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is a railway station on the Saikyō Line in Kita, Tokyo, Japan, operated by the East Japan Railway Company (JR East).
Lines
Kita-Akabane Station is served by the Saikyō Line which runs between in Tokyo and in Saitama Prefecture. Some trains continue northward to via the Kawagoe Line and southward to via the TWR Rinkai Line. The station is located 7.0 km north of Ikebukuro Station. The station identification colour is "lilac".
Station layout
The station consists of one elevated island platform serving two tracks. The tracks of the Tōhoku Shinkansen also run adjacent to this station, on the west side.
Platforms
History
Kita-Akabane Station opened on 30 September 1985.
Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2011, the station was used by an average of 17,295 passengers daily (boarding passengers only).
The passenger figures for previous years are as shown below.
Surrounding area
Arakawa River
Tokyo Mizube Line
Ukima Library
Tokyo-Kita Social Insurance Hospital
See also
List of railway stations in Japan
References
External links
Kita-Akabane Station information (JR East)
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1985
Railway stations in Tokyo |
The banded whiteface (Aphelocephala nigricincta) is a species of bird in the family Acanthizidae. It is endemic to dryer regions of Australia.
The ornithologist Alfred John North described the banded whiteface as Xerophila nigricincta in 1895, from specimens collected at Missionary Plains, Northern Territory. Harry Church Oberholser pointed out that this genus name was invalid as it had been given to a genus of mollusc, hence it gained its current name Aphelocephala nigricincta in 1899.
Description
The adult banded whiteface is around 10 cm (4 in) long. The upper parts of the body and head are greyish brown. The face has a white mask bordered by a darker band which runs vertically across the region of the eyes. The upper breast is pale blue-grey and the underparts white, separated by a prominent black band across the breast. There are red-brown patches on the flanks. The bill and legs are black and the eyes are white. The plumage of male and female are alike and juveniles are duller.
Behaviour
Like the other birds in its genus, the banded whiteface hops over open ground in pairs or small groups foraging for seeds and insects.
Nesting takes place in winter from July to September or after a period of rain. Located on the ground near shrubs, the round hollow nest is constructed of twigs and grass and has a long tubular entrance. Both the nest and the tunnel are lined with flowers and feathers. The clutch consists of three or four matte white eggs with brown blotches mostly at the larger end. Tapered oval in shape, they are around 17 mm long by 13 mm wide.
The banded whiteface has been reported to enter torpor at night in winter months, reawakening as it warms in the morning.
Distribution and habitat
A nomadic or sedentary species moving according to seasonal conditions, the banded whiteface is found in a very large range from southwestern Queensland across dryer parts of central and southern Australia into mid-Western Australia. It inhabits mulga woodland, gibber plains and sandhills, and frequents saltbush and spinifex.
References
banded whiteface
Endemic birds of Australia
banded whiteface
banded whiteface
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot |
Manuel 'Manolo' Herrero Maestre (born 10 October 1967) is a Spanish retired footballer who played as a midfielder, and a current coach.
Playing career
Born in Villena, Province of Alicante, Herrero played five consecutive seasons in La Liga, starting with Real Murcia then spending two years with Sevilla FC. His best input in the top division was 24 games in 1987–88, helping the former team narrowly avoid relegation after finishing 17th.
After three campaigns in the second division with CD Castellón, Herrero played the rest of his career in the lower leagues, retiring in June 2002 with Jumilla CF at the age of nearly 35.
Managing career
Immediately after retiring, Herrero begun his coaching career, starting with Palamós CF in the third level. In the following years he worked exclusively in the lower divisions and in his native Valencian Community, being in charge of Elche CF Ilicitano, Villajoyosa CF (two spells), CD Alcoyano, CD Eldense and UD Alzira.
In the 2011–12 season, Herrero was Alicante CF's director of football, as the division four club was overwhelmed with financial difficulties.
References
External links
1967 births
Living people
People from Alto Vinalopó
Footballers from the Province of Alicante
Spanish men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
La Liga players
Segunda División players
Segunda División B players
Tercera División players
Real Murcia Imperial players
Real Murcia CF players
Sevilla FC players
CD Castellón footballers
Levante UD footballers
CD Eldense footballers
Ontinyent CF players
Spanish football managers
Palamós CF managers
Elche CF Ilicitano managers
CD Alcoyano managers
CD Eldense managers
CF Gandía players |
"Johnny One Time" is a song written by A.L. "Doodle" Owens and Dallas Frazier and performed by Brenda Lee. The song reached #3 on the adult contemporary chart, #41 on the Billboard Hot 100, and #50 on the country chart in 1969. The song also reached #11 on the Canadian adult contemporary chart and #38 on the Canadian pop chart. It was featured on her 1969 album, Johnny One Time.
The song was produced by Mike Berniker and arranged by Marty Manning. Lee was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance for the song.
Chart history
Willie Nelson version
Brenda Lee version
Other versions
Willie Nelson released a version of the song as a single in 1968 that reached #36 on the country chart.
Hootenanny Singers released a version of the song entitled "Casanova" in 1969 as the B-side to "Om Jag Kunde Skriva En Visa". The Swedish translation of the song was by Stig Anderson.
Loretta Lynn released a version of the song on her 1969 album, Woman of the World/To Make a Man.
Johnny Duncan (country singer) released a version of the song on his 1969 album of the same name.
References
1968 songs
1968 singles
Songs written by A.L. "Doodle" Owens
Songs written by Dallas Frazier
Brenda Lee songs
Willie Nelson songs
Loretta Lynn songs
Decca Records singles
RCA Records singles |
```go
package graphrbac
//
// path_to_url
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
//
//
// Code generated by Microsoft (R) AutoRest Code Generator.
// Changes may cause incorrect behavior and will be lost if the code is regenerated.
import (
"context"
"github.com/Azure/go-autorest/autorest"
"github.com/Azure/go-autorest/autorest/azure"
"net/http"
)
// DomainsClient is the the Graph RBAC Management Client
type DomainsClient struct {
BaseClient
}
// NewDomainsClient creates an instance of the DomainsClient client.
func NewDomainsClient(tenantID string) DomainsClient {
return NewDomainsClientWithBaseURI(DefaultBaseURI, tenantID)
}
// NewDomainsClientWithBaseURI creates an instance of the DomainsClient client.
func NewDomainsClientWithBaseURI(baseURI string, tenantID string) DomainsClient {
return DomainsClient{NewWithBaseURI(baseURI, tenantID)}
}
// Get gets a specific domain in the current tenant.
// Parameters:
// domainName - name of the domain.
func (client DomainsClient) Get(ctx context.Context, domainName string) (result Domain, err error) {
req, err := client.GetPreparer(ctx, domainName)
if err != nil {
err = autorest.NewErrorWithError(err, "graphrbac.DomainsClient", "Get", nil, "Failure preparing request")
return
}
resp, err := client.GetSender(req)
if err != nil {
result.Response = autorest.Response{Response: resp}
err = autorest.NewErrorWithError(err, "graphrbac.DomainsClient", "Get", resp, "Failure sending request")
return
}
result, err = client.GetResponder(resp)
if err != nil {
err = autorest.NewErrorWithError(err, "graphrbac.DomainsClient", "Get", resp, "Failure responding to request")
}
return
}
// GetPreparer prepares the Get request.
func (client DomainsClient) GetPreparer(ctx context.Context, domainName string) (*http.Request, error) {
pathParameters := map[string]interface{}{
"domainName": autorest.Encode("path", domainName),
"tenantID": autorest.Encode("path", client.TenantID),
}
const APIVersion = "1.6"
queryParameters := map[string]interface{}{
"api-version": APIVersion,
}
preparer := autorest.CreatePreparer(
autorest.AsGet(),
autorest.WithBaseURL(client.BaseURI),
autorest.WithPathParameters("/{tenantID}/domains/{domainName}", pathParameters),
autorest.WithQueryParameters(queryParameters))
return preparer.Prepare((&http.Request{}).WithContext(ctx))
}
// GetSender sends the Get request. The method will close the
// http.Response Body if it receives an error.
func (client DomainsClient) GetSender(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
return autorest.SendWithSender(client, req,
autorest.DoRetryForStatusCodes(client.RetryAttempts, client.RetryDuration, autorest.StatusCodesForRetry...))
}
// GetResponder handles the response to the Get request. The method always
// closes the http.Response Body.
func (client DomainsClient) GetResponder(resp *http.Response) (result Domain, err error) {
err = autorest.Respond(
resp,
client.ByInspecting(),
azure.WithErrorUnlessStatusCode(http.StatusOK),
autorest.ByUnmarshallingJSON(&result),
autorest.ByClosing())
result.Response = autorest.Response{Response: resp}
return
}
// List gets a list of domains for the current tenant.
// Parameters:
// filter - the filter to apply to the operation.
func (client DomainsClient) List(ctx context.Context, filter string) (result DomainListResult, err error) {
req, err := client.ListPreparer(ctx, filter)
if err != nil {
err = autorest.NewErrorWithError(err, "graphrbac.DomainsClient", "List", nil, "Failure preparing request")
return
}
resp, err := client.ListSender(req)
if err != nil {
result.Response = autorest.Response{Response: resp}
err = autorest.NewErrorWithError(err, "graphrbac.DomainsClient", "List", resp, "Failure sending request")
return
}
result, err = client.ListResponder(resp)
if err != nil {
err = autorest.NewErrorWithError(err, "graphrbac.DomainsClient", "List", resp, "Failure responding to request")
}
return
}
// ListPreparer prepares the List request.
func (client DomainsClient) ListPreparer(ctx context.Context, filter string) (*http.Request, error) {
pathParameters := map[string]interface{}{
"tenantID": autorest.Encode("path", client.TenantID),
}
const APIVersion = "1.6"
queryParameters := map[string]interface{}{
"api-version": APIVersion,
}
if len(filter) > 0 {
queryParameters["$filter"] = autorest.Encode("query", filter)
}
preparer := autorest.CreatePreparer(
autorest.AsGet(),
autorest.WithBaseURL(client.BaseURI),
autorest.WithPathParameters("/{tenantID}/domains", pathParameters),
autorest.WithQueryParameters(queryParameters))
return preparer.Prepare((&http.Request{}).WithContext(ctx))
}
// ListSender sends the List request. The method will close the
// http.Response Body if it receives an error.
func (client DomainsClient) ListSender(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
return autorest.SendWithSender(client, req,
autorest.DoRetryForStatusCodes(client.RetryAttempts, client.RetryDuration, autorest.StatusCodesForRetry...))
}
// ListResponder handles the response to the List request. The method always
// closes the http.Response Body.
func (client DomainsClient) ListResponder(resp *http.Response) (result DomainListResult, err error) {
err = autorest.Respond(
resp,
client.ByInspecting(),
azure.WithErrorUnlessStatusCode(http.StatusOK),
autorest.ByUnmarshallingJSON(&result),
autorest.ByClosing())
result.Response = autorest.Response{Response: resp}
return
}
``` |
Brda is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Czersk, within Chojnice County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately south-west of Czersk, east of Chojnice, and south-west of the regional capital Gdańsk.
For details of the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.
References
Brda |
Gregory Stephen "Mud" Paslawski (born August 25, 1961) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey right winger who played eleven seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Montreal Canadiens, St. Louis Blues, Winnipeg Jets, Buffalo Sabres, Quebec Nordiques, Philadelphia Flyers and Calgary Flames.
Paslawski was born in Kindersley, Saskatchewan to parents Sally and Walter Paslawski. He played junior hockey for the Prince Albert Raiders. Not drafted, Paslawski signed with the Montreal Canadiens in October 1981. He made his professional debut in the 1983–84 with Montreal. He was traded later that season to the St. Louis Blues.
Paslawski played in 650 games in his NHL career, scoring 187 goals and 185 assists for 372 points. As a member of the St. Louis Blues during the 1985–86 NHL season, he was a key contributor to the Blues' upset victory in game six of the Conference finals against Calgary, a game known as the Monday Night Miracle. His best season statistically was the 1986–87 season, when he scored 29 goals and 64 points, both career highs.
Career statistics
References
Bibliography
External links
1961 births
Living people
Buffalo Sabres players
Calgary Flames players
Canadian ice hockey forwards
Sportspeople from Kindersley
Montreal Canadiens players
Nova Scotia Voyageurs players
Peoria Rivermen (IHL) players
Philadelphia Flyers players
Prince Albert Raiders (SJHL) players
Quebec Nordiques players
St. Louis Blues players
St. Louis Vipers players
Undrafted National Hockey League players
Winnipeg Jets (1979–1996) players
Ice hockey people from Saskatchewan |
Tajikistan competed at the 2020 Summer Paralympics in Tokyo, Japan, from 24 August to 5 September 2021.
Athletics
Tajikistan's only athlete at the Games, Akmal Qodirov, competed in the final of the men's shot put in the F63 classification on 4 September 2021.
Men's field
See also
Tajikistan at the Paralympics
Tajikistan at the 2020 Summer Olympics
References
Nations at the 2020 Summer Paralympics
2020
2020 in Tajikistani sport |
Marian Standowicz (born 3 December 1955) is a Polish judoka. He competed in the men's lightweight event at the 1976 Summer Olympics.
References
1955 births
Living people
Polish male judoka
Olympic judoka for Poland
Judoka at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Koszalin |
The 2010 National Premier Soccer League season is the 8th season of the NPSL. The season began on April 3, 2010, and ended with the NPSL Championship Game in August. The NPSL had planned for form a Winter league that would play from September 2010 to March 2011 but when only three clubs were willing to participate the plans were dropped. Those three clubs eventually ended up forming the SPSL for that Fall, though that league would fold the following Spring.
Changes from 2009
New clubs
Twelve clubs joined the league this year, eleven new clubs and one returning to the NPSL after playing for several years in USASA regional amateur leagues:
Name changes
Pennsylvania Stoners changed its name to FC Sonic Lehigh Valley
Folding
Eight teams left the league prior to the beginning of the season:
Boston Aztec - Amesbury, Massachusetts
Buffalo City - Buffalo, New York
Charm City - Gambrills, Maryland
FC Indiana - Lafayette, Indiana
Maine Sting - Bangor, Maine
NorCal Lamorinda United - Orinda, California
Salinas Valley Samba - Watsonville, California
Saturn FC - East Point, Georgia
Also, four teams which spent the 2009 season on hiatus did not return, and left the league permanently:
Albuquerque Asylum - Albuquerque, New Mexico
Arizona Sahuaros - Phoenix, Arizona
Atlantic City Diablos - Richland, New Jersey
San Diego United - El Cajon, California
Standings
Purple indicates division title clinched
Green indicates playoff berth clinched
Northeast Keystone Division
Northeast Atlantic Division
Southeast Division
Midwest Division
Northwest Division
Playoffs
Northeast Division Playoff
FC Sonic Lehigh Valley beat New York Red Bull NPSL
Northwest Division Playoffs
Sacramento Gold 6-3 Bay Area Ambassadors
San Diego Boca 4-0 Real San Jose
Sacramento Gold beat San Diego Boca
National Semi-Finals
Sacramento Gold 4-1 FC Sonic Lehigh Valley
Chattanooga FC 2-0 Madison 56ers
Third Place Playoff
FC Sonic Lehigh Valley 3-1 Madison 56ers
NPSL Championship Game
Sacramento Gold 3-1 Chattanooga FC
References
2010
4 |
Josiah Dent (1817–1899) was the third president of the Board of Commissioners of the District of Columbia, serving from 1879 to 1882.
Early life
Dent was born in Charles County, Maryland, in 1817. His father was an Episcopal priest who served in a Maryland regiment during the Revolutionary War. Dent attended school at Charlotte Hall. He became an attorney in the 1840s and set up a practice in St. Louis, Missouri. In the following decade, a cholera epidemic broke out in St. Louis, and Dent became a prominent relief worker and organizer. He remained in St. Louis until 1861, when the Civil War began, at which time he moved to Washington, D.C. Dent never argued law in the D.C. courts, but had a thriving wartime practice as the custodian of absentee properties: because his strong sympathies for the Democratic Party were well known, Washington and District residents who joined the Confederacy would leave their property in his care to maintain and protect them from government confiscation.
After the Civil War, Dent became the president of the board of directors of Linthicum Institute, an educational institution founded by a bequest of $50,000 in the will of Dent's father-in-law Edward M. Linthicum (a prominent socialite and philanthropist in Georgetown). The institute was an alternative educational institution for young men who could not otherwise afford college. Over its existence, it hosted hundreds of male students, making Dent's reputation as a deeply committed educator.
District leadership
Dent was, in 1874, a member of the Congressionally mandated committee that recommended the disposal of the territorial government and the formulation of a three-member board of commissioners (one Democrat, one Republican, and one non-affiliated planning engineer) for the District of Columbia. In July 1878, President Rutherford B. Hayes appointed Dent as the Democratic commissioner on that board.
Dent became president of the board in the following year, after the resignation of Seth Ledyard Phelps, serving until July 1882. During his term as board president, Dent was noted for improving the relations between the capital city and the U.S. Treasury.
Later life, death and honors
After his term as commissioner expired, Dent lived in Georgetown until 1889, when he married his second wife and moved to Berkeley Springs, West Virginia where he died in 1899. He was buried in Washington's Oak Hill Cemetery.
In 1900, the Josiah Dent School, named his honor, was built at 2nd and South Carolina SE. It was operated from the time it opened in 1901 until 1947 when it was closed due to declining enrollment. It then served as the DC Department of Education's repair shop until 1978. Faced with abandonment, the Capital Hill Day School, which had until then been housed in the Sunday school classrooms of the Lutheran Church of the Reformation on East Capitol Street and Christ Church on G Street, leased the property and is currently housed in the facility.
References
Josiah Dent's Obituary - Washington Post, October 30, 1899.
1817 births
1898 deaths
Mayors of Washington, D.C.
Members of the Board of Commissioners for the District of Columbia
People from Bath (Berkeley Springs), West Virginia
People from Charles County, Maryland
Lawyers from St. Louis
Burials at Oak Hill Cemetery (Washington, D.C.)
Politicians from Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C., Democrats
19th-century American politicians
19th-century American lawyers |
This is a list of cheeses from Poland. The history of cheesemaking in Poland goes back to 5500 BC, when cheese similar to mozzarella was produced in Neolithic times in Kujawy (north-central Poland).
Poland is the 6th largest cheese producer in the world and has the 18th highest cheese consumption. Marek Kosmulski described over 600 types of Polish cheeses manufactured between 1948 and 2019.
Some Polish cheeses are protected by European Union law as regional products.
Polish cheeses
See also
List of cheeses
Polish cuisine
List of cheesemakers
References
External links
Polish cheeses |
Yannis Stavrou (born June 21, 1948 in Greece) is a contemporary Greek artist, painter.
Yannis Stavrou (Γιάννης Σταύρου in Greek) was born in Thessaloniki, Greece. He originally studied sculpture at the Athens School of Fine Arts before painting won him over. He currently lives and works in Athens.
He has done thirty one solo shows and participates in group exhibitions.
His landscapes and seascapes are not classical in style as the sea is just a motive for his colour palette while the shapes of his ships are more conceptual and impressionist than figurative.
After a quite long period of involvement in a form of "modern academism" he is now going through a new stage, in which the form becomes more abstract, but the method of painting and the technique of paint and brush follow strictly the old classic methods.
To the brush intervenes the knife in numerous layers of colour; in contradiction to the mat effect in his older work, his recent paintings are glistening - this enhances strongly the richness and the real texture of the oil colour (oil painting).
Art criticism
The art historian, critic Manos Stefanidis wrote about Yannis Stavrou’s work in 2006 (excerpt from the essay under the title "Glass Eyes, Resurrected Gazes - On Yannis Stavrou's Paintings" by Manos Stefanidis):
“I see his paintings as a challenge for an inner voyage, an opportunity for a resurrection of the gaze - a prolongation of real life. His compositions are structured around two opposite poles: tenderness and a sturdy rhythm; a sense for detail and understanding of the whole; a kind of sentimental escape to mirthful images, as Kosmas Politis would put it, and a preoccupation with form, represented in an unadorned and solid fashion. His paintings keep alive the memory of those places he fell in love with in the past or create novel seas for new journeys. Here plasticity is achieved via abstractive processes, and elsewhere a tiny light - one catalytic brushstroke - unveils a well-hidden secret. His heavy blues are electrified with orange iridescences and his reds never leave his blacks or dark greens unaccompanied.”
Dr Manos Biris, Professor of the Architecture History in the National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), wrote about Yannis Stavrou in 2000 (excerpt from the introduction to Yannis Stavrou's catalog under the title "Greece in Colours", 2000):
"Yannis Stavrou is a painter who touches upon the city's metaphysical tissue. An offspring himself of the lucky generation, which witnessed the historical heart-rending moments of Greek urban centers, and more closely so in his city of Thessaloniki, he takes us by the hand, striding with confident strokes back to our legendary childhood evoked by his images; deep down into the bottomless hollow of Thermaikos harbour, where the massive metal shapes of ships are hovering all aloof, emerging through the midst of cracking-dawn's fog."
External links
More details about Yannis Stavrou (biography, images of paintings, publications) are found in the artist’s official blog
Newspaper articles
"Opening Hydra's artistic windows to light" — Athens News newspaper, August 8, 2000
"Cities under Stavrou's spell" — Athens News newspaper, December 7, 2001
"Stavrou's Floating Towns" — Athens News newspaper, May 5, 2002
"Stavrou paints life, years, people" — Athens News newspaper, December 13, 2002
1948 births
Living people
Greek painters
Contemporary painters
Artists from Thessaloniki |
Waylon is a given name.
People with the name
Waylon (singer) (born Willem Bijkerk in 1980), Dutch singer
Waylon Brown (born 1979), American politician from Iowa
Waylon Francis (born 1990), Costa Rican footballer
Waylon Jennings (1937–2002), American country singer, songwriter and musician
Waylon Jennings Jr. (born 1979), American singer-songwriter, son of the above
Waylon Lowe (born 1980), American mixed martial artist
Waylon Muller, Marshall Islands wrestler
Waylon Murray (born 1986), South African rugby union player
Waylon Payne (born 1972), American country singer, songwriter, musician and actor
Waylon Prather (born 1985), American football coach and former punter
Waylon Reavis (born 1978), American singer
Waylon Woolcock (born 1982), South African mountain biker
Fictional characters
Waylon Smithers, a character from The Simpsons
Waylon Jeepers, a villain from Freakazoid!
Waylon Park, the protagonist in the DLC of Outlast, Outlast: Whistleblower
Killer Croc (Waylon Jones), a supervillain from DC Comics |
Flem Galloway House is a historic home and national historic district located near Calvert, Transylvania County, North Carolina. It was built in 1878, and is a two-story, heavy timber frame I-house, with a two-story rear ell. It is sheathed in weatherboard and has a gable roof. The front facade features a two-tiered, center-bay, cross-gabled porch. Also on the property is a contributing -story smokehouse.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.
References
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina
Houses completed in 1878
Houses in Transylvania County, North Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in Transylvania County, North Carolina |
Argemiro Pinheiro da Silva known as Argemiro (3 June 1915 – 4 July 1975) was a Brazilian football player. He played for the Brazil national team at the 1938 FIFA World Cup finals.
References
External links
Profile at Globo Esporte's Futpedia
1915 births
1975 deaths
Brazilian men's footballers
Brazil men's international footballers
1938 FIFA World Cup players
CR Vasco da Gama players
Associação Atlética Portuguesa (Santos) players
São Paulo state football team players
Men's association football midfielders
Footballers from Ribeirão Preto |
Nanubae (Kapagmai, Aunda) is an Arafundi language of Papua New Guinea. It is close to Tapei; the name Alfendio was once used for both.
Locations
Kassell, et al. (2018) list Imanmeri, Wambrumas, and Yamandim as the villages where Nanubae is spoken. Additionally, there are some speakers in Imboin, which also has Tapei speakers.
According to Ethnologue, it is spoken in Imanmeri (), Wambrumas (), and Yamandim () villages of Karawari Rural LLG, East Sepik Province.
References
Arafundi languages
Languages of East Sepik Province |
Roger Federer was the defending champion, but did not participate this year.
Feliciano López won the title, defeating Guillermo Cañas 6–4, 1–6, 7–5, 3–6, 7–5 in the final.
Seeds
Draw
Finals
Top half
Bottom half
External links
Main draw
Vienna Open
2004 ATP Tour |
Fernando Óscar Bandeirinha Barbosa (born 26 November 1962 in Porto), known as Bandeirinha, is a Portuguese retired footballer who played as a right back or a defensive midfielder throughout his career.
Football career
During his career, Bandeirinha played mainly for FC Porto, never being more than a reserve player during his 15-year spell – which also included loans to F.C. Paços de Ferreira, Varzim S.C. and Académica de Coimbra – as he was barred by for instance legendary João Domingos Pinto (who appeared in more than 580 official matches for the club) in the right back position.
In 1996, already aged 33, he moved to F.C. Felgueiras in the second division, where he finished his career after one year. Bandeirinha was never capped for Portugal, but was a last-minute addition for the squad at the 1986 FIFA World Cup, after S.L. Benfica's António Veloso was suspended due to a doping test, later proven to be fake.
From 1999 to 2006, Bandeirinha worked as a coach with his main club's reserve team, but almost exclusively as an assistant.
Honours
Porto
Primeira Divisão: 1987–88, 1989–90, 1991–92, 1992–93, 1994–95, 1995–96
Taça de Portugal: 1987–88, 1990–91, 1993–94
Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira: 1991, 1994
European Cup: 1986–87
European Super Cup: 1987
References
External links
1962 births
Living people
Footballers from Porto
Portuguese men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Primeira Liga players
Liga Portugal 2 players
FC Porto players
F.C. Paços de Ferreira players
Varzim S.C. players
Académica de Coimbra (football) players
F.C. Felgueiras players
Portugal men's youth international footballers
1986 FIFA World Cup players
Portuguese football managers
FC Porto B managers |
In mathematics, more specifically group theory, the three subgroups lemma is a result concerning commutators. It is a consequence of Philip Hall and Ernst Witt's eponymous identity.
Notation
In what follows, the following notation will be employed:
If H and K are subgroups of a group G, the commutator of H and K, denoted by [H, K], is defined as the subgroup of G generated by commutators between elements in the two subgroups. If L is a third subgroup, the convention that [H,K,L] = [[H,K],L] will be followed.
If x and y are elements of a group G, the conjugate of x by y will be denoted by .
If H is a subgroup of a group G, then the centralizer of H in G will be denoted by CG(H).
Statement
Let X, Y and Z be subgroups of a group G, and assume
and
Then .
More generally, for a normal subgroup of , if and , then .
Proof and the Hall–Witt identity
Hall–Witt identity
If , then
Proof of the three subgroups lemma
Let , , and . Then , and by the Hall–Witt identity above, it follows that and so . Therefore, for all and . Since these elements generate , we conclude that and hence .
See also
Commutator
Lower central series
Grün's lemma
Jacobi identity
Notes
References
Lemmas in group theory
Articles containing proofs |
Zhao Yuping is a visually impaired Chinese Paralympic athlete competing in F12/F13-classification events. She won the silver medal in the women's javelin throw F13 event at the 2020 Summer Paralympics held in Tokyo, Japan. She is also a three-time gold medalist in this event at the World Para Athletics Championships.
Career
Zhao represented China at the 2016 Summer Paralympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and she finished in 4th place in the women's javelin throw F13 event. At the 2017 World Para Athletics Championships held in London, United Kingdom, she won the gold medal in the women's javelin throw F13 event.
At the 2019 World Para Athletics Championships held in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, Zhao won the gold medal in the women's javelin throw F13 event and she set a new world record of 46.00m. She also competed in the women's shot put F12 event where she finished in 4th place.
Zhao again represented China at the 2020 Summer Paralympics in Tokyo, Japan and she won the silver medal in the women's javelin throw F13 event.
In 2023, she won the gold medal in the women's javelin throw F13 event at the World Para Athletics Championships held in Paris, France. She also won the bronze medal in the women's shot put F12 event.
References
External links
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Chinese female discus throwers
Chinese female javelin throwers
Chinese female shot putters
Paralympic athletes for China
Paralympic athletes (track and field) with a vision impairment
Athletes (track and field) at the 2016 Summer Paralympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2020 Summer Paralympics
Medalists at the 2020 Summer Paralympics
Paralympic silver medalists for China
Paralympic medalists in athletics (track and field)
World record holders in para-athletics
Medalists at the World Para Athletics Championships
World Para Athletics Championships winners
21st-century Chinese women
Chinese blind people |
Thakin Kyaw Tun, or Thakin Kyaw Dun ( 1915-1980) was a Burmese politician.
Early life and education
Thakin Kyaw Tun was born in AlLaBote village, Htantabin Township, Insein District by U Bo Sa and Daw Ohn in 1915. He studied at Buddhist English-Burmese School Thar Yawaddy, Tharyawaddy ABM and Insein High Schools respectively.
Career
He joined Dobama Asiayone and became a Thakin in 1935. He began to take part in peasant movements. In 1938, he became a member of the working committee of the All Burma Peasants Organization, a branch of Dobama Asiayone. At the same time, he was the secretary of All Burma Peasant Organization (Insein District).
He participated actively in year 1300 revolution and also campaigned against the oppressive laws on peasants; for this he was arrested and imprisoned by the colonial British Government.
In the 1942 Resistance Against the Japanese, he worked underground as a member for the People’s Revolution Party (PRP) (later become socialist party). On the formation of the Burma Independence Army (BIA), as a revolutionary leader of the Insein District, he took part in the administration of Insein District. Later, in the movement against British Occupation and the struggle for the independence, he worked closely with Thakin Tin, U Kyaw Nyein, Thakin Chit, U Ba Swe and Thakin Tin Tun.
In May 1942, he attended BIA officer training school. On the transition of BIA to BDA (Burma Defence Army) he left the army.
As an organizer in Insein District for Dobama Poor Man organization, he undertook secret organization for the resistance against the Japanese occupation, by communicating with Thakin Than Tun and Thakin Chit.
In 1945, he was the political leader for Insein District and worked with Division 1, Min Hla Sithu Force. After the World War II, he took part in the formation of the Socialist Party. Later he became deputy secretary for the Socialist Party. In 1950, he became the General Secretary of the All Burma Peasants Organization.
He was elected as a member of parliament in the 1947 election from Insein North. In 1950, he became the parliament secretary for Forestry and Agriculture Ministry. In 1952, he became Minister for the same department.
From 1956 to 1960, he worked as the president of Economy and Trade Organization. In 1956, when U Nu resigned from Prime Minister Post to take up the president post of AFPFL Thakin Kyaw Tun also resigned from the minister post to work along with U Nu as the general secretary of AFPFL.
Because of the differences among the leaders of AFPFL, the party split in 1958. Thakin Kyaw Tun became the general secretary of AFPFL (clean) faction which was led by U Nu and Thakin Tin.
Thakin Kyaw Tun’s post as the minister for Forestry and Agriculture and Cooperatives and Good Distribution in the new AFPFL (clean) government lasted only for 3 month and 17 days, cut short by the first Coup de ta by the army in 1958.
He did not participate in 1960 election, instead playing the role of general secretary of “Union Party”, formerly the AFPFL (clean) party. During the split between “U-BO” and “Thakin” fractions, Thakin Kyaw Tun led the Thakin Fraction.
In 1964, he resigned from the Union Party and joined the Burmese Way to Socialist Party and in 1965 we worked as the president of Trade Corporation No. 6. He worked as the Ambassador of Burma to Soviet Union, Poland and Romania based in Moscow from 1969 to 1975, after which he retired.
On 6 February 1980, he died in Yangon, leaving his wife, Daw Sein Thaung and 9 children.
References
Myanmar Politics (1958-1962) by Myanmar History Commission
Party internal conflicts in AFPFL party and Union Party; 1958-1962 by Aung Zan (2013)
1980 deaths
1915 births
Burmese politicians |
Wilkin Arvind Mota (born 20 September 1981) is an Indian cricketer who plays for Tripura and formerly Kings XI Punjab in the Indian Premier League for the 2008 & 2009 campaigns. He is a right-handed batsman and right-arm medium pace bowler.
Wilkin started his career in the Mumbai side where he was a squad player. His Mumbai highlight was in the Ranji Trophy Semi-Final in 2007, where he made a battling 33 coming in when Mumbai were 0–5, and then taking 6 wickets in the match to gain an unexpected win.
Career best performances
Updated 22 October 2010
References
External links
1981 births
Living people
Cricketers from Mumbai
Indian cricketers
Mumbai cricketers
Punjab Kings cricketers
Tripura cricketers |
Design and Technology (D&T or DT) is a school subject offered at all levels of primary and secondary school in the United Kingdom. It is used so children develop a range of designing skills and technology skills for example, using media to design their project. It first appeared as a titled subject in the first National Curriculum of England, Wales and Northern Ireland in 1988.
D&T has been taught in many countries around the world such as India, United States, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, Malta, China, South Africa, France and Finland. Many international schools teach design and technology. As a school subject it involves students in designing in a practical context using a range or materials and media. It is also a university course in many countries, including Australia, Canada, the US, Singapore, South Africa, Netherlands and New Zealand, both for the preparation of teachers and for general education in areas such as industrial design. Some of the UK universities which deliver courses include: Brighton, Sheffield Hallam, Goldsmiths, University of London and Greenwich.
Design and Technology qualifications
GCSE
With the first National Curriculum new GCSE qualifications were introduced for D&T in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. Unlike the National Curriculum the previous subject titles were retained (e.g. craft, design and technology (CDT) and home economics) and others added (e.g. electronics, food technology, textiles technology and systems and control). These GCSE specifications had two assessed components:
50% of the final mark for coursework
50% for an examination of general subject knowledge (materials, processes, techniques and sustainability etc.).
GCSE D&T titles available included:
GCSE Design and Technology: Electronic Products
GCSE Design and Technology: Food Technology
GCSE Design and Technology: Graphic Products
GCSE Design and Technology: Resistant Materials
GCSE Design and Technology: Systems and Control
GCSE Design and Technology: Textiles Technology
GCSE Design and Technology: Product Design
GCSE D&T (2017 onwards)
Since September 2017 a new GCSE has been taught in England that incorporates all material areas (with the exception of food which is now a separate GCSE). Similar to the previous GCSE, the new GCSE Specifications have two assessed components - an exam and a non-examined assessment (NEA) but with a 50:50 split of the marks.
A level
A and AS level examinations prepare students for individualised learning and problem solving, which is essential in business and industry. Time management is a key factor to candidates' success within the coursework elements of the qualification. The examinations are as rigorous as any other subject. Indeed, due to the complexity and variety of tasks and organisation skills required this examination and course is very demanding. The subject covers activities from control technology to aesthetic product design. Students have to use all types of computer software including computer-aided design and manufacture, spreadsheets and computer presentations. Outputs from such work are often sent to CNC machines for manufacture.
International Baccalaureate
IB Design Technology (DT) is an elective subject offered in many International Baccalaureate schools globally. Design is also offered in the IB Middle Years Programme as a compulsory subject for grades 6–10, and at the Diploma Programme level (grades 11-12). IB Design Technology is very similar in content to Design Technology, which is widely offered in the national curricula of England, Australia, Canada, New Zealand and many African nations. It is one of the Group 4 sciences.
The primary focus of MYP Design is to give students an understanding of the design cycle, through a practical programme. The student will complete projects based on solving a real and authentic problem. Students document their progress as they follow the design cycle to come to a feasible solution. They create the solution and then evaluate it following thorough testing.
The Diploma Programme of Design Technology is a two-year introduction to designing, a range of fundamentals of technology, and global technological issues. It provides students with the knowledge to be able to design and make in school workshops, and also to develop an informed literacy about technology in general. Because it is an international curriculum it has a particular focus on global environmental issues. It covers core topics in human factors and ergonomics, resource management and sustainable production, modeling, raw materials to final production, innovation and design, classic design. It covers advanced higher level topics in user centered design, sustainability, innovation and markets, and commercial production. The diploma is accepted for university entrance in many countries, and is a good preparation for careers in areas such as engineering, architecture, product design, interior design, design and education.
Scotland
Technological education is part of the Scottish secondary school curriculum. Technological education is segregated into various subjects available at National 4, National 5, Higher and Advanced Higher
Standard Subject in Technical
Graphic Communication
Design and Manufacture
Engineering Science
Practical Electronics (available to N5 level)
Practical Woodwork (available to N5 level)
Practical Metalwork (available to N5 level)
Specialist Subjects within Technical
Architectural technology
Automotive engineering
Civil engineering
Building services
Construction
Electrical engineering
Mechanical engineering
Mechatronics
Awards
In the UK, the Arkwright Scholarships Trust awards two-year scholarships to students who are taking GCSE/Scottish Standard Grade in design & technology. The Arkwright Engineering Scholarships support students through their A levels/Scottish Highers and encourage them to study engineering or a related area of design at a top university or through a high-quality industrial apprenticeship.
See also
Industrial arts, the equivalent course in the United States and Australia (Victoria).
References
Education in the United Kingdom
Education by subject
Industrial design |
Boot Hill is a western-themed role-playing game designed by Brian Blume, Gary Gygax, and Don Kaye (although Kaye unexpectedly died before the game was published), and first published in 1975. Boot Hill was TSR's third role-playing game, appearing not long after Dungeons & Dragons (D&D) and Empire of the Petal Throne, and taking its name from "Boot Hill", the popular Wild West term for "cemetery". Boot Hill was marketed to take advantage of America's love of the western genre. The game did feature some new game mechanics, such as the use of percentile dice, but its focus on gunfighting rather than role-playing, as well as the lethal nature of its combat system, limited its appeal. Boot Hill was issued in three editions over 15 years, but it never reached the same level of popularity as D&D and other fantasy-themed role-playing games.
Creative origins
Soon after TSR was formed by Gary Gygax and Don Kaye in late 1973, they and new business partner Brian Blume started development of the rules for a Western genre miniatures combat system and role-playing game called Boot Hill. Kaye in particular was an avid supporter of Boot Hill—he was a fan of the Western genre, and even his fantasy D&D character, Murlynd, was dressed and armed as a cowboy after being magically transported from Gygax's Greyhawk campaign to an alternate universe set in the Wild West.
However, Kaye unexpectedly died of a heart attack in January 1975. Blume and Gygax subsequently published Boot Hill later that year in memory of their friend. It was TSR's third role-playing game, after Dungeons & Dragons and Empire of the Petal Throne. David M. Ewalt, in his book Of Dice and Men, described the game as "the company's second role-playing game; it was set in the Old West and focused mostly on gun-fighting."
System
Boot Hill used game mechanics that were advanced for the time. Most games still used traditional six-sided dice, but Boot Hill was one of the first games to use two ten-sided dice as percentile dice for character abilities and skill resolution. However, several factors limited its appeal.
Although the western was a popular American motif, the game did not have the same mass appeal as D&D'''s Tolkienesque fantasy setting.
Boot Hill focused on gunfighting rather than role-playing. The first edition and second editions were specifically marketed as a miniatures combat game, but even in the third edition, most of the rules concerned combat resolution, with relatively little information about settings and few rules for social interaction.
Combat could be short and deadly, with death often coming from the first gunshot. This lethality did not change over time since, unlike D&D characters, Boot Hill characters did not advance in levels to develop better defenses or advantages over non-player characters; they remained just as likely to die in their hundredth combat as they had been in their first. As a result, most characters had a very short life span, and players generally had little chance to identify with their player character over the long term, as they could with a player character in D&D.
Unlike D&D, there was no large catalogue of non-human monsters, only human opponents. In addition, there were no alignment rules, making the difference between the "good guys" and "bad guys" a matter of moral interpretation or choice.
For these reasons, although Boot Hill was published in three editions, none captured the public imagination in the same way as D&D; Boot Hill remained a very small and limited member of TSR's stable of games.
Publications
1st edition, printed in 1975, 34 pages, no ISBN.
2nd edition, printed in 1979, . Reprinted with a different cover in 1984.
3rd edition, printed in 1990, .Boot Hill, 2nd Edition was supported by a referee's screen and five 32 page adventure modules:
Referee's Screen and Mini-Module, .
Mad Mesa (BH1), printed in 1981, , and 1982, . Written to be playable solitaire, as a gamebook, or as a multiplayer module.
Lost Conquistador Mine (BH2), printed in 1982, .
Ballots and Bullets (BH3), 1982, .
Burned Bush Wells (BH4), 1984, .
Range War! (BH5), 1984, .
TSR also released a three-figure pack of gunslinger miniatures for Boot Hill.Dragon Magazine issue 71 features the Boot Hill module "The Taming of Brimstone" by Donald Mumma which was the winner of a module design contest.
Reception
In the December–January 1979 edition of White Dwarf, Dominic Beddow reviewed the second (boxed) edition of Boot Hill, and gave it an above average score of 8 out of 10. He found few substantive rule changes from the first edition, other than the addition of several appendices to the rulebook that included biographies of notable American gunfighters, suggested scenarios, and a method for transferring characters to and from other TSR roleplaying systems such as Dungeons & Dragons and Metamorphosis Alpha. Beddow was not impressed by the campaign map, which was "by TSR standards, extremely shabby and unprofessional", with large blank areas that "with their generally lazy attitude towards the map, TSR asks you to fill in numerous details, claiming this 'creates flexibility.'" However, he found the large scale map of a generic Western town to be "quite commendable". Overall, Beddow concluded that Boot Hill is such an "Easy yet effective game to play" because of "the knowledge of, and feeling for, the Wild West which is within all of us. It is fantasy and yet one still has one's feet on the ground."
In the 1980 book The Complete Book of Wargames, game designer Jon Freeman called Boot Hill "a game that is well suited to portraying small battles based on the Old West." However, Freeman found that the game was ill-suited to larger battles, noting that "the playing time increases exponentially with the number of individual figures involved." He concluded by giving the game an Overall Evaluation of "Good", saying, "A real campaign would severely test the judgement and resources of the referee and spirit of the players, but because the milieu is so familiar, 'dropping in for an occasional battle/scenario is a possibility."
In his 1990 book The Complete Guide to Role-Playing Games, game critic Rick Swan gave this game a qualified recommendation, pointing out "As a tactical simulation of Western gunfights, it's unsurpassed. As a role-playing game, there's not really enough here to put together a meaningful campaign." Swan concluded by giving the game a rating of 3 out of 4, saying, "Boot Hill works best as a board game, where players rough out a city map on a tabletop or floor, then use miniature figures to stage showdowns."
In a retrospective review of Boot Hill in Black Gate, James Maliszewski said "Far from being disappointed, I was frankly amazed at how enjoyable the game was and found myself itching to continue playing, even after we'd set things aright in Brimstone. Like original Dungeons & Dragons, Boot Hill is a game that punches far above its weight class. It's yet another reminder that there is no better combination than slim rules and imagination when it comes to RPGs. That was true thirty years ago, when I last played Boot Hill, and it's true today."
Other recognition
A copy of the Boot Hill module Mad Mesa is held in the collection of the Strong National Museum of Play (object 110.1979).
References
External links
Boot Hill - TSR's Wild West RPG Kraków RPGs has a complete bibliography with cover photos.
Boot Hill, 2nd Edition - Review from the Museum of Roleplaying Games.
Ride, Cowboy, Ride - The Forgotten Boot Hill - Review from GameGrene.
Boot Hill - Demian's Gamebook Web Page, mostly on the solitaire module, Mad Mesa.
The Stuff of Legends - TSR: Boot Hill, Pope, Thomas.
Art of the Genre: Boot Hill's Ballots & Bullets at Black Gate
Gary Gygax games
Historical Western role-playing games
Role-playing games introduced in 1975
TSR, Inc. games |
Koji Seki or Kōji Seki may refer to:
Koji Seki (born 1972), former Japanese football player
Kōji Seki (born 1911), Japanese film director
See also
Koji (disambiguation) |
Alastor rubripes is a species of wasp in the family Vespidae.
References
rubripes |
Syncopation is a musical term for the stressing of a normally unstressed beat in a bar or the failure to sound a tone on an accented beat. It may also refer to:
Syncopation (dance), dancing on unstressed beats, or improvised steps
Syncopation (1929 film), early American musical
Syncopation (1942 film), American musical
Syncopation in algebra, a way of writing algebra that is not rhetorical, but also not fully symbolic
"Syncopation", a 1926 violin and piano piece by Fritz Kreisler
Syncopation, a 1982 album by Sly and Robbie
"Syncopation", a song by Billy Ocean on the 1984 album Suddenly
"Syncopation", a song by Babymetal on the 2016 album Metal Resistance
See also
Syncope (disambiguation) |
Seven Solos for Orchestra is an orchestral cycle written by the French composer Pascal Dusapin between 1992 and 2009. As the title suggests, it consists of seven pieces that can be played independently, although they were from the start conceived as a whole.
Some of these pieces have been championed by major conductors and orchestras like Simon Rattle (with the Berlin Philharmonic), Mstislav Rostropovich (with the Juilliard School Orchestra), and Myung-whun Chung (with the Orchestre philharmonique de Radio France). Pascal Rophé has recorded the whole cycle with the Orchestre Philharmonique de Liège.
Origin
Seven Solos for Orchestra stems from Dusapin's ambition to write a large-scale piece at a time when he lacked a commission to realize it. His solution was to write seven independent but interrelated works over a period of 17 years, a process that calls to mind Wolfgang Rihm's Jagden und Formen.
