding) (dictBuffer, indices encoding.Buffer, numEntries int) {
enc := encoding.NewEncoder(testutils.TypeToParquetType(d.typ), e, true, d.descr, memory.DefaultAllocator).(encoding.DictEncoder)
d.Equal(parquet.Encodings.PlainDict, enc.Encoding())
d.Equal(d.descr.PhysicalType(), enc.Type())
encode(enc, reflect.ValueOf(d.draws).Slice(0, d.nvalues).Interface())
dictBuffer = memory.NewResizableBuffer(d.mem)
dictBuffer.Resize(enc.DictEncodedSize())
enc.WriteDict(dictBuffer.Bytes())
indices, _ = enc.FlushValues()
numEntries = enc.NumEntries()
return
}
func (d *DictionaryEncodingTestSuite) encodeTestDataDictSpaced(e parquet.Encoding, validBits []byte, validBitsOffset int64) (dictBuffer, indices encoding.Buffer, numEntries int) {
enc := encoding.NewEncoder(testutils.TypeToParquetType(d.typ), e, true, d.descr, memory.DefaultAllocator).(encoding.DictEncoder)
d.Equal(d.descr.PhysicalType(), enc.Type())
encodeSpaced(enc, reflect.ValueOf(d.draws).Slice(0, d.nvalues).Interface(), validBits, validBitsOffset)
dictBuffer = memory.NewResizableBuffer(d.mem)
dictBuffer.Resize(enc.DictEncodedSize())
enc.WriteDict(dictBuffer.Bytes())
indices, _ = enc.FlushValues()
numEntries = enc.NumEntries()
return
}
func (d *DictionaryEncodingTestSuite) checkRoundTrip() {
dictBuffer, indices, numEntries := d.encodeTestDataDict(parquet.Encodings.Plain)
defer dictBuffer.Release()
defer indices.Release()
validBits := make([]byte, int(bitutil.BytesForBits(int64(d.nvalues)))+1)
memory.Set(validBits, 255)
spacedBuffer, indicesSpaced, _ := d.encodeTestDataDictSpaced(parquet.Encodings.Plain, validBits, 0)
defer spacedBuffer.Release()
defer indicesSpaced.Release()
d.Equal(indices.Bytes(), indicesSpaced.Bytes())
dictDecoder := encoding.NewDecoder(testutils.TypeToParquetType(d.typ), parquet.Encodings.Plain, d.descr, d.mem)
d.Equal(d.descr.PhysicalType(), dictDecoder.Type())
dictDecoder.SetData(numEntries, dictBuffer.Bytes())
decoder := encoding.NewDictDecoder(testutils.TypeToParquetType(d.typ), d.descr, d.mem)
decoder.SetDict(dictDecoder)
decoder.SetData(d.nvalues, indices.Bytes())
decoded, _ := decode(decoder, d.decodeBuf)
d.Equal(d.nvalues, decoded)
d.Equal(reflect.ValueOf(d.draws).Slice(0, d.nvalues).Interface(), reflect.ValueOf(d.decodeBuf).Slice(0, d.nvalues).Interface())
decoder.SetData(d.nvalues, indices.Bytes())
decoded, _ = decodeSpaced(decoder, d.decodeBuf, 0, validBits, 0)
d.Equal(d.nvalues, decoded)
d.Equal(reflect.ValueOf(d.draws).Slice(0, d.nvalues).Interface(), reflect.ValueOf(d.decodeBuf).Slice(0, d.nvalues).Interface())
}
func (d *DictionaryEncodingTestSuite) TestBasicRoundTrip() {
d.initData(2500, 2)
d.checkRoundTrip()
}
func TestDictEncoding(t *testing.T) {
tests := []struct {
name string
typ reflect.Type
}{
{"Int32", reflect.TypeOf(int32(0))},
{"Int64", reflect.TypeOf(int64(0))},
{"Float32", reflect.TypeOf(float32(0))},
{"Float64", reflect.TypeOf(float64(0))},
{"ByteArray", reflect.TypeOf(parquet.ByteArray{})},
{"FixedLenByteArray", reflect.TypeOf(parquet.FixedLenByteArray{})},
}
for _, tt := range tests {
t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
suite.Run(t, &DictionaryEncodingTestSuite{BaseEncodingTestSuite{typ: tt.typ}})
})
}
}
func TestWriteDeltaBitPackedInt32(t *testing.T) {
column := schema.NewColumn(schema.NewInt32Node("int32", parquet.Repetitions.Required, -1), 0, 0)
tests := []struct {
name string
toencode []int32
expected []byte
}{
{"simple 12345", []int32{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, []byte{128, 1, 4, 5, 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0}},
{"odd vals", []int32{7, 5, 3, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, []byte{128, 1, 4, 8, 14, 3, 2, 0, 0, 0, 192, 63, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}},
}
