text stringlengths 1 22.8M |
|---|
Nicknamed the Spare-tyre nebula, IC 5148 is a planetary nebula located around 1 degree west of Lambda Gruis in the constellation of Grus (The Crane). It was discovered by Australian amateur astronomer Walter Gale in 1894. Around 3000 light-years distant, it is expanding at a rate of 50 kilometres a second, one of the fastest of all planetary nebulae.
The central star of the planetary nebula has a spectral type of hgO(H).
References
External links
5148
Planetary nebulae
Grus (constellation) |
Raymond of Tripoli may refer to:
Raymond I of Tripoli (Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse), (c. 1041 or 1042 –1105), Count of Toulouse, Duke of Narbonne, Margrave of Provence and a leader of the First Crusade
Raymond II, Count of Tripoli (c.1115–1152)
Raymond III, Count of Tripoli (1140–1187), also Prince of Galilee and Tiberias
Raymond IV, Count of Tripoli (died 1199), also prince regent of Antioch |
The action of 23 November 1650 was a minor naval battle between Spain and France, in which a small Spanish squadron of 6 galleys commanded by Don Francisco Fernández de la Cueva, Duke of Alburquerque, captured the entirety of a French squadron of galleons under the Baron de Ligny, near Cambrils, during the Franco-Spanish War (1635-1659). The French fleet consisted of a galleon of 500 tons and 30 cannons, 2 of 300 tons with 20 cannons, and the last of 300 tons and 16 cannons.
The French fleet was sent filled with provisions to help the defenders in the Siege of Tortosa, but the squadron of the Duke of Albuquerque, knowing the enemy's plans, intercepted the French by surprise, achieving a complete victory. This case is almost unique in naval history, 6 galleys with 30 guns in total, completely defeated a squadron of four galleons with 86 guns in total, and whose crew had been reinforced by 500 musketeers. The Spaniards captured all the artillery (2 pieces of artillery of campaign and 4 mortars), ammunition carts, flags, equipment (over 1,000 musketry), and supplies from the enemy.
King Philip IV of Spain personally congratulated the Duke of Albuquerque for the victory. On 4 December 1650, the French troops led by the Duke of Mercoeur finally capitulated to the Spanish forces commanded by the Marquis of Mortara at Tortosa.
See also
Capture of the galleon Lion Couronné
References
Bibliography
Israel, Jonathan. Conflicts of empires: Spain, the low countries and the struggle for world supremacy, 1585-1713 Hambledon Continuum Publishing (2003)
Rodríguez González, Agustín Ramón. Victorias por mar de los Españoles. Biblioteca de Historia. Madrid 2006.
Black, Jeremy. European warfare 1494-1660. Routledge. (2002) .
Sanz, Fernando Martín. La política internacional de Felipe IV. Fernando Martín Sanz. (2003) .
Mossèn Sanabre. La acción de Francia en Cataluña por la pugna de la hegemonia en Europa. Barcelona (1956)
Castrillo González, Carmen. Catálogo de manuscritos de la Biblioteca Universitaria de Salamanca. Escrito por Biblioteca Universitaria de Salamanca.
Muñoz i Sebastià, Joan Hilari/Querol Coll, Enric. La Guerra dels Segadors a Tortosa 1640-1651. Romanya-Valls SA (2004)
Naval battles involving Spain
Naval battles involving France
Naval battles of the Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)
Battles of the Reapers' War
Battles in Catalonia
Conflicts in 1650
1650 in Europe |
Fergana is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.
References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database
Hadeninae |
Alex Barron may refer to:
Alex Barron (American football) (born 1982), American football player
Alex Barron (juggler), British juggler
Alex Barron (racing driver) (born 1970), American auto racing driver |
Dentaliida is one of the two orders of scaphopod mollusks, commonly known as elephant's tusk shells. The order Dentaliida contains most of the larger scaphopods, and is distinguished from the other order (the Gadilidae) by the shape of its shell (the dentaliid shell tapers uniformly from anterior to posterior; the gadilid one has an anterior shell opening slightly smaller than the shell's widest point), the shape of the foot (the dentaliid foot is boat-shaped with a central trough; the gadilid foot is star-shaped), and the arrangement of some of their internal organs.
Families
The order contains eight families:
Anulidentaliidae
Calliodentaliidae
Dentaliidae
Fustiariidae
Gadilinidae
Laevidentaliidae
Omniglyptidae
Rhabdidae
References
Scaphopods
Mollusc orders
Mississippian first appearances
Extant Carboniferous first appearances |
Phyllonorycter diaphanella is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Texas and Ohio in the United States.
The wingspan is about 6 mm.
The larvae feed on Quercus species, including Quercus bicolor and Quercus ilicifolia. They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine has the form of a blotch mine on the underside of the leaf. The epidermis is wrinkled, so that the leaf is slightly bent. The parenchyma is entirely consumed, and the mine is transparent
References
diaphanella
Moths of North America
Moths described in 1878 |
A clerk is someone who works in an office. A retail clerk works in a store.
Office holder
Clerk(s) may also refer to a person who holds an office, most commonly in a local unit of government, or a court.
Barristers' clerk, a manager and administrator in a set of barristers' chambers
Clerk (municipal official)
Court clerk
Clerk of the Supreme Court of the United States
Clerk of the Closet, held by a diocesan bishop
Deputy Clerk of the Closet, the Domestic Chaplain to the Sovereign of the United Kingdom
Patent clerk, or Patent examiner
Clerk (legislature)
Clerk of the Privy Council (Canada)
Clerk of the House of Commons, in the United Kingdom
Clerk of the Parliaments, in the United Kingdom
Clerk of the United States House of Representatives
Former titles
Clerk of the Green Cloth, in the British Royal Household
Clerk of the Peace, in England and Wales
Non-government titles
Clerk (Quaker), an administrative role within the Religious Society of Friends
Clerk (choral), an adult member of the choir at certain Colleges at Oxford and Cambridge Universities
Clerk of works, in the UK, a tradesman who oversees a construction site
Films and related media
Clerks (film), a 1994 American film by Kevin Smith
Clerks II, 2006 American film sequel by Kevin Smith
Clerks III, 2022 American film sequel by Kevin Smith
Clerks (soundtrack)
Clerks (comics), based on the film and published in the late 1990s by Oni Press
Clerks: The Animated Series, a 2000–2002 American television series
Clerk (1989 film), a Bollywood film starring Manoj Kumar
Clerk (2021 film), a documentary film about the life and career of filmmaker Kevin Smith
Other uses
Clerk (surname), derived from the occupation
See also
Cleric (disambiguation), related word
"The Clerk's Tale", a story by Geoffrey Chaucer
Patronymic surnames
Scottish Gaelic-language surnames |
```swift
//
// AutoFillCreateNewEntryDialog.swift
// MacBox
//
// Created by Strongbox on 12/10/2023.
//
import SwiftUI
@available(macOS 13.0, *)
struct AutoFillCreateNewEntryDialog: View {
@State var disableAllControlsBeforeDismiss = false
@State var title: String = ""
@State var url: String = ""
@State var username: String = ""
@State var password: String = ""
@State var concealed: Bool = true
@State var groups: [String] = ["Database", "group2", "group3", "group4"]
@State var selectedGroupIdx: Int = 0
func generateNewPassword() {
password = PasswordMaker.sharedInstance().generate(forConfigOrDefault: Settings.sharedInstance().passwordGenerationConfig)
concealed = false
}
enum FocusedField {
case title
case username
case password
case url
}
@FocusState private var focusedField: FocusedField?
var completion: ((_ cancel: Bool, _ title: String, _ username: String, _ password: String, _ url: String, _ selectedGroupIdx: Int?) -> Void)?
var body: some View {
VStack(spacing: 20) {
VStack(spacing: 4) {
Image("StrongBox-256x256")
.resizable()
.frame(width: 40, height: 40)
.foregroundStyle(.tint)
VStack(spacing: 4) {
Text("autofill_create_new_entry_title")
.font(.title)
Text("autofill_create_new_entry_message")
.fixedSize(horizontal: false, vertical: true)
.multilineTextAlignment(.center)
.font(.subheadline)
}
}
VStack(spacing: 16) {
VStack(alignment: .leading, spacing: 4) {
Text("generic_field_name_group").foregroundColor(.secondary)
Picker("", selection: $selectedGroupIdx) {
ForEach(groups.indices, id: \.self) { idx in
HStack {
Image(systemName: idx == 0 ? "house.fill" : "folder.fill")
Text(groups[idx])
.font(.body)
.foregroundColor(.primary)
}
}
}
.controlSize(.large)
.padding(.leading, -8)
.pickerStyle(.automatic)
.disabled(disableAllControlsBeforeDismiss)
}
VStack(alignment: .leading, spacing: 4) {
HStack(spacing: 4) {
Image(systemName: "person.badge.key.fill")
.foregroundColor(.secondary)
Text("generic_fieldname_title")
.foregroundColor(.secondary)
}
TextField("generic_fieldname_title", text: $title)
.foregroundColor(.primary)
.controlSize(.large)
.textFieldStyle(.roundedBorder)
.focused($focusedField, equals: .title)
.disabled(disableAllControlsBeforeDismiss)
}
VStack(alignment: .leading, spacing: 4) {
HStack(spacing: 4) {
Image(systemName: "person.fill")
.foregroundColor(.secondary)
Text("generic_fieldname_username")
.foregroundColor(.secondary)
}
TextField("generic_fieldname_username", text: $username)
.foregroundColor(.primary)
.controlSize(.large)
.textFieldStyle(.roundedBorder)
.focused($focusedField, equals: .username)
.disabled(disableAllControlsBeforeDismiss)
}
VStack(alignment: .leading, spacing: 4) {
HStack(spacing: 4) {
Image(systemName: "ellipsis.rectangle.fill")
.foregroundColor(.secondary)
Text("generic_fieldname_password")
.foregroundColor(.secondary)
}
HStack {
PasswordConcealRevealTextField(text: $password, isSecure: $concealed, titleKey: "generic_fieldname_password")
.focused($focusedField, equals: .password)
.disabled(disableAllControlsBeforeDismiss)
Button {
generateNewPassword()
} label: {
Image(systemName: "arrow.clockwise.circle.fill").imageScale(.large)
}
.buttonStyle(.borderless)
.disabled(disableAllControlsBeforeDismiss)
}
}
VStack(alignment: .leading, spacing: 4) {
HStack(spacing: 4) {
Image(systemName: "link.circle")
.foregroundColor(.secondary)
Text("generic_fieldname_url")
.foregroundColor(.secondary)
}
TextField("generic_fieldname_url", text: $url)
.foregroundColor(.primary)
.controlSize(.large)
.textFieldStyle(.roundedBorder)
.focused($focusedField, equals: .url)
.disabled(disableAllControlsBeforeDismiss)
}
}
HStack(spacing: 12) {
Button {
disableAllControlsBeforeDismiss = true
completion?(true, title, username, password, url, nil)
} label: {
Text("generic_cancel")
}
.controlSize(.large)
.keyboardShortcut(.cancelAction)
.disabled(disableAllControlsBeforeDismiss)
Button {
disableAllControlsBeforeDismiss = true
completion?(false, title, username, password, url, selectedGroupIdx)
} label: {
HStack(spacing: 4) {
Image(systemName: "plus.circle.fill")
Text("mac_save_action")
.foregroundColor(.white)
.font(.headline)
}
.padding(.horizontal)
}
.controlSize(.large)
.cornerRadius(5)
.keyboardShortcut(.defaultAction)
.disabled(disableAllControlsBeforeDismiss)
}
}
.padding(20)
.frame(maxWidth: 400)
.onAppear {
focusedField = .title
}
}
}
``` |
SS Arratoon Apcar was an iron-hulled steamship built in 1861 for the Apcar Line. She ran ashore on Fowey Rocks off the coast of Florida on 17 February 1878, was abandoned 3 days later, and broke apart. Today the wreck is a good location for scuba diving.
Construction and service
SS Arratoon Apcar was built in Renfrew, Scotland by James Henderson and Son.
The ship was powered by a 250 hp steam engine, with an iron hull. She was long, wide and measured .
She was launched on 27 June 1861.
She was named after the founder of Apcar and Company of Bombay, India, for whom she was built.
In 1872 the Apcar family purchased a considerably larger ship that they also called Arratoon Apcar, selling the older ship to H.F. Swan Company.
Wreck
SS Arratoon Apcar was en route from Havana, Cuba to Liverpool, England when she ran aground on 17 February 1878 on Fowey Rocks,
due to a miscalculation by Captain Pottinger.
The reef had already claimed other ships.
Several workmen were camped on a platform on the new screw pilings of the Fowey Rocks Light that they were building on the rocks.
They were almost hit by the ship, which was stopped by the rocks only away.
The crew of the ship spent three days trying to pump her out before abandoning her and heading for the shore in their lifeboats.
The captain and his complete crew of 24 men were picked up by the Tappahannock.
Foul weather pushed the ship onto the reef, pounding her on the rocks.
The ship broke up and was a total loss by 12 March 1878.
Mistaken identity
The wreck now tentatively identified as the Arratoon Apcar was known for many years as the Arakanapka, and is so called in books and on various dive-related web sites.
Today
The wreck now lies in of water near the Fowey Rocks.
The lower hull and irons beams of the ship are still visible, encrusted with coral, and there are some remains of other parts of the ship.
There are many fish, and with shallow water the location provides an excellent site for snorkeling or diving.
However, the shallow waters near the reef may create strong surges that could damage a boat.
The Arratoon Apcar is one of five historic wrecks in the Biscayne National Park "Shipwreck Trail".
References
Citations
Sources
Ships built on the River Clyde
1861 ships
Shipwrecks of the Florida coast
Wreck diving sites in the United States
Biscayne National Park
Maritime incidents in February 1878 |
is a Japanese manga series created by Shin Mashiba. It was first serialized in Enix's shōjo manga magazine Monthly Stencil in 2001 and was later transferred to Square Enix shōnen manga magazine Monthly GFantasy, where it ran from 2003 to 2007. Its chapters were collected in nine tankōbon volumes. The manga has been licensed in North America by Viz Media. The story set during the end of the Taishō Era in Japan.
Plot
When a person has nightmares they go to Hiruko, a Baku that resides at the Silver Star tea shop, for help. Hiruko enters their dream with a supernatural cane that puts people to sleep to sort out the nightmare before fetching it to eat for himself. Each customer that Hiruko helps and satisfy his taste, overarchs a piece of history and origins of the Silver Star's baku residents.
Characters
The current baku who resides in the Silver Star Tea House that appeared after Azusa had left. He walks with his customers in their dreams in hopes of getting the luxury of eating a delicious nightmare afterwards. Seeming rather selfish and apathetic, he is actually very caring of his customers and often goes out of his way to help them, although he would never admit to it. Being a baku, he cannot eat anything but a nightmare, or he will ultimately end up coughing up blood. The bloodier, gruesome, and pain-filled a nightmare is, the tastier he finds it.
Before Azusa had passed on the baku to him, Hiruko was known as . He served no real purpose in the world other than to be a simple toy to his masters, which resulted in being tied up and being tortured in various ways, including his limbs being broken so that he could not run away or kill himself, leaving him unable to do anything but think and scream. He often fantasized of the life he wanted, but his fantasies went too far and were deluded, which eventually changed into a nightmare. It is described in the manga that his nightmare had "consumed" Azusa when he took him to the Delirium to have his fantasy become a reality, and in the process Hiruko became the successive baku of Azusa. Azusa found him in the rubble of a cellar after the Great Kato earthquake.
A rather humble and pretty girl; the sister of Azusa. She owns the Silver Star Tea House and cleans it daily, even though not many customers drop by. A slight depression set into her after Azusa had left, leaving her feeling empty inside and even had a recurring nightmare of the day Hiruko came into the tea house to replace Azusa. However, she covers it up as if nothing had happened and shows a great deal of friendliness toward her few customers as well as Hiruko, and even pleasantly puts up with Hifumi. Her deepest wish is for her brother, Azusa to return to the Silver Star Tea House and continues to believe that as long as Hiruko remains there, someday her brother will return as well.
Mizuki's older brother, who is explained to be "missing". He hated being the inconvenient son of their father's mistress and was rather depressive, however kind, leaving Mizuki feeling empathetic. For a few nights he had a reoccurring nightmare, in which his body faded more each night. During one night he was visited by the original baku, Hiruko in spirit form (seen as an anthropomorphic tapir), who wanted to end his own existence. A baku cannot die, therefore the only way for this to occur is to pass the baku on to someone else, which Azusa willingly becomes to forfeit his human life. Mizuki had explained that he was the same Azusa as he was before, just colder to the touch, but his mental health had changed. From then forward, the Silver Star Tea House was visited by conflicted people who wanted their nightmares resolved by Azusa. However, Azusa was soon crazed by the lust for the greatest nightmare, and one day disappeared, soon to be replaced by the current baku.
It is later explained that the current baku's own nightmare had eaten Azusa instead of Azusa eating it, and that same nightmare is now kept inside the briefcase that Hiruko carries around. An eerie and cold feeling is said to overcome anyone to pick up the briefcase besides Hiruko, Naamu (Hifumi's black cat) does not seem to be affected by the cold feeling as he is often seen sitting on it.
A wealthy, laid back boy of bizarre tastes; he adores Mizuki and irritates Hiruko. He currently is a boarder at the Silver Star Tea House -- along with his pet cat, Naamu (ナアム, Nightmare?), who has taken a liking to Hiruko and his briefcase -- however his initial plan was not to stay there: he had only visited the tea house to see where a baku would live, but had fallen in love with Mizuki at first sight and then grew suspicions about her and Hiruko's relationship, therefore he decided to stay. He turned quite more loyal to Mizuki and the tea house, saying he will "keep paying rent until he dies" (which Hiruko mocks him about, saying that he is only needed at the Silver Star for his rent money). Despite all turmoil that surrounds the tea house, he has gotten used to living there and with Hiruko.
Hifumi has weekly visits to a "rumor group", where he and his friends waste their time collecting rumors about Hiruko and the Delirium. They seem to be quite the nuisance, which is expected from his friends. However, they add some nice comic relief to the manga. Hifumi was very briefly (and unwillingly) engaged to Rokkaku Shigoroku, a woman who looks and acts exactly like him in volume eight. Hifumi's father was lonely and wanted to get back the feeling of having loving family (Hifumi now left home to live in a rental room at the tea house, his wife became distant and independent, he now only had a statue of her long "dead" former loving self as a memorial), but the marriage was called off when it became apparent the two were too strange to be allowed to be together.
The owner of the Delirium, who is often lost in a trance, or more specifically, a fantasy. His fantasies are always nonsensical (and usually quite alarming to anyone beholding Kairi while fantasizing), and frequently include Hiruko. His fantasies are so strong that if he enters a room, the resulting chaos is enough to overload and destroy the room. He says that he is "the key" as he is the only one who can unlock the rooms in the Delirium, where fantasies become reality.
An odd, cheerful child who assists Kairi at the Delirium, who is often seen cleaning. He is the one that takes care of the building itself, as well as Kairi. Shima also watches over the customers when they first arrive if Kairi is in a fantasy at the current time. He can relate to Hifumi in the way that both Kairi and Hiruko are similar in nature. In the final volume of Nightmare Inspector (vol. 9), it is finally revealed the significance of Shima. Shima is in fact a room in the Delirium, fantasizing itself as a human. Within the room is Chitose's broken body, creating the ongoing illusion of Chitose as Hiruko. Shima is returned to door form when he falls asleep, which is impossible unless a Baku intervenes and forces him to do so. However, the Baku is transformed into the key to the door, and can only be returned to their previous state when removed from the keyhole. When the key (the baku) is removed from the keyhole, Shima turns into a human again.
A rival baku that appears in volume six. He was said to have met Hiruko two years previously, when Hiruko first became a baku. He is a rather gruesome baku that longs for the perfect nightmare, much like Azusa. Instead of helping his customers like Hiruko does, he enters their nightmares and alters them to make them worse. Once the nightmare is ripe enough, as Tsukishiro describes it, he harvests the nightmare before it rots. When Hiruko and Tsukishiro both realized that the other was a baku (neither of them having realized this fact upon their first encounter), Tsukishiro recommended that the two team up to make nightmares far more horrible than one baku could do alone, thus more delicious. However, Hiruko declined him, saying that he would not go beyond the request of what his customer wanted to be done for their nightmare.
Publication
Written and illustrated by , Nightmare Inspector: Yumekui Kenbun debuted in Enix's shōjo manga magazine on October 27, 2001. The series was transferred to Square Enix's shōnen manga magazine Monthly GFantasy in 2003, before the magazine ceased its publication in that same year. The series finished on February 17, 2007. Square Enix collected its chapters in nine tankōbon volumes, released from July 27, 2002, to April 27, 2007.
In North America, the manga was licensed for English release by Viz Media. The nine volumes were released from April 8, 2008, to August 11, 2009. The series was also digitally published by Square Enix on their online store from December 2010 to May 2013, when the publisher ended its service.
See also
Yokai Rental Shop, another manga series by the same author
References
External links
Dark fantasy anime and manga
Gangan Comics manga
Mystery anime and manga
Shōjo manga
Shōnen manga
Supernatural anime and manga
Viz Media manga |
is a shōjo manga written and illustrated by Michiyo Akaishi. It is about the time-traveling adventures of six modern-day Japanese high school students from the St. Francisco Academy to the 17th century, where they take part in the Shimabara Rebellion. It was serialized in the manga magazine Petit Flower from 2000 to 2002 and in Flowers from 2002 to 2006, and was collected in 12 tankōbon volumes.
Story
The manga begins with the Great Hanshin earthquake of 1995, which the protagonists (a group of friends from the St. Francisco Academy from Kobe) barely survive. Years later, during a school field trip to Nagasaki, the teenagers are thrown back in time to the Japan of the early Edo period. According to history, in 1637 a revolt broke out, known as the Shimabara Rebellion. It was led by a charismatic youth known as Amakusa Shirō, but ended in the defeat of the rebels and the loss of over 37,000 lives.
Natsuki Hayami, the heroine, is mistaken as Amakusa Shirō by the villagers she met, despite the fact that the real Amakusa Shirō was male. In the story, the real Shirō died the year previously, before gaining recognition or popularity as a leader. However, Shirō was a very feminine-looking young man and the recently arrived Natsuki physically resembles him a lot, so the villagers think she is actually him. Before long, Natsuki becomes famous as some-sort of heaven-sent angel and people started calling her "Shirō", believing she was the saviour prophesied 25 years before; she commits herself to their cause in an attempt to avert the soon-to-come rebellion, and gathers her lost partners as well so they can help her.
Characters
Main characters
Six students of the present-day St. Francisco Academy (circa 2000). They all are members of the Student Council.
President of the student council president. She looks so similar to Masuda Tokisada (Amakusa Shirō) that everybody in Tokisada's village believes she is an angel possessing his body to save the people. She is an expert kendō student and younger sister of the heir of (her father was the former master). She is romantically interested in Miyamoto Masaki. Natsuki arrived in the past in 1636.
The first vice-president of the Student Council. He is given the name "Musashi" by Otsū (the lover of the Musashi in historical novels). He becomes a master of kendō and a retainer of the Kokura-han's daimyō Ogasawara Tadazane. He arrived in the past around 1629-1630.
The second student council vice-president. He is a good kendō student. He has feelings for Natsuki, though she shows no interest in him. Naozumi arrived in the past around 1628–1629. He had an affair with the true Shirō but later killed him, therefore, he could be bisexual. He was Karatsu-han daimyō Terazawa Katataka's castellan in Tomioka Castle. His nickname is . In reality, Tomioka Castle's castellan was Miyake Tōbei, the grandson of Akechi Mitsuhide.
She is one of the academy's brightest students, skilled in history and tactics. She uses much of her knowledge of historic tactics to help Natsuki win many battles. Eri harbors feelings for Natsuki. She travelled to the past at the same time as Natsuki. She serves as the strategist of the rebel forces.
A genius of engineering. He creates many useful tools and weapons for the rebel forces. Eiji arrived in the past around 1632. He and Kichō (also known as Kiku), the concubine of the Shimabara-han daimyō Matsukura Katsuie are the first couple to get married amongst the group of friends.
She is a singer of the Academy. Arrived in the past at the same time as Eri and Natsuki. She was saved by the Dutch warship Heisenberg, which was under the command of Captain Jahn and Nicolaes Koekebakker, the Dutch governor. Her Christian name is Mariana.
Tokugawa's Rule
Edo
The third Tokugawa shōgun, son of the second shogun Hidetada and grandson of the first shōgun Ieyasu.
Strategist and guard of Tokugawa Iemitsu. Renowned as an expert swordsman.
Ogi and Saga
Son of Nabeshima Katsushige. Daimyō of Ogi-han, a neighboring, branch domain of Saga-han.
Young daimyō of Saga-han.
Former daimyō of Saga-han. The son of Nabeshima Naoshige.
Karatsu
Daimyō of Karatsu-han, the child of Terazawa Hirotaka.
Sugishima Daigo
A fictional character. A retainer of the Karatsu daimyō Terazawa Katataka.
Shimabara
Also known as , the son of former Konishi clan retainer . He was touted by the leaders of the Shimabara Uprising as the "Fourth Son of Heaven", foretold by the Jesuit missionary, Saint Francis Xavier, to be destined to lead the Christianization of Japan.
In this manga, Tokisada was captured by Yatsuka Naozumi, who currently is head of Tomioka Castle, and made to Naozumi's slave (due to his resemble of Naozumi's crush Hayumi Natsuki). He was kind to Naozumi despite his cruel treatment, probably hoping to sway him to the Christian cause and save his soul in the process, but Naozumi killed him after realizing that he was falling in love with him almost as much as with Natsuki. His last words were of forgiveness and kindness.
The son of Matsukura Shigemasa. Daimyō of Shimabara, renowned for his cruelty. He sparks the Shimabara rebellion by capturing a pregnant woman and placing her in a drowning pit as punishment for being a Christian; he also does this in the manga, with the bonus of also imprisoning his kind-hearted concubine Kichō there. In story, he is executed as punishment for causing the rebellion. In the manga, he is killed by the heroes.
Kichō (Kikuhime)
Concubine of Katsuie who falls in love with Eiji. A beautiful and kind woman who wants to leave her cruel lord and help the peasants.
Shimabara-han retainer.
One of the leaders of Shimabara Rebellion. Shimabara-han retainer.
Yamada Kinji
Old friend of Shirō. Always mistakes Natsuki for the real Shirō. Later falls in love with Eri. He is possibly named after the real life who betrayed the Shimabara cause to the Shogunate and was the only known survivor after the rebellion.
Kumamoto
Eldest son of Hosokawa Tadatoshi. Present daimyō of Kumamoto-han.
Bungo
Son of Yūki Hideyasu, second son of the first Tokugawa shogun Ieyasu. Cousin of Iemitsu. A Christian, he is confined in Bungo.
Satsuma
Daimyō of Satsuma. Son of Shimazu Iehisa Tadatsune, the child of Shimazu Yoshihiro and the former daimyō of Satsuma.
Ookohime
Concubine of Mitsuhisa. An intelligent woman.
Fukuoka
Son of Kuroda Nagamasa, the child of Kuroda Kanbei Yoshitaka. Daimyō of Fukuoka-han. An intelligent man.
Retainer of Lord Kuroda of Fukuoka.
Kokura
Daimyō of Kokura. His mother was the niece of the first Tokugawa shōgun Ieyasu.
Oba Kuranosuke
Retainer of Lord Ogasawara of Kokura.
The Dutchmen
Captain of the warship de Rijp (named after De Rijp). Falls in love with Seika (also known by her baptismal name of Mariana).
Governor of the Dutch trading post in Nagasaki and a cold-hearted man. He later takes command of the warship de Rijp.
See also
Shimabara Rebellion
Edo period
External links
Animeland review
scifi-universe.com vol. 5 review
scifi-universe.com vol. 7 review
Interview with author
Shōjo manga
Historical anime and manga
Action anime and manga
Fantasy anime and manga
2000 manga |
"If You Want Me to Stay" is a 1973 hit single by Sly and the Family Stone, from their album Fresh.
Background
Stone recorded the song without much input from the rest of the band; by the early 1970s, he had begun crafting most of his material by himself. An alternate version of "If You Want Me to Stay", as well as most of the rest of the Fresh album, was completed before Stone decided to scrap the masters and re-record the album. These alternate versions have surfaced in underground markets, online auctions, and specialty shops. However, five bonus tracks are included in Epic's 2007 reissue of Fresh, all of which are directly from the alternate mix of the album.
Record World said that it "is as bizarre as his other outings and just as commercial."
Song analysis
The lyrics of "If You Want Me to Stay" feature frontman Sly Stone informing his lover that she has to let him be himself, otherwise he feels that he would have to leave. The composition has its origins in an apology Stone wrote to his future wife, Kathleen Silva, after a fight.
Chart performance
"If You Want Me to Stay" was the band's final Top 20 pop hit, and is the best-known of its post-There's a Riot Goin' On recordings. The single reached number 12 on the Pop Chart, and number three on the Billboard R&B Singles Chart.
Personnel
Sly Stone — vocals, guitar, piano, organ, bass guitar
Andy Newmark — drums
Cynthia Robinson — trumpet
Jerry Martini — saxophone
Pat Rizzo — saxophone
Note: A transcription of the bass part for this song appears in the October 2006 issue of Bass Player magazine (pages 78–81). According to the article "Rustee Allen’s Complete Bass Line: Sly & The Family Stone's 'If You Want Me To Stay'" accompanying the transcription, written by Chris Jisi:
"The ambitiously named 'Fresh' hit the streets in early July. A stripped-down, more raw outing than previous Sly albums, the 11-track set was boosted by the bass waves of Graham's hand-picked replacement, Rustee Allen. Sly himself laid down some of the album's bass tracks."
Mica Paris version
British soul singer Mica Paris released a version of "Stay" in 1998, as the lead single from her fourth album, Black Angel (1998). Her version spent two weeks on the UK Singles Chart before peaking at number forty on May 16, 1998. It also reached the top forty of the New Zealand Singles Chart.
Critical reception
British magazine Music Week wrote, "Paris adds characteristic — if slightly mannered — vocal swoops to a faithful rendition of the Sly & The Family Stone classic. Still, it's a welcome return for one of the best soul voices the UK has yet produced and provides a taste of her long-delayed forthcoming album Black Angel."
Track listing
CD single
Credits and personnel
Performers
Vocals - Mica Paris
Backing Vocals – Jackie Farris, Jackie Gouche, Jackie Smiley
Bass – Raphael Saadiq
Drum Programming – Richie Stevens
Guitar – Keven Frost
Keyboards – Pete Adams
Remix – Richie Stevens
Saxophone [Tenor] – Ben Castle
Trumpet – Raul D'Oliveira
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Cover versions
The song has been covered extensively since its introduction, by artists including Etta James, Eric Benet, Mercury Rev, Victor Wooten, Soulive, Pama International, Ronny, Kermit Ruffins, and the Red Hot Chili Peppers. The song has also been featured in the movies Made in Heaven, Talk to Me, Dead Presidents, and Money Talks.
In 2020, Ari Lennox and Anthony Ramos released a cover in partnership with Main Street Alliance — a nonprofit organization committed to supporting small businesses in the United States — and Crown Royal in donation to help the landmark small businesses and communities all over the country.
Sample
As with most of Sly Stone's work, many songs have sampled the bass line from "If You Want Me to Stay", including:
Dre' Dog, aka Andre Nickatina, in his 1991 album The New Jim Jones in the song "Summer in Florida".
Dana Dane from the 1990 album Dana Dane 4 Ever in the song "Tales from the Dane Side".
References
1973 singles
Sly and the Family Stone songs
Prince (musician) songs
Red Hot Chili Peppers songs
Song recordings produced by Sly Stone
Songs written by Sly Stone
1973 songs
Epic Records singles
Mica Paris songs
1998 singles |
Pete S. Mueller is an American cartoonist and voice actor. His cartoons have appeared in the New Yorker, Chicago Reader, Reader's Digest, and Funny Times, among other publications.
Mueller is noted for his work with the news satire organization, The Onion, which he began his association with around 1989. In 1999, he began writing material and providing the voice for The Onion Radio News' fictional newsreader, Doyle Redland. Mueller also provided narration for the audiobook version of The Onion book, Our Dumb Century (). The photograph of Doyle Redland featured in The Onion publications is not of Mueller.
Mueller was laid off from The Onion in 2010. According to Mueller, while The Onion Radio News has remained popular, "The Onion, Inc. was unable to sell ads to maintain it through [spring 2009], and at the end of 2009, Mr. Redland was folded up and saved for later."
In 2004, Mueller published a collection of his cartoons, Your Belief System Is Shot: Cartoons and Stuff (). He lives in the Madison, Wisconsin area.
References
External links
The Onion Radio News
Your Belief System Is Shot from Jones Books
An interview with P.S. Mueller, on NPR's Talk of the Nation
Living people
American cartoonists
American male voice actors
The New Yorker people
Year of birth missing (living people) |
The 2003 Dublin Women's Soccer League was the 10th season of the women's association football league featuring teams mainly from the Greater Dublin Area. The season began on 27 April and concluded on 28 September. UCD won their first DWSL title, the first of four successive league titles. They also completed a double after winning the 2003 FAI Women's Cup. In October 2003, with a team that included Grace Murray, Dundalk City won the DWSL Premier Cup, beating a St James's Gate team featuring Katie Taylor. City defeated Gate in the final 3–2 after extra time. The final was played at the home of Bluebell United and City were presented with the trophy by future Republic of Ireland women's national football team manager Susan Ronan.
Final table
Matches
References
2003
2002–03 domestic women's association football leagues
2003–04 domestic women's association football leagues
2003 in Republic of Ireland association football leagues
1 |
Chris Szysky (born February 3, 1976) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player. He was selected by the Dallas Stars in the 11th round (280th overall) of the 1994 NHL Entry Draft.
Born in 1976 in Regina, Saskatchewan, Szysky played five seasons in the Western Hockey League with the Swift Current Broncos, before joining the Canada men's national ice hockey team for the 1997–98 and 1998-1999 seasons. Szysky played with the Canadian team at the 1999 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships.
Szysky turned professional with the Grand Rapids Griffins, joining the International Hockey League team for six games in the 1998–99 IHL season. He stayed with the Griffins through to the end of the 2001–02 AHL season, and completed his playing career the following season with the Sheffield Steelers in the British Elite Ice Hockey League.
References
External links
1976 births
Living people
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Dallas Stars draft picks
Grand Rapids Griffins players
Sheffield Steelers players
Ice hockey people from Regina, Saskatchewan
Swift Current Broncos players
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in England |
The Arab Sharkas case is the name given to the military trial of nine men in Egypt in August 2014. Six defendants were sentenced to death in October, and executed in May 2015.
