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Lieutenant general Mohamed Zaher Abdelrahman or Zaher Abdelrahman (arabic: زاهر عبدالرحمن) born on September 12, 1935, is an Egyptian military officer who has held many military and government positions.
Zaher Abd El-Rahman was Commander of the Egyptian Air Defence Forces from 1990 until 1993. He graduated from the Military College in October 1955 and was commissioned into an Engineering regiment. He served as a combat engineer officer in an engineering battalions in Yemen. He was inducted into the Air Defense Forces in 1968 and completed the Air Defense officer's basic course in 1969 and Higher Command course in 1971. He was commander of the Air Defence Forces from Dec. 1990 to April 1993.
He served as the Governor of Matrouh Governorate from 1993 to 1995 and the governor of the Red Sea Governorate from 1996 to 1997.
He also served as the Chairman of Al-Zohour Sporting club where he oversaw the construction of the New Cairo branch.
Zaher Abd El-Rahman was chief of a SAM Battalion during the war of 1973. Augmenting JY-9A and TPS 59/34 radar systems to the Air defence forces. Starting the operation of Eastern sector of command, control and communication system of the Air defence forces. He participated in the Six-Day War of 1967 and the Yom Kippur War of 1973.
References
Egyptian generals
1935 births
Living people |
Ndungu, or Ndung'u, is a surname of Kenyan origin that may refer to:
Njoki Susanna Ndung'u (born 1965), Kenyan lawyer and associate justice of the Supreme Court of Kenya
Njuguna Ndung'u (born 1960), Kenyan economist and Governor of the Central Bank of Kenya
Samuel Ndungu (born 1988), Kenyan long-distance runner based in Japan
Thumbi Ndung'u, Kenyan medic and AIDS researcher
Ndung'u Kabugara, (born 1990) ICT professional and Freelance writer.
See also
Ndungu Land Commission, public investigation into land use in Kenya
Kenyan names
Surnames of Kenyan origin |
Rivetina inermis is a species of praying mantis in the family Rivetinidae.
See also
List of mantis genera and species
References
In
Insects described in 1922 |
Clivina planicollis is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Scaritinae. It was described by John Lawrence LeConte in 1857.
References
planicollis
Beetles described in 1857
Taxa named by John Lawrence LeConte |
Hoover Town is an unincorporated community in Upshur County, West Virginia, United States.
References
Unincorporated communities in West Virginia
Unincorporated communities in Upshur County, West Virginia |
The south-western spiny-tailed gecko (Strophurus spinigerus), also known commonly as the soft spiny-tailed gecko, is a species of lizard in the family Diplodactylidae. The species is endemic to Australia. Two subspecies are recognized.
Geographic range
S. spinigerus is found in the southwestern part of the Australian state of Western Australia.
Habitat
The natural habitats of S. spinigerus are forest and shrubland.
Description
S. spinigerus may attain a total length (including tail) of . Dorsally, it is olive-grey, speckled with black. It may have a broad zigzag black stripe along the back. The spiny tubercles on the back and tail are black. Ventrally, it is dirty white, either uniform or speckled with black.
Reproduction
S. spinigerus is oviparous.
Subspecies
Two subspecies are recognized as being valid, including the nominotypical subspecies.
Strophurus spinigerus inornatus
Strophurus spinigerus spinigerus
Nota bene: A trinomial authority in parentheses indicates that the subspecies was originally described in a genus other than Strophurus.
References
Further reading
Cogger HG (2014). Reptiles and Amphibians of Australia, Seventh Edition. Clayton, Victoria, Australia: CSIRO Publishing. xxx + 1,033 pp. .
Gray JE (1842). "Description of some hitherto unrecorded species of Australian Reptiles and Batrachians". Zoological Miscellany 2: 51–57. (Diplodactylus spinigerus, new species, p. 53).
Laube A, Langner C (2007). "Die Gattung Strophurus [= The genus Strophurus]". Draco 8 (29): 49–66. (in German).
Rösler H (2000). "Kommentierte Liste der rezent, subrezent und fossil bekannten Geckotaxa (Reptilia: Gekkonomorpha) [= Annotated list of the recent, subrecent and fossil known Geckotaxa (Reptilia: Gekkonomorpha)]". Gekkota 2: 28–153. (Strophurus spinigerus, p. 115). (in German).
Storr GM (1988). "The subspecies of Diplodactylus spinigerus (Lacertilia: Gekkonidae)". Records of the Western Australian Museum 14 (2): 177–182. (Diplodactylus spinigerus inornatus, new subspecies, pp. 180–182, Figures 3 & 4).
Wilson, Steve; Swan, Gerry (2013). A Complete Guide to Reptiles of Australia, Fourth Edition. Sydney: New Holland Publishers. 522 pp. .
Strophurus
Geckos of Australia
Reptiles described in 1842
Taxa named by John Edward Gray |
Zafarani (, also Romanized as Za‘farānī) is a village in Seyyed Nasereddin Rural District, Zarrinabad District, Dehloran County, Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 23, in 4 families. The village is populated by Kurds.
References
Populated places in Dehloran County
Kurdish settlements in Ilam Province |
In computer science, a dancing tree is a tree data structure similar to B+ trees. It was invented by Hans Reiser, for use by the Reiser4 file system. As opposed to self-balancing binary search trees that attempt to keep their nodes balanced at all times, dancing trees only balance their nodes when flushing data to a disk (either because of memory constraints or because a transaction has completed).