In Dusapin's own words:
Structure
Solo No.1 Go (1992)
Solo No.2 Extenso (1993/1994)
Solo No.3 Apex (1995)
Solo No.4 Clam (1998)
Solo No.5 Exeo (2002)
Solo No.6 Reverso (2005/2006)
Solo No.7 Uncut (2008/2009)
Overview
The first solo, Go, is predominantly violent and furious although it contains some quieter moments. It is built on various tetratonic scales, a characteristic that reappears throughout the whole cycle.
Extenso, which follows, is quieter and "ex-tends" some of the music used in Go. In turn, the material presented in Extenso will serve as the seed for several subsequent solos. It has been described as having a Mahlerian quality.
Apex is slower, darker and mostly harmonic. According to the composer, “The form advances by means of contractions and spasms” in this solo. Like Extenso, it ends quietly.
Next comes Clam, in which the music becomes almost static, with the focus now on wave-like shifts between various instrumental combinations.
After these two relatively slow solos, Exeo (Latin for "I go out") is characterized by the sharp contrasts created by the dramatic clash of the high and low registers of the orchestra.
Reverso is the longest of the seven pieces. It as built as a gradual crescendo that ends in a tumultuous climax. It is the only solo in the cycle that comprises different sections. Reverso features a prominent part for the harp and, like Extenso, rich string melodies.
The last piece, Uncut, sums up the whole cycle. It starts with a horn fanfare and then proceeds and expands steadily until a sudden end.
Discography
Pascal Dusapin, Orchestre National de Lyon (conductor Emmanuel Krivine, Montaigne – MO782124, 1997 (solos nos. 2 & 3)
Dusapin – 7 Solos for Orchestra, Orchestre Philharmonique de Liège (conductor Pascal Rophé), Naïve Records – MO782180, 2010 (solos 1–7)
Dusapin – Morning in Long Island, Orchestre philharmonique de Radio France (conductor Myung-whun Chung), Deutsche Grammophon – DG 4810786, 2014 (solos nos. 6 & 7)
References
Compositions by Pascal Dusapin
Compositions for orchestra
Contemporary classical compositions |
Mid-Carolina Regional Airport (formerly Rowan County Airport) is a public airport located three miles (5 km) southwest of the central business district (CBD) of Salisbury, a city in Rowan County, North Carolina, USA. This general aviation airport covers and has one runway.
Although most U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, Mid-Carolina Regional Airport is assigned RUQ by the FAA and SRW by the IATA. The airport's ICAO identifier is KRUQ.
Services
There are rental cars available for transportation. Aircraft maintenance, painting and interiors, avionics installation and repair is also available. The airport also offers a flight school, a pilot's lounge and office space rental.
References
External links
at North Carolina DOT airport guide
Airports in North Carolina
Transportation in Rowan County, North Carolina
Buildings and structures in Rowan County, North Carolina |
Mohammad Naseem Faruqui was the Vice-Chancellor of Aligarh Muslim University from 1990-1994. Prof. Faruqui obtained his Ph.D degree in 1965 from IIT Kharagpur and served as its Deputy Director.
References
Vice-Chancellors of the Aligarh Muslim University
Year of birth missing
2012 deaths |
The men's pole vault event at the 2003 Summer Universiade was held on 28 August in Daegu, South Korea.
Results
References
Results
Athletics at the 2003 Summer Universiade
2003 |
The Hong Kong Monetary Authority (HKMA) is Hong Kong's central banking institution. It is a government authority founded on 1 April 1993 when the Office of the Exchange Fund and the Office of the Commissioner of Banking merged. The organisation reports directly to the Financial Secretary.
Responsibilities
The exchange fund was established and managed originally by the Currency Ordinance in 1935, now named the Exchange Fund Ordinance. Under the Ordinance, the HKMA's primary objective is to ensure the stability of the Hong Kong currency, and the banking system. It is also responsible for promoting the efficiency, integrity and development of the financial system.
The HKMA issues banknotes only in the denomination of ten Hong Kong dollars. The role of issuing other banknotes is delegated to the note-issuing banks in the territory, namely The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation, Standard Chartered Bank and Bank of China.
Policies
The official reserves of Hong Kong and the banking system are important underpinnings of the linked exchange rate system.
Tools
Since 1995, the HKMA has entered into a stability pact with central banks in Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia and Australia to engage in repurchase agreements, which provide liquidity on a two-way basis.
Infrastructure
The Central Moneymarkets Unit (CMU), established in the 1990, provides computerised clearing and settlement facilities for Exchange Fund Bills and Notes. It extended the service to other Hong Kong dollar debt securities in late 1993. A seamless interface allow the co-existence of the CMU and the newly launched real-time gross settlement (RTGS) inter-bank payment system. This enables end-of-day delivery versus payment (DVP) services as opposed to Non-DVP.
In 2018, HKMA developed the infrastructure for the Faster Payment System and launched it in September of that year.
Banking licenses
Banking stability mainly depends on the banking system and supervision. A three-tier banking system (銀行三級發牌制度) was implemented in the 1980s. Institutions are also managed differently depending on whether they are categorised as licensed banks, restricted license banks or deposit-taking institutions. Overseas banks may also establish local representative offices in Hong Kong.
In 2019, the HKMA began issuing the first batch of virtual bank licenses in Hong Kong; these banks were not required to have physical branches in the city.
Monetary stability
Currency board system
It is included the Linked Exchange Rate System and noticeable features such as the Aggregate Balance, Certificates of Indebtedness and coins issued and the Outstanding Exchange Fund Bills and Notes.
The Interest Rate Adjustment Mechanism is an automatic system that maintains the stability of the Hong Kong dollar exchange rate. Lately the HKMA has been disclosing the forecast change in the Aggregate Balance attributes to increase the transparency of the Currency Board operation.
In 1995, Nobel Prize–winning economist Milton Friedman mistakenly predicted the Hong Kong dollar's demise within two years of the 1997 handover. He also predicted the absorption of the territory's financial reserves of US$43 billion (HK$335.4 billion) by Beijing, which would not be able to bear the subrogation of Hong Kong's monetary policy to the United States.
As with any monetary system not based on a fiat money (which includes currency boards, currency unions and the traditional gold standard) it is impossible to use monetary policy to stabilise the business cycle: this means that any macroeconomic adjustment has to be achieved by changes in the prices of assets and labour. In Hong Kong, this is made easier by two factors: the first is the openness of the economy, with an aggregate demand heavily dependent on international trading partners; this reduces the risk of classic liquidity traps. The second factor is the scarce political clout of the trade unions, which makes it easier to trim the nominal salaries during recessionary times. Moreover, the high saving rates and the moral stigma attached to bankruptcy have kept relatively low the level of defaults on mortgages even during the deep recessions after the 1997 Asian financial crisis and the SARS epidemic in 2002/2003.
Exchange fund
For more information, please look at Exchange Fund (Hong Kong) page.
Under colonial rule, the HKMA did not place funds with local banks not rated by Moody's Investors Service or Standard & Poor's. Only the three note issuing banks could receive deposits because they had been rated by "objective international standards".
During the 1997 Asian financial crisis, currency speculators sold the Hong Kong dollar heavily and shorted local stocks and Hang Seng Index futures. The government controversially used the exchange fund to acquire HK$120 billion (US$15 billion) worth of blue-chip shares in a two-week market intervention, beginning 12 August 1998 with the aim of punishing and deterring currency speculators. The intervention was widely criticised as being detrimental to the reputation as one of the world's financial centres. Instead of being a regulator, the government has become "a player, a very key player".
In hindsight, one speculator said, "Government intervention raised public confidence in the market when it was near total collapse. It prevented a bigger crisis and saved the market."
Most stocks acquired during that operation were successively disposed with the creation of a tracker fund, the TraHK. That reduced the portfolio of HK equities to 5.3% of the reserves in 2003. However, the percentage crept back and had risen above 10% by the year 2006.
In August 1998, as part of its wider remit to protect the currency, the authority lent the Thai government US$1 billion from the fund as part of a $17 billion bailout organised by the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
Headquarters
The HKMA's is headquartered in the International Finance Centre. It purchased fourteen floors in Tower 2. The 55th, 56th and the 77th to 88th floors were bought for US$480 million in 2001. An exhibition area, currently containing an exhibit of Hong Kong's monetary history, and a library of the Hong Kong Monetary Authority Information Centre occupy the 55th floor. The 88th floor of the tower contains the office of the chief executive of the HKMA, and is served by an individual lift.
Chief executive
The Chief Executive is appointed for a five-year term by the Financial Secretary, and is continuously renewable with no term limit.
List of chief executives
Deputy chief executives
The chief executive is supported by a number of deputy chief executives, shown below in order of appointment.
David Carse (1993–2003)
Andrew Sheng (1993–1998)
Norman Chan (1996–2005)
Anthony Latter (1999–2003)
William Ryback (2003–2007)
Peter Pang (2004–2016)
Choi Yiu-kwan (2005–2009)
Eddie Yue (2007–2019)
Arthur Yuen (since January 2010)
Howard Lee (since February 2016)
Edmond Lau (2021–2022)
Darryl Chan (since November 2022)
Events
The Hong Kong Monetary Authority hosted the meeting of the World Bank and IMF in 1997, at an estimated cost of HK$485 million. Yam hoped that hosting the event would cement Hong Kong's status as an international financial centre. He added: "The presence of the world's leading finance ministers, central bank governors and top commercial bankers in Hong Kong so soon after the change of sovereignty will help boost international and local confidence in Hong Kong".
The HKMA is also host to the 2022 Global Financial Leaders' Investment Summit.
See also
Economy of Hong Kong
Banknotes of the Hong Kong dollar
Hong Kong Note Printing Limited
List of financial regulatory authorities by country
References
External links
Financial regulatory authorities of Hong Kong
Hong Kong Monetary Authority
Hong Kong Monetary Authority
Banknote issuers of Hong Kong
1993 establishments in Hong Kong |
The National Defense Act of 1920 (or Kahn Act) was sponsored by United States Representative Julius Kahn, Republican of California. This legislation updated the National Defense Act of 1916 to reorganize the United States Army and decentralize the procurement and acquisitions process for equipment, weapons, supplies and vehicles. It was passed by Congress on June 4, 1920.
Reorganization of the Army
Advocated by John McAuley Palmer and other proponents of the National Guard, the legislation established the Army of the United States as an organization of three components: a) the Regular Army, b) the National Guard, and c) the Organized Reserve. The Organized Reserve included the Officers’ Reserve Corps, Enlisted Reserve Corps and Reserve Officers Training Corps. The act increased the maximum allowed peacetime strength of the Regular Army from 175,000 to 280,000 enlisted men, and of the National Guard to 435,800 enlisted men, with a corresponding number of officers to provide effective command. The Act completely reorganized and strengthened the National Guard.
Effects of Armistice, limited appropriations, and civilian life on implementation
Between November 15, 1918, and November 15, 1919, the Army discharged more than three million men. In February 1919, Congress authorized the Army to maintain a maximum of 175,000 enlisted men as a stopgap figure, and in May 1919, in the midst of demobilization, Congress appropriated enough funds for fiscal year 1920 to pay for an Army of 325,000 men. The Army expected that Congress would, in the future, appropriate yearly funds for an army of about 225,000. By law, all men who had entered the Army after April 1917 had to be discharged (i.e., leaving only about 50,000 men in the Army). This meant that the Army needed to quickly recruit about 125,000 men to maintain an army of 200,000 men.
In the spring of 1919, voluntary enlistments in the Army, suspended for the duration of the war, were resumed. An intensive recruiting campaign that was the brainchild of the Secretary of War, Newton D. Baker, offered one and three-year enlistments and touted the benefits of the War Department's programs of educational and vocational training for soldiers. Unfortunately, by the spring of 1920, the strength of the Army began to decline as one-year enlistments, objected to by Army leadership, began to expire and the enthusiasm created by the recruiting campaign began to subside. In spring 1920, the Army launched a new recruiting campaign, which was judged to have "fizzled," but men continued to enlist at a relatively consistent rate. By the end of fiscal year 1920 (June 30, 1920), after the passage of the amendments, the strength of the Army stood at 177,194 men.
In June 1920, both houses of Congress approved military appropriations that would give the Army enough money to maintain 175,000 men; opponents of the bill stated it was in direct conflict with the figures given in the National Defense Act amendments. By the end of 1920, the strength of the Army stood at about 200,000 men. President Woodrow Wilson vetoed the appropriations bill, but Congress overrode him, and Secretary of War Baker halted recruiting in February 1921. On the matter of funds for fiscal year 1922, Daniel R. Anthony, the chair of the House Subcommittee on Army Appropriations, preferred funds for an army of 150,000, while James W. Wadsworth, the chair of the Senate Subcommittee, stuck with the 175,000 figure. The appropriations bill was signed by President Warren G. Harding in June 1921. It mandated the Army swiftly reduce its size, by October 1921; Senator William E. Borah, another member of the Senate subcommittee, warned he would put forth a figure of funds for only 100,000 men for the next fiscal year if Harding objected to the short timetable.
In order to reduce strength, the Army discharged men under the age of eighteen, and men in the continental United States at their own application. Since the National Defense Act amendments set limits on the number of officers for the Army and the number of enlisted men in each grade, over 1,000 officers were involuntary separated. Despite the threat of mass demotions for senior enlisted men, only all "surplus" noncommissioned officers (those above the allowed number in each rank for whom no military occupation could be found) were reduced by one grade. For fiscal year 1923, the House proposed funds for only 115,000 men, while the Senate proposed funds for 140,000 men. A compromise for funds for 125,000 men was worked out, and the Army was forced to begin involuntary demotions of noncommissioned officers. The Pay Readjustment Act of 1922 placed the Army and the Navy under a single pay system for the first time. The flaws in the Act relating to the Army were twofold. Many senior noncommissioned officers, whose new pay grade had kept up with inflation, found themselves demoted to junior NCO status, whose pay in relation to those above them in rank had stagnated. Having chosen to make a career out of the Army and raise families on the additional pay, they now found potential promotions blocked by younger men. Many were forced to leave the Army and return to civilian life, where pay was higher. The second flaw was a reduction in pay for the lowest two grades of enlisted men. Like many of the demoted noncommissioned officers, these "non-career" soldiers, seeing other opportunities, chose to leave the Army and not re-enlist. By October 1922, the Army was slightly below its new authorized strength of 125,000, and in the spring of 1923, three-year enlistments as advocated for by Secretary of War Baker began to expire; another intensive recruiting campaign managed to avoid a major personnel headache for the Army. The Regular Army settled into a period of greatly reduced strength, not exceeding 120,000 men until 1936.
Enhanced National Guard and Reserve role
The 1920 Act strengthened the National Guard and Organized Reserve in several ways. First, it directed that the Chief of the Militia Bureau be a National Guard officer as a way to better coordinate activities between the Army General Staff and the National Guard. Second, it permitted National Guard officers to serve on the Army's General Staff, enhancing their training opportunities and experience, and increasing the exposure of regular Army officers to the National Guard. Third, it required that the Army Staff create joint committees of Guard, Reserve and Regular Army officers when considering actions that would affect the Guard and Reserve, thus giving the Guard and Reserve input into plans and policies that could affect them. The Regular Army Reserve, the most direct reserve force supplementing the Regular Army, was abolished by the National Defense Act of 1920, but was revived in 1938.
Procurement and contracting
The National Defense Act of 1920 also required the Army to conduct studies and planning for wartime mobilization, rather than waiting for war to be declared to begin planning. This shift to contingency planning and a long-range outlook led to decentralization of the contracting and procurement process, and increased coordination between military leaders and leaders of business and industry. The need for specialists in procurement and mobilization planning led to the 1924 creation of the Army Industrial College.
Legacy
The 1920 Act was the basis for the Army's organization through World War II, and remained largely in effect until passage of the National Security Act of 1947.
References
20th-century military history of the United States
Political history of the United States
1920 in American law
1920 in military history
United States federal defense and national security legislation |
Thaia is a monotypic genus of flowering plants from the orchid family, Orchidaceae. The sole species is Thaia saprophytica, native to Laos and Thailand.
Thaia was previously tentatively placed in the tribe Neottieae, but is now placed as the only genus in the tribe Thaieae.
See also
List of Orchidaceae genera
References
External links
Epidendroideae
Myco-heterotrophic orchids
Orchids of Thailand
Orchids of Laos
Plants described in 1975 |
Kerteh (est. pop. (2000 census): 3,064) is a mukim in Kemaman District, Terengganu, Malaysia.
Economy
Kerteh is the base of operations for Petronas in Terengganu, overseeing the oil platform operations off the state's coast as well as petrochemicals production, natural gas processing and crude oil refining.
Tourist attractions
The Ma'Daerah turtle sanctuary is also nearby. During the night, the lights from the oil and gas processing plant make a beautiful view which gives Kerteh the nickname 'City of Light'.
Transportation
Kerteh is served by the Kerteh Airport, a small airport catering mostly to helicopter flights to offshore oil platforms and charter plane flights for Petronas staff to Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport near Kuala Lumpur.
References
External links
Kerteh Hash House Harriers
Ma'Daerah Turtle Sanctuary
Kemaman District
Mukims of Terengganu |
Karl-Heinz Wirth (born 20 January 1944) is a German former footballer.
He played for SF Hamborn 07 from 1963 to 1965 and Eintracht Frankfurt from 1965 to 1973. He played 138 times in the Bundesliga.
References
External links
Karl-Heinz Wirth at eintracht-archiv.de
1944 births
Living people
German men's footballers
Eintracht Frankfurt players
Bundesliga players
Men's association football defenders |
William Kearney (18 September 1895 – December 1986) was an English professional football outside forward who played in the Football League for Brentford.
Career
A full back, Kearney began his career with hometown non-league club Sunderland Celtic. He was one of a number of players from the northeast to move to Brentford during the club's early seasons in the Football League. Kearney made six Third Division appearances deputising for full back Jimmy Hodson during the 1920–21 season, after which he was released.
Career statistics
References
1895 births
English men's footballers
English Football League players
Brentford F.C. players
1986 deaths
Footballers from Sunderland
Men's association football fullbacks |
Jim L. Holt (born January 17, 1965) is an American Baptist minister and a conservative Republican politician from Springdale in northwestern Arkansas.
Background
Holt was born in Camden in Ouachita County, southern Arkansas. He joined the military in 1987 and served in the U.S. Army Joint Intelligence Operations at the National Security Agency. His website notes he "was involved in highly classified operations during the Cold War, the ousting of Manuel Noriega from Panama, and Operation Desert Storm". He is a "small business owner/operator and a part-time counselor". In 1996, Holt became an ordained Southern Baptist minister. He is married to his wife, the former Bobye Barenberg, originally of Rogers, Arkansas, they have eleven children.
Jim Holt, once a close friend of Jim Bob Duggar and a key character in the documentary “Shiny Happy People: Duggar Family Secrets,” had an order of protection granted against him by his wife, Bobye Holt, on April 21, 2023. More court records indicate Samuel Holt, one of the couple’s sons, was also granted an order of protection against Jim Holt on May 8, 2023.
Political career
Holt was first elected to the Arkansas House of Representatives in the 2000 general election. He served in the House from 2001 to 2003, during which time, he sponsored a bill designed to prohibit the teaching of the theory of evolution in Arkansas public schools (see Evolution below). Holt was elected to the Arkansas Senate in the 2002 general election and served there until December 31, 2006.
In 2004, Holt was the Republican nominee for the U. S. Senate. He was defeated by the Democrat Blanche Lincoln, 55–44 percent.
In 2006, Holt was the Republican nominee for lieutenant governor and was defeated by Democrat Bill Halter, 57–42 percent.
In 2010, Holt was a candidate in the Republican primary for U.S. Senate and was defeated by Republican John Boozman, 53–17 percent, with the remaining percent divided among six other GOP candidates. Boozman in turn unseated Lincoln, against whom Holt had run six years earlier.
Political positions
Evolution
Holt co-sponsored Arkansas House Bill 2548 in 2001, which would have required public schools to identify evolution as an unproven theory and would have prohibited the use of public funds for the promotion of evolution-related information as fact. The bill was sponsored by several other House members, including Representative Jack Critcher, who later became the Democratic President Pro Tempore of the Arkansas Senate. The measure fell six votes short of passage. Holt was criticized in July 2006 by Don Michael, an opinion writer for the Fayetteville Northwest Arkansas Times, for having invited in April 2001 the creationist Kent Hovind to speak on behalf of the bill before a House committee.
Abortion
Holt has also attempted to halt or restrict abortion. He has called for the overturning of Roe v. Wade as an example of "judicial tyranny plaguing our nation today. The laws in all fifty states were overturned, and the consent of the governed as the basis for all just governmental power was thrown out. I will not confirm a federal judicial nominee who I believe will vote to uphold Roe vs. Wade."
Healthcare
Holt opposes the healthcare reform measures implemented by the U.S. Congress in March 2010, stating "We don’t need health care 'reform', but remove government from the health sector and let the market decide.
The number of Arkansas residents on Medicare went from 457,808 to 917,474 (from 2013 to 2021). This doubled the number of recipients of government subsidized healthcare.
Opposition to Mike Huckabee
As a legislator, Holt tangled publicly with former Governor Mike Huckabee over immigration. In 2007, Holt opposed Huckabee's unsuccessful effort to make children of illegal immigrants eligible for state-funded scholarships and in-state tuition to Arkansas colleges, a position also adopted in Texas under Republican Governor Rick Perry. Holt defended his position by asking Huckabee if he would allow the same privileges to families of military personnel deployed overseas. Huckabee did not respond.
On January 18, 2008, the Northwest Arkansas Times ran an opinion piece by Holt blasting Huckabee and his supporters. Holt accused Huckabee's followers of not researching what Huckabee's positions are, and supporting him merely because he is a Christian.
References
External links
1965 births
Living people
People from Camden, Arkansas
Republican Party Arkansas state senators
American Christian creationists
Republican Party members of the Arkansas House of Representatives
Southern Baptist ministers
People from Springdale, Arkansas
Baptists from Arkansas |
Rohida is a historic village situated in Sirohi district of Indian state of Rajasthan.
The village is known for Audichya Rodwal Brahman Community residing there.
The Maharaja of Sirohi State has provided the land to the Rodwal Brahmins.
Rohida has been named after King Rohida, the Son of Satayavadi Raja Harish Chandra who lived his last years of life at Rohida.
Rohida is the birthplace of the historian Gaurishankar Hirachand Ojha.
In 1922 Motilal Tejawat started Eki Movement to unit tribals at Rohida.
The village is known for historical temples of Hindu community such as Somnath Mahadev, Rajrajeshwar Mahadev and Sugreeveshwar Mahadev.
After independence, when Panchayati Raj established, the village elected Ravishankar Yagnik, one of freedom fighters from Rodwal community as first Sarpanch (Head of Gram Panchayat) of the village, who also has been elected the first Tehsil Pradhan of the Pindwara Tehsil, after he represented the constituency to Rajasthan Assembly and requested for Backward Status for Sirohi District that has been approved by Assembly. Here, Marwadi language is spoken which is quite similar to Mewadi & Gujarati language in pronunciation and words.
Devnagari script has been used to write the history of Rohida.
Rohida is also related to Lord Parshuram, at the period of Mahabharata, Parshuram visited Rohida and established Lord Shiva temple and named it Jabeshwar Mahadev Mandir which is around 4 km from Rohida.
References
Rohida village
Rohida PIN
Rohida in freedom movement
Villages in Sirohi district |
Biseni may be,
Biseni Forest
Biseni language |
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Seyyed Hassan Eslami Ardakani (born December 23, 1960) is an Iranian philosopher and professor of ethics at the University of Religions and Denominations. He is known for his expertise on virtue ethics, environmental ethics and research ethics. Eslami is a winner of Farabi International Award for his book Human Cloning in Catholic and Islamic Perspectives.
Books
Human Cloning in Catholic and Islamic Perspectives, University of Religions and Denominations, 2007
Ethics of Critique, Maaref, 2004
Muhammad: Prophet of Compassion, Khorram, 1997
See also
Mahmoud Mar'ashi Najafi
Ahmad Vaezi
References
External links
Seyyed Hassan Eslami Ardakani
21st-century Iranian philosophers
Philosophy academics
Living people
1960 births
Philosophy journal editors
Philosophers of religion
Farabi International Award recipients |
The Vivekamārtaṇḍa is an early Hatha yoga text, the first to combine tantric and ascetic yoga. Attributed to Goraknath (also called Gorakshanath), it was probably written in the 13th century. It emphasises mudras as the most important practice. The name means "Sun of Discernment".
It teaches khecarīmudrā (which it calls nabhomudrā), mahāmudrā, viparītakaraṇī and the three bandhas. It teaches six chakras and the raising of Kundalinī by means of "fire yoga" (vahniyogena).
Sixfold system
Unlike Ashtanga, the eightfold yoga of Patanjali, the Vivekamārtaṇḍa describes a system of six limbs: asana (posture), breath-restraint (which it calls pranasamrodha), pratyahara (withdrawal), dharana (concentration), meditation, and samadhi; omitting the first two limbs of Ashtanga, namely the Yamas and Niyamas.
The text claims that there are 84 yoga postures, but describes only two.
Breath control, as in tantric texts but not otherwise in hatha yoga texts, is said to cause udghata, "eruption", making vital energy move upwards in a surge.
As in Patanjali's Yoga Sutras, withdrawal lies between breath control and concentration. It compares yogic withdrawal to the sun's shortening its shadow at midday, or a tortoise drawing its legs into its shell. One of the methods given for withdrawal, only in this text, is Viparītakaraṇī; the mudra is however described both in the Vivekamārtaṇḍa and in other texts as a means of trapping vital fluid, bindu.
The Vivekamārtaṇḍa states that yogic concentration is simply a matter of repeating the breath control practice a certain number of times.
Similarly, it explains that meditation is extended concentration, and that samadhi is greatly extended meditation – for 12 hours, all through retaining the breath. Meditation can be with or without attributes (saguna or nirguna); the yogi can meditate on any one of the six chakras.
It states that in samadhi, the yogi perceives and feels nothing, and cannot be harmed with weapons. James Mallinson calls this a "death-like state" quite unlike the subtly-graded mental state described in Patanjali's Yoga Sutras.
Mudras
The Vivekamārtaṇḍa implies that the (hatha yoga) mudras operate on (Kaula tantra) Kundalini. Mallinson describes this as a "crude refashioning", more skilfully achieved in the later Khecharividya, with its account of khechari mudra, and the Shiva Samhita.
Mahāmudrā is used to dry up the body's fluids; this is like other ascetic texts, but opposed to tantric Kundalini practice, where the flow of amrita is meant to be increased. However, the text also seeks to ensure immortality by preserving the amrita, using the tongue to press on the upper opening next to the uvula. The contradiction of goals is perpetuated in the compilation of hatha yoga texts, the Hathayogapradipika.
Notes
References
Sources
Hatha yoga
Sanskrit texts |
Rudd's apalis (Apalis ruddi) is a species of bird in the family Cisticolidae.
It is found primarily in Mozambique but also in southern Malawi and adjacent areas of South Africa and Eswatini.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forest and subtropical or tropical moist shrubland.
References
External links
Rudd's apalis - Species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds.
Rudd's apalis
Birds of East Africa
Vertebrates of Mozambique
Rudd's apalis
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot |
The Pride of Indy Bands is a performing musical ensemble in Indianapolis of gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender, and other LGBT-friendly musicians. Founded in March 2005, The Pride of Indy Band and Color Guard is currently the only LGBT instrumental and pageantry ensemble in Indiana, and is a member of the Lesbian and Gay Band Association. The organization conducts its activities in a supportive, accepting and affirming atmosphere, and includes experienced and amateur musicians. The band also assists adult members who do not have access to instruments by helping them rent or borrow instruments through local organizations.
History
Since the band's beginnings in 2005, the band has grown to include a performing membership of 50 musicians, and has at one time included a marching band, pep band, a concert band, a brass ensemble, a woodwind ensemble, a saxophone collective, a visual ensemble, and a Jazz Band. Founding members include, among others, Travis Tester, Laura Blake, Shelly Snider, and Stephen McCoy. The group has a yearly performance calendar filled with over 20 concerts and special appearances at community events locally and in cities outside of Indiana.
The band performs annually at the Indy Pride Festival and Parade.
Pride of Indy Bands (PI) notable milestones
March 24, 2005 – First IN Pride 2005 Parade Committee meeting. LGBA shows interest in bringing a massed band to Indy for the Pride Parade.
March 31, 2005 – LGBA Indy host coordinators (Stephen McCoy, Shelly Snider, and Bree Snyder) meet and decide on rehearsal dates and location of the first band rehearsal for Indy area musicians.
May 12, 2005 – First rehearsal for the area musicians. The "Pride of Indy Band and Color Guard" (PI) is adopted as the name of the organization.
June 10, 2005 – The massed band rehearses, includes musicians from LGBA bands in other parts of the United States.
June 11, 2005 – The LGBA massed band marches in the IN Pride Parade and performs at the IN Pride 2005 Festival.
June 21, 2005 – PI holds first regular rehearsal. At that rehearsal, Jeffrey Reeves suggests that the words "Gay and Lesbian" be included in the title of the group. He is met with hostility. Stephen McCoy calmed the discussion.
November 5, 2005 – PI accepted as a "Band in Formation" with the Lesbian and Gay Band Association (LGBA).
November 22, 2005 – The Pride of Indy Woodwind Ensemble has their first performance at the Indy Pride, Inc. Thanksgiving Dinner.
November 28, 2005 – PI governance established.
December 20, 2005 – PI conducts its first Holiday Concert at Broadway United Methodist Church.
January 10, 2006 – PI receives an invitation to perform at "Spotlight," an annual featuring a cross section of the Indy arts scene, produced as an HIV/AIDS fundraising event benefiting the Indiana AIDS Fund. PI announces it will performance with vocalist Brenda Williams (local artist) for the 3,500+ people that will attend the event.
February 13, 2006 – PI announces its 2006 Performance Schedule, including six concerts and several performances at special events in the area.
February 19, 2006 – PI Board of Directors conducts first strategic planning meeting.
March 12, 2006 – PI presents its first Spring Concert.
June 6, 2006 – PI holds its first Anniversary Concert at Garfield Park in Indianapolis as a part of Pride Week.
July 16, 2006 – PI is accepted as a full member band of LGBA at the annual Assembly of Delegates Meeting in Chicago.
December, 2006 – PI's audience at annual Holiday Concert reaches 200. PI announces new director, Eric Knechtges. Jazz Ensemble makes their impressive debut. 2007 Performance Schedule is released.
January, 2007 – PI accepts invitation to perform in Indy Parks concert series, two performances in June and July 2007.
June, 2007 – PI holds its second Anniversary Concert on the lawn at the Old Firehouse Museum on Mass Avenue.
July, 2007 – PI's concert band participates in the Garfield Park Conservatory and Sunken Gardens Summer Concert Series.
August, 2007 – PI's jazz ensemble also participates in the Garfield Park series.
November 29, 2007 – PI's jazz ensemble held its first annual fundraiser "Time Warp" at Talbott Street nightclub. The event featured jazz and big band music from the 1930s to contemporary artists.
October, 2008 – Nathan Voges is selected to succeed Eric Knechtges as musical director.
November 20, 2008 – PI's jazz ensemble held its second annual fundraiser "Time Warp 1940" at Talbott Street nightclub. The event featured the big band sounds of 1940 with guest vocalist Brenda Williams.
March 24–28, 2010 – PI hosts the National Conference of the Lesbian and Gay Band Association (LGBA) at the Athaneum Theatre in Indianapolis.
June 8, 2010 – PI Concert and Jazz Bands perform for 5th annual Anniversary Concert.
June 12, 2010 – PI Marching Band and Visual Ensemble perform at 2010 Circle City Pride Parade.
July 15, 2010 – PI Concert and Jazz Bands perform at Garfield Park Conservatory and Sunken Gardens Summer Concert Series.
December 11, 2010 – PI Concert and Jazz Bands perform Holiday Concert at Broadway United Methodist Church, Indianapolis.
March 20, 2011 – PI Concert Band performs at Arsenal Technical High School, Indianapolis.
June 7, 2011 – PI Concert and Jazz Bands perform for 6th annual Anniversary Concert.
June 11, 2011 – PI Marching Band and Visual Ensemble perform at 2011 Circle City Pride Parade.
July 28, 2011 – PI Concert and Jazz Bands perform at Garfield Park Conservatory and Sunken Gardens Summer Concert Series.
September, 2011 – PI Bands is officially recognized as a 501(c)3 Not-for-Profit organization.
October 8, 2011 – PI Jazz Band, Pep Band and Visual Ensemble perform at Indiana AIDS Walk, Indianapolis.
October 23, 2011 – PI Concert Band plays a combined concert with members of the Zionsville, IN Community Band at the Hebrew Center of Indianapolis.
2015 – PI hosts the Annual Conference of the Pride Bands Alliance.
June 4, 2015 - PI celebrated its tenth anniversary with a concert on the Circle in Indianapolis.
Pride of Indy ensembles
Pride of Indy Concert Band
Pride of Indy Marching/Pep Band
Pride of Indy Visual Ensemble
Pride of Indy Jazz Band
Geeks & Grooves Saxophone Collective
Pride of Indy conductors (in chronological order)
Pride of Indy Concert Band
Stephen McCoy
Jeremy Kaylor
Eric Knechtges
Nathan Voges
Chris Forsythe
Pride of Indy Jazz Ensemble
John Joanette
Wil Myers
John Porter
David Grider
Pride of Indy Marching Band
Laura Blake
Geeks & Grooves Saxophone Collective
John Weldy
References
External links
Pride of Indy Bands Website
Lesbian and Gay Band Association
Indy Pride
LGBT in Indiana
LGBT-themed musical groups |
Arnold (or Arnoud) II of Horne (1339–1389) was the son of Willem IV of Horne and Elisabeth of Cleves. He was canon, provost, Bishop of Utrecht from 1371 to 1378, and Bishop of Liège from 1378 to 1389.
After the death of bishop Jan van Virneburg in 1371, the cathedral chapter nominated its provost Zweder Uterlo as candidate for the bishopric, but the rest of the chapters supported the papal candidate Arnold van Horne, who as a result become bishop. Arnold seems to have been a forceful bishop, though he endangered the financial state of the bishopric. He involved himself in the Guelders War of Succession in 1371–1372, which almost led to his capture, and from 1373 to 1375 he waged war against the County of Holland over the advantageously located trading town of Vreeswijk. These actions had little results however, while they cost a lot of money. While the western border of the Sticht was re-enforced and the Hollandic advance was halted, Holland still held the mouth of the rivers Vecht and Lek, which kept Utrecht isolated.
Bishop Arnold was forced to grant participation to the Utrecht burghers in the administration of the land, in the Landbrief (landletter) of 1375, after which they accepted new taxes in order to straighten out the financial status of the bishopric. This Landbrief is an important document that is considered the first constitution of the Nedersticht.
Now that the wars had been halted, an old party struggle in the city erupted again, with the Gunterlingen on one side and the Lichtenbergers on the other side. Bishop Arnold managed to keep the parties separate, but he was moved to the Bishopric of Liège in 1378 by Pope Urban VI. However, the chapter at Liege had chosen someone else for the bishopric, and this candidate was supported by Antipope Clement VII. Only after a year of struggle was Arnold able to take his seat at Liege.
Arnold of Horne was a learned man who was a good organiser, and able to inspire people. He was also adept at the Vielle.
1339 births
1389 deaths
14th-century Roman Catholic bishops in the Holy Roman Empire
Prince-Bishops of Utrecht
Prince-Bishops of Liège
People from Leudal |
Lane Bradford (born John Myrtland Le Varre, Jr.; August 29, 1922 – June 6, 1973) was an American actor. He appeared in more than 250 films and television series between 1940 and 1973, specializing in supporting "tough-guy" roles predominantly in Westerns but also in more contemporary crime dramas such as Dragnet, The Fugitive, and Hawaii Five-O.
Early life
Lane Bradford was born in 1923, the son of John Merton.
Career
Bradford appeared in many television series and "B" western films. On stage, he co-starred in Desperadoes' Outpost (1952), The Great Sioux Uprising (1953, and Apache Warrior (1957).
Bradford played the historical figure, Sequoyah, the namesake of Sequoia National Park, in the 1954 episode "Sequoia" of the western anthology series Death Valley Days hosted by Stanley Andrews. The segment covers Sequoyah from earliest years to his development of the Cherokee alphabet. Carol Thurston and Angie Dickinson played Sali and Ayoka, respectively. In ak 1959 Death Valley Days episode, "The Blonde King," Bradford played California pioneer Jim Savage, a friend of the Indians who works to stop a threat to the peace of the Yosemite Valley.
In the 1950s, 1960s, and early 1970s, Bradford guest-starred on nearly all of the Western series broadcast on American television during that period. He was cast on the ABC/Warner Brothers series, Colt .45 as Pete Jesup in the 1959 episode "The Devil's Godson". He also appeared on Hopalong Cassidy, The Lone Ranger (fifteen times), Buffalo Bill, Jr. (six times), Laredo (five times), The Cisco Kid, Tales of the Texas Rangers (twice), Jefferson Drum, Johnny Ringo, Maverick, The Adventures of Rin Tin Tin (five times), Lassie (TV series) (1965), The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp (six times), Cheyenne (seven times), Wagon Train (eight times, including his role as Binnes in "The Jarbo Pierce Story" S8 E26 1965), The High Chaparral (twice), The Restless Gun (four times), Bat Masterson, Bonanza (fourteen times), Gunsmoke (thirteen times), The Travels of Jaimie McPheeters, Storefront Lawyers, Ripcord, and Sergeant Preston of the Yukon.
Bradford guest-starred on the religion anthology series, Crossroads. He made two appearances on CBS's Perry Mason, including the role of Detective Arnold Buck in the 1962 episode "The Case of the Absent Artist."
His last television appearance was in 1973 on an episode of the CBS private-detective series Cannon, with William Conrad. The episode, titled "Press Pass to the Slammer", aired that year on March 13, just three months before Bradford's death.
Death
In early June 1973, Bradford collapsed while boating in Hawaii. Rushed to Kaiser Memorial Hospital in Honolulu, the 50-year-old actor died at that facility four days later of a cerebral hemorrhage. Although most biographical profiles of Bradford cite his death date as June 7, 1973, that date is actually incorrect. His official death certificate, which was issued by Kaiser Memorial Hospital, documents that he died on June 6, 1973. In accordance with Bradford's wishes, the Oahu Cemetery Association administered the cremation of his remains.
Selected filmography
1940: Frontier Crusader - Cowhand (uncredited)
1940: Riders of Black Mountain - Deputy (uncredited)
1946: Silver Range1946: Overland Riders1947: Prairie Raiders1947: Return of the Lash1947: Shadow Valley1947: Black Hills
1947: Ghost Town Renegades1948: Dead Man's Gold1948: Check Your Guns1948: Adventures of Frank and Jesse James1949: Death Valley Gunfighter1949: Prince of the Plains
1950: The Arizona Cowboy1951: Wanted: Dead or Alive1951: Oklahoma Justice1951: Wells Fargo Gunmaster1952: Man from the Black Hills1952: Texas City1952: Waco
1953: Law and Order1953: Savage Frontier1953: Kansas Pacific1953-1956: Adventures of Superman (TV Series) - Al / Guree the Bear / Capt. Chris White
1954: Drums Across the River1955: Stranger on Horseback - Kettering Henchman (uncredited)
1955: Seven Angry Men - Ruffian on Train (uncredited)
1955: The Spoilers - Second Sourdough (uncredited)
1955-1959: Fury (NBC, TV series) - Verne / Vern Bates / Bart - aka Verne Clancy
1956: The Conqueror - Chieftain #4 (uncredited)
1956: The Steel Jungle - Guard
1956: Red Sundown - Mike Zellman (uncredited)
1956: The Rawhide Years - River Pirate (uncredited)
1956: Gun Brothers - Deputy (uncredited)
1956: Showdown at Abilene - Loop
1957: The Phantom Stagecoach - Langton (uncredited)
1957: Shoot-Out at Medicine Bend - Stone (uncredited)
1957: Gun Glory - Ugly (uncredited)
1957: Apache Warrior - Sgt. Gaunt
1956-1957: Sergeant Preston of the Yukon (TV Series) - Bart Larson / Jason Bowhead / Big Ike Bancroft
1958: Richard Diamond, Private Detective (CBS-TV, Series) - Sol Noonan
1958: The Sheepman - Ranch Hand (uncredited)
1958: The Toughest Gun in Tombstone - Curly Bill Brosius
1958: The Lone Ranger and the Lost City of Gold - Wilson
1959: Have Gun - Will Travel - Frank Tanner
1959-1960: The Texan (CBS, TV Series, with Chill Wills) - Buck Tanner / Jed Burdette / Gabe Kiley / Spike Taylor
1959-1972: Gunsmoke (TV Series) - Dump Hart / Joe Eggers / Bradford / Reese / Dan O'Hare / Davis / Lige / Gant / Bob / Rawlins / Tush / Jay
1960: Bourbon Street Beat (ABC-TV, Series) - Bailey
1960: Bat Masterson (TV Series) - Rob Bradbury
1960: Tate (NBC-TV, with Robert Redford) - William Essey
1961: Sea Hunt (TV Series) - Capt. Jonathan Moss / Frank Judd
1961: Rawhide – Dorn in S3:E16, "Incident on the Road Back"
1963: The Gun Hawk - Joe Sully
1963: The Dakotas (ABC-TV Series) - Sergeant Abel Round
1964: A Distant Trumpet - Maj. Miller
1965: Shenandoah - Tatum (uncredited)
1965: The Slender Thread - Al McCardle
1965: Lassie (TV Series) - Sam
1966: Batman (ABC-TV Series) - Cordy Blue
1967: Rango (ABC-TV Series) - Cole Colton (Episode: "Shootout at Mesa Flats")
1967: Dragnet (NBC-TV Series) - Champ Ridgely
1968: Journey to Shiloh - Case Pettibone
1971: Shoot Out - Prison Warden (uncredited)
1971-1973: Hawaii Five-O (CBS-TV Series) - Manola / Moose Oakley
1973: Cannon (CBS-TV Series) - Walt Morgan
References
External links
1922 births
1973 deaths
American male television actors
American male film actors
20th-century American male actors
Actors from Yonkers, New York
Male actors from Los Angeles |
George Jackson (born 20 February 2000) is a New Zealand racing cyclist, who currently rides for UCI ProTeam .
Major results
Road
2021
1st Sprints classification, Tour of Southland
2022
Tour of Southland
1st Mountains classification
1st Prologue (TTT)
1st Mountains classification, Joe Martin Stage Race
7th Overall New Zealand Cycle Classic
2023 (5 pro wins)
1st Overall Tour of Taihu Lake
1st Points classification
1st Young rider classification
1st Stages 3 & 4
1st Stage 3 Tour de Langkawi
1st Stage 1 Tour of Hainan
2nd Criterium, National Championships
6th Road race, Oceania Road Championships
7th Overall Tour du Loir-et-Cher
Track
2018
1st Team pursuit, UCI World Junior Championships
2021
1st Scratch, National Championships
2022
2nd Omnium, National Championships
2023
Oceania Championships
1st Points race
2nd Scratch
2nd Team pursuit
2nd Madison (with Tom Sexton)
2nd Madison, National Championships (with Corbin Strong)
3rd Madison, UCI Nations Cup, Cairo (with Tom Sexton)
References
External links
2000 births
New Zealand male cyclists
New Zealand track cyclists
Living people
Cyclists at the 2022 Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games competitors for New Zealand |
Damac Club Stadium () is a multi-purpose stadium in Khamis Mushait, Saudi Arabia. It is currently used mostly for football matches. It is the home stadium of Damac and has a capacity of 5,000. The stadium has also hosted youth international matches, including the 2022 Arab Cup U-20.
History
Construction on the stadium began on 1 January 2012 when the General Sports Authority (GSA) announced its plan to build 88 sports facilities across the country. The stadium was officially opened on 11 April 2017 in a ceremony attended by the GSA president Prince Abdullah bin Musaid Al Saud. The sports complex consists of an artificial turf football stadium with a capacity of 3,556 seats, a sports hall with a capacity of 2,000 seats, a 1400-meter swimming pool, and a track and field track among others amenities. On 20 July 2017, it was announced by the Saudi Arabian Football Federation that Damac would be hosting their home matches at the stadium starting from the 2017–18 season. On 19 September 2017, Damac played their first ever competitive match at the stadium hosting Al-Shoulla. The match ended in a 2–1 win for Al-Shoulla. Ever since Damac's promotion to the Saudi Professional League in 2019, they've been using Prince Sultan bin Abdul Aziz Stadium as their home ground.
On 30 March 2022, it was announced that the stadium would be undergoing major construction including a switch to natural grass instead of artificial turf and an increase in its capacity. On 4 September 2022, it was announced that Damac's board had sent a request to the SAFF to move their home matches to the club's own stadium instead of the Prince Sultan Stadium. On 17 January 2023, it was announced that Damac would be hosting their first ever Pro League match in the stadium on 20 January against Al-Fateh. The match ended in a 3–1 win for Damac and had an attendance of 2,787 spectators.
References
2017 establishments in Saudi Arabia
Sports venues completed in 2017
Football venues in Saudi Arabia
Multi-purpose stadiums in Saudi Arabia
Damac FC |
Gymnopilus aurantiophyllus is a species of mushroom-forming fungus in the family Hymenogastraceae.
Description
The cap is in diameter.
Habitat and distribution
Gymnopilus aurantiophyllus has been found growing in clumps on sawdust, in Oregon, in November.