According to military prosecutors for the government of Egyptian president Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, the defendants killed soldiers during a military raid in the village of Arab Sharkas in March 2014. Human rights organizations have stated that some of the defendants were imprisoned prior to the raid, or arrested elsewhere in Egypt; it is not clear if any were present at the raid. The defendants were tortured during their imprisonment, and refused an appeal prior to their executions. The case has been denounced by international human rights organizations.
Military raid on Arab Sharkas village
The prosecution accused the defendants of killing a colonel and brigadier general during a firefight in the Qaliubiya village of Arab Sharkas, in northern Egypt, in March 2014. The firefight occurred during a government raid that killed six; prosecutors said that eight who were not killed were detained.
According to Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch, three of the six executed were already imprisoned by Egyptian security forces at a secret location - the Al-Azouly Military Prison - prior to the raid in which they were said to have been captured.
Egyptian military prosecutors also accused the defendants of carrying out a shooting on a military bus in the Amiriya district of Cairo in March 2014, killing one soldier. Prosecutors furthermore stated the defendants were responsible for a later checkpoint attack in Cairo that killed six soldiers.
Trial and execution
The defendants include Mohamed Bakry, Hany Amer, Mohamed Afifi, Abdel rahman Said, Khaled Farg and Islam Said, and were tortured in custody. They are said to have confessed they belong to Ansar Bait Al-Maqdis, considered a terrorist group by the Egyptian government. Now called Welayet Sinai, the organization is said to have ties to ISIS. One of the defendants, Said, was a high school student.
The military courts faced a suit calling for the death sentences to be halted, but postponed hearing the suit until two days after the executions were already carried out. Lawyers representing the defendants were not informed of their impending executions.
One lawyer, Ahmed Helmy, said that the executions were meant to broadcast that the el-Sisi government was able and willing to carry out executions following former president Morsi's conviction.
Two defendants were sentenced to life in prison, and another sentenced to death in absentia.
Egyptian and international reaction
Human rights organizations including Amnesty International urged Egypt not to carry through the executions, and called the executions "an egregious new low" in which civilians had been tried by military courts. Human Rights Monitor, based in London, stated that the court "ignored all evidence that might enable the defendants to be acquitted," called only one witness (an Egyptian government security officer), and used torture to extract confessions.
The Egyptian Freedom and Justice Party, dissolved by the el-Sisi government, called the executions a crime.
The Egyptian Revolutionary Council, an organization opposed to president el-Sisi, stated in response to the executions that el-Sisi's government executes "innocent Egyptians for political scores." The organization leader Dr. Maha Azzam stated that the "Egyptian regime has to be held directly accountable for the execution of citizens without any due process;" she condemned western governments for supporting the executions.
The World Socialist Web Site stated that the trial and executions in the Arab Sharkas case paralleled those used against Morsi and the Muslim Brotherhood, and condemned continued American financial support for the Egyptian military.
See also
2013 Egyptian coup d'état
References
2014 in Egypt |
Frazier Island is a northern Canadian island in eastern Hudson Bay. While situated off the western coast of Quebec's Ungava Peninsula, it is a part of Qikiqtaaluk Region in the territory of Nunavut.
References
Islands of Hudson Bay
Uninhabited islands of Qikiqtaaluk Region |
A list of rivers of Thuringia, Germany:
A
Alster
Apfelstädt
Ascherbach
Auma
B
Biber
Bibra
Blambach
Bode
Breitenbach
Breitstrom
D
Dammbach
Deube
Dober
Dürrbach
E
Effelder
Eichbach
Ellenbach
Eller
Elschnitztalbach
Elte
Emse
Erbstrom
Erle
F
Felda
Freibach
Frieda
G
Gabelbach
Geislede
Gera
Geroder Eller
Gessenbach
Gleise
Göltzsch
Gönnerbach
Göritz
Gramme
Grumbach
Grümpen
H
Habergrund
Hädderbach
Hahle
Hasel
Helme
Herpf
Hörsel
Humbach, tributary of the Ilm
Humbach, tributary of the Schwarzbach
I
Ifta
Ilm
Itz
J
Jüchnitz
Jüchse
K
Katza
Kieselbach
Klettenberger Mühlgraben
Körnbach
Kotschau
Kupferbach
L
Laucha
Lauter
Lauterbach
Leina
Leine
Lempertsbach
Lengwitz
Leutra, a tributary of the Saale in the centre of Jena
Leutra, a tributary of the Saale in the district Maua of Jena
Lichte
Lichtenau
Linderbach
Lohme
Loquitz
Lossa
Lütsche
Lütsche-Flößgraben
Lutter
M
Madel
Magdel
Milz
Mühlwasser
N
Nahe
Nesse
Neubrunn
Notter
O
Oechse
Oelze
Ohne
Ohra
Orla
P
Pfitzbach
Piesau
Pleiße
R
Reichenbach
Retschenbach
Rettbach
Rinne
Rinnebach
Roda
Rodach
Rohrgraben
Rosabach
Rot, also called Roth
Röthen
Rottenbach, tributary of the Ilm
Rottenbach, tributary of the Rinne
S
Saar
Salza
Scherkonde
Schleuse
Schmale Gera
Schmalkalde
Schnauder
Schnellmannshäuser Bach
Schobse
Schorte
Schwarza, tributary of the Hasel
Schwarza, tributary of the Ilm
Schwarza, tributary of the Saale
Schwarzbach
Schweina
Seebach
Sieglitz
Sorbitz
Sormitz
Spitter
Spring
Sprotte
Steinach
Stille
Streu
Suhl, tributary of the Weihe
Suhl, tributary of the Werra
Sülze
Saale
T
Taft
Tannbach
Taubach
Thüringische Muschwitz
Tonna
Tonndorfbach
Töpener Bach or Töpenbach – alternative name of the Kupferbach
Truse
U
Uffe, former name of the Klettenberger Mühlgraben
Uffe, tributary of the Wieda
Ulster
Unstrut
V
Vesser
Vippach
W
Walkstrom
Weid
Weida
Weihe
Weilroder Eller
White Elster
Weißbach
Werra
Wethau
Wieda
Wilde Gera, a headstream of the Gera
Wilde Gera, a small arm of the Gera in Erfurt
Wilder Graben, tributary of the Nesse
Wilder Graben, tributary of the Seebach
Wipfra
Wipper
Wirrbach
Wisenta
Wohlrose
Wümbach
Wyhra
Z
Zahme Gera
Zaufensgraben
Zeilbach
Zeitzbach
Zimmerbach
Zorge
Thuringia-related lists
Thuringia |
Bad Bunny is a Puerto Rican rapper and singer. He was received various awards and nominations including three Grammy Awards, nine Latin Grammy Awards, ten Billboard Music Awards, two MTV Video Music Awards, six American Music Awards and twenty-two Premios Juventud, among others.
After multiple collaborations with fellow reggaeton artists, he had his breakthrough as a featured artist in Cardi B's 2018 song "I Like It", also featuring J Balvin. The song was nominated for the Grammy Award for Record of the Year, being his first Grammy Award nomination. It also won the MTV Video Music Award for Song of Summer. The same year he released his debut album X 100pre, which won the Latin Grammy Award for Best Urban Music Album (his first Latin Grammy win) and was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Latin Rock, Urban or Alternative Album. It also won the Billboard Latin Music Award for Top Latin Album of the Year. In 2019, he released Oasis, a collaborative EP with J Balvin. The project was also nominated for Grammy Award for Best Latin Rock, Urban or Alternative Album and won the Billboard Music Award for Top Latin Album. His third album YHLQMDLG was released in 2020. The album won Best Latin Pop or Urban Album at the 63rd Annual Grammy Awards, being his first Grammy Award win. At the 21st Annual Latin Grammy Awards, both YHLQMDLG and Oasis were nominated for Album of the Year while "Vete" was nominated for Record of the Year and "Yo Perreo Sola" won Best Reggaeton Performance.
His fourth album El Último Tour del Mundo (2020) received both the Grammy Award for Best Música Urbana Album, being the first recipient of the award, and the Latin Grammy Award for Best Urban Music Album, his second win in the category. It also won Favorite Album – Latin at the American Music Awards of 2021 and Album of the Year at both the 2021 Premios Juventud and the Premio Lo Nuestro 2022. In 2022, he released his fifth album Un Verano Sin Ti achieving great commercial success. At the 23rd Annual Latin Grammy Awards, he won five out of ten nominations including a third victory for Best Urban Music Album, and both Best Urban/Fusion Performance and Best Urban Song for "Tití Me Preguntó". The following year, at the 65th Annual Grammy Awards, it won Best Música Urbana Album and was nominated for Album of the Year, becoming the first Spanish-language album to earn a nomination for that category.
Aside from his music-related awards, in 2021, he won a professional wrestling championship, when he became the WWE 24/7 Champion. On February 15, 2021, episode of RAW, he relinquished the title to R-Truth in exchange for Stone Cold Steve Austin memorabilia. He was champion for 28 days.
Awards and nominations
References
External links
Bad Bunny |
Samuel Bradford Caswell (1828–1898) was an American mining engineer, and politician in California.
He was member of the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors and the Los Angeles Common Council. He was one of the pioneer founders and trustees of the Los Angeles Public Library System to open branches.
Personal
Caswell was born January 3, 1828, in Taunton, Massachusetts. About 1845, he moved to Fall River and, in 1849, to Wareham, where he was married to Mary Bradford Gibbs the same year. They had one daughter, who died around 1878, and a son, William M. Caswell.
He and his family moved to San Francisco, California in the early 1850s and to Los Angeles in the mid−1860s. For many years, Caswell was a trustee in the local American Unitarian Association church.
In May 1895, the Caswells made a trip to Europe, returning aboard the of the Cunard Line.
Caswell felt a heart pain in the morning of February 3, 1898, but went to work as usual. At midday, though, he returned to his home at the southeast corner of West 5th Street and Grand Avenue in Downtown Los Angeles, the site of the present day Los Angeles Central Library he helped found. Later that afternoon, he collapsed and died in a greenhouse in his garden. "The news spread rapidly and many friends of the family hastened to the Caswell residence to offer their condolences and any assistance they might render." Interment was February 6 at Rosedale Cemetery.
Vocation
Caswell was in the mercantile and freight forwarding businesses in San Francisco, California.
Gold Rush
During the late California Gold Rush, he went to gold fields in Nevada County in 1855, leaving his family in San Francisco. He became a mining engineer and miner, pioneering in the use of hydraulic mining for gold in the Malakoff Diggins area in the Sierra Nevada.
Los Angeles
He and his family moved south to Los Angeles in 1865 or 1866. He opened a general merchandise store with John F. Ellis at the corner of Los Angeles and Arcadia Streets downtown.
In 1887, Caswell was appointed by a Superior Court judge as a special administrator in the estate of wealthy Los Angeles landowner and entrepreneur Remi Nadeau, whose will was being contested by Nadeau's son, George A.
Santa Susana Mountains oil
Caswel, J.F. Ellis, and H.C. Wiley filed a mining claim for the Towsley Petroleum Mine in December 1876, located in the Santa Susana Mountains east of the Pico Canyon Oilfield near Newhall Pass. 2½ years later, in August 1879, they received a mineral lode patent from the U.S. government, which gave them title to the oilfield.
Los Angeles City Water Company
In 1878, he became auditor of the Los Angeles City Water Company, In 1890, he was arrested "on three charges of violating the water ordinance, charging higher rates than those fixed by the Los Angeles Common Council. He was taken before Justice Austin, where the cases were set for trial, and was released on his own recognizance. There is no record of the disposition of this case.
Public service
Caswell was elected to the Los Angeles Common Council, the governing body of the city, on December 6, 1869, and served until December 9, 1870.
In 1872, Caswell was chosen to the first board of trustees of the Los Angeles Library Association, which was just then being organized to found the Los Angeles Public Library System with branch libraries. He served on the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors in 1872–74, representing the 1st District. From 1875 to 1878, he was clerk to the Common Council.
Legacy
Caswell is honored with a plaque in the interior of the Los Angeles Central Library, stating:
See also
History of oil in California through 1930
References
American mining engineers
American civil servants
Politicians from Los Angeles
Los Angeles Common Council (1850–1889) members
19th-century American legislators
Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors
1828 births
1898 deaths
People of the California Gold Rush
Politicians from Taunton, Massachusetts
Burials at Angelus-Rosedale Cemetery
Engineers from California
19th-century American businesspeople
19th-century American merchants |
Samuel Rabin (1905 – May 7, 1993) was an American lawyer and politician.
Life
He was born in 1905 in Manhattan, New York City. He graduated from Cornell University, and in 1928 from New York University School of Law. He was admitted to the bar, and practiced law in Jamaica, Queens. In 1938, he married Florence Mittlemann, and they had two children. He entered politics as a Republican.
He was a member of the New York State Assembly (Queens Co., 8th D.) from 1945 to 1954, sitting in the 165th, 166th, 167th, 168th and 169th New York State Legislatures.
In 1954, he was elected to the New York Supreme Court, and re-elected in 1968. From 1962 on, he sat on the Appellate Division (2nd Dept.), and Presiding Justice from 1971 on.
In January 1974, he was appointed by Governor Malcolm Wilson to the New York Court of Appeals, to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Adrian P. Burke. In June 1974, he was designated by the Republican State Committee to run for one of the vacancies on the Court of Appeals but he declined to run, being already 69 years old, just one year short of the constitutional age limit. In 1975, he returned to the Appellate Division, and retired from the bench in 1981. Afterwards he resumed the practice of law.
He died on May 7, 1993, in Floral Park, Queens. Rabin, who was Jewish, was buried in Montefiore Cemetery.
References
Sources
The History of the New York Court of Appeals, 1932-2003 by Bernard S. Meyer, Burton C. Agata & Seth H. Agata (page 29)
1905 births
1993 deaths
Judges of the New York Court of Appeals
Cornell University alumni
Jewish American people in New York (state) politics
New York University School of Law alumni
Lawyers from Queens, New York
New York Supreme Court Justices
Members of the New York State Assembly
20th-century American Jews
20th-century American judges
20th-century American politicians
Presiding Justices of the New York State Supreme Court, Appellate Division, Second Department |
The Marxist–Leninist Italian Communist Party (Partito Comunista Italiano Marxista-Leninista, PCIM-L) is anti-revisionist Marxist-Leninist communist party in Italy. The party was founded on December 3, 1999 by the Centre of Marxist Culture and Initiative (Centro di Cultura e Iniziativa Marxista).
The party is based in Forio, a commune in the province of Naples. It was founded by Domenico Savio, an anti-revisionist communist who favors a strict interpretation of the ideology in accordance with the teachings of Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin. In October 2004, Savio and his PCIM-L managed to obtain 2,244 votes (6.9%) during the Chamber of Deputies supplementary election in the college of Napoli 1 - Ischia.
In the 2006 general election PCI M-L ran a list in the Campania region for the Italian Senate, with Savio as the head of the list. PCIM-L got 26,029 votes (0.856% of the vote in that region, 0.08% of the national vote).
In May 2013 Savio ran for mayor of Forio, getting the 12,89% of votes and was elected as municipal councilor. In June 2018 Savio ran again for major of Forio, only getting 2,33% of votes and thus losing his seat.
On 13 March 2020 Domenico Savio died at eighty years of age, and the party is now headed by his son Gennaro Savio.
References
External links Partito Comunista Italiano Marxista-Leninista''
Political parties in Campania
Anti-revisionist organizations
Stalinist parties
Far-left politics in Italy
Political parties established in 1999
1999 establishments in Italy
Communist parties in Italy |
Z29 was one of fifteen Type 1936A destroyers built for the Kriegsmarine (German Navy) during World War II. Completed in 1941, she took part in the Channel Dash in early 1942 as flagship of the escort force. Despite this venture to France, the ship spent most of the war in Norwegian waters, escorting German ships and laying minefields. Z29 participated in the indecisive Battle of the Barents Sea at the end of the year, during which she helped to sink a British minesweeper. The ship was damaged during the raid on the island of Spitsbergen in September 1943. Z29 was damaged by British aircraft attacking the battleship in July 1944. The ship escorted troop convoys from northern Norway when the Germans began evacuating the area beginning in October until she began an extensive refit in December.
The war ended before the refit was completed and the ship was surrendered to the Allies in Germany. She was allocated to the United States when they divided up the surviving ships of the Kriegsmarine in late 1945. Still not fully seaworthy, Z29 was scuttled by the Americans in late 1946.
Design and description
The Type 1936A destroyers were slightly larger than the preceding Type 1936 class and had a heavier armament. They had an overall length of and were long at the waterline. The ships had a beam of , and a maximum draft of . They displaced at standard load and at deep load. The two Wagner geared steam turbine sets, each driving one propeller shaft, were designed to produce using steam provided by six Wagner water-tube boilers for a designed speed of . Z29 carried enough fuel oil to give her a range of at . Her crew consisted of 11 officers and 321 sailors.
The ship carried four TbtsK C/36 guns in single mounts with gun shields, one forward of the superstructure and three aft. They were designated No. 1 to 4 from front to rear. Her anti-aircraft armament consisted of four C/30 guns in two twin mounts abreast the rear funnel and seven C/30 guns in single mounts. Z29 carried eight above-water torpedo tubes in two power-operated mounts. Two reloads were provided for each mount. She had four depth charge launchers and mine rails could be fitted on the rear deck that had a maximum capacity of 60 mines. 'GHG' (Gruppenhorchgerät) passive hydrophones were fitted to detect submarines and an S-Gerät sonar was also probably fitted. The ship was equipped with a FuMO 24/25 radar set above the bridge.
Modifications
A FuMO 63 Hohentwiel radar was installed in 1944–1945 in lieu of the aft searchlight. During her 1944–1945 refit, Z29 exchanged her single forward 15 cm gun for a 15 cm LC/38 twin-gun turret as used in her sister ships. This exacerbated the Type 36A's tendency to take water over the bow and reduced their speed to . No. 3 gun was also removed to make room for additional AA guns under the Barbara program. By the end of the war, her anti-aircraft suite consisted of two experimental Gerät 58 guns (probably), nine 3.7 cm guns in single and twin mounts and twenty 2 cm weapons in single, twin, and quadruple mounts. Most, if not all, of the 3.7 cm guns were to be the faster-firing Flak M42 model.
Service history
Z29 was ordered from AG Weser (Deschimag) on 23 April 1938. The ship was laid down at Deschimag's Bremen shipyard as yard number W963 on 21 March 1940 and launched on 15 October. The ship commissioned on 25 June 1941 under the command of Korvettenkapitän (Lieutenant Commander) Curt Rechel.
After working up, Z29 was one of the escorts for Tirpitz from the Jade Estuary to Trondheim, Norway and returned to Kiel, Germany from 14 to 17 January 1942. The ship sailed on 27 January for Brest, France, as part of the preparations for the Channel Dash. The German ships departed Brest on 11 February, surprising the British, with Z29 leading the formation as the flagship of the Führer der Zerstörer (Commander of the Destroyer Force), Kapitän zur See (Captain) Erich Bey, who commanded the escorts. British attacks on the German ships were generally ineffective until the battleship struck a mine off the mouth of the Scheldt Estuary at 15:30. Vizeadmiral (Vice Admiral) Otto Ciliax, overall commander of the German force, summoned Z29 to take him aboard from the immobilized battleship. While the destroyer was attempting to close, she accidentally collided with the battleship's stern, damaging her forecastle, but managed to take off Ciliax. Later that day, a 15 cm shell exploded in one of the aft guns, killing one man, severing oil lines, and knocking out the port turbine. Ciliax transferred to the destroyer at 18:25 and Z29 proceeded to Wesermünde for repairs.
After they were completed, she was part of the screen for the heavy cruiser Lützow from 15 to 26 May as she moved from Germany to Bogen Bay, Norway and laid a minefield in the Skagerrak en route. On 5–8 September Z29, her sister , and the destroyer laid a minefield in the Kara Strait between the island of Novaya Zemlya and Vaygach Island. Later that month, she participated in Operation Zarin, a minelaying mission off the coast of Novaya Zemlya from 24 to 28 September, together with Admiral Hipper, and her sisters , , and Z30. On 23–24 October, the ship escorted Tirpitz and the heavy cruiser from Bogen Bay to Trondheim and continued to Copenhagen, Denmark, with Admiral Scheer, before returning to the Altafjord with the light cruiser .
Battle of the Barents Sea
On 30 December, Lützow and the heavy cruiser , escorted by six destroyers, including Z29, left Narvik for Operation Regenbogen, an attack on Convoy JW 51B, which was reported by German intelligence to be lightly escorted. Vizeadmiral Oskar Kummetz's plan was to divide his force in half; he would take Admiral Hipper, Z4 Richard Beitzen, Z29 and the destroyer north of the convoy to attack it and draw away the escorts. Lützow and three destroyers would then attack the undefended convoy from the south. The three destroyers separated from Admiral Hipper to search for the convoy, which they found on the morning of 31 December. The destroyer spotted them in turn and closed to investigate when the German ships opened fire at a range of .
Obdurate turned away to rejoin the convoy without sustaining any damage and the German ships did not pursue as they had been ordered to rejoin Hipper. The Germans found the minesweeper , which had been detached earlier from the convoy to search for stragglers, as they maneuvered to close with the convoy and the destroyers were ordered to sink her, while Hipper engaged the convoy escorts. This took some time in the poor visibility and Hipper was surprised in the meantime by the British covering force of the light cruisers and . After sinking Bramble, the German destroyers attempted to rejoin Hipper but had no idea that British cruisers were in the area. About this time Z29 lost contact with the other destroyers. The other two destroyers confused Sheffield with Hipper when they spotted each other at range and were surprised when Sheffield opened fire on Z16 Friedrich Eckoldt with every gun she possessed, sinking her with the loss of all hands. Z29 was one of the escorts for the light cruiser and the damaged Admiral Hipper on 24 January 1943 as they began their voyage to Kiel. The destroyer then began a refit at Wesermünde.
Later actions
The ship completed working up in July and sailed to Norway on the 22nd, accompanied by the destroyer . The two ships, with the addition of were assigned to the 4. Zerstörerflotille (4th Destroyer Flotilla) upon their arrival. During Operation Zitronella, the German raid on the island of Spitsbergen in September, they were tasked with fire support for the troops ashore. During the mission Z29 was hit four times by coastal artillery, killing three crewmen and wounding three others. The ship was one of the escorts for Scharnhorst during Operation Ostfront on 25 December, an attempt to intercept the British Convoy JW 55B that was bound for the Soviet Union. All of the battleship's escorts were detached the following day to increase the likelihood of intercepting the convoy and did not participate in the ensuing Battle of North Cape.
Z29 had her boilers repaired at the beginning of 1944 and remained in Norwegian waters through the rest of the year. On 17 July the ship was strafed by aircraft fighters of the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm during Operation Mascot, an attack on the battleship Tirpitz, but only suffered superficial damage. Beginning in October, she escorted convoys during Operation Nordlicht, the evacuation of northern Norway. On 16 December Z29 and Z31 laid a minefield off Honningsvaag. A week later, she sailed from Laafjord for Wesermünde to begin a refit that replaced her forward gun with the twin-gun turret and greatly augmented her anti-aircraft armament. The war ended in May 1945, before her refit was completed, and the ship was decommissioned on the 7th.
Z29 was allocated to the United States when the Allies divided the surviving ships of the Kriegsmarine amongst themselves in late 1945. Due to her poor state of repair, the United States Navy declined to make use of the ship and she was scuttled at the entrance to the Skagerrak on 10 June 1946 with a load of chemical munitions aboard.
Notes
Citations
References
External links
Kriegsmarine destroyers
1940 ships
Ships built in Bremen (state)
Type 1936A-class destroyers
Maritime incidents in 1946
Shipwrecks in the North Sea
Scuttled vessels |
West Bourke (sometimes Bourke West) was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Victoria from 1856 to 1904.
The district of West Bourke was one of the initial districts of the first Victorian Legislative Assembly, 1856.
Boundaries
The boundaries of the district included the Great Dividing Range from the source of the Werribee River to the north-eastern branch of the Saltwater River near Big Hill, then from the Saltwater River to the south-western corner of the parish of Bulla Bulla. The eastern boundary included the source of the Moonee Ponds to Flemington Bridge, then south to the Yarra River, Port Phillip Bay and to the mouth of the Werribee River at its source in the Great Dividing Range.
Members for West Bourke
Two members initially, three from the expansion of 1859. Fewer members after the redistributions of 1877 and 1889.
References
Former electoral districts of Victoria (state)
1856 establishments in Australia
1904 disestablishments in Australia |
```ruby
# frozen_string_literal: true
require 'rails_helper'
describe ActivityPub::VoteSerializer do
let(:serialization) { serialized_record_json(record, described_class) }
let(:record) { Fabricate(:poll_vote) }
describe 'type' do
it 'returns correct serialized type' do
expect(serialization['type']).to eq('Create')
end
end
end
``` |
Hornsby Shire is a local government area situated in Northern Sydney (Upper North Shore), as well as parts of the Hills District, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. The shire stretches from the M2 Hills Motorway in the south to the Hawkesbury River town of Wisemans Ferry, some to the north, making it the largest local government council in the Greater Sydney Metropolitan region by total area. As of the the shire had an estimated population of .
The mayor of Hornsby Shire is Cr Philip Ruddock, a member of the Liberal Party, who was elected on 9 September 2017.
Suburbs and localities in the local government area
Suburbs in the Hornsby Shire include:
Towns and localities in the Hornsby Shire are:
Demographics
At the , there were people in the Hornsby local government area, of these 48.8 per cent were male and 51.2 per cent were female. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 0.5 per cent of the population; significantly below the NSW and Australian averages of 2.9 and 2.8 per cent respectively. The median age of people in the Hornsby Shire was 40 years; slightly higher than the national median of 38 years. Children aged 0 – 14 years made up 19.5 per cent of the population and people aged 65 years and over made up 16.2 per cent of the population. Of people in the area aged 15 years and over, 58.8 per cent were married and 8.2 per cent were either divorced or separated.
Population growth in the Hornsby Shire between the and the was 4.58 per cent and in the subsequent five years to the , population growth was 3.65 per cent. At the 2016 census, the population in the Shire decreased by 9.04 per cent brought about predominately by an adjustment in local government boundaries. The median weekly income for residents within the Hornsby Shire was higher than the national average.
Council
Current composition and election method
Hornsby Shire Council is composed of ten councillors, including the mayor, for a fixed four-year term of office. The mayor is directly elected while the nine other councillors are elected proportionally as three separate wards, each electing three councillors. The most recent election was held on 4 December 2021, and the makeup of the council, including the mayor, is as follows:
The current Council, elected in 2021, in order of election by ward, is:
Past mayors and shire presidents
History
Hornsby Shire is the traditional lands occupied by the Darug and Kuringgai peoples of indigenous Australians. While the northern part of the Shire via the Hawkesbury River was visited by the first European settlers in late 1788, due to the Shire's rugged landscape permanent European settlement did not begin until almost half a century later.
Hornsby Shire got its name from the town of Hornsby at the eastern end of the Shire, is derived from convict-turned-Constable Samuel Horne, who earned distinction by capturing bushrangers Dalton and MacNamara on 22 June 1830. In return he was granted land in the locality known as "Hornsby Place".
Hornsby Shire has remained largely rural for many decades. The construction of the Main North railway line in the 1880s opened up the Shire to the rest of Sydney and also to Newcastle, but it was not until motor vehicles became commonplace in the 1950s that the southern part of the Shire truly became part of Sydney's suburbia. The Shire was incorporated as a local government authority on 6 March 1906.
A 2015 review of local government boundaries by the NSW Government Independent Pricing and Regulatory Tribunal recommended that Hornsby Shire merge with adjoining councils. The government considered two proposals. The first proposed a merger of part of Hornsby with the Ku-ring-gai Council to form a new council with an area of and support a population of approximately 270,000. The second proposed a merger of parts of Parramatta, Auburn, The Hills, Hornsby, and Holroyd to form a new council with an area of and support a population of approximately 215,725. The outcome of the review was that the suburbs of Hornsby Shire Council south of the M2 joined an expanded Parramatta City Council. The NSW Government also gave in principle support for the Hornsby Shire suburbs north of the M2 to amalgamate with Ku-ring-gai Council. In July 2017, the Berejiklian government decided to abandon the forced merger of the Hornsby and Ku-ring-gai local government areas, along with several other proposed forced mergers. This failed merger resulted in the council losing lucrative area south of the M2 including Epping and Carlingford.
Heritage listings
The Hornsby Shire has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
Brooklyn, Main Northern railway: Hawkesbury River railway station
Cheltenham, 67 Cobran Road: Ahimsa, Cheltenham
Galston, 161 Main Road: Tunks Creek Bridge
Galston, 11 School Road: Galston Congregational Church Pipe Organ
Hornsby, 2a Manor Road (Rosamond Street): Mount Wilga House
Hornsby, Old Man's Valley, off Quarry Road: Old Man's Valley Cemetery
Normanhurst, 82-84 Pennant Hills Road: Gilligaloola
Wahroonga, 9 Highlands Avenue: Highlands
Geography
Hornsby calls itself the 'Bushland Shire'. This is in reference to its location on a high ridge separating two expansive areas of natural bushland which consists of up to 70% of the total area: The Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park on the eastern side and the Berowra Valley Regional Park on the western side. These provide large areas of natural parkland that form a green belt running from Sydney at the south to the Hawkesbury River at the Shire's northern end. These parks are extremely popular with day-trippers from all areas of Sydney and provides diverse recreations such as bushwalking and boating.
The northern half of Hornsby Shire remains a semi-rural area, retaining a number of farmlands and market gardens. This area consists of small village settlements such as Mount Colah and Hornsby Heights. The village of Galston is the centre of this rural area.
The western part of the shire shares a border with The Hills Shire and is separated from the rest of the Shire by national parks and the Galston Gorge.
The southern half of the Shire is urban, forming part of Sydney's suburbia on the North Shore and Northern Suburbs. Traditionally most of the Shire's residents live in free-standing houses, but in recent years a number of semi-detached housings as well as high-density apartments have appeared around Hornsby's central business district.
The Shire has several areas with industrial activity including Hornsby, Asquith and Thornleigh. The major commercial centres of the Shire, apart from Hornsby's central business district, are the suburbs of Pennant Hills and North Epping.
Local attractions in the Hornsby Shire include its easily accessible wilderness areas including part of the Great North Walk, parkland recreational facilities such as Fagan Park at Galston, Pennant Hills Park, Koala Park Sanctuary in West Pennant Hills, and the village of Brooklyn on the Hawkesbury River.
Hornsby Shire has four public libraries (at Hornsby, Pennant Hills, Berowra and Galston, two public swimming pools ("Aquatic Centres"), and a range of other sporting and community facilities.
See also
Local government areas of New South Wales
References
External links
Hornsby Shire Website
[CC-By-SA]
1906 establishments in Australia
Hornsby |
AL6 may refer to:
AL6, a postcode district in the AL postcode area
British Rail Class 86 |
The Sony FE 24-240mm F3.5-6.3 OSS is a variable maximum aperture full-frame (FE) superzoom lens for the Sony E-mount, announced by Sony on March 4, 2015.
Though designed for Sony's full frame E-mount cameras, the lens can be used on Sony's APS-C E-mount camera bodies, with an equivalent full-frame field-of-view of 36-360mm.
Build Quality
The barrel of the lens telescopes outward from the main lens body as it's zoomed in from 24mm to 240mm. The lens does not feature a zoom lock but isn't easily susceptible to zoom creep thanks to a tighter zooming mechanism. It also features a weather resistant design.
Features
The lens features Sony's OSS to help reduce motion blur while using slower shutter speeds. The maximum aperture of the lens varies from f/3.5 at 24mm to f/6.3 at 240mm. The 24-240 includes five aspherical lens elements and one ED lens. The front element does not rotate but uses two telescoping tubes to extend forward by 76.4 mm when the lens is zoomed from 24 mm to 240 mm.
See also
List of Sony E-mount lenses
References
Camera lenses introduced in 2015
24-240
Superzoom lenses |
Irwin Thornton Catharine (October 22, 1883 – March 3, 1944) was the chief architect of Philadelphia public schools from 1920 until his retirement in 1937. Buildings built during Catharine's tenure ranged from Gothic Revival, as in the case of Simon Gratz High School, to Streamline Moderne, as in his last project, Joseph H. Brown Elementary School. He died in Philadelphia in 1944.
Catharine succeeded Henry deCoursey Richards as the main school designer in Philadelphia. From 1918 to 1937, his work added 104 new buildings (replacing 37 existing ones), added wings to 26 other schools, and otherwise improved at least 50 other schools.
A number of his works are listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.
Works
Catharine's works (all in Philadelphia) include the following. If Catharine has notable works outside of Philadelphia, none are listed on the National Register.