The idea behind this is to speed up file system operations by delaying optimization of the tree and only writing to disk when necessary, as writing to disk is thousands of times slower than writing to memory. Also, because this optimization is done less often than with other tree data structures, the optimization can be more extensive.
In some sense, this can be considered to be a self-balancing binary search tree that is optimized for storage on a slow medium, in that the on-disc form will always be balanced but will get no mid-transaction writes; doing so eases the difficulty of adding and removing nodes during a transaction. Instead, these slow rebalancing operations are performed at the same time as the much slower write to the storage medium.
However, a negative side effect of this behavior manifests in cases of unexpected shutdown, incomplete data writes, and other occurrences that may prevent the final balanced transaction from completing. In general, dancing trees pose greater difficulty than conventional trees for data recovery from incomplete transactions, though this can be addressed by more thoroughly accounting for transacted data.
References
External links
Software Engineering Based Reiser4 Design Principles
Description of the Reiser4 internal tree
Computer file systems
B-tree |
```c
/* $OpenBSD: mpyu.c,v 1.6 2003/04/10 17:27:58 mickey Exp $ */
/*
To anyone who acknowledges that this file is provided "AS IS"
without any express or implied warranty:
permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this file
for any purpose is hereby granted without fee, provided that
the above copyright notice and this notice appears in all
copies, and that the name of Hewlett-Packard Company not be
used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution
of the software without specific, written prior permission.
Hewlett-Packard Company makes no representations about the
suitability of this software for any purpose.
*/
/* @(#)mpyu.c: Revision: 1.6.88.1 Date: 93/12/07 15:06:48 */
#include "md.h"
void
mpyu(opnd1,opnd2,result)
unsigned int opnd1, opnd2;
struct mdsfu_register *result;
{
u_xmpy(&opnd1,&opnd2,result);
/* determine overflow status */
if (result_hi)
overflow = TRUE;
else
overflow = FALSE;
return;
}
``` |
Alirajpur is a city in the Alirajpur tehsil in Alirajpur district in the state of Madhya Pradesh, India.
Alirajpur State was formerly a princely state of India, under the Bhopawar Agency in Central India. It lay in the Malwa region of Madhya Pradesh, near the border with Gujarat and Maharashtra. It had an area of 836 m². It had been from time to time under British administration. The Victoria bridge at Alirajpur was built to commemorate the Diamond Jubilee of 1897.
Demographics
As of the 2001 India census, Alirajpur had a population of 25,161. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. 15% of the population is under 6 years of age.
History
During the British Raj Alirajpur was the capital of Alirajpur State, one of the princely states of India.
After India got independence in the year 1947, the ruling family of Alirajpur State moved to Delhi, where the last ruler of Ali Rajpur, Surendra Singh, subsequently served as the Ambassador of India to Spain in the 1980s.SYSTUMM
Geography
Alirajpur's topography is predominantly hilly. Area-wise, the former Alirajpur taluka was larger than the Jhabua taluka of Jhabua district. Now Alirajpur is a District. The Rajwara fort is situated in the centre of the town.
Economy
Its economy depends primarily on agricultural endeavours, especially farming, especially mangoes. The agricultural trading yard in Alirajpur is the biggest in the state when it comes to mango trading. Alirajpur is also a hub for dolomite business.
Transport
On 30 October 2019, a new railway line was inaugurated between Alirajpur station and Pratapnagar station in Vadodara. Alirajpur is connected by bus to Indore and nearby districts.
References
Adivasi Song Download popular tribal songs of alirajpur
Cities and towns in Alirajpur district
Jhabua
States and territories established in 1437 |
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III: The Manhattan Project is a side-scrolling beat-'em-up released by Konami for the Family Computer (Famicom) in Japan in 1991 and for the Nintendo Entertainment System in North America in 1992. It is the third video game iteration of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles for the NES. The game features play mechanics similar to the previous game, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Arcade Game, but it is an original title for the NES without any preceding arcade version. It is based on the 1987 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles animated series, being released after the show's 5th season. The game was re-released as part of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The Cowabunga Collection in 2022.
Plot
The game begins with the Turtles spending their vacation in Key West, Florida. While watching April O'Neil's latest news report, her broadcast is suddenly hijacked by the Turtles' nemesis, Shredder. Taking April as his hostage, Shredder reveals that he has also turned the entire borough of Manhattan into a floating island and challenges the Turtles to come to his lair to stop him.
Gameplay
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III can be played by up to two players simultaneously, with each player controlling a different character. The player can choose between any of the four turtles: Leonardo, Raphael, Michelangelo and Donatello, each wielding their signature weapon. Two different 2-player modes are featured in the game, the first mode allows both players to hurt each other with their attacks, while the other mode disables this feature. The player has a limited number of lives that gets depleted every time the player's energy gauge runs out. If one player has run out of lives, they can use the remaining ones from the other player's remaining stock (this is possible to do in the one-player mode as well). The player is allowed to change their character every time they lose life. Up to three chances to continue are provided.
The controls are mostly unchanged from the second NES game, with one attack button and one jump button. The turtles can now perform a toss attack against their enemies by holding the D-pad downwards while pressing B. Each turtle also has a different special attack that is performed by pressing B and A simultaneously. Every time the player performs this attack, a portion of their energy will be lost, unless they are on their last bar of life.