for _, tt := range tests {
t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
enc := encoding.NewEncoder(parquet.Types.Int32, parquet.Encodings.DeltaBinaryPacked, false, column, memory.DefaultAllocator)
enc.(encoding.Int32Encoder).Put(tt.toencode)
buf, _ := enc.FlushValues()
defer buf.Release()
assert.Equal(t, tt.expected, buf.Bytes())
dec := encoding.NewDecoder(parquet.Types.Int32, parquet.Encodings.DeltaBinaryPacked, column, memory.DefaultAllocator)
dec.(encoding.Int32Decoder).SetData(len(tt.toencode), tt.expected)
out := make([]int32, len(tt.toencode))
dec.(encoding.Int32Decoder).Decode(out)
assert.Equal(t, tt.toencode, out)
})
}
t.Run("test progressive decoding", func(t *testing.T) {
values := make([]int32, 1000)
testutils.FillRandomInt32(0, values)
enc := encoding.NewEncoder(parquet.Types.Int32, parquet.Encodings.DeltaBinaryPacked, false, column, memory.DefaultAllocator)
enc.(encoding.Int32Encoder).Put(values)
buf, _ := enc.FlushValues()
defer buf.Release()
dec := encoding.NewDecoder(parquet.Types.Int32, parquet.Encodings.DeltaBinaryPacked, column, memory.DefaultAllocator)
dec.(encoding.Int32Decoder).SetData(len(values), buf.Bytes())
valueBuf := make([]int32, 100)
for i, j := 0, len(valueBuf); j <= len(values); i, j = i+len(valueBuf), j+len(valueBuf) {
dec.(encoding.Int32Decoder).Decode(valueBuf)
assert.Equalf(t, values[i:j], valueBuf, "indexes %d:%d", i, j)
}
})
t.Run("test decoding multiple pages", func(t *testing.T) {
values := make([]int32, 1000)
testutils.FillRandomInt32(0, values)
enc := encoding.NewEncoder(parquet.Types.Int32, parquet.Encodings.DeltaBinaryPacked, false, column, memory.DefaultAllocator)
enc.(encoding.Int32Encoder).Put(values)
buf, _ := enc.FlushValues()
defer buf.Release()
// Using same Decoder to decode the data.
dec := encoding.NewDecoder(parquet.Types.Int32, parquet.Encodings.DeltaBinaryPacked, column, memory.DefaultAllocator)
for i := 0; i < 5; i += 1 {
dec.(encoding.Int32Decoder).SetData(len(values), buf.Bytes())
valueBuf := make([]int32, 100)
for i, j := 0, len(valueBuf); j <= len(values); i, j = i+len(valueBuf), j+len(valueBuf) {
dec.(encoding.Int32Decoder).Decode(valueBuf)
assert.Equalf(t, values[i:j], valueBuf, "indexes %d:%d", i, j)
}
}
})
}
func TestWriteDeltaBitPackedInt64(t *testing.T) {
column := schema.NewColumn(schema.NewInt64Node("int64", parquet.Repetitions.Required, -1), 0, 0)
tests := []struct {
name string
toencode []int64
expected []byte
}{
{"simple 12345", []int64{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, []byte{128, 1, 4, 5, 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0}},
{"odd vals", []int64{7, 5, 3, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, []byte{128, 1, 4, 8, 14, 3, 2, 0, 0, 0, 192, 63, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}},
}
for _, tt := range tests {
t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
enc := encoding.NewEncoder(parquet.Types.Int64, parquet.Encodings.DeltaBinaryPacked, false, column, memory.DefaultAllocator)
enc.(encoding.Int64Encoder).Put(tt.toencode)
buf, _ := enc.FlushValues()
defer buf.Release()
assert.Equal(t, tt.expected, buf.Bytes())
dec := encoding.NewDecoder(parquet.Types.Int64, parquet.Encodings.DeltaBinaryPacked, column, memory.DefaultAllocator)
dec.(encoding.Int64Decoder).SetData(len(tt.toencode), tt.expected)
out := make([]int64, len(tt.toencode))
dec.(encoding.Int64Decoder).Decode(out)
assert.Equal(t, tt.toencode, out)
})
}
t.Run("test progressive decoding", func(t *testing.T) {
values := make([]int64, 1000)
testutils.FillRandomInt64(0, values)
enc := encoding.NewEncoder(parquet.Types.Int64, parquet.Encodings.DeltaBinaryPacked, false, column, memory.DefaultAllocator)
enc.(encoding.Int64Encoder).Put(values)
buf, _ := enc.FlushValues()
defer buf.Release()