Universal Alcorn Charter Elementary School, (1931), 1500 S. 32nd St., NRHP-listed
Ethan Allen School, 3001 Robbins Ave., NRHP-listed
Charles Y. Audenried Junior High School, 1601 S. 33rd St., NRHP-listed
Clara Barton School, 300 E. Wyoming Ave., NRHP-listed
John Bartram High School, 67th and Elmwood Sts., NRHP-listed
Dimner Beeber Middle School, 5901 Malvern Ave., NRHP-listed
Belmont Charter School, 4030-4060 Brown St., NRHP-listed
Rudolph Blankenburg School, 4600 Girard Ave., NRHP-listed
Board of Education Building, 21st St. and Benjamin Franklin Pkwy., NRHP-listed
Edward Bok Vocational School, 1909 S. Ninth St., NRHP-listed
Daniel Boone School, Hancock and Wildey Sts., NRHP-listed
F. Amadee Bregy School, 1700 Bigler St., NRHP-listed
Joseph H. Brown School, 8118-8120 Frankford Ave., NRHP-listed
Laura H. Carnell School, 6101 Summerdale Ave., NRHP-listed
Lewis C. Cassidy School, 6523-6543 Lansdowne Ave., NRHP-listed
Castor Gardens Middle School, Cottman Ave. and Loretta St., NRHP-listed
Joseph W. Catharine School, 6600 Chester Ave., NRHP-listed
Central High School, Olney and Ogontz Aves., Logan neighborhood of Philadelphia, NRHP-listed
Conwell Middle Magnet School, 1829-1951 E. Clearfield St., NRHP-listed
Jay Cooke Junior High School, 4735 Old York Rd., NRHP-listed
Thomas Creighton School, 5401 Tabor Rd., NRHP-listed
Kennedy Crossan School, 7341 Palmetto St., NRHP-listed
Lydia Darrah School, 708-732 N. 17th St., NRHP-listed
Hamilton Disston School, 6801 Cottage St., NRHP-listed
Murrell Dobbins Vocational School, 2100 Lehigh Ave., NRHP-listed
James Dobson School, 4665 Umbria St., NRHP-listed
Laurence Dunbar School, 12th above Columbia Ave., NRHP-listed
Henry R. Edmunds School, 1101-1197 Haworth St., NRHP-listed
James Elverson, Jr. School, 1300 Susquehanna Ave., NRHP-listed
Eleanor Cope Emlen School of Practice, 6501 Chew St., NRHP-listed
Federal Street School, 1130-1148 Federal St., NRHP-listed
D. Newlin Fell School, 900 Oregon Ave., NRHP-listed
Joseph C. Ferguson School, 2000-2046 7th St., NRHP-listed
Thomas K. Finletter School, 6101 N. Front St., NRHP-listed
Thomas Fitzsimons Junior High School, 2601 W. Cumberland St., NRHP-listed
Edwin Forrest School, 4300 Bleigh St., NRHP-listed
Robert Fulton School, 60-68 E. Haines St., NRHP-listed
Elizabeth Duane Gillespie Junior High School, 3901-3961 N. 18th St., NRHP-listed
Simon Gratz High School, 3901-3961 N. 18th St., NRHP-listed
Warren G. Harding Junior High School, 2000 Wakeling St., NRHP-listed
William H. Harrison School, 1012-1020 W. Thompson St., NRHP-listed
Francis Hopkinson School, 1301-1331 E. Luzerne Ave., NRHP-listed
Henry H. Houston School, 135 W. Allen's Ln., NRHP-listed
Thomas Jefferson School, 1101-1125 N. 4th St., NRHP-listed
John Story Jenks School, 8301-8317 Germantown Ave., NRHP-listed
John Paul Jones Junior High School, 2922 Memphis St., NRHP-listed
Eliza Butler Kirkbride School, 626 Dickinson St., NRHP-listed
Logan Demonstration School, 5000 N. 17th St., NRHP-listed
James R. Ludlow School, 1323-1345 N. 6th St., NRHP-listed
William Mann School, 1835-1869 N. 54th St., NRHP-listed
Martin Orthopedic School, 800 N. 22nd St., NRHP-listed
Delaplaine McDaniel School, 2100 Moore St., NRHP-listed
George Meade School, 1801 Oxford St., NRHP-listed
William M. Meredith School, 5th and Fitzwater Sts., NRHP-listed
Thomas Mifflin School, 3500 Midvale Ave., NRHP-listed
Andrew J. Morrison School, 300 Duncannon St., NRHP-listed
George W. Nebinger School, 601-627 Carpenter St., NRHP-listed
Jeremiah Nichols School, 1235 S. 16th St., NRHP-listed
Olney High School, Duncannon and Front Sts., NRHP-listed
Overbrook High School, 59th and Lancaster Ave., NRHP-listed
Academy at Palumbo, 1100 Catharine St., NRHP-listed
John M. Patterson School, 7001 Buist Ave., NRHP-listed
William S. Peirce School, 2400 Christian St., NRHP-listed
Penn Treaty Junior High School, 600 E. Thompson St., NRHP-listed
Joseph Pennell School, 1800-1856 Nedro St., NRHP-listed
Samuel W. Pennypacker School, 1800-1850 E. Washington Ln., NRHP-listed
Philadelphia High School for Girls (now Julia R. Masterman School), 17th and Spring Garden Sts., NRHP-listed
Gen. John F. Reynolds School, 2300 Jefferson St., NRHP-listed
Richmond School, 2942 Belgrade St., NRHP-listed
Theodore Roosevelt Junior High School, 430 E. Washington Ln., NRHP-listed
William Rowen School, 6801 N. 19th St., NRHP-listed
Anna Howard Shaw Junior High School, 5401 Warrington St., NRHP-listed
William Shoemaker Junior High School, 1464-1488 N. 53rd St., NRHP-listed
Franklin Smedley School, 5199 Mulberry St., NRHP-listed
Walter George Smith School, 1300 S. 19th St., NRHP-listed
Spring Garden School No. 1, 12th and Ogden Sts., NRHP-listed
Spring Garden School No. 2, Melon St. S of 12th St., NRHP-listed
Edwin M. Stanton School, 1616-1644 Christian St., NRHP-listed
Thaddeus Stevens School of Observation, 1301 Spring Garden St., NRHP-listed
James J. Sullivan School, 5300 Ditman St., NRHP-listed
Mayer Sulzberger Junior High School, 701-741 N. 48th St., NRHP-listed
George C. Thomas Junior High School, 2746 S. 9th St., NRHP-listed
William J. Tilden Junior High School, 66th St. and Elmwood Ave., NRHP-listed
Edwin H. Vare Junior High School, 2102 S. 24th St., NRHP-listed
Roberts Vaux Junior High School, 230-2344 W. Master St., NRHP-listed
Gen. Louis Wagner Junior High School, 17th and Chelton Sts., NRHP-listed
George Washington School, 5th and Federal Sts., NRHP-listed
Mary Channing Wister School, 843-855 N. 8th St., NRHP-listed
George Wolf School, 8100 Lyons Ave., NRHP-listed
References
1883 births
1944 deaths
20th-century American architects
Streamline Moderne architects
Architects from Philadelphia |
William Anthony Husband (28 August 1950 – 18 October 2023) was a British cartoonist known for his black humour. He was mainly known for his work in Private Eye magazine, and his work has appeared in The Times, the Daily Mail and the Sunday Express as well as magazines including Playboy and The Spectator.
Early life and education
Husband was born in Blackpool, Lancashire, on 28 August 1950. He was the son of Henry Ronald and Vera Husband. He attended Holy Trinity CE Primary School and Greenfield Street School in Hyde, Greater Manchester. He left school at 16 and worked in a jeweller's for 12 years, a job about which he said "It was full of characters and helped me to develop the black humour side."
Career
Husband was a prolific cartoonist and sent a batch of unsolicited cartoons to Private Eye. He did not expect them to be published in one of the UK's foremost satirical magazines until a friend pointed out to him that two were in the latest edition. A number of his cartoons featured skinhead characters and in 1984, Private Eye editor Ian Hislop suggested a strip that became "The Yobs". The strip was published from 1985, and Husband was then able to leave his job and become a full-time cartoonist. He also had a Private Eye strip called "The Oldies" which ran for most of the 1990s. His cartoons appeared in every edition of Private Eye from 1984 until his death in 2023.
He co-founded and co-edited Oink! comic from 1986 to 1988. He co-wrote the Round the Bend children's television series, which ran from 1989 to 1991, and was also involved with children's TV show Hangar 17, which ran from 1992 to 1994. He has toured the UK with poet Ian McMillan with a poetry and cartoon show called "A Cartoon History of Here". In 2000 he won two awards at the Cartoonist of the Year awards, for best strip and best gag. In 2005, he won the Pont Award at the Cartoon Art Trust Awards for "depicting the British way of life".
Personal life
Husband married Carole Garner in 1976. They had one son, the photographer Paul Husband (born 1978), with whom Husband wrote the book From a Dark Place.
Death
Husband died on 18 October 2023 at age 73 after suffering a heart attack on Westminster Bridge, London. He had been on his way to a Private Eye party.
References
External links
1950 births
2023 deaths
Deaths in England
British cartoonists
People from Hyde, Greater Manchester
Private Eye contributors
Artists from Blackpool
British television writers |
Virgínia is a Brazilian municipality in the state of Minas Gerais. As of 2020 its population is estimated to be 8,663.
References
Municipalities in Minas Gerais |
Yusefabad (, also Romanized as Yūsefābād) is a village in Qurigol Rural District, in the Central District of Bostanabad County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 233, in 52 families.
References
Populated places in Bostanabad County |
Fosdenopterin (or cyclic pyranopterin monophosphate, cPMP), sold under the brand name Nulibry, is a medication used to reduce the risk of death due to a rare genetic disease known as molybdenum cofactor deficiency type A.
The most common side effects include complications related to the intravenous line, fever, respiratory infections, vomiting, gastroenteritis, and diarrhea.
Fosdenopterin was approved for medical use in the United States in February 2021, It is the first medication approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of molybdenum cofactor deficiency type A. and in the European Union in September 2022. The US Food and Drug Administration considers it to be a first-in-class medication.
Medical uses
Fosdenopterin is indicated to reduce the risk of mortality in people with molybdenum cofactor deficiency (MoCD) type A.
Mechanism of action
People with molybdenum cofactor deficiency type A cannot produce cyclic pyranopterin monophosphate (cPMP) in their body. Fosdenopterin is an intravenous medication that replaces the missing cPMP. cPMP is a precursor to molybdopterin, which is required for the enzyme activity of sulfite oxidase, xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase and aldehyde oxidase.
History
Fosdenopterin was developed at the German universities TU Braunschweig and the University of Cologne.
The effectiveness of fosdenopterin for the treatment of MoCD-A was demonstrated in thirteen treated participants compared to eighteen matched, untreated participants. The participants treated with fosdenopterin had a survival rate of 84% at three years, compared to 55% for the untreated participants.
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted the application for fosdenopterin priority review, breakthrough therapy, and orphan drug designations along with a rare pediatric disease priority review voucher. The FDA granted the approval of Nulibry to Origin Biosciences, Inc., in February 2021.
Society and culture
Legal status
On 21 July 2022, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) adopted a positive opinion, recommending the granting of a marketing authorization under exceptional circumstances for the medicinal product Nulibry, intended for the treatment of patients with molybdenum cofactor deficiency (MoCD) Type A. The applicant for this medicinal product is Comharsa Life Sciences Ltd. Fosdenopterin was approved for medical use in the European Union in September 2022.
References
External links
Breakthrough therapy
Orphan drugs
Organophosphates |
The voiceless or more precisely tenuis lateral click is a click consonant found primarily among the languages of southern Africa.
The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet for a tenuis lateral click with a velar rear articulation is or , commonly abbreviated to , or just ; a symbol abandoned by the IPA but still preferred by some linguists is or , abbreviated , or just . For a click with a uvular rear articulation, the equivalents are and .
Sometimes the accompanying letter comes after the click letter, e.g. or ; this may be a simple orthographic choice, or it may imply a difference in the relative timing of the releases.
Features
Features of the tenuis lateral click:
Occurrence
Tenuis lateral clicks are found primarily in the various Khoisan language families of southern Africa and in some neighboring Bantu languages.
References
Click consonants
Lateral consonants
Oral consonants
Tenuis consonants |
Mick Kenney (born 18 January 1980) is a British musician and record producer. He gained popularity as the lead guitarist of the extreme metal band Anaal Nathrakh, for which he performs under the stage name Irrumator.
Career
Kenney studied Illustration at the University of Birmingham.
He is a founding member of the extreme metal act Anaal Nathrakh where he started out as the lead guitarist and is now playing all the instruments. They have released a total of eleven albums since being formed in 1998.
He operates Necrodeath Studios since 1999, a small recording studio situated near the centre of Birmingham, England.
He relocated to Orange County, California, in 2007. There, he founded the clothing label Misanthropy Clothing in 2013.
In 2020 he formed the black metal band Make Them Die Slowly together with fellow musician Duncan Wilkins. They both operate under stage names. Mick Kenney as Officer R. Kordhell and Duncan Wilkins as The Void. The band was formed as a celebration of vintage gore films.
Besides those two bands he also plays in several other bands of different genres and produces music for different artists.
He also co-runs Feto Records with Shane Embury of Napalm Death fame. Feto Records have released albums by Mistress, Monkeys Are Machine Guns, Lock Up, Fukpig, Cripple Bastards, Anaal Nathrakh, and Ramesses, among others.
In 2021, Kenney started releasing phonk/Memphis rap music under the stage name Kordhell. His song "Murder in My Mind" charted in Austria, Germany, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
Discography
Anaal Nathrakh
Kordhell
Albums
Beat Tape 1 (2021)
Beat Tape 2 (2021)
Psycho with Scarlxrd (2022)
A MILLION WAYS TO MURDER (2023)
EPs
Phonkageddon (2021)
Charted singles
Other singles
"9mm" (2021)
"Killers from the Northside" (2021)
"Glock to Your Head" featuring DeadJxhn (2021)
"Memphis Doom" (2021)
"SSN-571" featuring XO1 (2021)
"Live Another Day" (2021)
"To Hell and Back" featuring Raizhell and fkbambam (2022)
"Scopin" (2022)
"Zep Tepi" (2022)
"Unholy" featuring Dxrk (2022)
"Dead on Arrival" featuring Kute (2022)
"Go Hard or Get Gone" featuring DJ Paul (2022)
"Fatality" (2022)
"WTF?!" featuring Sadfriendd (2022)
"I Am the King" remix featuring L19U1D (2022)
"One Shot, One Kill" featuring Sinizter (2022)
"ТАЙМАУТ" remix featuring Nikitata (2022)
"Land of Fire" (2022)
"Misa Misa!" (featuring Corpse and Scarlxrd (2022)
"Miss Me?" featuring Scarlxrd (2022)
"Like Yxu Wxuld Knxw (Autumn Trees)" featuring Corpse and Scarlxrd (2022)
"9 in My Hand" (Fast and Furious: Drift Tape/Phonk Vol 1) (2022)
"Murder Plot" (2022)
"Hellraiser" (Fast and Furious: Drift Tape/Phonk Vol 1) (2022)
"DAT PHONK" (2023)
"Vuk Vuk" featuring Dragon Boys (2023)
"Shoot To Kill" (2023)
"HOMICIDE" (2023)
Make Them Die Slowly
Albums
Ferox (Feto Records, 2020)
The Bodycount Continues (Feto Records, 2020)
Singles
"The Terror Begins" (2020)
"Slaughter High" (2020)
"Silent Night Murder Night" (2020)
"My Bloody Valentine" (2021)
Mistress
Mistress (Rage of Achilles, 2002)
II: The Chronovisor (Rage of Achilles, 2004)
In Disgust We Trust (Earache Records, 2005)
The Glory Bitches of Doghead (Feto Records, 2007)
Additional projects
Motionless In White - Disguise (writer/production)
Carnifex - World War X (production)
Aesthetic Perfection - Into The Black (writer)
Sicarius - TBA (recording/mastering)
Sylla - TBA (mixing/mastering)
Tear Culture - 1899 (producer/writer/mixing/mastering)
Carnifex - Bury Me In Blasphemy Ep (producer/recording/programming )
Abhorrent Affliction - Forever Will He Reign (mixing/mastering)
Bleeding Through - Love Will Kill All (producer/writer/mixing/mastering)
Born To Murder The World - The Infinite Mirror Of Millennial Narcissism (producer/writer/mixing/mastering)
Blood On The Scales - The Human Condition (mixing/mastering)
Plague Bringer - TBA (mixing/mastering)
Slytract - Slytract (mixing/mastering)
Benediction - TBA (mixing/mastering)
Sun Speaker - Ov Lustra (mixing/mastering)
Aesthetic Perfection—Ebb and flow Miggiddo Remix (producer)
Anisoptera - Spawn of Ondonata (mixing/mastering)
Repvblika - The Insurgent (mixing/mastering)
Motionless In White - Graveyard Shift (writer/production)
Eighteen Visions - XVIII (producer/mixing/mastering)
Sicarius - Serenade of Slitting Throats (producer/mixing/mastering)
Dawn Of Ashes - Daemonolatry Gnosis (mixing/mastering)
Carnifex - Slow Death (producer/writer/programming)
Dawn of Ashes - Theophany (producer/writer/mixing/mastering)
Empyrean Throne - Chaosborne (producer/mixing/mastering)
The Iron Son - Enemy (producer/writer/mixing/mastering)
The Witch Was Right - The Stone (producer/writer/mixing/mastering)
Urilia - "The Adversarial Light" (producer/writer/mixing/mastering)
Motionless In White - Reincarnate (writer)
The Witch Was Right - The Red Horse (producer/writer/mixing/mastering)
Motionless In White - Infamous (writer/producer)
Bleeding Through - The Great Fire (producer/writer/mixing/mastering)
Suffer Well - Sorrows (producer/writer/mixing/mastering)
Fukpig - Belief Is the Death of Intelligence (writer)
Fukpig - Spewings from a Selfish Nation (producer/writer/mixing/mastering)
Professor Fate - Inferno (producer/writer/mixing/mastering)
Frost - Black 7" (producer/writer/mixing/mastering)
Frost - Talking to God (producer/writer/mixing/mastering)
Aborym - With No Human Intervention (guest appearance)
Disgust - The Horror of It All (guest appearance)
Frost - Cursed Again (producer/writer/mixing/mastering)
References
External links
Official website
1980 births
21st-century British guitarists
Black metal musicians
Bleeding Through members
English experimental musicians
English heavy metal guitarists
English rock guitarists
Living people
Musicians from Birmingham, West Midlands |
The Madrid–Barcelona railway is the conventional railway line linking the Spanish capital Madrid with the country's second largest city of Barcelona, Catalonia. It now primarily serves local commuter rail services and regional traffic since the opening of the Madrid–Barcelona high-speed rail line in 2008, prior to which only 1.98 million annual passengers travelled between the two cities.
Route
The line serves important Spanish cities including Guadalajara, Zaragoza, Lleida, Reus and Tarragona. At Casetas the line forms a junction with the Casetas–Bilbao railway. Prior to the high-speed railway opening, journeys between Madrid and Barcelona on this railway took up to seven hours.
Services
The line is used by Cercanías Madrid services C-2 and C-7, C-1 of Cercanías Zaragoza, and Rodalies de Catalunya's R2 line; along with numerous regional services along various stretches of the line. The Regional Express service runs the full distance between Madrid and Barcelona, taking 9 hours and 24 minutes; since the opening of the AVE high-speed rail line travel has been reduced to 2 hours and 30 minutes non-stop, freeing up the older slower line for other traffic.
References
Railway lines in Spain
Rail infrastructure in the Community of Madrid
Rail infrastructure in Catalonia
Railway lines opened in 1859
Iberian gauge railways |
```yaml
build:
template_file: test-linux-opt-base.tyml
dependencies:
- "linux-amd64-tflite-opt"
- "test-training_16k-linux-amd64-py36m-opt"
test_model_task: "test-training_16k-linux-amd64-py36m-opt"
args:
tests_cmdline: "${system.homedir.linux}/DeepSpeech/ds/taskcluster/tc-cpp_tflite_basic-ds-tests.sh 16k"
workerType: "${docker.dsTests}"
metadata:
name: "DeepSpeech Linux AMD64 TFLite C++ tests (16kHz)"
description: "Testing DeepSpeech C++ for Linux/AMD64, TFLite, optimized version (16kHz)"
``` |
Robert Hardie Bruce Crawford (born 16 February 1955) is a Scottish National Party (SNP) politician who served as Cabinet Secretary for Parliamentary Business and Government Strategy from 2011 to 2012, having held the junior ministerial position of Minister for Parliamentary Business from 2007 to 2011. Crawford served as the Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for Stirling from 2007 to 2021, having previously represented the Mid Scotland and Fife region 1999–2007.
Background
Crawford was born in Perth. Prior to entering politics, he was a human resource manager with the Scottish Office.
Political career
Perth Council
Crawford served as councillor for Kinross on Perth and Kinross District Council from 1988 to 1996 and on Perth and Kinross Council from 1995 to 2001. Crawford was also Leader of Perth and Kinross Council from 1995 to 1999.
In opposition in Scottish Parliament
He was elected to the Scottish Parliament to represent Mid Scotland and Fife at the 1999 election. He was re-elected in 2003. He was appointed Chief Whip by John Swinney. He ran Swinney's campaign to be re-elected as SNP National Convenor when he was challenged by Dr. Bill Wilson in late 2003. Following the adoption of a new constitution by the SNP in 2004, Crawford was appointed as the SNP's Business Convener.
Government Minister
At the 2007 Scottish Parliament election, Crawford gained the Stirling seat from the Labour Party. The SNP's combined electoral success put them in minority government, and Crawford was appointed to the junior ministerial position of Minister for Parliamentary Business, a position that he held until the end of the parliamentary session.
Crawford was returned to the Stirling constituency in the 2011 election. On 19 May 2011, Crawford became the Cabinet Secretary for Parliamentary Business and Government Strategy, departing from this role on 5 September 2012.
Crawford was Convener of the Referendum (Scotland) Bill Committee 25 October 2012 – 29 October 2014 and then Convener of the Devolution (Further Powers) Committee 29 October 2014 – 23 March 2016.
Return to backbenches
Crawford was re-elected in the 2016 election. On 18 February 2020, he announced that he would stand down as an MSP at the 2021 election.
Personal life
Crawford and his wife, Jacqueline, have three sons.
See also
Government of the 3rd Scottish Parliament
Government of the 4th Scottish Parliament
References
External links
Bruce Crawford MSP personal web site
Bruce Crawford MSP Bannockburn SNP website details on Bruce Crawford
1955 births
Living people
People from Perth, Scotland
Scottish National Party councillors
Ministers of the Scottish Government
Scottish National Party MSPs
Members of the Scottish Parliament 1999–2003
Members of the Scottish Parliament 2003–2007
Members of the Scottish Parliament 2007–2011
Members of the Scottish Parliament 2011–2016
Members of the Scottish Parliament 2016–2021 |
Pádraig Coyne (born 9 March 1960) is a retired Irish Gaelic footballer who played as a goalkeeper with the Galway senior team and his local club Milltown.
Coyne attended St Colman's College, Claremorris where he helped the school to win their first and only Hogan Cup in 1977, playing as full-back. He won an All-Ireland Minor Football Championship with Galway in 1976 and was an All-Ireland Under 21 Football Championship runner-up in 1981 following a defeat to Cork after a replay. Coyne joined the Galway senior team the same year in 1981, winning the National Football League in his first season with the county. He played for Galway in the 1983 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final; however, they were beaten by Dublin. Coyne won an All-Ireland Junior Football Championship with Galway in 1985. With this, he has played in an All-Ireland football final in every possible grade for his county.
College
Pádraig Coyne lived on the Mayo border town of Milltown and attended St Colman's College, Claremorris. He had several successes there, winning Connacht titles at First Year, Juvenile and Junior levels before going on to win at Senior level also, defeating close rivals St. Jarlath's College, Tuam in the 1977 final.
Centering the defence at full-back, Coyne played a role in helping Colman's to go on to the Hogan Cup final. There they met Carmelite College, Moate. Colman's managed to edge the win 1-11 to 1-10, securing their first and only to date Hogan Cup win.
Inter-County
Minor and Under-21
Coyne first appeared on the Galway scene as a sixteen year old minor in 1976. Galway walked their way through the Connacht Minor Final, defeating Sligo 6-16 to 3-3. In the All-Ireland final, Galway met Cork in the final whom they defeated 1-10 to 0-6.
His second season with the minor team wasn't as successful, however, with Galway failing even to reach the Connacht final. His third and final season in 1978 ended with Galway being defeated by Mayo in the Connacht final 2-6 to 0-4 as Coyne played at full-back.
Coyne won a Connacht Under-21 Football Championship medal in 1981 when Galway beat Mayo 0-9 to 0-8. Galway would reach the All-Ireland final facing Cork, drawing 0-14 to 2-8. The final would be a memorable one for Coyne however, as he became the first goalkeeper to score a goal in an All-Ireland final, converting from the penalty spot. Injuries plagued Galway in the replay however with Cork running out winners 2-9 to 1-6.
Senior
Coyne joined the Galway senior panel at the early age of nineteen. He soon found success picking up a National Football League for the 1980-81 season with Galway overcoming Roscommon in an all-Connacht final.
His first Connacht Senior Football Championship win came the following year when Galway beat Mayo 3-17 to 0-10 in the 1982 final. Galway would be beaten by eventual champions Offaly in the All-Ireland Semi-Final.
Coyne won his second Connacht Senior medal the following year with Galway beating Mayo again 1-13 to 1-10. Galway would go on to reach the 1983 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final but would go down to Dublin's "Dirty Dozen" in the infamous "Game of Shame". Galway had one player sent off while Dublin had three dismissed, a record for an All-Ireland Final. The game was even more forgettable for Coyne as he was famously lobbed by Barney Rock from forty yards out as Dublin won 1-10 to 1-8. It was Coyne's last championship game for Galway.
Coyne would later play for the Galway Junior team, winning an All-Ireland Junior Football Championship in 1985, completing a unique record of playing in an All-Ireland final at every grade for his county.
Pádraig Coyne has also represented Connacht in the Railway Cup.
Club
Coyne made his senior championship debut for Milltown in 1977. His greatest success with the club came in 1981 when the North Galway side defeated St. Grellan's of Ballinasloe in the Galway Senior Football Championship final. Coyne played in three other county finals for Milltown in 1978, 1986 and 1987 but ended up on the losing side in each. He made his final championship appearance for Milltown in 1992 making 34 appearances in that time.
Honours
Milltown
Galway Senior Football Championship : (1) 1981
Runner-up : (3) 1978, 1986, 1987
St Colman's College, Claremorris
Connacht Colleges Senior Football Championship : (1) 1977
Hogan Cup : (1) 1977
Galway
Connacht Minor Football Championship : (1) 1976
Runner-up : (1) 1978
All-Ireland Minor Football Championship : (1) 1976
Connacht Under-21 Football Championship : (1) 1981
National Football League : (1) 1980-81
Connacht Senior Football Championship : (2) 1982, 1983
All-Ireland Junior Football Championship : (1) 1985
References
1960 births
Living people
Gaelic football goalkeepers
Galway inter-county Gaelic footballers
Milltown Gaelic footballers |
Zubair Ahmad Khan served as an acting vice-chancellor of University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore (UET), from October 16, 2014 to December 17, 2014. He was succeeded by Fazal Ahmad Khalid.
Khan is currently working as a professor at the Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore. He specializes in the area of remote monitoring, data acquisition, metering and protection of power and industrial system. Zubair is also affiliated with the Al-Khwarizmi Institute of Computer Sciences as a Consultant.
As a principal investigator, Khan won the US Aid Grant and various NTDC Wapda Grants. In 1975, he earned his B.Sc. in Electrical Engineering from the University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore with specialization in telecommunications. He completed his M.Sc. in Electrical Engineering from UET in 1985. Zubair started his career as a lecturer at the Department of Electrical Engineering at UET in 1977. For his postgraduate studies, he traveled to England to join the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (UMIST) and completed his master's and Ph.D. in 1987 and 1990 respectively.
In addition to his teaching services, Khan has served on the following key assignments at the University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore.
Dean, Department of Electrical Engineering
Chairman, Department of Electrical Engineering
Senior Warden, Halls of residences
Director Studies
In charge Coordination MNS-UET, Multan
Member Syndicate - Dean
Research
Khan has published more than 30 research papers in the field of remote metering, data acquisition, energy management systems and e-infrastructure development in journals like IEEE, Sensor technologies and application (SENSORCOMM'09) and Open source systems and technologies (ICOSST), 2013. His most popular research on load monitoring for nonlinear devices has been cited 33 times in other researches.
References
Pakistani educators |
Alan Lee (1954 – 19 December 2015) was a prolific British writer and author on cricket and horse racing.
He was the cricket correspondent at The Times from 1988 to 1999, and from 1999, the horse-racing correspondent. He authored many books on cricket, including biographies, co-written with the subjects, of David Lloyd, David Gower and Tony Greig. In the field of racing, he wrote a 2002 biography of the jockey Richard Johnson.
In 2001, Lee won the SJA Sports Writer of the Year and the Racing Journalist of the Year awards. He was named the Racing Journalist of the Year again in 2003. He headed London Times' cricket coverage from 1988 to 1999 between the stints of two of the biggest names in cricket journalism in the second half of 20th century : John Woodcock was Times' Cricket Correspondent from 1954 to 1988, and Christopher Martin-Jenkins from 1999 to 2008.
Lee underwent heart surgery on 6 November 2015 and was expected to make a full recovery. He attended Ascot on 18 December where he was reportedly in "sparkling form". Lee died unexpectedly the following day, aged 61.
References
1954 births
2015 deaths
The Times people
British male journalists
British sportswriters
British horse racing writers and broadcasters
Cricket historians and writers |
This is a complete list of members of the United States House of Representatives during the 40th United States Congress listed by seniority.
As an historical article, the districts and party affiliations listed reflect those during the 40th Congress (March 4, 1867 – March 3, 1869). Current seats and party affiliations on the List of current members of the United States House of Representatives by seniority will be different for certain members.
Seniority depends on the date on which members were sworn into office. Since many members are sworn in on the same day, subsequent ranking is based on previous congressional service of the individual and then by alphabetical order by the last name of the congressman.
Committee chairmanship in the House is often associated with seniority. However, party leadership is typically not associated with seniority.
Note: The "*" indicates that the representative/delegate may have served one or more non-consecutive terms while in the House of Representatives of the United States Congress.
U.S. House seniority list
Delegates
See also
40th United States Congress
List of United States congressional districts
List of United States senators in the 40th Congress by seniority
References
United States Congressional Elections 1788-1997, by Michael J. Dubin (McFarland and Company 1998)
External links
Office of the Clerk of the United States House of Representatives
40 |
The Localist Bloc of Melilla (; BLM) was a Spanish electoral alliance formed to contest the 2000 general election in Melilla by the parties forming the incumbent local government, the Independent Liberal Group (GIL), Coalition for Melilla (CpM) and the Independent Party of Melilla (PIM). While the alliance placed second ahead of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) with 6,514 votes and 24.8% of the share, it failed well short of winning Melilla's single seat from the People's Party (PP) and was disbanded shortly thereafter.
References
2000 establishments in Spain
2000 disestablishments in Spain
Political parties established in 2000
Political parties disestablished in 2000
Political parties in Melilla |
El Aouana is a district in Jijel Province, Algeria. It was named after its capital, El Aouana.
Municipalities
The district is further divided into 2 municipalities:
El Aouana
Selma Benziada |
Romsey railway station serves the town of Romsey in Hampshire, England. It is on the Wessex Main Line, at the junction for the Eastleigh to Romsey Line, from . The station is a Grade II listed building.
History
Romsey station was built by the London and South Western Railway on its line from Eastleigh to Salisbury and opened on 1 March 1847. It became a junction in 1865 when the Andover and Redbridge Railway (also known as the Sprat and Winkle Line) was opened: this joined the earlier route just east of the station before diverging again at Kimbridge Junction, a short distance to the north, en route to . The subway connecting the two platforms was added in 1887. The waiting room has a collection of framed photographs from earliest times through to the mid-20th century. The signal box has been preserved and can be visited.
The Andover line fell victim to the Beeching Axe in September 1964, and the Eastleigh route closed to passengers in May 1969. The Eastleigh line remained open for freight traffic and as a diversionary route. The line to Eastleigh via Chandlers Ford regained regular passenger services in May 2003.
Previously managed by Great Western Railway, the station was transferred to South Western Railway in April 2020.
Services
South Western Railway operates a "figure of six" service running from Salisbury to Romsey and Southampton via , then to and back to Romsey via . Care needs to be taken when consulting the on-platform electronic displays - a train indicated to Redbridge will call first at Chandler's Ford and then become a train to Salisbury as it travels around the loop. Similarly a train indicated to Chandler's Ford will call first at Redbridge and then travel around the loop back to Romsey.
Great Western Railway runs services south-eastward to Southampton Central, Portsmouth Harbour, and north-westward to Salisbury, Bristol Temple Meads, Worcester Foregate Street, and Cardiff Central.
References
External links
Three Rivers Rail Partnership
Railway stations in Hampshire
DfT Category E stations
Former London and South Western Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1847
Railway stations served by Great Western Railway
Railway stations served by South Western Railway
1847 establishments in England
Romsey |
John W. Carr (January 1, 1887 – death date unknown) was an American Negro league first baseman between 1918 and 1920.
A native of Kentucky, Carr played for the Dayton Marcos in 1918 and again in 1920. In three recorded games, he was hitless with one walk in seven plate appearances.
References
External links
and Seamheads
1887 births
Place of birth missing
Year of death missing
Place of death missing
Dayton Marcos players |
"Désert" is Émilie Simon's debut single, released in October 2002. The song was a huge success both critically and commercially in her homeland. In the United States, a single for the English version was released in late 2006.
Music video
The music video features Émilie Simon sitting on a bed under a lamp. She then pulls out long vines and flowers from a cut in her skin. In the end, a stranger sews back her skin with a needle and a thread. Same music videos were shot for both versions, French and English.
It was directed by Philippe André and produced by Wanda.
Track list
CD single
"Désert" (French version)
"Desert" (English version)
CD maxi-single
"Desert" (English version)
"Desert (Avril puzzle mix)"
"Desert (Leila remix)"
"Désert" (French version)
"Désert (Thievery Corporation remix)"
Notes
2002 singles
2006 singles
Émilie Simon songs
2002 songs
Barclay (record label) singles |
The Baltimore River is a river in Michigan. It originates in Ontonagon County and flows into the Middle Branch of the Ontonagon River and thence into Lake Superior. The O Kun de Kun Falls are located on the river.
See also
List of rivers of Michigan
References
Rivers of Michigan
Rivers of Ontonagon County, Michigan
Tributaries of Lake Superior |
```javascript
/**
* @license Apache-2.0
*
*
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
*/
'use strict';
var zeros = require( '@stdlib/array/zeros' );
var zeroTo = require( '@stdlib/array/base/zero-to' );
var logEach = require( '@stdlib/console/log-each' );
var cosine = require( './../lib' );
// Specify a PRNG seed:
var opts = {
'seed': 1234
};
// Create an array:
var x1 = zeros( 10, 'float64' );
// Create a list of indices:
var idx = zeroTo( x1.length );
// Fill the array with pseudorandom numbers:
cosine( x1.length, [ 2.0 ], 0, [ 5.0 ], 0, x1, 1, opts );
// Create a second array:
var x2 = zeros( 10, 'generic' );
// Fill the array with the same pseudorandom numbers:
cosine( x2.length, [ 2.0 ], 0, [ 5.0 ], 0, x2, 1, opts );
// Print the array contents:
logEach( 'x1[%d] = %.2f; x2[%d] = %.2f', idx, x1, idx, x2 );
``` |
is the greatest hits album by Japanese group Greeeen, released on November 25, 2009. There is a limited edition of the album, Super Dest!? Box, which has the bonus Compact Disc NG Dest!?.
Imamade no A Men, B Men Desuto!? debuted at No. 1 on Oricon weekly charts. The album received Triple Platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ) for its shipment of 750,000 copies.