The game is composed of a total of eight levels, spanning from the beaches of Florida to the floating island of Manhattan to the Technodrome, ultimately concluding with Shredder's lair and finally to Krang's Spaceship. The game's regular enemies include a variety of Foot Soldiers, as well as Giant Mousers and Stone Warriors. The game's bosses include villains from the cartoon series and toyline such as Dirtbag, Groundchuck, Slash, and Leatherhead, in addition to the return of Shredder and Krang, along with Bebop and Rocksteady. Tokka and Rahzar from the film Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Secret of the Ooze also appear, alongside Shredder's mutated counterpart from the film, Super Shredder, as the game's final boss. Despite being featured on the cover, a Triceraton is not in the game.
Releases
The game was released for the Family Computer (or Famicom) in Japan a few months earlier than the American version under the title of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2: The Manhattan Project. The difference in numbering was because the first Turtles game for the NES was localized in Japan under a different title. Unlike the other Turtles games for the NES, Manhattan Project was never released in the PAL region, with The Cowabunga Collection marking its first release in PAL territories.
Differences between the Famicom and NES version in addition to the title include:
Whereas the NES version requires players to input a form of the Konami Code in order to access the Option screen, the Famicom version has it accessible by default from the title menu. Entering the Konami Code in the Famicom version will simply return a generic congratulatory screen instead.
Instead of two different 2-player modes, the Famicom version has a "game type" setting on the option screen that allows friendly damage to be turned on or off by setting it to "A" or "B" respectively. This also gives the added benefit of allowing a second player to join in during a 1-player game with the friendly fire turned off.
Two extra cheat codes were added to the Famicom version: a stage select code (since the setting is not available on the default option screen) and a code that increases the number of continues.
The NES Version uses a Nintendo manufactured MMC3 chip to control the game's program, whereas the Famicom version uses the Konami manufactured VRC4 chip.
Reception
The Manhattan Project was awarded Best NES Game of 1992 by Electronic Gaming Monthly. Allgame editor Brett Alan Weiss described it as "an excellent, well-rounded game".
Japanese game magazine Famitsu gave the game a score of 27 out of 40.
References
External links
1991 video games
Cooperative video games
Konami beat 'em ups
Nintendo Entertainment System games
Platformers
Manhattan Project
Video game sequels
Video games developed in Japan
Video games scored by Kozo Nakamura
Video games set in Florida
Video games set in New York City
Side-scrolling beat 'em ups
Works about vacationing |
The Wytheville Raid or Toland's Raid (July 18, 1863) was an attack by an undersized Union brigade on a Confederate town during the American Civil War. Union Colonel John Toland led a brigade of over 800 men against a Confederate force of about 130 soldiers and 120 civilians. The location of Wytheville, the county seat of Wythe County in southwestern Virginia, had strategic importance because of a nearby lead mine and the railroad that served it. This mine supplied lead for about one third of the Confederate Army's munitions, while the Virginia & Tennessee Railroad transported Confederate troops and supplies; plus telegraph wires along the railroad line were vital for communications. In addition to logistics of moving the lead to bullet manufacturing facilities, this rail line also connected an important salt works of an adjacent county with the wider Confederacy.
Toland's entire brigade was mounted, and consisted of a mounted infantry regiment plus eight companies of cavalry. It approached the small town of Wytheville on the evening of July 18. The community had been warned that a large force of Union horsemen was heading in its direction, and hastily made preparations before the brigade's arrival. While many in the community fled south or hid in their homes, a force of about 120 civilians (including home guard) volunteered to defend their town. The Union cavalry entered the town first, charging in column down the main road that led into town. The men from the cavalry were ambushed by Confederate soldiers, Home Guard, and local citizens. Most of the local men, and women, fired their one–shot muskets from inside their homes and businesses. This type of warfare was considered unconventional at the time. One Union soldier described the road as an "avenue of death".
The Union force suffered significant losses. The Union commander, Colonel Toland, was killed. The severely wounded cavalry commander, Colonel William H. Powell, was left to die and became a prisoner of the Confederates. (Powell was also second in command of the entire brigade.) Additional officers and enlisted men were killed, wounded, or missing. The Union after action report listed a total of 86 men killed, wounded, missing, or taken prisoner during the entire expedition—although Confederate leadership believed the Union casualties were much higher. (The entire expedition includes the trips to and from Wytheville.) Approximately 300 horses were lost (killed, wounded, or injured) by the brigade during the raid and retreat—including an estimated 80 killed on the streets of Wytheville. Despite significant losses, the Union brigade was eventually able to secure the town. However, the victory was costly, and the northerners retreated less than 24 hours after entering the small community. A group of soldiers and civilians, less than one third the size of the Union force they opposed, prevented a brigade from destroying vital assets of the Confederacy—a railroad line, telegraph line along the railroad, a lead mine, and possibly a salt mine. After the conflict, Union infantry leaders were critical of the Union cavalry's performance, and men from the cavalry were critical of the infantry leadership's tactics.
Wythe County
Wythe County is located in southwestern Virginia near the Blue Ridge Mountains. It was created in 1790, and named after George Wythe. Wythe was a legal mentor to Thomas Jefferson during the 1760s, and signed the Declaration of Independence. The crossroads town of Wytheville was the county seat during the Civil War, and remains so today. According to the 1860 census, the county's population was 12,305, and Wytheville's population was 1,111. Wytheville was said to have 1,800 "inhabitants" in 1863.
Wythe County had two resources that caught the attention of the Union army during the Civil War—a lead mine and a railroad. The lead mine was located about southeast of Wytheville in the unincorporated community of Austinville. The mine was the source for a significant portion, estimated to be about one third, of the lead used by the Confederacy to produce bullets for its armies.