dec := encoding.NewDecoder(parquet.Types.Int64, parquet.Encodings.DeltaBinaryPacked, column, memory.DefaultAllocator)
dec.(encoding.Int64Decoder).SetData(len(values), buf.Bytes())
valueBuf := make([]int64, 100)
for i, j := 0, len(valueBuf); j <= len(values); i, j = i+len(valueBuf), j+len(valueBuf) {
decoded, _ := dec.(encoding.Int64Decoder).Decode(valueBuf)
assert.Equal(t, len(valueBuf), decoded)
assert.Equalf(t, values[i:j], valueBuf, "indexes %d:%d", i, j)
}
})
t.Run("GH-37102", func(t *testing.T) {
values := []int64{
0, 3000000000000000000, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 3000000000000000000, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 3000000000000000000, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 3000000000000000000, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0,
}
enc := encoding.NewEncoder(parquet.Types.Int64, parquet.Encodings.DeltaBinaryPacked, false, column, memory.DefaultAllocator)
enc.(encoding.Int64Encoder).Put(values)
buf, _ := enc.FlushValues()
defer buf.Release()
dec := encoding.NewDecoder(parquet.Types.Int64, parquet.Encodings.DeltaBinaryPacked, column, memory.DefaultAllocator)
dec.(encoding.Int64Decoder).SetData(len(values), buf.Bytes())
valueBuf := make([]int64, len(values))
decoded, _ := dec.(encoding.Int64Decoder).Decode(valueBuf)
assert.Equal(t, len(valueBuf), decoded)
assert.Equal(t, values, valueBuf)
})
t.Run("test decoding multiple pages", func(t *testing.T) {
values := make([]int64, 1000)
testutils.FillRandomInt64(0, values)
enc := encoding.NewEncoder(parquet.Types.Int64, parquet.Encodings.DeltaBinaryPacked, false, column, memory.DefaultAllocator)
enc.(encoding.Int64Encoder).Put(values)
buf, _ := enc.FlushValues()
defer buf.Release()
// Using same Decoder to decode the data.
dec := encoding.NewDecoder(parquet.Types.Int64, parquet.Encodings.DeltaBinaryPacked, column, memory.DefaultAllocator)
for i := 0; i < 5; i += 1 {
dec.(encoding.Int64Decoder).SetData(len(values), buf.Bytes())
valueBuf := make([]int64, 100)
for i, j := 0, len(valueBuf); j <= len(values); i, j = i+len(valueBuf), j+len(valueBuf) {
dec.(encoding.Int64Decoder).Decode(valueBuf)
assert.Equalf(t, values[i:j], valueBuf, "indexes %d:%d", i, j)
}
}
})
}
func TestDeltaLengthByteArrayEncoding(t *testing.T) {
column := schema.NewColumn(schema.NewByteArrayNode("bytearray", parquet.Repetitions.Required, -1), 0, 0)
test := []parquet.ByteArray{[]byte("Hello"), []byte("World"), []byte("Foobar"), []byte("ABCDEF")}
expected := []byte{128, 1, 4, 4, 10, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 72, 101, 108, 108, 111, 87, 111, 114, 108, 100, 70, 111, 111, 98, 97, 114, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70}
enc := encoding.NewEncoder(parquet.Types.ByteArray, parquet.Encodings.DeltaLengthByteArray, false, column, memory.DefaultAllocator)
enc.(encoding.ByteArrayEncoder).Put(test)
buf, _ := enc.FlushValues()
defer buf.Release()
assert.Equal(t, expected, buf.Bytes())
dec := encoding.NewDecoder(parquet.Types.ByteArray, parquet.Encodings.DeltaLengthByteArray, column, nil)
dec.SetData(len(test), expected)
out := make([]parquet.ByteArray, len(test))
decoded, _ := dec.(encoding.ByteArrayDecoder).Decode(out)
assert.Equal(t, len(test), decoded)
assert.Equal(t, test, out)
}
func TestDeltaByteArrayEncoding(t *testing.T) {
test := []parquet.ByteArray{[]byte("Hello"), []byte("World"), []byte("Foobar"), []byte("ABCDEF")}
expected := []byte{128, 1, 4, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 128, 1, 4, 4, 10, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 72, 101, 108, 108, 111, 87, 111, 114, 108, 100, 70, 111, 111, 98, 97, 114, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70}