Track listing
Disc One: A Men Dest
Michi (道, Road)
High G.K Low (HIGH G.K LOW〜ハジケロ〜)
Ai Uta (愛唄, Love Song)
Hito (人, Human)
Be Free
Namidazora (涙空, Teary Sky)
Tabidachi (旅立ち, Departure)
Kiseki (キセキ, Miracle)
Tobira (扉, Door)
Fuyu no Aru Hi no Uta (冬のある日の唄, The Song of A Day in Winter)
Ayumi (歩み, Walk)
Setsuna (刹那, Moment)
Haruka (遥か, Far and Away)
Disc Two: B Men Dest
Kizuna (絆, Bond)
Dream
Unity
Machi (街, Town)
Tōzainanboku (東西南北, North, South, East and West)
Rookies (ルーキーズ)
Kimiomoi (君想い, Thinking of You)
Shōnen ga yue no Jonetsu (少年が故の情熱, Ebullience because of being A Boy)
Anokoro Kara (あの頃から, From That Day)
Ameagari (アメアガリ, After the Rain)
Koe (声, Voice)
Charts
References
2009 compilation albums
Greeeen albums |
Jandek is the musical alias of Sterling Smith, a Houston, Texas based American lo-fi folk singer. Since 1978, Jandek has independently released over 45 albums while granting very few interviews and providing no biographical information, releasing on a self-made label "Corwood Industries". Jandek often plays an idiosyncratic and frequently atonal form of folk and blues music, frequently using an open and unconventional chord structure. Allmusic has described him as "the most enigmatic figure in American music".
History
A review of the debut album Ready for the House (1978) in OP magazine, the first ever national press given to Jandek, referred to the artist as Sterling Smith. Smith has kept his personal history secret, revealing only one story about his pre-Corwood years: he wrote seven novels but burned them upon rejection from New York publishers.
In a 1985 interview with John Trubee for Spin, Smith mentioned that he was working at that time as a machinist. Only a year later, Smith became reclusive and no longer gave interviews.
Jandek's first album, Ready for the House, though a solo work, was originally credited to a band called The Units. Smith was forced to change the name The Units by an identically named Californian group already in possession of a trademark on the name. All reissues of this first album and all subsequent Corwood releases have been credited to "Jandek". In Trubee's interview, Smith claims he came up with the name Jandek while on the telephone with a person named Decker during the month of January. Nirvana frontman Kurt Cobain discussed Jandek in a 1993 interview, stating "He's not pretentious, but only pretentious people like his music.
In 1999, Texas Monthly reporter Katy Vine interviewed a man she believed to be Jandek, though he refused to identify himself, and although familiar with Jandek's music, refused to discuss it. In 2003, filmmaker Chad Freidrichs released a documentary, Jandek on Corwood, which contained no interviews with Jandek but was put together with "a representative of Corwood Industries".
On October 17, 2004, at the Instal Festival in Glasgow, Scotland, an unannounced and unidentified act (playing alongside bassist Richard Youngs and drummer Alex Neilson) performed at the festival. This was later confirmed to be Jandek in his first live performance. Jandek has since made numerous live performances, usually unannounced in advance.
Discography
This is the discography of Corwood Industries; the record company releases only albums by Jandek.
0739: Ready for the House (1978)
0740: Six and Six (1981)
0741: Later On (1981)
0742: Chair Beside a Window (1982)
0743: Living in a Moon So Blue (1982)
0744: Staring at the Cellophane (1982)
0745: Your Turn to Fall (1983)
0746: The Rocks Crumble (1983)
0747: Interstellar Discussion (1984)
0748: Nine-Thirty (1985)
0749: Foreign Keys (1985)
0750: Telegraph Melts (1986)
0751: Follow Your Footsteps (1986)
0752: Modern Dances (1987)
0753: Blue Corpse (1987)
0754: You Walk Alone (1988)
0755: On the Way (1988)
0756: The Living End (1989)
0757: Somebody in the Snow (1990)
0758: One Foot in the North (1991)
0759: Lost Cause (1992)
0760: Twelfth Apostle (1993)
0761: Graven Image (1994)
0762: Glad to Get Away (1994)
0763: White Box Requiem (1996)
0764: I Woke Up (1997)
0765: New Town (1998)
0766: The Beginning (1999)
0767: Put My Dream on This Planet (2000)
0768: This Narrow Road (2001)
0769: Worthless Recluse (2001)
0770: I Threw You Away (2002)
0771: The Humility of Pain (2002)
0772: The Place (2003)
0773: The Gone Wait (2003)
0774: Shadow of Leaves (2004)
0775: The End of It All (2004)
0776: The Door Behind (2004)
0777: A Kingdom He Likes (2004)
0778: When I Took That Train (2005)
0779: Glasgow Sunday (2005) (rec. October 17, 2004)
0780: Raining Down Diamonds (2005)
0781: Khartoum (2005)
0782: Khartoum Variations (2006)
0783: Newcastle Sunday (2006) 2CD (rec. May 22, 2005)
0784: What Else Does the Time Mean? (2006)
0785: Glasgow Monday (2006) 2CD (rec. May 23, 2005)
0786: Austin Sunday (2006) 2CD (rec. August 28, 2005)
0787: The Ruins of Adventure (2006)
0788: Manhattan Tuesday (2007) 2CD (rec. September 6, 2005)
0789: Brooklyn Wednesday (2007) 4CD (rec. September 7, 2005)
0790: The Myth of Blue Icicles (2008)
0791: Glasgow Friday (2008) (rec. October 14, 2005)
0792: Glasgow Sunday 2005 (2008) (rec. October 16, 2005)
0793: London Tuesday (2008) (rec. October 18, 2005)
0794: Skirting the Edge (2008)
0795: Hasselt Saturday (2009) (rec. November 12, 2005)
0796: Helsinki Saturday (2009) (rec. November 19, 2005)
0797: Not Hunting For Meaning (2009)
0798: Portland Thursday (2009) 2CD (rec. April 20, 2006)
0799: What Was Out There Disappeared (2009)
0800: Camber Sands Sunday (2009) (rec. May 14, 2006)
0801: Bristol Wednesday (2010) 2CD (rec. May 17, 2006)
0802: Canticle of Castaway (2010)
0803: Toronto Sunday (2010) 2CD (rec. September 17, 2006)
0804: Chicago Wednesday (2010) 2CD (rec. September 20, 2006)
0805: Where Do You Go From Here? (2011)
0806: Seattle Friday (2011) 2CD (rec. October 27, 2006)
0807: Indianapolis Saturday (2012) 2CD / (2023) DVD (rec. December 9, 2006)
0808: Maze of the Phantom (2012) 2CD
0809: Atlanta Saturday (2012) 2CD (rec. February 17, 2007)
0810: Richmond Sunday (2012) 2CD (rec. March 11, 2007)
0811: The Song of Morgan (2013) 9CD
0812: Athens Saturday (2013) 2CD (rec. July 28, 2012)
0813: Houston Saturday (2014) CD / (2022) DVD (rec. June 1, 2013)
0814: Ghost Passing (2014) 6CD (rec. February 14, 2009)
0815: Houston Saturday 2011 (2014) (rec. December 17, 2011)
0816: St. Louis Friday (2015) DVD / (2015) 2CD (rec. March 21, 2014)
0817: Brussels Saturday (2015) DVD / (2015) CD (rec. April 19, 2014)
0818: Houston Thursday (2015) DVD / (2016) CD (rec. July 12, 2012)
0819: Los Angeles Saturday (2015) DVD / (2021) CD (rec. May 24, 2014)
0820: Dublin Friday (2016) CD / (2017) DVD (rec. June 13, 2008)
0821: London Residency (2017) DVD / (2017) 6CD (rec. February 14–16, 2014)
0822: New Orleans Monday (2016) CD / (2017) DVD (rec. March 16, 2009)
0823: Austin Tuesday (2017) DVD / (2017) CD (rec. February 16, 2016)
0824: Dallas Thursday (2017) CD / (2017) DVD (rec. May 19, 2016)
0825: Houston Friday (2017) 2CD / (2017) DVD (rec. January 6, 2017)
0826: San Francisco Friday (2018) 2CD / (2018) DVD (rec. October 9, 2015)
0827: Hamman Hall (2018) 2CD / (2018) DVD (rec. April 21, 2017)
0828: Houston Tuesday (2018) 2CD / (2018) DVD (rec. October 20, 2015)
0829: Los Angeles Friday (2018) DVD / (2018) 2CD (rec. August 5, 2016)
0830: London Thursday (2018) 2CD (rec. April 4, 2013)
0831: Gainesville Monday (2019) DVD (Rec. December 1, 2008)
0832: The Ray (2019) CD
0833: Austin Sunday 2007 (2019) CD / (2019) DVD (rec. March 17, 2007)
0834: Berlin Sunday (2020) DVD / (2020) CD (rec. November 12, 2017)
0835: Manhattan Saturday (2020) 3CD / (2020) DVD (rec. April 14, 2007)
0836: Boston Friday (2020) 2CD / (2022) DVD (rec. June 8, 2007)
0837: Montreal Sunday (2020) 2CD / (2020) DVD (rec. June 24, 2007)
0838: Fort Worth Saturday (2020) 2CD / (2020) DVD (rec. July 21, 2007)
0839: Rudyard's (2020) DVD / (2020) CD (rec. April 5, 2009)
0840: Grinnell Saturday (2020) 2CD (rec. October 6, 2007)
0841: Amsterdam Saturday (2020) CD (rec. November 10, 2007)
0842: Aarhus Sunday (2020) 2CD (rec. November 11, 2007)
0843: San Francisco Saturday (2020) 2CD / (2021) DVD (rec. January 12, 2008)
0844: Austin Saturday (2021) CD (rec. March 15, 2008)
0845: Philadelphia Saturday (2021) 2CD / (2021) DVD (rec. April 12, 2008)
0846: Ann Arbor Saturday (2021) 2CD (rec. May 17, 2008)
0847: London Sunday (2021) 2CD / (2021) DVD (rec. June 15, 2008)
0848: London Monday (2021) CD (rec. June 16, 2008)
0849: Denver Friday (2021) DVD / (2021) 2CD (rec. July 25, 2008)
0850: Columbus Friday (2021) 2CD (rec. October 10, 2008)
0851: The Mountain Step]] (2021) CD
0852: Porto Saturday (2021) 2CD (rec. January 10, 2009)
0853: Chapel Hill Sunday (2022) 2CD / (2022) DVD (rec. February 22, 2009)
0854: Motion Energy (2021) 2CD
0855: Manhattan Thursday (2022) 2CD (rec. April 23, 2009)
0856: Diverseworks (2022) 2CD / (2022) DVD (rec. May 3, 2009)
0857: Northern Ireland July (2023) 5CD / 1DVD (rec. July 19-22, 2009)
0858: The Wizards Hour (2023) CD
0859: Brooklyn Sunday (2023) 2CD (rec. September 6, 2009)
0860: Tilburg Saturday (2022) CD (rec. September 19, 2009)
0862: Vienna Wednesday (2023) 2CD (rec. October 14, 2009)
0865: Baltimore Saturday (2023) 2CD (rec. November 14, 2009)
Bibliography
0127: The Rays Of Light That Did Not Illumine (poetry, 2021)
References
External links
Corwood Industries Website
Jandek on NPR, December 10, 2007
Living people
American male singer-songwriters
Outsider musicians
Musicians from Houston
1945 births
American folk guitarists
American folk musicians
20th-century American singer-songwriters
21st-century American singer-songwriters
American blues guitarists
American experimental guitarists
American male guitarists
American rock guitarists
Guitarists from Texas
20th-century American guitarists
20th-century American male singers
21st-century American male singers
Singer-songwriters from Texas |
Tyrell Fuimaono (born 6 March 1996) is an Australian professional rugby league footballer who plays as a and forward for the St. George Illawarra Dragons in the National Rugby League (NRL).
He previously played for the South Sydney Rabbitohs and the Penrith Panthers in the NRL, and at representative level for the Indigenous All Stars.
Early life
Fuimaono was born in Penrith, New South Wales, Australia. He is of Indigenous Australian (Wiradjuri) and Samoan and Tokelau descent.
He played his junior rugby league for St Marys Saints, and was selected to represent the Australian Schoolboys while attending Patrician Brothers' College, Blacktown in 2014.
Playing career
2016
Fuimaono was signed by the Parramatta Eels, playing for their S. G. Ball Cup and National Youth Competition teams. He was named on the interchange bench in the 2016 NYC team of the year.
2017
Fuimaono joined South Sydney in 2017.
Before making his NRL Debut, Fuimaono played the first half of the 2017 season in the NSW Cup with the North Sydney Bears and made a total of 8 appearances. Fuimaono made his NRL debut for Souths in their match against the Wests Tigers on 12 May. Fuimaono finished the season playing 15 games without missing a match since his debut, scoring 2 tries.
2018
Fuimaono only made 5 appearances for Souths as the player struggled with injuries and did not feature in Souths finals campaign.
2019
In 2019, Fuimaono signed a contract to join the Penrith Panthers after being released by South Sydney at the end of 2018.
Fuimaono made his debut for Penrith against Parramatta in round 1 of the 2019 NRL season which ended in a 20-12 loss. On 16 September 2019, Fuimaono was one of ten players named who were being released by the Penrith club at the end of the 2019 NRL season.
2020
On 7 January 2020, Fuimaono signed a two-year deal for St. George Illawarra which be applicable for the 2020 and 2021 seasons.
In round 11 of the 2020 NRL season, he scored his first try for St. George Illawarra in a 28-24 loss to rivals Cronulla-Sutherland at Kogarah Oval.
Fuimaono played 17 games for St. George Illawarra in the 2020 NRL season as the club finished 13th on the table and missed out on the finals.
2021
In round 10 of the 2021 NRL season, Fuimaono was sent off in the club's 44-18 loss against Melbourne after a high tackle on Melbourne's Ryan Papenhuyzen. On 17 May 2021, Fuimaono was suspended for five matches by the NRL judiciary for his tackle on Papenhuyzen.
He played a total of 17 matches for St. George Illawarra in the 2021 NRL season as the club finished 11th on the table and missed out on the finals.
2022
On 20 February during St. George Illawarra’s first pre-season trial match, Fuimaono was placed on report and sent to the sin-bin for a hip-drop tackle on Parramatta's Haze Dunster which ruled the player out of the entire 2022 NRL season. Fuimaono was subsequently suspended for five matches with an early guilty plea to a grade 3 dangerous contact charge.
Statistics
*denotes season still competing
Controversy
On 11 June 2019, Fuimaono was handed a 12-month good behaviour bond at court after pleading guilty to hindering police. The sentence was handed down in relation to an incident which happened in 2018 when Fuimaono tried to prevent police from arresting his cousin following a brawl on Oxford Street in Sydney's CBD.
On 5 July 2021, he was fined $12,000 by the NRL and suspended for one game after breaching the game's Covid-19 biosecurity protocols when he attended a party along with 12 other St. George Illawarra players at Paul Vaughan's property.
References
External links
St. George Illawarra Dragons profile
Penrith Panthers profile
South Sydney Rabbitohs profile
Rabbitohs profile
1996 births
Living people
Australian rugby league players
Indigenous Australian rugby league players
Australian people of Tokelauan descent
Australian sportspeople of Samoan descent
South Sydney Rabbitohs players
North Sydney Bears NSW Cup players
Junior Kangaroos players
Rugby league centres
Rugby league second-rows
Rugby league players from Penrith, New South Wales
Penrith Panthers players
St. George Illawarra Dragons players
Wiradjuri people |
```c++
//
//
// path_to_url
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
#include "paddle/fluid/framework/ir/onednn/self_attention_fuse_pass.h"
#include <string>
#include "paddle/fluid/framework/lod_tensor.h"
#include "paddle/fluid/framework/op_version_registry.h"
#include "paddle/phi/backends/cpu/cpu_info.h"
#include "paddle/phi/kernels/funcs/blas/blas.h"
#include "paddle/utils/string/pretty_log.h"
#define GET_IR_NODE(node__) GET_IR_NODE_FROM_SUBGRAPH(node__, node__, pattern);
#define GET_NODES \
GET_IR_NODE(transpose2_0_op); \
GET_IR_NODE(transpose2_0_out); \
GET_IR_NODE(slice_0_op); \
GET_IR_NODE(slice_0_out); \
GET_IR_NODE(slice_1_op); \
GET_IR_NODE(slice_1_out); \
GET_IR_NODE(slice_2_op); \
GET_IR_NODE(slice_2_out); \
GET_IR_NODE(matmul_0_op); \
GET_IR_NODE(matmul_0_out); \
GET_IR_NODE(matmul_1_op); \
GET_IR_NODE(matmul_1_out); \
GET_IR_NODE(transpose2_1_op); \
GET_IR_NODE(transpose2_1_out); \
GET_IR_NODE(softmax_op); \
GET_IR_NODE(softmax_out); \
GET_IR_NODE(transpose2_2_op); \
GET_IR_NODE(transpose2_2_out);
namespace paddle::framework::ir {
using string::PrettyLogDetail;
void SelfAttentionFusePass::ApplyImpl(ir::Graph* graph) const {
#if !defined(__AVX512F__) || !defined(PADDLE_WITH_MKLML) || \
!defined(PADDLE_WITH_DNNL)
LOG(WARNING) << "No-avx512 or MKL supported!";
return;
#endif
if (!phi::backends::cpu::MayIUse(phi::backends::cpu::cpu_isa_t::avx512f)) {
return;
}
// do something;
GraphPatternDetector gpd;
const std::string pattern_name = "self_attention_fuse";
FusePassBase::Init(pattern_name, graph);
// pattern
PDNode* x = gpd.mutable_pattern()
->NewNode("x")
->assert_is_op_input("transpose2", "X")
->AsInput();
patterns::SelfAttention pattern(gpd.mutable_pattern(), pattern_name);
pattern(x);
int fusion_count = 0;
auto handler = [&](const GraphPatternDetector::subgraph_t& subgraph,
Graph* g) {
GET_NODES;
// do something;
OpDesc desc(transpose2_0_op->Op()->Block());
desc.SetType("self_dp_attention");
desc.SetInput("X", {subgraph.at(x)->Name()});
desc.SetOutput("Out", {transpose2_2_out->Name()});
std::vector<int64_t> in_shape = subgraph.at(x)->Var()->GetShape();
std::vector<int64_t> shape = transpose2_0_out->Var()->GetShape();
// in shape should be [batch_size, seq_len, 3, num_heads, head_size]
if (in_shape.size() != 5 || in_shape[2] != 3 || shape.size() != 5 ||
shape[0] != 3 || shape[2] != in_shape[3]) {
LOG(WARNING) << "Self-attention shape mismatch!";
return;
}
desc.SetAttr("head_number", static_cast<int>(shape[2]));
float alpha = 1.0;
if (matmul_1_op->Op()->HasAttr("alpha"))
alpha = PADDLE_GET_CONST(float, matmul_1_op->Op()->GetAttr("alpha"));
desc.SetAttr("alpha", alpha);
// Create a new node for the fused op.
auto self_attention_node = graph->CreateOpNode(&desc);
// Link inputs and outputs.
PADDLE_ENFORCE_NE(subgraph.count(x),
0,
common::errors::NotFound(
"Detector did not find input x of self attention."));
IR_NODE_LINK_TO(subgraph.at(x), self_attention_node); // Input
IR_NODE_LINK_TO(self_attention_node, transpose2_2_out); // Output
// Delete the unneeded nodes.
std::unordered_set<const Node*> marked_nodes({transpose2_0_op,
transpose2_0_out,
slice_0_op,
slice_0_out,
slice_1_op,
slice_1_out,
slice_2_op,
slice_2_out,
matmul_0_op,
matmul_0_out,
matmul_1_op,
matmul_1_out,
transpose2_1_op,
transpose2_1_out,
softmax_op,
softmax_out,
transpose2_2_op});
GraphSafeRemoveNodes(graph, marked_nodes);
++fusion_count;
};
gpd(graph, handler);
AddStatis(fusion_count);
if (!Has("disable_logs") || !Get<bool>("disable_logs")) {
PrettyLogDetail(
"--- fused %d self attention (of scaled_dp_attention) with %s",
fusion_count,
pattern_name);
}
}
} // namespace paddle::framework::ir
REGISTER_PASS(self_attention_fuse_pass,
paddle::framework::ir::SelfAttentionFusePass);
REGISTER_PASS_CAPABILITY(self_attention_fuse_pass)
.AddCombination(
paddle::framework::compatible::OpVersionComparatorCombination()
.EQ("transpose2", 0)
.EQ("slice", 0)
.EQ("scale", 0)
.EQ("softmax", 0)
.EQ("matmul_v2", 0));
``` |
Freek Jacobus Vonk (born 24 February 1983) is a Dutch biologist who specializes in herpetology with a special interest in snake venom. He travels the world in search of the most spectacular and bizarre creatures. He has been bitten by a number of venomous snakes, almost lost his arm due to a Caribbean reef shark bite and has housed several parasites in his own body.
Biography
Science
Vonk was born in Dordrecht, Netherlands. When he was a 22-year-old student, he was cited in an article of the Dutch television programme Noorderlicht. In 2006 he was a co-author of an article in Nature. He wrote his first own article in Litteratura Serpentium in 2007 and he was nominated for the Academische Jaarprijs (Academic Year Prize). In 2008, he was granted a scholarship for top talent of €180,000 by the Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (The Dutch science foundation).
Prof. Dr. Freek Vonk studied biology at Leiden University where he specialised in the evolutionary biology of reptiles, resulting in a PhD on Snake evolution and prospecting of snake venom. He was awarded the prestigious Eureka prize in science communication, for his contribution in increasing the knowledge and involvement of the general public in science. He advanced as a postdoctoral researcher at the Molecular Ecology and Evolution Group at Bangor University, sequencing and studying the genomes and transcriptomes of the king cobra. He continued this work at the Naturalis Biodiversity Center in Leiden, including the genomes of the Malayan pit viper. Over the years he has published articles in many scientific journals including Nature, Cell, and PNAS.
In 2020 he was appointed endowed professor of Evolutionary Biochemistry at the Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. Freek is an internationally recognized expert in evolutionary molecular biology, particularly in the field of snake venom.
Media
In his early career, Vonk appeared in several television and radio programmes, including De Wereld Draait Door, GIEL and Vroege Vogels. He made television shows for National Geographic Channel and Discovery Channel. In August 2011, the Dutch television programme Uitgesproken broadcast an entire episode about Vonk and his pet rock monitor lizard Johan.
Vonk is now famous in the Netherlands for his television programs, in which he shares his love for wildlife with his viewers. For the past seven seasons, Freek has been the most popular tv host amongst children, because of his popular documentary series Freeks Wild World. Freeks Wild World is broadcast on the Dutch public channel NPO 3, the show reaches over a million viewers per episode. Among the most highly acclaimed TV projects were three episodes of ‘DWDD University’ in which Prof. Dr. Vonk gave an hour-long lecture about venom, the evolution of animals and super senses. The shows scored over one and a half million viewers during prime time, on the largest Dutch broadcasting network.
Furthermore Freek has his own children’s magazine called “Wild van Freek” reaching ten thousands of children every month. Next to that Freek annually hosts an amazing show in AFAS Live, called Freek Vonk Live, where thousands of families come and see Freek perform every year. Since 2014, Vonk has been the ambassador of Future For Nature Foundation, a foundation that supports young, talented and ambitious conservationists committed to protecting species of wild animals and plants. He also has his own foundation that fight poaching, called No Wildlife Crime.
Scouting
On 24 September 2021 Vonk was appointed Chief Scout of Scouting Nederland, or the main ambassador and face of the organisation. Vonk is the second Chief Scout of Scouting in the Netherlands, which was founded in 1911. From 1927 to 1937, naval officer and politician Jean Jacques Rambonnet fulfilled that role with the De Nederlandsche Padvinders (NPV, "The Dutch Pathfinders").
Bibliography
Freek Jacobus Vonk: Snake evolution and prospecting of snake venom. Leiden University, 2012. Online version
References
1983 births
Living people
Dutch herpetologists
Dutch television presenters
Leiden University alumni
Scientists from Dordrecht
Scouting and Guiding in the Netherlands
21st-century Dutch people |
H Street is a set of east–west streets in several of the quadrants of Washington, D.C. It is also used as an alternate name for the Near Northeast neighborhood, as H Street NW/NE is the neighborhood's main commercial strip.
History
In the 19th century, H Street around North Capitol was the center of a small settlement called Swampoodle which became an entire neighborhood by the 1850s. It played an important role in the construction of Washington, D.C. by providing the workforce needed to build projects such as Union Station.
H Street was separated in two with the railway track where it intersected with Delaware Avenue when Union Station started to be built in 1907. This split created distinct neighborhoods east and west of the railway which have grown independently. In 1902, it was originally planned that H street NE would be cut for at Delaware Avenue. Thanks to involvement of the Northeast Washington Citizens' Association, the plan was changed to having a tunnel built to retain the connection between the two sides of the track.
The H Street NE/NW neighborhood was one of Washington's earliest and busiest commercial districts, and was the location of the first Sears Roebuck store in Washington. H Street NE went into decline after World War II and businesses in the corridor were severely damaged during the 1968 riots. This part of the street did not start to recover until the 21st century.
In 2002, the District of Columbia Office of Planning initiated a community-based planning effort to help revitalize the H Street NE corridor. Because it is nearly long, the resulting H Street NE Strategic Strategic Development Plan divided H Street into three districts: the Urban Living district (between 2nd and 7th Streets NE), the Central Retail District (between 7th and 12th Streets NE), and the Arts and Entertainment District (between 12th and 15th Streets NE).
In the mid-2000s, the Arts and Entertainment District began to revitalize as a nightlife district. The Atlas Theater, a Moderne-style 1930s movie theater that had languished since the 1968 riots—was refurbished as a dance studio and performance space where Mosaic Theater Company of DC and Step Afrika! are in residence, and is now the anchor of what is now being called the Atlas District. Live music venues, such as the Red and the Black and the Rock & Roll Hotel; and restaurants and bars such as the Argonaut, Dangerously Delicious Pies, Showbar Presents the Palace of Wonders, the Pug, and Sticky Rice.
H Street NE rapidly re-developed after 2007. The same forces that led to the redevelopment of the neighboring NoMa neighborhood acted on the H St NE neighborhood The median sales price of houses on or near H Street NW from July to September 2009 was $417,000. H Street NE was voted the sixth-most hipster place in America by Forbes magazine in September 2012. This process of gentrification led to tensions with some previous residents, who felt that they were becoming less welcome as the neighborhood changed and worried about being priced out.
As H Street NE continued to develop, its annual neighborhood festival, the H St Festival has grown into the largest neighborhood celebration in the city. It is often chronicled in DC news outlets such as these articles from 2008 2010 2016 2017 2018 2019.
H Street NE is also home to the country's first American Sign Language friendly Starbucks location on the 600 block of H St NE due to its location in the vicinity of Gallaudet University.
Route
H Street NW
In Northwest Washington, H Street is the main street in Chinatown and one of the major east-west streets downtown. When Pennsylvania Avenue in front of the White House was closed to vehicular traffic in the 1990s, crosstown traffic that had formerly used Pennsylvania Avenue was rerouted to H and I streets. The street also passes Lafayette Park and through the George Washington University campus and the Foggy Bottom neighborhood before terminating at Rock Creek.
H Street NE
In Northeast Washington, H Street continues uninterrupted from North Capitol Street (crossing over train tracks just north of Union Station on the "Hopscotch Bridge") to 15th Street NE, where it terminates in what is known as the "starburst intersection", where it meets Bladensburg Road, 15th Street, Benning Road, Maryland Avenue, and Florida Avenue.
After this intersection, there is a gap of two blocks where the street is interrupted by Hechinger Mall. H Street continues for a short segment between 17th and 24th Streets NE as part of the Carver Langston neighborhood. The road does not continue east of the Anacostia River.
The H Street Corridor is the part running from 2nd Street NE to Starburst Plaza and is also known as the Atlas District and Near Northeast. It includes the part north of H Street NE to Florida Ave NE and south to F Street NE. The second portion of H Street (after Starburst Plaza) is not considered part of the H Street Corridor.
Some of the significant buildings included:
1872: the Home for the Aged Men and Women on H Street NE between 2nd and 3rd Street NE.
1897: the Northeast Temple and Market at 1119-1123 H Street NE, an indoor marketplace and a Masonic Temple. The first buildings electrified on H Street NE. It was demolished and replaced by another smaller building.
1913: the Apollo Theater at 624-634 H Street NE. It was replaced by the Ourisman Chevrolet Service Center. Today, the "Apollo" building stands there.
1938: the Atlas Theater at 1313-33 H Street NE. A former movie theater repurposed as a Performing Art Center. This building was an important part in the revitalization of the neighborhood.
H Streets SW and SE
The city plan on which D.C. was laid out provides for a parallel H Street in the southwest and southeast quadrants of the city. Subsequent government actions, most notably the construction of I-395/I-295, disconnected the southern H Street in several places. In its current form, it does not run consecutively for more than two blocks at any point except for its easternmost extremity, near Fort Dupont Park.
Notable residents
Notable residents who lived on H Street include:
George B. McClellan, on the south side, between 4th and 5th Streets NW (now occupied by the Government Accountability Office)
Phil Radford, Greenpeace Executive Director
Mary Surratt, near the southwest corner of Sixth Street NW (now occupied by Wok N Roll restaurant)
Anthony A. Williams, D.C. mayor from 1999 to 2007
Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton, wife of Alexander Hamilton
Jewel Lewis-Hall, owner of the famous Michael Jackson house
References
Notes
Citations
Bibliography
External links
H Street Live! | Community Organization
H Street NE Strategic Development Plan
What H Street Looked Like in 1947
Streets in Washington, D.C.
Shopping districts and streets in the United States
Neighborhoods in Northeast (Washington, D.C.)
Near Northeast (Washington, D.C.) |
Nicholas Brend (c. 1560 – 12 October 1601) was an English landowner who inherited from his father the land on which the Globe Theatre was built, and on 21 February 1599 leased it to Cuthbert Burbage, Richard Burbage, William Shakespeare, Augustine Phillips, Thomas Pope, John Heminges, and William Kempe. He died two years later, leaving the property on which the Globe was built to his infant son, Matthew Brend, who did not come of age until 6 February 1621.
Family
Nicholas Brend, born between 22 September 1560 and 21 September 1561, was a younger son of Thomas Brend (c. 1516 – 21 September 1598) of West Molesey, Surrey, a London scrivener. Thomas Brend's social standing was initially modest; however in 1591 he had been granted a coat of arms.
Nicholas Brend was the son of his father's first marriage to a woman named Margery (d. 2 June 1564), whose surname is unknown. After his first wife's death, Thomas Brend married Mercy Collet (d. 13 April 1597), widow of Francis Bodley (d.1566) of Streatham, and daughter of Humphrey Collet.
Nicholas Brend had nine siblings of the whole blood by his father's first marriage, as well as eight siblings of the half blood by his father's second marriage. However, when Thomas Brend made his will on 15 June 1597, Nicholas's only surviving siblings were his five sisters: Mary, who married Rowland Maylard and was widowed by 1601; Katherine, who married George Sayers or Seares; Anne and Judith, who died unmarried; and Mercy, who married Peter Frobisher, son of Sir Martin Frobisher.
Career
When Thomas Brend died on 21 September 1598 at the age of eighty-one, Nicholas Brend inherited a substantial estate which included the manor of West Molesey, Surrey; a house called the Star and other properties in Bread Street, London; a house at St Peter's Hill in London, and several properties in Southwark, including the site of the Globe.
Shortly after his father's death, Nicholas Brend leased part of his father's Southwark property for 31 years at a yearly rent of £14 10s to Cuthbert Burbage, Richard Burbage, William Shakespeare, Augustine Phillips, Thomas Pope, John Heminges, and William Kempe. The lease agreement took effect at Christmas 1598, although it was not signed until 21 February 1599, and ran until 25 December 1629. According to Berry:
Once the players had taken up their lease there, the Brends' property in Southwark seems to have been worth at least £90 a year clear, of which the players paid £14. 10s. 0d (16%). Their lease comprised two pieces of land separated by a lane, four gardens and various structures on one piece and three gardens and various structures on the other. Adjoining these pieces of land on both east and west were the other parts of the Brends' property, on which were numerous buildings during the whole history of the Globe. The whole property in 1601, two years after the Globe opened, comprised "small & ruinous howses" in thirty tenants' hands (two of whom represented the Globe), according to a man in whose interest it was to disparage them. In that year the whole property was described twice in legal documents as "All those messuages tenements howses edifices buildings chambers roomes playhowse gardens orchards void grounds and other lands and heredytaments Whatsoever." The tenants of these places were given as four gentlemen (including Richard Burbage and Shakespeare), two tanners, two watermen, two beerbrewers, and a dyer, armorer, baker, porter, draper, tailor, saddler, and one person whose work was unidentified.
Nicholas Brend's two unmarried sisters, Anne and Judith, both died in 1599, Judith having made her last will at the house of her uncle, John Collet, on 20 April of that year. Shortly after Thomas Brend's death, by an agreement dated 17 November 1598, Nicholas Brend purchased for £1150 the properties which Thomas Brend had left Anne and Judith in his will, including Judith's properties called the Pomegranate in Bridge Street and the Peacock in Candlewick Street. As Berry notes, this purchase put a strain on Nicholas Brend's finances.
By October 1601, when he fell mortally ill, Nicholas Brend was considerably in debt. At the time he estimated that he owed £1478. In fact his debts eventually amounted to £1715, and considering that several of his properties required repairs, the shortfall was in reality closer to £2150. To meet current expenses he had borrowed £105 from his sister, Mary Maylard, and had sold a small property in West Molesey for £340 to one of the Queen's Ladies of the Privy Chamber, Dorothy Edmonds.
Faced with these financial difficulties, in his final days he entered into a series of complicated transactions with his half brother, John Bodley of Streatham, his uncle, John Collet, and his friend, Sir Matthew Browne of Betchworth Castle, Surrey, under which Collet and Browne would act as his trustees, and under which:
Bodley would pay the debts and in return take a mortgage on the properties in Bread Street and Southwark, including, now, the Globe...So on October 7, Bodley, Collet, and Browne agreed in writing to pay the debts and Collet to give Nicholas £250 in cash. In return, Nicholas mortgaged his properties in Bread Street and Southwark to Collet and Browne for the supposed amount of the debts, £1478. On October 8 he signed a bond in which he promised to pay Collet and Browne £2500 if he did not perform the requirements of the mortgage. On October 10 he drew his will, providing among other things that Bodley and Browne should have various properties they would sell, including the house in St. Peter's Hill where all this was taking place...And on 12 October 1601, at the age of forty or forty-one, the first owner of the Globe died.
Brend's heir was his infant son, Matthew, who would not come of age until 6 February 1621. In his will Brend named his wife, Margaret, as his sole executor and left her the residue of his estate. As overseers he appointed his friend, Sir Matthew Browne, and his half brother, John Bodley. His will was proved 6 November 1601.
In about 1605 Brend's widow, Margaret, married Sir Sigismund Zinzan alias Alexander, one of Queen Elizabeth's equerries, the son of Sir Robert Zinzan (c.1547–1607). Margaret brought Sir Sigismund Zinzan a marriage portion of over £1000, which Berry suggests would have been 'raised out of Brend properties', and by him had four sons and three daughters:
Henry Zinzan, who married Jacoba, one of the daughters of Sir Peter Vanlore of Tilehurst, Berkshire.