See also
List of Gymnopilus species
References
aurantiophyllus
Fungi described in 1969
Fungi of North America
Taxa named by Lexemuel Ray Hesler |
In Greek mythology, Calypso (; , "she who conceals") was a nymph who lived on the island of Ogygia, where, according to Homer's Odyssey, she detained Odysseus for seven years. She promised Odysseus immortality if he would stay with her, but Odysseus preferred to return home.
Etymology
The name "Calypso" may derive from the Ancient Greek (), meaning "to cover", "to conceal", or "to hide". According to Etymologicum Magnum, her name means "concealing the knowledge" (), which – combined with the Homeric epithet (, meaning "subtle" or "wily") – justifies the reclusive character of Calypso and her island. An alternative explanation is that Calypso derives from versions of "Calí" + "Ópsis", meaning "Beautiful Sight".
Family
Calypso is generally said to be the daughter of the Titan Atlas. Her mother is mostly unnamed, but Hyginus wrote that it was Pleione, mother of the Pleiades. Hesiod, and the Homeric Hymn to Demeter, mention either a different Calypso or possibly the same Calypso as one of the Oceanid daughters of Tethys and Oceanus. Apollodorus includes the name Calypso in his list of Nereids, the daughters of Nereus and Doris. John Tzetzes makes her a daughter of Helios and the Oceanid nymph Perse, the parents of Circe, perhaps due to her association with Circe; the two goddesses were sometimes confused due to their behaviour and connection to Odysseus. According to a fragment from the Catalogue of Women, Calypso bore the Cephalonians to Hermes as suggested by Hermes' visits to her island in the Odyssey.
Mythology
In Homer's Odyssey, Calypso tries to keep the fabled Greek hero Odysseus on her island to make him her immortal husband, while he also gets to enjoy her sensual pleasures forever. According to Homer, Calypso kept Odysseus prisoner by force at Ogygia for seven years. Calypso enchants Odysseus with her singing as she moves to and fro, weaving on her loom with a golden shuttle.
Odysseus comes to wish for circumstances to change. He can no longer bear being separated from his wife, Penelope, and wants to tell Calypso. He is seen sitting on a headland crying, and at night he is forced to sleep with her against his will. His patron goddess Athena asks Zeus to order the release of Odysseus from the island; Zeus orders the messenger Hermes to tell Calypso to set Odysseus free, for it was not Odysseus's destiny to live with her forever. She angrily comments on how the gods hate goddesses having affairs with mortals.
Calypso provides Odysseus with an axe, drill, and adze to build a boat. Calypso leads Odysseus to an island where he can chop down trees and make planks for his boat. Calypso also provides him with wine, bread, clothing, and more materials for his boat. The goddess then sets wind at his back when he sets sail. After seven years Odysseus has built his boat and leaves Calypso.
Homer does not mention any children by Calypso. By some accounts that came after the Odyssey, Calypso bore Odysseus a son, Latinus, though Circe is usually given as Latinus' mother. In other accounts, Calypso bore Odysseus two children, Nausithous and Nausinous.
The story of Odysseus and Calypso has some close resemblances to the interactions between Gilgamesh and Siduri in the Epic of Gilgamesh in that "the lone female plies the inconsolable hero-wanderer with drink and sends him off to a place beyond the sea reserved for a special class of honoured people" and "to prepare for the voyage he has to cut down and trim timbers."
A fragment from the Catalogue of Women, erroneously attributed to Hesiod, claimed that Calypso detained Odysseus for years as a favour to Poseidon, the sea-god who detested Odysseus for blinding his son Polyphemus.
According to Hyginus, Calypso killed herself because of her love for Odysseus.
Philosophy
Philosophers have written about the meaning of Calypso in the world of ancient Greece. Ryan Patrick Hanley commented on the interpretation of Calypso in Les Aventures de Télémaque written by Fénelon. Hanley says that the story of Calypso illustrates the link between Eros and pride. Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer brought attention to the combination of power over fate and the sensibility of "bourgeois housewives" in the depiction of Calypso.
Gallery
Notes
References
Apollodorus, Apollodorus, The Library, with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
Budin, Stephanie L., Intimate Lives of the Ancient Greeks, Praeger publications, 2013, .
Bulfinch, Thomas (2018-06-21). The Age of Fable: Stories of Gods and Heroes. Floating Press, The. .
Caldwell, Richard, Hesiod's Theogony, Focus Publishing/R. Pullins Company (June 1, 1987). .
Candau, Brittany, Castro, Nachie (2013-15-10). Disney Infinity: Infinite Possibilities. Disney Book Group. .
Gagné, Renaud, Cosmography and the Idea of Hyperborea in Ancient Greece: A Philology of Worlds, Cambridge University Press, 2021, .
Grimal, Pierre, The Dictionary of Classical Mythology, Wiley-Blackwell, 1996, . "Calypso" p. 86
Dougherty, Carol (2001-04-05). The raft of Odysseus: the ethnographic imagination of Homer’s Odyssey. Oxford [England]: Oxford University Press, Incorporated. .
Hall, Edith (2008). The return of Ulysses: a cultural history of Homer’s Odyssey. London: I.B. Tauris. . .
Hard, Robin, The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology: Based on H.J. Rose's "Handbook of Greek Mythology", Psychology Press, 2004, .
Hesiod, Theogony, in The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, Massachusetts., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
Hesiod, The Shield. Catalogue of Women. Other Fragments. Edited and translated by Glenn W. Most. Loeb Classical Library 503. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007, .
Homer, The Odyssey with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, PH.D. in two volumes. Cambridge, Massachusetts., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1919. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
Homeric Hymn to Demeter (2), in The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, Massachusetts., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
Hyginus, Gaius Julius, Fabulae in Apollodorus' Library and Hyginus' Fabulae: Two Handbooks of Greek Mythology, Translated, with Introductions by R. Scott Smith and Stephen M. Trzaskoma, Hackett Publishing Company, 2007. .
Smith, William; Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, London (1873). "Calypso"
Van Nortwick, Thomas (2009). The unknown Odysseus: alternate worlds in Homers Odyssey. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. .
West, M. L. (1966), Hesiod: Theogony, Oxford University Press. .
External links
CALYPSO from The Theoi Project
CALYPSO from Greek Mythology Link
Children of Atlas
Odyssean gods
Suicides in Greek mythology
Textiles in folklore
Mythological rapists
Women of Hermes
Oceanids
Children of Helios
Odysseus
Nereids |
Kasaritsa is a village in Estonia, in Võru Parish, which belongs to Võru County.
References
Villages in Võru County
Võru Parish
Kreis Werro |
Clovis Kabongo Malemba is a politician, president of the Action Démocratique Nationale (ADENA). party in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Candidate in the 2006 presidential election.
References
Democratic Republic of the Congo politicians
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
21st-century Democratic Republic of the Congo people |
The Cape robin-chat (Dessonornis caffer) is a small passerine bird of the Old World flycatcher family Muscicapidae. It has a disjunct range from South Sudan to South Africa.
The locally familiar and confiding species has colonized and benefited from a range of man-altered habitats, including city suburbs and farmstead woodlots. It is an accomplished songster like other robin-chats, but is rather less colourful than most, and frequents either drier settings or higher altitudes. It forages in the proximity of cover, in the open or in fairly well-lit environments. Its distribution resembles that of the karoo–olive complex of thrushes, but it prefers the bracken-briar fringes of Afromontane forest, and does not enter far into forest proper. It is altitudinally segregated from the red-capped robin-chat, and is less of a skulker.
Taxonomy
The Cape robin-chat was formally described in 1771 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus under the binomial name Motacilla caffra. He specified the type locality as the Cape of Good Hope. The specific epithet caffra is Modern Latin for South Africa. The Cape robin-chat was formerly assigned to the genus Cossypha but is now one of four species placed in the genus Dessonornis that was introduced in 1836 by Andrew Smith.
Subspecies
Four geographically isolated subspecies are generally accepted, though Clancey (1980, 1981) distinguished several additional races with contiguous ranges.
D. c. iolaemus (Reichenow, 1900) – south South Sudan to Malawi and north Mozambique
Widespread in Kenya, Tanzania and east Uganda. Easterly locations include Mount Marsabit, the Taita Hills, East Usambaras and the East African montane forests, southwards to Njombe, Songea, Mbeya and Ufipa. Westerly populations are present at Mount Elgon and nearby sites, besides the Marungu highlands in the eastern DRC
D. c. kivuensis (Schouteden, 1937) – southwest Uganda, northwest Tanzania and DRC, along rift
Ankole and Kigezi regions in south Uganda, and at Ngara, northwest Tanzania
D. c. namaquensis (W.L.Sclater, 1911) – Northern Cape and south Namibia
Especially in riparian vegetation of the lower Orange and Fish River regions
Somewhat larger than nominate, with broader white supercilium
D. c. caffer (Linnaeus, 1771) – east Zimbabwe, South Africa, Eswatini and Lesotho
Up to 2,200 m in Zimbabwe, where it does not breed below 1,400 m. South of the Limpopo however, it utilizes a greater range of habitats and altitudes, from sea level to 3,000 m, and is locally sympatric with red-capped and white-throated robin-chats.
Compared to C. c. iolaema it is slightly larger, less blackish on the head, with paler upper part plumage, less intense orange on breast, and greyer plumage below. Flanks still greyer in the far south, and chest plumage yellower.
Description
The sexes are similar. The Cape robin-chat measures 16–17 cm from bill tip to tail tip and weighs 28 g. The adult's upper parts are grey, with the mantle and secondary feathers tinged brownish olive. The blackish lores and ear coverts are separated from the crown by a prominent white supercilium. The chin, throat, central breast, rump, upper tail coverts and outer tail feathers are orange. The breast plumage moults to a deeper orange in colour for the non-breeding season. The central tail feathers are greyish-brown, and obscures the bright rufous outer tail feathers when the tail is closed. The belly is pale grey to white, and the undertail coverts buffy. The short, black bill is fairly straight, but with a slightly down-curved upper mandible. The legs and feet are black, and the eye is brown.
Juveniles have tails like the adults, but lack a supercilium. They are dark brown above and buff below, heavily marked with buff on the upper parts and grey-brown on the breast. The legs and feet are pinkish grey, and unlike other robin-chats, the soles of their feet are yellow. Immatures are like adults but retain some buff-tipped greater wing coverts.
Calls and song
The Cape robin-chat has a harsh, low, trisyllabic alarm call, which may be rendered as , or . It has given rise to several local names, including “Jan frederik”, which matches the rhythm of the call if the last syllables are run together. This call is also given year-round when arriving at, or departing from a roost.
The clear and ringing song is delivered in a series of short phrases, sometimes simultaneously by competing males. Singing peaks at dawn and dusk, and consists of passages of whistled syllables, , followed by a pause. Each passage, consisting of 4 to 10 syllables, starts with a low, slurred whistle, which is followed by an improvised succession of whistled notes. From first light they usually sing from within, but near the top of a tree or bush, and at times uninterrupted for an hour or more. Singing may continue late into the evening, in pitch darkness. Males interrupt their singing during post-breeding moult. In the absence of her mate, females are said to sing equally well.
Anxious birds utter a plaintive, descending note, for instance when their nestlings are threatened. Like other robin-chats, they may mimic other birds. One individual has been noted to mimic a total of 36 bird species.
Distribution and habitat
The Cape robin-chat occurs from South Sudan (mainly Imatong Mts, above 1,600 m) southwards to Uganda, the DRC (1,800 m – 3,475 m), Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia (above 1,800 m), Malawi (where common above 1,500 m), Zimbabwe, Namibia, South Africa, Eswatini and Lesotho. It is a mainly resident breeder in eastern and southern Africa, though some adults and juveniles may migrate more than 100 km to lower, warmer regions in winter. In their winter refuges, they may coexist with several other species of robin. Some are however year-round residents even at high altitudes. A five-year tenure of a breeding territory by the same pair is commonplace, and the maximum recorded life span is over 16 years.
In southern Africa, the Cape robin-chat is a common species at Afromontane forest edges, in forest scrub and ravines, fynbos, karoo, plantations, gardens and parks. Most areas with dense cover with scattered trees or song posts are however suitable. In dry areas they are restricted to thickets that fringe water courses. In southern Africa it is found from sea level up to 3,000 m where Leucosidea provides cover. It is absent from arid Karoo and Kalahari.
In tropical East Africa, the Cape robin-chat likewise frequents forest edge and gardens, but is restricted to the uplands. It occurs at 1,100 m in the Ulugurus, but generally upwards of 1,500 m in Uganda and the remainder of Tanzania, and above 1,800 m in Kenya. The tropical races are also at home at the edges of bamboo, in woodland, scrub, tea and coffee plantations, or in association with giant heather beside moorland streams, up to 3,400 m in altitude.
Behaviour
The Cape robin-chat moves about singly with a hopping gait, and often perches in prominent positions. It also roosts singly up to 3 metres aboves ground, in dense cover. The tail is regularly jerked up to an angle of 60 degrees, and upon alighting it may flick the wings and rapidly fan the tail. It bathes daily, even in tide pools.
Food and feeding
Generally, the Cape robin-chat forages close to or on ground level, but will on occasion glean bark and foliage in tall trees. It prefers the cover of vegetation, but is not very shy. Invertebrates, small frogs and lizards are obtained in scrub or on leaf litter. In addition fruit and seeds are plucked from plants or eaten on the ground. Occasionally an insect may be hawked in the air, or invertebrates may be gleaned from leaves, branches or rocks.
Breeding
The Cape robin-chats are monogamous and highly territorial nesters. A pair's territory usually comprises some fraction of a hectare, but its extent varies considerably depending on the habitat. The nest site is within 5 feet (regularly 0 – 2 feet) from the ground. It may be placed against a tree trunk, or on a broken stump in drift wood, and is often screened by overhanging vegetation.
The Cape robin-chat normally nests from June to November in the Western Cape and August to January elsewhere, but may nest at any time of the year. One of the pair will dowse its belly feathers and use the moisture to soften nesting material for easy shaping of the nest, while the other will bring the material to the nest. The female builds the cup-shaped nest of coarse vegetation, lined with animal hair, rootlets and other fine material. It is completed in 6 to 14 days, except when a nest is refurbished for a second clutch.
Two to three eggs are laid at one day intervals, and are incubated by the female for 14 to 19 days. The eggs measure 13 x 17 mm, and may be off-white, pinkish or pale blue, but always flecked with rusty brown, especially near the thicker end. Both parents will feed the nestlings during the subsequent 14 to 18 days, and for 5 to 7 weeks after they leave nest.
First breeding can occur at two years of age, but typically later, as potential territories are usually occupied. The Cape robin-chat is a host of the red-chested cuckoo. Predators often raid the nests, and replacement nests are common.
Gallery
References
Ian Sinclair, Phil Hockey and Warwick Tarboton, SASOL Birds of Southern Africa (Struik 2002)
External links
Cape Robin Chat (nominate race), video of song and call vocalizations in western South Africa, Greg Morgan, YouTube
Cape Robin-Chat, sound recordings, xeno-canto
Cape (robin) chat - Species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds
Cape robin-chat
Birds of Southern Africa
Birds of Sub-Saharan Africa
Cape robin-chat
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Taxobox binomials not recognized by IUCN |
Driving Force may refer to:
Arts and entertainment
Driving Force (1921 film), a 1921 German silent film
Driving Force (1989 film), a 1989 action film
Driving Force (TV series), an American reality television program
Driving Force, a 2005 album by 3rd Force
Driving Force, a 1984 arcade video game by Shinkai
Other uses
Logitech Driving Force GT, a model of steering wheel
See also
Force, in physics
Reversal potential, in a biological membrane |
The 229th Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan, the unit began recruiting in early 1916 in southern Saskatchewan. After sailing to England in April 1917, the battalion was absorbed into the 19th Reserve Battalion on May 10, 1917. The 229th Battalion, CEF had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. H. D. Pickett.
References
Meek, John F. Over the Top! The Canadian Infantry in the First World War. Orangeville, Ont.: The Author, 1971.
Battalions of the Canadian Expeditionary Force
Moose Jaw |
Estries are female vampires of Jewish folklore that were believed to prey on Hebrew citizens. The name derives from the French strix, a term for a night owl. In some accounts they are considered identical with succubi: both were portrayed as beautiful, blood-thirsty female demons, with succubi thought to favor babies and young children as prey. Estries, like other vampires, needed to feed on blood to survive and were more indiscriminate in their choice of victims. Succubi were said to kill pregnant women and babies out of jealousy or spite, and to seduce (or in some cases rape) men. Estries and succubi were both said to be able to appear as humans or in spirit form at will, but Estries were also described as able to turn into birds or cats and various other animals.
Sefer Hasidim account
The Sefer Hasidim, a book on Jewish piety, stated:
1465 There are women that are called estrie... They were created at sunset [before the first Sabbath before creation]. As a result of this, they are able to change form. There was one woman who was a estrie and she was very sick and there were two women with her at night; one was sleeping and one was awake. And the sick woman stood up and loosened her hair and she was about to fly and suck the blood of the sleeping woman. And the woman who was awake screamed and woke her friend and they grabbed the sick estrie, and after this she slept. And moreover, if she had been able to grab the other woman, then she, the estrie, would have lived. Since she was not able to hurt the other woman, the estrie died, because she needs to drink the blood of living flesh. The same is true of the werewolf. And since....the estrie need to loosen their hair before they fly, one must adjure her to come with her hair bound so that she cannot go anywhere without permission. And if a estrie is injured or seen by someone, she cannot live unless she eats of the bread and salt of the one who struck her. Then her soul will return to the way it was before.
1466 There was a woman who was suspected of being a estrie, and she was injured when she appeared to a Jew as a cat and he hit her. The next day she asked him to give her some of his bread and salt, and he wanted to give it to her. An old man said to him (Ecc. 7:16) "Be not overly righteous." When others have sinned one must not show kindness, for if she lives, she will harm people. Thus the Holy One, blessed be He created her for you [as a test].
Estries were believed able to fly if their hair was unbound, while binding an estrie's hair would keep it grounded.
Defense tactics against estries
According to the Sefer Hasidim, estries can be injured and, while they prefer the night, it was unclear whether they were cursed to it like other vampires. Estries were considered undeterred by religious iconography, distinguishing them from other mythological demons. Estries were believed to be able to walk into holy places, and sometimes to seek prayer for healing from unsuspecting religious people seeking to do good. But blessing an Estries was considered an evil act in ancient cultures. If injured, an estrie was believed able to heal either from drinking blood or from consuming bread and salt given to them by the one who caused the injury.
Though methods described for killing estries were conventional, it was believed that burial alone would not prevent an estrie from returning: it must have its mouth packed with earth, or be decapitated or burned. Later mythology attributed to estries the same vulnerabilities as are associated with other vampires: silver bullets, wooden stakes, blessed weapons and holy water.
References
Jewish folklore
Jewish legendary creatures
Vampires
Female legendary creatures
Succubi |
Askøy Energi (English: Askoy Energi) is a power company that serves Askøy in Norway. It provides the power grid in the municipality, as well as selling electricity through the subsidiary Askøy Energi Kraftomsetning, with a total of 11,000 customers. It was created as a limited company by the municipality in 1995, but was then sold to Fredrikstad Energi in 2001.
Electric power companies of Norway
Companies based in Hordaland
Askøy
Energy companies established in 1995
Companies formerly owned by municipalities of Norway
Norwegian companies established in 1995 |
Marten Klasema (12 May 1912 – 1 November 1974) was a Dutch athlete. He competed in the men's long jump and the men's triple jump at the 1936 Summer Olympics.
References
1912 births
1974 deaths
Athletes (track and field) at the 1936 Summer Olympics
Dutch male long jumpers
Dutch male triple jumpers
Olympic athletes for the Netherlands
Place of birth missing
20th-century Dutch people |
Ankyrin repeat, SAM and basic leucine zipper domain-containing protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ASZ1 gene.
References
External links
Further reading |
George Goodwin Jr. (April 23, 1786 – February 8, 1878) was an American publisher, businessman, and politician.
Goodwin was the fourth child and third son of George Goodwin and Mary (Edwards) Goodwin, of Hartford, where he was born, April 23, 1786.
He graduated from Yale College in 1806. At the time of his death he was, with the exception of one of his classmates, the oldest living graduate of the college. Two of his brothers graduated there in 1807 and 1823.
Soon after leaving college he went into the grocery business in Hartford, in which he continued till about 1816. In 1818 the firm of Hudson & Goodwin, of which his father was a member, was dissolved, and the firm of George Goodwin & Sons succeeded to the business of printing, publishing and bookselling—the leading interest then being the issue of the Connecticut Courant, a weekly paper, of which they retained control until 1836, and for which, as well as for other publications, they manufactured the paper at their mill in East Hartford. To give more attention to this manufacture, which gradually became their leading business, George Goodwin Jr. removed to East Hartford in 1821, where he spent an active and useful life until 1861, when the mills passed into other hands. Soon after this his sight began to fail, and in 1868 he became totally blind. He bore this trial with Christian submission, keeping up to the last his interest in books and general affairs. He represented East Hartford three times in the Connecticut Legislature. He died at his home in Burnside, East Hartford, Conn., February 8, 1878.
He was married, Nov. 25, 1809, to Maria, eldest daughter of Andrew Kingsbury, of Hartford, who died in 1851. Of their ten children, six survived him.
External links
1786 births
1878 deaths
Yale College alumni
Businesspeople from Hartford, Connecticut
Members of the Connecticut General Assembly
American publishers (people)
19th-century American politicians
Politicians from Hartford, Connecticut
19th-century American businesspeople |
Dryden Township is a township in Sibley County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 301 at the 2020 census.
History
Dryden Township was originally called Williamstown Township, and under the latter name was organized in 1858. The present name is after John Dryden, an influential English poet, literary critic, translator and playwright.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of ; is land and (4.86%) is water.
Demographics
At the 2000 census, there were 280 people, 107 households and 86 families residing in the township. The population density was 8.5 per square mile (3.3/km). There were 109 housing units at an average density of 3.3/sq mi (1.3/km). The racial makeup of the township was 98.57% White, 1.43% from other races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.43% of the population.
There were 107 households, of which 30.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 72.9% were married couples living together, 3.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.6% were non-families. 16.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.62 and the average family size was 2.95.
24.6% of the population were under the age of 18, 6.8% from 18 to 24, 27.5% from 25 to 44, 22.9% from 45 to 64, and 18.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.9 males.
The median household income was $43,750 and the median family income was $47,000. Males had a median income of $22,188 compared with $19,063 for females. The per capita income for the township was $17,527. About 9.2% of families and 11.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.2% of those under the age of eighteen and 6.6% of those 65 or over.
References
Townships in Sibley County, Minnesota
Townships in Minnesota |
"Tip of My Tongue" is a song written by Lynsey de Paul and Barry Blue (originally registered as "On the Tip of My Tongue" ISWC:T0104548028). It was first released as the fifth single by Brotherly Love (a Liverpool-based group composed of three brothers, Mike, Ronnie and Lee Carroll, who are brothers of impressionist Faith Brown) with the song "I Love Everything About You" as the flip side on CBS Records on 27 April 1973. and was produced by Phil Wainman. According to music journalist James Craig, de Paul was in the audience for a Brotherly Love performance at Gulliver's and was so impressed with them that she co-penned "Tip of My Tongue" for them. The trio performed the song on the Granada TV programme Lift Off With Ayshea on 22 June 1973. The song received positive reviews from the British music press, and the brothers were interviewed about the single It made the UK chart breakers on 23 May 1973 but did not manage to enter the UK Singles Chart. Barry Blue was credited as "Barry Green" on this release.
The female soul trio Ellie (aka the Hope Sisters - Ellie, Christine and Kathy) released their version of "Tip of My Tongue" produced by Barry Blue as a single (backed by "Someone's Stolen My Marbles") on the Fresh Air record label in the UK, on London Records in North America and on the Phillips label in Germany, France and Australia in 1974. They performed the song on the German TV music program, Hits a Go Go, on 22 October 1974. The song was also included on the German and Austrian releases of the 1975 compilation album Various – 26 Original Top Hits as well as on the French compilation albums Hit-Parade Printemps Phonogram 1975 Spécial Discothèque, and Alcazar D'été on the Philips label. It was also chosen as record of the week by Dutch DJ Frans van der Drift at Radio Mi Amigo on 29 December 1974, and Canadian radio station CFSX by DJ Phil Smith. Ellie Hope went on to form Liquid Gold where she was the lead singer. Ellie's version of the song is still played on radio, for example on 1 November 2014 by the German independent radio station, Radio X, Frankfurter Stadtradio (FM 91,8).
The song's co-writer, Barry Blue, released his own recording of the song arranged by Gerry Shury and produced by Blue as an album track in 1974, and this version was later on the compilation albums Dancin' (On A Saturday Night)... Best Of as well as The Very Best of Barry Blue released in 2012. In 2021, Barry's recording of the song appeared on his four compilation album release, Out of the Blue - 50 years Discovery.
In December 1977, the Canadian band, Great Rufus Road Machine (Sharon Russell (vocals), Ron Russell (vocals), John “The Fly” Baye (drums), Dirk Acree (bass, trumpet) and Ken LaDéroute (vocals, guitar)), a pop band from Kitchener, Ontario, recorded the song and released it as a single, with "Can't You Do It Now" as the B-side of the single. It reached peaked at number 26 on the RPM Adult Oriented Playlist week of April 1, 1978 and both songs received major airplay success in Canada (131 stations) and the band performed "Tip of My Tongue" on Canadian TV. "Tip of My Tongue" was also included as the lead track on their self-named album.
The British band The Dooleys also recorded their version of the song as a track on their 1981 album, Secrets, which was suggested by the album's producer Barry Blue. The album was renamed The Dancer for its release in Japan and made number 41 on the Japanese Albums Chart. The Dooleys version of the song was finally released on CD in 2013 on the Full House / Secrets double album, on the album The Dooleys Greatest Hits, and also on the three CD compilation set, Gold, released in 2021. Brotherly Love's 1973 version of the song was finally released on CD in 2022, on a compilation entitled Bubblerock is Here to Stay Vol. 2: The British Pop Explosion 1970-73.
References
Songs written by Lynsey de Paul
Songs written by Barry Blue
1973 songs |
On June 4, 2020, amid the George Floyd protests in New York state, police officers from the Buffalo Police Department pushed 75-year-old Martin Gugino during a confrontation in Buffalo's Niagara Square, causing him to fall to the ground which left him bleeding from the ear. Gugino was seriously injured, sustaining a brain injury, and was still unable to walk nearly two weeks later. He was hospitalized for nearly four weeks.
Two Buffalo police officers were charged with felony assault in connection with the incident; they pleaded not guilty. Governor Andrew Cuomo and Senator Chuck Schumer condemned police conduct in the incident. President Donald Trump spread false and unfounded conspiracy theories about Gugino in his response to the incident on Twitter. On February 11, 2021, Erie County district attorney John Flynn announced that a grand jury had dismissed the charges against the officers.
Martin Gugino
Martin Gugino, born October 15, 1944, is an American peace activist associated with the Catholic Worker Movement. He worked with the Western New York Peace Center after his retirement, and was also interested in other political issues like Guantánamo Bay and climate change. He is a native of Buffalo but worked later in Cleveland as a computer technician. He resides in Amherst, a suburb of Buffalo.
Incident
During the George Floyd protests in New York state, the Mayor of Buffalo, Byron Brown, instituted a daily curfew in the city from 8:00p.m. to 5:00a.m. Not long after the curfew began on June 4, Buffalo Police Department officers and New York State Police officers swept through Niagara Square, where a protest was winding down. The officers were equipped with batons, helmets, and body armor. As they advanced to clear the area in a line, they were approached by Gugino.
The encounter lasted six seconds and was caught on camera. Gugino, who was holding a helmet and a phone, approached officers Robert McCabe and Aaron Torgalski. Gugino appears to talk to the officers while gesticulating. Initially, McCabe hesitates. Some officers yell "Move" and "Push him back! Push him back!" McCabe pushed Gugino with his baton, while Torgalski used his right hand to push Gugino. A third officer, John Losi, also pushed McCabe, possibly amplifying the force of McCabe's push on Gugino. After being pushed, Gugino stumbled backwards and fell, hitting the back of his head on the pavement.
After falling, Gugino remained motionless on the pavement, bleeding from the head. McCabe attempted to check on Gugino, but Losi stopped him from doing so, persuading McCabe to keep moving. More than a dozen Buffalo officers walked past Gugino. Two New York State Police medics aided Gugino.
Aftermath
Gugino was taken to a hospital in serious condition where he was treated for a concussion and laceration. He was initially treated in the intensive care unit; as of June 9, he was transferred to a regular hospital unit and was reported to be in "fair" condition. On June 15, Gugino's lawyer said Gugino had a fractured skull and was unable to walk. After nearly four weeks, on June 30, he was released from the hospital. According to his lawyer, Gugino would continue rehabilitation, and at that point he could "walk with a little help".
Response
Public response
The incident was filmed by a member of the WBFO news team. WBFO uploaded the video of the incident to Twitter at 9:13 p.m. on June 4. The footage became a viral video, accumulating over 70 million views internationally.
The incident prompted public outrage. The New York Civil Liberties Union described the incident as "casual cruelty" and called for Buffalo officials to "seriously address the police violence during this week's protest and the culture of impunity that led to this incident".
Some Facebook posts claimed without evidence that the incident was staged; these posts were labelled as false by both Facebook and PolitiFact.
Initial reactions by local and state officials
Governor Andrew Cuomo and Senator Chuck Schumer condemned the incident via social media. Erie County District Attorney John J. Flynn said the officers "crossed a line". Cuomo asked why the officers' actions were necessary, described their behavior as "just fundamentally offensive and frightening", and said the city of Buffalo should consider firing them and carrying out a criminal investigation. In a statement that Gugino's lawyer passed on to CNN on June 15, Gugino said he appreciated the concern, but added, "There are plenty of other things to think about besides me."
After viewing video of the incident, Buffalo Mayor Byron Brown said he was "deeply disturbed" by it. He also said the incident was "disheartening", because in the previous days, protests were "peaceful", while he, the police, and the community were conducting meetings. On June 10, Brown announced impending changes to Buffalo police protocol, including implementing "appearance tickets" for non-violent protesters rather than having them face arrest and creating a "public protection unit" to replace the emergency response team, with an emphasis on being better-suited to handle large-scale protests. He also said the police union was "in the wrong". Buffalo Bills cornerback Josh Norman and New Orleans Saints linebacker Demario Davis attended this press conference as part of a nationwide tour to help improve awareness to social justice issues, with Davis praising Brown's plans for change.
Initially, media outlets incorrectly reported that Mayor Brown called Gugino an "agitator" and a "major instigator"; Brown was actually referring to another protester, not Gugino. Some media outlets issued corrections on their websites.
Buffalo police and their union
On June 4, 8:50 p.m., the Buffalo police department stated that "during [a] skirmish involving protestors, one person was injured when he tripped & fell"; according to The Washington Post, a video of the incident showed that this claim was false. The Buffalo police department later said that officers who were not directly involved in the incident had given the description of Gugino's supposedly having "tripped".
By June 4, 11:05 p.m., the two officers who had pushed Gugino were suspended without pay, with the Buffalo police chief ordering for an investigation of the incident.
The Buffalo police union, the Buffalo Police Benevolent Association, was angered by the suspensions of the two officers, and it retaliated on June5 by withdrawing its legal fees support for any other Buffalo officers for incidents related to the protests. The police union's president claimed that the suspended officers "were simply following orders" and "simply doing their job" while also saying the victim "did slip". All 57 police officers from the Buffalo Police Department emergency response team resigned from the team, although they did not resign from the department. According to the police union's president, the mass resignations were a show of solidarity with the two suspended officers. However, his account has been contradicted by two of the resigned officers, who stated they resigned because of a lack of legal coverage. One of these officers said "many" of the 57 resigned officers did not resign to support the two suspended officers.
Criminal charges against officers
On June 6, officers Robert McCabe and Aaron Torgalski were charged with second-degree assault, a felony. Following an arraignment that day, at which McCabe and Torgalski pleaded not guilty, they were released without bail while awaiting a felony hearing. Erie County district attorney John Flynn announced on February 11, 2021, that a grand jury had dismissed the charges against the officers. The grand jury hearing had been delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On April 10, 2022, an arbitrator ruled that the officers did not violate use-of-force guidelines in the incident.
President Trump's response
President Donald Trump spread unfounded conspiracy theories regarding the incident on Twitter.
There is no evidence that Gugino was an "antifa" member, that the incident was a setup, that Gugino had fallen "harder than he was pushed", or that he was attempting to "scan" police devices. Mobile phone technology cannot "black out" police equipment in the manner Trump described.
Governor Cuomo sharply criticized the president during his daily news briefing, saying if Trump "ever feels a moment of decency, he should apologize for that tweet. Because it is wholly unacceptable." When asked to comment on Trump's tweet, Gugino responded via text: "Black Lives Matter". Gugino's lawyer described Trump's tweet as "dark, dangerous and untrue".
The source of the story, One America News Network (OANN), is a far-right cable news channel. The journalist behind OANN's story, Kristian Rouz, also works for Sputnik News, a Russian news agency frequently described as a propaganda outlet. In his work for OANN, Rouz has spread conspiracy theories and displayed favorable stances towards the Russian government. Rouz himself did not provide any evidence, only referring to a report by The Conservative Treehouse, a right-wing blog. The blog post, written by someone using the pseudonym "Sundance", claimed without evidence that Gugino is a "professional agitator and Antifa provocateur". It is not known who runs the blog. That afternoon, OANN founder and chairman Robert Herring, Sr. tweeted to Trump, "we won't let you down as your source for credible news!", promising a follow-up report.
On June 13, protesters in San Diego, California, gathered outside OANN headquarters, where Herring Sr. challenged the crowd to prove the story was false.
Lawsuit
On February 22, 2021, Martin Gugino filed a lawsuit against the city of Buffalo, the officers involved (including one officer that was not charged), mayor Byron Brown, and police commissioners Byron Lockwood and Joseph Gramaglia. The lawsuit claims that several of Gugino's constitutional rights were violated, and the suit also desires to hold the city accountable for "concealing, excusing and/or condoning the unlawful use of force." At a deposition in the matter in February 2023, a lawyer for the police sought an injunction against alleged "harassing questions" like "Who's the police officer who committed that assault upon the citizen peacefully demonstrating against police violence?" and "What are your tattoos?" The judge ruled that there was no harassment and ordered the police officer to answer all questions asked.
References
2020 in New York (state)
2020 controversies in the United States
21st century in Buffalo, New York
African-American history of New York (state)
African-American-related controversies
Law enforcement controversies in the United States
Conspiracy theories promoted by Donald Trump
Incidents during the George Floyd protests
Trump administration controversies
June 2020 crimes in the United States
June 2020 events in the United States
Police brutality in the United States
Post–civil rights era in African-American history
Protests in New York (state)
Race-related controversies in the United States
Riots and civil disorder in New York (state)
Law enforcement in New York (state) |
{{Infobox magazine
| title = Dave Campbell's Texas Football
| logo =
| logo_size =
| image_file = DCTF2008Cover.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = The 2008 summer edition of Dave Campbell's Texas
| editor = Greg Tepper
| editor_title =
| previous_editor =
| staff_writer =
| photographer =
| category = Sports
| frequency = Biannual and premium online subscription content available at www.texasfootball.com
| circulation = 100,000
| publisher =
| founder = Dave Campbell
| founded = 1960
| firstdate =
| company = Sports In Action, LLC (formerly Highfield Marketing, LLC)
| country = United States
| based = Lewisville, Texas
| language = English
| website =
| issn = 0147-1287
| oclc =
| President = Adam Hochfelder
}}Dave Campbell's Texas Football is a biannual magazine previewing American football teams in the state of Texas.
It previews football teams in Texas at all levels, from the NFL's Dallas Cowboys and Houston Texans, college football, to the roughly 1,400 high schools (public and private) in the state.
The summer magazine is issued in June, about 1–2 months before the start of preseason football. It sells for $11.95 and is available in most Texas stores which sell magazines. A winter edition, which began in 2008, is published each January. In 2015, the winter magazine became known as Texas Football Rising which focuses solely on recruiting and recruiting rankings.
History
The magazine was started in 1960 by Dave Campbell, a longtime writer and sports editor for the Waco Tribune-Herald, along with fellow Waco sportswriters Hollis Biddle, Jim Montgomery, and Al Ward, plus Campbell's wife, Reba. He published the magazine out of his kitchen. On the cover of the inaugural edition was Texas Longhorns running back Jack Collins. The cover price for the first 96-page magazine was fifty cents.
It was bought in 1985 by Host Communications, which was bought by IMG in 2007. In 2014, Sports in Action, a company operated by the family of Texas businessman Drayton McLane and run by President Adam Hochfelder bought the rights to operate the magazine from IMG.
It is one of the best-selling football magazines in the state and has been dubbed "The Bible of Texas Football". Each year, the identity of its cover subject(s) is a tightly-guarded secret. Campbell held the position of editor-in-chief until his death in 2021 at age 96.
Currently, Dave Campbell's Texas Football is a twice-yearly statewide magazine with more than 400,000 readers. In 2015, Sports In Action created a yearly sister magazine, Dave Campbell's Texas Basketball, with an accompanying web site.
The website, TexasFootball.com, was created in 1999. It added premium content covering recruiting and other topics, bundled with the annual subscription cost, in 2018.
In the summer of 2009, Texas Football launched a statewide weekly radio program — the Dave Campbell's Texas Football Radio Hour — which aired across Texas State Network affiliates. The radio show ended in 2016. In 2010, the magazine started its own television program, Texas Football Game Day, a half-hour show. Game Day was filmed weekly at the stadium of a key game and broadcast (sometimes live, sometime tape delayed) on Fox Sports Southwest. Due to its popularity, in 2011 DCTF partnered with Fox Sports Southwest to present Fox Football Friday Powered by Dave Campbell's Texas Football, a three-hour live show on Friday nights featuring whip-around coverage of the biggest games in Texas high school football. In October 2015, DCTF launched Texas Football Today, a daily live show covering football in Texas streamed on TexasFootball.com and its social media platforms.Texas Football also ran its own high school football event, the Texas Football Classic, which was held at the beginning of each season at the Alamodome in San Antonio. The event ran from 1999-2010.
The Texas Football brand is run by President Adam Hochfelder, and editorial content — including the magazine, website, TV show and Texas Football Today — are run by managing editor Greg Tepper, assistant managing editor Ishmael Johnson, executive producer Ashley Pickle, web/social manager William Wilkerson, college insider Mike Craven and associate editor Mallory Hartley. Hochfelder has been in charge of the brand since 2005 and Tepper has been editor since 2011.
Dave Campbell died on December 10, 2021, after a short illness at the age of 96.
Summer magazine covers
1960s
1960: Jack Collins of Texas
1961: Ronnie Bull of Baylor (also pictured: Lance Alworth, Arkansas and James Saxton, Texas)
1962: Sonny Gibbs of TCU
1963: Coach Darrell Royal and Scott Appleton of Texas
1964: Lawrence Elkins and John Bridgers of Baylor
1965: Donny Anderson of Texas Tech
1966: John LaGrone of SMU (also pictured: Greg Pipes, Baylor and Diron Talbert, Texas)
1967: Maurice Moorman of Texas A&M
1968: Edd Hargett of Texas A&M
1969: James Street of Texas
1970s
1970: Steve Worster of Texas
1971: Charles Napper of Texas Tech
1972: Brad Dusek of Texas A&M
1973: Glen Gaspard of Texas
1974: Coach Darrell Royal of Texas
1975: Coach Grant Teaff of Baylor
1976: Coach Bill Yeoman of Houston
1977: Rodney Allison of Texas Tech
1978: Russell Erxleben of Texas and Tony Franklin of Texas A&M
1979: Steve McMichael of Texas
1980s
1980: Mike Singletary of Baylor and Mike Mosley of Texas A&M
1981: Craig James of SMU and Walter Abercrombie of Baylor
1982: Gary Kubiak of Texas A&M
1983: Lance McIlhenny of SMU
1984: Ray Childress of Texas A&M
1985: Coach Jim Wacker and Kenneth Davis of TCU
1986: Coach Jackie Sherrill of Texas A&M
1987: Coach David McWilliams and Bret Stafford of Texas
1988: Eric Metcalf of Texas and John Roper of Texas A&M
1989: Coach Jack Pardee of Houston and Coach Forrest Gregg of SMU
1990s
1990: Coach Spike Dykes of Texas Tech
1991: David Klingler of Houston
1992: Trevor Cobb of Rice
1993: Coach R. C. Slocum of Texas A&M (also pictured: Jerrod Douglas of Converse Judson)
1994: Shea Morenz of Texas (also pictured: Tony Brackens of Texas)
1995: An illustrated collage featuring important figures in Southwest Conference history, including Earl Campbell, Bill Yeoman, Darrell Royal, Fred Akers, Sammy Baugh, Doak Walker, Mike Singletary, and Grant Teaff
1996: Coach Chuck Reedy of Baylor, Coach John Mackovic of Texas, Coach R. C. Slocum of Texas A&M and Coach Spike Dykes of Texas Tech
1997: James Brown and Ricky Williams of Texas (also pictured: Coach Kim Helton of Houston)
1998: Two covers: one with Coach Mack Brown and Ricky Williams of Texas, the other with Dat Nguyen of Texas A&M
1999: Coach Mack Brown of Texas, Coach Dennis Franchione of TCU
1999 (alternative cover): Troy Aikman of the Dallas Cowboys, for sale outside the state of Texas
2000s
2000: Cedric Benson of Midland Lee
2001: Casey Printers of TCU, Kliff Kingsbury of Texas Tech, Chris Simms of Texas and Mark Farris of Texas A&M McKenzie Tilmon of Irving MacArthur High
2002: Kliff Kingsbury of Texas Tech, Coach G.A. Moore of Celina High School, Emmitt Smith of the Dallas Cowboys, and Drew Tate of Baytown Lee
2003: Roy Williams of Texas
2004: Adell Duckett of Texas Tech, Patrick Cobbs of North Texas, Marvin Godbolt of TCU and Kevin Kolb of Houston
2005: Vince Young of Texas and Reggie McNeal of Texas A&M
2006: Earl Campbell of Texas, John Chiles of Mansfield Summit, Ryan Mallett of Texarkana Texas, Jarrett Lee of Brenham, and G. J. Kinne of Gilmer
2007: Tommy Blake of TCU, Colt McCoy of Texas, and Stephen McGee of Texas A&M
2008: Coach Mike Leach, Michael Crabtree, and Graham Harrell of Texas Tech
2009: Colt McCoy of Texas
2010s
2010: Jerrod Johnson of Texas A&M, Case Keenum of Houston, and Andy Dalton of TCU
2011: Cyrus Gray of Texas A&M and Johnathan Gray of Aledo
2012: Coach Gary Patterson of TCU
2013: Johnny Manziel of Texas A&M
2014: Coach Art Briles, Bryce Petty, and Antwan Goodley of Baylor
2015: Illustration of the Texas vs. Texas A&M football rivalry by artist Roberto Parada
2016: Coach Kliff Kingsbury and Patrick Mahomes of Texas Tech
2017: Coach Tom Herman of Texas
2018: Coach Jimbo Fisher of Texas A&M (alternate cover: Ed Oliver of Houston)
2019: Sam Ehlinger of Texas
2020s
2020: Shane Buechele of SMU
2021: Michael Clemons, Myles Jones, DeMarvin Leal and Demani Richardson of Texas A&M
2022: Coach Jeff Traylor of UTSA and Coach Joey McGuire of Texas Tech
2023: Coach Sonny Dykes of TCU
Winter magazine covers
When the University of Texas won the BCS national title in the 2006 Rose Bowl, Texas Football put out a special championship edition of the magazine. Two years later, the magazine brought back the winter edition as a permanent feature. Beginning in 2016, the winter edition was replaced with Dave Campbell Presents Texas Football Rising, a magazine spotlighting top recruits in Texas.
2006: Vince Young of Texas
2008: Coach Mike Sherman of Texas A&M
2009: Quan Cosby of Texas, Michael Crabtree of Texas Tech, and Chase Clement of Rice
2010: Jordan Shipley of Texas and Jerry Hughes of TCU
2011: Coach Gary Patterson of TCU
2012: Robert Griffin III of Baylor
2013: Johnny Manziel of Texas A&M
2014: Bryce Petty of Baylor
2015: Trevone Boykin of TCU, Kyler Murray of Allen, and Tony Romo of the Dallas Cowboys
Texas Football Rising
2015: Jett Duffey of Lake Ridge (Texas Tech)
2016: Baron Browning of Kennedale (Ohio State)
2017: Keaontay Ingram of Carthage (Texas)
2018: Kenyon Green of Atascosita (Texas A&M)
2019: Haynes King of Longview (Texas A&M)
2020: Ja'Tavion Sanders of Denton Ryan (Texas)
2021: Denver Harris of Galena Park North Shore
2022: David Hicks Jr. of Katy Paetow
Mr. Texas Football
When Texas Football'' revived the winter book after the 2007 season, it began giving a "Mr. Texas Football Award" honoring the top high school player in the state. It is currently sponsored by Wells Fargo
2007: Jacquizz Rodgers, Rosenberg Lamar
2008: Garrett Gilbert, Lake Travis
2009: Darian "Stump" Godfrey, Gilmer
2010: Johnny Manziel, Kerrville Tivy
2011: Johnathan Gray, Aledo
2012: Dontre Wilson, DeSoto
2013: Kyler Murray, Allen
2014: Kyler Murray, Allen
2015: Jett Duffey, Mansfield Lake Ridge
2016: Roshauud Paul, Bremond
2017: Spencer Sanders, Denton Ryan
2018: Landry Gilpin, Veterans Memorial
2019: Marvin Mims, Lone Star
2020: Jonathan Brooks, Hallettsville
2021: Major Bowden, China Spring
2022: Terry Bussey, Timpson
Dave Campbell's Texas Basketball
2015: Coaches Tubby Smith of Texas Tech and Shaka Smart of Texas
2016: Coaches Kim Mulkey and Scott Drew of Baylor
2017: Brooke McCarty and Coach Karen Aston of Texas, Kalani Brown and Coach Kim Mulkey of Baylor
2018: Coach Chris Beard of Texas Tech
2019: Lauren Cox of Baylor
2020: Davion Mitchell, Mark Vital, Jared Butler and MaCio Teague of Baylor
2021: Andrew Jones of Texas
2022: Marcus Sasser, Coach Kelvin Sampson and J'Wan Roberts of Houston
References
External links
TexasFootball.com
TexasBasketball.com
1960 establishments in Texas
American football in Texas
Biannual magazines published in the United States
Magazines established in 1960
Magazines published in Texas
Mass media in Dallas
Sports magazines published in the United States |
The enhanced community quarantine in Luzon was a series of stay-at-home orders and cordon sanitaire measures implemented by the Inter-Agency Task Force for the Management of Emerging Infectious Diseases (IATF-EID) on the island of Luzon and its associated islands. It is part of the COVID-19 community quarantines in the Philippines, a larger scale of COVID-19 containment measures with varying degrees of strictness. The "enhanced community quarantine" (ECQ) is the strictest of these measures and is effectively a total lockdown.