enc := encoding.NewEncoder(parquet.Types.ByteArray, parquet.Encodings.DeltaByteArray, false, nil, nil)
enc.(encoding.ByteArrayEncoder).Put(test)
buf, _ := enc.FlushValues()
defer buf.Release()
assert.Equal(t, expected, buf.Bytes())
dec := encoding.NewDecoder(parquet.Types.ByteArray, parquet.Encodings.DeltaByteArray, nil, nil)
dec.SetData(len(test), expected)
out := make([]parquet.ByteArray, len(test))
decoded, _ := dec.(encoding.ByteArrayDecoder).Decode(out)
assert.Equal(t, len(test), decoded)
assert.Equal(t, test, out)
}
func TestDeltaBitPacking(t *testing.T) {
datadir := os.Getenv("ARROW_TEST_DATA")
if datadir == "" {
return
}
fname := path.Join(datadir, "parquet/timestamp.data")
require.FileExists(t, fname)
f, err := os.Open(fname)
if err != nil {
t.Fatal(err)
}
defer f.Close()
values := make([]int64, 0)
scanner := bufio.NewScanner(f)
for scanner.Scan() {
v, err := strconv.ParseInt(scanner.Text(), 10, 64)
if err != nil {
t.Fatal(err)
}
values = append(values, v)
}
if err := scanner.Err(); err != nil {
t.Fatal(err)
}
col := schema.NewColumn(schema.MustPrimitive(schema.NewPrimitiveNode("foo", parquet.Repetitions.Required,
parquet.Types.Int64, -1, -1)), 0, 0)
enc := encoding.NewEncoder(parquet.Types.Int64, parquet.Encodings.DeltaBinaryPacked, false, col, memory.DefaultAllocator).(encoding.Int64Encoder)
enc.Put(values)
buf, err := enc.FlushValues()
if err != nil {
t.Fatal(err)
}
defer buf.Release()
dec := encoding.NewDecoder(parquet.Types.Int64, parquet.Encodings.DeltaBinaryPacked, col, memory.DefaultAllocator).(encoding.Int64Decoder)
dec.SetData(len(values), buf.Bytes())
ll := len(values)
for i := 0; i < ll; i += 1024 {
out := make([]int64, 1024)
n, err := dec.Decode(out)
if err != nil {
t.Fatal(err)
}
assert.Equal(t, values[:n], out[:n])
values = values[n:]
}
assert.Equal(t, dec.ValuesLeft(), 0)
}
func TestBooleanPlainDecoderAfterFlushing(t *testing.T) {
descr := schema.NewColumn(schema.NewBooleanNode("bool", parquet.Repetitions.Optional, -1), 0, 0)
enc := encoding.NewEncoder(parquet.Types.Boolean, parquet.Encodings.Plain, false, descr, memory.DefaultAllocator)
benc := enc.(encoding.BooleanEncoder)
dec := encoding.NewDecoder(parquet.Types.Boolean, parquet.Encodings.Plain, descr, memory.DefaultAllocator)
decSlice := make([]bool, 1)
bdec := dec.(encoding.BooleanDecoder)
// Write and extract two different values
// This is validating that `FlushValues` wholly
// resets the encoder state.
benc.Put([]bool{true})
buf1, err := benc.FlushValues()
assert.NoError(t, err)
benc.Put([]bool{false})
buf2, err := benc.FlushValues()
assert.NoError(t, err)
// Decode buf1, expect true
err = bdec.SetData(1, buf1.Buf())
assert.NoError(t, err)
n, err := bdec.Decode(decSlice)
assert.NoError(t, err)
assert.Equal(t, n, 1)
assert.Equal(t, decSlice[0], true)
// Decode buf2, expect false
err = bdec.SetData(1, buf2.Buf())
assert.NoError(t, err)
n, err = bdec.Decode(decSlice)
assert.NoError(t, err)
assert.Equal(t, n, 1)
assert.Equal(t, decSlice[0], false)
}
``` |
Haparanda Municipality (), () is a municipality in Norrbotten County in northern Sweden. Its seat is located in Haparanda ().
In 1967 the "City of Haparanda" was merged with the rural municipalities Karl Gustav and Nedertorneå. Since 1971 Haparanda, like all other municipalities of Sweden, is a municipality of unitary type. However, it prefers to use the title stad ("city") for the whole territory, including the non-urban parts.
Geography
In Sweden, Haparanda Municipality borders Övertorneå Municipality to the north and Kalix Municipality to the west.
Haparanda Municipality is located on the western side of where the Torne River discharges into the Bay of Bothnia. On the other side of the river lies the Finnish town Tornio (Swedish: Torneå). Haparanda and Tornio jointly call themselves "EuroCity".