Sigismund Zinzan.
Robert Zinzan.
Charles Zinzan, who married firstly Elizabeth Plume of Essex, secondly Elizabeth Stanton, and thirdly a daughter of one Hogg of Scotland, 'where he lives'.
John Zinzan.
Margaret Zinzan.
Elizabeth Zinzan.
Letitia Zinzan.
Subsequent history of the Globe
Nicholas Brend's overseer and trustee, Sir Matthew Browne, died within two years; he and Sir John Townshend were both killed in a duel on horseback, and in 1608 John Collet transferred his interest in the Globe and the other properties to John Bodley, who collected the rents and 'effectively owned the Globe' until Nicholas Brend's heir, Matthew Brend, came of age on 6 February 1621.
Upon reaching his majority, Matthew Brend promptly sued Sir John Bodley in the Court of Wards and Liveries in 1622 for the return of his properties, including the Globe, and although Bodley took the position that the document signed by Nicholas Brend on 10 October 1601 had been an absolute sale, the Court ruled against him, and stipulated that the properties should be returned to Matthew Brend upon payment by him of £750 to Bodley as recompense for money owed to Bodley by Nicholas Brend and for Bodley's superintendence of the properties since Nicholas Brend's death. In the winter of 1622–3 Sir Matthew Brend sued Bodley again, this time joined in the suit by his brother and three sisters, alleging that Bodley had enriched himself at their expense during their minorities.
In the winter of 1623–4 Sir Matthew Brend married Frances Smith, and as part of her jointure conveyed to her the property on which the Globe was built, to take effect after the death of Brend's mother, Margaret.
Marriage and issue
About 1595, when he was about thirty-four years of age, Nicholas Brend married Margaret Strelley, said to be the daughter of Sir Philip Sterley alias Strelley of Nottinghamshire. Margaret Strelley was a cousin of John Stanhope, 1st Baron Stanhope, and his sister, Jane Stanhope, wife of Sir Roger Townshend and Henry Berkeley, 7th Baron Berkeley. The marriage took place without Thomas Brend's consent, and his hostility to the marriage was such that when he learned of it about the middle of June 1597 he redrew his will, and struck out Nicholas's name as executor, although he did not disinherit him.
By Margaret Strelley, Nicholas Brend had two sons and three daughters, all minors at their father's death:
Sir Matthew Brend (born 6 February 1600), eldest son and heir, less than two years old at his father's death, who married Frances Smith, the daughter of Sir William Smith (d. 12 December 1626) of Theydon Mount, Essex, heir of Sir Thomas Smith.
John Brend.
Jane Brend (born c.1595).
Mercy Brend (born 1597), who married Robert Meese.
Frances Brend (born 1598).
Notes
References
External links
Will of Thomas Brend, gentleman, of West Molesey, Surrey, proved 8 May 1599, National Archives. Retrieved 16 April 2013
Will of Sir Nicholas Brend of West Molesey, Surrey, proved 6 November 1601, National Archives. Retrieved 16 April 2013
Will of Judith Brend, spinster, of West Molesey, proved 5 May 1599, National Archives. Retrieved 16 April 2013
Will of Rowland Maylard, gentleman, of Hampton Court, proved 30 October 1596, National Archives. Retrieved 16 April 2013
Will of Francis Bodley, fishmonger of London, proved 3 April 1566, National Archives. Retrieved 17 April 2013
Will of Sir Robert Zinzan alias Alexander of Walton on Thames, Surrey, proved 27 January 1608, National Archives. Retrieved 18 April 2013
Coat of arms of Thomas Brend, d. 1598, from his brass in West Molesey Church. Retrieved 16 April 2013
1601 deaths
16th-century English people
17th-century English people
Year of birth uncertain
1560s births
People from Molesey
Nicholas |
The Whiting reaction is an organic reaction converting a propargyl diol into a diene using lithium aluminium hydride.
This organic reduction has been applied in the synthesis of fecapentaene, a suspected cause of colon cancer:
Protecting groups are tetrahydropyranyl and TBSMS; the final step is deprotection with tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride.
References
Organic redox reactions
Name reactions |
The Samuel Kidder Whiting House is a historic house at 214 Main Street (United States Route 1) in Ellsworth, Maine. Built in 1871, it is one of the finest examples of the Second Empire architecture in Hancock County. Its design is attributed to George W. Orff, an architect working out of Bangor. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. It now houses a financial services office.
Description and history
The Whiting House is prominently sited at the northwest corner of the junction of Main and High Streets, on the fringe of Ellsworth's central business district. This intersection is where United States Route 1 turns from Main Street (west of the junction) southward onto High Street, and Route 1A continues north onto Oak Street. The building is separated from the junction by Whiting Park, a small public park created early in this century on land formerly owned by Whiting. The house is a three-story wood-frame structure, with two full stories and a third under the mansard roof. It is roughly square in shape, with a slightly projecting central pavilion in the front (south-facing) facade that is topped by a mansarded observatory. The entrance is sheltered by a flat-roof portico supported by clusters of columns, with low balustrades to the sides. The building's corners are decorated with paneled pilasters, and there is a projecting single-story bay to the east. All of the roof lines have modillioned eaves, and windows have decorative shallow hoods, except the first floor front windows, which have a gabled pediment above. A -story ell projects to the rear of the building. The interior of the main block retains original decorative elements, including lavish woodwork and decorative hardware.
The house was commissioned by Samuel Kidder Whiting, a local dry goods merchant, in 1871, when he was just 18 years old, and it was his home until his death in 1917. Its design has been attributed to Bangor architect George W. Orff; he was the only architect working in the area at the time, and the house bears some resemblance to other examples of Orff's work in Bangor. It is the largest known work of his outside Bangor. The building now houses a financial services firm.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Hancock County, Maine
References
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Maine
Second Empire architecture in Maine
Houses completed in 1871
Houses in Hancock County, Maine
Ellsworth, Maine
National Register of Historic Places in Hancock County, Maine |
Reiffenstein is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Carl Theodor Reiffenstein (1820–1893), German landscape and architecture painter
George Reiffenstein (1883–1932), Canadian rower
Johann Friedrich Reiffenstein (1719–1793), German cicerone for grand tourists, painter, antiquarian and agent for art collectors in Rome |
The United Nations (UN) is headquartered in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City, New York, United States. The complex has served as the official headquarters of the UN since its completion in 1951. It is in the Turtle Bay neighborhood of Manhattan, on of grounds overlooking the East River. It borders First Avenue to the west, East 42nd Street to the south, East 48th Street to the north, and the East River to the east.
The complex consists of several structures, including the Secretariat, Conference, and General Assembly buildings, and the Dag Hammarskjöld Library. The complex was designed by a board of architects led by Wallace Harrison and built by the architectural firm Harrison & Abramovitz, with final projects developed by Oscar Niemeyer and Le Corbusier. The term Turtle Bay is occasionally used as a metonym for the UN headquarters or for the United Nations as a whole.
The headquarters holds the seats of the principal organs of the UN, including the General Assembly and the Security Council, but excluding the International Court of Justice, which is seated in The Hague. The United Nations has three additional subsidiary regional headquarters, or headquarters districts. These were opened in Geneva (Switzerland) in 1946, Vienna (Austria) in 1980, and Nairobi (Kenya) in 1996. These adjunct offices help represent UN interests, facilitate diplomatic activities, and enjoy certain extraterritorial privileges, but do not contain the seats of major organs.
Although it is physically situated in New York City, the land occupied by the United Nations headquarters and the spaces of buildings that it rents are under the sole administration of the United Nations and not the United States. They are technically extraterritorial through a treaty agreement with the U.S. government. However, in exchange for local police, fire protection, and other services, the United Nations agrees to acknowledge most local, state, and federal laws.
None of the United Nations' 15 specialized agencies, such as UNESCO, are located at the headquarters. However, some autonomous subsidiary organs, such as UNICEF, are based at the UN's headquarters in New York City.
History
Planning
Site
The headquarters of the United Nations occupies a site beside the East River between 42nd and 48th Streets, on between of land purchased from the real estate developer William Zeckendorf Sr. At the time, the site was part of Turtle Bay, which contained slaughterhouses and tenement buildings, as well as the original Eberhard Faber Pencil Factory and, by the 1910s, a gas company building on the site of the current UN headquarters. The development of Sutton Place and Beekman Place, north of the current UN site, came in the 1920s. A yacht club on the site was proposed in 1925, but it proved to be too expensive.
In 1946, Zeckendorf purchased the land with the intention to create a futuristic, self-contained city called "X City" on the site. This complex was to contain an office building and a hotel, each 57 stories tall, and an entertainment complex between them. X City would have also had smaller apartment and office towers. However, the US$8.5 million ($ million in ) for X City never materialized, and Nelson Rockefeller purchased an option for Zeckendorf's waterfront land in Turtle Bay. The purchase was funded by Nelson's father, John D. Rockefeller Jr. The Rockefeller family owned the Tudor City Apartments across First Avenue from the Zeckendorf site. The city, in turn, spent $5 million ($ million in ) on clearing the land. Rockefeller donated the site to the UN in December 1946. The UN accepted this donation, despite the objections of several prominent architects such as Le Corbusier.
Design
While the United Nations had dreamed of constructing an independent city for its new world capital, multiple obstacles soon forced the organization to downsize their plans. They ultimately decided to build on Rockefeller's East River plot, since the land was free and the land's owners were well known. The diminutive site on the East River necessitated a Rockefeller Center–type vertical complex, thus, it was a given that the Secretariat would be housed in a tall office tower. During daily meetings from February to June 1947, the collaborative team produced at least 45 designs and variations. Rather than hold a competition for the design of the facilities for the headquarters, the UN decided to commission a multinational team of leading architects to collaborate on the design. Wallace K. Harrison was named as Director of Planning, and a Board of Design Consultants was composed of architects, planners and engineers nominated by member governments. The board consisted of N. D. Bassov of the Soviet Union, Gaston Brunfaut (Belgium), Ernest Cormier (Canada), Le Corbusier (France), Liang Seu-cheng (China), Sven Markelius (Sweden), Oscar Niemeyer (Brazil), Howard Robertson (United Kingdom), G. A. Soilleux (Australia), and Julio Vilamajó (Uruguay). The design process for the United Nations headquarters formally began in February 1947.
Niemeyer met with Corbusier at the latter's request shortly after the former arrived in New York City. Corbusier had already been lobbying hard to promote his own scheme 23, and thus, requested that Niemeyer not submit a design, lest he further confuse the contentious meetings of the Board of Design. Instead, Corbusier asked the younger architect Niemeyer to assist him with his project. Niemeyer began to absent himself from the meetings. Only after Wallace Harrison and Max Abramovitz repeatedly pressed him to participate did Niemeyer agree to submit his own project. Niemeyer's project 32 was finally chosen, but as opposed to Corbusier's project 23, which consisted of one building containing both the Assembly Hall and the councils in the center of the site (as it was hierarchically the most important building), Niemeyer's plan split the councils from the Assembly Hall, locating the first alongside the river, and the second on the right side of the secretariat. This would not split the site, but on the contrary, would create a large civic square.
After much discussion, Harrison, who coordinated the meetings, determined that a design based on Niemeyer's project 32 and Le Corbusier's project 23 would be developed for the final project. Le Corbusier's project 23 consisted of a large block containing both the Assembly Hall and the Council Chambers near the center of the site with the Secretariat tower emerging as a slab from the south. Niemeyer's plan was closer to that actually constructed, with a distinctive General Assembly Building, a long low horizontal block housing the other meeting rooms, and a tall tower for the Secretariat. The Board of Design presented their final plans for the United Nations headquarters in May 1947. The plans called for a 45-story Secretariat tower at the south end of the site, a 30-story office building at the north end, and several low-rise structures (including the General Assembly Building) in between. The complex, as built, repositioned Niemeyer's General Assembly building to the north of this tripartite composition. This plan included a public plaza as well. The UN headquarters was originally proposed alongside a grand boulevard leading eastward from Third Avenue or Lexington Avenue, between 46th Street to the south and 49th Street to the north. These plans were eventually downsized into Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza, a small plaza on the south side of 47th Street east of Second Avenue.
Wallace Harrison's assistant, architect George Dudley, later stated: "It literally took our breath away to see the simple plane of the site kept open from First Avenue to the River, only three structures on it, standing free, a fourth lying low behind them along the river's edge...[Niemeyer] also said, ‘beauty will come from the buildings being in the right space!’. The comparison between Le Corbusier's heavy block and Niemeyer's startling, elegantly articulated composition seemed to me to be in everyone's mind..." Later on, Corbusier came once again to Niemeyer and asked him to reposition the Assembly Hall back to the center of the site. Such modification would destroy Niemeyer's plans for a large civic square. However, he finally decided to accept the modification; together, they submitted the scheme 23–32, which was built and is what can be seen today. Along with suggestions from the other members of the Board of Design Consultants, this was developed into project 42G. This late project was built with some reductions and other modifications.
Proposed alternatives
Many cities vied for the honor of hosting the UN Headquarters site, prior to the selection of New York City. The selection of the East River site came after over a year of protracted study and consideration of many sites in the United States. A powerful faction among the delegates advocated returning to the former League of Nations complex in Geneva, Switzerland. A wide variety of suggestions were made, including such fanciful suggestions as a ship on the high seas to housing the entire complex in a single tall building. Amateur architects submitted designs, local governments offered park areas, but the determined group of New York City boosters that included Grover Whalen, Thomas J. Watson, and Nelson Rockefeller, coordinated efforts with the Coordinator of Construction, Robert Moses, and Mayor William O'Dwyer, to assemble acceptable interim facilities. Sites in San Francisco (including the Presidio) and Marin County in California; St. Louis, Missouri; Boston, Massachusetts; Chicago, Illinois; Fairfield County, Connecticut; Westchester County and Flushing Meadows–Corona Park in New York; Tuskahoma, Oklahoma; the Black Hills of South Dakota; Belle Isle in Detroit, Michigan; and a site on Navy Island straddling the US–Canada border were considered as potential sites for the UN Headquarters. San Francisco, where the UN was founded in 1945, was favored by Australia, New Zealand, China, and the Philippines due to the city's proximity to their countries. The UN and many of its delegates seriously considered Philadelphia for the headquarters; the government of Philadelphia offered to donate land in several areas, including Fairmount Park, Andorra, and a Center City location which would have placed the headquarters along a mall extending from Independence Hall to Penn's Landing. The Manhattan site was ultimately chosen over Philadelphia after John D. Rockefeller Jr., offered to donate $8.5 million to purchase the land along the East River. Robert Moses and Rockefeller Sr. convinced Nelson Rockefeller to buy the land after the Rockefellers' Kykuit estate in Mount Pleasant, New York, was deemed too isolated from Manhattan.
Previous temporary sites
In 1945–46, London hosted the first meeting of the General Assembly in Methodist Central Hall, and the Security Council in Church House. The third and sixth General Assembly sessions, in 1948 and 1951, met in the Palais de Chaillot in Paris. Prior to the completion of the current headquarters, the UN used part of a Sperry Gyroscope Company factory in Lake Success, New York, for most of its operations, including the Security Council, between 1946 and 1952. The Security Council also held sessions on what was then the Bronx campus of Hunter College (now the site of Lehman College) from March to August 1946. Between 1946 and 1950, the General Assembly met at the New York City Building in Flushing Meadows–Corona Park, which had been built for the 1939 New York World's Fair and is now the site of the Queens Museum. The Long Island Rail Road reopened the former World's Fair station as United Nations station.
Construction
Per an agreement with the city, the buildings met some but not all local fire safety and building codes. In April 1948, US President Harry S. Truman requested that Congress approve an interest-free loan of $65 million in order to fund construction. The US Congress authorized the loan on August 6, 1948, on the condition that the UN repay the loan in twelve monthly installments between July 1951 and July 1952. Of the $65 million, $25 million was to be made available immediately from the Reconstruction Finance Corporation. However, the full loan was initially withheld due to a case regarding UN employee Valentin A. Gubitchev and KGB spy Judith Coplon, who had been charged with espionage and were set to go on trial in March 1949. The House was loath to distribute the full $65 million because the government was concerned that the UN's proposed headquarters would grant diplomatic immunity to the two individuals. The UN used the Reconstruction Finance Corp.'s $25 million as a stopgap measure. The resulting case circumscribed the immunity of UN employees. To save money, the UN considered retaining an existing building on the Manhattan site, which had been slated for demolition once the headquarters was completed. Until 1950, the UN refused to accept private donations for the headquarters' construction, citing a policy that prohibited them from accepting donations.
The groundbreaking ceremony for the initial buildings occurred on September 14, 1948. A bucket of earth was removed to mark the start of construction for the basement of the 39-story Secretariat Building. In October, Harrison requested that its 58 members and the 48 US states participate in designing the interiors of the building's conference rooms. It was believed that if enough countries designed their own rooms, the UN would be able to reduce its own expenditures. The headquarters were originally supposed to be completed in 1951, with the first occupants moving into the Secretariat Building in 1950. However, in November, New York City's construction coordinator Robert Moses reported that construction was two months behind schedule. By that time, 60% of the headquarters' site had been excavated. The same month, the United Nations General Assembly unanimously voted to formally thank the national, state, and city governments for their role in building the headquarters. A joint venture of the George A. Fuller Company, Turner Construction, the Walsh Construction Company, and the Slattery Contracting Company was selected in December 1948 to construct the Secretariat Building, as well as the foundations for the remaining buildings.
The formal $23.8 million contract for the Secretariat Building was awarded in January 1949. A prayer space for people of all religions was announced on April 18, 1949. Until then, the UN had avoided the subject of a prayer room, because it had been difficult, if not impossible, to create a prayer room that could accommodate the various religions. Two days after this announcement, workers erected the first steel beam for the Secretariat Building, to little official fanfare. The consortium working on the Secretariat Building announced that 13,000 tons of steel would eventually be used in the building, and that the steelwork would consist of a strong wind bracing system because the structure was so narrow. The flag of the United Nations was raised above the first beam as a demonstration for the many spectators who witnessed the first beam's erection. The Secretariat Building was to be completed no later than January 1, 1951, and if the consortium of Fuller, Turner, Slattery, and Walsh exceeded that deadline, they had to pay a minimum penalty of $2,500 per day to the UN. To reduce construction costs, the complex's planners downsized the Secretariat Building from 42 stories to 39 stories.
The cornerstone of the headquarters was originally supposed to be laid on April 10, 1949. However, in March of that year, Secretary-General Trygve Lie delayed the ceremony after learning that Truman would not be present to officiate the cornerstone laying. Seven months later, on October 11, Truman accepted an invitation to attend a cornerstone-laying ceremony, which was planned to occur on October 24. At the ceremony, New York Governor Thomas E. Dewey laid the headquarters' cornerstone.
In June 1949, UN officials wrote a letter to the American Bridge Company in which they expressed intent to buy 10,000 to 11,000 tons of steel. This steel would be used to build the rest of the complex, as well as a deck over FDR Drive on the headquarters' eastern side. To fit in with the accelerated schedule of construction, the steel would have to be delivered by September. The project also included a four-lane, $2.28 million vehicular tunnel under First Avenue so that traffic could bypass the headquarters when the UN was in session. The tunnel started construction on August 1, 1949. The tunnel involved two years of planning due to its complexity. Property inside Tudor City, just west of the headquarters, was also acquired so that two streets near the UN headquarters could be widened. The expanded streets were expected to speed up construction. In October 1949, contracts were awarded for the construction of two vehicular ramps over the FDR Drive: one to the north of the UN headquarters, and one to the south. Another contract to redevelop 42nd Street, a major corridor leading to the UN headquarters, was awarded in December of that year.
The Secretariat Building was ceremonially topped out in October 1949 after its steel framework had been completed. The UN flag was hoisted atop the roof of the newly completed steel frame in celebration of this event. The installation of the Secretariat Building's interior furnishings proceeded quickly so that the building could be open in January 1951. In February 1950, the UN invited companies from 37 countries to bid on $2 million worth of furniture for the Secretariat Building. A month later, the UN announced that it would also be accepting all donations from private citizens, entities, or organizations. This marked a reversal from their previous policy of rejecting all donations. A $1.7 million steel contract on the United Nations General Assembly Building, the last structure to be built, was awarded in April 1950. At the time, the building was not expected to be complete until 1952 due to a steelworkers' strike, which had delayed the production of steel. The first pieces of the platform over the FDR Drive was lifted into place the same month. In June 1950, Norway proposed that it decorate and outfit the complex's Security Council chamber, and the UN unofficially accepted the Norwegian offer.
In December 1949, Robert Moses proposed placing a playground inside the UN headquarters, but this plan was initially rejected. The UN subsequently reversed its position in April 1951, and Lie agreed to build a playground at the northeast corner of the headquarters site. However, the UN did reject an unusual "model playground" proposal for that site, instead choosing to construct a play area similar to others found around New York City. The playground opened in April 1953.
Opening
The first 450 UN employees started working at the Secretariat Building on August 22, 1950. The United Nations officially moved into the Secretariat Building on January 8, 1951, by which time 3,300 employees occupied the building. At the time, much of the Secretariat Building was still unfinished, and the bulk of the UN's operations still remained at Lake Success. A centralized phone-communications system was built to facilitate communications within the complex. The UN had completely moved out of its Lake Success headquarters by May. The construction of the General Assembly Building was delayed due to a shortage of limestone for the building, which in turn resulted from a heavy snow at the British limestone quarries that were supplying the building's Portland limestone. The erection of the building's framework began in February 1952. The Manhattan headquarters was declared complete on October 10, 1952. The cost of construction was reported to be on budget at $65 million. In 1953, twenty-one nations donated furnishings or offered to decorate the UN headquarters.
A new library building for the UN headquarters was proposed in 1952. The existing UN library, a 6-story structure formerly owned by the New York City Housing Authority (NYCHA), was too small. The NYCHA building could only hold 170,000 books, whereas the UN wanted to host at least 350,000 to 400,000 books in its library. The new facility was slated to cost $3 million. By 1955, the collection was housed in the Secretariat Building and held 250,000 volumes in "every language of the world", according to The New York Times. The Dag Hammarskjöld Library Building, designed by Harrison and Abramovitz, was officially dedicated in November 1961.
Early years
The gardens at the United Nations headquarters were originally closed to the public, but were made publicly accessible in 1958. By 1962, the United Nations' operations had grown so much that the headquarters could not house all of the organization's operations. As a result, the UN announced its intention to rent office space nearby. The Children's Fund (UNICEF) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) moved to leased office space three years later. The East River-Turtle Bay Fund, a civic group, proposed that the United Nations purchase a tract located to the south of the headquarters, on the site of the Robert Moses Playground and the Queens–Midtown Tunnel ventilation building between 41st and 42nd Streets. The northern portion of the United Nations site remained largely undeveloped through the mid-1960s; a proposed skyscraper by Wallace K. Harrison was scrapped after the UN ran out of money and had to borrow $65 million from the United States government.
A radical proposal for redeveloping the area around the UN headquarters was proposed in 1968. It entailed closing First Avenue between 43rd and 45th Streets; constructing a new visitor's center with two 44-story towers between 43rd and 45th Streets; and connecting the new visitor's center with the existing headquarters via a public park. This plan was presented to the New York City government in 1969, but was ultimately not acted upon. The main headquarters was expanded slightly from 1978 to 1981, including the construction of a new cafeteria and a slight expansion of the Conference Building.
The UN staff continued to grow, and by 1969, the organization had 3,500 staff working in the New York headquarters. The UN rented additional space at 485 Lexington Avenue and in the Chrysler East complex, located three blocks west of the headquarters. It also announced its intention to build a new storage building between 41st and 42nd Streets. None of these properties would receive the extraterritorial status conferred on the original headquarters. One United Nations Plaza, an office building on 44th Street just outside the UN complex, was completed in 1975 with the United Nations Plaza Hotel on its upper stories. Another office tower outside the headquarters proper, Two United Nations Plaza, was completed in 1983. The new buildings were barely sufficient to accommodate the UN's demand for office space; the organization itself had expanded to 140 members by the 1970s.
Refurbishment
Due to funding shortfalls in the 1980s, the UN diverted funding from its headquarters' maintenance fund to peacekeeping missions and other activities. Because the headquarters was extraterritorial territory, they were exempt from various building regulations. By 1998, the buildings had become technologically dated, and UN officials considered renovating the headquarters. The mechanical systems were so outdated that the UN had to manufacture its own replacement parts. The New York Times wrote that "if the United Nations had to abide by city building regulations [...] it might well be shuttered". The UN commissioned a report from engineering firm Ove Arup & Partners, which published its findings in 2000. Ove Arup recommended renovating the UN headquarters over a six-year period, as well as expanding the Secretariat Building, but the UN could not secure funding for the project at the time.
In 2002, Secretary General Kofi Annan proposed replacing the nearby Robert Moses Playground with a new tower, relocating the Secretariat's offices there temporarily, and renovating the Secretariat Building itself. The UN selected Fumihiko Maki to design a building on the Moses site, but the New York State Legislature refused to pass legislation in 2005 that would have allowed these plans to proceed. Alternative sites were considered as temporary holding locations during renovations. In 2005, officials explored the possibility of establishing a new temporary site at the old Lake Success location. Brooklyn was also suggested as a temporary site. Another alternative for a temporary headquarters or a new permanent facility was the World Trade Center site. Once again, these plans met resistance both within the UN and from the United States and New York governments and were abandoned.
The UN then decided to renovate its existing structures over a seven-year period for US$1.6 billion. Louis Frederick Reuter IV originally designed the renovation, but he resigned in 2006 following various disputes between UN and US officials. Michael Adlerstein was hired as the new project architect. Engineering firm Skanska was hired to renovate the Secretariat, Conference, and General Assembly buildings in July 2007. The renovations, which were the first since the complex opened in 1950, were expected to take about 7 years to complete. When completed the complex is also expected to be more energy efficient and have improved security. A temporary $140 million "North Lawn Building" was built to house the United Nations' "critical operations" while renovations proceeded. Work began on May 5, 2008, but the project was delayed for a while. By 2009 the cost of the work had risen from $1.2 billion to $1.6 billion with some estimates saying it would take up to $3 billion.
Officials hoped the renovated buildings would achieve a LEED Silver rating. Despite some delays and rises in construction costs, renovation on the entire UN headquarters progressed rapidly. By 2012, the installation of the new glass facade of the Secretariat Building was completed, and the UN staff moved into the newly renovated building in July 2012. By September 2015, the renovations were nearly complete but the cost had risen to $2.15 billion. Demolition of the North Lawn Building began in January 2016. The building was replaced with an open plaza, and most of its materials were to be recycled.
In 2019, due to a budget shortfall, the UN cut back some services at its headquarters, such as heating and air-conditioning. On March 10, 2020, the UN closed to the general public due to the COVID-19 pandemic. During the pandemic, the UN furloughed some of its headquarters' staff.
International character
The UN identifies Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish as its six official languages. Delegates speaking in any of these languages will have their words simultaneously interpreted into all of the others, and attendees are provided with headphones through which they can hear the interpretations. A delegate is allowed to make a statement in a non-official language, but must provide either an interpreter or a written copy of their remarks translated into an official language. Interpreters typically take turns, working for 30 minutes at a time.
Extraterritoriality and security
The site of the UN headquarters has extraterritoriality status. This affects some law enforcement where UN rules override the laws of New York City, but it does not give immunity to those who commit crimes there. In addition, the United Nations headquarters remains under the jurisdiction and laws of the United States, although a few members of the UN staff have diplomatic immunity and so cannot be prosecuted by local courts unless the immunity is waived by the Secretary-General. In 2005, Secretary-General Kofi Annan waived the immunity of Benon Sevan, Aleksandr Yakovlev, and Vladimir Kuznetsov in relation to the Oil-for-Food Programme, and all were charged in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. Benon Sevan later fled the United States to Cyprus, while Aleksandr Yakovlev and Vladimir Kuznetsov decided to stand trial.
United Nations Security officers are generally responsible for security within the UN Headquarters. They are equipped with weapons and handcuffs and are sometimes mistaken for New York City Police Department (NYPD) officers due to the agencies' similar uniforms. The NYPD's 17th Precinct patrols the area around and near the complex, but may only formally enter the actual UN headquarters at the request of the Secretary-General.
Currency and postage
The currency in use at the United Nations headquarters' businesses is the US dollar. The UN's stamps are issued in denominations of the US dollar.
The complex has a street address of United Nations headquarters, New York, NY, 10017, United States. For security reasons, all mail sent to this address is sterilized, so items that may be degraded can be sent by courier. The United Nations Postal Administration issues stamps, which must be used on stamped mail sent from the building.
Radio
For award purposes, amateur radio operators consider the UN headquarters a separate "entity" under some award programs such as DXCC. For communications, UN organizations have their own internationally recognized ITU prefix, 4U. However, only contacts made with the UN Headquarters in New York, and the ITU count as separate entities. Other UN organizations such as the World Bank count for the state or country they are located in. The UN Staff Recreation Council operates amateur radio station 4U1UN.
Structures
The complex includes a number of major buildings. While the Secretariat Building is most predominantly featured in depictions of the headquarters, it also includes the domed General Assembly Building, the Dag Hammarskjöld Library, as well as the Conference and Visitors Center, which is situated between the General Assembly and Secretariat buildings, and can be seen only from the FDR Drive or the East River. Just inside the perimeter fence of the complex stands a line of flagpoles where the flags of all 193 UN member states, 2 observer states, plus the UN flag, are flown in English alphabetical order.
General Assembly Building
The General Assembly Building, housing the United Nations General Assembly, holds the General Assembly Hall, which has a seating capacity of 1,800. At long by wide, it is the largest room in the complex. The Hall has two murals by the French artist Fernand Léger. At the front of the chamber is the rostrum containing the green marble desk for the President of the General Assembly, Secretary-General and Under-Secretary-General for General Assembly Affairs and Conference Services, as well as a matching lectern for speakers. Behind the rostrum is the UN emblem on a gold background. The rostrum is flanked by a paneled semi-circular wall, which contains seating booths for guests. The ceiling of the hall is high and surmounted by a shallow dome ringed by recessed light fixtures. Each of the 192 delegations has six seats in the hall with three at a desk and three alternate seats behind them.
The building contains two lobbies: a delegates' lobby to the south and a public lobby to the north. On the second floor, directly behind the General Assembly Hall, is the GA 200 room, which contains offices for the Secretary-General of the United Nations and the President of the United Nations General Assembly. There is a delegates' lounge on the south side of the second floor, which also connects with the Conference Building along the East River. There is also a meditation room next to the north lobby, as well as a large conference room and several smaller conference rooms in the basement beneath the General Assembly Hall. The basement also has television and radio studios, a sound-recording studio, and a master control room for the United Nations headquarters' communication system.
Conference Building
The Conference Building faces the East River between the General Assembly Building and the Secretariat, being directly east of both structures. It is five stories high and measures long. The exteriors were designed by the United Nations Board of Design, while the interiors were designed by Abel Sorenson. The second and third stories contain the chambers of the Economic and Social (ECOSOC), Trusteeship, and Security councils, all of which were designed by Scandinavian architects. All three chambers have technical equipment on the north and south walls, public seating to the west, delegates' seats in the center, and glass walls to the east. They each measure deep, wide, and long. Below are three large and six small conference rooms. Above the three conference chambers, near the rooftop of the building, were dining areas. There was also a lounge for delegates near the building's north end.
Swedish architect Sven Markelius designed the Economic and Social Council chamber, which contained wooden screens on the curved north and south walls, as well as an exposed ceiling. Markelius painted the ceiling in various hues of black, gray, and off-white. The space was redesigned in 1974 when ECOSOC was expanded from 27 to 54 members. The space could seat 336 members of the public and 40 journalists. The ECOSOC chamber was renovated again in 1995 and 2013, and a set of curtains named "Dialogos" by Ann Edholm was installed during the 2013 renovation.
Danish architect Finn Juhl designed the Trusteeship Council chamber, which includes wood screens spanning the north and south walls, as well as baffles and rods on the ceiling. A model of a white plane was originally suspended from the ceiling above the deliberation table. The space could seat 198 members of the public and 66 journalists. Danish artist Henrik Starcke designed a teak sculpture of a woman on one wall. The chamber contains two paintings: Codice del Fuego (Fire Codex) on the left wall, a gift from Ecuador, and Gandzelo (Sacred Tree) on the right wall, a gift from Mozambique.
Norwegian architect Arnstein Arneberg was responsible for the Security Council chamber. The lowest parts of the walls contained dadoes in three shades of gray marble. The walls were upholstered in royal blue, with golden tapestries; these tapestries represent hope, faith, and charity. The space could seat 232 members of the public and 100 journalists, and there are also seats for delegates whose countries are not yet members of the Security Council. The artwork in the Security Council chamber includes a mural by Norwegian artist Per Krohg on the east wall. The oil canvas mural depicts a phoenix rising from its ashes. On one wall is a door leading to the office of the president of the Security Council. The Security Council chamber also leads to the Consultation Room, a private conference room for members of the council, and the Caucus Room, where members could host small meetings. A quiet room for delegates, designed by Günter Fruhtrunk and Paolo Nestler and donated by the Federal Republic of Germany, contains diagonal paneling.
Secretariat Building
The 39-story Secretariat Building was completed in 1950. It houses offices for the Secretary-General, the Under-Secretary-General for Legal Affairs and United Nations Legal Counsel, the Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs and Office of Disarmament Affairs, and the Department for General Assembly and Conference Management (DGACM).
The wider western and eastern elevations of the facade consist of glass curtain walls set within a metal grid. The narrower northern and southern elevations are made of masonry clad with Vermont marble. The Secretariat Building was constructed with of space and, at the time of its completion, could accommodate 4,000 workers. Floors 6, 16, and 28 are used as mechanical floors, and floor 39 serves as a mechanical penthouse, accessible only by stairs. Under the building is a three-story garage for UN employees, with 1,500 parking spaces. When the building was constructed, the lowest stories were to contain broadcasting studios, press offices, staff rooms, and other functions. The offices were placed on the upper floors.
Dag Hammarskjöld Library
The library was founded with the United Nations in 1946. It was originally called the United Nations Library, later the United Nations International Library. In the late 1950s the Ford Foundation gave a grant to the United Nations for the construction of a new library building; Dag Hammarskjöld was also instrumental in securing the funding for the new building. The Dag Hammarskjöld Library was dedicated and renamed on November 16, 1961. The building was a gift from the Ford Foundation and is located next to the Secretariat at the southwest corner of the headquarters campus. The library holds 400,000 books, 9,800 newspapers and periodical titles, 80,000 maps, and the Woodrow Wilson Collection containing 8,600 volumes of League of Nations documents and 6,500 related books and pamphlets. The library's Economic and Social Affairs Collection is housed in the DC-2 building.