The Virginia and Tennessee Railroad, which ran roughly east–west through the county, served the lead mine. Telegraph lines strung along the railroad were vital for communications in the region, and enabled communications between the Confederate capitol of Richmond and points as far west as Tennessee. In addition, the railroad was important for transporting Confederate troops and supplies. The railroad had a station located about south of the center of Wytheville. Ammunition and weapons for the Confederate Army were often stored there. Thus, the town had a strategic significance during the American Civil War, and was often a target.
Because of the railroad, Wytheville was connected to two more points of military significance. A small headquarters for the Confederate army was located about west of Wytheville at the western edge the adjacent Smyth County. The army outpost was at the community named Saltville, which was the home of a salt mine that was important to the Confederacy. Salt is essential for the diet of humans and livestock, and was also used (at the time) to preserve meat. Salt was not widely available during the Civil War, and eight states used salt from this mine. More fighting would occur at Saltville in 1864. About east of Wytheville in Pulaski County is the Dublin railroad depot, which was a regional headquarters for the Confederate Army. The Dublin Depot was originally named Newbern Depot, although the town of Newbern is south of the railroad line. A short time before the Civil War, the depot was renamed Dublin Depot in honor of the New Dublin Presbyterian Church, which was located nearby. Thus, some maps from the early 1860s still used New Bern to identify the depot.
Union brigade
On the afternoon of July 13, 1863, a brigade of 870 Union soldiers departed their base camp located a few miles upriver (east) of Charleston, West Virginia. Their orders, which came from General Eliakim P. Scammon, were to disable the Virginia & Tennessee Railroad. Telegraph line strung along the railroad line was also a target. If circumstances allowed, nearby lead and salt mines would also be objectives. Although the railroad, lead mine, and salt mine were obvious targets, communications sent by General Scammon were in code. Thus, exact details of the plan were known by few.
The Union brigade consisted of 365 men from the 2nd West Virginia Volunteer Cavalry Regiment and 505 men from the 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry. This combined force is considered undersized for a Civil War brigade, which usually consisted of about 2,600 soldiers. Colonel John T. Toland was the acting brigadier general, and therefore commanded the brigade. He was from the 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry. Toland had performed with "utmost bravery and valor" in the Kanawha Valley Campaign, which occurred during September 1862. During the campaign, Toland twice escaped serious injury while his horses were killed.
The infantry commander was Lieutenant Colonel Freeman E. Franklin. The 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry was also known as "Piatt's Zouaves" or the "1st Ohio Zouaves", and typically served as a mounted infantry, including in this expedition. As mounted infantry, Piatt's Zouaves used horses for transportation, but (unlike cavalry) fought dismounted. Their infantry weapons were heavier and had longer range than the light weapons used by cavalry. Colonel Abram S. Piatt, who retired in 1862 after injuries, was their original commander. Piatt's Zouaves wore distinctive caps and uniforms trimmed in red, but did not always have the Asian-style baggy pants with open jackets typical of zouave units. Regiments that dressed as zouaves during the Civil War were copying the look (and hopefully the discipline) of elite French troops that fought successfully during the 1850s in northern Africa.
Colonel William H. Powell was commander of the 2nd West Virginia Cavalry regiment, and second in command of the brigade. Powell also performed well in the Kanawha Valley Campaign, leading (as a major) the advance guard of the 2nd Loyal (West) Virginia Cavalry that successfully attacked a larger rebel cavalry and drove it away. If the rebel cavalry had not been removed from its position, the entire Union army in the Kanawha River Valley would have been surrounded and prevented from retreating to safety. During November 1862, Powell led a group of 22 men that captured an entire rebel camp in what became known as the Sinking Creek Raid. For this action, Powell was later awarded the Medal of Honor. Powell, who had been told by General George Crook to not return from the Sinking Creek Raid without good results, received a letter from Crook in 1889 that said "... I have always regarded the part you took in that expedition as one of the most daring, brilliant and successful of the whole war."
Raleigh
After departing from camp, the brigade traveled along the Coal River, moving upriver about without significant incidents. Traveling along the river required numerous river crossings. On the evening of July 14, the advance guard (the cavalry's Company C) was about east of Raleigh Court House (also known as Beckley, West Virginia) when it was ambushed while crossing Piney Creek. A sergeant was killed, and a private mortally wounded. Three additional men were wounded. Colonel Toland sent forward two companies of infantry as skirmishers, which soon drove the Confederate force away.
After the incident, the men were ordered to fall back to the pike that was located between the West Virginia communities of Raleigh Court House and Oceana. (At the time, Oceana was the county seat of Wyoming County.) The brigade became separated into two groups during this time (early morning before sunrise on July 15) because the portion led by Lieutenant Colonel Franklin had not received the order to fall back. Both groups were required to operate on bad roads and in extreme darkness. They were reunited about from Raleigh Court House around noon.
At a farm west of Raleigh Court House, a two-company detachment from the 1st West Virginia Cavalry joined the brigade and brought supplies. The detachment's leader, Captain George Washington Gilmore, also brought orders from General Scammon that clarified the brigade's mission. The men were issued four days of rations plus three days of rations for their horses. Any men or horses determined to be unfit to continue the expedition were sent back to their home camp with the empty supply wagons. The group returning to home camp was escorted by one company from the 2nd West Virginia Cavalry. Thus, the brigade continued with 441 mounted infantry men, 298 men from the 2nd West Virginia Cavalry, and 79 men from the 1st West Virginia Cavalry.