Although Haparanda has a boat harbor, it is not accessible for larger vessels and is not, as often thought, the Baltic Sea's northernmost port, that honor most probably belonging to Töre further west on the Swedish coast.
The municipality includes the Haparanda archipelago, with 652 islands in the bay of Bothnia, part of the larger Norrbotten archipelago.
The Haparanda Archipelago National Park lies within the Haparanda group of islands. It includes the larger islands of Sandskär and Seskar Furö, and some smaller islands and skerries.
Some of the other islands in the Haparanda archipelago include Hanhinkari, Kataja, Seskarö, Skomakaren, Stora Hamnskär, Stora Hepokari and Torne-Furö.
Localities
There are five localities (or urban areas) in Haparanda Municipality:
The municipal seat in bold
Politics and government
Distribution of the 35 seats in the municipal council after the 2010 election:
Social Democratic Party 21
Moderate Party 6
Centre Party 4
Left Party 3
Christian Democrats 1
Results of the 2010 Swedish general election in Haparanda:
Social Democratic Party 60.4%
Moderate Party 17.2%
Centre Party 7.3%
Left Party 4.3%
Sweden Democrats 3.8%
Christian Democrats 2.6%
Green Party 2.3%
Liberal People's Party 1.5%
Twin towns – sister cities
Haparanda is twinned with:
Hammerfest, Norway
Kovdor, Russia
Širvintos, Lithuania
See also
Sweden Finns
Meänkieli
List of islands of the Haparanda archipelago
References
External links
Haparanda Municipality - Official site
Haparanda-Tornio - Official tourism site
Municipalities of Norrbotten County
Meänkieli language municipalities |
The Scales Shale is a geologic formation in Illinois. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.
See also
List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Illinois
References
Ordovician Iowa
Ordovician Illinois |
David Riley Pitts is an American healthcare administrator, chief executive, and philatelist.
Early life and education
Pitts earned his Bachelor of Science degree from the Fisher College of Business at Ohio State University. He also holds a Master of Healthcare Administration degree from the Graduate School of Public Health at the University of Minnesota and a Master of Arts in public administration from the Hubert H. Humphrey School of Public Affairs at the University of Minnesota.
Career
David Pitts began his career in the United States military and served in hospitals in the United States, England and Vietnam. He served in senior positions in the offices of the Surgeon General of the United States and the Surgeon General of the United States Air Force. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal and the Bronze Star.
Pitts was the chief executive officer of the Ochsner Foundation Hospital in New Orleans before founding Pitts Management Associates in Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
Pitts served on Amedisys NASDAQ: AMED board of directors for 17 years. He was named non-executive Co-Chairman in February 2014, before resigning in August 2014.
David Pitts is Chairman of the Pitts Family Foundation.
Philately
Pitts is a specialist in the philately of Bermuda. His exhibit, Bermuda: Crossroads of the Atlantic has been shown before the members of the Royal Philatelic Society London, of which Pitts is a fellow, and the Collectors Club of New York. The exhibit won a large gold medal at Brasiliana 2013, the only Bermuda exhibit to win a medal at that level.
Pitts in a former president of the Bermuda Collectors Society.
Personal life
Pitts is married to Barbara, an advanced practice nurse and retired lieutenant colonel in the United States Army Nurse Corps. They have seven children.
He is a canon of the Episcopal Church.
See also
Postage stamps and postal history of the Leeward Islands
References
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
American philatelists
Fellows of the Royal Philatelic Society London
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
American Episcopalians
American health care chief executives
Humphrey School of Public Affairs alumni
Ohio State University Fisher College of Business alumni
Philately of Bermuda |
```xml
/*
This function returns the provided arguments from a command in a string format.
Example: if `argv` is { '--debug': true, '--all': true, '--scope': 'zeit' },
the output will be '--debug --all --scope zeit'.
Flags can be excluded using the `excludeFlags` param.
*/
export default function getCommandFlags(
argv: { [key: string]: any },
excludeFlags: string[] = []
) {
const flags = Object.keys(argv)
.filter(key => !excludeFlags.includes(key))
.map(
key => `${key}${typeof argv[key] !== 'boolean' ? ' ' + argv[key] : ''}`
);
return flags.length > 0 ? ` ${flags.join(' ')}` : '';
}
``` |
Nahugan (, also Romanized as Nāhūgān) is a village in Marz Rural District, Chah Dadkhoda District, Qaleh Ganj County, Kerman Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 58, in 10 families.
References
Populated places in Qaleh Ganj County |
Ryabikha () is a rural locality (a village) in Styopantsevskoye Rural Settlement, Vyaznikovsky District, Vladimir Oblast, Russia. The population was 5 as of 2010.