Other buildings
While outside of the complex, the headquarters also includes two large office buildings that serve as offices for the agencies and programmes of the organization. These buildings, known as DC-1 and DC-2, are located at One and Two United Nations Plaza respectively. DC1 was built in 1976. There is also an identification office at the corner of 46th Street, inside a former bank branch, where pre-accredited diplomats, reporters, and others receive their grounds passes. UNICEF House (3 UN Plaza) and the UNITAR Building (807 UN Plaza) are also part of headquarters. In addition, the Church Center for the United Nations (777 UN Plaza) is a private building owned by the United Methodist Church as an interfaith space housing the offices of several non-governmental organizations. The Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS) is located at 380 Madison Avenue.
Proposed tower
In October 2011, city and state officials announced an agreement in which the UN would be allowed to build a long-sought new office tower just south of the existing campus on the current Robert Moses Playground, which would be relocated. In exchange, the United Nations would allow the construction of an esplanade along the East River that would complete the East River Greenway, a waterfront pedestrian and bicycle pathway. While host nation authorities have agreed to the provisions of the plan, it needs the approval of the United Nations in order to be implemented. The plan is similar in concept to an earlier proposal that had been announced in 2000 but did not move forward.
Art collection
The complex contains gardens, which were originally private gardens before being opened to the public in 1958. The complex is notable for its gardens and outdoor sculptures. Iconic sculptures include the "Knotted Gun", called Non-Violence, a statue of a Colt Python revolver with its barrel tied in a knot, which was a gift from the Luxembourg government and Let Us Beat Swords into Plowshares, a gift from the Soviet Union. The latter sculpture is the only appearance of the "swords into plowshares" quotation, from Isaiah 2:4, within the complex. Contrary to popular belief, the quotation is not carved on any UN building. Rather, it is carved on the "Isaiah Wall" of Ralph Bunche Park across First Avenue. A piece of the Berlin Wall also stands in the UN garden.
Other prominent artworks on the grounds include Peace, a Marc Chagall stained glass window memorializing the death of Dag Hammarskjöld; the Japanese Peace Bell which is rung on the vernal equinox and the opening of each General Assembly session; a Chinese ivory carving made in 1974, before the ivory trade was largely banned in 1989; and a Venetian mosaic depicting Norman Rockwell's painting The Golden Rule. A full-size tapestry copy of Pablo Picasso's Guernica, by Jacqueline de la Baume Dürrbach, is on the wall of the United Nations building at the entrance to the Security Council room. In 1952, two Fernand Léger murals were installed in the General Assembly Hall. One is said to resemble cartoon character Bugs Bunny, while US President Harry S. Truman dubbed the other work "Scrambled Eggs".
Two large murals by Brazilian artist Cândido Portinari, entitled Guerra e Paz (War and Peace) are located at the delegates hall. The works are a gift from the United Nations Association of the United States of America and Portinari intended to execute them in the United States. However, he was denied a visa due to his communist convictions and decided to paint them in Rio de Janeiro. They were later assembled in the headquarters. After their completion in 1957, Portinari, who was already ill when he started the masterpiece, succumbed to lead poisoning from the pigments his doctors advised him to abandon.
Relocation proposals
Due to the significance of the organization, proposals to relocate its headquarters have occasionally been made. Complainants about its current location include diplomats who find it difficult to obtain visas from the United States and local residents complaining of inconveniences whenever the surrounding roads are closed due to visiting dignitaries, as well as the high costs to the city. A US telephone survey in 2001 found that 67% of respondents favored moving the United Nations headquarters out of the country. Countries critical of the US, such as Iran and Russia, are especially vocal in questioning the current location of the United Nations, arguing that the United States government could manipulate the work of the General Assembly through selective access to politicians from other countries, with the aim of having an advantage over rival countries. In the wake of the Snowden global surveillance disclosures, the subject of the relocation of the UN headquarters was again discussed, this time for security reasons.
Among the cities that have been proposed to house the headquarters of the United Nations are Saint Petersburg, Montreal, Dubai, Jerusalem, and Nairobi.
Critics of relocation say that the idea would be expensive and would also involve the withdrawal of the United States from the organization, and with it much of the agency's funding. They also state that the proposals have never gone from being mere declarations.
Public gatherings
Large scale protests, demonstrations, and other gatherings directly on First Avenue are rare. Some gatherings have taken place in Ralph Bunche Park, but it is too small to accommodate large demonstrations. The closest location where the New York City Police Department usually allows demonstrators is Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza at 47th Street and First Avenue.
Excluding gatherings solely for diplomats and academics, there are a few organizations that regularly hold events at the UN. The United Nations Association of the United States of America (UNA-USA), a non-governmental organization, holds an annual "member's day" event in one of the conference rooms. Model United Nations conferences sponsored by UNA-USA, the National Collegiate Conference Association (NCCA/NMUN), and the International Model UN Association (IMUNA/NHSMUN) hold part of their sessions in the General Assembly chamber. Seton Hall University's Whitehead School of Diplomacy hosts its UN summer study program at the headquarters as well.
In popular culture
The United Nations headquarters is often featured in movies and other pop culture. Several films have been set at the headquarters, including The Glass Wall (1953) and North by Northwest (1959). The UN did not give producers permission to film at its headquarters until 2005, when The Interpreter was filmed there. According to architect Aaron Betsky, the United Nations headquarters has often been used to stand for "freedom, justice, and solutions to specific local problems through a grid-like, mirror-like deliberative process". Due to the headquarters' symbolism, several works of fiction have depicted the building under threat, including the films The Pink Panther Strikes Again (1976), Superman IV: The Quest for Peace (1987), and The Peacemaker (1997).
See also
U Thant Island
UN Campus, Bonn, Germany
UN City, Copenhagen
Notes
References
Citations
Sources
External links
UN Visitors Centre
UN: Building an International Headquarters in New York – historical overview, on the UN 60th Anniversary webpage
Agreement Establishing the UN headquarters – with information on legal status
Office buildings in Manhattan
Modernist architecture in New York City
Headquarters in the United States
Buildings of the Rockefeller family
Oscar Niemeyer buildings
Tourist attractions in Manhattan
42nd Street (Manhattan)
1950 establishments in New York City
Government buildings completed in 1952 |
Benoit Charette (born July 19, 1976) is a Quebec politician elected in the 2008 provincial election for Deux-Montagnes. He was a member of the Parti Québécois, but left the party on June 21, 2011 to protest the party's focus on sovereignty. On December 19, 2011 he joined the Coalition Avenir Québec and is the current Minister of Sustainable Development and Environment. In 2021 he was assigned a new provincial role in combating racism.
A graduate of Université du Québec à Montréal with a bachelor's degree in history, he also studied municipal development at the École nationale d'administration publique. He worked as program manager at the Ministry of International Relations. He was also responsible for the documentation center at the Quebec General Delegation Délégation générale du Québec in Mexico.
Charette defeated the ADQ's Lucie Leblanc in Deux-Montagnes in the 2008 elections.
References
External links
Living people
Parti Québécois MNAs
Université du Québec à Montréal alumni
Coalition Avenir Québec MNAs
1976 births
21st-century Canadian politicians |
The structure of the government of South Dakota is based on that of the federal government, with three branches of government: executive, legislative, and judicial. The structure of the state government is laid out in the Constitution of South Dakota, the highest law in the state. The constitution may be amended either by a majority vote of both houses of the legislature, or by voter initiative.
Executive branch
The governor of South Dakota heads the executive branch of the state government. The state constitution gives the governor the power to either sign into law or veto bills passed by the state legislature, to serve as commander-in-chief of the state's armed forces, to appoint a cabinet, and to commute criminal sentences or to pardon those convicted of crimes. The governor serves for a four-year term, and may not serve more than two consecutive terms.
The current governor is Kristi Noem, a Republican from Watertown. The lieutenant governor is Larry Rhoden (R), the attorney general is Marty J. Jackley (R), the commissioner of school and public lands is Brock Greenfield (R), the secretary of state is Monae Johnson (R), the state auditor is Rich Sattgast (R), and the treasurer is Josh Haeder (R).
Legislature
The state legislature is made up of two bodies, the Senate, which has 35 members, and the House of Representatives, with 70 members. South Dakota is divided into 35 legislative districts, with voters electing two representatives and one senator per district. The legislature meets for an annual session which begins on the second Tuesday in January and lasts for 40 days. it also meets if a special session is called by the governor. The Republican Party currently holds majorities in both houses of the South Dakota Legislature. Currently, the Senate consists of 30 Republicans and 5 Democrats, while the House of Representatives is made up of 59 Republicans, 11 Democrats State law currently limits legislators to a maximum of four consecutive terms in the same house of the Legislature.
Judicial branch
The judicial branch is made up of several levels. The state supreme court, with four justices and a chief justice, is the highest court in the state. Below the supreme court are the circuit courts; 41 circuit judges serve in seven judicial circuits in the state. Below the circuit courts are the magistrate courts, which deal with more minor criminal and civil actions.
Federal representation
South Dakota is represented at the federal level by Senator Mike Rounds, Senator John Thune, and Representative Dusty Johnson. All the federal representatives are Republicans, this hasn't been the case since 1961. South Dakota is one of seven states with only one seat in the US House of Representatives.
South Dakota is part of the United States District Court for the District of South Dakota in the federal judiciary. The district's cases are appealed to the St-Louis-based United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit.
Native government
Native Americans' governments are significantly independent of the state and its local governments. For example, federal law forbids states and local authorities to tax Indian lands.
Politics
South Dakota politics are generally dominated by the Republican Party, and the state has not supported a Democratic presidential candidate since 1964—especially notable when one considers that George McGovern, the Democratic nominee in 1972, was from South Dakota. Since statehood, it has only voted Democratic four times, in 1896, 1932, 1936, and 1964, as well as for the Progressive candidate in 1912.
There are only five reliably Democratic counties in the state—most of them with primarily Native American populations. Republicans have won the last 13 gubernatorial elections and have controlled the legislature, with one brief interruption, for over thirty years. Democrats, however, have been successful in winning election to Congress from South Dakota, including former Senators Tom Daschle, who served as Majority Leader, James Abourezk, George McGovern, and Tim Johnson; and former Representative Stephanie Herseth Sandlin.
While President Bush received a lower vote percentage in 2004 than he did in 2000, he still received a very strong 60% of the popular vote. Part of the deviation had to do with record turnout driven by the intense Senate campaigns that year. As of 2016, Republicans hold a 15% voter registration advantage over Democrats and hold large majorities in both the state House of Representatives and Senate. Additionally, all but one of the statewide elected officers are Republicans.
In the more than a quarter century between 1979 and 2005, two politicians, one a Republican and one a Democrat, dominated South Dakota politics. Republican Governor Bill Janklow served four terms as governor from 1979-1987 and then from 1995 to 2003 followed by a brief partial term as a United States Representative from 2003-2004. Janklow's career was ended by a motor vehicle manslaughter conviction causing his resignation from Congress. Democrat Tom Daschle was also a dominant figure in South Dakota politics, serving in Congress, 1979-2005. He first served eight years in the United States House of Representatives and then eighteen years in the United States Senate after his senate election in 1986. Over a period of ten years, he served both as minority leader and majority leader in the Senate. In 2004, he lost his Senate seat to a Republican, former United States Representative John Thune, who narrowly defeated Daschle by a 51%-49% margin. Daschle became the first Senate party leader in 52 years to lose re-election to his own Senate seat.
South Dakota has a history of voting out powerful members of the Senate who seek fourth terms. Former Commerce Committee Chairman Larry Pressler lost to Congressman Tim Johnson in 1996, and 1972 Democratic Presidential nominee George McGovern was defeated by Congressman James Abdnor in 1980. Abdnor was, in turn, defeated by Daschle in 1986.
Political geography
The Missouri River, bisects the state. The area east of the Missouri River (or "East River"), is generally more moderate, with views that are more in line with those found in its Midwestern neighbors, Iowa and Minnesota. "West River" is more conservative, with views that are generally more in line with those found in its western neighbors, Montana and Wyoming. Large exceptions exist to the East River-West River political generalizations, however. The strongest Democratic counties in the state are West River. These counties are located within Indian Reservations. The strongest Republican counties are located East River. These counties were primarily settled by Protestant Germans from Russia, and be they Mennonite, Lutheran, Baptist or Reformed, they vote overwhelmingly Republican. A large part of the western half of East River responds politically in the same fashion as West River. Many observers think that the James River Valley really is the political dividing line between East River political thought and West River political thought.
Recent elections
2006 election
In the 2006 midterm elections, little change occurred in South Dakota in statewide elections. The Republicans defeated the sole Democrat state officeholder previously elected statewide, but lost another statewide elected office to the Democrats. Otherwise, all federal and state officeholders were comfortably re-elected. The Democrats made a significant gain in the state senate, narrowing the Republican margin from 25–10 to 20–15, costing the Republican legislative leadership its two-thirds majority in both houses of the legislature.
By referendum, the electorate rejected an abortion ban approved by the state legislature. 56% of the electorate voted to overturn the law, generally considered a direct challenge to Roe v. Wade. Additionally, the electorate rejected a proposed law permitting the use of marijuana for medical purposes, and narrowly approved a state constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage. The prevailing side received a 52%–48% margin in both cases.
2008 election
Senator Tim Johnson defeated state Sen. Joel Dykstra on November 4, 2008. Congresswoman Stephanie Herseth Sandlin defeated Rapid City businessman Chris Lien.
2010 election
In 2010, Republican Dennis Daugaard defeated Democrat Scott Heidepriem for governor, and Republican Kristi Noem defeated incumbent Congresswoman Stephanie Herseth Sandlin for South Dakota's at-large seat in the US House of Representatives. Republican John Thune won a second term as US senator, running unopposed in 2010.
2012 election
In 2012, Noem retained her seat with 57% of the vote and the state voted for Republican nominee Mitt Romney over Democratic President Barack Obama by a margin of 18%.
2014 election
Republican Dennis Daugaard won re-election with 70.47% over Susan Wismer with 25.43%. Mike Rounds won his campaign over Rick Weiland.
Issues
As of 2005, South Dakota has the lowest per capita total state tax rate in the United States. The state does not levy personal or corporate income taxes, inheritance taxes, or taxes on intangible personal property. The state sales tax rate is 4.5 percent. Various localities have local levies so in some areas the rate is 6 percent. The state sales tax does not apply to sales to Indians on Indian reservations, but many reservations have a compact with the state. Businesses on the reservation collect the tax and the state refunds to the Indian Tribes the percentage of sales tax collections relating to the ratio of Indian population to total population in the county or area affected. Ad valorem property taxes are local taxes and are a large source of funding for school systems, counties, municipalities and other local government units. The South Dakota Special Tax Division regulates some taxes including cigarette and alcohol-related taxes.
U.S. senators
References
Further reading
External links
South Dakota |
Gregory J. Hayes (born 1960/61) is an American businessman. He was the chairman and CEO of United Technologies from September 2016 to April 2020, and is now the CEO of RTX Corporation.
Early life and education
Hayes grew up in Williamsville, New York, and was a 1978 graduate of Williamsville South High School. Hayes played football at Cornell University, while studying pre-law for a year, then transferred to the Krannert School of Management at Purdue University, where he earned a Bachelor of Economics degree, in 1982. He later became a CPA.
Career
After graduating, Hayes joined Sundstrand Corporation, which was acquired by United Technologies (UTC) in 1999. He rose through management, becoming CEO of UTC in November 2014, succeeding Louis R. Chênevert. Hayes was elected chairman in September 2016.
In April 2020, Raytheon Company completed their merger with UTC to form Raytheon Technologies. Hayes was named CEO of the combined company, and Raytheon chairman and CEO Thomas A. Kennedy was named executive chairman.
In September 2022, Foreign Ministry of China spokesperson Mao Ning announced at a press briefing that China has imposed sanctions on Hayes and Boeing Defense, Space & Security CEO Theodore Colbert III, in response to the U.S. arms sale to Taiwan. It is not immediately known what the Chinese sanctions against Hayes and Colbert would entail, and it is often mainly symbolic in nature.
Boards and affiliations
Hayes served on President Trump’s American Manufacturing Council in January 2017, until resigning, in August 2017.
He is a member of Business Roundtable and serves on the board of directors for Nucor.
References
1960s births
Living people
American chief executives
Krannert School of Management alumni
United Technologies people
RTX Corporation people |
Winden is a municipality in the district of Rhein-Lahn, in Rhineland-Palatinate, in western Germany. It belongs to the association community of Bad Ems-Nassau.
References
Municipalities in Rhineland-Palatinate
Rhein-Lahn-Kreis |
Qikiqtarjuaq Airport is located at Qikiqtarjuaq, Nunavut, Canada, and is operated by the government of Nunavut.
This airport is a popular stop for pilots ferrying turboprop aircraft between Canada and Europe. It is considerably closer to Greenland (Kangerlussuaq Airport, ) than is Iqaluit Airport (). Jet fuel is available from the airport fuel supplier. Avgas may be available from the town council, but this needs to be confirmed in advance.
One instrument approach is available, an NDB or GNSS circling approach. Approach minimums are higher than average ( MSL, AGL) due to high terrain in the area. The runway is listed as gravel-surfaced, but is in fact a mixture of very firmly packed fine sand and gravel that has a surface texture similar to asphalt. A large overnight parking area is available, but crew must bring their own tie-down anchors. An airport advisory service, Qikiqtarjuaq Airport Radio, a Community Airport Radio Station (CARS), provides assistance to pilots during normal business hours, and provides weather observation services. An automatic weather observation service (AWOS) operates when Qikiqtarjuaq Radio is unattended. The fuel supplier at the airport can assist with all ground handling arrangements, including transportation, parking, de-icing, and accommodations.
Qikiqtarjuaq is the destination of the eponymous episode of Cabin Pressure, a BBC radio sit-com set in a one-aircraft airline.
Airlines and destinations
References
External links
Airport fuel supplier
Instrument Approach Plate (Canada Air Pilot)
Airports in the Arctic
Certified airports in the Qikiqtaaluk Region |
The Down Under Fan Fund, also known as DUFF, was created in 1970 for the purpose of providing funds to bring well-known and popular members of science fiction fandom familiar to fans on both sides of the Pacific Ocean.
History
DUFF was created by John Foyster in 1970 as a means of increasing the face-to-face communication between science fiction fans in Australia and New Zealand, and North America. It coincides with the push within Australian fandom to host the World Science Fiction Convention in Australia in 1975, (Aussiecon), and the rise of fanzine fandom centred on Melbourne, Australia; e.g. Australian SF Review, SF Commentary, ANZAPA. He based the procedures of DUFF on the already-existing Trans-Atlantic Fan Fund (TAFF), which began in 1952.
Funding
DUFF is funded through the support of fandom. Candidates are voted on by interested fans all over the world, and each vote is accompanied by a donation of not less than $US5 or A$6. These donations, and the continued generosity of fandom, are what make the whole concept of these fan funds possible.
In addition to donations, fans hold auctions at science fiction conventions to raise money for DUFF. Frequently art, books, T-shirts, and other ephemera of fandom are auctioned off for this purpose.
Procedure
Each candidate posts a bond, promising to travel (if elected) to a major convention on the other side of the Pacific; and has provided signed nominations and a platform.
Voting is by secret ballot, using instant-runoff voting; and is open to anyone who has been active in fandom for the prior year or more and who contributes to the Fund. Ballots are signed, to prevent ballot-box stuffing and to enable the election administrators to identify each voter as a known member of fandom.
Although the winner is expected to attend Worldcon or a specific national convention, DUFF delegates generally also tour the country before and/or after the convention in order to meet a variety of fans.
Winning DUFF candidates are expected to write a trip report, which customarily takes the form of a fanzine or a series of fanzine articles. These fanzines are sometimes sold in order to help raise funds towards future DUFF trips. In addition, winners take over the administration of the fund for their region (Australia/NZ or North America) for two years until the next regional DUFF delegate is selected. At any given time, there are at least two administrators, one for each region.
List of DUFF winners
Past DUFF winners by year.
Westbound races (ex-USA) are marked << and eastbound (ex-Australasia) >>.
1972 << Lesleigh Luttrell
1974 >> Leigh Edmonds
1975 << Rusty Hevelin
1976 >> Christine McGowan
1977 << Bill Rotsler
1978 >> Paul Stevens
1979 << Ken Fletcher & Linda Lounsbury
1980 >> Keith Curtis
1981 << Joyce Scrivner
1982 >> Peter Toluzzi
1983 << Jerry Kaufman
1984 >> Jack Herman
1985 << Marty & Robbie Cantor
1986 >> Nick Stathopoulos, Lewis Morley, Marilyn Pride
1987 << Lucy Huntzinger
1988 >> Terry Dowling
1989 << John D Berry
1990 >> Greg Turkich
1991 << Art Widner
1992 >> Roger Weddall
1993 << Dick Smith & Leah Zeldes Smith
1994 >> Alan Stewart
1995 << Pat & Roger Sims
1996 >> Perry Middlemiss
1997 << Janice Murray
1998 >> Terry Frost
1999 << Janice Gelb
2000 >> Cathy Cupitt
2001 << Naomi Fisher & Patrick Molloy
2002 >> Julian Warner
2003 << Guy & Rosy Lillian
2004 >> Norman Cates
2005 << Joe Siclari
2008 << Steve and Sue Francis
2009 >> Emma Hawkes
2010 << John Hertz
2011 >> David Cake
2012 No race held
2013 >> Bill Wright
2014 << Juanita Coulson
2015 No race held
2016 >> Clare McDonald-Sims
2017 << Paul Weimer
2018 >> Marlee Jane Ward
2019 No race held
2020 << Erin Underwood
See also
TransAtlantic Fan Fund (TAFF)
GUFF
FFANZ
External links
Official DUFF website
Fan Funds website
References
Science fiction fandom
Science fiction organizations |
Z103 is the on-air brand name of several radio stations in Canada and the United States. Stations using this identifier broadcast within the 102.9 to 103.9 range on FM radio, and usually (but not always) have the letter Z in their call sign as the final letter.
Although the letter Z is normally pronounced "zed" in Canada, Canadian "Z103" stations usually use the American "zee" pronunciation as it rhymes with "three".
Stations using this identifier include:
Canada
CIDC-FM, in Orangeville, Ontario
United States
KFTZ, in Idaho Falls, Idaho
WXZZ, in Lexington, Kentucky, also known as Z-Rock 103
Former stations
CKMM-FM, in Winnipeg, Manitoba
CHNO-FM, in Sudbury, Ontario was formerly called Z103 from 2000 - 2006
KSBZ in Sitka, Alaska
WMGV, in Newport, North Carolina
WNND, in Lancaster, Ohio
WVKO-FM, in Johnstown, Ohio
WWOF, in Tallahassee, Florida
WZVA, in Marion, Virginia
CKHZ-FM, in Halifax, Nova Scotia was formerly called Z103 from 2006 to 2012 (Now Hot Country 103.5) |
Oberkappel is a municipality in the district of Rohrbach in the state of Upper Austria.
Population
Geography
Oberkappel has an area of 12 km². The municipality is located in the north of the state of Upper Austria. It borders on Germany and is very close to the Czech Republic.
Sports and recreation
The European walking routes E8 and E10 run through this place. The E8 runs from Ireland via, among others, the Netherlands (called Oeverloperpad and Lingepad in the Netherlands) through Germany, the north of Austria and Slovakia to the borders of Poland and the Ukraine, and also includes a section in Bulgaria, with the future target Istanbul in Turkey. The E10 comes from Lapland and runs via Finland, the former GDR, the Czech Republic and Austria to Bozen/Bolzano in northern Italy; There are plans to extend the route via France and the Spanish east coast to Gibraltar.
History
The town was originally part of the Hochstift Passau. According to the Land Registry of Rannariedl in 1581, Oberkappel belonged to the parish Wegscheid. In 1783 it became independent as a parish. During the secularization of 1803, the place with most of the Hochstiftischen area fell into the hands of Archduke Ferdinand of Tuscany and his electorate of Salzburg. The place then came to Bavaria in 1805. Oberkappel has belonged to Upper Austria since 1814 and has been a border town with Bavaria ever since. During the Third Reich, the town belonged to the Gau Oberdonau. During World War II Oberkappel was the place where Allied troops first entered Austrian territory.
Well-known Oberkappellers
Franz R. Friedl (1892–1977), composer
Kurt Krenn (1936–2014), bishop
References
Cities and towns in Rohrbach District |
Giovanni Maria Tamburini (flourished 17th century) was an Italian painter of the Baroque period.
Biography
He was initially a pupil of Pietro Faccini, and then of Guido Reni in Bologna. He painted for several of the churches in Bologna. He painted a St. Antony of Padua for the Hospital of Santa Maria della Morte, and an Annunciation for the Sanctuary of Santa Maria della Vita.
References
17th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
Painters from Bologna
Italian Baroque painters
Italian engravers
Year of death missing
Year of birth missing |
Lajoskomárom () is a village in Fejér County, Hungary.
History
The village of Lajoskomárom was settled by the aristocratic Batthyány family in 1802. Its name is derived from the name of its founder Lajos Batthyány and from the neighbouring village of Mezőkomárom, to which the area of Lajoskomárom used to belong. The settlers were of three different ethnicities (Germans, Hungarians and Slovaks). The biggest group were the Donauschwaben, most of whom were Lutherans with a Catholic minority. They didn't come directly from abroad, but rather from areas in modern-day Hungary already settled by ethnic Germans, most notably from Pusztavám and Tolna county. The second ones in terms of population were the Hungarians, who belonged to three distinct denominations (Catholicism, Lutheranism, Calvinism) and who arrived from various areas of Western Hungary. The Slovaks were uniformly Lutheran and mostly originated from Oroszlány. The three church towers in the crest of the village, symbolize the three denominations historically and currently present in the community.
External links
in Hungarian and German
Street map
Populated places in Fejér County
Hungarian German communities |
The Aqueduct of Kavala, popularly known as the Kamares (, "arches"), is a well-preserved aqueduct in the city of Kavala, Greece, and is one of the city's landmarks.
While the aqueduct is of Roman origin, the present structure was built by the Ottomans in the 16th century. A Byzantine barrier wall of the early 14th century, built as part of the fortifications on the Acropolis of Kavala, probably also functioned as an aqueduct. If so, it would have been a rare example of a Byzantine aqueduct, since Byzantine cities more typically used wells and cisterns rather than either maintaining existing Roman aqueducts or building new ones. The barrier wall was replaced with the present arched aqueduct during Suleiman the Magnificent's repair and improvement of the Byzantine fortifications. Some authors date that construction to the time of the 1522 Siege of Rhodes, but a more likely date is between 1530 and 1536. As late as 1911, it supplied the city with drinking water from Mount Pangaeus.
Gallery
See also
List of aqueducts in the Roman Empire
References
Aqueducts in Greece
Buildings and structures in Kavala
Ancient Roman buildings and structures in Greece
Byzantine architecture in Greece
Ottoman architecture in Greece
Buildings and structures completed in 1536
1536 establishments in the Ottoman Empire
Tourist attractions in Eastern Macedonia and Thrace
16th-century architecture in Greece |
A stoneblower is a railway track maintenance machine that automatically lifts and packs the sleepers with small grade ballast, which is blown under the sleepers to level the track. An alternative to the use of a ballast tamper, the totally self-contained machine levels track without the use of a large gang of workmen.
PBI'84
The Pneumatic Ballast Injection Machine was an experimental stoneblower tested by British Rail for the correction of track ballast and vertical geometry. It was built by Plasser GB, a division of the Austrian railway machinery company Plasser & Theurer under contract to British Rail.
A "frog" device which attached ahead of the machine reported measurements one metre apart of the altitude, relative to the starting point, of each rail head, at each sleeper, to an accuracy of 0.25 mm. Deflection indicators on each side reported height deviation at the 50 cm point between the two axles. Inclinometers on each side reported the angle from the horizontal, of the rail at that point. Electromagnetic sensors flagged the location of the steel Pandrol clips which bind the rails to the sleepers.
An onboard Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-11 running the RT-11 real-time operating system and FORTRAN would then calculate the distance each sleeper end would need to be raised; this was recorded as a quantity of stone that would hold the sleeper end at the new level.
At each pair of sleepers, the machine lifted the track 50 mm and forced eight giant "hypodermic needle" points down to the level of the resulting temporary cavity below the sleepers. Four Archimedes screws dispensed a measured quantity of gravel into the needles, and a jet of high pressure air at the back of the needle tip blew the stones into the cavity.
Expected results were not achieved in practice, and British Rail continued to use the ballast tamper.
References
See also
Ballast tamper
Maintenance of way equipment |
Inner Mongolia Zhongyou Football Club (), commonly referred to as Hohhot (), was a professional Chinese football club that last participated in the China League One division under licence from the Chinese Football Association (CFA). The team was based in Hohhot, Inner Mongolia and their home stadium was the 51,632 capacity Hohhot City Stadium. Their majority shareholders were the Hohhot Sports Bureau and Shanghai Zhongyou Real Estate Group.
History
On 8 October 2011 Shanxi Jiayi football club was officially established by the Shanghai Zhongyou Real Estate Group who formed a senior team predominantly comprised from players from the Taiyuan University of Technology. With the aid of the Sports Bureau of Shanxi Province a youth team and women's team was also established and the Shanxi Sports Centre Stadium was chosen to be the club's home ground. They registered to play within the third tier of the Chinese football league system in the 2012 league season while the club chose white shirts and black shorts as their home uniform. In their debut season they however decided to move to the artificial turf ground Wanbailin Stadium and later Taiyuan Institute of Electrical Engineering Stadium to play their home games. On the field the club made their debut in the 2012 Chinese FA Cup where they were knocked out in the first round by Shanghai Pudong Zobon F.C. 3–1 while in their first season they finished ninth within their group.
The club owners decided not to compete within the 2013 league season after a disappointing debut campaign. Wang Bo replaced Wu Jianwen as the club's manager and the team went through an extensive rebuilding process in preparation for the 2014 league season as well as changing the club's name to Taiyuan Zhongyou Jiayi. The rebuilding process would be a big success and the club would come runners-up within the league to Jiangxi Liansheng F.C. that saw them gain promotion to the second tier for the first time. Despite the promotion the club officially admitted the financial difficulties required with the higher level of professionalism and would consider relocating the team to gain the necessary investment.
On 5 January 2015 the Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Government Information Office held a press conference to announce that the Hohhot Sports Bureau would be investing and relocating the team to their city, which resulted in the name change of Nei Mongol Zhongyou.
Name history
2011–2013: Shanxi Jiayi ()
2014: Taiyuan Zhongyou Jiayi ()
2015–2018: Nei Mongol Zhongyou ()
2019–2021: Inner Mongolia Zhongyou ()
Managerial history
Wu Jianwen (2012)
Wang Bo (2014–2017)
Raül Agné(2018)
Wang Bo (2018)
Chen Yang (2019)
Choi Jin-han (2020–2021)
Results
All-time league rankings
As of the end of 2019 season.
Shanxi Jiayi did not compete in 2013.
in North Group. In group stage.
Key
<div>
Pld = Played
W = Games won
D = Games drawn
L = Games lost
F = Goals for
A = Goals against
Pts = Points
Pos = Final position
DNQ = Did not qualify
DNE = Did not enter
NH = Not Held
– = Does Not Exist
R1 = Round 1
R2 = Round 2
R3 = Round 3
R4 = Round 4
F = Final
SF = Semi-finals
QF = Quarter-finals
R16 = Round of 16
Group = Group stage
GS2 = Second group stage
QR1 = First qualifying round
QR2 = Second qualifying round
QR3 = Third qualifying round
References
External links
Club page at The Sport Website of Huhhot (archived 18 January 2017)
Defunct football clubs in China
Association football clubs established in 2011
Association football clubs disestablished in 2021
2011 establishments in China
2021 disestablishments in China |
Bresnik is a village in the municipality of Kraljevo, western-central Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 184 people.
References
Populated places in Raška District |
Ketchum is a town in Craig and Mayes counties, Oklahoma, United States. The population was 442 at the 2010 census, a 27 percent gain from 286 at the 2000 census.
History
Ketchum was named for a prominent member of the Delaware tribe and Methodist minister named James Ketchum who helped found the town in 1899. Ketchum was originally located in northeastern Mayes County, on the bank of the Grand River (Neosho River). It was relocated to southeastern Craig County around 1912 when the Kansas, Oklahoma, and Gulf Railroad (KO&G) was being constructed from southeastern Kansas to Texas. The original townsite sat in an area that was later filled in by the creation of Grand Lake o' the Cherokees.
The economy of Ketchum was based on agriculture until Pensacola Dam was built in 1937-1939, creating Grand Lake. Since then, the local economy has largely been dominated by tourism and other businesses related to the lake.
Construction is currently underway to upgrade the town's airport which was formerly known as the Craig County South Grand Lake Airport. A group of private investors is funding the new airport which includes paving the former grass runway. When the new airport is completed it will be a full service regional airport and will be named the South Grand Lake Regional Airport.
Geography
Ketchum is located in the southeast corner of Craig County. A portion of the town extends south into Mayes County and borders a small arm of Grand Lake.
Oklahoma State Highway 85 passes through Ketchum, leading west to Highway 82. Via Highways 85, 82, and U.S. 60, it is northwest to Vinita, the Craig County seat. Highway 85 leads northeast parallel to Grand Lake, to Bernice.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town of Ketchum has a total area of , all land.
Demographics
At the 2000 census, there were 286 people, 120 households and 78 families residing in the town. The population density was . There were 153 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 68.88% White, 0.35% African American, 18.53% Native American, 0.35% Pacific Islander, and 11.89% from two or more races.
There were 120 households, of which 36.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.8% were married couples living together, 16.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.2% were non-families. 30.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 2.97.
Age distribution was 29.4% under the age of 18, 7.3% from 18 to 24, 26.9% from 25 to 44, 23.4% from 45 to 64, and 12.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 86.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 77.2 males.
The median household income was $25,000, and the median family income was $32,500. Males had a median income of $25,313 versus $15,781 for females. The per capita income for the town was $13,534. About 10.8% of families and 12.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.2% of those under the age of eighteen and 22.2% of those 65 or over.
References
External links
Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History & Culture - Ketchum
Towns in Craig County, Oklahoma
Towns in Oklahoma
Populated places within the Cherokee Nation reservation
Populated places established in 1898
1898 establishments in Indian Territory |
Cham Palaces and Hotels () is a five star Syrian-based hotel chain. The chain has hotels in major Syrian cities and touristic spots, and has already expanded into neighboring Jordan.
Hotels
Syria
Apamee Cham Palace - Hama, Syria
Badia Cham Hotel - Deir ez-Zor, Syria
Bosra Cham Palace - Bosra, Syria
Cham Palace - Damascus, Syria
Ebla Cham Palace - Damascus, Syria
Fourat Cham Palace - Deir ez-Zor, Syria
Cote d'Azur de Cham Resort - Latakia, Syria
Cote d'Azur de Cham Residence - Latakia, Syria
Safita Cham Palace - Safita, Syria
Cham Golf and Country Club - Damascus, Syria
Jordan
Amman Cham Palace - Amman, Jordan
External links
Companies of Syria
Hotel chains
Syrian brands |
Antonio Forteguerra, O.S.B. (1648–1714) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Pienza (1698–1714).