Tug Ridge
The brigade passed Oceana Court House in Wyoming County on July 16. On the next day, the advance guard (cavalry companies D, E, and F with Colonel Powell) was sent forward to the top of Tug Ridge. Tug Ridge is located on the north side of Abb's Valley, near the Virginia border with West Virginia. During the war, Abb's Valley was an important mountain pass monitored by rebel troops. It was raining as Powell's men advanced, and they encountered a picket of six rebels who were inside a tent. A portion of the three companies led by Lieutenant Jeremiah Davidson surprised the rebels, capturing them without firing a shot. About beyond the ridge, near Abbs Valley, Powell and the three companies "... dashed into Camp Pemberton, at the head of Abb's Valley, and captured 25 prisoners belonging to a home-guard company ... and 700 stand of arms, intended for arming a regiment in that vicinity." Food was also captured, and redistributed among the brigade. The weapons were destroyed. Up until this point, the brigade captured all rebels confronted in an effort to keep its location secret. However, one rebel in the Tug Ridge-Abb's Valley region either was not captured or was captured and escaped—and warned his superiors that a large Union force was approaching. A newspaper article about the raid, published a week later in Abingdon, Virginia, described the Union brigade while it was in Abb's Valley as having "a Colonel along acting as a Brigadier, but mainly commanded by a one-eyed Colonel by the name of Powell".
Walker Mountain
On the evening of July 17, the brigade (and its prisoners) camped on a farm about from Tazewell Court House (Jeffersonville) and from Wytheville. On the morning of July 18, they passed Burk's Garden, and some houses and weapons were burned. At the foot of Walker Mountain, about from Wytheville, the brigade's rear guard was attacked by Major Andrew Jackson May's cavalry of about 150 men. The rear guard at that time was Company C from the 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, and it had also been assigned the task of guarding prisoners. The opposing forces had not expected a confrontation at this location, and May's force outnumbered the small group of surprised men from Ohio. May was able to free the rebel prisoners (many were from the company that had been captured in Abb's Valley) and capture Union soldiers. According to the report of Confederate General John S. Williams, Toland's brigade lost 8 men killed and 20 taken prisoner.
About outside of Wytheville, Colonel Toland sent two companies (D and F) of cavalry west to strike the Mount Airy railroad depot. The two-company detachment was led by Captain George Millard. Its purpose was to destroy railroad infrastructure and telegraph lines on the west side of Wytheville, which would prevent Confederate troops located in the Saltville region from arriving by train and reinforcing Wytheville. It was determined that the target was too strongly guarded, so the two companies rode east to rejoin the brigade. They arrived in Wytheville near the end of the fighting.
The main portion of Toland's brigade arrived in Wytheville around 6:00 p.m. on July 18. The rear of the brigade was still skirmishing with Major May's men at that time. After its successful clash with the rear guard, May's cavalry had pressed forward until it came upon the main body of Toland's men, about from Wytheville. May was eventually forced to retreat to the mountains, since he was now outnumbered and had no advantage in the open terrain. After a small rebel skirmish line was discovered in front of the brigade near the entrance to the town, Colonel Powell and the cavalry were called forward from the rear.
Confederates
The Confederate Army became aware of the Union horsemen on July 17, after one man from the 45th Virginia Infantry escaped Toland's brigade near Tug Mountain. The rebel, who either evaded capture or was captured and escaped, fled on horseback and warned Confederate headquarters.
Saltville
Confederate General John S. "Cerro Gordo" Williams, headquartered in Saltville, Virginia, was notified of the invading Union Army at 11:00am (July 17) while he was visiting outposts in Tazewell County. The information was passed by couriers and telegraph, and Confederate military posts throughout the region became aware of a Union army force near Tazewell Court House that was estimated to be 1,300 men. By sunrise on July 18, Williams had a cavalry unit of 250 men report for duty. This cavalry unit, which had been retrieved from adjacent counties west of Saltville, was led by Major May and Major John D. Morris. Rebel scouts were now reporting the movements of the Union army. Major May's cavalry was sent to harass the Union force until a planned junction with Confederate infantry led by Colonel William E. Peters.
In addition to the headquarters of General Williams, Saltville was the home of an important salt mine that provided salt for much of the Confederate nation. As the Union brigade moved in Tazewell County, the Confederate Army command became concerned about the salt works, which is located on the west side of Smyth County. For this reason, the infantry force led by Colonel Peters was moved back toward Saltville—and Major May did not receive support. On the early afternoon of July 18, the situation changed: the Union expedition was moving closer to Wytheville and the lead mine located in Wythe County, just south of Wytheville in Austinville, Virginia. The lead mine was a major source of lead for bullets used by the Confederate army. (Ironically, the company that ran the mine was named Union Lead Mining Company.) Lead was shipped on the Virginia & Tennessee Railroad to Richmond, Knoxville, and Chattanooga, to be made into bullets for the Confederate Army.
Dublin
General Samuel Jones, commander of the Confederate Armies in southwest Virginia, was informed of the Union Army's movements beginning midday July 18. Jones' headquarters was at the Dublin railroad depot—east of Wytheville along the Virginia & Tennessee Railroad. Jones intercepted a passenger train on the railroad line around 3:00pm, and the train was used to haul soldiers and equipment to Wytheville. He sent two small newly organized companies, employees from his headquarters, and some local citizens who volunteered to help. This group totaled to about 130, and was led by Major Thomas M. Bowyer. Bowyer's men were well armed, and brought two pieces of artillery plus additional small weapons for the locals. The train carrying Bowyer and his men was delayed because it had to wait for an eastbound train to pass.