Geography
Ryabikha is located 30 km southwest of Vyazniki (the district's administrative centre) by road. Yamki is the nearest rural locality.
References
Rural localities in Vyaznikovsky District |
Gönye River (Gönye Çayı) is a river in Turkey that serves as a drinking water supply for the city of Erzincan. It cut by the Erzincan Dam. This river merges with the Western Euphrates south-west of Erzincan, 18 km south-east of the dam.
References
Rivers of Turkey
Euphrates
Landforms of Erzincan Province |
{{Infobox Basketball club
| name = Bayern Munich
| logo = Logo FC Bayern München Basketball ab 2022.png
| imagesize = 200px
| leagues = Basketball BundesligaEuroLeague
| founded =
| history = FC Bayern Munich Basketball(1946–present)
| arena = BMW Park
| capacity = 6,700
| location = Munich, Germany
| colors = Red, white
| president = Herbert Hainer
| retired_numbers = 2 (6, 24)
| coach = Pablo Laso
| captain = Vladimir Lučić
| sponsor = Siegmund
| championships = 5 German Championships4 German Cups| website = fcb-basketball.de
| h_body = E2231A
| h_pattern_b = _bayern2223h
| h_shorts = E2231A
| h_pattern_s = _bayern2223h
| a_body = FFFFFF
| a_pattern_b = _bayern2223a
| a_shorts = FFFFFF
| a_pattern_s = _bayern2223a
| 3_body = 002D73
| 3_pattern_b = _bayern2223t
| 3_shorts = 002D73
| 3_pattern_s = _bayern2223t
}}FC Bayern München Basketball GmbH, commonly referred to as Bayern Munich, is a professional basketball club, a part of the FC Bayern Munich sports club, based in Munich, Germany. The club competes domestically in the Basketball Bundesliga (BBL) and internationally in the EuroLeague.
The team plays its home games at BMW Park, which was opened in 1972.
FC Bayern Munich Basketball also has a reserve team that plays in German third-tier level ProB.
History
Bayern Munich has a long basketball tradition. Besides its most successful years in the 1950s and 1960s (German Championships in 1954, 1955, and German Cup in 1968), the club enjoyed remarkable popularity in 1956, when it even drew 40,000 fans to an open-air test game against Lancia Bolzano, once a top basketball club from Italy. Later, in 1966, the club was a founding member of the Basketball Bundesliga.
In the following years, the club slowly, but surely, faded into obscurity, and in 1974, was even relegated to the German 2nd Division. For a long time after that, the club never completely recovered, and only had a few successful years (Bayern moved up to the Basketball Bundesliga in 1987, and stayed there until 1989).
In 2008, the declared goal of the team was to return to the club's former glory, and return to the top German League, which it eventually did. In the near future, the club seeks to become a major force in European basketball, so that Bayern Munich will not only be well known for its football (soccer) operations, but also for its basketball operations as well. In the 2012–13 season the club reached the semifinals, where it lost 3–2 against the reigning champions Brose Baskets.
Thanks to a wild card, Bayern Munich played in the EuroLeague in the 2013–14 season. This was its first appearance in the top European championship, and it reached the Top 16 stage. On 18 June 2014, Bayern won its third national title when it beat Alba Berlin 3–1 in the Finals. It was the first title for the team since 1955; 59 years before. Star player of the team was Malcolm Delaney, who won both the MVP and Finals MVP.
In the 2014–15 season, Bayern failed to win a title. In the BBL Finals they were defeated by Brose Baskets, 3–2. The team had to wait until 2018 for its next championship, as they beat Alba Berlin 3–2 in the Finals that year. By winning the BBL, Bayern also qualified for the following EuroLeague season.
Home arena
The team's home arena is called BMW Park, which seats 6,700 spectators.
New arenaSAP Garden is a planned 12,500-capacity indoor arena, to be built in Oympiapark, Munich. It is expected to be completed in 2024 at the earliest.