Biography
Antonio Forteguerra was born on 13 Jun 1648 in Siena, Italy and ordained a priest in the Order of Saint Benedict.
On 15 Sep 1698, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Innocent XII as Bishop of Pienza.
On 21 Sep 1698, he was consecrated bishop by Pier Matteo Petrucci, Cardinal-Priest of San Marcello al Corso, with Francesco Pannocchieschi d'Elci, Archbishop of Pisa, and Domenico Belisario de Bellis, Bishop of Molfetta, serving as co-consecrators.
He served as Bishop of Pienza until his death in Jan 1714.
References
External links and additional sources
(for Chronology of Bishops)
(for Chronology of Bishops)
17th-century Italian Roman Catholic bishops
18th-century Italian Roman Catholic bishops
Bishops appointed by Pope Innocent XII
1648 births
1714 deaths
Clergy from Siena
Bishops of Pienza |
Eduard Zhevnerov (; ; born 1 November 1987) is a Belarusian professional footballer, who is currently playing for Arsenal Dzerzhinsk.
Career
On 11 August 2010, Zhevnerov played his only match for the national side, coming on as a last-minute substitute in a friendly match against Lithuania.
References
External links
1987 births
Living people
Footballers from Mogilev
Footballers from Mogilev Region
Belarusian men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Belarus men's international footballers
Belarusian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Lithuania
Belarusian expatriate sportspeople in Lithuania
A Lyga players
FC Savit Mogilev players
FC Spartak Shklov players
FC Dnepr Mogilev players
FC Dinamo Minsk players
FC Belshina Bobruisk players
FC Slavia Mozyr players
FC Vitebsk players
FC Dynamo Brest players
FK Jonava players
FC Smolevichi players
FC Slutsk players
FC Isloch Minsk Raion players
FC Arsenal Dzerzhinsk players |
```sqlpl
--
-- or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
-- distributed with this work for additional information
-- regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
--
-- path_to_url
--
-- Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
-- "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
-- specific language governing permissions and limitations
--
--
-- Add new system-level permission
--
ALTER TYPE guacamole_system_permission_type
ADD VALUE 'CREATE_USER_GROUP'
AFTER 'CREATE_USER';
--
-- Entity types
--
CREATE TYPE guacamole_entity_type AS ENUM(
'USER',
'USER_GROUP'
);
--
-- Table of base entities which may each be either a user or user group. Other
-- tables which represent qualities shared by both users and groups will point
-- to guacamole_entity, while tables which represent qualities specific to
-- users or groups will point to guacamole_user or guacamole_user_group.
--
CREATE TABLE guacamole_entity (
entity_id serial NOT NULL,
name varchar(128) NOT NULL,
type guacamole_entity_type NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (entity_id),
CONSTRAINT guacamole_entity_name_scope
UNIQUE (type, name)
);
--
-- Table of user groups. Each user group may have an arbitrary set of member
-- users and member groups, with those members inheriting the permissions
-- granted to that group.
--
CREATE TABLE guacamole_user_group (
user_group_id serial NOT NULL,
entity_id integer NOT NULL,
-- Group disabled status
disabled boolean NOT NULL DEFAULT FALSE,
PRIMARY KEY (user_group_id),
CONSTRAINT guacamole_user_group_single_entity
UNIQUE (entity_id),
CONSTRAINT guacamole_user_group_entity
FOREIGN KEY (entity_id)
REFERENCES guacamole_entity (entity_id)
ON DELETE CASCADE
);
--
-- Table of users which are members of given user groups.
--
CREATE TABLE guacamole_user_group_member (
user_group_id integer NOT NULL,
member_entity_id integer NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (user_group_id, member_entity_id),
-- Parent must be a user group
CONSTRAINT guacamole_user_group_member_parent
FOREIGN KEY (user_group_id)
REFERENCES guacamole_user_group (user_group_id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
-- Member may be either a user or a user group (any entity)
CONSTRAINT guacamole_user_group_member_entity
FOREIGN KEY (member_entity_id)
REFERENCES guacamole_entity (entity_id) ON DELETE CASCADE
);
--
-- Table of user group permissions. Each user group permission grants a user
-- access to a particular user group for a specific type of operation.
--
CREATE TABLE guacamole_user_group_permission (
entity_id integer NOT NULL,
affected_user_group_id integer NOT NULL,
permission guacamole_object_permission_type NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (entity_id, affected_user_group_id, permission),
CONSTRAINT guacamole_user_group_permission_affected_user_group
FOREIGN KEY (affected_user_group_id)
REFERENCES guacamole_user_group (user_group_id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
CONSTRAINT guacamole_user_group_permission_entity
FOREIGN KEY (entity_id)
REFERENCES guacamole_entity (entity_id) ON DELETE CASCADE
);
CREATE INDEX guacamole_user_group_permission_affected_user_group_id
ON guacamole_user_group_permission(affected_user_group_id);
CREATE INDEX guacamole_user_group_permission_entity_id
ON guacamole_user_group_permission(entity_id);
--
-- Modify guacamole_user table to use guacamole_entity as a base
--
-- Add new entity_id column
ALTER TABLE guacamole_user ADD COLUMN entity_id integer;
-- Create user entities for each guacamole_user entry
INSERT INTO guacamole_entity (name, type)
SELECT username, 'USER' FROM guacamole_user;
-- Update guacamole_user to point to corresponding guacamole_entity
UPDATE guacamole_user SET entity_id = (
SELECT entity_id FROM guacamole_entity
WHERE
username = guacamole_entity.name
AND type = 'USER'
);
-- The entity_id column should now be safely non-NULL
ALTER TABLE guacamole_user
ALTER COLUMN entity_id SET NOT NULL;
-- The entity_id column should now be unique for each user
ALTER TABLE guacamole_user
ADD CONSTRAINT guacamole_user_single_entity
UNIQUE (entity_id);
-- The entity_id column should now safely point to guacamole_entity entries
ALTER TABLE guacamole_user
ADD CONSTRAINT guacamole_user_entity
FOREIGN KEY (entity_id)
REFERENCES guacamole_entity (entity_id)
ON DELETE CASCADE;
-- The username column can now safely be removed
ALTER TABLE guacamole_user DROP COLUMN username;
--
-- Modify guacamole_connection_permission to use guacamole_entity instead of
-- guacamole_user
--
-- Add new entity_id column
ALTER TABLE guacamole_connection_permission ADD COLUMN entity_id integer;
-- Update guacamole_connection_permission to point to the guacamole_entity
-- that has been granted the permission
UPDATE guacamole_connection_permission SET entity_id = (
SELECT entity_id FROM guacamole_user
WHERE guacamole_user.user_id = guacamole_connection_permission.user_id
);
-- The entity_id column should now be safely non-NULL
ALTER TABLE guacamole_connection_permission
ALTER COLUMN entity_id SET NOT NULL;
-- The entity_id column should now safely point to guacamole_entity entries
ALTER TABLE guacamole_connection_permission
ADD CONSTRAINT guacamole_connection_permission_entity
FOREIGN KEY (entity_id)
REFERENCES guacamole_entity (entity_id)
ON DELETE CASCADE;
CREATE INDEX guacamole_connection_permission_entity_id
ON guacamole_connection_permission(entity_id);
-- Remove user_id column (implicitly drops associated contraints/keys)
ALTER TABLE guacamole_connection_permission DROP COLUMN user_id;
-- Add new primary key which uses entity_id
ALTER TABLE guacamole_connection_permission
ADD PRIMARY KEY (entity_id, connection_id, permission);
--
-- Modify guacamole_connection_group_permission to use guacamole_entity instead
-- of guacamole_user
--
-- Add new entity_id column
ALTER TABLE guacamole_connection_group_permission ADD COLUMN entity_id integer;
-- Update guacamole_connection_group_permission to point to the guacamole_entity
-- that has been granted the permission
UPDATE guacamole_connection_group_permission SET entity_id = (
SELECT entity_id FROM guacamole_user
WHERE guacamole_user.user_id = guacamole_connection_group_permission.user_id
);
-- The entity_id column should now be safely non-NULL
ALTER TABLE guacamole_connection_group_permission
ALTER COLUMN entity_id SET NOT NULL;
-- The entity_id column should now safely point to guacamole_entity entries
ALTER TABLE guacamole_connection_group_permission
ADD CONSTRAINT guacamole_connection_group_permission_entity
FOREIGN KEY (entity_id)
REFERENCES guacamole_entity (entity_id)
ON DELETE CASCADE;
CREATE INDEX guacamole_connection_group_permission_entity_id
ON guacamole_connection_group_permission(entity_id);
-- Remove user_id column (implicitly drops associated contraints/keys)
ALTER TABLE guacamole_connection_group_permission DROP COLUMN user_id;
-- Add new primary key which uses entity_id
ALTER TABLE guacamole_connection_group_permission
ADD PRIMARY KEY (entity_id, connection_group_id, permission);
--
-- Modify guacamole_sharing_profile_permission to use guacamole_entity instead
-- of guacamole_user
--
-- Add new entity_id column
ALTER TABLE guacamole_sharing_profile_permission ADD COLUMN entity_id integer;
-- Update guacamole_sharing_profile_permission to point to the guacamole_entity
-- that has been granted the permission
UPDATE guacamole_sharing_profile_permission SET entity_id = (
SELECT entity_id FROM guacamole_user
WHERE guacamole_user.user_id = guacamole_sharing_profile_permission.user_id
);
-- The entity_id column should now be safely non-NULL
ALTER TABLE guacamole_sharing_profile_permission
ALTER COLUMN entity_id SET NOT NULL;
-- The entity_id column should now safely point to guacamole_entity entries
ALTER TABLE guacamole_sharing_profile_permission
ADD CONSTRAINT guacamole_sharing_profile_permission_entity
FOREIGN KEY (entity_id)
REFERENCES guacamole_entity (entity_id)
ON DELETE CASCADE;
CREATE INDEX guacamole_sharing_profile_permission_entity_id
ON guacamole_sharing_profile_permission(entity_id);
-- Remove user_id column (implicitly drops associated contraints/keys)
ALTER TABLE guacamole_sharing_profile_permission DROP COLUMN user_id;
-- Add new primary key which uses entity_id
ALTER TABLE guacamole_sharing_profile_permission
ADD PRIMARY KEY (entity_id, sharing_profile_id, permission);
--
-- Modify guacamole_user_permission to use guacamole_entity instead of
-- guacamole_user
--
-- Add new entity_id column
ALTER TABLE guacamole_user_permission ADD COLUMN entity_id integer;
-- Update guacamole_user_permission to point to the guacamole_entity
-- that has been granted the permission
UPDATE guacamole_user_permission SET entity_id = (
SELECT entity_id FROM guacamole_user
WHERE guacamole_user.user_id = guacamole_user_permission.user_id
);
-- The entity_id column should now be safely non-NULL
ALTER TABLE guacamole_user_permission
ALTER COLUMN entity_id SET NOT NULL;
-- The entity_id column should now safely point to guacamole_entity entries
ALTER TABLE guacamole_user_permission
ADD CONSTRAINT guacamole_user_permission_entity
FOREIGN KEY (entity_id)
REFERENCES guacamole_entity (entity_id)
ON DELETE CASCADE;
CREATE INDEX guacamole_user_permission_entity_id
ON guacamole_user_permission(entity_id);
-- Remove user_id column (implicitly drops associated contraints/keys)
ALTER TABLE guacamole_user_permission DROP COLUMN user_id;
-- Add new primary key which uses entity_id
ALTER TABLE guacamole_user_permission
ADD PRIMARY KEY (entity_id, affected_user_id, permission);
--
-- Modify guacamole_system_permission to use guacamole_entity instead of
-- guacamole_user
--
-- Add new entity_id column
ALTER TABLE guacamole_system_permission ADD COLUMN entity_id integer;
-- Update guacamole_system_permission to point to the guacamole_entity
-- that has been granted the permission
UPDATE guacamole_system_permission SET entity_id = (
SELECT entity_id FROM guacamole_user
WHERE guacamole_user.user_id = guacamole_system_permission.user_id
);
-- The entity_id column should now be safely non-NULL
ALTER TABLE guacamole_system_permission
ALTER COLUMN entity_id SET NOT NULL;
-- The entity_id column should now safely point to guacamole_entity entries
ALTER TABLE guacamole_system_permission
ADD CONSTRAINT guacamole_system_permission_entity
FOREIGN KEY (entity_id)
REFERENCES guacamole_entity (entity_id)
ON DELETE CASCADE;
CREATE INDEX guacamole_system_permission_entity_id
ON guacamole_system_permission(entity_id);
-- Remove user_id column (implicitly drops associated contraints/keys)
ALTER TABLE guacamole_system_permission DROP COLUMN user_id;
-- Add new primary key which uses entity_id
ALTER TABLE guacamole_system_permission
ADD PRIMARY KEY (entity_id, permission);
--
-- Table of arbitrary user attributes. Each attribute is simply a name/value
-- pair associated with a user. Arbitrary attributes are defined by other
-- extensions. Attributes defined by this extension will be mapped to
-- properly-typed columns of a specific table.
--
CREATE TABLE guacamole_user_attribute (
user_id integer NOT NULL,
attribute_name varchar(128) NOT NULL,
attribute_value varchar(4096) NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (user_id, attribute_name),
CONSTRAINT guacamole_user_attribute_ibfk_1
FOREIGN KEY (user_id)
REFERENCES guacamole_user (user_id) ON DELETE CASCADE
);
CREATE INDEX guacamole_user_attribute_user_id
ON guacamole_user_attribute(user_id);
--
-- Table of arbitrary user group attributes. Each attribute is simply a
-- name/value pair associated with a user group. Arbitrary attributes are
-- defined by other extensions. Attributes defined by this extension will be
-- mapped to properly-typed columns of a specific table.
--
CREATE TABLE guacamole_user_group_attribute (
user_group_id integer NOT NULL,
attribute_name varchar(128) NOT NULL,
attribute_value varchar(4096) NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (user_group_id, attribute_name),
CONSTRAINT guacamole_user_group_attribute_ibfk_1
FOREIGN KEY (user_group_id)
REFERENCES guacamole_user_group (user_group_id) ON DELETE CASCADE
);
CREATE INDEX guacamole_user_group_attribute_user_group_id
ON guacamole_user_group_attribute(user_group_id);
--
-- Table of arbitrary connection attributes. Each attribute is simply a
-- name/value pair associated with a connection. Arbitrary attributes are
-- defined by other extensions. Attributes defined by this extension will be
-- mapped to properly-typed columns of a specific table.
--
CREATE TABLE guacamole_connection_attribute (
connection_id integer NOT NULL,
attribute_name varchar(128) NOT NULL,
attribute_value varchar(4096) NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (connection_id, attribute_name),
CONSTRAINT guacamole_connection_attribute_ibfk_1
FOREIGN KEY (connection_id)
REFERENCES guacamole_connection (connection_id) ON DELETE CASCADE
);
CREATE INDEX guacamole_connection_attribute_connection_id
ON guacamole_connection_attribute(connection_id);
--
-- Table of arbitrary connection group attributes. Each attribute is simply a
-- name/value pair associated with a connection group. Arbitrary attributes are
-- defined by other extensions. Attributes defined by this extension will be
-- mapped to properly-typed columns of a specific table.
--
CREATE TABLE guacamole_connection_group_attribute (
connection_group_id integer NOT NULL,
attribute_name varchar(128) NOT NULL,
attribute_value varchar(4096) NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (connection_group_id, attribute_name),
CONSTRAINT guacamole_connection_group_attribute_ibfk_1
FOREIGN KEY (connection_group_id)
REFERENCES guacamole_connection_group (connection_group_id) ON DELETE CASCADE
);
CREATE INDEX guacamole_connection_group_attribute_connection_group_id
ON guacamole_connection_group_attribute(connection_group_id);
--
-- Table of arbitrary sharing profile attributes. Each attribute is simply a
-- name/value pair associated with a sharing profile. Arbitrary attributes are
-- defined by other extensions. Attributes defined by this extension will be
-- mapped to properly-typed columns of a specific table.
--
CREATE TABLE guacamole_sharing_profile_attribute (
sharing_profile_id integer NOT NULL,
attribute_name varchar(128) NOT NULL,
attribute_value varchar(4096) NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (sharing_profile_id, attribute_name),
CONSTRAINT guacamole_sharing_profile_attribute_ibfk_1
FOREIGN KEY (sharing_profile_id)
REFERENCES guacamole_sharing_profile (sharing_profile_id) ON DELETE CASCADE
);
CREATE INDEX guacamole_sharing_profile_attribute_sharing_profile_id
ON guacamole_sharing_profile_attribute(sharing_profile_id);
``` |
Phyllonorycter ermani is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from the island of Hokkaidō in Japan and the Russian Far East.
The wingspan is 7-8.5 mm.
The larvae feed on Alnus maximowiczii and Betula ermanii. They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine has the form of a ptychonomous leaf mine on the space between two veins of the lower surface of the leaves.
References
erinaceae
Moths of Asia
Leaf miners
Moths of Japan
Insects of Russia
Moths described in 1963
Taxa named by Tosio Kumata |
The Democratic National Assembly (DNA) is a political party in Trinidad and Tobago. The party is meant to serve as a "third force" is society, providing a "non-tribal" alternative to the ruling United National Congress and the Opposition People's National Movement. The party symbol is a flat topped pyramid.
At present the officers in the party are: Ms Dara Healy- Chairman, Kirk Meighoo- Political Leader Trinidad, Colin Coker- Political Leader Tobago, Hugh Wooding Thomas- Secretary, Stephen Leonce- Strategy and Campaign Director and Anthony Pinto- Special advisor.
The party was launched in March, 2006, founded by political scientist Kirk Meighoo and businessman Anthony Pinto. It was formed after the dissolution of the Committee for Transformation and Progress headed by Meighoo, and incorporated the Civilian Oversight Organisation and other groups.
At first the party was a member of the Democratic National Alliance a coalition of minor parties under the leadership of Gerald Yetming, then Independent, Member of Parliament for St. Joseph. However, in a statement on Thursday 29 June 2006, the Democratic National Assembly said "it had taken a principled decision that it will no longer be pursuing and alliance with either the National Alliance for Reconstruction (NAR) or Mr. Gerald Yetming or the Democratic Party of Trinidad and Tobago (DPTT)", effectively splitting the coalition of the three entities.
On 12 September 2006, two DNA founders, Afra Raymond and Novack George, were expelled from the party.
On 3 October 2006 Meighoo resigned as a UWI lecturer to lead the DNA full-time.
In the 2007 General Elections, the DNA leader Meighoo joined the UNC alliance, and fought the Chaguanas East seat.
In the 5 November 2007 parliamentary elections, the party won 0.01% and no seats.
References
Lal-Beharie, Gregory, DNA axes Yetming. Trinidad Express, July 1, 2006
Political parties in Trinidad and Tobago |
Louise Parks (born 1945) is an American painter. She holds a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree from the Pratt Institute, and a Master of Fine Arts degree from Hunter College. Her work has been seen in numerous group and solo exhibitions, including Afro-American Artists: New York and Boston at the Museum of the National Center of Afro-American Artists in 1970. She has also been active as a curator, working with Milton Brown on a show of the work of Jacob Lawrence at the Whitney Museum of American Art in 1974.
References
1945 births
Living people
African-American women artists
20th-century American painters
20th-century American women artists
21st-century American painters
21st-century American women artists
Pratt Institute alumni
Hunter College alumni
20th-century African-American women
20th-century African-American people
20th-century African-American painters
21st-century African-American women
21st-century African-American artists
American women curators
American curators |
Mormon volcanic field, also known as Mormon Mountain volcanic field, is a monogenetic and polygenetic volcanic field south of Flagstaff, Arizona.
The volcanic field contains over 250 vents and covers over .
Notable Vents
See also
List of volcanoes in the United States
References
External links
Volcanic fields of Arizona
Landforms of Coconino County, Arizona
Miocene volcanism
Pliocene volcanism |
Bogoroditsk () is a town and the administrative center of Bogoroditsky District in Tula Oblast, Russia, located on the Upyorta River, a tributary of the Upa. Population:
History
It was founded in the second half of the 17th century as a wooden fort. In the 1770s, the fort was demolished to make room for the palace of the Bobrinsky family. The main château, designed by Ivan Starov and partly destroyed during World War II, is adjoined by an English park, said to be the earliest in Russia outside St. Petersburg. Bogoroditsk was granted town status in 1777. During World War II, Bogoroditsk was under German occupation from 15 November 1941 until 15 December 1941.
Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Bogoroditsk serves as the administrative center of Bogoroditsky District. As an administrative division, it is incorporated within Bogoroditsky District as Bogoroditsk Town Under District Jurisdiction. As a municipal division, Bogoroditsk Town Under District Jurisdiction is incorporated within Bogoroditsky Municipal District as Bogoroditsk Urban Settlement.
Twin towns and sister cities
Bogoroditsk is twinned with:
Lučenec, Slovakia
Rezzato, Lombardy, Italy
Economy
In 2012, the technology company Varton bought an abandoned factory building and opened the assembly plant. By 2016, total investment in the LED lighting factory reached 1 billion rubles.
References
Sources
Notes
"СССР. Административно-территориальное деление союзных республик. 1987." (USSR. Administrative-Territorial Structure of the Union Republics. 1987) / Составители В. А. Дударев, Н. А. Евсеева. — М.: Изд-во «Известия Советов народных депутатов СССР», 1987. — 673 с.
External links
Official website of Bogoroditsk
Bogoroditsk Business Directory
Website of the Bogoroditsk Museum
Mojgorod.ru. Entry on Bogoroditsk
Cities and towns in Tula Oblast
Bogoroditsky Uyezd
Populated places established in the 17th century
Bogoroditsky District |
The Trenčín Castle (, ) is a castle above the town of Trenčín in western Slovakia.
History
History of the castle goes back to the age of the Roman Empire, testified by the inscription telling about the victory of the II. Roman legion at Laugaricio (the Latin name of Trenčín) in 179 AD. The oldest building is a stone rotunda, plausibly founded in the Great Moravian period. In the midst of the 13th century the castle was the seat of the Baron Jakab Cseszneky, who was King Béla IV's swordbearer. Later in the 13-14th century, the castle became the residence of Matthew III Csák, the legendary "Lord of the river Váh and the Tatra Mountains". He gave name to the Máté Tower, a keep dominating both the castle silhouette as well as that of the town. Within the precincts of the lower castle can be found the water well, also known as the "well of love." Which according to legend was dug by a Turkish prince called Omar, who had great love for the beautiful Fatima, whom he had to redeem by digging a well in the rock. In fact the well was dug by a garrison in the 16th century, it took them 40 years and is approximately 80 m deep.
Present
The castle houses exhibitions of the Trenčín Museum, documenting the history of the region and of the castle – exhibitions of historic furniture, weapons, pictures and other artifacts as well as a castle gallery, archaeological collections and findings. The castle is protected as a National Cultural Monument of Slovakia. In 2006, it attracted about 100,000 visitors.
Further reading
References
External links
Castles in Slovakia
Buildings and structures in Trenčín
Museums in Trenčín Region
History museums in Slovakia
Tourist attractions in Trenčín Region |
Shanxi Airlines was an airline based in Taiyuan in the People's Republic of China. It operated scheduled domestic passenger services. In Nov 29, 2007, it merged with China Xinhua Airlines and Chang An Airlines to form Grand China Air, a subsidiary of Hainan Airlines.
History
The airline was established in 1988 and started operations on 6 July 2001. Hainan Airlines owned a 92.51% stake in Shanxi Airlines, acquired in a deal approved by state authorities as part of China's airline consolidation. Hainan merged the airline into Hainan Airlines in 2009.
Fleet
The Shanxi Airlines fleet consisted of the following aircraft (at February 2006):
Accidents and incidents
On 7 October 1988, a Ilyushin Il-14 (registered B-2418) undergoing a sightseeing flight for workers at a local knitting factory crashed shortly after takeoff from Linfen Air Base. 44 of the 48 passengers and crew, as well as 2 pedestrians, were killed.
References
External links
Shanxi Airlines Boeing Fleet Detail
Defunct airlines of China
Airlines established in 1998
Airlines disestablished in 2009
Transport in Shanxi
Companies based in Shanxi
Hainan Airlines
Chinese companies established in 1998
2009 disestablishments in China |
```javascript
(function() {
Batman.extend(Batman.DOM, {
querySelectorAll: function(node, selector) {
return jQuery(selector, node);
},
querySelector: function(node, selector) {
return jQuery(selector, node)[0];
},
setInnerHTML: function(node, html) {
var child, childNodes, result, _i, _j, _len, _len1;
childNodes = (function() {
var _i, _len, _ref, _results;
_ref = node.childNodes;
_results = [];
for (_i = 0, _len = _ref.length; _i < _len; _i++) {
child = _ref[_i];
_results.push(child);
}
return _results;
})();
for (_i = 0, _len = childNodes.length; _i < _len; _i++) {
child = childNodes[_i];
Batman.DOM.willRemoveNode(child);
}
result = jQuery(node).html(html);
for (_j = 0, _len1 = childNodes.length; _j < _len1; _j++) {
child = childNodes[_j];
Batman.DOM.didRemoveNode(child);
}
return result;
},
removeNode: function(node) {
var _ref;
Batman.DOM.willRemoveNode(node);
if ((_ref = node.parentNode) != null) {
_ref.removeChild(node);
}
return Batman.DOM.didRemoveNode(node);
},
destroyNode: function(node) {
Batman.DOM.willDestroyNode(node);
Batman.DOM.willRemoveNode(node);
jQuery(node).remove();
Batman.DOM.didRemoveNode(node);
return Batman.DOM.didDestroyNode(node);
},
appendChild: function(parent, child) {
Batman.DOM.willInsertNode(child);
jQuery(parent).append(child);
return Batman.DOM.didInsertNode(child);
},
innerText: function(node) {
return jQuery(node).text();
}
});
Batman.Request.prototype._parseResponseHeaders = function(xhr) {
var headers;
return headers = xhr.getAllResponseHeaders().split('\n').reduce(function(acc, header) {
var key, matches, value;
if (matches = header.match(/([^:]*):\s*(.*)/)) {
key = matches[1];
value = matches[2];
acc[key] = value;
}
return acc;
}, {});
};
Batman.Request.prototype._prepareOptions = function(data) {
var options, _ref, _this = this;
options = {
url: this.get('url'),
type: this.get('method'),
dataType: this.get('type'),
data: data || this.get('data'),
username: this.get('username'),
password: this.get('password'),
headers: this.get('headers'),
beforeSend: function() {
return _this.fire('loading');
},
success: function(response, textStatus, xhr) {
_this.mixin({
xhr: xhr,
status: xhr.status,
response: response,
responseHeaders: _this._parseResponseHeaders(xhr)
});
return _this.fire('success', response);
},
error: function(xhr, status, error) {
_this.mixin({
xhr: xhr,
status: xhr.status,
response: xhr.responseText,
responseHeaders: _this._parseResponseHeaders(xhr)
});
xhr.request = _this;
return _this.fire('error', xhr);
},
complete: function() {
return _this.fire('loaded');
}
};
if ((_ref = this.get('method')) === 'PUT' || _ref === 'POST') {
if (!this.hasFileUploads()) {
options.contentType = this.get('contentType');
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options.processData = false;
options.data = Batman.URI.queryFromParams(options.data);
}
} else {
options.contentType = false;
options.processData = false;
options.data = this.constructor.objectToFormData(options.data);
}
}
return options;
};
Batman.Request.prototype.send = function(data) {
return jQuery.ajax(this._prepareOptions(data));
};
Batman.mixins.animation = {
show: function(addToParent) {
var jq, show, _ref, _ref1;
jq = $(this);
show = function() {
return jq.show(600);
};
if (addToParent) {
if ((_ref = addToParent.append) != null) {
_ref.appendChild(this);
}
if ((_ref1 = addToParent.before) != null) {
_ref1.parentNode.insertBefore(this, addToParent.before);
}
jq.hide();
setTimeout(show, 0);
} else {
show();
}
return this;
},
hide: function(removeFromParent) {
var _this = this;
$(this).hide(600, function() {
var _ref;
if (removeFromParent) {
if ((_ref = _this.parentNode) != null) {
_ref.removeChild(_this);
}
}
return Batman.DOM.didRemoveNode(_this);
});
return this;
}
};
}).call(this);
``` |
Area codes 309 and 861 are telephone area codes in the North American Numbering Plan (NANP) for the west-central part of the U.S. state of Illinois. The numbering plan area includes cities such as Bloomington, Canton, East Moline, East Peoria, Galesburg, Geneseo, Kewanee, Macomb, Minonk, Moline, Morton, Normal, Pekin, Peoria, Rock Island, Silvis, and many smaller communities in west-central Illinois. Area code 309 was created in 1957 in an split of area code 815. 861 was added to the numbering plan area on February 24, 2023, in formation of an overlay.
History
When the American Telephone and Telegraph Company created the first nationwide telephone numbering plan for Operator Toll Dialing in 1947, the state of Illinois was divided into four numbering plan areas (NPAs), generally laid out as a southern, central, and northern area, and a region around the city of Chicago. The northern NPA was assigned area code 815 in the group of eighty-six original North American area codes.
Sometime after September 1956, the 815 numbering plan area was divided roughly in half along a north-westerly to south-easterly running line, assigning area code 309 to its western part. It was the only new area code created in Illinois between 1947 and the 1989 creation of area code 708.
On October 24, 2021, area code 309 was transitioned to ten-digit dialing, despite not being part of an overlay complex, in which multiple area codes are assigned to a numbering plan area. The area code had telephone numbers assigned for the central office code 988. In 2020, 988 was designated nationwide as a dialing code for the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline, which created a conflict for exchanges that still permitted seven-digit dialing.
NANPA exhaust projections for 309 in 2021 determined an exhaustion date in late 2023. For mitigation, a new all-services distributed overlay was announced with the new area code 861, which commenced operation on February 24, 2023. The earliest date central office codes could be requested was December 20, 2022, but assignments are available only after all central office codes in area code 309 have been allocated.
Service area
Communities in the numbering plan area include:
Abingdon
Adair
Albany
Aledo
Alexis
Alpha
Altona
Anchor
Andalusia
Andover
Annawan
Armington
Arrowsmith
Astoria
Atkinson
Avon
Bardolph
Barstow
Bath
Bellflower
Benson
Berwick
Biggsville
Bishop Hill
Blandinsville
Bloomington
Bradford
Brimfield
Bryant
Buda
Buffalo Prairie
Bushnell
Cambridge
Cameron
Camp Grove
Canton
Carbon Cliff
Carlock
Carman
Castleton
Chillicothe
Coal Valley
Colchester
Colfax
Colona
Congerville
Cooksville
Cordova
Creve Coeur
Cropsey
Cuba
Dahinda
Danvers
Deer Creek
Delavan
Downs
Dumfermline
Dunlap
East Galesburg
East Moline
East Peoria
Easton
Edelstein
Edwards
El Paso
Ellisville
Ellsworth
Elmwood
Erie
Eureka
Fairview
Farmer City
Farmington
Fenton
Fiatt
Forest City
Galesburg
Galva
Geneseo
Gerlaw
Gilson
Gladstone
Glasford
Good Hope
Goodfield
Green Valley
Gridley
Groveland
Hampton
Hanna City
Havana
Henderson
Henry
Heyworth
Hillsdale
Hopedale
Hudson
Illinois City
Industry
Ipava
Joy
Keithsburg
Kewanee
Kilbourne
Kingston Mines
Kirkwood
Knoxville
La Fayette
La Rose
Lacon
Laura
Le Roy
Lewistown
Lexington
Little York
Littleton
Liverpool
London Mills
Low Point
Lynn Center
Mackinaw
Macomb
Manito
Mapleton
Maquon
Marietta
Matherville
Mc Lean
Media
Merna
Metamora
Milan
Mineral
Minier
Minonk
Moline
Monmouth
Morton
Mossville
Neponset
New Boston
New Windsor
Normal
Norris
North Henderson
Oneida
Oquawka
Orion
Osco
Pekin
Peoria
Peoria Heights
Plymouth
Port Byron
Prairie City
Preemption
Princeville
Rapids City
Raritan
Reynolds
Rio
Roanoke
Rock Island
Rome
Roseville
St. Augustine
St. David
San Jose
Saybrook
Siota
Seaton
Secor
Sherrard
Shirley
Silvis
Smithfield
Smithshire
South Pekin
Sparland
Speer
Stanford
Stronghurst
Table Grove
Taylor Ridge
Tennessee
Topeka
Toulon
Towanda
Tremont
Trivoli
Varna
Vermont
Victoria
Viola
Washburn
Washington
Wataga
Williamsfield
Woodhull
Wyoming
Yates City
See also
List of Illinois area codes
List of North American Numbering Plan area codes
References
External links
309
309
Telecommunications-related introductions in 1957 |
James Phipps (20 April 1884 – 17 September 1977) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Essendon in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
Notes
External links
1884 births
1977 deaths
Australian rules footballers from Melbourne
Essendon Football Club players
People from Fitzroy, Victoria |
Rolf Johan Witting (30 September 1879 in Viipuri – 11 October 1944 in Porvoon maalaiskunta) was a Finnish oceanographist and politician, member of four of Finland's cabinets 1924–1943.
Scientific career
Witting graduated as Abitur in 1897, Candidate of Philosophy in 1901, Master of Philosophy in 1907, Licentiate 1909 and Doctor of Philosophy in 1910. He served as the director-general of the Finnish Institute of Marine Research from 1918–1936.
Politics
He was elected as a Member of Parliament on 1 May 1924 from Uusimaa constituency. He was deputy minister for Foreign Affairs 1934–1936, and the Minister of Foreign Affairs 1937–1943.
Witting served in business life as a head of corporate government in the Hanken School of Economics, the Delegation of the Finnish Academies of Science and Letters and the Geographical Society of Finland. Also he was as a member of corporate government in Teollisuushypoteekkipankki, Suomen pankkiyhdistys and Hufvudstadsbladet.
References
1879 births
1944 deaths
Politicians from Vyborg
People from Viipuri Province (Grand Duchy of Finland)
Swedish-speaking Finns
Finnish people of German descent
Swedish People's Party of Finland politicians
Ministers for Foreign Affairs of Finland
Members of the Parliament of Finland (1924–1927)
Finnish people of World War II
Continuation War
University of Helsinki alumni
World War II political leaders |
The Wisconsin Institute for Discovery (WID) is an interdisciplinary public research institute focused on science on the University of Wisconsin–Madison campus in Madison, Wisconsin. The institute is located in the Discovery Building, which also houses the private biomedical-focused Morgridge Institute for Research and the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation's Town Center, with which WID regularly partners to deliver outreach programming and public events. WID opened in 2010 with five research themes, which have since evolved as collaborations crossed disciplinary boundaries and new research teams formed.