Wytheville
The citizens of Wytheville eventually became aware of the invading Union Army. Local legend says that on July 17, a farmer in Tazewell County (located north of Wytheville) sent his daughter on a night ride to warn the town of Wytheville of the approaching Union horsemen. The young woman, Molly Tynes, rode through mountain ranges and a forest to warn the small town. Joseph Kent, who was working on his farm east of the town, was summoned by the town leaders. Kent was a veteran of the Mexican–American War who had fought at the First Battle of Bull Run (also known as First Manassas) before resigning and returning home. Kent was called "Major Joseph F. Kent" in Bowyer's after action report. Because of his military experience, Kent was asked to lead the community's defense. He held a meeting at the courthouse, and sent volunteers to Walker Mountain to serve as lookouts. Many in the community panicked and fled south to the mountains (not Walker Mountain). Valuables were removed from the banks and the post office, and also moved to the mountains south of town. The citizens that were willing to fight were asked to gather their weapons and reassemble at the courthouse.
Bowyer and his men arrived at the train station south of Wytheville at 5:10pm, when the Union brigade was about north of town. The depot was about south of the center of town. The artillery was unloaded from the train, but horses could not be found to move it. Bowyer, with assistance from Kent and Abraham Umbarger from the local militia, distributed his extra small arms to the local citizens. A small line of rebels had already formed on the north side of town. By 5:30, Bowyer's men began moving from the depot toward town. Bowyer wanted to bring all armed citizens to the railroad depot, where he believed he could use his artillery. Kent rejected that idea, believing they would have no chance against a quick strike from the horsemen. Kent moved his citizen volunteers into houses and buildings, while most of Bowyer's men stayed near the courthouse or at the south end of town.
Raid
As the Union soldiers approached Wytheville in the early evening of July 18, the rear portion of the command was having small skirmishes with Confederate cavalry following them. About outside of Wytheville, rebels were encountered in the front. This small group of rebels was positioned along the crest of a low ridge that obscured the view into town. Colonel Powell and the cavalry were ordered from the rear to the front to charge into town. Toland's order was for the charge to be made in columns down the town's main pike that was blocked by the small group of rebels. Colonel Powell requested that Colonel Toland have the infantry dismount and drive the rebel skirmishers toward town before the charge, because he was unable to see what was behind the rebels. Powell also suggested that if the cavalry were to charge, the men should be deployed "to right and left" instead of a straight ahead charge. Toland "characteristically disregarded" and strongly rejected Powell's suggestions.
Charge
The cavalry obeyed Colonel Toland's order and charged forward in column, four abreast. The small group of rebels quickly fled into town with the Union cavalry following. The charge was led by Captain Gilmore's two-company detachment from the First West Virginia Cavalry, followed by Colonel Powell and Company I of the 2nd West Virginia Cavalry. A second group consisting of Company B and Company H from the 2nd West Virginia, led by Major John J. Hoffman, entered the town next. Company E served as the cavalry's rear guard. The riders expected a battle line with Confederate soldiers further down the street. Instead, they discovered that the road was lined with a high stake fence, and the houses on both sides of the road were full of armed citizens of the community. Private Joseph Sutton, a member of the 2nd West Virginia Cavalry and participant in the raid, described the street that led into Wytheville as "an avenue of death".
As the Union cavalry approached, about half of the 120 local civilians fled south toward the railroad depot, and took positions closer to the men from the Confederate army. The initial volley fired by the remaining (and nervous) locals was ineffective because it had been fired too soon. The second volley, fired after a signal by Major Kent, found many in Captain Delaney's Company A. His group was fired upon by a company of Confederate soldiers in the street and from locals in the houses. One local, recalling this volley many years later, said "The colonel commanding the raiding party was killed, and the head of the column went down, men and horses in a confused mass." He also said "The momentum of the column of cavalry carried many who were near the front over the dead and wounded men and horses. It was death to them to remain or hesitate. They spurred their horses forward over their dead and dying comrades and passed between our ranks as we opened out to the sidewalks. While they dashed by us firing their pistols, we continued the use of the musket. The bugle sounded the retreat, and the column of cavalrymen faced about and retired, only to re-form and come at us again."
Major Kent's idea to fight from the cover of buildings was considered "an irregular but most successful combat". Major Bowyer, leader of the Confederate force, said "Owing to the great advantage we secured in fighting from houses and other shelter against mounted men in the streets, we were enabled to inflict far greater loss upon the enemy than we sustained ..." Although the original shooters from the town's buildings were citizens and home guard, they were eventually joined by some of the soldiers from the Confederate army. A newspaper described the beginning as a "desperate fight", with the locals in the houses "shooting them down like sheep, and producing great consternation amongst them."
The three Union cavalry companies leading the charge advanced into the town, but suffered casualties almost immediately. Captain Delaney of Company A of the 1st West Virginia Cavalry (not a colonel) was the leader of the charge. Delaney was one of the first officers killed. Both of Delaney's lieutenants were wounded—one of them (First Lieutenant William E. Guseman) mortally. Leaders were definitely targets. Major Hoffman, leading the remaining portion of the cavalry, was thrown over his horse after it was shot. The horse was killed and the hard fall left Hoffman temporarily stunned. Although Hoffman was not killed, one newspaper report mentioned a major among the Union dead. Hoffman's portion of the cavalry, along with the many casualties from the first three companies, was effectively stopped—with many of the men injured after being thrown from their horses, wounded, or killed. They were mostly caught in an open space and surrounded by a high fence and dead horses—and being shot by an enemy protected by the cover of buildings. One historian wrote that the trapped cavalry men were "sitting ducks". Some of the men took cover behind dead horses while others fled back up the road. Approximately 80 horses lay dead in the street. Assuming the 80 horses all belonged to the cavalry, about one fifth of the cavalry became horseless. Of the 79 men in the detachment from the 1st West Virginia Cavalry, 26 were killed, missing, or wounded during the expedition. Most of those casualties occurred in Wytheville. Confederate General Sam Jones claimed that the Union force "lost every one of their field officers."