Players
Retired numbers
Current roster
Depth chart
Notable players
Players at the NBA draft
Head coaches
Honours
Domestic competitionsGerman ChampionshipWinners (5): 1953–54, 1954–55, 2013–14, 2017–18, 2018–19
Runners-up (4): 1950–51, 2014–15, 2020–21, 2021–22German CupWinners (4): 1968, 2018, 2021, 2023
Runners-up (2): 2016, 2017German Super CupRunners-up (1): 2014German 2nd LeagueWinners (2): 1986–87, 2010–11
Runners-up (2): 1982–83, 1983–1984
European competitionsEuroLeague:Quarterfinals (2): 2020–21, 2021–22
Top 16 (1): 2013–14EuroCupSemifinals (1): 2017–18
Worldwide competitionsNBA G League International ChallengeWinners (1): 2019
Other competitionsZadar Basketball TournamentRunners-up (1): 2015
Individual awardsBBL Most Valuable PlayerMalcolm Delaney – 2014BBL Finals MVPMalcolm Delaney – 2014
Danilo Barthel – 2018
Nihad Đedović – 2019German Cup MVPVladimir Lučić – 2021
Nick Weiler-Babb – 2023BBL Best German Young PlayerPaul Zipser – 2016All-BBL First TeamMalcolm Delaney – 2014
John Bryant – 2015
Bryce Taylor – 2016All-BBL Second TeamChevon Troutman – 2012, 2013
Tyrese Rice – 2013
Bryce Taylor – 2014
Deon Thompson – 2014
Nihad Đedović – 2015
Maxi Kleber – 2017
Danilo Barthel – 2018, 2019
Devin Booker – 2018
Vladimir Lučić – 2019BBL Most Effective PlayerMaxi Kleber – 2017ProA Young Player of the YearBastian Doreth – 201150 Greatest EuroLeague ContributorsNominated:
Svetislav PešićEuroLeague Basketball 2010–20 All-Decade TeamNominated:
James GistAll-EuroLeague First TeamVladimir Lučić – 2020–21All-EuroLeague Second TeamVladimir Lučić – 2021–22EuroLeague MVP of the MonthAugustine Rubit – 2022–23, JanuaryEuroLeague MVP of the RoundMalcolm Delaney – 2013–14, Top 16, Week 10
Duško Savanović – 2014–15, Regular Season, Week 9
Derrick Williams – 2018–19, Regular Season, Round 12
Vladimir Lučić – 2020–21, Regular Season, Round 3–4
Vladimir Lučić – 2020–21, Regular Season, Round 8
Wade Baldwin – 2020–21, Regular Season, Round 17
Nick Weiler-Babb – 2020–21, Regular Season, Round 22–23
Jalen Reynolds – 2020–21, Regular Season, Round 24All-EuroCup First TeamDevin Booker – 2017–18All-EuroCup Second TeamMaxi Kleber – 2016–17EuroCup Basketball MVP of the WeekDeon Thompson – 2015–16, Quarterfinals, Game 1
Danilo Barthel – 2017–18, Regular Season, Round 8
Devin Booker – 2017–18, Top 16, Round 3
Danilo Barthel – 2017–18, Top 16, Round 5NBA G League International Challenge Finals MVP'''
Greg Monroe – 2019
Season by season
International record
Sponsorships
Esports
Bayern Munich was featured in the NBA 2K15, 2K16 & 2K17 video games.
The official FC Bayern Basketball NBA 2K19 esports team "Bayern Ballers Gaming" was founded in April 2018. The Ballers quickly became one of the best virtual basketball teams in the world: together with their coach Swen Müller, the team continued to climb the NBA 2K ProAM world ranking, making them one of the Top 5 European teams.
References
External links
Official website
Bayern Munich at easycredit-bbl.de
Bayern Munich at Euroleague.net
FC Bayern Munich (basketball)
FC Bayern Munich
Basketball teams established in 1946
EuroLeague clubs
1946 establishments in Germany
Basketball clubs in Bavaria |
Samiu Mohi (born circa 1962) is a Tongan former rugby union player. He played as centre.
Career
Mohi's first test cap for Tonga was on 12 June 1986, against Wales, in Nuku'alofa. He was also part of the 1987 Rugby World Cup Tonga squad, where he played all the three pool matches, with his last test cap being against Ireland, on 3 June 1987, in Ballymore.
References
External links
Samiu Mohi international stats
1962 births
Living people
Tongan rugby union players
Rugby union centres
Tonga international rugby union players
1987 Rugby World Cup players |
The International Association for Business and Society (IABS) is a non-profit organization devoted to research and teaching about the relationships between business, government and society. Established in 1990, IABS sponsors a scholarly journal, Business and Society, publishes a newsletter, hosts an annual conference, and publishes an annual conference proceeding. IABS members receive the journal, the newsletter, and the conference proceeding as benefits of membership.
Publications
Publications of the International Association for Business and Society are:
Business and Society (SAGE Publications)
International Association for Business and Society Newsletter, 1992–present
Proceedings of the International Association for Business and Society, 1990–present
Annual meetings
Meetings of the International Association for Business and Society Society are held annually in a different location. IABS conferences have been held in the US, Canada, Mexico, Austria, Finland, France, Italy, The Netherlands, and United Kingdom, reflecting the organizations international character.