There were three instances of the ECQ being implemented in Luzon. The first ECQ and first MECQ were implemented between March 17 and May 31, 2020. This was announced on March 16, two days after the government of the Philippines under Rodrigo Duterte placed Metro Manila under a "community quarantine" on March 14. It was implemented throughout Luzon from March 17 until May 15, and remained in areas with a moderate to high risk of infection until May 31. New degrees such as "modified enhanced community quarantine" (MECQ) and "general community quarantine" (GCQ) were introduced by the IATF-EID during the month of May as easing restrictions commenced, until all restrictions under ECQ and MECQ were downgraded to GCQ and "modified general community quarantine" (MGCQ) on June 1.
After two months of a relaxed GCQ status, a second MECQ was reimplemented in Metro Manila and its immediate surrounding provinces on August 4 and was lifted on August 18. Finally, on January 24, 2021, a second ECQ was restored in Tabuk while an MECQ was raised in four more municipalities in Kalinga. It was lifted on February 15. Due to a recent spike in COVID cases, especially in the Greater Manila Area, a third ECQ was reimplemented for the Holy Week starting on March 29 until April 4, which has since been extended until April 11, 2021.
The ECQ affected around 57 million people in Luzon during its peak. It also resulted in the mobilization of the national and local governments, with the Bayanihan to Heal as One Act passed to combat the epidemic. The effectiveness of the ECQ implementation was noted by a study made by the University of the Philippines, although there were also several documented cases of violations of ECQ regulations. Authorities then pushed for stricter enforcement, which in turn raised concerns of human rights violations.
Background
Following the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) which started in Wuhan, Hubei, China, the Philippine government confirmed the country's first case of the disease on January 30, 2020, when the virus was detected in a Chinese national who traveled from Wuhan, China and Hong Kong. The second case was confirmed on February 2, the patient being the first death outside mainland China was also Chinese. Three days later, on February 5, another Chinese national was confirmed to the be third case in the Philippines. After a month, on March 5, the Department of Health (DOH) announced that the first Filipino in the Philippines confirmed to be infected with COVID-19 who is also the fourth case while the fifth case is the first case of local transmission since the infected person did not travel outside the Philippines. The sixth case that was confirmed on March 7 is the wife of the fifth case. In the following days, the number of cases steadily increased.
Lockdowns
Initial lockdowns
On March 8, 2020, President Rodrigo Duterte signed Proclamation 922 placing the entire Philippines under state of public health emergency because of the COVID-19 threat that is looming in the nation. On the next day, March 9, Congressman Joey Salceda of the 2nd district of the province of Albay recommended a lockdown of the entire National Capital Region (NCR) for a period of seven days, in response to the COVID-19 threat. Some of Salceda's proposals for implementing the lockdown include banning mass transportation and stopping the operation of the Philippine expressway network that ply to and from the region, and canceling of classes and work. At first, President Rodrigo Duterte turned down the idea because it would "hamper the flow of basic commodities," although, Health Secretary Francisco Duque III, opined that the lockdown may put into effect in some areas where there are reported community-based transmissions, but not the whole NCR.
On March 12, President Duterte announced the "community quarantine" of Metro Manila that would start at 12 midnight on March 15 up to April 14 that covers 16 cities and one municipality. Traveling through land, domestic air, and domestic sea from Metro Manila was suspended but with exceptions. For international travel, restrictions are imposed on those who came from countries with localized COVID-19 transmissions, except for citizens of the Philippines (including their foreign spouse and children) or holders of permanent resident visas and diplomat visas. Mass transportation vehicles are allowed to operate provided that persons riding these vehicles comply with the social distancing guidelines. Curfew has also put into place by the local government units (LGUs) of Metro Manila.
Expansion to Luzon
During the second day of the implementation of the Metro Manila community quarantine, on March 16, President Duterte declared a Luzon-wide "enhanced community quarantine" (ECQ) that aimed to further combat the effect of the continuing and increasing spread of COVID-19. It took effect on March 17 and was supposedly scheduled to end on April 12. This quarantine also included the Mimaropa region (Occidental and Oriental Mindoro, Marinduque, Romblon and Palawan) despite it being outside the Luzon island. The Luzon ECQ is described under a March 16 memorandum from Executive Secretary Salvador Medialdea by the order of the President as compliance to Proclamation No. 929 (state of calamity of the whole Philippines due to COVID-19), Proclamation No. 922 (public health emergency) and Republic Act No. 11332 (reporting of communicable diseases law).
Extensions
April 30, 2020
On March 30, DOH Secretary Duque said that lifting the ECQ is "too early to assess," citing the Wuhan lockdown was still in effect even if the new COVID-19 daily reported cases are single-digit only. On the next day, March 31, the Spokesperson of the IATF-EID and Cabinet Secretary Karlo Nograles revealed that the DOH will be the forefront on the technical working group who will set parameters that President Duterte will utilize for making the decision regarding the lifting, extension or expansion of the Luzon ECQ. He further added that science will decide on the matter.
The IATF-EID met on April 3 and came up with factors in determining the total or partial lifting, or possible extension or expansion of the Luzon ECQ. The factors include social, economic, security, COVID-19 epidemiological curve trends, and health care system capacity. National Task Force (NTF) COVID-19 chief implementer Secretary Carlito Galvez Jr. said that the President is set to decide on the matter between April 12 and 14. On a televised broadcast on April 6, Duterte said that he is considering to lengthen the Luzon ECQ up to the end of April 2020. On April 7, Cabinet Secretary Nograles said that Duterte accepted the recommendation of the IATF-EID to extend the Luzon ECQ to April 30. He further said that the "extension of the ECQ shall be without prejudice to the discretion of the President to relax the implementation of the ECQ in some local jurisdictions, or the granting of exemptions in favor of certain sectors, as public health considerations and food security may warrant." He also said that there is no need to expand the ECQ to the Visayas and Mindanao.
May 15, 2020
According to the April 20 statement of the newly installed Presidential spokesperson Harry Roque, the President is 50/50 on deciding the lifting of the ECQ that is expiring on April 30. Duterte was set to decide on the fate of the Luzon ECQ on April 23 but Roque later said that Duterte will make a public address about the Luzon ECQ on April 24. He previously met with health policy experts to help him decide on the matter. According to Senator Bong Go, who was also present during the meeting, said that a modified quarantine is likely to be implemented after April 30. On the other hand, the WHO recommended on April 22 a gradual lifting of the lockdowns. The organization earlier advised the Philippine authorities to contemplate on the "epidemiological situation" with regards to the lifting of the Luzon lockdown.
In his address to the public on April 24, Duterte declared that the ECQ is prolonged up to May 15, 2020, only for Metro Manila, Calabarzon, Central Luzon (except Aurora), and other areas in Luzon that are deemed high-risk to critical-risk for COVID-19. These high-risk areas include Benguet, Pangasinan, Albay and Catanduanes. On the other hand, beginning May 1, low-risk to moderate-risk areas will be placed under general community quarantine, where implementation is less strict than the ECQ.
May 31, 2020
The mayors of Metro Manila proposed three options the IATF-EID may take on May 15: extend the ECQ until May 30, downgrade the quarantine measures to GCQ, or allow the localities of Metro Manila to be placed under a modified GCQ where mayors could place certain barangays under lockdown as necessary. On May 12, Duterte declared that only Metro Manila and Laguna in Luzon, (and Cebu City in the Visayas) would be under modified ECQ or MECQ from May 16 to 31 because these places are determined as high-risk for COVID-19 while areas that are moderate risk would be under GCQ.
It was originally announced by the government that low-risk areas would neither be under ECQ nor GCQ but they made the statement in error and made it clear that low-risk areas would be under modified GCQ. Those regions in Luzon that would be under GCQ include Cagayan Valley, Central Luzon, Calabarzon except Laguna and Cordillera Administrative Region. On the other hand, Luzon regions under modified GCQ would be Ilocos Region, Bicol Region and Mimaropa. On May 15, the IATF-EID made a resolution declaring additional places under MECQ from May 16 to 31 and those places are Bataan, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga including Angeles City and Zambales.
Post-ECQ and reimpositions
On June 1, 2020, Metro Manila exited MECQ and transitioned to GCQ as previously announced by President Duterte on May 28, 2020. Other areas in Luzon, namely, Cagayan Valley, Central Luzon, Calabarzon, Albay, and Pangasinan were also placed under GCQ on June 1, while the rest of the country were placed under modified GCQ or MGCQ.
August 4–18, 2020
On August 2, the IATF-EID went on a meeting to discuss the petition of medical front liners to reimpose an ECQ in Metro Manila. The meeting later made a decision to revert Metro Manila, Bulacan, Cavite, Laguna, and Rizal back to MECQ again from August 4 until August 18.
January 25 – February 15, 2021
On January 22, Kalinga Governor Ferdinand Tubban and Tabuk Mayor Darwin Estrañero requested for the re-imposition of the ECQ status in Tabuk. The MECQ was also imposed in the municipalities of Rizal, Lubuagan, Tanudan and Balbalan. Two more municipalities were placed in GCQ status, while only Pinukpuk remained in MGCQ status. However, Pinukpuk was also included in areas under GCQ as the status was reimposed for the entire Cordillera Administrative Region on January 29. This is due to a rapid increase in infected persons in the province, with the DOH citing Tabuk and the four towns as "critical areas" for virus spread.
On February 6, regional IATF-EID chairperson Araceli San Jose approved the extension of the ECQ in Tabuk until February 15. Additionally, Tinglayan and Pinukpuk, which were previously under GCQ, intensified lockdown status to MECQ. Tanudan and Lubuagan remained under modified ECQ. Rizal and Balbalan were relaxed to GCQ with the rest of the region.
March 29 - September 15, 2021
On March 29, the IATF-EID reimposed the ECQ in the Greater Manila Area due to a surge in COVID-19 cases in the area. It was originally set to expire on April 4, however, on April 3, it was extended for another week. On April 11, Presidential Spokesperson Harry Roque announced that the quarantine measure in the area would be downgraded to MECQ for the remainder of the month of April; it was later extended up to May 14. On May 13, Roque announced that the quarantine measure in the Greater Manila Area, Abra, Quirino and Santiago was downgraded to GCQ from May 15 to 31.
For the period between June 1 to 15, MECQ is raised in the provinces of Apayao, Cagayan and Ifugao, and in the cities of Santiago and Puerto Princesa. The province of Benguet with the exception of Baguio was also under MECQ.
On July 30, the government ordered to place Metro Manila under general community quarantine (GCQ) with heightened and additional restrictions from July 30 until August 5 followed by the enhanced community quarantine (ECQ) from August 6 to 20 due to rising cases of SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant which was first detected in India.
On August 5, President Rodrigo Duterte approved the recommendation of the IATF to place some provinces under ECQ and MECQ. Laguna was placed under ECQ from August 6 to 15. Lucena and the provinces of Cavite and Rizal were placed under modified enhanced community quarantine (MECQ). Batangas and Quezon, on the other hand, will be under general community quarantine (GCQ) with heightened restrictions from August 6 to 15.
On August 7, President Duterte approved the IATF's recommendation to place Bataan under ECQ from August 8 to 22 due to the growth of virus infections.
On August 13, the MECQ in some areas was extended until August 31. Laguna was shifted to MECQ from August 16 to 31. The province then joined the rest of Calabarzon provinces and the city of Lucena in adopting the new Alert Level system by October 20, effectively lifting the MECQ status in the region.
On October 14, Batanes extended its MECQ status until October 31. Other provinces under MECQ until October 31 were Apayao, Bataan, Bulacan, and Kalinga. Naga City was also placed under MECQ.
On October 29, Mountain Province and Catanduanes are placed under MECQ. Bataan and Bulacan joined the rest of Central Luzon in adopting the Alert Level System on November 1, effectively lifting the MECQ status in the region. All the other provinces in Luzon that are yet to adopt the Alert Level System were placed under GCQ and MGCQ.
Specific local government units lockdowns in Luzon
Aside from the Luzon-wide enhance community quarantine which restricts the movement of people to and from the island group, several LGUs in Luzon has imposed their own lockdown measures. Although, the LGUs are bound to comply with the national government rules on the implementation of their own lockdowns as per the directive by the President on March 16. With the passing of the Bayanihan to Heal as One Act on March 25, LGUs are legally compelled to abide with the guidelines set by the national government for the ECQ but still practicing autonomy for matters not defined by the national government or operating under the parameters that have been set.
Here are some of the lockdowns imposed by several LGUs in Luzon:
On March 18, Albay Governor Francis Bichara placed the province under lockdown, ordering the temporarily closure of the province's borders. Bichara stated that only delivery vehicles of essential goods may be permitted entry and exit of the province, subject to inspection and sanitation procedures. He also stated that the measure may shorten the period of the Luzon-wide "enhanced" community quarantine for the province by 15 days, if successful.
On March 19, the provincial government of Bulacan carried out the enhanced community quarantine measures, effectively placing the entire province under a lockdown. Classes were suspended; public transportation systems were put on hold, with the movement of the populace limited to the accessibility of essential needs including basic goods and healthcare services; vital establishments were allowed to remain open, and a curfew from 8:00 in the evening to 5:00 in the morning was set up. Barangays in several municipalities (such as Bocaue) had issued passes that permit only one member of a family to leave their house for acquiring basic provisions.
On March 23, Pangasinan Governor Amado Espino III placed the province under an "extreme enhanced community quarantine" after health officials confirmed four cases of the virus in the province. Under the said measure, Espino stated that residents and visitors are prohibited from entering and exiting provincial borders. In addition, authorities in Malasiqui placed the municipality under a separate "extreme enhanced community quarantine" as two of the four confirmed cases were residents of the municipality.
On March 26, Tarlac Governor Susan Yap announced that the province would be placed under lockdown starting March 29, after it confirmed its first two cases of COVID-19.
On March 28, Laguna Governor Ramil Hernandez placed the province under a "total lockdown" following its rise in COVID-19 cases to more than 20. Hernandez said the "total lockdown" restricts the movement of people to only front line staff, private firm employees involved in basic services, and only one person per household to purchase essential supplies. That same day, Bacacay Mayor Armando Romano ordered a 24-hour lockdown on the municipality after a resident tested positive.
With the rising number of COVID-19 cases in the province of Rizal, acting Governor of Rizal Reynaldo San Juan implemented a total lockdown of the Rizal province on April 6 blocking entry and exit of its borders.
Sampaloc, Manila was placed under "hard lockdown" from April 23, 8:00 pm to April 25, 8:00 pm by the order of Mayor Isko Moreno amidst the additional 99 COVID-19 cases of the district. Moreno also previously ordered the total shutdown of Barangay 20 due to a gathering of an estimated 100 people for a boxing match along a street, which is a violation of ECQ guidelines.
Elsewhere in the Philippines
With the issuance of Proclamation No. 922 declaring the entire Philippines under state of public health emergency, all LGUs in the Philippines, including the other two island groups in the Philippines, namely the Visayas and Mindanao, must undertake measures to cut the COVID-19 threat. According to the IATF-EID, LGUs in the Visayas and Mindanao have the freedom on the implementation of community quarantines or lockdowns in their jurisdiction but using the guidelines by the IATF-EID. The Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG) also said that the LGUs in the Visayas and Mindanao have the flexibility in evaluating their lockdown with the help of the DOH.
Here are the several community quarantines outside Luzon:
Misamis Oriental Governor Yevgeny Emano ordered on March 24 a general community quarantine on the province until April 14, banning the entry of visitors and implementing a province-wide curfew from 8:00p.m. to 5:00a.m. the following day.
Cebu Governor Gwen Garcia issued Executive Order No. 5-N on March 25 declaring the entire province of Cebu under enhanced community quarantine to permit strict guideline in fighting the COVID-19 threat.
The implementation of an enhanced community quarantine in the Davao Region was announced on April 2, 2020. The quarantine began at 9:00 pm of April 4 and has no scheduled end date. As of April 2, there were already at least 61 confirmed cases in the region, 49 of which were recorded in Davao City.
Rules and guidelines
During ECQ of the entire Luzon from March 17 to April 30, 2020
Restrictions on the people's movement
Under the Luzon ECQ setup, mass gatherings are completely prohibited and all means of public transport is no longer allowed limiting the movement of people. All schools in all levels are temporarily prohibited to conduct classes and activities until April 14. Remote work was permitted by government workers of the executive branch except for the skeletal workforce consisting of uniformed personnel (Philippine National Police, Armed Forces of the Philippines, and Philippine Coast Guard), those providing services in the frontline of health and emergency, and border control. For the private sector, companies are also advised to implement remote work policies.
The populace's movement is restricted to their homes and they can only go outside to just buy basic needs such as food, medicines and other things needed for sustenance. Only a single person per household can go outside to buy basic necessities. In particular, the City of Manila, Bacoor, and other places issued quarantine passes to persons who were designated by their household would go out their homes to buy needed goods. The ECQ also directs stricter social distancing protocols where people going to public places must observe one meter distance apart from each other.
Allowed and disallowed establishments
Non-essential businesses are not permitted to open and they will be forcibly closed if they do. In contrast, businesses who provide food and medicine are allowed to operate. In addition, gasoline stations and funeral services can continue their operations. Furthermore, financial institutions such as bank and money transfer services and utility providers are also not barred to open. Capital markets such as the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, the Securities and Exchange Commission, and the Philippine Stock Exchange, were permitted to open beginning March 18 only, provided that skeletal workforce are set up. Those industries who act as Business Process Outsourcing or call centers as well as export-oriented industries are also allowed to continue with their operations as long as they observe social distancing protocols, temporary shelter for their employees by March 18, and keep up with a skeletal workforce. Hotels and other businesses that provide accommodation are not operational and they are only allowed to lodge foreign guests who have bookings or guests who have long-term leases as of March 17.
Travel restrictions
Traveling through air, sea and land is restricted only to diplomats, uniformed workers (especially those who travel with medical supplies, specimens from the laboratory in relation to COVID-19), and those who do humanitarian work. People who were going outside the Philippines through Luzon were only limited to Overseas Filipino Workers and foreigners; and they must be escorted by only one person.
On the other hand, only Filipino citizens and diplomats with visas issued by the government of the Philippines were the ones who have permission to enter the Philippines through international airports in Luzon provided that they undergo quarantine procedures. International travelers in transit were also allowed to enter but subject to quarantine procedures too. Foreigners who wish to come to the Philippines can go through Cebu but they must go undergo quarantine procedures. However, this was changed when Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA) Secretary Teodoro Locsin Jr. announced on March 19 the suspension of visas and visa-free privileges of foreigners. Although, DFA clarified on March 20 that there are exceptions. Foreigners who are in the Philippines already or whose visas issued by other government agencies can stay until they depart from the Philippines. In addition, visas are still valid for foreigners who have Filipino spouses or foreigners who have Filipino parents.
Cargo forwarders, farmers, and other food producers are not covered by the travel prohibition but they must go through quarantine checkpoints. Those who are guarding or securing an establishment are only permitted to work and travel within the area of their responsibility. Media practitioners with their vehicles are allowed to go to the quarantine area as long as they get a media pass from the Presidential Communications Operations Office.
During ECQ of certain areas in Luzon from May 1 to 15, 2020
From May 1 to 15, the ECQ in Luzon became limited only to Metro Manila, Central Luzon, Calabarzon (except Aurora province) and other areas deemed as high-risk for COVID-19. It followed the usual ECQ rules as stated in Executive Order 112 by President Duterte. The rest of Luzon was proclaimed to be under "general community quarantine" or GCQ where implementation of the quarantine is less strict.
Under GCQ, low-risk industries can let their employees work in phases as well as priority and vital projects in construction may continue with the guidance of the Department of Public Works and Highways. The populace can go outside their houses only to buy basic necessities as LGUs enforce night curfew to persons who are not workers. In addition, Mall stores or shopping centers under GCQ areas that are categorized as "non-leisure" can open to a limited degree and operation of public transportation are allow but with less volume. Universities and colleges in areas under GCQ can end the academic year and provide credentials to students. Similarly, airports and seaports can also operate to make the delivery of goods open.
During MECQ of certain areas in Luzon from May 16 to 31, 2020
From May 16 to 31, only a limited number of places in Luzon (Metro Manila, Laguna, Bataan, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga including Angeles and Zambales) are under modified ECQ or MECQ, which is a stage where ECQ areas are being transitioned to GCQ. More businesses that can operate under the MECQ are determined by the IATF-EID while government employees, accredited diplomatic missions and international organizations work in a skeletal workforce. Hotels and similar institutions are not allowed to open except those who are exempted by the IATF-EID guidelines.
In general, unauthorized public gathering were still not permitted under MECQ but up to five people can gather for religious purposes. People can go outside to exercise but with safety measures still in place like social distancing and wearing of face masks. However, there are still certain people who are not allowed to go outside their homes such as those with health risks and pregnant women. Schools under MECQ are still nonoperational and public transport are still banned except for tricycles.
Implementation
Management
The IATF-EID for the Management of Emerging Infectious Diseases that was created through Executive Order No. 168 in 2014 convened in January 2020 to address the growing viral outbreak in Wuhan, China. They made a resolution to manage the spreading of the new virus, which was known at the time as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) and eventually renamed to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes COVID-19. On March 9, 2020, President Duterte called the IATF-EID amidst the rising cases of COVID-19 in the Philippines.
Executive Secretary Medialdea issued a memorandum on March 16 regarding the implementation of the enhanced community quarantine of the entire Luzon addressing the heads of government agencies, offices and similar institutions as well as state universities and colleges and LGUs. On the following day, the IATF-EID approved and adopted operational guidelines for the Luzon ECQ. On March 18, Medialdea issued another memorandum about additional guidelines for the Luzon ECQ affirming the rules set by the IATF.
On March 25, the IATF-EID revealed a National Action Plan (NAP) to slow down the spreading of COVID-19. The NAP was created to effectively and efficiently implement and decentralize the system of managing the COVID-19 situation. In addition, the IATF-EID created the COVID-19 National Task Force headed by Department of National Defense Secretary Delfin Lorenzana, which handles the operational command. At the same time, the IATF-EID became the "policy-making body of operations" while the National Incident Command administers the daily concerns and operations.
Mobilization
On the first day of the implementation of the enhanced community quarantine or ECQ, President Duterte declared the entire Philippines under a state of calamity for a period of six months "unless earlier lifted or extended as circumstances may warrant," in order for the LGUs to act swiftly on emergency circumstances through getting funds fast. In addition, the President called all agencies that enforce the law, with the help of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, "to undertake all necessary measures to ensure peace and order in affected areas, as may be necessary." He also ordered the freezing of price of basic goods, emergency medicines and medical supplies through a memorandum. Agencies of the national government and the LGUs are responsible for making sure that prices are controlled.
Also on the first day of the ECQ, the DOH launched hotlines for COVID-19 emergencies. The hotlines (02-894-COVID or 02-894-26843 and 1555) were made possible through the DOH's partnership with the DILG's National Emergency Hotline and the Philippine Long Distance Telephone (PLDT) as well as Smart Communications, PLDT's mobile subsidiary. The numbers are available 24/7 throughout the Philippines.
Suspensions and extensions of deadlines
On March 18, 2020, the second day of the ECQ, Senate President Vicente Sotto III spoke to Department of Transportation (DOTr) Secretary Arthur Tugade and proposed the extension of the renewal of expiring licenses of drivers and franchises of public transport due to the inconveniences brought about the implementation of the ECQ. Tugade responded positively and directed the Land Transportation Office (LTO) and the Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board (LTFRB) to extend the deadline up to the end of April 2020. The Bureau of Internal Revenue also lengthen the deadline for filing income tax returns (ITR) from the original April 15 date to May 15. Nevertheless, the agency appealed to the public to file their ITR on the original April 15 date if they are already prepared, "in order to help the Duterte administration raise enough funds" for battling the economic impact of COVID-19. BIR is expecting a shortfall of about Php 145 billion tax collections because of the new deadline.
On March 20, the fourth day of the ECQ, the DOTr announced that they will disallow the entry of foreigners to the Philippines in compliance with the order by the DFA to suspend visa issuance and visa-free privileges starting midnight of March 22. Exceptions to this rule include "foreign spouses and children (provided that the foreign spouse and children are traveling with the Filipino national), foreign government and international organization officials accredited to the Philippines." The Bureau of Immigration followed suit and applied the restrictions set by the DFA.
Granting of special powers to the President
President Duterte issued Proclamation No. 933 on March 21, calling the Philippine Congress to convene a special session to make a law that will authorize the President to execute necessary powers for handling the COVID-19 national emergency. The House of the Representatives convened on March 23 and approved House Bill No. 6616, also known as the "We Heal as One Act of 2020," which took them fourteen hours to pass it. The Philippine Senate passed Senate Bill 1418, a counterpart measure also known as "Bayanihan to Heal as One Act." President Duterte signed the combined bills on March 24, putting it into law as Republic Act 11469, having the same short name as the Senate bill. The law, which follows World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines in combating the spread of COVID-19 throughout the country, gives the President thirty special powers that will last for three months unless modified by Congress.
In relation to the community quarantine, Republic Act 11469 grants the President to "immediately mobilize assistance in the provision of basic necessities to families and individuals affected by the community quarantine, especially indigents and their families." Low-income families of about 18 million affected by the implementation of the Luzon ECQ and other areas affected the COVID-19 are set to receive Php 5,000 to Php 8,000 subsidy a month for two months.
In section 4 (aa) of the act, the President also has the power to direct banks and other similar institutions to provide a 30-day grace period on loans and credit card payments that falls within the ECQ period "without incurring interests, penalties, fees or other charges." Residential areas as well as commercial businesses under the micro, small and medium enterprises category also gets a 30-day grace period on rental payments falling under the ECQ period without also incurring any other penalties or charges. Furthermore, under section 4 (h) of the law, the President is authorized to run the operations of private hospitals and medical facilities to allow health workers in there and to make it as quarantine centers and quarantine areas among others. As Congress gave these powers to the President, the act also states that the President "shall submit a weekly report to Congress of all acts performed pursuant to this act during the immediately preceding week."
Impact and reactions
Economic
General reactions
Congressman Joey Salceda who is an economist and the House of the Representatives Committee chairman on Ways and Means said that the Philippines could go into recession if there is no implementation of a community quarantine, although, he admitted that the COVID-19 pandemic will affect the economy of the Philippines in a negative way. According to Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) Governor Benjamin Diokno on March 18, 2020, the economic impact is still not known but "it will definitely have an impact." Two days later, on March 20, 2020, the BSP said that the shutdown of Luzon will slow down the economy of the Philippines with a disruptive impact. BSP further said the economic impact would last until the second half of 2020 but it is expected to rebound on 2021.
GDP, basic goods and economic growth
In other forecast, the domestic output estimates by economic managers for the year 2020 are from 0.3 to 1.0 percentage point. The National Economic and Development Authority revised its 2020 economic growth forecast to 5.5 to 6.5 percent against the targeted 6.5 to 7.5 percent growth, assuming that the COVID-19 problem lasts until June 2020. It is expected that the prices of basic goods will go up to 2.2 percent only compared to 2.5 percent average in 2019. Nomura, a Japanese financial holding company, lowered its gross domestic product (GDP) estimates to the Philippines from 5.6% to 1.6%. The analysts from the holding company further said that the estimates assume a scenario where the Luzon lockdown ends on the middle of April as scheduled.
When Congressman Salceda was interviewed by online stockbroker COL Financial, he said that in an optimistic scenario when the lockdown is very effective, flattens the curve, and provides a good stimulus, the GDP would rise to 3.3% in 2020 and 5.1% in 2021. In a mediocre or reasonable case where the lockdown is a little successful, the GDP would increase to 2.9% in 2020 and 4.0% in 2021. Lastly, in a pessimistic case where the economy is basically in recession, health emergency persists, and the lockdown is lengthen, there would be a −0.3% GDP in 2020 and 2.9% GDP in 2021.
On March 6, 2020, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) issued a publication summarizing the economic effects of the COVID-19 outbreak as a whole on the developing countries in Asia, including the Philippines. According to graphical representation presented by ADB in the publication, the GDP impact of the outbreak in the Philippines would be about between 0.0 and -0.5 percentage of the GDP in a best-case scenario while in a worst-case scenario, it would be around slightly near −0.5 percentage of the GDP with a hypothetical worst-case impact of about near −1.5 percentage of the GDP. The publication also indicated that tourism and business travel are the important channels through which economies will be affected in developing countries of Asia as well as supply-side disruptions and economic effects in other important channels through health and health care.
Stock market and banks
After the two-day closure of the Philippine Stock Exchange (PSE) due to the Luzon lockdown, the market crashed to about 24 percent reaching the 4,000 level, which is an eight-year low. The PSE reopened after submitting a position paper to the IATF-EID, requesting to be exempted from the lockdown. On April 1, about two weeks after the implementation of the lockdown, the PSE regained after the stock market made an upswing for two consecutive days due to the possibility of a more eased lockdown guidelines.
Banks remained open during ECQ providing their services through limited branches, skeletal workforce and shortened banking hours. A number of banks lengthen and modified deadlines on payment dues to help those people who are affected by the coronavirus pandemic.
Workforce
ADB predicted that due to prolonged COVID-19 woes, there are at least 87,000 jobless Filipinos in a best-case scenario, while in a worst-case scenario, 252,000 Filipinos would lose their jobs. Based on the data from the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) on March 23, 2020, there are 108,620 workers affected in the middle of the ECQ in Luzon, covering 2,317 establishments. Only 889 companies implemented flexible work that affected 41,331 workers. On the other hand, 600 companies closed down their business affecting 30,796 workers. According to DOLE's report, the affected industries are tourism-related, restaurants, manufacturing and hotel.
On March 31, DOLE Secretary Silvestre Bello III said that the affected workers increased to more than 630,000, covering 15,213 establishments. He added that 169,232 of those workers belong to the informal sector. He pleaded the employers to register to the COVID-19 Adjustment Measures Program (CAMP), the financial assistance program of the government that will benefit their affected workers. The said financial assistance is separate from the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) and other agencies, which give cash aid to affected people under the Bayanihan to Heal As One act.
Entertainment and broadcast media
ABS-CBN
In a statement on March 13, 2020, ABS-CBN made public that the television network is halting the production of television series and the presentation of its live shows. Reruns of previously aired teleseryes or Philippine television dramas (such as May Bukas Pa and On the Wings of Love) replaced then-ongoing series (such as Ang Probinsyano and Make it With You). Prior to the imposition of the community quarantine, ABS-CBN initially suspended the admission of studio audience it's live TV programs.
ABS-CBN News and Current Affairs programs continued to deliver live news on their television and radio stations. On April 1, 2020, DZMM and DZMM TeleRadyo aired on ANC and suspended regular programming on DZMM due to the exposure of their workers to persons under investigation for COVID-19.
During the reimposition of the ECQ in the Greater Manila Area, studio programs such as It's Showtime and Magandang Buhay suspended their live broadcast.
GMA Network
GMA Network also temporarily suspended its own television production due to the lockdown that affected their entertainment programming while blocktimers and co-producers adhered to community quarantine guidelines. Reruns of concluded drama series (such as Ika-6 na Utos and the 2016 remake of Encantadia) replaced ongoing series (such as Prima Donnas and the Philippine adaptation of the 2016 Korean drama series Descendants of the Sun) that temporarily halted its production. Some GMA shows (such as Magpakailanman and Sarap, 'Di Ba?) were able to broadcast their pre-taped episodes during the first week of the ECQ.
Upon the declaration of the public health emergency, GMA banned live audiences on their variety shows (such as All-Out Sundays) and later aired reruns during the ECQ period. Eat Bulaga!, a GMA blocktimer that airs live in APT Studios, was the first variety show that disallowed live audience. With regards to its news and public affairs television programming, GMA Network's news organization arm, GMA News and Public Affairs, continued to air live news. Its sister station, GMA News TV (now GTV as of February 22, 2021), went off air for a day at one point during the Luzon ECQ. Their sister radio stations, Barangay LS 97.1 and Super Radyo DZBB, also continued to broadcast.
Other networks and entertainment companies
TV5 has also reorganized their television programming because of the ECQ. On March 15, 2020, the Film Development Council of the Philippines ordered the stopping of the production of film, television and other audio-visual content during the community quarantine. CNN Philippines stopped its operations for a moment on March 18 after a positive COVID-19 patient entered the building premises where their office is located.
Environmental
Data that were released on March 25, 2020, by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), the Institute of Environmental Science and Meteorology (IESM) at the University of the Philippines Diliman, and Airtoday.ph indicate a better air quality in Metro Manila since the implementation of the Luzon ECQ on March 16. PM2.5 (particulate matter 2.5 micrometers or less in diameter) was significantly decreased. At the same time, PM10 (particulate matter 10 micrometers or less in diameter) emissions were reduced significantly due to lessened utilization of machines that crush and grind as well as low dust exposure from roads.
Because of lowered air pollution during the Luzon lockdown, previously hazy skies can be seen clearly in Metro Manila. Some of the landscapes that are very visible in Metro Manila during the Luzon-wide lockdown include the Sierra Madre mountains and Mount Samat, which are rarely seen clearly due to smog.
Law and crime
Human rights violations
The Commission on Human Rights (CHR) stated that arrests due to disobeying the ECQ guidelines must be done in accordance with the law as the agency receives complaints regarding arrests. CHR spokesperson Jacqueline Ann de Guia noted that all arrests, including warrantless arrests, "must be strictly done within the legal standards inscribed in the law." She also added that the Luzon quarantine is not martial law, which President Duterte also stressed, but a safety measure. Department of Justice Secretary Menardo Guevarra earlier said that the arrests due to resisting and disobeying quarantine rules falls under Republic Act 11332 (law on reporting of communicable diseases) as well as the Revised Penal Code of the Philippines. Although, former Supreme Court spokesperson Ted Te opined that Republic Act 11332 is too broad to be a reason for the arrests.
There were reports of violations of human rights (including children's rights violations) as the government implements ECQ and human rights advocates had taken note of this. Presidential spokesperson Roque who is a human rights lawyer himself said that the Philippine government does not allow human rights violations as LGUs implement ECQ rules. He further made an assurance that the DILG "is committed to uphold human rights at all times and will not tolerate any violation during this period of ECQ." Meanwhile, the CHR already investigated these human rights violations incidents. Despite these human rights concerns, there are 86% of people surveyed by Gallup International, through its partner Philippine Survey and Research Center Inc., saying that they are willing to give up some of their human rights if those "sacrifices" would help stop the virus from spreading.
After more than a month of the implementation of the Luzon ECQ, on April 21, the Philippine National Police's (PNP) Chief Archie Gamboa said that they will right away perform arrests without warning to those who violate Luzon ECQ guidelines. This statement came amidst a reported 136,517 cases of quarantine violators after 35 days of the implementation of the Luzon ECQ. Human rights lawyers from the National Union of Peoples Lawyers (NUPL) reacted on Gamboa's statement; NUPL Secretary General Ephraim B. Cortez said that there is no particular law that makes someone a criminal for violating ECQ rules. Another group of lawyers from the Free Legal Assistance Group (FLAG) asked the PNP tor reconsider its position regarding arrests and FLAG also said that arresting without warning "would mean disregarding the carefully calibrated general rule and exceptions in Rule 113 (of the Rules of Criminal Procedures that provides a person in authority to inform a person being arrested) and creating a new rule of arrests, which is not allowed in the Constitution."
One fatal incident that happened during the implementation of ECQ rules was when a retired soldier named Winston Ragos was gunned down by a police officer in Quezon City on April 21 at a quarantine checkpoint for an ECQ violation. Police Master Sergeant Daniel Florendo was charged with homicide for shooting Ragos. The CHR earlier said that the agency is investigating the incident and reiterated that "strict measures, such as community lockdowns, were set during the COVID-19 pandemic to ultimately save lives. The agency was alarmed "when these measures trigger allegations of human rights violations and, worse, result in any loss of lives."
Crime rate
In Metro Manila, it was reported that crime rates went down by 65.4% during the first five days of the ECQ, from March 15 to 20, according to National Capital Region Police Office (NCRPO). The reason for the decrease was attributed to people staying at their homes as stated by NCRPO chief Police Major General Debold Sinas. After 24 days of the ECQ, the crime rate dropped to 62% in Luzon according to the PNP. Crimes in Luzon continued to decrease to 64.9% after 35 days of the ECQ, which is the biggest reduction recorded in Luzon.
Military diplomacy
One of the pronouncement made by President Duterte related to the Luzon-wide lockdown is implementing a ceasefire with the CPP-NPA (Communist Party of the Philippines-New People's Army) rebels. Presidential Spokesperson Panelo said that the ceasefire starts on March 19, 2020, and will end on April 15, 2020. This is done for the forces of the state to focus its resources to stop the spread of the COVID-19. He also urged the rebels to help the government on their efforts against the COVID-19 threat. Jose Maria Sison, CPP's founding chairman, initially said that the CPP and NDFP (National Democratic Front of the Philippines) will study the ceasefire offer. He later responded and said that the NDFP "is not assured and satisfied that the reciprocal unilateral ceasefires are based on national unity against COVID-19." On March 25, 2020, the CPP declared a ceasefire with government troops from March 26 to April 15, 2020, citing a call from United Nations Secretary General António Guterres for a global ceasefire between warring parties during the pandemic. The CPP later extended the ceasefire for a further 15 days on April 16.
Religious
In response to the prohibition of mass gatherings during the ECQ throughout Luzon, the Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines (CBCP) through its President, Archbishop Romulo Valles, said that the celebration of the Eucharist, other liturgical services and spiritual activities from every diocese under their jurisdiction have to be broadcast live through the internet, television or radio. All activities for the Lenten season are also canceled. Earlier during the Metro Manila partial lockdown, the Archdiocese of Manila through its Apostolic Administrator, Bishop Broderick Pabillo, already canceled the celebration of the Holy Mass with congregation and dispensed the faithful from attending it.
As early as February, the Members Church of God International, supervised by Bro. Eli Soriano and Bro. Daniel Razon, have taken the necessary measures to see to it that the brethren in the congregation are prepared and properly oriented of the consequences that the pandemic will bring.
Other Christian churches such as a Baptist church in Quezon City also broadcast their religious service via live streaming amidst the COVID-19 threat. A spokesperson for Jehovah's Witnesses, Dean Jacek, said that they are doing virtual Christian meetings for their congregations. In different circumstances, the Iglesia ni Cristo announced the absence of worship services at their chapels. Instead, they advised their members to pray at home and they have given them lessons or guides that will be read by the head of the household. The Philippine Council of Evangelical Churches (PCEC), an organization composed of Evangelical and Protestant church member organizations, announced the suspension of regular Sunday worship services and other regular activities for a month and instead held its services via internet and social media.
After consulting with the Ulama and Imam Association of the Philippines, and the Imam Council of the Philippines, the National Commission on Muslim Filipinos stated that religious activities are suspended and encouraged Filipino Muslims to pray and stay at home. This is done to limit the result of the COVID-19's continuous spread, given that people had died in a Muslim prayer hall in San Juan, Metro Manila due to COVID-19.
Effectiveness
Based on the number of cases and fatality rate
According to the study by the COVID-19 Pandemic Response Team of the University of the Philippines (UP) released on April 13, 2020, the implementation of the Luzon-wide ECQ has been effective to slowing down the spread of the coronavirus even if they predicted that there would be around 9,000 to 44,000 cases by the end of April 2020. Using time-series analysis, the UP response team was able to estimate those possible cases through trends that came from the DOH data they gathered. Greatly relying on the work being done on finding new cases is the key to evaluating the effectiveness of the ECQ. Although, they added that the next courses of actions will not be solely dependent on the number of cases. The effectiveness can also be determined by fatality rate, which is 5.38% and the reproduction number is 0.6398; with those figures as of April 10, the study declared that the ECQ has been effective.
Furthermore, the study provided a matrix for the LGUs that can be the basis of their decision on what quarantine methods they can use after the supposed end of the Luzon ECQ on April 30 for continued effectiveness. There are four proposed courses of action namely no quarantine, general community quarantine, enhanced community quarantine, and extreme enhanced community quarantine that would be dependent on the probability of outbreak and the ratio of confirmed cases to estimated outbreak threshold.
Based on the implementation of travel restrictions
The San Miguel Corporation, which is one of co-operators of the expressways in the Philippines, said on April 3 that during the first 14 days of the Luzon lockdown, the volume of vehicles dropped to 80% in the South Luzon Expressway (SLEx). However, on April 15, IATF spokesperson Nograles said that the number of private vehicles that ply over EDSA and other major thoroughfares got bigger after one month of the Luzon ECQ as the number of motorists defying the lockdown guidelines exceeded 108,000. Because of this, the PNP's Highway Patrol Group implemented a stricter imposition of quarantine rules on checkpoints along the SLEx, EDSA and other highways. Drivers of vehicles with non-essential business that are traveling on these roads were ticketed and their license confiscated.
Based on curfew, mass gatherings and social distancing rules
It was reported on April 2 that people violating curfew rules reached around 20,000 according to PNP. Duterte warned the public that there would be martial law-like lockdown if people continues to disobey ECQ rules, specifically social distancing and curfew. Some of those violations include crowded markets in Metro Manila and holding of cockfighting and boxing events. In other quarantine rules, the imposition of window hours risked violating the social distancing guidelines since more people would go to the markets at the same time; thus, the DILG directed LGUs to discontinue observing the window hours (where people go out only on specific few hours during the day).
Notes
References
External links
Memorandum from Executive Security Salvador Medialdea regarding the guidelines on the Luzon enhanced community quarantine
Luzon enhanced community quarantine
Philippines, Luzon, 2020
Luzon enhanced community quarantine
Luzon enhanced community quarantine
Luzon enhanced community quarantine
History of Luzon |
Cosmism may refer to:
A religious philosophical position from the writings of Hugo de Garis
Russian cosmism, a philosophical and cultural movement in Russia in the early 20th century
See also
Cosmicism, a literary philosophy by H. P. Lovecraft
Acosmism |
Qaddas () is a sub-district located in Al Udayn District, Ibb Governorate, Yemen. Qaddas had a population of 6286 according to the 2004 census.
References
Sub-districts in Al Udayn District |
Gustavo Díaz Ordaz is a municipality located in the Mexican state of Tamaulipas.
Towns and villages
The largest localities (cities, towns, and villages) are:
Adjacent municipalities and counties
Reynosa Municipality - east and south
General Bravo Municipality, Nuevo León - south
Camargo Municipality - west and northwest
Starr County, Texas - north
Hidalgo County, Texas - northeast
External links
Gobierno Municipal de Gustavo Díaz Ordaz Official website
References
Municipalities of Tamaulipas
Tamaulipas populated places on the Rio Grande |
Kochkin () is a rural locality (a khutor) in Pchegatlukayskoye Rural Settlement of Teuchezhsky District, the Republic of Adygea, Russia. The population was 10 as of 2018. There are 2 streets.
References
Rural localities in Teuchezhsky District |
The Hill of Tara ( or ) is a hill and ancient ceremonial and burial site near Skryne in County Meath, Ireland. Tradition identifies the hill as the inauguration place and seat of the High Kings of Ireland; it also appears in Irish mythology. Tara consists of numerous monuments and earthworks—dating from the Neolithic to the Iron Age—including a passage tomb (the "Mound of the Hostages"), burial mounds, round enclosures, a standing stone (believed to be the Lia Fáil or "Stone of Destiny"), and a ceremonial avenue. There is also a church and graveyard on the hill. Tara forms part of a larger ancient landscape and Tara itself is a protected national monument under the care of the Office of Public Works, an agency of the Irish Government.
Name
The name Tara is an anglicization of the Irish name or ('hill of Tara'). It is also known as ('Tara of the kings'), and formerly also ('the grey ridge'). The Old Irish form is . It is believed this comes from Proto-Celtic and means a 'sanctuary' or 'sacred space' cut off for ceremony, cognate with the Greek () and Latin . Another suggestion is that it means "a height with a view".
Features and early history
Ancient monuments
The remains of twenty ancient monuments are visible, and at least three times that many have been found through geophysical surveys and aerial photography.