The Wisconsin Institute for Discovery is led by Jo Handelsman, who was appointed in February, 2017, after serving in the Obama White House's Office of Science and Technology Policy.
Research
The faculty of the WID hold dual appointments at the institute and in departments across campus, including data science and visualization, tissue engineering and nanomedicine, -omics, health, agriculture, and complex systems. WID's approach to science involves calling on a broad community to identify and find solutions to big problems, encouraging interdisciplinary thought and action, and championing the Wisconsin Idea as a central tenet.
WID houses "Discovery Hubs" that are designed to be integrators for the campus community, generating new ideas that nucleate new collaborative projects. The hubs make use of WID expertise to provide services to other researchers in applying specialized tools to a range of problems extending beyond the scope of WID's programs. The hubs are the Data Science Hub, the Multi-Omics Hub, and the Illuminating Discovery Hub.
References
University of Wisconsin–Madison
Research institutes in Wisconsin |
The 2007 Dunlop British Open Championships was held at the National Squash Centre from 18–24 September 2007. Grégory Gaultier won the title defeating Thierry Lincou in the final.
Seeds
Draw and results
Main draw
References
Men's British Open Squash Championships
Squash in England
Men's British Open
Men's British Open Squash Championship
Men's British Open Squash Championship
2000s in Manchester
Sports competitions in Manchester |
General elections were held in Ethiopia between 23 June and 7 July 1973, to elect all 250 members of the Chamber of Deputies, the lower house of the Imperial Parliament (the upper house, the Senate, consisted of 125 senators appointed by the Emperor). These were the last elections to be held under imperial rule in Ethiopia. The elections were called after the parliament elected in 1969 was dissolved. Prior to the dissolution of the old parliament, the Emperor Haile Selassie had put forward a proposal for land reform, including a new system of land taxation.
Since no political parties were allowed per the 1955 constitution, only independent candidates contested the polls. All Ethiopian citizens aged 21 years and above were eligible to vote. In total the number of registered voters numbered around 7.3 million. Some 4,234,000 registered voters took part in the polls. The highest voter turnout (around 66%) was noted amongst the younger generation, aged 25 to 35.
Each electoral district, covering a population of around 200,000, was represented by two deputies. Towns with a population of above 30,000 had an additional deputy and then yet another deputy for every additional 50,000 inhabitants.
1,500 candidates stood in the elections. Candidates had to be Ethiopians by birth, at least 25 years old and registered as residents in the constituency they contested. A candidate also needed to own real property worth E$ 1,000 and personal property of E$ 2,000. 60% of the deputies elected were newcomers to the parliament, as many incumbent deputies either chose not to contest or had been defeated in the polls. Overall, there was a trend of pro-land reform incumbents being defeated and anti-land reform candidates getting elected.
After the elections, Endelkachew Makonnen became Prime Minister of the country. The deputies were elected for a four-year term, which was interrupted by the overthrow of the imperial regime in 1974.
References
Ethiopia
1973 in Ethiopia
General elections in Ethiopia
Non-partisan elections
June 1973 events in Africa
July 1973 events in Africa
Election and referendum articles with incomplete results |
Sitiya Zin (Kurdish: Sitîya Zîn). The Kurdish term "Sit (î) “ is used as a female honorary title and means approximately "lady “ or "noble woman “. Zîn is a Kurdish woman's name. Sitîya Zîn means "the noble lady Zin “. Sitiya Zin is a very important female saint of the Yazidis.
As is often the case with saints of the Yazidis, there are little written traditions about them. She lived in the 12th Century and was the daughter of Sheikh Adi a very important saint to Yazidi. Sitiya Zin was also the wife of the important Yazidi saint, Ezdina Mir, who was a prince of the Yazidis before Sheikh Adi's arrival. His second wife was Sitiya Ereb. These three people are the parents of the four Shemsani-Sheikhs and the ancestors of the Shemsani-Sheikh lineages. Sitiya Zin was the mother of two of the Shemsani-Sheikhs, Sheikh Fexredin (Kurdish: Sheikh Fekhredin / Şêx Fexredîn), one of the most famous saints, and Sheikh Shems (Kurdish: Sheikh Shemsedin / Şêx Şemsedîn).
Memorial in Lalish in honour of Sitiya Zin
In the sanctuary of Lalish, a "Qendîl" or "Çira" (Lights in honour of saints) is dedicated to Sitiya Zin, which is lit at a certain place in the sanctuary.
References
Saints
Yazidi holy figures |
John Harrison (23 October 1924 – 1 February 2012) was an Australian rower. He competed at the 1956 Summer Olympics.
References
1924 births
2012 deaths
Australian male rowers
Olympic rowers for Australia
Rowers at the 1956 Summer Olympics
20th-century Australian people
Place of birth missing |
Ningwu Railway may refer to three Chinese railways:
Nanjing–Wuhu Railway, also known as the Ningwu Railway
Ningwu–Jingle Railway, entirely in Shanxi, also known as the Ningjing Railway
Ningwu–Kelan Railway, entirely in Shanxi, also known as the Ningke Railway |
Kehel () is a village in Shal Rural District, Shahrud District, Khalkhal County, Ardabil Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 131, in 40 families.
References
Towns and villages in Khalkhal County |
Peter Tersgov Flarup (born 10 April 1976) is a Danish equestrian. He competed in the individual eventing at the 2008 Summer Olympics and the 2020 Summer Olympics.
References
External links
1976 births
Living people
Danish male equestrians
Olympic equestrians for Denmark
Equestrians at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Equestrians at the 2020 Summer Olympics |
The Gothic Line (; ) was a German defensive line of the Italian Campaign of World War II. It formed Field Marshal Albert Kesselring's last major line of defence along the summits of the northern part of the Apennine Mountains during the fighting retreat of the German forces in Italy against the Allied Armies in Italy, commanded by General Sir Harold Alexander.
Adolf Hitler had concerns about the state of preparation of the Gothic Line: he feared the Allies would use amphibious landings to outflank its defences. To downgrade its importance in the eyes of both friend and foe, he ordered the name, with its historic connotations, changed, reasoning that if the Allies managed to break through they would not be able to use the more impressive name to magnify their victory claims. In response to this order, Kesselring renamed it the "Green Line" (Grüne Linie) in June 1944.
Using more than 15,000 slave labourers, the Germans created more than 2,000 well-fortified machine gun nests, casemates, bunkers, observation posts and artillery fighting positions to repel any attempt to breach the Gothic Line. Initially this line was breached during Operation Olive (also sometimes known as the Battle of Rimini), but Kesselring's forces were consistently able to retire in good order. This continued to be the case up to March 1945, with the Gothic Line being breached but with no decisive breakthrough; this would not take place until April 1945 during the final Allied offensive of the Italian Campaign.
Operation Olive has been described as the biggest battle of materials ever fought in Italy. Over 1,200,000 men participated in the battle. The battle took the form of a pincer manoeuvre, carried out by the British Eighth Army and the U.S. Fifth Army against the German 10th Army (10. Armee) and German 14th Army (14. Armee). Rimini, a city which had been hit by previous air raids, had 1,470,000 rounds fired against it by allied land forces. According to Lieutenant-General Oliver Leese, commander of the British Eighth Army: "The battle of Rimini was one of the hardest battles of Eighth Army. The fighting was comparable to El Alamein, Mareth and the Gustav Line (Monte-Cassino)."
Background
After the nearly concurrent breakthroughs at Cassino and Anzio in spring 1944, the 11 nations representing the Allies in Italy finally had a chance to trap the Germans in a pincer movement and to realize some of the British Prime Minister Winston Churchill's strategic goals for the long, costly campaign against the Axis "underbelly". This would have required the U.S. Fifth Army under Lieutenant General Mark W. Clark to commit most of his Anzio forces to the drive east from Cisterna, and to execute the envelopment envisioned in the original planning for the Anzio landing (i.e., flank the German 10th Army, and sever its northbound line of retreat from Cassino). Instead, fearing that the British Eighth Army, under Lieutenant-General Sir Oliver Leese, might beat him to the Italian capital of Rome, Clark diverted a large part of his Anzio force in that direction in an attempt to ensure that he and the Fifth Army would have the honour of liberating the city.
As a result, most of Generalfeldmarschall Albert Kesselring's forces slipped the noose and fell back north fighting delaying actions, notably in late June on the Trasimene Line (running from just south of Ancona on the east coast, past the southern shores of Lake Trasimeno near Perugia and on to the west coast south of Grosseto) and in July on the Arno Line (running from the west coast along the line of the Arno River and into the Apennine Mountains north of Arezzo). This gave time to consolidate the Gothic Line, a deep belt of fortifications extending from south of La Spezia (on the west coast) to the Foglia Valley, through the natural defensive wall of the Apennines (which ran unbroken nearly from coast to coast, deep and with high crests and peaks rising to ), to the Adriatic Sea between Pesaro and Ravenna, on the east coast. The emplacements included numerous concrete-reinforced gun pits and trenches and 2,376 machine-gun nests with interlocking fire, 479 anti-tank, mortar and assault gun positions, of barbed wire and many miles of anti-tank ditches. This last redoubt proved the Germans' determination to continue fighting.
Nevertheless, it was fortunate for the Allies that at this stage of the war the Italian partisan forces had become highly effective in disrupting the German preparations in the high mountains. By September 1944, German generals were no longer able to move freely in the area behind their main lines because of partisan activity. Generalleutnant Frido von Senger und Etterlin—commanding XIV Panzer Corps (XIV Panzerkorps)—later wrote that he had taken to travelling in a little Volkswagen "(displaying) no general's insignia of rank—no peaked cap, no gold or red flags...". One of his colleagues who ignored this caution—Wilhelm Crisolli (commanding the 20th Luftwaffe Field Division)—was caught and killed by partisans as he returned from a conference at corps headquarters.
Construction of the defences was also hampered by the deliberately poor quality concrete provided by local Italian mills whilst captured partisans forced into the construction gangs supplemented the natural lethargy of forced labour with clever sabotage. Nevertheless, prior to the Allies' attack, Kesselring had declared himself satisfied with the work done, especially on the Adriatic side where he "...contemplated an assault on the left wing....with a certain confidence".
Allied strategy
The Italian Front was seen by the Allies to be of secondary importance to the offensives through France, and this was underlined by the withdrawal during the summer of 1944 of seven divisions from the U.S. Fifth Army to take part in the landings in southern France, Operation Dragoon. By 5 August, the strength of the Fifth Army had fallen from 249,000 to 153,000, and they had only 18 divisions to confront the combined German 10th and 14th Armies′ strength of 14 divisions plus four to seven reserve divisions.
Nevertheless, Winston Churchill and the British Chiefs of Staff were keen to break through the German defences to open up the route to the northeast through the "Ljubljana Gap" into Austria and Hungary. Whilst this would threaten Germany from the rear, Churchill was more concerned to forestall the Russians advancing into central Europe. The U.S. Chiefs of Staff had strongly opposed this strategy as diluting the Allied focus in France. However, following the Allied successes in France during the summer, the U.S. Chiefs relented, and there was complete agreement amongst the Combined Chiefs of Staff at the Second Quebec Conference on 12 September.
Allied plan of attack
The original plan of General Sir Harold Alexander, the Commander-in-Chief (C-in-C) of the Allied Armies in Italy (AAI)—as formulated by his Chief of Staff, Lieutenant-General Sir John Harding—was to storm the Gothic Line in the centre, where most of his forces were already concentrated. It was the shortest route to his objective, the plains of Lombardy, and could be mounted quickly. He mounted a deception operation to convince the Germans that the main blow would come on the Adriatic front.
On 4 August, Alexander met Lieutenant-General Leese, the British Eighth Army commander, to find that Leese did not favour the plan. He argued that the Allies had lost their specialist French mountain troops to Operation Dragoon and that the Eighth Army's strength lay in tactics combining infantry, armour and guns which could not be employed in the high mountains of the central Apennines.
It has also been suggested that Leese disliked working in league with Clark after the Fifth Army's controversial move on Rome at the end of May and early June and wished for the Eighth Army to win the battle on its own. He suggested a surprise attack along the Adriatic coast. Although Harding did not share Leese's view and Eighth Army planning staff had already rejected the idea of an Adriatic offensive (because it would be difficult to bring the necessary concentration of forces to bear), General Alexander was not prepared to force Leese to adopt a plan which was against his inclination and judgement and Harding was persuaded to change his mind.
Operation Olive—as the new offensive was christened—called for Leese's Eighth Army to attack up the Adriatic coast toward Pesaro and Rimini and draw in the German reserves from the centre of the country. Clark's Fifth Army would then attack in the weakened central Apennines north of Florence toward Bologna with British XIII Corps on the right wing of the attack fanning toward the coast to create a pincer with the Eighth Army advance. This meant that as a preparatory move, the bulk of the Eighth Army had to be transferred from the centre of Italy to the Adriatic coast, taking two valuable weeks, while a new intelligence deception plan (Operation Ulster) was commenced to convince Kesselring that the main attack would be in the centre.
Adriatic Front (British Eighth Army)
Eighth Army dispositions for Operation Olive
On the coast, Leese had Polish II Corps with 5th Kresowa Division in the front line and the 3rd Carpathian Division in reserve. To the left of the Poles was Canadian I Corps which had the Canadian 1st Infantry Division (with the British 21st Tank Brigade under command) in the front line and the Canadian 5th Armoured Division in reserve.
For the opening phase the corps artillery was strengthened with the addition of the British 4th Infantry Division's artillery. West of the Canadians was British V Corps with the British 46th Infantry Division manning the right of the corps front line and 4th Indian Infantry Division its left. In reserve were the British 56th Infantry and 1st Armoured Divisions and the British 7th Armoured and 25th Tank Brigades.
Further to the rear was the British 4th Division, waiting to be called forward to join the corps. The left flank of the Eighth Army front was guarded by British X Corps employing the 10th Indian Infantry Division and two armoured car regiments, 12th and 27th Lancers. Prior to the attack the I Canadian Corps' front was covered by patrolling Polish cavalry units and V Corps by patrolling elements of the Italian Liberation Corps. In army reserve, also waiting to be called forward, was the 2nd New Zealand Division.
German 10th Army dispositions
Facing the Eighth Army was the German 10th Army's LXXVI Panzer Corps (LXXVI Panzerkorps). Initially, this had only three divisions: 1st Parachute Division facing the Poles, 71st Infantry Division (71. Infanterie-Division) inland on the parachute division's right and 278th Division (278. Infanterie-Division) on the Corps right flank in the hills which was in the process of relieving 5th Mountain Division. The 10th Army had a further five divisions in 51st Mountain Corps covering of front line on the right of LXVI Panzer Corps and a further two divisions—162nd Infantry Division (162. (Turkoman) Infanterie-Division) and 98th Infantry Division (98. Infanterie-Division) (replaced by 29th Panzer Grenadier Division (29. Panzergrenadierdivision) from 25 August)—covering the Adriatic coast behind LXVI Corps. In addition, Kesselring had in his Army Group Reserve the 90th Panzer Grenadier Division (90. Panzergrenadierdivision) and 26th Panzer Division (26. Panzerdivision).
Eighth Army attack
The British Eighth Army crossed the Metauro river and launched its attack against the Gothic Line outposts on 25 August. As Polish II Corps, on the coast and I Canadian Corps, on the coastal plain on the Poles' left, advanced towards Pesaro the coastal plain narrowed and it was planned that the Polish Corps, weakened by losses and lack of replacements, would go into Army reserve and the front on the coastal plain would become the responsibility of the Canadian Corps alone. The Germans were taken by surprise, to the extent that both von Vietinghoff, and the parachute division's commander—Generalmajor Richard Heidrich—were away on leave.
They were in the process of pulling back their forward units to the Green I fortifications of the Gothic Line proper and Kesselring was uncertain whether this was the start of a major offensive or just Eighth Army advancing to occupy vacated ground whilst the main Allied attack would come on the U.S. Fifth Army front towards Bologna. On 27 August, he was still expressing the view that the attack was a diversion and so would not commit reserves to the front. It was not until 28 August—when he saw a captured copy of Leese's order of the day to his army prior to the attack—that Kesselring realised that a major offensive was in progress, and three divisions of reinforcements were ordered from Bologna to the Adriatic front, still needing at least two days to get into position.
By 30 August, the Canadian and British Corps had reached the Green I main defensive positions running along the ridges on the far side of the Foglia river. Taking advantage of the Germans' lack of manpower, the Canadians punched through and by 3 September had advanced a further to the Green II line of defences running from the coast near Riccione. The Allies were close to breaking through to Rimini and the Romagna plain. However, LXXVI Panzer Corps on the German 10th Army's left wing had withdrawn in good order behind the line of the Conca river. Fierce resistance from the Corps′ 1st Parachute Division—commanded by Heidrich (supported by intense artillery fire from the Coriano ridge in the hills on the Canadians' left)—brought their advance to a halt.
Meanwhile, British V Corps was finding progress in the more difficult hill terrain with its poor roads tough going. On 3–4 September, while the Canadians once again attacked along the coastal plain, V Corps made an armoured thrust to dislodge the Coriano Ridge defences and reach the Marano river. This was to open the gate to the plain beyond which could be rapidly exploited by the tanks of British 1st Armoured Division, poised for this purpose. However, after two days of gruesome fighting with heavy losses on both sides, the Allies were obliged to call off their assault and reassess their strategy. Leese decided to outflank the Coriano ridge positions by driving westwards toward Croce and Gemmano to reach the Marano valley which curved behind the Coriano positions to the coast some north of Riccione.
Battles for Gemmano and Croce
The Battle of Gemmano has been nicknamed by some historians as the "Cassino of the Adriatic". After 11 assaults between 4 and 13 September (first by British 56th Division and then British 46th Division), it was the turn of Indian 4th Division who after a heavy bombardment made the 12th attack at 03:00 on 15 September and finally carried and secured the German defensive positions. In the meantime, to the north, on the other side of the Conca valley a similarly bloody engagement was being ground out at Croce. The German 98th Division held their positions with great tenacity, and it took five days of constant fighting, often door to door and hand to hand before the British 56th Division captured Croce.
Coriano taken and the advance to Rimini and San Marino
With progress slow at Gemmano, Leese decided to renew the attack on Coriano. After a paralyzing bombardment from 700 artillery pieces and bombers, the Canadian 5th Armoured Division and the British 1st Armoured Division launched their attack on the night of 12 September. The Coriano positions were finally taken on 14 September.
Once again, the way was open to Rimini. Kesselring's forces had taken heavy losses, and three divisions of reinforcements ordered to the Adriatic front would not be available for at least a day. Now, the weather intervened: torrential rain turned the rivers into torrents and halted air support operations. Once again movement ground to a crawl, and the German defenders had the opportunity to reorganise and reinforce their positions on the Marano river, and the salient to the Lombardy plain closed. Once more, the Eighth Army was confronted by an organised line of defence, the Rimini Line.
Meanwhile, with Croce and beyond it Montescudo secured, the left wing of the Eighth Army advanced to the Marano river and the frontier of San Marino. The Germans had occupied neutral San Marino over a week previously to take advantage of the heights on which the city-state stood. By 19 September, the city was isolated and fell to the Allies with relatively little cost. beyond San Marino lay the Marecchia valley running across the Eighth Army line of advance and running to the sea at Rimini.
During the night of 19/20 September, Brigadier Richard W. Goodbody, commanding the 2nd Armoured Brigade, ordered (with many doubts) the 2nd Dragoon Guards (Queen's Bays) to attack Pt 153 at 10.50. The German antitank gunners, using the renowned 88mm guns, had a field day. All but three Sherman tanks of the two squadrons that took part in the attack were destroyed. The Bays lost 24 tanks and, more important, 64 highly skilled tank crewmen. Fortunately for the 9th Queen's Royal Lancers, who had been ordered to pass through the Bays, their attack was postponed after strong representations had been made to higher HQ.
On the right the I Canadian Corps on 20 September broke the German positions on the Ausa river and into the Lombardy Plain and 3rd Greek Mountain Brigade entered Rimini on the morning of 21 September as the Germans withdrew from their positions on the Rimini Line behind the Ausa to new positions on the Marecchia. However, Kesselring's defence had won him time until the onset of the autumn rains. Progress for the Eighth Army became very slow with mud slides caused by the torrential rain making it difficult to keep roads and tracks open, creating a logistical nightmare. Although they were out of the hills, the plains were waterlogged and the Eighth Army found themselves confronted, as they had the previous autumn, by a succession of swollen rivers running across their line of advance. Once again, the conditions prevented Eighth Army's armour from exploiting the breakthrough, and the infantry of British V Corps and I Canadian Corps (joined by the 2nd New Zealand Division) had to grind their way forward while von Vietinghoff withdrew his forces behind the next river beyond the Marecchia, the Uso, a few miles beyond Rimini. The positions on the Uso were forced on 26 September, and Eighth Army reached the next river, the Fiumicino, on 29 September. Four days of heavy rain forced a halt, and by this time V Corps was fought out and required major reorganization.
Since the start of Operation Olive, Eighth Army had suffered 14,000 casualties. As a result, British battalions had to be reduced from four to three rifle companies due to a severe shortage of manpower. Facing the Eighth Army LXXVI Panzer Corps had suffered 16,000 casualties. As the Eighth Army paused at the end of September to reorganise Leese was reassigned to command the Allied land forces in South-East Asia and Lieutenant-General Richard L. McCreery was moved from commanding British X Corps to take over the army command.
Central Front (Fifth Army)
U.S. Fifth Army formation
Clark's U.S. Fifth Army comprised three corps: U.S. IV Corps, under Major General Willis D. Crittenberger, on the left formed by the U.S. 1st Armored Division, the 6th South African Armoured Division and two Regimental Combat Teams (RCTs), one of the U.S. 92nd Infantry Division the other the Brazilian 6th RCT (the first land forces contingent of the Brazilian Expeditionary Force); in the centre was U.S. II Corps, under Major General Geoffrey Keyes, (with the U.S. 34th, 85th, 88th and 91st Infantry Divisions supported by three tank battalions under command); and on the right British XIII Corps, under Lieutenant-General Sidney Kirkman, (composed of the British 1st Infantry and 6th Armoured Divisions, the 8th Indian Infantry Division and the 1st Canadian Armoured Brigade). Like the Eighth Army, the Fifth Army was considered to be strong in armour and short on infantry considering the terrain they were attacking.
German formation in the central Apennines
In the front line facing Clark's forces were five divisions of Joachim Lemelsen's German 14th Army (20th Luftwaffe Field Division, 16th SS Panzer Grenadier Division (16. Panzergrenadierdivision), 65th and 362nd Infantry Divisions and the 4th Parachute Division) and two divisions on the western end of von Vietinghoff's German 10th Army (356th and 715th Infantry Divisions). By the end of the first week in September, the Luftwaffe Field Division and the 356th Infantry Division had been moved to the Adriatic front along with (from army reserve) the 29th Panzer Grenadier Division and the armoured reserve of 26th Panzer Division. The 14th Army was not of the same quality as the 10th Army: it had been badly mauled in the retreat from Anzio and some of its replacements had been hastily and inadequately trained.
Allied plan
Clark's plan was for II Corps to strike along the road from Florence to Firenzuola and Imola through the Il Giogo pass to outflank the formidable defences of the Futa pass (on the main Florence–Bologna road) while on their right British XIII Corps would advance through the Gothic Line to cut Route 9 (and therefore Kesselring's lateral communications) at Faenza. The transfer of 356th Infantry Division to the Adriatic weakened the defences around the Il Giogo pass which was already potentially an area of weakness, being on the boundary between 10th and 14th Armies.
Battle
During the last week in August, U.S. II Corps and British XIII Corps started to move into the mountains to take up positions for the main assault on the main Gothic Line defences. Some fierce resistance was met from outposts but at the end of the first week in September, once reorganisation had taken place following the withdrawal of three divisions to reinforce the pressured Adriatic front, the Germans withdrew to the main Gothic Line defences. After an artillery bombardment, the Fifth Army's main assault began at dusk on 12 September. Keyes tried to flank the II Giogo Pass by attacking both the peaks of Monticello and Monte Altuzzo using the 91st Infantry Division in a bold attempt to bounce the Germans off the positions, but this failed.
Progress at the II Giogo Pass was slow, but on II Corps' right British XIII Corps were making better progress. Clark grasped this opportunity to divert part of II Corps reserve (the 337th Infantry Regiment, part of the 85th Infantry Division) to exploit XIII Corps success. Attacking on 17 September, supported by both American and British artillery, the infantry fought their way onto Monte Pratone, some east of the Il Giogo pass and a key position on the Gothic Line. Meanwhile, U.S. II Corps renewed their assault on Monte Altuzzo, dominating the east side of the Il Giogo Pass. The Altuzzo positions fell on the morning of 17 September, after five days of fighting. The capture of Altuzzo and Pratone as well as Monte Verruca between them caused the formidable Futa Pass defences to be outflanked, and Lemelsen was forced to pull back, leaving the pass to be taken after only light fighting on 22 September.
On the left, IV Corps had fought their way to the main Gothic Line: notably the U.S. 370th Regimental Combat Team, which pushed the Axis troops on its sector to the north beyond the Highway 12 towards Gallicano; and the Brazilian 6th RCT, which took Massarosa, Camaiore and other small towns on its own way north. By the end of the month, the Brazilian unit had conquered Monte Prano and controlled the Serchio valley region without suffering any major casualties. In October, it also took Fornaci with its munitions factory, and Barga; while the 370th received reinforcements from other units (365th and 371st), to ensure the Fifth Army left wing sector at the Ligurian Sea.
On Fifth Army's far right wing, on the right of the British XIII Corps front, 8th Indian Infantry Division fighting across trackless ground had captured the heights of Femina Morta and British 6th Armoured Division had taken the San Godenzo Pass on Route 67 to Forlì, both on 18 September.
At this stage, with the slow progress on the Adriatic front, Clark decided that Bologna would be too far west along Route 9 to trap the German 10th Army. He decided therefore to make the main II Corps thrust further east towards Imola whilst XIII Corps would continue to push on the right toward Faenza. Although they were through the Gothic Line, Fifth Army—just like the Eighth Army before them—found the terrain beyond and its defenders even more difficult. Between 21 September and 3 October, U.S. 88th Division had fought its way to a standstill on the route to Imola suffering 2,105 men killed and wounded — roughly the same as the whole of the rest of II Corps during the actual breaching of the Gothic Line.
The fighting toward Imola had drawn German troops from the defence of Bologna, and Clark decided to switch his main thrust back toward the Bologna axis. U.S. II Corps pushed steadily through the Raticosa Pass and by 2 October, it had reached Monghidoro some from Bologna. However, as it had on the Adriatic coast, the weather had broken and rain and low cloud prevented air support while the roads back to the ever more distant supply dumps near Florence became morasses.
On 5 October, U.S. II Corps renewed its offensive along a front straddling Route 65 to Bologna. They were supported on their right flank by British XIII Corps including British 78th Infantry Division, newly returned to Italy after a three-month re-fit in Egypt. Gradual progress was made against stiffening opposition as German 14th Army moved troops from the quieter sector opposite U.S. IV Corps. By 9 October, they were attacking the massive high sheer escarpment behind Livergnano which appeared insuperable. However, the weather cleared on the morning of 10 October to allow artillery and air support to be brought to bear. Nevertheless, it took until the end of 15 October before the escarpment was secured. On the right of U.S. II Corps British XIII Corps was experiencing equally determined fighting on terrain just as difficult.
Time runs out for the Allied offensive
By the second half of October, it was becoming increasingly clear to Alexander that despite the dogged fighting in the waterlogged plain of Romagna and the streaming mountains of the central Apennines, with the autumn well advanced and exhaustion and combat losses increasingly affecting his forces' capabilities, no breakthrough was going to occur before the winter weather returned.
On the Adriatic front, the British Eighth Army's advance resumed on its left wing through the Apennine foothills toward Forlì on Route 9. On 5 October the 10th Indian Infantry Division—switched from British X Corps to British V Corps—had crossed the Fiumicino river high in the hills and turned the German defensive line on the river forcing the German 10th Army units downstream to pull back towards Bologna. Paradoxically, in one sense, this helped Kesselring because it shortened the front he had to defend and shortened the distance between his two armies, providing him with greater flexibility to switch units between the two fronts. Continuing their push up Route 9, on 21 October British V Corps crossed the Savio river which runs north eastward through Cesena to the Adriatic and by 25 October were closing on the Ronco river, some beyond the Savio, behind which the Germans had withdrawn. By the end of the month, the advance had reached Forlì, halfway between Rimini and Bologna.
Cutting the German Armies' lateral communications remained a key objective. Indeed, later Kesselring was to say that if in mid-October the front south of Bologna could not be held, then all the German positions east of Bologna "were automatically gone." Alexander and Clark had decided therefore to make a last push for Bologna before winter gripped the front.
On 16 October, the U.S. Fifth Army had gathered itself for one last effort to take Bologna. The Allies were short of artillery ammunition because of a global reduction in Allied ammunition production in anticipation of the final defeat of Germany. The Fifth Army's batteries were rationed to such an extent that the total rounds fired in the last week of October were less than the amount fired during one eight-hour period on 2 October. Nevertheless, U.S. II Corps and British XIII Corps pounded away for the next 11 days. Little progress was made in the centre along the main road to Bologna. On the right, there was better progress, and on 20 October the U.S. 88th Division seized Monte Grande, only from Route 9, and three days later British 78th Division stormed Monte Spaduro. However, the remaining were over difficult terrain and were reinforced by three of the best German divisions in Italy—the 29th Panzergrenadier Division, 90th Panzergrenadier Division and the 1st Parachute Division—which Kesselring had been able to withdraw from the Romagna as a result of his shortened front. By late October, the Brazilian 6th RCT had pushed the Axis forces through province of Lucca to Barga, where its advance was halted.
Later operations
In early November, the buildup to full strength of the 1st Brazilian Division and some reinforcement of the U.S. 92nd Division had not nearly compensated the U.S. Fifth Army for the formations diverted to France. The situation in the British Eighth Army was even worse: Replacement cadres were being diverted to northern Europe and I Canadian Corps was ordered to prepare to ship to the Netherlands in February of the following year. Also, while they remained held in the mountains, the armies continued to have an over-preponderance of armour relative to infantry.
During November and December, Fifth Army concentrated on dislodging the Germans from their well-placed artillery positions which had been key in preventing the Allied advance towards Bologna and the Po Valley. Using small and medium Brazilian and American forces, the U.S. Fifth Army attacked these points one by one but with no positive outcome. By the end of the year, the defence compound formed by the Germans around Monte Castello, (Lizano in) Belvedere, Della Toraccia, Castelnuovo (di Vergato), Torre di Nerone, La Serra, Soprassasso and Castel D'Aiano had proved extremely resilient.
Meanwhile, the British Eighth Army—held on Route 9 at Forlì—continued a subsidiary drive up the Adriatic coast and captured Ravenna on 5 November. In early November, the push up Route 9 resumed, and the river Montone, just beyond Forlì, was crossed on 9 November. However, the going continued to be very tough with the river Cosina, some further along Route 9 being crossed only on 23 November. By 17 December, the river Lamone had been assaulted and Faenza cleared. The German 10th Army established itself on the raised banks of the river Senio (rising at least above the surrounding plain) which ran across the line of the Eighth Army advance just beyond Faenza down to the Adriatic north of Ravenna. With snows falling and winter firmly established, any attempt to cross the Senio was out of the question and the Eighth Army's 1944 campaign came to an end.
In late December, in a final flourish to the year's fighting, the Germans used a predominantly Italian force of units from the Italian Monterosa Division to attack the left wing of the U.S. Fifth Army in the Serchio valley in front of Lucca to pin Allied units there which might otherwise have been switched to the central front. Two brigades of the 8th Indian Infantry Division were rapidly switched across the Apennines to reinforce the U.S. 92nd Infantry Division. By the time the reinforcements had arrived, the Axis forces had broken through to capture Barga, but decisive action by the 8th Indian Division's Major-General Dudley Russell halted further advance and the situation was stabilised and Barga recaptured by the New Year.
In mid-December Alexander became supreme commander of the Mediterranean Theatre. Clark took his place as commander of the Allied Armies in Italy (re-designated 15th Army Group) and command of U.S. Fifth Army was given to Lucian K. Truscott. In mid-February, as the winter weather improved, Fifth Army resumed its attacks on German artillery positions (Operation Encore). This time the IV Corps used two full infantry divisions to accomplish the mission: the Brazilian division, tasked with taking Monte Castello, Soprassasso and Castelnuovo di Vergato; and the newly arrived U.S. 10th Mountain Division, tasked to take Belvedere, Della Torraccia and Castel D'Aiano. Operation Encore began on 18 February and was completed on 5 March, preparatory to the final offensive in Italy.
See also
Gothic Line order of battle
15th Army Group
Battle of Rimini (1944)
Italian Campaign (World War II)
Operation Sunrise (World War II)
Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II
Italian Social Republic
European Theatre of World War II
Notes
Footnotes
Citations
References
Baumgardner, Randy W. (1998) 10th Mountain Division Turner Publishing Co.
Corrigan, Gordon. (2010) The Second World War: A Military History Atlantic Books
Ernest F. Fisher Jr. (1993) [1977] Mediterranean Theater of Operations: Cassino to the Alps United States Government Printing Office
Evans, Bryn. (2012) [1988] With the East Surreys in Tunisia and Italy 1942 - 1945: Fighting for Every River and Mountain Pen & Sword Books Ltd
Gibran, Daniel K. (2001) The 92nd Infantry Division and the Italian Campaign in World War II McFarland & Co. Inc. Publishers
Various Authors (2005) Gothic Line - Le Battaglie Della Linea Gotica 1944-45 Edizioni Multigraphic
External links
La Città Invisibile Collection of signs, stories and memories during the Gothic Line age.
Gemmano 1944 Part 1 : The Gothic Line and the Operation Olive
Gothic Line And Po Valley Campaign Go For Broke National Education Center
The Gothic Line: Canada's Month of Hell Canada at War
Gotica Toscana Italian military history no profit association
Men at war on Gothic line Associazione Linea Gotica
North Apennines Campaign, 1944-1945 in U.S. Army Center of Military History Website.
Photographs of the Gothic Line Associazione Nazionale Partigiani d'Italia
Portal FEB Website with Bibliography, videos, testimonials from veterans about the Italian Campaign.
Time Line of Mediterranean WWII theatre
Italian campaign (World War II)
German World War II defensive lines
World War II sites in Italy
World War II operations and battles of the Italian Campaign
World War II defensive lines |
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