External links
Business and Society
International Association for Business and Society Newsletter
Business ethics organizations
Learned societies of the United States
Organizations established in 1990 |
Mark Edmondson and Sherwood Stewart were the defending champions but lost in the final 6–4, 6–4 to Anders Järryd and Hans Simonsson.
Seeds
Mark Edmondson / Sherwood Stewart (final)
Pat Cash / Paul McNamee (quarterfinals)
Peter Fleming / Ferdi Taygan (quarterfinals)
Anders Järryd / Hans Simonsson (champions)
Draw
External links
1984 Custom Credit Australian Indoor Championships Doubles Draw
Doubles |
Chestnut Hill is an 18th-century Federal-style mansion north of Leesburg in Loudoun County, Virginia, United States. Chestnut Hill was a home of Thomson Francis Mason (1785–21 December 1838), a prominent jurist, lawyer, councilman, judge, mayor of Alexandria, and grandson of Founding Father of the United States George Mason. Chestnut Hill was also a home of Mason's son, Dr. John "Frank" Francis Mason (28 August 1828–4 August 1897). It is located at 13263 Chestnut Hill Lane near Leesburg.
History
It is hypothesized that Thomas George constructed a stucco-covered two-story fieldstone dwelling around 1766 prior to his purchase of the Chestnut Hill property. It was this structure that comprises the earliest section of the Chestnut Hill mansion. During the American Revolutionary War, Colonel Josias Clapham purchased of property on which stood the small Chestnut Hill dwelling. The fieldstone house was further expanded in size under Colonel Clapham's ownership. His son, Samuel Clapham, a representative for Loudoun County in the Virginia General Assembly from 1797 through 1799, acquired the house upon Colonel Clapham's death. Under his ownership, Samuel Clapham doubled the size of the house at Chestnut Hill.
The two-story fieldstone mansion was also considerably enlarged by Clapham's son-in-law, Thomson Francis Mason. Mason's wife Elizabeth Clapham Price Mason, known as Betsey, owned the Chestnut Hill property for 34 years until her death in 1873, although throughout most of her ownership she resided in Alexandria. By the early 1870s, Dr. John "Frank" Francis Mason was owner of Chestnut Hill and also enlarged the mansion. Chestnut Hill, along with the adjacent , is currently for sale. It is believed that an original copy of the Virginia Declaration of Rights was stored at Chestnut Hill during the Mason family's ownership of the estate until it was sold to the National Archives and Records Administration in 1930.
American Civil War
Following Union Army orders to burn Chestnut Hill, the mansion was saved due to the respect the officer in charge of carrying out the orders had for the Mason family name.
Architecture
Chestnut Hill is a two-story Federal-style fieldstone house with interior end chimneys and a central-passage-double-pile-plan fieldstone addition. It is the oldest surviving structure of its kind in the area. The addition of a two-story flat-roofed portico and dormers were among the modifications made by Mr. and Mrs. Coleman C. Gore after they purchased the Chestnut Hill in 1930. The home features eleven fireplaces.
References
Mason family residences
Houses in Loudoun County, Virginia
Houses completed in 1766
Federal architecture in Virginia
Loudoun County in the American Civil War |
Koukoadore is a village in the Zoaga Department of Boulgou Province in south-eastern Burkina Faso. As of 2005, the village has a population of 150.
References
Populated places in the Centre-Est Region
Boulgou Province |
The Island day gecko (Phelsuma nigristriata) is a species of gecko.
Distribution
Phelsuma nigristriata is endemic to Mayotte.
Description
It is a diurnal and arboreal gecko that has an elongated appearance. The top is green from the tail to the head. The underside is white. On its mid side, a black line goes up to eye level.
Etymology
The name of this species (nigristriata) means black stripes.
References
Meier, 1984 : Zwei neue Formen der Gattung Phelsuma von den Komoren (Sauria: Gekkonidae). Salamandra, , n. 1, .
Phelsuma
Reptiles described in 1984 |
Miroir de l’âme pécheresse ("Mirror of the Sinful Soul") is a 1531 poem by Marguerite d'Angoulême. It was translated by the future Queen Elizabeth I in 1548 as A Godly Meditation of the Soul. Sorbonne theologians condemned the work as heresy. A monk said Marguerite should be sewn into a sack and thrown into the Seine. Students at the Collège de Navarre satirized her in a play as "a Fury from Hell". Her brother forced the charges to be dropped, however, and obtained an apology from the Sorbonne.
References
Further reading
See also
The Miroir or Glasse of the Synneful Soul
French poems
English poems
16th-century poems |
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