The oldest visible monument is (the 'Mound of the Hostages'), a Neolithic passage tomb built around 3,200 BC. It holds the remains of hundreds of people, most of which are cremated bones. In the Neolithic, it was the communal tomb of a single community for about a century, during which there were almost 300 burials. Almost a millennium later, in the Bronze Age, there were a further 33 burials – first in the passage and then in the mound around it. During this time, only certain high-status individuals were buried there. At first, it was the tomb of one community, but later multiple communities came together to bury their elite there. The last burial was a full body burial of a young man of high status, with an ornate necklace and dagger.
During the late Neolithic or early Bronze Age, a huge double timber circle or "wood henge" was built on the hilltop. It was 250m in diameter and surrounded the Mound of the Hostages. At least six smaller burial mounds were built in an arc around this timber circle, including those known as , , ('Mound of the Mercenary Women') and ('Mound of the Cow'). The timber circle was eventually either removed or decayed, and the burial mounds are barely visible today.
There are several large round enclosures on the hill, which were built in the Iron Age. The biggest and most central of these is Ráth na Ríogh (the Enclosure of the Kings), which measures in circumference, north-south by east-west, with an inner ditch and outer bank. It is dated to the 1st century BC and was originally marked out by a stakewall. Human burials, and a high concentration of horse and dog bones, were found in the ditch. Within the is the Mound of the Hostages and two round, double-ditched enclosures which together make a figure-of-eight shape. One is ('Cormac's House') and the other is the or Royal Seat, which incorporates earlier burial mounds. On top of the is a standing stone, which is believed to be the ('Stone of Destiny') at which the High Kings were crowned. According to legend, the stone would let out a roar when the rightful king touched it. It is believed that the stone originally lay beside or on top of the Mound of the Hostages.
Just to the north of , is (the 'Rath of the Synods'), which was built in the middle of the former "wood henge". It is a round enclosure with four rings of ditches and banks, and incorporates earlier burial mounds. It was re-modelled several times and once had a large timber building inside it, resembling the one at Navan. It was occupied between the 1st and 4th centuries AD, and Roman artefacts were also found there. It was badly mutilated in the early 20th century by British Israelites searching for the Ark of the Covenant.
The other round enclosures are ('Laoghaire's Fort', where the eponymous king is said to have been buried) at the southern edge of the hill, and the ('Sloping Trenches' or 'Sloping Graves') at the northwestern edge, which includes and . The are burial mounds with ring ditches around them which sit on a slope.
At the northern end of the hill is or 'Banqueting Hall'. This was likely the ceremonial avenue leading to the hilltop and seems to have been one of the last monuments built.
Half a mile south of the Hill of Tara is another large round enclosure known as Rath Meave, which refers to the legendary figure Medb or Medb Lethderg.
Annals
In the Annals of Inisfallen (AI980.4) is a description of the Battle of Tara between Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill and the son of Amlaíb Cuarán.
Church
A church, called Saint Patrick's, is on the eastern side of the hilltop. The "Rath of the Synods" has been partly destroyed by its churchyard. The modern church was built in 1822–23 on the site of an earlier one.
The earliest evidence of a church at Tara is a charter dating from the 1190s. In 1212, this church was "among the possessions confirmed to the Knights Hospitallers of Saint John of Kilmainham by Pope Innocent III". A 1791 illustration shows the church building internally divided into a nave and chancel, with a bell-tower over the western end. A stump of wall marks the site of the old church today, but some of its stonework was re-used in the current church.
The building is now used as a visitor centre, operated by the Office of Public Works (OPW), an agency of the Irish Government.
The Five Roads of Tara
According to legend, five ancient roads or meet at Tara, linking it with all the provinces of Ireland. The earliest reference to the five roads of Tara was in the tale (The Destruction of Da Derga's Hall).
The five roads are said to be:
, which went west towards Lough Owel, then to Rathcroghan.
, which went to Slane, then to Navan Fort, ending at Dunseverick.
, which went through Dublin and through the old district of Cualann towards Waterford.
, which went towards and through Ossory.
('Great Highway'), which roughly followed the Esker Riada to County Galway.
Significance
The passage of the Mound of the Hostages is aligned with the sunrise around the times of Samhain (the Gaelic festival marking the start of winter) and Imbolc (the festival marking the start of spring). The passage is shorter than monuments like Newgrange, making it less precise in providing alignments with the Sun, but Martin Brennan writes in The Stones of Time that "daily changes in the position of a 13-foot long sunbeam are more than adequate to determine specific dates". Early Irish literature records that a royal gathering called the 'feast of Tara' (feis Temro) was held there at Samhain.
By the beginning of Ireland's historical period, Tara had become the seat of a sacral kingship. Historian Dáibhí Ó Cróinín writes that Tara "possessed an aura that seemed to set it above" the other royal seats. It is recorded as the seat of the High King of Ireland (Ard Rí) and is "central to most of the great drama in early Irish literature". Various medieval king lists traced a line of High Kings far into the past. However, John T. Koch explains: "Although the kingship of Tara was a special kingship whose occupants had aspirations towards supremacy among the kings of Ireland, in political terms it is unlikely that any king had sufficient authority to dominate the whole island before the 9th century".
Irish legend says that the Lia Fáil (Stone of Destiny) at Tara was brought to Ireland by the divine Tuatha Dé Danann, and that it would cry out under the foot of the true king. Medb Lethderg was the sovereignty goddess of Tara. The cult of the sacral kingship of Tara is reflected in the legends of High King Conaire Mór, while another legendary High King, Cormac mac Airt, is presented as the ideal king. The reign of Diarmait mac Cerbaill, a historical king of Tara in the sixth century, was seen as particularly important by medieval writers. Although he was probably pagan, he was also influenced by Christian leaders and "stood chronologically between two worlds, the ancient pagan one and the new Christian one".
Tara was probably controlled by the Érainn before it was seized by the Laigin in the third century. Niall of the Nine Hostages displaced the Laigin from Tara in the fifth century and it became the ceremonial seat of the Uí Néill. The kingship of Tara alternated between the Southern and Northern Uí Néill until the eleventh century. After this, control of Dublin, Limerick, and Waterford became more important to a would-be High King than control of Tara.
According to Irish mythology, during the third century a great battle known as the Cath Gabhra took place between High King Cairbre Lifechair, and the Fianna led by Fionn Mac Cumhaill. The Fianna were heavily defeated; many of the graves of the Fianna covered the Rath of the Gabhra, most notably the grave of Oscar, son of Oisín.
Later history
During the rebellion of 1798, United Irishmen formed a camp on the hill but were attacked and defeated by British troops on 26 May 1798 and the was allegedly moved to commemorate the 400 rebels who died on the hill that day.
In 1843, the Irish nationalist leader Daniel O'Connell hosted a peaceful political demonstration at Tara in favour of Irish self-governance which drew over 750,000 people, highlighting the lasting significance of Tara.
British Prime Minister John Russell inherited the Tara estate during the 19th century. At the turn of the 20th century, Tara was vandalised by British Israelists who thought that the British were part of the Lost Tribes of Israel and that the hill contained the Ark of the Covenant. A group of British Israelists, led by retired Anglo-Indian judge Edward Wheeler Bird, set about excavating the site having paid off the landowner, Gustavus Villiers Briscoe. Irish cultural nationalists held a mass protest over the destruction of the national heritage site, including Douglas Hyde, Arthur Griffith, Maud Gonne, George Moore and W. B. Yeats. Hyde tried to interrupt the dig but was ordered away by a man wielding a rifle. Maud Gonne made a more flamboyant protest by relighting an old bonfire that Briscoe had lit to celebrate the coronation of Edward VII. She began to sing Thomas Davis's song "A Nation Once Again" by the fire, much to the consternation of the landlord and the police.
The Irish government bought the southern part of the hill in 1952, and the northern part in 1972.
The religious order Missionary Society of St. Columban had its international headquarters at Dalgan Park, just north of the Hill of Tara. The order was named after the Saint who was born in the Ancient Kingdom of Meath. The land Dalgan Park lies on was once owned by the kings of Tara. The seminary is also situated on the path of the , one of the five ancient roads that meet at Tara.
Motorway development
The M3 motorway passes through the Tara-Skryne Valley – as did the existing N3 road. Protesters argue that since the Tara Discovery Programme started in 1992, there is an appreciation that the Hill of Tara is just the central complex of a wider landscape. The distance between the motorway and the hill is – it intersects the old N3 at the Blundelstown interchange between the Hill of Tara and the Hill of Skryne. Protesters said that an alternative route about west of Tara would have been straighter, cheaper and less destructive.
On Sunday 23 September 2007 over 1500 people met on the Hill of Tara to take part in a human sculpture representing a harp and spelling out the words "SAVE TARA VALLEY" as a call for the re-routing of the M3 motorway away from Tara. Actors Stuart Townsend and Jonathan Rhys Meyers attended this event. There was also a letter writing campaign to preserve the Hill of Tara.
The Hill of Tara was included in the World Monuments Fund's 2008 Watch List of the 100 Most Endangered Sites in the world. The following year it was included in a list of the 15 must-see endangered cultural treasures by the Smithsonian Institution.
The motorway project proceeded, and the road was opened in June 2010.
Gallery
See also
, historic residence of Swedish kings of the legendary Yngling dynasty
, c. 7th century AD pennanular brooch named after, but not from Tara
, Book of Psalms, discovered 2006
, Close to Tara is the Hill of Ward, it's associated with the mythological druidess Tlachtga
, a druidic site associated with the festival of Bealtaine
References
Sources
Further reading
, alt link
, alt link
External links
Hill of Tara at Megalithic Ireland
Aerial photos of the monuments
Heritage of Ireland, Tara
Boyne Valley Tourist Portal – Information on Tara
The Hill of Tara page on Mythical Ireland
Prehistoric sites in Ireland
Archaeological sites in County Meath
Mountains and hills of County Meath
Tourist attractions in County Meath
National Monuments in County Meath
Royal sites of Ireland
Former populated places in Ireland
Sacred mountains
Irish legends
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell |
is a railway station in the city of Nakano, Nagano, Japan, operated by the private railway operating company Nagano Electric Railway.
Lines
Nakano-Matsukawa Station is a station on the Nagano Electric Railway Nagano Line and is 27.0 kilometers from the terminus of the line at Nagano Station.
Station layout
The station consists of one ground-level side platform serving a single bi-directional track. The station is unattended.
Adjacent stations
History
The station opened on 28 April 1927.
Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2015, the station was used by an average of 68 passengers daily (boarding passengers only).
Surrounding area
Nakano Elementary School
Matsukawa Post Office
See also
List of railway stations in Japan
References
External links
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1927
Railway stations in Nagano Prefecture
Nagano Electric Railway
Nakano, Nagano |
Marcel Bisukiro Tabaro wa Kamonyi (27 September 1929 – 7 June 2016) was a Congolese journalist and politician. He was a leading member of the Centre du Regroupement Africain and served twice as Minister of External Commerce of the Democratic Republic of the Congo from June until September 1960 and from August 1961 until April 1962.
Biography
Marcel Bisukiro was born on 27 September 1929 in Kamayi, Rutshuru Territory, Kivu Province, Belgian Congo to a Nyarwanda family. He attended middle school in Nyangezi. He later worked as a clerk for the Office dès produits agricoles du Kivu.
Bisukiro cofounded the Centre du Regroupement Africain (CEREA) party in Bukavu in 1958 and assisted in establishing several new chapters. He also acted as the commercial director of the party publication, Vérité. Bisukiro had connections with foreign leftists and took a programmatic approach to his politics. In August 1959 Bisukiro was elected secretary general of the party. That year he was also elected to the Kadutu communal council. He attended the Belgo-Congolese Political Round Table Conference of January–February 1960 as a deputy delegate for CEREA and participated in the subsequent Economic Round Table Conference.
In the general elections of 1960, Bisukiro was elected by the Provincial Assembly of Kivu to serve in the Senate on a non-customary, CEREA ticket. In June 1960 he was appointed by Patrice Lumumba to serve as Minister of External Commerce in his government. After Lumumba's dismissal, he continued to hold the office under Joseph Iléo, but later in the year he fled the capital to take up the same portfolio in Antoine Gizenga's rival government. On 19 March 1961 Bisukiro founded a journal, Dignité Nouvelle, in Bukavu. Negotiations between various factions resulted in the investiture of a new government on 2 August under Cyrille Adoula, and he returned to his post as Minister of External Commerce in the central government. On 13 April 1962 a motion of censure was tabled against him in the Chamber of Deputies. The petitioning deputies stated that his commercial activities in the private sector were constitutionally incompatible with his ministerial duties, accused him of scheming to sell Virunga National Park to foreigners, and suggested that he was of "non-Congolese" nationality. Though he was vociferously defended by Chamber First Vice-President Joseph Midiburo, following the debate the motion of censure was passed, 58 votes to six with seven abstentions, and Bisukiro was dismissed from his post. In November the Adoula Government decreed a state of military rule and arrested Bisukiro and three other parliamentarians on charges of plotting rebellion. On 23 November the Chamber forced the government to rescind its actions. After ending his service in Parliament he worked as a businessman. In 1964 a new constitution was ratified that marginalised Rwandan immigrants. Bisukiro criticised it as discriminatory. On 1 July 2010 he was awarded the Grand Cordon of the Order of the National Heroes Kabila-Lumumba by President Joseph Kabila.
Bisukiro died on 7 June 2016. His body was flown to Goma on 12 July, where it was received at the airport by the Provincial Governor of Kivu and the President of the Provincial Assembly and given honours by the police. After a funeral procession toured the city, the body was brought to the locality of Kahanga, Rutshuru Territory and was buried in a family cemetery. A wake was held for him at the Rugabo II stadium in Rutshuru.
Notes
Citations
References
1929 births
2016 deaths
People of the Congo Crisis
People from North Kivu
Government ministers of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
21st-century Democratic Republic of the Congo people |
Andrei Ovidiu Marc (born 29 April 1993) is a Romanian professional footballer who plays as a centre back for Liga II club Chindia Târgoviște.
International career
From 2010 to 2011, Marc was a member of the Romania national under-17 football team.
Personal life
His father, Ovidiu was also a footballer and spent most of his career at Ceahlăul Piatra Neamț scoring 48 goals in 186 Divizia A matches.
Honours
Ceahlăul Piatra Neamț
Liga II: 2010–11
Dinamo București
Cupa României runner-up: 2015–16
References
External links
1993 births
Living people
Footballers from Piatra Neamț
Romanian men's footballers
Romania men's youth international footballers
Romania men's under-21 international footballers
Men's association football defenders
CSM Ceahlăul Piatra Neamț players
FC Dinamo București players
Şanlıurfaspor footballers
CS Concordia Chiajna players
FC Steaua București players
FC Brașov (2021) players
AFC Chindia Târgoviște players
Liga I players
Liga II players
TFF First League players
Romanian expatriate men's footballers
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in Turkey
Expatriate men's footballers in Turkey |
Mark Lyndon Tonelli (born 13 April 1957), whose birth name was Mark Lyndon Leembruggen, is an Australian former backstroke, butterfly, and freestyle swimmer of the 1970s and 1980s, who won a gold in the 4×100-metre medley relay at the 1980 Moscow Olympics as a makeshift butterfly swimmer in the self-named Quietly Confident Quartet. Tonelli unofficially led the relay team and was an athletes' spokesperson who fought for the right of Australian Olympians to compete in the face of a government call for a boycott to protest against the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.
Tonelli took up swimming due to his asthma, and quickly came to prominence. Selected to represent Australia at the 1973 World Championships, he came sixth in the 200 m backstroke at the age of 16. He won his first Australian titles in 1974 in the 100 m backstroke and 200 m butterfly and went on to the 1974 Commonwealth Games in Christchurch, where he won his first major international race, the 100 m backstroke, and took silver in the 200 m backstroke. In 1975, Tonelli won his only individual medal at global level, a silver in the 200 m backstroke at the World Championships in Cali, Colombia. In 1975, Tonelli enrolled at the University of Alabama in the United States, studying and competing in the collegiate sport system. He was selected in both backstroke events for the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, but struggled and missed the medals in both events. During his stay in America, Tonelli set times that would have placed him among the world's leading swimmers, but he was expelled from the 1978 Commonwealth Games team for breaches of discipline.
After finishing his American university career, Tonelli returned to Australia and gained selection for his second Olympics. Having cleared the political obstacles, Tonelli was given a heavy schedule of six events: both backstroke races, the 100 m freestyle and butterfly, and two relays. He made little impact in the individual events, only reaching one final. Australia lacked butterfly swimmers and Tonelli was versatile, so he swum the stroke in the medley relay. He performed above his previous record, posting a time fast enough to win silver in the corresponding individual event and helping Australia to an unexpected win. Upon returning to Australia, Tonelli retired with eleven individual Australian championships in three different strokes.
Early years
Tonelli was born Mark Lyndon Leembruggen into a working-class family in Ipswich, Queensland. His father Lyndon was a blue-collar worker of Dutch origin and his Irish mother Muriel worked in the Queensland Department of Industrial Relations. Muriel was pregnant with twins, but miscarried one of the babies and gave birth only to Mark. The family moved to the northern outback mining town of Mount Isa, where Lyndon worked as a miner. There, Muriel left her husband and married Renato "Ray" Tonelli, an Italian immigrant labourer. Still a toddler, Tonelli and his stepfather left the town and returned to Brisbane. He adopted his stepfather's surname, but did not officially change his name until he was 18.
Tonelli was effectively an only child; his half-sister was not born until he was 14. A decade later, he discovered two half-sisters from his biological father's remarriage. His family moved around frequently due to his stepfather's work, before settling permanently in Brisbane. Tonelli's family had no history of athletic success, and had little knowledge of swimming, but his mother encouraged him to take up the sport to ease his asthma. In his first year, Tonelli came third in his age group at Western Districts Club, prompting his mother to send him at age nine to John Keating—a swimming coach who had guided several swimmers to national selection–at the Centenary Pool in the hope that he could improve to Olympic standards. Tonelli said the reality was that he could hardly swim at all. By the age of 10, Tonelli was regularly winning at school carnivals and at 11, came seventh in the 100 m freestyle in his division at the Queensland Championships, before winning the event the following year. Tonelli rates his win over Stephen Holland, the future 1500 m freestyle world champion and world record holder, in a 200 m freestyle race at a schoolboys' carnival as his favourite race. Holland was to break his first world record just a few months later.
Keating motivated Tonelli by showing him the best times recorded by American boys of the same age, as documented in Swimming World Magazine. Unaware that the Americans were swimming in 50 yd pools, roughly 10% shorter than those in Australia, Tonelli could not understand his inability to match and better their times. He said that his greatest motivation was the desire to impress his parents.
National and international debut
In 1973, at the age of 15, Tonelli competed in his first Australian Age Championships in Hobart, winning the 100 m and 200 m freestyle, and the 200 m backstroke. These results allowed him to swim at the preliminary qualifying trials for the 1973 World Aquatics Championships, where he managed four fourth placings. However, the selectors held another set of trials just before the World Championships, which offered swimmers a final chance to gain selection. Tonelli said "Everyone, except me, knew it was a ploy simply to keep the team on its toes".
Upon returning to Brisbane after the first round of trials, Tonelli tore rib cartilage while participating in judo at high school. The pain of the injury restricted him to swimming backstroke for four months, and his times steadily improved during this period under the guidance of John Rigby at the Valley Pool. At the final selection event, he came second in both the 100 m and 200 m backstroke behind Olympic gold medallist Brad Cooper to earn his international debut. At the World Championships in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, he came sixth in the 200 m backstroke behind East Germany's Roland Matthes, who set a world record. Tonelli self-deprecatingly noted that "I didn't get to see him [Matthes] swim in the final, because I was in the same race five sets of speedos behind".
Tonelli won his first Australian titles in 1974, claiming both the 100 m backstroke and 200 m butterfly; it was his first race in the latter stroke at senior national level. He completed the victories in times of 59.55 s and 2 m 7.30 s respectively. Tonelli also claimed victory as part of the Queensland teams in the 4 × 200 m freestyle and the 4 × 100 m medley relays—it was the first time that Queensland had won the former race. In total, Tonelli had claimed gold medals in three different strokes at his first Australian Championships.
Commonwealth gold
Tonelli was selected for the 1974 Commonwealth Games in Christchurch, New Zealand, where he had his first medal success at international level. He won gold in the 100 m backstroke, where he won his heat comfortably before setting a Games record of 59.65 s in the final. Tonelli was second behind Cooper in the 200 m backstroke, finishing in a time of 2 m 9.47 s, more than three seconds in arrears. He claimed a silver in the 4 × 100 m medley relay as Australia were thwarted by Canada despite setting a national record, and was eliminated in the heats of the 200 m butterfly.
In 1975, Tonelli won the 100 m backstroke, 200 m backstroke and 200 m butterfly events at the Australian Championships. Although he won more individual titles than in the previous year, his times were slower; he completed the distances in 59.70 s, 2 m 10.50 s and 2 m 10.00 s respectively. Tonelli was also part of the Queensland team that successfully defended their medley relay title. Tonelli was thus selected for the 1975 World Championships in Cali, Colombia. He qualified fastest for the 200 m backstroke final and had planned to pursue an aggressive strategy to attack from the start. However, he was advised to swim conservatively in the first half of the race by Australian coach Terry Gathercole so that his main rivals Matthes and John Naber would not be able to draft behind him in the early stages. The tactic backfired and Tonelli ended with the silver medal. He had swum faster in the second half of the race—something exceedingly rare in top-level swimming and an indication of strategic error—and felt that he had too much unused energy left at the end of the race. Tonelli vowed that from then on, he would always back his judgment and race strategy.
1976 Olympics and move to US college system
After the World Championships, Tonelli accepted a swimming scholarship from the University of Alabama to train under John Gambril, having rejected offers from Stanford and Harvard. Tonelli was almost killed before ever swimming for the university, suffering a mid-air parachute malfunction during an activity with the campus skydiving club. Tonelli eventually completed a BA in Communications and Film.
After enrolling at Alabama, Tonelli's parents paid for him to return home for the 1976 Australian Championships, which were the selection trials for the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Tonelli won the 100 m backstroke in a time of 58.35 s but was relegated to silver in the 200 m event by Mark Kerry. Along with Kerry, Tonelli was selected for both backstroke events and the 4 × 200 m freestyle relay.
In Montreal, Tonelli came eighth fastest in every round of the 100 m backstroke. He came second in his heat in a time of 58.53 s, making him the eighth of sixteen qualifiers for the semifinals. He then scraped into the 100 m final as the slowest qualifier—0.01 s ahead of fellow Australian Glenn Patching—after finishing fourth in his semifinal in a time of 58.14 s. He came eighth in the final in a time of 58.42 s and did not threaten the medals; Naber of the United States won in a time of 55.49 s. As Kerry outpaced Tonelli to finish seventh in the event, he was selected ahead of Tonelli for the backstroke leg in the 4 × 100 m medley relay.
In the 200 m event, Tonelli came second in his heat to qualify sixth fastest for the final. There he came fourth and missed the medals— which were swept by the Americans—by 1.82 s. He was 3.98 s behind Naber, who broke the world record and became the first person to break two minutes for the event. Australia struggled in the 4 × 200 m freestyle relay, eliminated in the preliminary round after finishing third in their heat, and ninth overall. Tonelli swam the second leg in a time of 1 m 55.94 s.
Tonelli returned to Alabama after the Olympics and intensified his training regimen, He recalled that "The coach really supplied me with the environment to improve. I got used to pressure. You had to stand up and race in dual meets almost every other weekend, no matter how you felt. In Australia you are lucky if you get two top meets a year." In 1977, he won the 100 m backstroke at the US Open Championships at Mission Viejo, becoming one of the few Australians to win a US title.
Expelled from Australian team
Tonelli continued in the United States in 1978, recollecting "I really hit my straps", reporting that he had swum world records in time trials at training. Because he was in the United States, he was allowed to qualify for the 1978 Commonwealth Games in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada by swimming fast times in events in North America. Tonelli raced in five events at the Canada Cup held in Edmonton, winning four. During a drunken party after the competition, Tonelli and some fellow swimmers decided to steal three giant flags from poles in the city centre: those of Canada, the City of Edmonton, and Alberta. In the process, Tonelli fell off the staff and was hospitalised, his arm put in plaster.
He returned to Mission Viejo and continued his build-up despite his arm injury, before flying to the Australian training camp in Hawaii, where he was made team captain. However, his international career appeared to be in disarray when along with teammates Kerry and Joe Dixon, he was expelled from the team for breaking a curfew on the American Independence Day holiday. Tonelli also admitted to the officials that he had smoked marijuana and been drinking on the night. In the aftermath of the incident, Tonelli appeared on Australian television, strongly denying rumours that he had been involved in a drug-fuelled orgy with teammates. He admitted to smoking marijuana, but defended his actions as being legal under Hawaii law. Supporters in Australia—including future Prime Minister Bob Hawke—launched a petition for the reinstatement of the trio. They gathered thousands of signatures to no avail.
Tonelli returned to the United States, while his compatriots competed for Australia. In the meantime, Tonelli again won the 100 m backstroke title at the US Nationals in a time two seconds faster than Patching's Commonwealth gold-winning effort. He said that his career was "never the same again" after his expulsion by a "kangaroo court", feeling that the punishment had weakened his will. Tonelli predicted that he could have won eight Commonwealth Games gold medals and possibly set a world record in the 200 m backstroke if he had not been expelled.
1980 Summer Olympics
In 1979 Tonelli failed to defend his US title in the 100 m backstroke, but managed third in the event at the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Championships in his final year of university. In his four years at Alabama, he was an eight-time All-American in the 100 m and 200 m backstroke. His triumph at the NCAA Championships came amid the backdrop of a teammate's death in a waterskiing accident during a social event with a group of fellow swimmers. Tonelli was driving the powerboat when he did a U-turn that resulted in his teammate being thrown off his skis and into the water. The boat's propeller then struck the man, who died due to severe cuts and blood loss.
Tonelli graduated, returned to Australia, and won the 100 m freestyle, butterfly and backstroke events at the 1979 Australian Championships. The following year, he repeated the freestyle and butterfly victories in times of 51.80 s and 56.64 s to gain selection for the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow; he was also chosen for the 100 m and 200 m backstroke after finishing second to Kerry. However, another obstacle arose with the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, which resulted in a boycott of the Games by a large part of the Western world, led by the United States. The Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser was also the patron of the Australian Olympic Committee, and significant political pressure came to bear on the athletes to boycott the Games. Tonelli however, knew that only the sportspeople would suffer from a boycott and that trade relations would continue unabated. He took a leadership role among the Australian athletes to fight for their right to compete. According to women's captain Lisa Forrest, Tonelli adopted populist tactics in championing the athletes' cause. He said that Fraser was sending "wheat to feed the Russian army, wool to clothe the army and Australian metal to make Russian guns", saying that this contradicted the proposed boycott in protest against Soviet military policy. Tonelli's anti-authoritarian and individualistic style manifested itself during media appearances, including a news interview in which he debated with Reverend Lance Shilton, who had referred to the athletes as traitors. Shilton expressed sympathy to the athletes, which Tonelli interpreted as condescension. Unaware that the camera was broadcasting images of him, Tonelli responded by rolling his eyes and twirling his finger, a gaffe that was shown on national television. Forrest said that "the damage was done—one of our most prominent anti-boycott lobbyists ... looked like a smart alec".
Tonelli arrived in Moscow facing a heavy schedule: he was nominated in the 100 m freestyle, backstroke and butterfly, the 200 m backstroke and the 4 × 100 m medley and the 4 × 200 m freestyle relays. Tonelli came third in his heat of the 100 m freestyle to qualify fourth with a time of 52.04 s. However, he swam slower in coming fifth in his semifinal in a time of 52.17 s to miss the final by 0.26 s. Overall, he was ranked 10th, but if he repeated his Australian record of 51.80 set at the selection trials, he would have come sixth.
Tonelli had another let-down in the 100 m backstroke. He won his heat—which was relatively slow—in a time of 58.66 s, and scraped into the semifinals as the second slowest of 16 qualifiers. He then came second in his semifinal in a time of 57.89 s to qualify third fastest, before again swimming slower in the final and finishing seventh in a time of 57.98 s. However, the event was closely contested; only 0.18 s separated third and ninth places in the semifinal and there was only 0.35 s between bronze and seventh in the final.
Tonelli rued his individual performances in Moscow: "I fell apart. I had swum only one big race in the past twelve months and lacked the competitive edge." He came third in his heat of the 200 m backstroke in a time of 2 m 7.04 s, four seconds slower than his effort in the previous Olympics. This placed him in fifteenth position, more than two seconds from qualification for the final. Tonelli then withdrew from the 100 m butterfly to concentrate on the 4 × 200 m freestyle relay. He combined with Kerry, Graeme Brewer and Ron McKeon as Australia qualified fourth before coming seventh. Tonelli swam the second leg in the final after leading off in the heats. The Australians were third after the first leg, which was swum by Brewer, the bronze medallist in the corresponding individual event. However, Tonelli split 1 m 53.47 s, the fifth slowest time among the 32 swimmers, resulting in Australia falling back to seventh place by the end of his leg. Kerry and McKeon could not overtake any swimmers in the last two legs and Australia ended the race in seventh place, 1.52 s outside the medals. Tonelli was disappointed with the relay result, feeling that the Australians—who came into the race ranked second in the world in the event—were too casual before the race, incorrectly believing that four fast legs from four fast swimmers would yield the desired result.
Relay gold
The 4 × 100 m medley relay was the focal point of Tonelli's Moscow campaign. The event had always been won by the United States since its inception at the Olympics at the 1960 Games, and their boycott had opened up the field. Australia's best result had come in the inaugural race, when it out-touched Japan to claim silver. The only other time that it had won a medal was in 1964, taking bronze, and the previous outing in 1976 had seen Australia eliminated in the heats. Australia was regarded as a chance of a medal, but were not seen as the main threats, with Sweden, Great Britain and the Soviet Union the most heavily fancied teams. The hosts' team included the silver medallists in the 100 m backstroke and breaststroke, and their butterflyer had come fifth; their freestyler would come fourth in his event. The British boasted Duncan Goodhew, the breaststroke gold medallist, while Sweden's butterflyer and backstroker had won their respective events and their freestyle swimmer would come second in the 100 m. On paper, Australia's team paled in comparison. Neil Brooks, the freestyler, would come fourteenth in the corresponding individual event after having an asthma attack, while Peter Evans was the only individual medallist in the distance, claiming bronze in the 100 m breaststroke. Kerry had been eliminated in the backstroke semifinals, while Tonelli was swimming as a makeshift butterflyer. Adding to the pressure was the fact that Australia won no gold medals at the 1976 Olympics in any sport, so the public were still awaiting their first victory since the 1972 Games in Munich. Coming into the Olympics, Australia were ranked seventh out of the thirteen competing countries.
Australia's prospects improved after Sweden was disqualified in the morning heats. Tonelli, the eldest swimmer in the quartet at the age of 23, convened the team as its de facto leader. He asked his teammates to commit to swimming their legs in a certain time; Kerry vowed to complete the backstroke in 57 s, Evans the breaststroke in 63 s flat, Tonelli the butterfly in 54 s and Brooks promised to anchor the team in 49.8 s, even though he had never gone faster than 51 s. Tonelli named the foursome the Quietly Confident Quartet, and they exhibited a calm self-belief as they lined up for the race.
Kerry led off in a faster time than he had clocked in the individual event, but it was still two seconds slower than his personal best time of 57.87 s. This left Australia in fourth place at the end of the first leg. Evans then swam a personal best of 63.01 s, leaving Australia almost level with the host nation at the halfway mark. Tonelli then swam the butterfly leg in 54.94 s, almost two seconds faster his previous best over the distance. He did so with an uneven arm technique due to the unequal strength in his arms. Tonelli's butterfly leg would have been good enough for a silver medal if he had replicated it in the individual event. He began to lose ground in the last 50 m and was a bodylength behind until a late surge brought him to within a metre of his Soviet opponent by the end of his leg. Brooks then executed a powerful, well-timed dive and surfaced almost even with his Soviet counterpart. By the 50 m mark, he had drawn level and made a superior turn to take the lead. The Soviet freestyler pulled level at the 25 m mark before Brooks sprinted away again to seal an Australian victory by 0.22 s. He had finished his leg in 49.86 s as he had vowed to his teammates. The time of 3 m 45.70 s sealed Australia's first ever win in a medley relay at the Olympics, for men or women. After the win, Tonelli said "I was totally stunned. After all the hassle, and my being the athletes' mouthpiece, we'd come through and done it." In 2000, Tonelli and the other members of the quartet were each awarded the Australian Sports Medal for their victory in Moscow.
Relations between the Olympians and the Australian Government remained tense after months of political struggle regarding the boycott. The quartet did not receive the customary congratulations from Fraser, who initially resisted complaints the next day from the media and government members at his failure to applaud the Australian victory. In a radio interview, he said "I hope that circumstances do not arise over the next few years which will cause them to have very great regrets about the fact that they've gone". Fraser relented and late in the night, his office sent a telegram indirectly, through the Australian Embassy in Moscow. Fraser had ordered the Australian diplomatic mission to shun the Olympians, so the embassy staff had to pass the envelopes containing the message through the Olympic Village fence. Fraser's telegram said: "You know I did not and do not approve of Australia being represented at these Olympic Games. I do want to say however that your performance in the relay was a truly great sporting achievement. My personal congratulations." The swimmers tore up the message.
Tonelli retired after the Games. His aquatic success was not derived from any physical advantage, as he was relatively small for a swimmer. He was only 185 cm tall and weighed 70 kg, with relatively small hands and feet. Tonelli felt that his success was based around his ability to make fast starts from the blocks, and attributed his success to his mental approach and his ability to convert his energy into a fast swim in under one minute. He had a deliberate strategy of making himself nervous before the race, feeling that he thrived on pressure.
After the 1980 Olympics
After retiring from competition, Tonelli did television commentary for the 1984 and 1988 Olympics in Los Angeles and Seoul respectively. Since 2004, he has been a swimming commentator on Sky News Australia. Outside swimming, he worked at a spastic centre for children in Brisbane in the 1980s before opening his own swimming school. He also completed a series for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation on their Lifestyle TV program and produced movies on swimming and child development. Tonelli later set up his own computing business, which he ran for three years. He also served as a sports administrator, completing a term on the Australian Sports Commission in its early years in the 1980s. One policy that he proposed was the creation of an athletes' appeal tribunal similar to the Court of Arbitration for Sport so that "officials are now held accountable for their actions". He cited his expulsion from the Australian team as his motivation for having an appeals mechanism. As of 2007, Tonelli was working as a real estate agent and corporate speaker. He married his wife Lee in the late 1990s.
See also
List of Commonwealth Games medallists in swimming (men)
List of Olympic medalists in swimming (men)
Notes
References
1957 births
Living people
Alabama Crimson Tide men's swimmers
Australian male butterfly swimmers
Australian male freestyle swimmers
Australian male backstroke swimmers
Olympic swimmers for Australia
Olympic gold medalists for Australia
Australian people of Dutch descent
Australian people of Irish descent
Swimmers at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Australia
Sportspeople from Ipswich, Queensland
Recipients of the Australian Sports Medal
World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
Medalists at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for Australia
Swimmers at the 1974 British Commonwealth Games
Olympic gold medalists in swimming
Commonwealth Games medallists in swimming
Medallists at the 1974 British Commonwealth Games
Sportsmen from Queensland |
The Witches is a 1990 American dark fantasy comedy horror film directed by Nicolas Roeg from a screenplay by Allan Scott, based on the 1983 novel of the same name by Roald Dahl. The film stars Anjelica Huston and Mai Zetterling. The plot features evil witches who masquerade as ordinary women and follows a boy and his grandmother, who must find a way to foil their plans of turning children into mice.
The Witches was the last film project executive producer Jim Henson worked on before his death, with Jim Henson Productions co-producing the film and Jim Henson's Creature Shop designing and building the prosthetics for the witches and animatronic rats and mice that were used interchangeably with real mice.
The Witches was released in Orlando, Florida and Sacramento, California on February 16, 1990, and in the United States on August 24, by Warner Bros. Pictures. Although Dahl disliked the film for its ending's differing from his source material, it received positive reviews from critics and it developed a cult following over the years.
Plot
During a vacation with his grandmother Helga in Norway, seven-year-old American boy Luke Eveshim is warned about witches, female demons who immensely hate children and use various methods to destroy or transform them. Helga tells Luke that real witches, unlike ordinary women, have claws instead of fingernails which they hide by wearing gloves, bald heads which they cover by wearing wigs that give them rashes, square feet with no toes which they hide by wearing sensible shoes, a purple tinge in their pupils and a powerful sense of smell which they use to sniff out children. To a witch, clean children stink of dog's droppings; the dirtier the children, the less likely she is to smell them. Helga says her childhood friend, Erica, fell victim to a witch and was cursed to spend the rest of her life trapped inside a painting, aging gradually until finally disappearing a few years earlier.
After Luke's parents are killed in a car accident, Helga becomes Luke's legal guardian and they move to England. While playing outside in a treehouse, Luke is approached by a witch trying to lure him with a snake and a chocolate bar, so he stays in his treehouse for protection and the witch walks away. On Luke's ninth birthday, Helga falls ill with diabetes. Her doctor advises they spend the summer by the sea. At their seaside hotel in Bournemouth, Luke meets and befriends a gluttonous but friendly boy, Bruno Jenkins. Luke unintentionally antagonizes the hotel manager, Mr. Stringer, after his pet mice frighten his maid girlfriend. Also at the hotel is a convention of witches, masquerading as the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (RSPCC). The Grand High Witch, the all-powerful leader of the world's witches, is attending under the name Eva Ernst.
Luke hides inside the ballroom and spies on the witches' meeting. Eva unveils her latest creation: a magic potion to turn all the world's children into mice, which will be used in confectionery products in sweet shops and candy stores to be purchased using money provided by Eva. Bruno, who was given the potion earlier, is brought into the room, turns into a mouse, and flees. Luke is discovered and runs to Helga in their room but finds her resting after having a diabetes-induced dizzy spell. The witches seize Luke in the room and take him back to the ballroom, where he is forced to drink the potion and turned into a mouse before escaping. He finds Bruno and reunites with Helga, who has since recovered. Luke, now a mouse, devises a plan to defeat the witches by sneaking into Eva's room to steal a bottle of the potion, then sneaking into the kitchen and placing it into the soup for the special RSPCC party. Luke and Helga try to get Bruno to his parents, but they do not believe her story and are frightened by the mouse.
Mr. Jenkins orders the soup, though Helga stops him from consuming it. The Jenkinses finally realize Bruno is a mouse when he speaks up. As the witches enter the banquet, Miss Susan Irvine, Eva's long-suffering and mistreated assistant, quits upon being banned from the celebration. The formula turns all the witches into mice, and the staff and hotel guests join in killing them, unknowingly ridding England of its witches. Amidst the chaos, Helga spots the transformed Eva and traps her under a water jug before helpfully pointing her out to Mr. Stringer, who chops her in two with a meat cleaver. She then returns Bruno to his bewildered parents. Luke and Helga return home to where Eva's trunk full of money and an address book of all witches in the United States is delivered, allowing them to plan an operation to wipe out all the witches in the US. That night, Miss Irvine, now a good witch (having reformed after Eva's death), drives to Luke and Helga's house and returns Luke to human form, as well as his pet mice and glasses. She leaves to pay Bruno a visit, as Luke and Helga wave goodbye.
Cast
Anjelica Huston as Eva Ernst / The Grand High Witch, the all-powerful leader of the world's witches. Huston also voices her rat form.
Mai Zetterling as Helga Eveshim, Luke's grandmother, who is an old enemy of the Grand High Witch
Kristen Steinsland as Child Helga
Jasen Fisher as Luke Eveshim, Helga's grandson. Fisher also voices his mouse form.
Rowan Atkinson as Mr. Stringer, the hotel owner/manager
Bill Paterson as Mr. Jenkins, Bruno's father
Brenda Blethyn as Mrs. Jenkins, Bruno's mother
Charlie Potter as Bruno Jenkins, a gluttonous boy who befriends Luke. Potter also voices his mouse form.
Anne Lambton as Pamela / Woman in Black, an unnamed witch dressed in black who tries to entice Luke with chocolate and a snake
Jane Horrocks as Miss Susan Irvine, the mistreated assistant of the Grand High Witch
Sukie Smith as Marlene, a maid at the hotel
Rose English as Dora, a witch
Jenny Runacre as Elsie, a witch who works as a maid in the hotel
Annabel Brooks as Nicola Cuttle, a witch
Emma Relph as Millie, a witch
Nora Connolly as Beatrice, a witch
Rosamund Greenwood as Janice, a witch
Angelique Rockas as Henrietta, a witch who asks about the Grand High Witch's plan
Ann Tirard as Lady 1, a witch at meeting
Leila Hoffman as Lady 2, a witch at meeting
Jim Carter as Head Chef, the unnamed head of the hotel's kitchen staff
Roberta Taylor as Witch Chef, a witch who works as a chef in the hotel's kitchens
Brian Hawksley as Elderly Waiter
Debra Gillett as Waitress
Darcy Flynn as Luke's Mother, the late mother of Luke
Vincent Marzello as Luke's Father, the late father of Luke
Serena Harragin as Doctor
Grete Nordrå as Norwegian Witch
Elsie Eide as Erica
Merete Armand as Erica's Mother
Ola Otnes as Erica's Father
Johan Sverre as Policeman
Arvid Ones as Policeman
Sverre Rossummoen as Policeman
Roy Beck as Hotel Guest (uncredited)
Gary Dean as Maintenance Man (uncredited)
Barbara Hicks as Witch at Meeting (uncredited)
Toby Hinson as Afternoon Tea Waiter (uncredited)
George Holden as Hotel Concierge (uncredited)
Wendy Lowder as Witch at Meeting (uncredited)
Sandy Shelton as Hotel Receptionist (uncredited)
Stella Tanner as Witch at Meeting (uncredited)
Michael Palin as Witch at Meeting (uncredited)
John Triplett as Head Waiter (uncredited)
Production
The Witches was adapted from the children's book of the same title by British author Roald Dahl. It was the final film that Jim Henson personally worked on before his death, the final theatrical film produced by Lorimar Productions, and the last film made based on Dahl's material before his death (both Henson and Dahl died that year).
The following people did special puppeteer work in this film: Anthony Asbury, Don Austen (Bruno's mouse form), Sue Dacre, David Greenaway, Brian Henson, Robert Tygner, and Steve Whitmire (Luke's mouse form). The early portion of the film was shot in Bergen, Norway. Much of the rest was shot on location in England including Cookham, Berkshire and at the Headland Hotel situated on the coast in Newquay, Cornwall.
During the shoot, Rowan Atkinson caused a Mr. Bean style calamity when he left the bath taps running in his room (the frantically knocking porter was told "go away, I'm asleep"). The flood wrote off much of the production team's electrical equipment on the floor below. At the time, Huston was dating Jack Nicholson, who frequently phoned the hotel and sent huge flower bouquets, much to the excitement of the staff.
Director Nicolas Roeg later cut scenes he thought would be too scary for children after seeing his young son's reaction to the original cut.
The elaborate makeup effects for Huston's Grand High Witch took six hours to apply, and another six to remove. The prosthetics included a full face mask, hump, mechanized claws, and a withered collarbone. Huston described a monologue scene she had to do where "I was so uncomfortable and tired of being encased in rubber under hot lights for hours that the lines had ceased to make sense to me and all I wanted to do was cry."
The green vapour used extensively at the end of the film was oil based, and would obscure the contacts in Huston's eyes, which had to be regularly flushed out with water by an expert. Roeg chose a sexy costume for the character to wear and emphasized to Huston that the Grand High Witch should have sex appeal at all times, despite her grotesque appearance in certain scenes of the film.
Dahl was incensed that Henson had changed his original ending in the script. As a gesture of conciliation, Henson offered to film two versions before he made his final choice: the book version where Luke remains a mouse, and the "happier" version where he is transformed back into a human. During the editing process, Dahl watched an early cut of the film with his original ending, and the final scene brought him to tears. However, Henson and Roeg decided to go with the "happier" ending, which resulted in Dahl stating that he would launch a publicity campaign against the film if his name was not removed from the credits. He was only dissuaded from this on the urging of Henson.
Release
The Witches was slated to be distributed by Lorimar Television, but when the company dissolved their theatrical distribution operation, Lorimar Film Entertainment, it wound up sitting on the shelf for more than a year after filming was completed. The film eventually premiered in nine theaters in Orlando, Florida and Sacramento, California on February 10, 1990, to test it on American audiences. It premiered in London, United Kingdom on May 25, 1990, and was scheduled to open the same day in the United States, but following the test screenings earlier that year, Warner Bros. Pictures delayed the American release until August 24. The film took in $10,360,553 in the United States, and 266,782 in Germany.
Home media
Warner Bros. Home Entertainment first released the film on VHS and LaserDisc in 1991. The second release (and first re-release) was on VHS and for the first time on DVD in 1999. Both versions (and any television screenings) use the original open matte negative of the film, instead of matting it down to 1.85:1 (or 1.66:1). It was released on Blu-ray in Spain only in 2017. In July 2019, a Blu-ray release from Warner Archive Collection was announced, and was released on August 20, 2019. In August 2020, a 30th anniversary Blu-ray release from Warner Bros. in the United Kingdom was announced, in special packaging including a booklet, original theatrical release poster, and four art cards, all housed alongside the disc in a collector's box. It was released on October 12, 2020.