Reinforcements
Despite the casualties of men and horses, portions of the first three companies "began to work in earnest, flashing from one end of town to the other." A request was made for reinforcements from the infantry. The infantry had been held in reserve, but "immediately dismounted" and moved forward when the 2nd West Virginia "sought safety". Lieutenant Colonel Franklin wisely brought his infantry forward on the sides of the street—dismounted (as Powell preferred earlier). A company of infantry occupied one side of the pike that led into town. Portions of the trapped 2nd West Virginia, now dismounted, pushed down the fence and occupied the other side. These two groups moved forward as skirmishers to dislodge its enemy from houses and buildings.
Colonels shot
During the early part of the fighting, Colonel Powell was accidentally shot in the back from friendly fire. The 2nd West Virginia Cavalry, without its two highest-ranking officers (Powell and Hoffman), became disorganized. A portion of the cavalry was trapped in the open against shooters protected by buildings, and many dismounted either for their own safety or because their horse had been shot. At that time, Colonel Toland hurried forward to run the leaderless dismounted cavalry. Freeman and the infantry were already further south in town. The cavalry believed their behavior was appropriate for the situation, and advised Colonel Toland to act in a similar manner. Toland, still on his horse, became an easy target for shooters from a nearby two-story brick house. Despite warnings from the cavalry's Company H that he should take cover, Toland refused to dismount—saying "the bullet that can kill me has not been made". He was shot through the heart immediately after his exclamation. This happened early in the fighting, and men from the 2nd West Virginia's Company H were close enough to hear the bullet strike him. Thus, both colonels were eliminated from the fighting during the first 10 minutes.
With Toland dead, the severely–wounded Powell was in command of the brigade—but Powell was thought to be dying, and could not be moved. This left the infantry's Lieutenant Colonel Franklin in command, although he did not know this until the fighting was mostly over. The 2nd West Virginia Cavalry did not reform and act as a regiment. It had only four companies in the town, and one was serving as the rear guard. Instead, individual companies were led by their captains (or lieutenants), and some of these leaders performed well. Captain Gilmore led the portion of cavalry that was still mounted, including what was left of his two-company detachment from the 1st West Virginia Cavalry. Gilmore's detachment, which "suffered most severely", was complemented in the after action report made by Lieutenant Colonel Franklin. The 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, led by Franklin and Major John W. Shaw, also performed well.
Overwhelmed
On the south side of town, a Confederate artillery crew led by Captain John M. Oliver struggled to find horses to move their two artillery pieces. Finally securing horses, they moved toward Main Street with their two large weapons. Captain Gilmore, from the 1st West Virginia Cavalry, became aware of the artillery threat, while a small group of Confederate soldiers under the command of Lieutenant Henry Bozang rushed to protect the artillery and its crew. A combined force of cavalry and infantry, led by Lieutenant Abraham from Gillmore's Company, charged through Bozang's men while the artillery crew hurriedly tried to load their weapons. The Confederate artillerists were able to fire one shot, but its main effect was to cause the horses still attached to the other piece of artillery to panic and pull it over. Before the remaining artillery piece could be reloaded, Abraham's men captured it while killing Oliver and two gunners. The remaining artillery crew fled. Lieutenant Bozang was wounded and his command surrendered.
The 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, with its superiority in weapons and size, soon drove back all resistance. They attacked the courthouse (Major Bowyer's command post) and surrounding buildings. After some very intense and close fighting, the Confederate soldiers—understanding that they were vastly outnumbered, their artillery had been captured, and some of the buildings were on fire—were ordered to withdraw from the town. They were to meet about south of the railroad depot at the railroad water tank, where the train had been moved for safety. When they arrived at the rendezvous point, they discovered that the railroad conductor had panicked—and left without them. They were forced to walk back to Dublin.
Without the Confederate soldiers, the remaining fighters (home guard and citizens of the town) were vastly outnumbered by the invading force. Many of them dropped their weapons and fled south. The disorganized Union soldiers had trouble differentiating between innocent bystanders and fighters (unless gunpowder marks on their clothing gave them away). Toland's acting Adjutant-General, Lieutenant Ezra W. Clark, ordered more buildings burned. The Union soldiers began burning all buildings that had contained rebel marksmen (and markswomen), and prisoners were taken. Around this time, Captain Millard's cavalry detachment arrived in Wytheville. He reported that the Mount Airy Depot was occupied by a strong Confederate Army force. It was close to 8:00pm, and the fighting was over. The report of Lieutenant Colonel Freeman Franklin said that "The loss of the enemy in killed was estimated at 75; the number of wounded unknown. We took 86 prisoners, besides 35 at Abb's Valley."