Soundtrack
The film contains an orchestral score composed by Stanley Myers. To date, a soundtrack CD has not been released, and the entire score remains obscure. Throughout the score, the Dies irae appears, highly reminiscent of Berlioz's Symphonie fantastique Movement V, "Dream of a Witches' Sabbath".
Reception
Critical response
The Witches received critical acclaim. The film holds a 93% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on reviews from 43 critics, with an average rating of 7.6/10. The consensus reads: "With a deliciously wicked performance from Anjelica Huston and imaginative puppetry by Jim Henson's creature shop, Nicolas Roeg's dark and witty movie captures the spirit of Roald Dahl's writing like few other adaptations." On Metacritic, it has an average score of 78 out of 100, based on reviews from 25 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".
Roger Ebert gave the film three out of four stars, calling it "an intriguing movie, ambitious and inventive, and almost worth seeing just for Anjelica Huston's obvious delight in playing a completely uncompromised villainess."
Despite the overall positive reception, Roald Dahl disliked the film, and regarded it as "utterly appalling" and although he praised Huston's performance as the Grand High Witch, he was critical of the ending that contrasted with his book.
Box office
The film earned £2,111,841 at the UK box office.
Awards
Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films (1991)
Nominated – Saturn Award for Best Actress (Anjelica Huston)
Nominated – Saturn Award for Best Make-up (John Stephenson)
Nominated – Saturn Award for Best Music (Stanley Myers)
Nominated – Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor (Jasen Fisher)
Nominated – Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress (Mai Zetterling)
BAFTA Awards (1991)
Nominated – BAFTA Award for Best Makeup and Hair (Christine Beveridge)
Boston Society of Film Critics Awards (1991)
Won – Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actress (Anjelica Huston)
Fantasporto (1991)
Nominated – International Fantasy Film Award for Best Film (Nicolas Roeg)
Hugo Awards (1991)
Nominated – Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation
Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards (1990)
Won – Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress (Anjelica Huston)
National Society of Film Critics Awards (1990)
Won – National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actress (Anjelica Huston)
See also
The Witches (2020 film), another adaptation of the novel
List of films featuring diabetes
References
External links
1990 films
1990 comedy horror films
1990 fantasy films
1990s American films
1990s children's comedy films
1990s children's fantasy films
1990s dark fantasy films
1990s English-language films
1990s fantasy comedy films
1990s supernatural horror films
American children's comedy films
American children's fantasy films
American comedy horror films
American dark fantasy films
American fantasy comedy films
American supernatural comedy films
American supernatural horror films
Children's horror films
Demons in film
Films about curses
Films about mice and rats
Films about orphans
Films about potions
Films about shapeshifting
Films about witchcraft
Films based on children's books
Films based on works by Roald Dahl
Films directed by Nicolas Roeg
Films produced by Jim Henson
Films scored by Stanley Myers
Films set in Cornwall
Films set in hotels
Films set in Norway
Films shot in Bergen
Films shot in Cornwall
The Jim Henson Company films
Warner Bros. films |
Protinopalpa subclathrata is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Strand in 1911. It is found in Tanzania.
References
Endemic fauna of Tanzania
Moths described in 1911
Pyraustinae |
Balch Creek is a tributary of the Willamette River in the U.S. state of Oregon. Beginning at the crest of the Tualatin Mountains (West Hills), the creek flows generally east down a canyon along Northwest Cornell Road in unincorporated Multnomah County and through the Macleay Park section of Forest Park, a large municipal park in Portland. At the lower end of the park, the stream enters a pipe and remains underground until reaching the river. Danford Balch, after whom the creek is named, settled a land claim along the creek in the mid-19th century. After murdering his son-in-law, he became the first person legally hanged in Oregon.
Basalt, mostly covered by silt in the uplands and sediment in the lowlands, underlies the Balch Creek watershed. The upper part of the watershed includes private residential land, the Audubon Society of Portland nature sanctuary, and part of Forest Park. Mixed conifer forest of Coast Douglas-fir, western redcedar, and western hemlock with a well-developed understory of shrubs and flowering plants is the natural vegetation. Sixty-two species of mammals and more than 112 species of birds use Forest Park. A small population of coastal cutthroat trout resides in the stream, which in 2005 was the only major water body in Portland that met state standards for bacteria, temperature, and dissolved oxygen.
Although nature reserves cover much of the upper and middle parts of the watershed, industrial sites dominate the lower part. Historic Guild's Lake occupied part of the lower watershed through the 19th century, and in 1905 city officials held the Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition there on an artificial island. After the exposition, developers converted the lake and its surrounds to industrial use, and in 2001 the Portland City Council declared the site to be an "industrial sanctuary".
Course
Balch Creek begins in the Forest Park neighborhood in unincorporated Multnomah County near the intersection of Northwest Skyline Boulevard and Northwest Thompson Road at the crest of the West Hills. It flows generally east about to its confluence with the Willamette River, a major tributary of the Columbia River. The creek drops from above sea level at its source to at its mouth, a total of . Most of this occurs in the first . In the hills, the stream gradient (slope) generally ranges from 15 to 30 percent interspersed with sections of less than 15 percent along the middle reaches.
From its source, the creek runs east on private property near Forest Park, a large municipal park in Portland, before turning briefly south about from the mouth. Soon thereafter, the stream receives an unnamed tributary on the right bank and turns southeast on private property along Northwest Cornell Road. It enters the city and the Audubon Society of Portland simultaneously about from the mouth, receives two more unnamed tributaries on the right, and flows northeast, entering the part of Forest Park known as Macleay Park.
For about the creek parallels Wildwood Trail, the main hiking trail in Forest Park, until reaching a former public restroom known as the Stone House. From here Balch Creek runs beside the Lower Macleay Trail, another hiking trail, for about . Near Northwest Thurman Street, roughly from the mouth, the creek flows through a trash rack into an diameter storm sewer. City workers first diverted the creek into the pipe in the early 20th century. The water empties into the Willamette River in the city's Northwest Industrial neighborhood at Outfall 17. About below this outfall, the Willamette enters the Columbia River.
Discharge
The Bureau of Environmental Services (BES) of the city of Portland monitored the flow of Balch Creek from June 1996 through September 2002 at a site, Node ABB857, where the stream leaves the surface and enters a storm sewer in Macleay Park. BES reported an average summer flow of , a maximum of , and a minimum of 0. The average flow in winter was , with a maximum of and a minimum of 0.
Measurements taken during an individual spring, from mid-May to mid-July 2002, showed the flow starting at about and dwindling to 0 by early June. The flow through June depended partly on the weather; the highest flow, , occurred after a rain. Measurements taken during an individual autumn, late August to late December 2001, were close to zero until November. The largest flows during that season, , occurred after many days of rain.
Geology
Solidified lava from Grande Ronde members of the Columbia River Basalt Group underlies the Balch Creek watershed. About 16 million years ago during the Middle Miocene, the Columbia River ran through a lowland south of its modern channel. Eruptions from linear vents in eastern Oregon and Washington flowed down this channel through what later became the Willamette Valley. These flows, some of which reached the Pacific Ocean, occurred between 16.5 and 15.6 million years ago and covered almost . Geologists have identified several basalt flows in the West Hills, where they underlie the steepest slopes of Forest Park and form the columned rocks visible in parts of Balch Creek Canyon. Wind-deposited silts, unstable when wet, later covered most of the lava. Stream bank instability and siltation are common, and the threat of landslides has discouraged urban development in the hills.
Between 19,000 and 15,000 years ago, cataclysmic ice age events known as the Missoula Floods or Bretz Floods originating in the Clark Fork region of northern Idaho inundated the Columbia River basin many times. These floods deposited huge amounts of debris and sediment and created new floodplains in the Willamette Valley. From then until the 19th century, the lower Balch Creek watershed consisted of swampy marshlands and shallow semi-permanent lakes such as historic Guild's Lake. The final or so of historic Balch Creek flowed across this floodplain.
History
Names
Multnomah County is named for Native Americans who lived in the area before settlement by non-indigenous people in the 19th century. Members of the Multnomah tribe of the Chinookan people lived on Sauvie Island in the Willamette River and on the mainland across from the island, downstream from the mouth of Balch Creek. Much of the area near the lower creek was swampy, and was not favored by the Multnomah. By the 1830s, diseases carried by white explorers and traders reduced the native population by up to 90 percent in the lower Columbia basin.
Historic Guild's Lake, in the lower Balch Creek watershed near the Willamette River, was named for Peter Guild (pronounced guile), one of the first European American settlers in the area. In 1847, he acquired nearly of the watershed through a donation land claim. Although variations in the spelling of Guild's Lake occur in historic newspapers, maps, and other documents, Guild's Lake has been the preferred form since the beginning of the 20th century.
The creek is named for Danford Balch, who settled a donation land claim upstream of the Guild property in 1850. After a man from a neighboring family eloped with a Balch daughter, Balch killed him with a shotgun. On October 17, 1859, at a public gallows he became the first person to be hanged by the State of Oregon.
Macleay Park takes its name from Donald Macleay, a Portland merchant and real-estate developer who acquired what had been the Balch property. In 1897, he donated the land for a park on condition that the city provide transport to the park for hospital patients and build paths wide enough for wheelchairs.
Early water supply
Balch Creek was one of Portland's sources of drinking water in the mid-19th century. Stephen Coffin and Finice Caruthers, two early Portland entrepreneurs, established the first public water supply for the city in 1857 by piping water from Caruthers Creek in southwest Portland through round fir logs with holes bored in them. In the 1860s, the Portland Water Company, which had acquired the existing business, added water from Balch Creek to the system. It was piped to a wooden reservoir at Alder and Pacific streets. Water shortages and pollution led to a shift in the water supply from sources within the city to the Bull Run River in the Cascade Range. It began supplying most of Portland's drinking water in 1895.
Industry
One of the first industries in the Guild's Lake area was a sawmill built in the 1880s. Although large parts of the land remained undeveloped until the early 20th century, lumber mills, grain storage structures, railroads, and docks appeared along the waterfront. The Guild's Lake Rail Yard, built by the Northern Pacific Railway in the 1880s, became an important switching yard for trains.
In 1905, the Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition, held on an artificial island in Guild's Lake, helped spur growth in the area. After the exposition ended, developers filled the lake and its surrounds with soil sluiced from parts of the Balch Creek watershed in the West Hills above the floodplain or dredged from the Willamette River. Civic leaders promoted the Guild's Lake area as a good place for industry, and by the mid-1920s the lake was gone. The USGS places historic Guild's Lake at coordinates at an elevation of above sea level between what later became Northwest Saint Helens Road and Northwest Yeon Street, slightly west of Northwest 35th Avenue in the Northwest Industrial district of Portland.
Between the 1890s and the 1930s, channel-deepening in the Willamette River improved the city's status as a deep-water seaport, as did completion in 1914 of a port terminal. Guild's Lake, close to highways as well as marine and rail terminals, became the most important industrial area in Portland. After World War II, chemical and petroleum processing and storage, metals manufacturing, and other large industries expanded in the area. In 2001, the Portland City Council adopted the Guild's Lake Industrial Sanctuary Plan aimed at protecting the area's "long-term economic viability as an industrial district."
Watershed
The Balch Creek watershed consists of , equal to . About 27 percent is zoned for parks and other open space, and about 20 percent is zoned for heavy industry near the Willamette River. Multnomah County has jurisdiction over , about a quarter of the watershed. Lands zoned for residential farms and forests occupy about 13 percent of the total, mostly along the watershed's western edge. A mixture of residential, commercial, and other designations make up smaller segments. About 1,600 people lived in the Balch Creek watershed in 2000, and about 6,700 people worked there. Nearby watersheds include those of other small streams flowing directly into the Willamette along the east flank of the West Hills. The city refers to these as the Johnson-Nicolai subwatershed to the southeast, and the Kittredge and Salzman subwatersheds to the northwest.
Rainfall in the watershed from 1977 to 2002 averaged about per year. About of the total fell from November through April, and about fell from May through October. Minor flooding has occurred near the trash rack—where the creek enters a pipe—and has caused occasional basement flooding along nearby streets. City officials are studying the rack design with a view to alterations by 2017.
Flora
The watershed lies partly in the Coast Range ecoregion and partly in the Willamette Valley ecoregion designated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The historic lower Balch Creek watershed through the 1880s was a mixture of open water, wetlands, grassland, and forest, while above the flood plain the watershed consisted of closed canopy forest. People who settled here in the 19th century logged much of this forest and filled the wetlands. In 2002, aerial photographs showed that buildings, parking lots, shoreline structures, and other cleared areas covered most of the lower floodplain. On the other hand, hill forests protected from major disturbance covered about 65 percent of the watershed.
Above the floodplain, much of the habitat in the watershed consists of mixed conifer forest. Trees and shrubs, including stands of red alder and cottonwood trees, cover about 88 percent of the middle reaches. Near the headwaters, the forests consist mainly of mixed conifers and hardwoods with a few older Douglas firs. Common species include big leaf maple, willow, western hemlock, red alder, western red cedar, and Douglas-fir. Most of this forest is relatively young. In Forest Park, old-growth forest, undisturbed for 250 years or more, exists mainly in isolated patches. The largest tree in the park, Heritage Tree 134, is a Douglas-fir near the Stone House. It is high, and the trunk is in circumference.
Forest Park and other areas of the watershed have an understory of well-developed shrubs including ferns, Oregon-grape, vine maple, salal, red huckleberry, Fendler's waterleaf, Indian plum, salmonberry, and stinging nettle. Among the prominent wildflowers are wild ginger, Hooker's fairy bells, vanilla leaf, evergreen violet, and trillium. Rare or uncommon species include old conifers, Western wahoo shrubs, and ornamental dawn redwoods. Invasive species are English ivy, European holly, clematis, morning glory, and Himalayan blackberry.
Fauna
The historic creek likely supported diverse fish species, including salmon. After people filled the wetlands and diverted the lower stretch of the creek into a pipe, fish could no longer migrate to and from the Willamette River. The industrial parts of the watershed have no remaining aquatic habitat, but above the pipe the aquatic habitat remains relatively high, and Balch Creek and its tributaries support a resident population of coastal cutthroat trout of up to about . Signal crayfish can also be found in the creek. In 2005, Balch Creek was the only major water body in Portland that met state water quality standards for bacteria, temperature and dissolved oxygen.
Nearby tracts of habitat strongly affect the wildlife in the Balch Creek watershed. This is especially true of Forest Park, which extends into other watersheds to the northwest. Birds and animals from these watersheds and from the Tualatin River valley, the Coast Range, the Willamette River, Sauvie Island, the Columbia River, and the Vancouver, Washington, lowlands, move in and out of the park with relative ease. Sixty-two mammal species, including the northern flying squirrel, black-tailed deer, creeping vole, bobcat, coyote, Mazama pocket gopher, little brown bat, Roosevelt elk, and Pacific jumping mouse use Forest Park. blue grouse, great horned owl, hairy woodpecker, Bewick's wren, orange-crowned warbler, osprey, and hermit thrush are among the 112 species of birds that frequent the area. Amphibian species seen at the Audubon Society pond include rough-skinned newts, Pacific tree frogs, and salamanders.
Pressure from habitat loss, pollution, hunting, and urban development has reduced or eliminated the large predators such as wolves, bears, and wild cats and has led to increased numbers of small predators such as weasels and raccoons. Roads through the watershed severely hamper the movement of large animals. Invasive plant species such as English ivy have made the habitat simpler and less supportive of native insects and the salamanders and other amphibians that feed on them. Citizen groups such as the No Ivy League and Friends of Forest Park have engaged in projects to remove ivy, to plant native species, and to widen and protect riparian zones.
See also
List of rivers of Oregon
Notes and references
Sources
Further reading
External links
Forest Park Conservancy and Friends of Forest Park
Geography of Portland, Oregon
Rivers of Multnomah County, Oregon
Rivers of Oregon
Tributaries of the Willamette River
Works Progress Administration in Oregon |
Elaine Regina Taylor Plummer (born 17 October 1943) is an English former actress, best known as a leading lady in comedy films of the late 1960s and early 1970s. She is the widow of Canadian actor Christopher Plummer, to whom she was married for 50 years.
Early life
Elaine Regina Taylor was born in Hemel Hempstead, Hertfordshire. With the encouragement of her mother, Frances, she took dancing lessons as a child. In 1950, had her hair styled by hairdresser Raymond Bessone for the part of Will O'the Wisp. Taylor later studied at the Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts and joined the London Festival Ballet.
Career
Early television and radio roles
In the mid-1960s, Taylor appeared in episodes of British television series such as The Benny Hill Show (1965), The Lance Percival Show (1966), in which she sang as well as taking part in comedy sketches, The Old Campaigner (1967), which featured Terry-Thomas as a womanising plastics salesman, and Mr Rose, starring William Mervyn as a retired senior policeman (1968). Her appearance with Benny Hill on 18 December 1965 included a gender-reversal parody of the 1956 film Baby Doll that Hill repeated in 1974 with Diana Darvey. Taylor is thought also to have been the announcer of a sketch in which Hill first performed his song "Those Days" in imitation of Sonny and Cher. She worked again with Hill in the third series of his BBC radio show Benny Hill Time, which started on the Light Programme on 27 February 1966 and featured, among others, Patricia Hayes and Peter Vernon.
Transition to film
Taylor was a "Bond girl" (with, among others, Jacqueline Bisset, Barbara Bouchet and Alexandra Bastedo) as Peg in Casino Royale (1967) and played on stage with Tommy Steele in Half a Sixpence and in the 1967 film version. She was cast in the role of the "mod" Victoria Ponsonby in the comedy film Diamonds for Breakfast (1968), considered by Leslie Halliwell to be a "yawning comedy caper yarn embellished with sex and slapstick", that also featured Marcello Mastroianni, in his first English language film, and Rita Tushingham. Around the same time, Taylor played Shirley Blair, pregnant fiancée of Tom Taggart (Christian Roberts), in Hammer's adaptation of Bill MacIlwraith's play The Anniversary (also 1968), a "high camp" black comedy starring Bette Davis and Sheila Hancock. Tom Chantrell's famous poster for The Anniversary featured a front-on still of Taylor in brassiere and panties below the slogan (attributed to Davies' character) "I Spy with my little eye/Something beginning with SEX … and I mean to put a stop to it".
Later career
Following her appearance as Cloris in the film Lock Up Your Daughters (1969), Taylor appeared in two more films, Michael Winner's The Games and the Warren Mitchell comedy All the Way Up (both 1970). She also starred in an episode of ITC's Jason King ("A Royal Flush", 1972) and The Organization (also 1972) in which she appeared in all seven episodes as secretary Veronica. This was produced by Yorkshire Television and written by Philip Mackie. She was cast in television dramas for the BBC, including Trelawny of the Wells (as Rose Trelawny, 1972) and Kingsley Amis' Doctor Watson and the Darkwater Hall Mystery (as Emily, Lady Fairfax alongside Edward Fox's Dr. Watson, 1974). In the mid-1980s she returned to television in America in The George McKenna Story (1986) and Sharing Richard (1988), and co-produced the 1987 film Love Potion. Taylor's last known appearance was in California-set true-crime television film Till Death Us Do Part (1992).
Personal life
In 1969, Taylor met Christopher Plummer, best known at the time for his role as Captain von Trapp in The Sound of Music (1965), while they were both filming Lock Up Your Daughters in Kilkenny, Ireland. Plummer was almost 14 years older, twice divorced, and had recently been partnering Richard Harris' ex-wife Elizabeth Rees-Williams. Taylor's usually "mousy" hair, which was tinted red on location, is said to have appealed to Plummer. For her part, Taylor agreed to meet him again in London provided that he reduced his consumption of alcohol.
Taylor and Plummer were married in Montreal, Quebec on 2 October 1970. The officiant, the Reverend Philip Moreton, had married Richard Burton and Elizabeth Taylor in 1964. The two remained married for over 50 years, until Plummer's death in February 2021.
In the 1970s, Plummer and Taylor moved to a rambling English style estate at Weston, Connecticut. Taylor has no children of her own; her stepdaughter is the actress Amanda Plummer (born 1957), Plummer's daughter from his first marriage to Tammy Grimes. A few months after their marriage, Alan Bennett remarked wryly to Kenneth Tynan that Plummer was "his own worst enemy—but only just," while Plummer's own autobiography almost forty years later was entitled In Spite of Myself.
In 2012, Plummer identified "the key to lasting marriage" as "stay[ing] out of each other's hair" and reflected that while he and Taylor quarrelled a lot, they "always end up in laughter which saves the day". More generally, he described Taylor's positive influence on his life:
a combination of Edith Cavell and Julia Child ... a nurse and a cook. I feel guilty sometimes that I denied her a wonderful life, that she's wasted it on some terrible old ham. She could have married a duke or a prince! And she knows it. But being British, you see, she never complains. She's very well trained.
Other interests
Taylor is a gourmet French cook and she and Plummer renovated or designed houses in West Hollywood, Grasse and London before settling in Weston.
References
External links
Poster for The Anniversary (Tom Chantrell, 1968)
Elaine Taylor (front right) in The Anniversary.
Elaine Taylor (with Christian Roberts) in The Anniversary
Elaine Taylor and Christopher Plummer at Academy Awards, 2010
1943 births
Living people
English film actresses
English television actresses
People from Hemel Hempstead
Actresses from Hertfordshire
Alumni of the Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts
20th-century English actresses
People from Weston, Connecticut
English expatriates in the United States |
Nicholas Postgate (1596 or 1597 – 7 August 1679) was an English Catholic priest who was executed for treason on the Knavesmire in York on 6 August 1679 as part of the anti-Catholic persecution that was sweeping England at that time. He is one of the 85 English Catholic Martyrs of England and Wales beatified by Pope John Paul II in November 1987.
Early life and priesthood
Postgate was born at Kirkdale House, Egton, Yorkshire, England. He entered Douay College, in France, 11 July 1621. He took the college oath on 12 March 1623, received minor orders, 23 December 1624, the subdiaconate, 18 December 1627, the diaconate, 18 March 1628, and the priesthood two days later. He was sent to the mission on 29 June 1630, and worked in England for the Catholic religion, finally settling back to Ugthorpe, not far from his birthplace, in the 1660s. His parish, which was known by the extinct name of Blackamoor, extended between Guisborough, Pickering and Scarborough. Thomas Ward, who later wrote about him, knew him well. He was exceptionally conscientious in performing his pastoral duties: the historian J.P. Kenyon remarks that "for nearly half a century he tramped the high moors of North Yorkshire and the plains of the Holderness, ministering to a scattered flock".
Background to arrest
Although anti-Catholic feeling in England had subsided a good deal at that time, it flared up again due to the fake Popish Plot of 1678; this followed a false testimony from Titus Oates in which he claimed there was a conspiracy to install a Catholic king, and he managed to foment a renewed and fierce persecution of English Catholics. It was to be the last time that Catholics were put to death in England for their faith; one of the last victims - but not the very last - was Nicholas Postgate.
During the panic engineered by Oates, a prominent Protestant magistrate in London, Sir Edmund Berry Godfrey, was murdered and Oates loudly blamed the Catholics; Sir Edmund's manservant, John Reeves, set out to get his revenge. For reasons which are not clear, he decided to base his actions in the Whitby area, possibly because he knew that priests arrived there from France.
Arrest and execution
Nicholas Postgate was apprehended by the exciseman Reeves while carrying out a baptism at the house of Matthew Lyth, Little Beck, near Whitby. Reeves, with a colleague called William Cockerill, raided the house during the ceremony and caught the priest, then aged 82. Lyth had apparently spoken publicly about the ceremony, thus accidentally alerting the authorities to Postgate's presence. Postgate was condemned under the Jesuits, etc. Act 1584, (27 Elizabeth, c. 2), for being a priest on English soil. He was hanged, disembowelled and quartered at the Knavesmire, York. His quarters were given to his friends and interred. One of the hands was sent to Douay College. On the scaffold he said that he was too old and frail to make long speeches: he would simply die for the Catholic faith to which he had devoted his life.
Reeves was listed in a treasury book as having been paid 22 shillings for his apprehension of Postgate but some believe he did not receive the money before he committed suicide by drowning.
Nicholas Postgate's legacy
Postgate's portable altar stone hangs at the front of the altar at Saint Joseph's Catholic Church, Pickering, where it is now venerated.
Every year since 1974 an open-air service has been held – alternately in Egton Bridge and Ugthorpe – in his honour, and the pub in Egton Bridge is called 'The Postgate" in his honour.
Since the name is uncommon, he is probably related to the Postgate family who had many notable members from the 19th century onwards.
The Postgate Society aims to spread knowledge of Nicholas Postgate and promote interest in Catholic history during penal times.
A group of 27 Catholic schools across Teesside, North Yorkshire and the City of York, the Nicholas Postgate Catholic Academy Trust, is also named in his honour.
See also
Douai Martyrs
References
Ward England's Reformation (London, 1747), 200
Challoner, Missionary Priests, II, no. 204
Gillow, Bibl. Dict. Eng. Cath.
External links
In Father Postgate's steps; article in the Gazette and Herald
1590s births
1679 deaths
English College, Douai alumni
Martyred Roman Catholic priests
Victims of the Popish Plot
People from the Borough of Scarborough
17th-century English Roman Catholic priests
People executed by Stuart England by hanging, drawing and quartering
17th-century Roman Catholic martyrs
Executed people from North Yorkshire
English beatified people
Eighty-five martyrs of England and Wales
People executed under the Stuarts for treason against England |
Reverend Charles Pritchard (29 February 1808 – 28 May 1893) was a British astronomer, clergyman, and educational reformer. He founded the Clapham Grammar School in 1834 and included sciences in the curriculum. A chapel was erected in 1846.
Biography
He was born at Alberbury, Shropshire, fourth son of William Pritchard, a failed manufacturer who later moved to London where he attended the Merchant Taylor's School and Poplar Academy where he was taught by John Stock, the progressive educationalist. Pritchard later described his studies as consisting of "a systematic course of instruction relating to physical phenomena". At sixteen he was enrolled as a sizar at St John's College, Cambridge, graduating in 1830 as fourth wrangler. In 1832 he was elected a fellow of his college, and in the following year he was ordained, and became head of a private school at Stockwell. From 1834 to 1862 he was headmaster of Clapham grammar school. He then retired to Freshwater, in the Isle of Wight, and took an active interest in the affairs of the Royal Astronomical Society, of which he became honorary secretary in 1862 and president in 1866. His sister, Margaret died this same year.
His career as a professional astronomer began in 1870, when he was elected Savilian professor of astronomy at the University of Oxford. At his request the university decided to build a fine equatorial telescope for the instruction of his class and for purposes of research, a scheme which, as a result of Warren de la Rue's munificent gift of instruments from his private observatory at Cranford, expanded into the establishment of the new university observatory. By De la Rue's advice, Pritchard began his career there with a determination of the physical libration of the moon, or the nutation of its axis.
In 1882 Pritchard commenced a systematic study of stellar photometry. For this purpose he employed an instrument known as the "wedge photometer", with which he measured the relative brightness of 2,784 stars between the North Pole and about -10° declination. The results were published in 1885 in his Uranometria Nova Oxoniensis, and their importance was recognized by the bestowal in 1886 upon him, conjointly with Professor Pickering, of the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society.
He then decided to experiment with applying photography to the determination of stellar parallax. With the object of testing the capabilities of the method, he took for his first essay the well-known star 61 Cygni, and his results agreed so well with those previously attained that he undertook the systematic measurement of the parallaxes of second-magnitude stars, and published the outcome in the third and fourth volumes of the Publications of the Oxford University Observatory. Although some lurking errors impaired the authority of the concluded parallaxes this work ranks as a valuable contribution to astronomy, since it showed the possibility of employing photography in such delicate investigations.
When an international survey of the heavens was proposed, the zone between 25° and 31° north declination was allotted to him, and at the time of his death some progress had been made in recording its included stars. Pritchard became a fellow of New College, Oxford, in 1883, and an honorary fellow of St John's College, Cambridge, in 1886. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1840, and in 1892 was awarded one of the royal medals for his work on photometry and stellar parallax.
Family
A son, Sir Charles Bradley Pritchard, was an administrator in British India.
Works
Occasional thoughts of an astronomer on nature and revelation (1889)
Modern science and natural religion (1874)
References
Proc. Roy. Soc. liv. 3
Astr. and Astrophysics, xii. 592
J. Foster, Oxford Men and their Colleges, p. 206
Hist. Register of the Univ. of Oxford, p. 95
The Times (30 May 1893)
C. J. Robinson's Register of Merchant Taylors' School, ii. 210
Charles Pritchard, D.D., Memoirs of his Life, by Ada Pritchard (London, 1897).
External links
Awarding of RAS gold medal
Obituaries
MNRAS 54 (1894) 198
Obs 16 (1894) 256
1808 births
1893 deaths
Scientists from Shropshire
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
British Christians
19th-century British astronomers
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of New College, Oxford
Royal Medal winners
Recipients of the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society
Savilian Professors of Astronomy
Presidents of the Royal Astronomical Society |
Đurinci () is a village in the municipality of Sopot, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 1088 people.
References
Suburbs of Belgrade
Sopot, Belgrade |
The Parramatta Advertiser is a weekly regional newspaper that serves the communities of Parramatta, Auburn and Holroyd local government areas and covers local news, sport, council decisions, and community events. This newspaper is published every Wednesday. It currently has a circulation of 79,598, and a readership of 78,000.
The Parramatta Advertiser was launched on 15 June 1933 by the Cumberland Newspaper Group. It eventually became the successor to The Cumberland Argus when it was incorporated into the Parramatta Advertiser in 1962.
Originally a bi-weekly, it became Cumberland Newspaper Group's "flagship" regional newspaper, and at that time it was the largest regional newspaper in Australia.
Since that time, it has been the main local newspaper for the City of Parramatta. In 1995, the Parramatta Advertiser was split into 3 separate editions: City (Parramatta) North, Auburn, and Holroyd.
The online edition of the paper is now under the umbrella of the Daily Telegraph, a major Australian daily newspaper.
The Parramatta Advertiser's death and other notices are indexed by the Ryerson Index. Previous copies of the newspaper are archived on microfilm at the State Library of New South Wales.
References
External links
Digital edition of the Parramatta Advertiser (JavaScript required)
Official web site of the Parramatta Advertiser
Newspapers published in Sydney
Parramatta |
The Office of Intelligence and Counterintelligence (OICI), also abbreviated IN, DOE-IN, DOE/IN, I&CI, or OIC, was established in 2006 by the merger of pre-existing Energy Department intelligence and security organizations. It is an office of the United States Department of Energy (DOE) responsible for all intelligence and counterintelligence activities throughout the DOE complex; due to this central role, OICI is designated DOE's Headquarters Intelligence. As a component of the United States Intelligence Community in addition to the Department of Energy, OICI reports to both the Director of National Intelligence and Secretary of Energy.
Overview
The Office of Intelligence and Counterintelligence provides information to the Secretary of Energy and other senior federal policymakers. A member of the United States Intelligence Community, it contributes unique scientific and technical analysis capabilities with a specialty in energy security. The office protects information and technology vital to both the U.S. economy and national security, leveraging its specific expertise in nuclear weapons, proliferation, energy, and waste.
Mission
OICI is responsible for all intelligence and counterintelligence functions of the Department of Energy complex, including the national laboratories and nuclear weapons construction, decommissioning, assembling, storage, etc. facilities not under the jurisdiction of the United States Department of Defense (the DoE and DoD share responsibility for the United States' nuclear stockpile). In its counterintelligence role, the office safeguards intellectual property in the form of national security information and technologies and protects Department of Energy employees and scientific staff. In its intelligence role, the office utilizes the Department of Energy's scientific and technical expertise to provide guidance to policymakers concerning, in addition to energy security, the national security areas of defense, homeland security, cybersecurity, and intelligence.
OICI's intelligence analysis focuses on Department-relevant fields, such as foreign nuclear weapons and fuel cycle programs, nuclear material security and nuclear terrorism, counterintelligence issues, energy security, cyber intelligence, and strategic science and technology. OICI's counterintelligence focuses on fostering threat awareness within the DOE complex (the Department itself plus the national laboratories and DOE contractors), analyzing threats to better protect DOE assets from foreign intelligence and terrorism, evaluating insiders and foreign visitors for espionage risks, and investigating cyber threats, terrorism, and espionage.
OICI's cyberspace expertise, including basic research, cyber threat analysis, information technology, supercomputing, and cybersecurity, is extended to the nuclear weapons enterprise and electrical grid providers for defense against cyberattacks and supply chain attacks.
Organization
OICI is a component of both the Energy Department and Intelligence Community.
Director of the Office of Intelligence and Counterintelligence
The director of OICI (D/OICI) is selected by the Energy Secretary with the concurrence of the Director of National Intelligence (DNI). The Secretary and DNI similarly consult on the director's removal, though statute specifies the President may ignore such consultations at will.
Under U.S. law, the director must be substantially experienced in intelligence affairs and come from the Senior Executive Service or its intelligence agency equivalents, some of which require the concurrence of the DNI.
The director is assisted by a principal deputy director and at least two deputy directors, one of which is the deputy director for counterintelligence. OICI also includes a Director of Security and deputy director of the interagency Nuclear Materials Information Program (NMIP).
The director of OICI is a member of the National Intelligence Board and program manager for DOE's National Intelligence Program (NIP) funds. Since June 2019, OICI directors have also been charged which determining which foreign government-sponsored talent recruitment programs (e.g. Thousand Talents Plan) pose intellectual property and espionage threats. Foreign governments deemed to be "of risk" will have American DOE/NNSA researchers and contractors barred from participation.
Directors
The office's first director was former CIA officer Rolf Mowatt-Larssen, who joined DoE in November 2005. Larssen served as director for three years before joining Harvard's Belfer Center in 2009.
From 2007-2010, Carol Dumaine, another ex-CIA officer, served as Deputy Director for Energy and Environmental Security.
Former CIA officer and intelligence author Edward Bruce Held occupied the office of director beginning at least September 2012. Charles K. Durant served as Held's Deputy Director for Counterintelligence and Eric Jackson as Director for Security.
Held was succeeded as director on March 8, 2013 by Principal Deputy Director Steven K. Black, who still held the position as of September 2021.
The current Deputy Director of the Nuclear Materials Information Program is Drew Nickels. Current Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency Chief Security Officer Kerry Stewart is a former Director of Security for OICI.
Directorates and agency structure
OICI is divided into at least five directorates:
Intelligence Directorate: Assesses the capabilities, intentions, and activities of foreign powers, organizations, and persons who may be targeting the Department of Energy for espionage.
Counterintelligence Directorate: Protects the Department of Energy and National Nuclear Security Administration from espionage and terrorism.
Management Directorate: Houses support activities for the other two directorates, including human resource services, contract support, and facility planning.
Energy and Environmental Security Directorate: Examines the impact of certain energy and environmental issues on U.S. national security, created in the wake of Hurricane Katrina.
Cyber Intelligence Directorate: Includes the Cyber Special Programs Division.
A Cyber Directorate may also exist, as evidenced by OICI's Deputy Director for Cyber. Other internal structures include OICI's Security Office, the interagency Nuclear Materials Information Program (NMIP), the Foreign Nuclear Programs Division (FNP), and the Cyber Special Programs Division.
Other
OICI's lead individual for climate and environmental security analysis is a member of the Climate Security Advisory Council convened by the Director of National Intelligence and set to disband on December 20, 2023.
Incidents
On February 25, 2016, an OICI employee was arrested for solicitation of prostitution in Washington, D.C. The employee arranged for escort services while working at OICI headquarters inside a sensitive compartmented information facility (SCIF) using his Department email address. The incident was investigated by the Department of Energy's Office of Inspector General (DOE OIG).
Criticism
In a September 2008 letter to then-Chairman of the House Committee on Energy and Commerce John Dingell, longtime counterintelligence agent and senior Energy Department counterintelligence official Terry D. Turchie strongly condemned the then-new Office of Intelligence and Counterintelligence and its director Mowatt-Larssen, crediting "the dangerously chaotic state of counterintelligence within DOE" for his (Turchie's) resignation.
Much of Turchie's criticism focused on his perception that the new Office of Intelligence and Counterintelligence was "restructuring around intelligence collection and away from sound counterintelligence principles" with "potentially catastrophic consequences;" for this, Turchie faulted Mowatt-Larssen, a former CIA officer he described as "intent on the primacy of intelligence over counterintelligence." He also criticized Mowatt-Larssen for alleged "purge[s]" of highly qualified counterintelligence officials for "dar[ing to] challenge [his] changes based on their concern for the rule of law or the dramatic and disastrous impact his changes would have had on DOE counterintelligence overall."
References
External links
DOE – Office of Intelligence
Intelligence Reform at the Department of Energy
Office of Intelligence Appropriations Hearings
United States intelligence agencies
Organizations based in Washington, D.C.
United States Department of Energy agencies
Government agencies established in 1977
1977 establishments in the United States
Intelligence analysis agencies |
Baron Brimstone is a fictional supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics.
Publication history
Baron Brimstone first appeared in Machine Man #16 (Aug. 1980), and was created by Tom DeFalco (script) and Steve Ditko (art).
The character subsequently appears in Marvel Team-Up #99 (Nov. 1980), The Avengers #251 (Jan. 1985), and Fantastic Four #336 (Jan. 1990).
Fictional character biography
Baron Brimstone is a criminal who appears to use a combination of magical powers and technological devices in committing thefts.
Baron Brimstone successfully steals the Sol-Mac from the Chem-Solar Corporation with the intention of mass-producing it as a weapon and selling it to various figures in the "criminal underworld". The security at Chem-Solar and Machine Man are unable to prevent the theft. Baron Brimstone later organizes a meeting with non-Maggia affiliated criminals to recruit them into his Satan Squad. Duke Dawson, one of the assembled criminals, takes exception to Brimstone's leadership and met with Delmar Insurance agent Pamela Quinn. This results in Baron Brimstone sending his lieutenants "Snake" Marston and "Hammer" Harrison to bring her in for interrogation. When Machine Man tracks them and finds the Satan Squad's hideout, he rescues Quinn, and hands Baron Brimstone to the police.
While at a Maximum Security unit on Ryker's Island, Baron Brimstone hypnotizes a guard into freeing him. During this escape, he frees Sandman. Baron plots revenge on Machine Man. With Sandman, he appears at Delmar Insurance to kidnap Pamela Quinn only to be thwarted by Machine Man and Spider-Man. Baron Brimstone manages to escape.
Baron Brimstone later robs a casino on the French Riviera. The Caribbean-based casino owners hire Paladin to bring him to justice. The Wasp assists in the Baron's defeat.
During the Acts of Vengeance, Doctor Doom later uses his Aggression Enhancer to force Baron Brimstone, as well as Armadillo, Man-Ape, Orka, Stilt-Man, and Whirlwind, into attacking the Fantastic Four at their court hearing. All the villains are defeated and taken into police custody
Several years later, Baron Brimstone is involved in a "cursed arms" racket (Demonica Soulcutters, or "Damunition") in Miami, and encounters investigating members of the latest incarnation of Heroes For Hire: Silver Sable, Paladin, Satana and Ghost Rider. He is defeated when Silver Sable, momentarily entranced by the bedeviled weaponry, tricks him into holding one of the guns (merely holding it seemingly possesses the user into not letting it go) which she had secretly emptied. Brimstone is then dragged through a portal to Hell, to answer to the demon responsible for the Demonica.
References
External links
Baron Brimstone at Marvel Wiki
Characters created by Steve Ditko
Comics characters introduced in 1980
Marvel Comics male supervillains
Marvel Comics supervillains |
Eurafrica (a portmanteau of "Europe" and "Africa") refers to the originally German idea of strategic partnership between Africa and Europe. In the decades before World War II, German supporters of European integration advocated a merger of African colonies as a first step towards a federal Europe.
As a genuine political project, it played a crucial role in the early development of the European Union but was largely forgotten afterwards. In the context of a renewed EU Strategy for Africa, and controversies about a Euromediterranean Partnership, the term has gone through a revival of sorts in recent years.
Overview
The term had already been coined by the time of the high imperial period of the nineteenth century. It played a role in some technocratical fantasies, such as the Atlantropa vision in the 1920s and the 1930s (compare the recently failed Desertec project). It then aimed to integrate African colonies providing raw materials with Europe. Erich Obst was one of the propagators during World War II.
The 1920s saw Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi founding the first popular movement for a united Europe. His Paneuropean Union saw a Eurafrican alliance using the European colonies as a "dowry" as important base of Europes ability to found a third pillar against the Americas and Asia. Coudenhove-Kalergis' belief had racial undertones as he claimed that Eurafrika would combine European high culture and African "primitive" vitalism to benefit both continents.
Luiza Bialasiewicz refers to Karl Haushofers vision of an "Eurafrican" pan-region as base of the vision of Eurafrica as the most central third of the world.
The partnership discourse grew from a mere political and economic exchange to an enhanced relevance attached to the sphere of emotions and sexuality in the interwar period.
Eurafrica remained a remote political dream until the end of the World War II. Afterwards, it gained actual political impact as part of the driving forces towards European unity. Given its geographical and legal positioning, the former French territory Algeria was, in the 1950s, the focal point of the French vision of Eurafrique.
Léopold Sédar Senghor's concept of Eurafrique was closely connected with négritude, which put African cultural achievements, including the Sub-Saharan region, on the same level as European ones and saw them as part of the same cultural continuum. Senghors Élégie pour la Reine de Saba, published in his Élégies majeures in 1976 uses the Queen of Sheba legend as a love poem and a political message. Senghor's use of africanité and négritude involved in including Arab-Berber Africa.
The Revolutions of 1989 in the Eastern Bloc led to unforeseen changes and also overtook - albeit temporarily - the traditional interest in closer European-African co-operation. Against the basic foundation narrative, the large European expansion in recent decades had been eastbound and not cross-Mediterranean.
In 2009, a German Christian Democratic think tank, the Konrad Adenauer Foundation, noting the lack of a level playing field on political and economic issues, tried to focus on the future spiritual and cultural perspectives of Eurafrica instead.
After World War II
The foundation of OEEC in 1948 started to integrate the colonial realm of Europe. The Hague Congress (1948) laid the foundation of the Council of Europe 1949. Similar as the Schuman Declaration, which named the development of Africa as a central European task, it involved as well dealings with the European colonies. However, the colonial ambitions, especially of France and its illborn French Union failed to work well with reality. France eventually failed in regaining its colonies in Asia. The lost Battle of Dien Bien Phu and the start of the Algerian War within 1954 failed to help with the French ambitions. The failure of the strongest remaining European colonial powers, Britain and France, in the Suez crisis 1956 was a major shock.
In addition, Belgian Congo gained independence 1960. Attempts in the early 1950s to construct a “Belgo-Congolese community” along Antoine van Bilsen's proposal or based on local Catholics' idea of a Conscience Africaine, both including a gradual emancipation of the Congo, failed completely.
Fringe theories
In interwar era Britain, fascist politician Oswald Mosley suggested a Third Position approach to Eurafrica. He founded the Union Movement, calling for the integration of Europe into a single entity on base of the slogan "Europe a Nation". As part of this he saw a need for a merger of Europe with Africa as a source of minerals, agricultural produce and new lands for European settlement. Mosley's conception of Eurafrica included upholding apartheid in South Africa, but also cooperation with Africans in central and northern Africa.
Similarly, Eurabia, a political neologism coined by writer Bat Ye'Or in the early 2000s claims a conspiracy of Europe, led by France and Arab powers to Islamise and Arabise Europe, thereby weakening its existing culture and undermining an alleged previous alignment with the U.S. and Israel.
Role of French Eurafrique in the 1950s and 60s
Postwar France continued in trying to use the process of European Unification as base of its colonial influences and managed to streamline early European development policy according to its colonial goals.
Until the 1960s, the French governments failed to grasp decolonization and provide a working strategy on it. Algeria was technically no French colony as it consisted of three French Departments with about a million inhabitants of European descent, the later pieds-noirs. The French tried to keep Algeria in their Eurafrican space and suggested in 1958 large infrastructure investments ('Constantine Plan') to maintain Algeria economically within their realm. France was well aware that the Algerian Departments were not viable under the conditions of the Common Market and gained some exemption clauses in the Treaty of Rome. European integration put France under pressure, as it had guaranteed various commitments to Algeria in the Evian Accords but had to reduce protectionism and trade barriers according at the same time.
After decolonization
Eurafrica subsequently played an important role in forging the European union and associated treaties, as at the Yaoundé Conventions in 1958 and later.
The Treaty of Rome from 1957 was an important milestone, as France (and Belgium) were now willing to enter a stronger European market based on the condition of association of and the provision of European funds for the remaining colonial realm. Germany, the Netherlands and Luxemburg were rather sceptical. Western Germany however traded an improvement of its own political standing - after tough negotiations between Adenauer and de Gaulle - with the French colonial attempts and agreed to provide substantially to the European Development Fund.
Role in trade agreements and global reach
Eurafrica still has an influence on Europe's postcolonial role and identity, as the future of European-African relations is still being framed as a "strategic partnership" in relation to other world regions as China. Eurafrica also continues to have a significant impact on Europe and European trade. Eurafrica affects European trade and trade with other countries as well.
With regard to trade agreements and development aid, the Yaoundé-Convention has since been superseded by the Lomé Convention (1975) and the Cotonou Agreement 2000, respectively. The Lomé Conventions (Lomé I-IV) were designed as a new framework of cooperation between the then European Community (EC) and developing ACP countries, particularly former British, Dutch, Belgian and French colonies. They provided for most ACP agricultural and mineral exports to enter Europe free of duty, and some preferential access, based on a quota system for products in competition with European agriculture, as sugar and beef. The Europeans committed several billions of EC money for aid and investment in the ACP countries.
The introduction of the internal market in 1992 affected ACP preferential access to European markets. Furthermore, the US government had the World Trade Organization investigate whether the Lomé IV convention had violated WTO rules. The protective measurements for small-scale banana farmers mirrored former colonial relationships, as for the United Kingdom imports from the Caribbean, France from its overseas departments of Guadeloupe and Martinique and from former colonies, Côte d'Ivoire and Cameroon; Italy from Somalia. Germany, the largest consumer, obtained all of its supplies from Latin America. Finally, the EU negotiated directly with the US through WTO to reach an agreement. The banana wars were insofar important as the WTO decided against the cross-subsidies that had benefited ACP countries for many years.
After Lomé, the Cotonou Agreement was installed. It mirrored as well some internal developments. It asks for "reciprocal" trade agreements, meaning that the EU provides duty-free access to its markets for ACP exports, but ACP countries also have to provide duty-free access to their own markets for EU exports. The Cotonou Agreement asked as well for a stronger political foundation of the ACP-EU cooperation. The Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation ACP-EU (CTA) operates within the framework and is to "strengthen policy and institutional capacity development and information and communication management capacities of ACP agricultural and rural development organisations". Not all ACP countries had to open their markets to EU products after 2008.
The least developed countries, most in Africa, may continue cooperation under either the arrangements made in Lomé or the "Everything But Arms" regulation.
Mediterranean Union versus Eastern enlargement
The actual process of expanding the European Union began with the Inner Six, who founded the European Coal and Steel Community in 1952. Since then, the EU's membership has grown to twenty-seven, with the latest member state being Croatia, which joined in July 2013, the most recent territorial enlargement of the EU was the incorporation of French overseas department Mayotte in 2014. The most notable territorial reductions of the EU, and its predecessors, were the exit of Algeria in 1962, the exit of Greenland in 1982, and Brexit in 2020.
The Euromediterranean Partnership, also known as the Barcelona Process, was created in 1995 as part of the Spanish presidency of the Council of the EU, and culminated in attempts to align relationships with North African and Middle Eastern neighbours: the global Mediterranean policy (1972–1992) and the renovated Mediterranean policy (1992–1995). However the Future enlargement of the European Union is still eastbound, as expressed in the Eastern Partnership.
Nicolas Sarkozy attempted to resurrect the Eurafrica idea during the French presidential election campaign in 2007. Sarkozy initially tried to model a Union for the Mediterranean similar to the European Union with a shared judicial area and common institutions.
He claimed
Sarkozy's approach was interpreted as somewhat patronising, and his grand strategy ultimately failed, due to a lack of interest from the various participants who were required. The attempt soon was downgraded into a relaunch of the Barcelona Process, and the plan to create an autonomous Mediterranean Union was dropped.
See also
Françafrique
Commonwealth of Nations
Lomé Convention
Cotonou Agreement
Further reading
Brown, Megan. 2017. A Eurafrican Future: France, Algeria, and the Treaty of Rome, 1951-75. PhD thesis, CUNY.
Onyefulu, Thomas. 1980. Eurafrica: Neocolonialism or Interdependence. PhD thesis, Florida State University.
References
External links
Booklaunch The EU and Africa: From Eurafrique to Afro-Europa - Book Launch at Chatham house Review – The EU and Africa: From Eurafrique to Afro-Europa and review
l'aube de la francophonie : Senghor et l'idée d'Eurafrique, Catherine Atlan, Centre d'Etudes des Mondes Africains / université de Provence Cercle Richelieu Senghor de Paris, in French, about Léopold Sédar Senghor vision of Eurafrica
European Union development policy
History of the European Union
History of European colonialism
Foreign relations of the European Union
Geopolitics
History of Africa
Eurabia |
The New World Order (commonly abbreviated as nWo) was an American professional wrestling group that originally consisted of "Hollywood" Hulk Hogan, Scott Hall, and Kevin Nash.
The stable originated in World Championship Wrestling (WCW) with the gimmick of a group of unsanctioned wrestlers aiming to "take over" and control WCW in the manner of a street gang. The group later appeared in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) after the purchase of WCW by the WWF. The nWo angle became one of the most influential storylines in the mid-to-late 1990s success of WCW and was instrumental in turning mainstream North American professional wrestling into a more mature, adult-oriented product. The stable became one of the main driving forces behind WCW competing with the WWF in the Monday Night Wars.
Fueled initially by the unexpected villainous turn of Hulk Hogan, the nWo storyline is generally considered one of the most successful angles in the history of modern-day professional wrestling, spawning several imitations and parodies, including the bWo, lWo and the jWo. The group dominated WCW programming throughout the late-1990s and continued until the dissolution of WCW in 2001, during which time there were several, sometimes rival, incarnations of the group.
In December 2019, it was announced that the nWo would be inducted into the 2020 WWE Hall of Fame, with Hogan, Hall, Nash, and Sean Waltman as the inducted members.
Concept
The nWo storyline was an idea created by WCW Executive Vice President Eric Bischoff, whose inspiration for the angle came after attending New Japan Pro-Wrestling's Battle Formation show at the Tokyo Dome on April 29, 1996. The show was headlined by a NJPW vs. UWFi match for the IWGP Heavyweight Championship, as New Japan's Shinya Hashimoto defeated UWFi's Nobuhiko Takada. Bischoff wanted to do an invasion-type angle where World Championship Wrestling (WCW) was being sabotaged by another wrestling group, initially insinuated as being the World Wrestling Federation (WWF), since the nWo's founding members had previously wrestled for the company.
The nWo was originally portrayed as a separate entity from WCW. Often, propaganda-style vignettes and product commercials concerning the nWo were presented in the style of a broadcast signal intrusion, with a voice proclaiming, "The following announcement has been paid for by the New World Order". Others, such as Kevin Nash, television director Craig Leather, chief WCW booker Terry Taylor, and Taylor's assistants Kevin Sullivan and Paul Orndorff, all contributed their own ideas to the nWo concept.
Leathers approached Disney/MGM Studios for a nWo logo. The designers came back with 6 to 10 examples, and eventually Turner management settled on the logo that would be recognized today. Scott Hall is credited with the group's trademark hand-signals, and Taylor belatedly scrawled the group's most popular catchphrase, "When you're nWo, you're nWo 4 life," in one segment he scripted for WCW Monday Nitro in late 1996.
Along with Bill Goldberg and Sting, the nWo was one of the main factors behind WCW during the Monday Night Wars and would later be parodied by the World Wrestling Federation's D-Generation X (DX) stable, though the core members of both on-screen factions included members of The Kliq; (Sean Waltman even served as a member of both groups; as did Michaels for a short time during the nWo's revival in the WWF/E in 2002).
History
World Championship Wrestling (1996–2000)
Formation
On May 19, 1996, Scott Hall and Kevin Nash wrestled their final matches as Razor Ramon and Diesel, respectively, in the WWF and signed with WCW shortly after. Hall appeared on the May 27, 1996 edition of Nitro, which emanated from the Macon Coliseum in Macon, Georgia. As The Mauler and Steve Doll wrestled, Hall emerged from the crowd and entered the ring, bringing the match to a halt, and called for the ring announcer's microphone. "You people, you know who I am", Hall said to the stunned crowd, "but you don't know why I'm here". He went on to deliver what became known as the "You want a war?" speech, stating that he and unnamed allies had a challenge for WCW executive vice president Bischoff and any WCW wrestlers. As the episode neared its end, Hall accosted Bischoff, who was also the lead broadcaster for Nitro at the time, in the broadcast booth and demanded that he tell WCW owner Ted Turner to pick three of his best wrestlers for "a war". The next week, Hall claimed to have a "big surprise" for fellow professional wrestler Sting. On the following Nitro, the big surprise was revealed to be Nash. Hall and Nash were then dubbed as The Outsiders, randomly appearing at WCW events to cause trouble and inevitably be led out of the building by security.
Hall and Nash were both fully employed by WCW, but the storyline implied that they were contracted WWF wrestlers "invading" WCW. This was enough of a concern to the WWF that it considered legal action over Hall and Nash's antics. Hall was the bigger concern to the WWF, as he had not fully distanced himself from his Razor Ramon character, continuing to use the character's mannerisms and speaking with the character's pseudo-Cuban American accent. WCW attempted to address these concerns at The Great American Bash in June 1996. Bischoff promised them a match at the next pay-per-view event Bash at the Beach, and then directly asked both Hall and Nash if they were employed by the WWF, to which they said no. The WWF, still unsatisfied, filed a lawsuit, claiming that Bischoff had proposed inter-promotional matches that would air on TBS and TNT, thereby associating the two promotions with each other. Also at The Great American Bash, both Hall and Nash pressed Bischoff to name his company's three representatives for their impending match. Bischoff said that he had found three men who would answer their challenge, but would not name them. This would lead to Hall and Nash attacking Bischoff, culminating with Nash powerbombing Bischoff off the stage and through a table below. Bischoff held a draft on Nitro to determine WCW's representatives, with Sting, Lex Luger, and "Macho Man" Randy Savage being chosen.
Hostile Takeover Match
The match Bischoff promised, a six-man tag team match billed as the "Hostile Takeover match", was scheduled as the main event of Bash at the Beach at the Ocean Center in Daytona Beach, Florida on July 7, 1996. Hall and Nash came to the ring by themselves, leaving speculation open as to who the third man was. Team WCW then entered with all three members wearing Sting's signature face paint as a sign of solidarity.
Luger was hurt and badly injured almost immediately after the match started and had to be taken away on a stretcher. The match reached its climax at approximately the sixteen-minute mark, shortly after a late tag from Sting to Savage. Savage went on the attack, nailing both the Outsiders with repeated axe-handle smashes from the top rope. However, while referee Randy Anderson checked on a downed Hall, Hall grabbed his shirt while Nash nailed Savage with a low blow which knocked both men to the mat. With all four men down, Anderson had no choice but to begin counting them out as he did not see the low blow. As he began his count, the fans' attention turned to the entrance area as Hulk Hogan entered and began walking to the ring to a loud roar from the crowd. Hall spotted him and immediately fled the ring. Hogan, who had not been seen on WCW television for some time, climbed into the ring to chase away Nash and tore off his T-shirt, as he had done many times before.
With the fans still cheering wildly, Hogan stood in the corner nearest and hit his long-time friend Savage with his Atomic Leg Drop, stunning the crowd into silence and turning heel for the first time since his AWA days in 1981. The Outsiders came back into the ring to celebrate with their now-revealed partner as Hogan dropped the leg on the fallen Savage a second time, and after the three men all shook hands, Hogan threw the referee from the ring and hit Savage one last time. The official match result was a no contest and Savage had to be carried from the ring by an exhausted Sting. After the match, "Mean" Gene Okerlund came to the ring and interviewed Hogan. During the interview, Hogan exclaimed that he, Hall and Nash were "the new world order of wrestling", giving the group its name – the New World Order.
Hogan continued, reminding everybody of the "great big organization up north" where Hall and Nash had come from and that he too had been there and how he had made that company a household name. Hogan followed by bringing up his signing with WCW in 1994.
He then declared that Hall and Nash were the kind of people he really wanted as his friends and that together, the three of them were going to take over WCW and destroy everything in their path. At this point, Okerlund directed Hogan to look at the debris strewn around the ring and told him that he could expect more of this if he chose to associate with Hall and Nash (subtly suggesting that Hogan should reconsider one more time). Hogan disregarded Okerlund and went into a tirade against the fans while taking another shot at Bischoff and some of the newer talent the fans were cheering.
Hogan then grabbed Okerlund by the collar moments later but quickly let him go after Okerlund threatened to sue him if he didn't. The show closed with the three wrestlers continuing to taunt the fans, who booed and pelted them with garbage. Wrapping up the event on pay-per-view, a still-stunned Tony Schiavone said: "Hulk Hogan, you can go to hell... straight to hell". The night after Bash at the Beach, Hall and Nash appeared on Nitro without Hogan, attempting to attack Sting, Arn Anderson and Randy Savage, but were held back by WCW security. On the July 15, 1996 edition of Nitro, Hogan returned wearing all black and helped Hall and Nash attack Lex Luger and Big Bubba Rogers during the Nitro main event. He then made a challenge to then-reigning WCW World Heavyweight Champion, The Giant, for Hog Wild in August. On the July 29, 1996 episode of Nitro, The Outsiders attacked Arn Anderson, the American Males (Marcus Bagwell and Scotty Riggs) and Rey Misterio Jr., the latter of whom Nash threw head-first into the side of a WCW production truck before leaving in a limousine.
Hogan becomes World Champion; Bischoff's secret is revealed
At Hog Wild, the newly rechristened "Hollywood" Hulk Hogan won the match after knocking The Giant out with his title belt. After the match, Hogan rechristened the Big Gold Belt as the self-proclaimed nWo World Heavyweight Championship by spray-painting the group acronym in capital letters across the faceplate. On August 26, Ted DiBiase made his WCW debut and would ultimately become the financial supporter and spokesperson of the nWo (thus becoming the fourth man), and was given the nickname "Trillionaire Ted". On the September 2 episode of Nitro, the nWo claimed its first defection from WCW and their fifth member as The Giant, who just weeks earlier lost his title to Hogan, turned on his Dungeon of Doom teammates and attacked The Four Horsemen and Randy Savage.
As the Fall Brawl PPV event neared, WCW was gearing up for another battle against the nWo, this time in a WarGames match. On the September 9 episode of Nitro, the nWo tricked fans and wrestlers into thinking that Sting had joined the nWo by putting wrestler Jeff Farmer into the group as a Sting clone, complete with Sting attire and face paint. Farmer, as the nWo Sting, attacked Luger, who had been lured into an attack by referee Nick Patrick. This led Luger, his longtime ally and tag team partner, to publicly question Sting as to where his allegiance lies. At Fall Brawl, as Team WCW was being interviewed, Sting appeared and told his teammates that he had nothing to do with the attack, but Luger did not believe him. Going into the match, only three wrestlers on each side had been officially named: Hogan and The Outsiders for the nWo, and Luger, Arn Anderson, and Ric Flair for Team WCW. Sting had originally been named the fourth man for WCW, but his participation was in doubt. The fourth man for the nWo was indeed the nWo Sting, who had convinced everyone (including the broadcast team) that the real Sting was nWo. The real Sting showed up moments later as the last man for Team WCW and took apart the entire nWo by himself. After assaulting the nWo, Sting left the ring and Team WCW, yelling at an apologetic looking Luger "Is that good enough for you right there? Is that truth enough?". Team WCW, now fighting a 4-on-3 handicap match, lost when the nWo Sting locked Luger in the Scorpion Death Lock.
The next night on Nitro, an angry Sting laid into his fellow wrestlers and co-workers as well as the fans for doubting his true colors. He came out unexpectedly, with no music or pyrotechnics, and kept his back to the camera purposely as he spoke:
With that, Sting began a retreat from the ring that would last for nearly fifteen months, and in the process, left his loyalties on the table for either side to try and move him to theirs. The nWo stepped up its efforts to try and recruit Sting, yet never removed the nWo Sting from the group. As Sting's character and look evolved, so too did Farmer's nWo Sting character. On the same night Sting made his speech, the nWo inducted Syxx into the group, with the name being a reference to the fact that he was the sixth member (In reality, Syxx was the seventh member of the group, but Farmer's entry into the group was not taken into account). On the September 23rd episode, the nWo debuted Vincent, as its "head of security". Nick Patrick became the group's official referee after he began showing partiality to nWo members during their matches. Miss Elizabeth turned against The Four Horsemen and joined the group as Hogan's valet. nWo tried once more to recruit Sting, who was now sporting black-and-white face paint, to join them. After beating up Farmer's nWo Sting and calling him a "cheap imitation", Sting ambiguously told the nWo, "The real Sting may or may not be in your price range," continuing to leave everyone questioning where Sting's loyalty lay. Sting then told the nWo, "The only thing for sure about Sting is nothing's for sure", before leaving the ring. This would be the last time fans would hear Sting talk on WCW television for over a year.
The nWo continued to dominate WCW, with Hogan successfully retaining the World Championship against Randy Savage and Hall and Nash winning the WCW World Tag Team Championship from Harlem Heat (Booker T and Stevie Ray) at Halloween Havoc. At Halloween Havoc, Hogan's old rival Roddy Piper, whom WCW had just signed to a contract, came to the ring to confront Hogan. Piper began looking for a match with Hogan the following night on Nitro.
In the storyline, WCW only recognized Hogan, Nash, and Hall as WCW employees due to their holding WCW championships, and the other nWo members went unrecognized as WCW employees; because of this, they were unable to wrestle other WCW wrestlers. This led to the nWo starting a segment on Saturday Night, called nWo Saturday Night, where nWo stable members wrestled local jobbers inside an empty arena. The nWo also used their "financing" to purchase ad time during WCW programming, which amounted to low budget anti-WCW propaganda, or "hijack" the broadcast signal.
On November 18, 1996, Nitro was live at the Florence Civic Center in Florence, South Carolina and opened with Hall and Nash physically attacking The Nasty Boys (Brian Knobbs and Jerry Sags), High Voltage (Robbie Rage and Kenny Kaos), Ciclope, and Galaxy and forcing Tony Schiavone to walk off the show after they threatened him. As the show moved into its second hour, Hogan and his entourage accosted Bischoff at the announce table and forced him to say that Hogan was better than Piper, who was still seeking a match with Hogan, but whom Bischoff had not agreed on a contract with yet. At the end of the show, Piper and Bischoff began arguing in the ring. As Piper continued to badger Bischoff, the nWo rushed the ring and accosted Piper, revealing that Eric Bischoff, despite appearances, had secretly been a member and the head of the nWo all along.
At World War 3, Piper and Hogan signed an official contract for a match, though Piper would end up being attacked by Hogan and the nWo. In the main event, The Giant won the 60-man battle royal, last eliminating both Lex Luger and Kevin Nash, thus becoming the #1 contender and earning a future world title shot against Hogan.
The following night on Nitro, Bischoff permanently left the broadcast booth, and his character became an egomaniacal tyrant as WCW's executive vice president, as well as a manager and largely replaced DiBiase as spokesperson for the nWo, while DiBiase continued to serve as a manager, mostly for Hogan. At the top of the program, Bischoff issued a threat to the WCW locker room: all wrestlers were given thirty days to convert their WCW contracts into nWo contracts and join the group. Marcus Bagwell (redubbed "Buff Bagwell") immediately accepted the offer, betraying his tag team partner Scotty Riggs in the process. Mr. Wallstreet was offered a contract to join the group on December 9 by his former partner, Dibiase, and accepted. Japanese wrestler Masahiro Chono joined the group on December 16 and established himself as the leader of nWo Japan, a sister stable in NJPW. That same night, Big Bubba Rogers and Scott Norton defected to the group during a show-ending melee between the WCW and nWo rosters.
At Starrcade, Piper cleanly defeated Hogan via a sleeper hold in the main event, in part due to botched interference from The Giant. At the same event, Lex Luger defeated The Giant, marking the nWo's first pinfall loss since the group's inception. During the course of the match, following months of showing favoritism toward the nWo, Nick Patrick officially joined the group when he attacked Luger. Additionally, after multiple attempts to convince Diamond Dallas Page to join the group, Hall and Nash attacked Page in his United States Heavyweight Championship tournament final match against Eddie Guerrero, costing him the match. (The nWo left with physical possession of the title belt, which was then given to Syxx, who began declaring himself as the champion.) The next night on Nitro, The Giant was assaulted and kicked out of the nWo when he refused to perform a chokeslam on Piper during an nWo attack and claiming that he wanted his World Championship match with Hogan.
Success and control
At nWo Souled Out, Hogan and The Giant fought for the WCW Championship to a no contest in the main event due to the nWo referee, Nick Patrick, being biased toward Hogan. The United States Heavyweight Champion Eddie Guerrero retained and subsequently regained possession of his title against Syxx in a ladder match, while The Outsiders lost the tag team titles to The Steiner Brothers. Bischoff reversed the decision and re-awarded Hall and Nash the titles the next night on Nitro after claiming that Randy Anderson, who ran in to officiate after Patrick was knocked down, was not the official referee for the match. Bischoff then fired Anderson for his actions.
At SuperBrawl VII, the Outsiders lost their titles to Lex Luger and The Giant, while Syxx defeated Dean Malenko for the WCW Cruiserweight Championship. Later that night, Hogan successfully defended his title against Roddy Piper. "Macho Man" Randy Savage, after weeks of roving with Sting as a "free agent", helped Hogan win. Savage participated in a post-match beatdown of Piper, officially cementing his place in the nWo. The next night on Nitro, Savage helped the Outsiders get revenge on DDP by attacking him from behind while they distracted him, and reunited with Miss Elizabeth. Later, Bischoff returned the tag team titles to The Outsiders, as Luger had been injured and was not cleared to wrestle in the SuperBrawl match. Luger, however, issued a challenge for a "winner-take-all" tag team match at Uncensored. Two weeks later on the March 3 episode of Nitro, Turner Sports vice president Dr. Harvey Schiller "suspended" Bischoff for abuse of his office. At Uncensored, Team nWo won the 3-team tag team match. In addition to winning, per the pre-match stipulations, the nWo gained the right to challenge for any WCW championship whenever and wherever they pleased. After the match, Sting descended from the rafters and attacked the core members of the nWo: Savage, Hall, Nash and Hogan, finally cementing his allegiance to WCW.
It was around this time in April 1997 that tensions began to surface within the nWo. At Spring Stampede, the show ended with Savage and Bischoff at each other's throats after the former's loss to Diamond Dallas Page, and both were forced to be held back by other group members. J. J. Dillon, who was appointed as WCW commissioner during Bischoff's suspension, later had Big Bubba Rogers and Mr. Wallstreet removed from the nWo due to a contractual technicality. Additionally, Ted DiBiase quit the group after feeling remorse for some of the WCW wrestlers who were victims of nWo assaults. In the interim, the nWo recruited The Great Muta on May 26, as well as Hiroyoshi Tenzan and Hiro Saito several weeks after Spring Stampede; they made occasional appearances on television due to their full-time employment in NJPW, but all three would be core members of nWo Japan. The nWo also added Konnan, whom they dubbed "K-Dawg", on July 14 after he attacked Rey Mysterio, Jr. while Kevin Nash watched on approvingly.
At Bash at the Beach in July, Dennis Rodman, who had previously become a member of the nWo earlier in the year, made his wrestling debut as he teamed with Hogan to take on Luger and The Giant in a tag team match. Luger won the match for his team by forcing Hogan to submit and earned a title shot at Road Wild, set for August. Luger, however, elected to take his shot on the August 4 episode of Nitro, five days before the pay-per-view, and defeated Hogan to win the WCW Championship. Hogan regained the title at Road Wild after Rodman, dressed up as Sting, hit Luger with a baseball bat. Following Road Wild, the nWo began a rivalry with The Four Horsemen, marked by a skit where they mocked members of the group. The Horsemen responded by challenging the nWo to a WarGames match at Fall Brawl in September. The match pitted Ric Flair, Curt Hennig, Steve McMichael and Chris Benoit against Nash, Konnan, Syxx, and Bagwell. During the match, Curt Hennig turned on his team to align with the nWo. The nWo was victorious after McMichael surrendered in the match.
Bret Hart made his WCW debut on the December 15 episode of Nitro and declared he would not join the nWo (the nWo had been claiming weeks beforehand that Bret had already joined the group), but did say he would be the special guest referee for a match between Eric Bischoff and Larry Zbyszko at Starrcade. If Bischoff won the match, the nWo would be given permanent control over Nitro, but if Zbyszko won, it would remain with WCW. Rick Rude (who previously had been in WCW during the early to mid '90s) would also join the nWo around this time, serving as a manager, predominantly for Curt Hennig. On the Nitro before Starrcade, the nWo completely took over the show by tearing down the set and chasing off the WCW announce team. They destroyed anything WCW-related and rebranded it nWo Monday Nitro. This event was done as a test run for what was planned to be a permanent changeover of Nitro to an nWo-centric show, with the soon-debuting Thunder to become the WCW-centric show. However, the ratings dropped dramatically during this show, putting these plans on ice. Zbyszko would go on to defeat Bischoff at Starrcade, thus Nitro remained in the control of WCW. Also at Starrcade, Hogan lost the WCW World Championship to Sting. Hogan originally pinned Sting, but confusion arose when Hart appeared at ringside and accused referee and former nWo member Nick Patrick of making a fast count. In reality, Nick Patrick was supposed to make a fast count, revealing himself to be a crooked official for the nWo. But for whatever reason, Patrick counted a legitimate three-count instead, leading many to speculate that backstage politics were at play. Bret Hart, who was acting as a referee for the event, ordered the match to restart as a result of the controversy. Hogan then submitted to Sting's Scorpion Death Lock, and the entire WCW locker room came out to celebrate the defeat of Hogan.
Dissension; nWo Hollywood and nWo Wolfpac
Shortly after Hogan lost the title at Starrcade, the nWo started showing more and more signs of division within the group. Because of the controversy surrounding Sting's title win, J. J. Dillon vacated the title on the inaugural episode of Thunder on January 8, 1998. In addition to the title being vacated, Scott Hall was still slated to face the world champion at SuperBrawl VIII as per the stipulation surrounding his World War 3 win, therefore this also would have to be resolved along with the vacant championship. New WCW commissioner Roddy Piper resolved the issue at Souled Out on January 24 by declaring that since there was no champion for Hall to face at SuperBrawl, he would face the winner of a second Hogan vs. Sting match at Uncensored the following March. Later that evening, the feud between Hall and Larry Zbyszko came to an end when Zbyszko defeated Hall by disqualification after Louie Spicolli, who had just signed with WCW and joined the nWo a month earlier, interfered. After the match Dusty Rhodes, who had been in the broadcast booth that night and who Zbyszko had asked to accompany him to the ring, joined Hall and Spicolli in attacking Zbyszko and joined the nWo, where he served as a manager and mentor to Hall.
The nWo continued to expand their ranks into the new year as former WWF star Brian Adams jumped ship to WCW and immediately joined the nWo. Hogan also gained a second bodyguard when Ed Leslie, who had previously tried to join the nWo at Hog Wild in 1996, re-debuted as a barely recognizable bearded biker dubbed "The Disciple".
At SuperBrawl VIII, the nWo had a mixed array of success. Hall and Nash regained the WCW World Tag Team Championship from The Steiner Brothers after Scott Steiner unexpectedly turned on his brother Rick and manager Ted DiBiase. Scott then handed the championship belts to Hall and Nash after the match and celebrated with The Outsiders and Dusty Rhodes, marking his induction into the nWo. However, Hogan lost to Sting in a match for the vacated WCW World Heavyweight Championship due to interference from Randy Savage. After SuperBrawl, Savage then made his intentions clear and declared that he no longer needed the nWo's help to win matches. Savage also claimed that Hogan had dropped the ball, and that he was going after Sting to try to bring the world championship back to the nWo. Hogan and Savage tried to one-up each other on episodes of Nitro and Thunder over the next few weeks, which led to a steel cage match at Uncensored in March which ended in a no contest. Also at the event, Hall lost his World War 3-earned WCW title match against Sting.
The rift between the different factions of the nWo grew even wider after Syxx, who had been out since October with a severe neck injury, was released from his contract and sent to rehab for his ongoing alcoholism. Shortly thereafter, Scott Hall was also removed from television due to his own bout with alcoholism; this led to a confrontation between Kevin Nash, Eric Bischoff, and Hogan on the March 26 episode of Thunder.
The differences within the nWo were becoming more apparent as Savage and Nash were suddenly realizing that Hogan had been only looking out for himself the entire time, and the nWo was seen as secondary. Nash sided with Savage after Hogan had interfered in a number of Sting/Nash matches, not wanting to have to face Nash for what Hogan claimed was "his title". Nash supported Savage in his quest to defeat Sting, but also agreed to team with Hogan against the returning Roddy Piper and The Giant in a Baseball Bat on a Pole match. At Spring Stampede, Hogan and Nash defeated Piper and The Giant. After the match, however, Hogan assaulted Nash. Nash later helped Savage defeat Sting by hitting a powerbomb on the champion, earning Savage the win, the title, and the ire of Hogan who came out following the match proclaiming that Savage had "his title". Hogan and The Disciple then attacked Nash and Savage to close out the show.
The next night on Nitro, Hogan issued a challenge to the new champion for his title, and WCW commissioner Roddy Piper made the match a no disqualification match and declared that no run-ins would be permitted. Savage and Nash made their own speech a little later, where Nash said to Hogan "have a nice life" and implied that the nWo was not going to be together, at least in its current form, when the night was over.
Late in the match, while Hogan and Savage were fighting in a corner, The Disciple entered the ring and gave referee Nick Patrick a neckbreaker. While this was allowed, due to the match being no disqualification, it also meant that no one was able to stop Hogan and Disciple from doing whatever they wanted to Savage. The Disciple hit his finisher, The Apocalypse, on Savage while the belt was draped over his shoulder. Just after this, a furious Nash charged to the ring to aid the fallen Savage. As Nash entered the ring, Eric Bischoff came sprinting from the back and slid into the ring to intercept him. After tossing Bischoff aside, Nash nailed the Jackknife Powerbomb on Hogan. As the match was still going on, Nash pulled Savage on top of Hogan and went to revive Patrick as Bret Hart entered the ring. Hart picked up the title belt, struck Nash with it, rolled Hogan back over Savage, and revived the referee so he could count the pinfall for Hogan. Although Hogan was now WCW World Heavyweight Champion for a fourth time and appeared to have once again taken the reins of the nWo, the members of the group itself were now going to have to choose whose side of the faction they would be on: Hogan's or Nash's.
On the May 4 episode of Nitro, Nash, Savage, and Konnan appeared wearing black shirts with a red nWo logo, as opposed to the familiar white logo. They called themselves nWo Wolfpac (a name which Nash had previously been using alongside Hall and Syxx to refer to themselves as a trio), and were joined in the following weeks by Curt Hennig, Miss Elizabeth, Rick Rude and Dusty Rhodes. The Wolfpac became the first nWo incarnation to wrestle as faces. Hogan's side retained the black and white colors of the original nWo and took on the moniker nWo Hollywood, with Vincent, Bischoff, Scott Steiner, Scott Norton, Brian Adams, Buff Bagwell and The Disciple on his side.
At May's Slamboree, Nash and Hall were set to defend the WCW World Tag Team Championship against two of WCW's stalwarts, Sting and The Giant. However, The Giant joined nWo Hollywood shortly before Slamboree as retribution for Nash injuring him at Souled Out back in January. Despite this, The Giant maintained his alliance with Sting, but strongly suggested that Sting had a decision to make in terms of his allegiance. At Slamboree, Hall made his return to WCW in the colors of the Wolfpac for The Outsiders' title defense. During the match, however, he (along with Rhodes) turned on Nash by hitting him with the title belt, which gave the win to the team of Sting and The Giant. The next night on Nitro, Hall was introduced as the newest member of nWo Hollywood.
On the May 25 episode of Nitro, the Wolfpac added Lex Luger, who subsequently urged his friend Sting to join him. However, nWo Hollywood made their own effort to woo Sting. Sting revealed his decision on the following week's Nitro, fooling Hogan into believing that he was going to join his side, then turning on him and tearing off the black and white T-shirt he was wearing to reveal a red and black one underneath. As part of his joining the Wolfpac, Sting began painting his face red and black instead of the black and white "Crow" style face-paint he had been wearing since 1996. At The Great American Bash, the Wolfpac lost two members as Hennig and Rude turned on Konnan following a loss and joined nWo Hollywood. It was not a total loss for the red and black, however, as Sting defeated The Giant in a singles match for control of the vacated WCW World Tag Team Championship. The next night on Nitro, Sting chose Nash as his tag team partner and the two began defending the titles.
In yet another shocking move, Miss Elizabeth defected from Savage (and the Wolfpac) and joined nWo Hollywood during a shocking promo (which included an on-screen kiss with Bischoff) on the June 8 episode of Nitro. On the June 15 episode of Nitro, Savage had a steel cage match versus Diamond Dallas Page (which featured Piper as special guest referee, and saw all three men on the receiving end of an attack by nWo Hollywood at the end of match). This attack, which resulted in a "knee injury" caused by a chair to his knee, would be the storyline angle for writing Savage off of TV, and he would then take a hiatus from the company to recover from at least two major knee surgeries. This would be Savage's final appearance with the Wolfpac, and with the nWo as a whole.
In the meantime, a new contender for Hogan's championship emerged in the form of undefeated rookie and current United States Heavyweight Champion Goldberg, who had racked up an impressive string of victories. On the July 2, 1998 episode of Thunder, Goldberg was granted a title match against Hogan for the July 6 episode of Nitro. However, Hogan changed his mind and forced Goldberg to wrestle Scott Hall in order to earn his title match. Goldberg defeated Hall and then toppled Hogan in the main event to win his first WCW World Heavyweight Championship. After his loss to Goldberg, Hogan turned his attention to celebrity matches for the next two months, wrestling in two tag team matches at Bash at the Beach and Road Wild. Hogan won the first match with Dennis Rodman over Diamond Dallas Page and Karl Malone. The second match was a culmination of a storyline involving several Tonight Show skits involving Jay Leno making fun of Hogan, which resulted in Hogan and Eric Bischoff taking over the show and Diamond Dallas Page coming to save the day. Hogan and Bischoff lost to Page and Leno thanks to interference from Kevin Eubanks.
Meanwhile, the feud between Scott Hall and Kevin Nash continued while Nash continued to defend the tag team championship with Sting. On the July 20 episode of Nitro, Hall and The Giant challenged the champions to a match for the tag team titles. Late in the match, Bret Hart, who had been feuding with Sting over the previous few weeks, came out in an attempt to attack Sting. Sting knocked Hart to the floor and climbed the turnbuckle to taunt him, but the momentary lapse in concentration enabled Hall to pin Sting to win the WCW World Tag Team Championship back to the black and white. nWo Hollywood added a new member to its ranks on the August 24 episode of Nitro when Stevie Ray joined their stable after turning on his brother, Booker T. A few weeks later, they lost a member when The Disciple officially joined O.W.N. and The Warrior on the September 21 episode of Nitro after being "kidnapped" by The Warrior in the previous weeks.
The feud between Hall and Nash culminated in a singles match at Halloween Havoc in October, where Hall earned a countout win when Nash left the ring after soundly assaulting Hall. Nash later stated that he didn't care about winning the match, he just wanted his friend back. On the same night, Hogan defeated The Warrior when Hogan's nephew, Horace, interfered and joined nWo Hollywood. Bret Hart defeated Wolfpac member Sting, injuring him and putting him out of action for around 6 months. This would be Sting's final appearance with nWo Wolfpac.
At World War 3, nWo Hollywood attacked Scott Hall and kicked him out of the group for disrespecting Hogan and Bischoff a few weeks earlier. Later that night in the main event, Kevin Nash won the 60-man battle royal and earned a WCW World Heavyweight Championship shot against the still-undefeated Goldberg. On the Thanksgiving episode of The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, nWo Hollywood leader Hollywood Hogan announced his retirement from professional wrestling and Scott Steiner went on to assume the leadership role in the nWo Hollywood faction. On the November 30 episode of Nitro, Dusty Rhodes was appointed, by Bischoff, to be "special guest referee" during the Barry Windham vs Dean Malenko match later that night, but during the match Rhodes turned on Windham & Bischoff and quit the nWo for good (which resulted in him getting kayfabe fired by Bischoff). At Starrcade, Nash handed Goldberg his first loss and won the WCW World Heavyweight Championship. Disco Inferno interfered in the match and Scott Hall shocked Goldberg with a taser, incapacitating him long enough for an oblivious Nash to hit the Jackknife Powerbomb and score the win.
On the first Nitro after Starrcade (December 28 episode), the main event would be between WCW/nWo president Eric Bischoff and WCW's franchise player Ric Flair. This was after months of feuding and weeks of demanding a match against Bischoff for the presidency of the company. Flair declared he would give up all his possessions if he lost. The match was made by Bischoff, who believed that Flair would not be able to compete after he had a kayfabe heart attack during a promo. Flair, despite interference by The Giant (which led to the shocking return of Savage, who assisted Flair and quit the nWo for good) defeated Bischoff in the match to become WCW president for 90 days, and Bischoff was relegated back to his old position as an on-air commentator. The ending of the match symbolized a new beginning for WCW heading into 1999 and appeared to be the possible conclusion to the nWo storyline.
nWo Elite and nWo B-Team
As 1999 began, the divided nWo factions were headed by world champion and de facto leader Nash, who was unhappy with Hall's actions at Starrcade, and Scott Steiner, who had taken over nWo Hollywood following Hogan's retirement in November. On the first Nitro of the new year, which took place at Atlanta's Georgia Dome on January 4, Nash and Goldberg were scheduled to face off in a Starrcade rematch as Nash had promised on the December 28 episode of Nitro. However, nWo Hollywood accused the former champion of stalking Miss Elizabeth and Goldberg was arrested and taken from the arena in handcuffs. Later that night, Hogan made his return to WCW for the first time since November 1998 and was challenged by the reigning champion. Hogan accepted Nash's request and took Goldberg's place in the main event. In the match, after the bell rang to begin the bout, Hogan poked Nash in the chest, after which Nash fell to the mat. Hogan covered Nash for the win and became champion again. After the win, Hogan celebrated in the ring with Nash, Hall, and Steiner, revealing that the entire nWo split was all a ruse, and the group had reunited under what would become known as the nWo Elite label.
While Hogan, Hall, Nash, Giant, Hennig, Steiner, Lex Luger, Konnan, Buff Bagwell, Disco Inferno, Eric Bischoff and Miss Elizabeth were part of the new "nWo Elite" and mostly wore the red and black colors of nWo Wolfpac, the undercard wrestlers in the nWo (The Giant, Curt Hennig, Horace Hogan, Stevie Ray, Brian Adams, Scott Norton, and Vincent) were still in the black and white colors of nWo Hollywood and were never officially assimilated back into the group. The nWo Elite quickly began to "trim the fat" by eliminating a few guys from the newly reunited nWo entirely (first, Konnan and The Giant were both [separately] kicked out on the January 11 episode of Nitro; and then Hennig was kicked out on the January 25 episode of Nitro). The subtractions of The Giant and Hennig from the nWo "black and white" left a short-lived group sardonically labeled the nWo B-Team by fans and commentators. This "B-Team" was a staple of WCW programming throughout 1999, and it officially consisted of Stevie Ray, Brian Adams, Vincent, Horace, and Scott Norton. Stevie Ray eventually became their leader after winning a 4-man Battle Royal match on the April 5 episode of Nitro (Norton was not present for this match).
End of the nWo era
The reunited nWo did not last long for either faction. The nWo Wolfpac Elite enjoyed initial success with Hogan as WCW World Heavyweight Champion, Steiner as World Television Champion, and Hall as United States Heavyweight Champion. However, the group would quickly be wrecked by injuries when Hall's foot was accidentally backed over by a car, putting him out of action (Hall was subsequently stripped of his title), while Luger suffered a torn biceps and, as a result, he and Miss Elizabeth went on hiatus. Hogan then dropped the WCW World Heavyweight Championship in a First Blood barbed wire steel cage match at Uncensored to Ric Flair, and Steiner lost the World Television Championship to Booker T after Buff Bagwell accidentally nailed him with a chair. Shortly after, Steiner assaulted Bagwell and threw him out of the group. Scott later reunited with his brother Rick, who interfered on Scott's behalf during his match with Bagwell at Slamboree in May 1999.
A month earlier, Hogan suffered a severe injury during a fatal four-way match (with Page, Flair and a returning Sting, with a returning Randy Savage as the special guest referee) at Spring Stampede for the WCW World Heavyweight Championship, which Diamond Dallas Page won, and was put out of action for three months. It has since been debated whether this injury was legitimate or not. Nash then began a rivalry with Page, who he blamed for causing Hogan's injury, and defeated him for the WCW Championship at Slamboree. Scott Steiner was forced to go on hiatus due to a back injury and was subsequently stripped of the United States Heavyweight Championship. Other minor members included Disco Inferno, David Flair, and Samantha. Inferno engaged in a feud with Konnan that ended with a loss to him at Spring Stampede (which was the quiet end of his membership), while Flair and Samantha were quietly removed from television following Hogan's title loss at Uncensored.
However, by that time, the nWo Elite had collapsed and no longer had any importance in WCW. As the year went on, the nWo Black and White (B-Team) members slowly began distancing themselves from each other. Stevie Ray left the group in July to reform Harlem Heat with his brother Booker T. Brian Adams was kicked out of the group on the August 16 episode of Nitro and vanished from WCW programming for some time, eventually returning and forming a tag team with Bryan Clark called KroniK. Scott Norton left WCW completely after the September 30 episode of Thunder and returned to Japan. Vincent left the group and joined The West Texas Rednecks alongside former nWo stablemates Curt Hennig and Barry Windham, changing his name to "Curly Bill" and later to "Shane" (as another slap at Vince McMahon). Horace Hogan would quietly go on his own after all of this.
Hogan and Nash also entered a feud before the end of the summer. Nash lost the WCW Championship in a tag team match at Bash at the Beach in July pitting him and Sting against Sid Vicious and Randy Savage as Savage pinned him. The next night, Hogan returned to Nitro and accepted a challenge from Savage for the championship; Nash interfered by hitting a Jacknife Powerbomb on Savage and gave Hogan the victory, but the next week Nash attacked Hogan during a match with Vicious and aligned himself with Vicious and Rick Steiner. Over the next few weeks, Hogan and Nash, along with Vicious and Steiner (on Nash's side) and Sting and a returning Goldberg (on Hogan's side) feuded with each other, culminating in a match at Road Wild where Hogan put his title and career on the line against Nash's career. Hogan returned to his red and yellow attire on Nitro shortly before, and subsequently dropped the "Hollywood" moniker from his name. Hogan won the match, thus forcing Nash to retire. Nash did continue to make appearances afterward, usually stirring up trouble backstage with Hall as his cohort.
nWo 2000
In late December 1999, Nash, Hall, Jeff Jarrett, and Bret Hart once again reformed the nWo, this time with the colors black and silver. Jeff Jarrett was often accompanied by the nWo girls (Midajah, Tylene Buck, April Hunter and Pamela Paulshock). Hall, Nash and Jarrett interfered on Hart's behalf in his match with Goldberg, causing Hart to win the vacant WCW World Heavyweight Championship. After Goldberg accidentally injured himself breaking the nWo's limousine windshield, Sid Vicious, Chris Benoit and Terry Funk were left to feud with the nWo.
Scott Steiner returned and rejoined the group after attacking Vicious. He later would be accompanied by the nWo girls. The Harris Brothers acted as the nWo's bodyguards before joining the group themselves. As nWo members, The Harris brothers would become WCW Tag Team Champions twice. Hart was forced to vacate the WCW World Heavyweight Championship and went on hiatus from WCW in mid-January due to an injury suffered in a match with Goldberg at Starrcade 1999.
At the following pay-per view Souled Out, Nash defeated Funk to become WCW commissioner, but his reign was cut short after he suffered a broken ankle and had to withdraw from WCW for a while. Jarrett won a title shot soon after, facing new WCW World Heavyweight Champion Sid Vicious at SuperBrawl 2000. However, Jarrett also feuded with fellow nWo member Scott Hall after Hall attempted to defeat Vicious and win the title himself. The match at Superbrawl was changed to a triple threat match between Hall, Jarrett and Vicious. Vicious won the match and Hall left WCW for good. Jarrett faced Vicious for the title again at Uncensored but lost. With the return of Eric Bischoff and Vince Russo in April, the nWo completely dismantled and Jarrett, Steiner and the Harris brothers joined The New Blood while the returning Nash joined The Millionaire's Club.
World Wrestling Federation / WWE (2002; 2014–present)
Debut and disbanding
After the WWF bought the WCW video library and trademarks in 2001, Vince McMahon brought in Hogan, Hall and Nash, the original nWo, at No Way Out in February 2002 as hired thugs in an attempt to "kill" the WWF so that McMahon would not have to share power with new WWF kayfabe co-owner Ric Flair. They began by targeting the company's two biggest stars, Stone Cold Steve Austin and The Rock. This rivalry led up to Scott Hall going against Austin, and Hogan going against The Rock at WrestleMania X8 (in matches which Hall and Hogan both lost). As a result of Hogan shaking hands with The Rock and getting a positive response from the crowd after his match at WrestleMania, he turned face and began feuding with Hall and Nash, with The Rock and Kane at his side on occasion, permanently leaving the nWo in the process. Hall and Nash then brought in former nWo member X-Pac on the March 21, 2002 episode of SmackDown! in Ottawa, Ontario.
On March 25, the nWo (now consisting of Nash, Hall, and X-Pac) was drafted by Ric Flair to the Raw brand despite rivaling against them. For the next two weeks, the nWo feuded with Kane until he was lured backstage by X-Pac and put out of action by having his head smashed against the floor with a chair. Following this, Nash was suspended for attacking Kane in storyline. In reality, Nash had injured his biceps and needed time off to recover. X-Pac would then begin wearing Kane's mask, taunting him on the fact that he put him out of action. Bradshaw, who had come to Kane's aid, fought Hall at Backlash, which Hall won with help from X-Pac. Big Show rejoined the nWo on the April 22 episode of Raw when Flair teamed him up with Austin, whom Big Show chokeslammed.
The nWo was shortly joined by Flair when he attacked Austin with a chair and Hall was ejected out of the group and fired from Raw for "repeatedly dropping the ball" on Austin. In actuality, Hall had asked for his release for personal reasons. Lacking members, Ric Flair would recruit Booker T and continued his feud with Austin. Austin defeated Big Show and Flair in a Handicap match at Judgment Day.
With Booker T now in the group, his partner Goldust attempted and failed many times to get in, with the rest of the members (X-Pac and Big Show) becoming frustrated at Booker T. With Nash returning and attempting to rebuild the nWo, he brought Shawn Michaels into the faction on the June 3 episode of Raw. Michaels then literally "kicked" Booker T out of the nWo a week later. Michaels, then in the midst of a four-year retirement from professional wrestling, became the first nWo member who had never wrestled in WCW.
On July 8, Nash returned to action on Raw, teaming up with Eddie Guerrero, X-Pac, Big Show, and Chris Benoit to take on Booker T, Goldust, Bubba Ray Dudley, Spike Dudley, and Rob Van Dam. Seconds after tagging in for the first time, Nash tore his quadriceps after delivering a big boot onto Booker T, immediately putting him back on the injured list. On the following Raw on July 15, Vince McMahon came out to the ring to the entrance of the nWo music and made the announcement that the group was officially disbanded as Eric Bischoff became Raw General Manager later that night. Afterwards, the nWo storyline was stopped, and the remaining members drifted apart. Michaels returned to active competition within weeks, Big Show was eventually traded to the SmackDown! brand, and X-Pac was released from his contract.
Sporadic appearances
The August 11, 2014 episode of Raw, which aired on Hulk Hogan's 61st birthday, featured Scott Hall and Kevin Nash as guests. The two came out to the nWo music, dressed in nWo attire and shared a moment with Hogan, who revealed an nWo shirt hidden under his "Hulk Rules" shirt. They were interrupted by Brock Lesnar, who told Hogan, "Party's over, grandpa". Lesnar backed out of the ring after being confronted by John Cena, his opponent at SummerSlam.
On the January 19, 2015 episode of Raw, X-Pac, Scott Hall, and Kevin Nash came out for a survey segment. They were interrupted by The Ascension, who were then beaten down by the nWo, The APA, and The New Age Outlaws. On March 29 at WrestleMania 31, Hogan, Nash, and Hall returned to assist their long-time rival Sting in his WrestleMania debut match against Triple H. The nWo helped to fight off D-Generation X (X-Pac, Billy Gunn and Road Dogg), who had interfered on behalf of Triple H. Shawn Michaels later joined Triple H's side, turning the match in his favor, and Triple H would go on to win the match.
On April 7, 2019 at WrestleMania 35, Nash and Hall appeared as doctors during a backstage segment with Alexa Bliss, Michael Che, and Colin Jost. On July 22, 2019, during WWE Raw Reunion, Hall and Nash appeared as an aid to Seth Rollins and D-Generation X to confront The O.C. Hogan, Hall, Nash, and X-Pac then appeared at WrestleMania 37 (the night after the group's induction into the WWE Hall of Fame) in a backstage segment with Bayley and Titus O'Neil.
Appearances outside WWE (2018–present)
The nWo appeared in a Heavy on Wrestling (HOW) show on August 18, 2018 during a match between X-Pac and Arik Cannon vs. Darin Corbin and Ryan Cruz. Near the end of the match, Scott Hall and Kevin Nash inducted Cannon as a first new (albeit unofficial) member of the nWo in nearly a decade with Eric Bischoff appearing at the event. On October 19, 2018, the nWo (Buff Bagwell, Scott Norton and Syxx) competed against the No New Friends at the Glory Pro Wrestling #Unsanctioned event. The original nWo (Hall, Hogan and Nash) reunited in the 2Sweet nWo Reunion Tour in Orlando on October 27, 2018. In Uncasville, Connecticut, the nWo held its reunion show at the Mohegan Sun Arena on March 2, 2019.
Legacy
In 1997, the nWo had their own pay-per-view event called Souled Out. It was practice for WCW events to have co-brand naming (see WCW/nWo Starrcade) from January 24, 1998 to March 14, 1999. The WCW World Heavyweight Championship occasionally received this co-branding as well, particularly in ring introductions performed by Michael Buffer.
The nWo has inspired many parody factions like Stevie Richards' bWo and Eddie Guerrero's Latino World Order. During his time in Juggalo Championship Wrestling (JCW), Hall, along with Corporal Robinson and the Insane Clown Posse formed the Juggalo World Order at JCW's Evansville Invasion on October 6, 2007. To date, fellow nWo alumni Sean Waltman and Kevin Nash have joined this faction for occasional matches.
The group's main logo has been parodied in various WWE merchandise for various wrestlers and groups, such as Randy Orton's "rKo" shirt, WWE NXTs "nXt: next generation" shirt, and Santos Escobar's LdF shirt.
The nWo had major crossover appeal in its heyday. Football teams such as the New York Jets and the Jacksonville Jaguars were selling jWo (Jets World Order and Jaguar World Order respectively) shirts at NFL games in 1998. In that same year, Sin City Productions released a pornographic film called Nude World Order. The wrestling-themed Japanese manga Kinnikuman featured a stable called the dMp (standing for Demon Making Plant).
When Hulk Hogan joined Total Nonstop Action Wrestling in January 2010, Hall, Nash and Waltman (all of whom had been with the company previously) began to appear as The Band, a group whose name was a reference to the 2000 incarnation of the nWo's "the band is back together" slogan. The group used a version of the Wolfpac theme as its entrance music. It disbanded within the year.
Current New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) stable Bullet Club takes some of its gestures and mannerisms from the nWo like the "too sweet" hand gesture as an homage, and have been considered the stable that most closely resembles the nWo since its inception.
The nWo logo has even made an appearance in college football. When Jacob Peeler was hired as receivers coach at the University of Mississippi (also known as Ole Miss) before the 2017 season, he sought an identity for his group and came up with "Nasty Wide Outs", creating a wrestling-style championship belt with the original nWo logo affixed to it. Ever since, the Ole Miss nWo belt has been displayed on the sidelines by every receiver who has caught a touchdown pass and awarded after each game to a receiver seen by Peeler as deserving of the title belt.
On December 9, 2019, WWE announced that the nWo, consisting of Hogan, Hall, Nash, and Waltman, would be inductees into the WWE Hall of Fame Class of 2020. On the January 29, 2020 edition of Chris Jericho's podcast Talk Is Jericho, Scott Hall stated that he felt Eric Bischoff should also be inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame as a member of the nWo. Jericho agreed, noting Bischoff's vital on-and-off screen role with the group, and suggested that he was not being inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame as an nWo member was due to ongoing "residual heat". However, Bischoff was eventually inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame as part of the class of 2021.
On March 14, 2022, Scott Hall, the very first member of the nWo, died at the age of 63.
List of incarnations and members
Championships and accomplishments
New Japan Pro-Wrestling
IWGP Heavyweight Championship (3 times) – Masahiro Chono (1), Scott Norton (1), The Great Muta (1)
IWGP Tag Team Championship (3 times) – Masahiro Chono and The Great Muta (1), Masahiro Chono and Hiroyoshi Tenzan (1), Hiroyoshi Tenzan and Satoshi Kojima (1)
Super Grade Tag League (1997) – Masahiro Chono and The Great Muta
Super Grade Tag League (1998) – The Great Muta and Satoshi Kojima
G1 Tag League (1999) – The Great Muta and Scott Norton
Nikkan Sports
Match of the Year (1999) – Keiji Mutoh vs. Genichiro Tenryu on May 3 at Strong Energy – Tag 14
Outstanding Performance (1998) – Keiji Mutoh
Technique Award (1997) – The Great Muta
Wrestler of the Year (1997) – Masahiro Chono
Wrestler of the Year (1999) – Keiji Mutoh
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
Comeback of the Year (2002) – Hollywood Hulk Hogan
Feud of the Year (1996) – Eric Bischoff vs. Vince McMahon
Feud of the Year (1997) – Randy Savage vs. Diamond Dallas Page
Match of the Year (2002) – Hollywood Hulk Hogan vs. The Rock on March 17 at WrestleMania X8
Most Hated Wrestler of the Year (1996, 1998) – Hollywood Hogan
Most Inspirational Wrestler of the Year (1999) – Hollywood Hogan
Rookie of the Year (1996) – The Giant
Tag Team of the Year (1997) – Kevin Nash and Scott Hall
Wrestler of the Year (1996) – The Giant
Tokyo Sports
Match of the Year (1999) – Keiji Mutoh vs. Genichiro Tenryu on May 3 at Strong Energy – Tag 14
Outstanding Performance (1998) – Keiji Mutoh
Wrestler of the Year (1997) – Masahiro Chono
Wrestler of the Year (1999) – Keiji Mutoh
World Championship Wrestling
WCW Cruiserweight Championship (1 time) – Syxx
WCW United States Heavyweight Championship (6 times) – Curt Hennig (1), Lex Luger (1), Scott Hall (1), Scott Steiner (1), Jeff Jarrett (2)
WCW World Heavyweight Championship (8 times) – Hollywood Hogan (4), Kevin Nash (2), Randy Savage (1), Bret Hart (1)
WCW World Tag Team Championship (11 times) – Kevin Nash and Scott Hall (6)2, Sting and The Giant (1), Sting and Kevin Nash (1), Scott Hall and The Giant (1), Ron and Don Harris (2)
WCW World Television Championship (2 times) – Konnan (1), Scott Steiner (1)
World War 3 (3 times)
The Giant (1996)
Scott Hall (1997)
Kevin Nash (1998)
World Wrestling Entertainment/WWE
WWE Hardcore Championship (1 time) – Big Show
WWE Hall of Fame (Class of 2020) – Hogan, Hall, Nash, and Waltman
Wrestling Observer Newsletter
Best Box Office Draw (1997) – Hollywood Hogan
Best Gimmick (1996) – nWo
Feud of the Year (1996) New World Order vs. World Championship Wrestling
Most Embarrassing Wrestler (1996, 1998–1999) – Hulk/Hollywood Hogan
Readers' Least Favorite Wrestler (1996–2000) – Hollywood Hogan (1996–1999), Kevin Nash (2000)
Rookie of the Year (1996) – The Giant
Worst Match of the Year (1997) – Hollywood Hogan vs. Roddy Piper on February 23 at SuperBrawl VII
Worst Match of the Year (1998) – Hollywood Hogan vs. The Warrior on October 25 at Halloween Havoc
Worst Wrestler (1997, 1999–2000) – Hollywood Hogan (1997), Kevin Nash (1999–2000)
1 As part of the New World Order (nWo) storyline, the title was spray painted each time with the "nWo" initials and renamed as the nWo/WCW World Heavyweight Championship, while referred to by nWo members only as the nWo World Heavyweight Championship.
2 During one of their reigns, the nWo invoked "Wolfpac Rules" and named Syxx a co-champion due to a legitimate injury to Nash.
Media
nWo 4 Life! (June 1, 1999, VHS)
nWo: Back in Black (May 28, 2002, VHS and DVD)
nWo: The Revolution (November 6, 2012, DVD and Blu-ray)
References
External links
Official Site (Archive)
New World Order (Original)
New World Order (Japan)
New World Order (Hollywood)
New World Order (Wolfpac)
New World Order (Elite)
New World Order (Black and White)
New World Order (2000)
New World Order (WWF/WWE)
World Championship Wrestling teams and stables
WWE teams and stables
WWE Hall of Fame team inductees
Hulk Hogan
New Japan Pro-Wrestling teams and stables
Wrestling Observer Newsletter award winners |
The Twilight People is a 1972 Filipino-American horror film directed by Eddie Romero. It was produced by Romero and John Ashley, and written by Romero and Jerome Small. It stars Ashley and features, in an early film appearance, Pam Grier in a supporting role.
Plot
While diving, Matt Farrell (Ashley) is kidnapped by Neva Gordon (Pat Woodell) and Steinman (Jan Merlin) and taken to an island where Neva's father Dr. Gordon (Charles Macaulay) is experimenting, trying to make a "super race" by combining humans and animals. Dr. Gordon wants Farrell to be one of his upcoming experiments, but Neva begins to doubt her fathers' work following a botched experiment on another test subject and falling in love with Farrell. She decides to help Farrell and the animal people escape. Steinman and his men hunt them down.
Cast
John Ashley as Matt Farrell
Pat Woodell as Neva Gordon
Jan Merlin as Steinman
Charles Macaulay as Dr. Gordon
Pam Grier as Ayesa the Panther Woman
Ken Metcalf as Kuzma the Antelope Man
Tony Gosalvez as Darmo the Bat Man
Kim Ramos as Primo the Ape Man
Mona Morena as Lupa the Wolf Woman
Eddie Garcia as Juan Pereira
Angel Buenaventura as Angel
Production
Director Romero had previously produced 1959's Terror Is a Man, closely based on H. G. Wells' The Island of Doctor Moreau, and returned to the same subject matter with The Twilight People, although neither film acknowledged their source material.
The film, which is also known as Island of the Twilight People, was originally made for New World Pictures, then run by Roger Corman and Lawrence Woolner. Corman, Wollner and actor/producer Ashley had previously worked together on Beast of the Yellow Night, The Big Doll House and The Woman Hunt. They came up the idea of making a new modern-day version of the Wells classic over lunch one day. Ashley said that they wrote the script and started filming one month after the initial lunch.
When Corman and Woolner decided to dissolve their partnership, Woolner took Twilight People to his new distribution company, Dimension Pictures. The film's budget was . The Philippines-based production company, Four Star Associates, Ltd., was owned by Romero. The film was shot by Fredy Conde and edited by Ben Barcelon; Ariston Avelino and Tito Arevalo handled the score.
Make-up was created by Tony Arteida. "It was not time consuming," recalled Ashley. "We never seemed to be waiting for the makeup to be put on. And I remember when I first saw the film, I thought, jeez it worked better than I thought when we were doing it."
Merlin, who played one of the villains, said Ashley asked him to dye his head blonde to differentiate him from Ashley, who had brown hair. Filming took place at a studio in Manila and on location in Teresa.
Ashley considered the film to be one of his favorites, saying, "It was a lot of fun to do and there weren't a lot of problems on it."
Release
The Twilight People was released in April 1972 at a runtime of 84 minutes.
Reception
Playing double- and triple-bills at drive-in movie theaters, The Twilight People was a popular film. The film "did real well real quick," said Ashley.
References
Notes
Bibliography
Weaver, Tom (1988) "Interview with John Ashley" in Interviews with B Science Fiction and Horror Movie Makers: Writers, Producers, Directors, Actors, Moguls and Makeup, McFarland.
External links
The Twilight People at Grindhouse Database
Trailer at Internet Archive
1972 films
1972 horror films
American science fiction horror films
Films directed by Eddie Romero
Films set on islands
Films shot in the Philippines
Mad scientist films
Philippine science fiction horror films
Dimension Pictures films
1970s English-language films
1970s American films |
```java
package com.ctrip.xpipe.redis.checker.healthcheck.actions.interaction;
import com.ctrip.xpipe.api.foundation.FoundationService;
import com.ctrip.xpipe.api.lifecycle.Startable;
import com.ctrip.xpipe.api.lifecycle.Stoppable;
import com.ctrip.xpipe.concurrent.AbstractExceptionLogTask;
import com.ctrip.xpipe.observer.AbstractObservable;
import com.ctrip.xpipe.redis.checker.healthcheck.RedisHealthCheckInstance;
import com.ctrip.xpipe.redis.checker.healthcheck.actions.delay.DelayConfig;
import com.ctrip.xpipe.redis.checker.healthcheck.actions.interaction.event.*;
import com.ctrip.xpipe.utils.DateTimeUtils;
import com.ctrip.xpipe.utils.VisibleForTesting;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledFuture;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicReference;
import java.util.function.IntSupplier;
/**
* @author wenchao.meng
* <p>
* May 04, 2017
*/
public class HealthStatus extends AbstractObservable implements Startable, Stoppable {
protected static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(HealthStatus.class);
public static long UNSET_TIME = -1L;
private AtomicLong lastPongTime = new AtomicLong(UNSET_TIME);
private AtomicLong lastHealthDelayTime = new AtomicLong(UNSET_TIME);
private AtomicReference<HEALTH_STATE> state = new AtomicReference<>(HEALTH_STATE.UNKNOWN);
protected RedisHealthCheckInstance instance;
protected final IntSupplier delayDownAfterMilli;
protected final IntSupplier instanceLongDelayMilli;
protected final IntSupplier pingDownAfterMilli;
protected final IntSupplier healthyDelayMilli;
private final ScheduledExecutorService scheduled;
private ScheduledFuture<?> future;
protected static final String currentDcId = FoundationService.DEFAULT.getDataCenter();
protected static Logger delayLogger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(HealthStatus.class.getName() + ".delay");
public HealthStatus(RedisHealthCheckInstance instance, ScheduledExecutorService scheduled){
this.instance = instance;
this.scheduled = scheduled;
this.pingDownAfterMilli = ()->instance.getHealthCheckConfig().pingDownAfterMilli();
this.instanceLongDelayMilli = ()->instance.getHealthCheckConfig().instanceLongDelayMilli();
this.delayDownAfterMilli = () -> {
DelayConfig delayConfig = instance.getHealthCheckConfig().getDelayConfig(instance.getCheckInfo().getClusterId(), currentDcId, instance.getCheckInfo().getDcId());
return delayConfig.getClusterLevelDelayDownAfterMilli() > 0 ? delayConfig.getClusterLevelDelayDownAfterMilli() : delayConfig.getDcLevelDelayDownAfterMilli();};
this.healthyDelayMilli = () -> {
DelayConfig delayConfig = instance.getHealthCheckConfig().getDelayConfig(instance.getCheckInfo().getClusterId(), currentDcId, instance.getCheckInfo().getDcId());
return delayConfig.getClusterLevelHealthyDelayMilli() > 0 ? delayConfig.getClusterLevelHealthyDelayMilli() : delayConfig.getDcLevelHealthyDelayMilli();};
checkParam();
}
private void checkParam() {
if(this.delayDownAfterMilli.getAsInt() < this.pingDownAfterMilli.getAsInt()) {
logger.error("Ping-Down-After-Milli must smaller than Delay-Down-After-Milli");
}
}
@Override
public void start() {
checkDown();
}
@Override
public void stop() {
if(future != null) {
future.cancel(true);
}
}
private void checkDown() {
if(future != null){
future.cancel(true);
}
future = scheduled.scheduleWithFixedDelay(new CheckDownTask(),
0, instance.getHealthCheckConfig().checkIntervalMilli(), TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
}
protected class CheckDownTask extends AbstractExceptionLogTask {
@Override
protected Logger getLogger() {
return HealthStatus.logger;
}
@Override
protected void doRun() throws Exception {
if(shouldNotRun()) {
logger.debug("[last unhealthy time < 0, break]{}, {}", instance, lastHealthDelayTime);
return;
}
healthStatusUpdate();
}
}
protected boolean shouldNotRun() {
return lastHealthDelayTime.get() < 0 && lastPongTime.get() < 0;
}
void loading() {
HEALTH_STATE preState = state.get();
if(preState.equals(preState.afterPingFail())) {
return;
}
if(state.compareAndSet(preState, preState.afterPingFail())) {
logStateChange(preState, state.get());
}
if(state.get().shouldNotifyMarkDown() && preState.isToDownNotify()) {
logger.info("[setLoading] {}", this);
notifyObservers(new InstanceLoading(instance));
}
}
void pong(){
lastPongTime.set(System.currentTimeMillis());
setPingUp();
}
void pongInit() {
if (lastPongTime.get() == UNSET_TIME) {
lastPongTime.set(System.currentTimeMillis());
}
}
void delay(long delayMilli, long...srcShardDbId){
//first time
lastHealthDelayTime.compareAndSet(UNSET_TIME, System.currentTimeMillis());
delayLogger.debug("{}, {}", instance.getCheckInfo().getHostPort(), delayMilli);
if(delayMilli >= 0 && delayMilli <= healthyDelayMilli.getAsInt()){
lastHealthDelayTime.set(System.currentTimeMillis());
setDelayUp();
}
}
@VisibleForTesting
protected void healthStatusUpdate() {
long currentTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
// check ping down first, as ping has highest priority
if(lastPongTime.get() != UNSET_TIME) {
long pingDownTime = currentTime - lastPongTime.get();
final int pingDownAfter = pingDownAfterMilli.getAsInt();
if (pingDownTime > pingDownAfter) {
setPingDown();
} else if (pingDownTime >= pingDownAfter / 2) {
setPingHalfDown();
}
}
// check delay then
if(lastHealthDelayTime.get() == UNSET_TIME) {
return;
}
long delayDownTime = currentTime - lastHealthDelayTime.get();
final int delayDownAfter = delayDownAfterMilli.getAsInt();
final int instanceLongDelay = instanceLongDelayMilli.getAsInt();
if ( delayDownTime > delayDownAfter) {
setDelayDown();
}else if(delayDownTime >= instanceLongDelay){
setDelayHalfDown();
}
}
private void setDelayUp() {
HEALTH_STATE preState = state.get();
state.compareAndSet(preState, preState.afterDelaySuccess());
markUpIfNecessary(preState, state.get());
}
private void setPingUp() {
HEALTH_STATE preState = state.get();
state.compareAndSet(preState, preState.afterPingSuccess());
markUpIfNecessary(preState, state.get());
}
private void setDelayHalfDown() {
HEALTH_STATE preState = state.get();
if (preState.equals(preState.afterDelayHalfFail())) {
return;
}
if(state.compareAndSet(preState, preState.afterDelayHalfFail())) {
logStateChange(preState, state.get());
notifyObservers(new InstanceLongDelay(instance));
}
}
private void setDelayDown() {
HEALTH_STATE preState = state.get();
if (preState.equals(preState.afterDelayFail())) {
return;
}
if(state.compareAndSet(preState, preState.afterDelayFail())) {
logStateChange(preState, state.get());
}
if(state.get().shouldNotifyMarkDown() && preState.isToDownNotify()){
logger.info("[setSick]{}", this);
notifyObservers(new InstanceSick(instance));
}
}
private void setPingHalfDown() {
HEALTH_STATE preState = state.get();
if(preState.equals(preState.afterPingHalfFail())) {
return;
}
if(state.compareAndSet(preState, preState.afterPingHalfFail())) {
logStateChange(preState, state.get());
}
}
private void setPingDown() {
HEALTH_STATE preState = state.get();
if(preState.equals(preState.afterPingFail())) {
return;
}
if(state.compareAndSet(preState, preState.afterPingFail())) {
logStateChange(preState, state.get());
}
if(state.get().shouldNotifyMarkDown() && preState.isToDownNotify()) {
logger.info("[setDown] {}", this);
notifyObservers(new InstanceDown(instance));
}
}
protected void markUpIfNecessary(HEALTH_STATE pre, HEALTH_STATE cur) {
logStateChange(pre, cur);
if(cur.shouldNotifyMarkup() && pre.isToUpNotify()) {
logger.info("[markUpIfNecessary]{} {}->{}", this, pre, cur);
notifyObservers(new InstanceUp(instance));
}
}
protected void logStateChange(HEALTH_STATE pre, HEALTH_STATE cur) {
if(pre.equals(cur)) {
return;
}
logger.debug("[state-change][{}] {} -> {}", this, pre, cur);
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return String.format("%s lastPong:%s lastHealthDelay:%s", instance.getCheckInfo(),
DateTimeUtils.timeAsString(lastPongTime.get()),
DateTimeUtils.timeAsString(lastHealthDelayTime.get()));
}
public HEALTH_STATE getState() {
return state.get();
}
public long getLastPongTime() {
return lastPongTime.get();
}
public long getLastHealthyDelayTime() {
return lastHealthDelayTime.get();
}
}
``` |
The following is a list of minor fictional characters in the Scottish BBC drama TV series Monarch of the Glen.
Lancelot Fleming
Lancelot Fleming, played by Simon Slater, comes to Glenbogle on behalf of Lascelles Bank to close the Glenbogle Estate down after their huge debts. But Laird Archie MacDonald has different ideas, he gets housekeeper Lexie McTavish to use her looks and charm to convert Fleming's feelings about Glenbogle. Although Duncan McKay attempted to kill and drown Fleming, Lexie's flirting skills made Fleming give Archie more time to repay the banks debts. He returned later on in the series, and along with Duncan he was devastated to find that Archie shared a bed with Lexie in a train on the way back to Glenbogle from London. They all made up and in the next series Fleming and his fellow bank managers came to Glenbogle and went through a test of physicality. Fleming kissed Lexie and planned to leave his job as a bank manager to pursue his dream of professional piano playing. But, as Mary, one of the competitors, revealed her identity as new division manager, Fleming was offered a promotion as her second in the division of Domestic Banking at Lascelles.
Series Details
Series 1 - Episodes 2 and 8
Series 2 - Episode 1
PC Callum McIntyre
PC Callum McIntyre, played by Gavin Mitchell, is the local police officer for Glenbogle, and the son of Molly MacDonald's brother Jolyon. PC Callum has dealt with Hector MacDonald, Lord Kilwillie and Donald MacDonald many times. He has also arrested Duncan McKay and Molly MacDonald once.
Series Details
Series 3, Episodes 9 and 10.
Series 5, Episodes 2 and 3.
Series 6, Episodes 2, 5, 6 and 9.
Series 7, Unknown, UNCONFIRMED.
Badger
Badger, played by Angus Lennie, is Kilwillie's loyal valet. He helps Lord Kilwillie with clothes, baths and meals. Badger is a big supporter of toys in baths such as rubber ducks and rubber army boats. Lady Dorothy dismissed Badger at the end of series five.
Series Details
Series 4, Episodes 1, 2, 7 and 10.
Series 5, Episodes 2 and 3.
Maureen MacLean
Maureen MacLean, played by Carole Cassidy, is a teacher at the Glenbogle School. She was nearly dismissed by headteacher Katrina Finlay when the school was due to be closed down.
Series Details
Series 1, Episodes 1–2.
Series 2, Episodes 4 and 7.
Elizabeth 'Lizzie' MacDonald
Abigail Cruttenden / Hilary Maclean / Saskia Wickham
Elizabeth 'Lizzie' MacDonald is the daughter of Hector and Molly MacDonald. She is known in Monarch of the Glen for her rows with her brother Archie MacDonald. She had a daughter in series two, whom she called Martha MacDonald after her father's mother - Martha. In series five she returned to Glenbogle and persuaded Archie to climb a mountain in Nepal with her in honour of their late father. Archie accepted but had to temporarily leave his wife Lexie MacDonald behind.
Family Details
Father - Hector MacDonald
Mother - Molly MacDonald
Brothers - Archie MacDonald, Jamie MacDonald and Paul Bowman-MacDonald (half-brother)
Daughter - Martha MacDonald
Episode Details
Series 1 - Episode 5 (Abigail Cruttenden)
Series 2 - Episode 7 (Hilary Maclean)
Series 5 - Episode 6 (Saskia Wickham)
Martha MacDonald
Martha MacDonald is the young daughter of Lizzie MacDonald. Martha is named after her great-grandmother - Martha. When at Glenbogle she plays with the ghillie Golly Mackenzie, and the Head Ranger Duncan McKay. Martha appeared in two episodes - series two, episode seven as a baby and series five, episode six as a toddler.
Family Details
Mother - Lizzie MacDonald
Grandfather - Hector MacDonald
Grandmother - Molly MacDonald
Uncles - Archie MacDonald, Jamie MacDonald and Paul Bowman (half-uncle)
Aunt - Lexie MacDonald
Jamie MacDonald
James 'Jamie' MacDonald is only ever seen in flashbacks and pictures in the series, and in the flashbacks he is played by an unknown actor.
Jamie, the eldest son of Hector MacDonald and Molly MacDonald, drowned as a teenager. Jamie and his brother Archie were playing with their dog on a boat in the loch when Archie started to rock the boat, the dog fell in and Jamie went in after it. The dog survived, but Jamie got caught in reeds underwater and eventually drowned. The police looked in the loch for six hours for him, and eventually found the dead teenager.
Jamie was seen in flashbacks in Series 1, Episode 3 and Series 4, Episode 4.
Family Details
Father - Hector MacDonald
Mother - Molly MacDonald
Brothers - Archie MacDonald and Paul Bowman (half-brother)
Sister - Lizzie MacDonald
Uncles - Donald MacDonald and Jolyon
Alex Faversham
Alex Faversham, played by Steven Elder, was Paul Bowman's army officer until Paul left the army. Alex joined the Ministry of Defence, and when a World War II fighter plane was found in the loch at Glenbogle, Alex thought it to be a great idea to take up the mission whilst seeing how Paul was. Alex tries his hardest to stick to the mission, and bets Paul he can find the pilot of the plane before Paul can. Neither of them find him/her until Isobel Anderson's friend Irvine Taylor owns up. Alex quits his job at the MOD, and becomes estate factor at Glenbogle, trying to make everything more traditional, like Laird Paul wearing old clothes, Ewan and Jess respecting the Laird. No-one likes these changes, especially Isobel, who has Alex planning to cut down all the trees on her farm. Isobel and Alex kiss, but Isobel finds out about the trees and leaves him. Alex leaves Glenbogle admitting Paul was always better in the army than him, and that Paul is a natural leader.
Series Details
Series 6, Episodes 4 and 5.
Pamela Morton
Pamela Morton (née McAlpine), played by Aline Mowat, is the mother of Lexie MacDonald. Pamela has been married several times. First of all to Alec McTavish, with whom she had Lexie. and also Eric Morton, the millionaire she is currently married to. In series two Pamela found out about Archie's new marriage facilities at Glenbogle and eventually married Eric. In series three Pamela returned to Glenbogle for Lexie and Archie's wedding. However Pamela tried taking over the ceremony and Lexie asked her to keep out of it, and things got even worse when Pamela offered to pay the late Hector MacDonald's death duties. Archie accepted the offer making Lexie unhappy, and she ran away. But in the end (after a car/bus chase) Archie and Lexie decided to stay together. Pamela has not appeared since.
Series Details
Series 2, Episode 6.
Series 3, Episode 11.
Harold Xavier
Harold is a good friend of Hector and Molly MacDonald. When Harold visited Glenbogle to do some work on his family tree, it was revealed that 'H' at the Big House was the father of local school headteacher Katrina Finlay, it was presumed that Hector was the father of Katrina. But all was revealed when the Laird Archie MacDonald visited an island with Katrina, and Harold revealed he was the father of Katrina. Katrina decided she didn't need another father, so she decided that Harold could be her uncle.
Fergal MacClure
Fergal MacClure, played by Jason O'Mara, beats off competition from Golly Mackenzie and Duncan McKay for the head ranger job and beats Archie MacDonald to the heart of Katrina Finlay. At the end of the series, Fergal got a job in New Zealand, and Katrina decided to go with him. But on the train to Edinburgh, Katrina got off the train and ran back to Glenbogle, breaking Fergal's heart. Fergal ran back to Glenbogle to try and sort things out with Katrina, but he could not find her. Even without Katrina, Fergal wanted the job in New Zealand and carried on his journey.
Series details
Series 2: episodes 2-7
Jackie MacIntyre
Played by Robert Fyfe, his only appearance in Monarch of the Glen was in series six, episode six. Jackie is an elderly good friend of Donald MacDonald and used to be part of Donald's car crew when they were young. Jackie came to Glenbogle in series six for his stag-do, but realises he is too old. Jackie, Donald and nineteen-year-old chef Ewan Brodie go to party at the Ghillie's Rest, but get a bit bored and end up at dancing at Meg Paterson's dancing class! Jackie started to torment Donald about not having a girlfriend or wife, and the fact that it was Donald who was the famous one, and that he wasn't a very good driver anyway. Ewan sorted Jackie out, and they all became friends again. Jackie left Glenbogle a married man.
Zoë
Zoë is a fictional character in the Scottish BBC drama TV Series Monarch of the Glen. Zoë is played by Scottish actress Kari Corbett.
Zoë is the barmaid at The Ghillie's Rest - a pub in Glenbogle. Local lad Ewan Brodie took a fancy to Zoë before the karaoke evening at the Ghillie's Rest and she took a fancy back!
Alan Smythe
Alan Smythe is a fictional character in the BBC TV series Monarch of the Glen. Alan is played by Scottish actor Paul Goodwin.
Alan arrives at ex-girlfriend Katrina Finlay's house in order to win back her heart, but she has already taken a fancy to Laird Archie MacDonald. Alan took care of Katrina's case about her father - 'H'. But he became too formal and Katrina dealt with the matter herself. In order to ruin her chances with Archie, Alan ruins the annual Glenbogle Ball. However, after this Katrina chucks Alan out. Alan returned to Glenbogle and helped Katrina with her local election campaign, and whilst in a drunken state he proposed to her.
Series details
Series 1, Episodes 3–4, 7-8
Catriona
Catriona is a fictional character in the TV series Monarch of the Glen. Catriona is played by Ruth Millar. Catriona came to Glenbogle in order to take Glenbogle off the hands of Paul Bowman-MacDonald and Molly MacDonald in order to have it for her astronaut husband and herself.
Series details
Series 7: unknown episodes
Monarch of the Glen characters
Monarch of the Glen |
Jenningstown was a shantytown in Atlanta built on the top of, and around, what was then known as Diamond Hill in the First Ward. Atlanta University was built on the summit, opening in 1869. Its population shortly after the Civil War was 2,490, all black except for some white missionaries living there. It had rough roads and an inadequate water supply. Jenningstown is mentioned into the 20th century, though its boundaries were described as loosely defined; Beaver Slide was its southern border.
References
African-American history in Atlanta
Former shantytowns and slums in Atlanta
1869 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state) |
Muzaffer Yönet (born 18 June 1997) is a Turkish male volleyball player.
He is part of the Turkey men's national volleyball team. On club level he plays for Galatasaray.
Club career
On 16 August 2023, he signed a new 2-year contract with Galatasaray.
References
External links
Player profile at Galatasaray.org
Player profile at Volleybox.net
Player profile at CEV.eu
1997 births
Living people
Turkish men's volleyball players
Galatasaray S.K. (men's volleyball) players
Arkas Spor volleyball players |
Treasures Untold is the title of a live recording by Doc Watson & Family, recorded at the 1964 Newport Folk Festival. It includes four duets with Clarence White. Watson's son, Merle, was 15 years old at the time of the recording. He later performed numerous concerts and on recordings with his father.
It was released on CD in 1991 by Vanguard.
Reception
Writing for Allmusic, music critic Thom Owen wrote the album "At the concert, Doc Watson and his family were in fine form, breathing life into a number of old-timey songs, ranging from ballads to folk songs to gospel. It's an exciting, affectionate performance, highlighted by four duets with Clarence White."
Track listing
All tracks Traditional unless otherwise noted.
"Introduction" – 3:16
"Lights in the Valley" – 3:49
"Beaumont Rag" – 1:23
"I Heard My Mother Weeping" – 3:31
"Billy in the Low Ground" – 1:36
"Omie Wise" – 4:20
"Reuben's Train" – 2:49
"Hicks' Farewell" – 4:00
"Rambling Hobo" – 1:41
"White House Blues" – 1:38
"Jimmy Sutton/The Old Buck Ram" – :58
"I Want to Love Him More" – 2:35
"Grandfather's Clock" (Henry Clay Work) – 1:39
"Chinese Breakdown" – 1:08
"Handsome Molly" – 2:21
Duets with Clarence White:
"Beaumont Rag" – 1:58
"Farewell Blues" – 1:59
"Lonesome Road Blues" – 1:16
"Footprints in the Snow" – 2:13
Personnel
Doc Watson – guitar, banjo, harmonica, autoharp, vocals
Gaither Carlton – banjo, fiddle, flute, vocals
Arnold Watson – banjo, vocals
Clarence White - guitar
Merle Watson – guitar
Mrs. General Dixon Watson – vocals
Rosa Lee Watson – vocals
Production notes
Mary Katherine Aldin – liner notes, compilation producer
Georgette Cartwright – pre-production coordinator
Kent Crawford – compilation executive producer
Al Maxwell – photography
Susanne Smolka – design
Captain Jeff Zaraya – mixing, compilation engineer
References
1964 live albums
Doc Watson live albums
Vanguard Records live albums |
The Sri Lanka cricket team toured Australia in February 2017 to play three Twenty20 International (T20Is) matches. Cricket Australia confirmed the venues in August 2016 with the tour starting in Melbourne, before heading to the first-ever international cricket match to be held at Kardinia Park, Geelong with the final T20 to be held at Adelaide Oval. With both Steve Smith and David Warner unavailable due to the scheduling of the series against India, Aaron Finch was named as Australia's captain for the series. Sri Lanka's T20I captain Angelo Mathews was unavailable for the tour, after suffering a hamstring injury during the second T20I against South Africa in January 2017.
Ahead of the T20I series, there was a twenty-over tour match between Prime Minister's XI and Sri Lanka. Adam Voges captained the Prime Minister's XI side in his last international match before he retired. In the T20I series, Sri Lanka won the three-match T20I series 2–1.
Squads
Australia's Chris Lynn was injured prior to the series and was replaced by Ben Dunk.
Tour match
20-over match: Prime Minister's XI v Sri Lanka
T20I series
1st T20I
2nd T20I
3rd T20I
References
External links
Series home at ESPN Cricinfo
2017 in Australian cricket
2017 in Sri Lankan cricket
International cricket competitions in 2016–17
Sri Lankan cricket tours of Australia |
Gençali is a village in the Bartın District, Bartın Province, Turkey. Its population is 368 (2021).
References
Villages in Bartın District |
British Mandate of Palestine or Palestine Mandate most often refers to:
Mandate for Palestine: a League of Nations mandate under which the British controlled an area which included Mandatory Palestine and the Emirate of Transjordan.
Mandatory Palestine: the territory and its history between 1920 and 1948 |
HSAB concept is a jargon for "hard and soft (Lewis) acids and bases". HSAB is widely used in chemistry for explaining stability of compounds, reaction mechanisms and pathways. It assigns the terms 'hard' or 'soft', and 'acid' or 'base' to chemical species. 'Hard' applies to species which are small, have high charge states (the charge criterion applies mainly to acids, to a lesser extent to bases), and are weakly polarizable. 'Soft' applies to species which are big, have low charge states and are strongly polarizable.
The theory is used in contexts where a qualitative, rather than quantitative, description would help in understanding the predominant factors which drive chemical properties and reactions. This is especially so in transition metal chemistry, where numerous experiments have been done to determine the relative ordering of ligands and transition metal ions in terms of their hardness and softness.
HSAB theory is also useful in predicting the products of metathesis reactions. In 2005 it was shown that even the sensitivity and performance of explosive materials can be explained on basis of HSAB theory.
Ralph Pearson introduced the HSAB principle in the early 1960s as an attempt to unify inorganic and organic reaction chemistry.
Theory
Essentially, the theory states that soft acids react faster and form stronger bonds with soft bases, whereas hard acids react faster and form stronger bonds with hard bases, all other factors being equal. The classification in the original work was mostly based on equilibrium constants for reaction of two Lewis bases competing for a Lewis acid.
Borderline cases are also identified: borderline acids are trimethylborane, sulfur dioxide and ferrous Fe2+, cobalt Co2+ caesium Cs+ and lead Pb2+ cations. Borderline bases are: aniline, pyridine, nitrogen N2 and the azide, chloride, bromide, nitrate and sulfate anions.
Generally speaking, acids and bases interact and the most stable interactions are hard–hard (ionogenic character) and soft–soft (covalent character).
An attempt to quantify the 'softness' of a base consists in determining the equilibrium constant for the following equilibrium:
BH + CH3Hg+ H+ + CH3HgB
Where CH3Hg+ (methylmercury ion) is a very soft acid and H+ (proton) is a hard acid, which compete for B (the base to be classified).
Some examples illustrating the effectiveness of the theory:
Bulk metals are soft acids and are poisoned by soft bases such as phosphines and sulfides.
Hard solvents such as hydrogen fluoride, water and the protic solvents tend to dissolve strong solute bases such as fluoride and oxide anions. On the other hand, dipolar aprotic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide and acetone are soft solvents with a preference for solvating large anions and soft bases.
In coordination chemistry soft–soft and hard–hard interactions exist between ligands and metal centers.
Chemical hardness
In 1983 Pearson together with Robert Parr extended the qualitative HSAB theory with a quantitative definition of the chemical hardness (η) as being proportional to the second derivative of the total energy of a chemical system with respect to changes in the number of electrons at a fixed nuclear environment:
.
The factor of one-half is arbitrary and often dropped as Pearson has noted.
An operational definition for the chemical hardness is obtained by applying a three-point finite difference approximation to the second derivative:
where I is the ionization potential and A the electron affinity. This expression implies that the chemical hardness is proportional to the band gap of a chemical system, when a gap exists.
The first derivative of the energy with respect to the number of electrons is equal to the chemical potential, μ, of the system,
,
from which an operational definition for the chemical potential is obtained from a finite difference approximation to the first order derivative as
which is equal to the negative of the electronegativity (χ) definition on the Mulliken scale: μ = −χ.
The hardness and Mulliken electronegativity are related as
,
and in this sense hardness is a measure for resistance to deformation or change. Likewise a value of zero denotes maximum softness, where softness is defined as the reciprocal of hardness.
In a compilation of hardness values only that of the hydride anion deviates. Another discrepancy noted in the original 1983 article are the apparent higher hardness of Tl3+ compared to Tl+.
Modifications
If the interaction between acid and base in solution results in an equilibrium mixture the strength of the interaction can be quantified in terms of an equilibrium constant. An alternative quantitative measure is the heat (enthalpy) of formation of the Lewis acid-base adduct in a non-coordinating solvent. The ECW model is quantitative model that describes and predicts the strength of Lewis acid base interactions, -ΔH . The model assigned E and C parameters to many Lewis acids and bases. Each acid is characterized by an EA and a CA. Each base is likewise characterized by its own EB and CB. The E and C parameters refer, respectively, to the electrostatic and covalent contributions to the strength of the bonds that the acid and base will form. The equation is
-ΔH = EAEB + CACB + W
The W term represents a constant energy contribution for acid–base reaction such as the cleavage of a dimeric acid or base. The equation predicts reversal of acids and base strengths. The graphical presentations of the equation show that there is no single order of Lewis base strengths or Lewis acid strengths. The ECW model accommodates the failure of single parameter descriptions of acid-base interactions.
A related method adopting the E and C formalism of Drago and co-workers quantitatively predicts the formation constants for complexes of many metal ions plus the proton with a wide range of unidentate Lewis acids in aqueous solution, and also offered insights into factors governing HSAB behavior in solution.
Another quantitative system has been proposed, in which Lewis acid strength toward Lewis base fluoride is based on gas-phase affinity for fluoride. Additional one-parameter base strength scales have been presented. However, it has been shown that to define the order of Lewis base strength (or Lewis acid strength) at least two properties must be considered. For Pearson's qualitative HSAB theory the two properties are hardness and strength while for Drago's quantitative ECW model the two properties are electrostatic and covalent .
Kornblum's rule
An application of HSAB theory is the so-called Kornblum's rule (after Nathan Kornblum) which states that in reactions with ambident nucleophiles (nucleophiles that can attack from two or more places), the more electronegative atom reacts when the reaction mechanism is SN1 and the less electronegative one in a SN2 reaction. This rule (established in 1954) predates HSAB theory but in HSAB terms its explanation is that in a SN1 reaction the carbocation (a hard acid) reacts with a hard base (high electronegativity) and that in a SN2 reaction tetravalent carbon (a soft acid) reacts with soft bases.
According to findings, electrophilic alkylations at free CN− occur preferentially at carbon, regardless of whether the SN1 or SN2 mechanism is involved and whether hard or soft electrophiles are employed. Preferred N attack, as postulated for hard electrophiles by the HSAB principle, could not be observed with any alkylating agent. Isocyano compounds are only formed with highly reactive electrophiles that react without an activation barrier because the diffusion limit is approached. It is claimed that the knowledge of absolute rate constants and not of the hardness of the reaction partners is needed to predict the outcome of alkylations of the cyanide ion.
Criticism
Reanalysis of a large number of various most typical ambident organic system reveals that thermodynamic/kinetic control describes reactivity of organic compounds perfectly, whereas the HSAB principle fails and should be abandoned in the rationalization of ambident reactivity of organic compounds.
See also
Acid-base reaction
Oxophilicity
References
Acid–base chemistry
Inorganic chemistry |
Leucoedemia is a genus of moths in the family Lyonetiidae.
Species
Leucoedemia ingens Scoble & Scholtz, 1984
References
Lyonetiidae |
The England Under-19 cricket team have been playing official Under-19 Test matches since 1974. Prior to 1991/92 they were known as England Young Cricketers.
Former captains include Mike Atherton, Michael Vaughan, Alastair Cook and Andrew Flintoff, who have all gone on to captain the senior national team in Test matches.
Recent call-ups
This lists all the players who have been selected for England under-19s since the start of the 2021–22 season and their most recent call-up. In that period squads have been named for:
An ODI series away to Sri Lanka in November and December 2021, in which they played five matches.
The 2022 ICC Under-19 Cricket World Cup in the West Indies in January and February 2022.
A series at home to Sri Lanka in August and September 2022, comprising two Tests and three ODIs.
A series away to Australia in January and February 2023, comprising two Tests, three ODIs and one T20.
A series at home to Ireland in August 2023, comprising two ODIs, and a series at home to Australia in August and September 2023, comprising five ODIs and two Tests.
The team's coach is Michael Yardy, who has been in position since October 2022.
= withdrew injured
Performances at Under-19 World Cups
References
External links
England Development Programme at ecb.co.uk
Under-19 cricket teams
C
C
England in international cricket
Wales in international cricket |
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