Return march
Eight to ten houses were set on fire by the Union army. A small amount of damage was inflicted on the railroad line, but it was later repaired in less than an hour. Later in the evening, Lieutenant Colonel Franklin began planning the brigade's next move. After consulting with Colonel Powell and regimental commanders, he determined that a return to the safety of base camp was the best alternative—especially without good intelligence on the strength of the enemy forces assumed to be moving toward Wytheville. The brigade left town less than 12 hours after it arrived.
Franklin's brigade departed on the same road it used to enter Wytheville, the road that leads to Tazewell Courthouse (Jeffersonville). It was a good decision to leave, because the Confederate army had already begun an attempt to block their return home. One of the two main roads available for the return trip was occupied by troops under the command of Colonel John McCausland, and the other road was blocked by the command of Brigadier-General John S. Williams. Two cavalry units were in pursuit, including Major May's cavalry that had harassed the brigade as it approached Wytheville.
Because of the difficult situation, the Union brigade paroled its prisoners, and continued its retreat north by obscure and winding mountain paths. Many horses "gave out" and were left on the mountain paths. Some of the worn animals fell to their deaths on the steep trails. The brigade was able to capture additional horses, so only about 100 men returned to home camp dismounted. The rear guard was attacked on July 19 and 20, but repulsed its pursuers. The Union brigade reached the safety of Union lines at Fayetteville on July 23, having received no rations for four days. Confederate Colonel McCausland believed that the retreating Union brigade should have been captured. His report said "I am also of the opinion that the cavalry force that was in Tazewell, under General Williams and Colonel May, was sufficient to have captured the enemy, if it had been properly managed."
Aftermath
Franklin's report said that Union losses for the entire excursion were 11 killed, 32 wounded, 17 taken prisoner, and 26 missing. This includes 2 officers killed, 5 wounded, and 1 missing. More men would eventually die from their wounds, including Lieutenant Guseman from the 1st West Virginia Cavalry. The infantry's portion of the casualties was 4 killed, 11 wounded, 17 taken prisoner, and 10 missing. Captain Gilmore's two-company cavalry detachment had the most severe losses (about one third of the men were killed or wounded), especially Company A. Companies B and I from the 2nd West Virginia Cavalry had fatalities in Wytheville, while Company C lost two men early in the excursion in the ambush near Piney Creek. An estimated 300 horses died or were left to die. Infantry leaders were critical of the 2nd West Virginia Cavalry, and members of the cavalry were critical of the infantry leadership. Despite the losses, Union General Scammon wrote an order saying "The general commanding congratulates the troops of his command on the brilliant achievements ..."
The Confederate point of view for the battle was much different from the reports of the Union officers. Confederate General Jones reported "The information I have is that the expedition started from Kanawha 1,200 or 1,300 strong, and that when it reached Fayetteville, on the return, it numbered but 500, only 300 of whom were mounted. The commander (Colonel Toland) and several other officers were killed, the second in command, Colonel Powell, and other officers wounded and captured. They admit a loss of more than 60 killed and wounded; it was probably much greater. Their dead bodies were scattered along the roads and mountain paths. Our loss, as reported to me, was 1 captain and 5 men killed, and about double that number wounded." The Reverend J. M. Wharey, who fought as a citizen of Wytheville during the raid, wrote "... there was no telling what damage they would have done. Had Colonel Toland lived, the lead mines, the salt works, and the railroad bridges near Wytheville would have been at their mercy. So our little battle disconcerted their plans and the raid was a complete failure."
Colonel Powell's wound to his back was judged to be fatal by surgeons for both the Union and Confederate armies. One historian believed that Powell also lost an eye in this battle, but his eye was permanently injured before the war. When the Union army departed from Wytheville, Powell was left behind with other wounded soldiers that could not be moved. These men became prisoners of the Confederacy. The citizens of Wytheville blamed Powell for the burning of many of the community's homes. General Jones wanted Powell held accountable for the burning of two buildings from an earlier raid, and added that Powell was "... one of the most dangerous officers we have had to contend with ..." For his own safety, Powell was hidden. Several local women were instrumental in preventing retaliation on the blue-coated prisoners. Powell unexpectedly healed, and was eventually moved to Richmond's Libby Prison where he survived for a portion of that time in a dungeon on a bread and water diet. He was exchanged for Colonel Richard H. Lee in early February 1864, and returned to the 2nd West Virginia Cavalry during March 1864. Years after the fighting, the 2nd West Virginia Cavalry's Captain Fortescue (Company I), wrote "... though I was afterwards on many hotly contested fields, I was never upon any that was more so than Wytheville."
See also
West Virginia Units in the Civil War
West Virginia in the Civil War
Ohio in the Civil War
Notes
Footnotes
Citations
References
1863 in the United States
Union victories of the American Civil War
Cavalry raids of the American Civil War
Military operations of the American Civil War in Virginia
July 1863 events
Raid |
Rosa 'Général Jacqueminot' (pronounced: zhay-nay RHAL zhock-mee-NOH), also called 'General Jack' or 'Jack Rose', is an early Hybrid Perpetual rose cultivar, developed by Roussel, an amateur from Meudon, and introduced by the gardener Rousselet in 1853. The flower was named in honor of Jean-François Jacqueminot (1787-1865), a French general of the Napoleonic Wars. Its parentage is unclear, but 'Gloire des Rosomanes' and 'Géant des Batailles' are considered probable ancestors.
The large, double flowers are extremely fragrant. Their colour is clear red to deep pink, displaying darker purple hues as they age, The reverse is paler with occasional white streaking. The bloom form is globular and high-centered, with 24 to 30 broad petals with wavy edges, and an average diameter of . The flowers develop from pointed, bright scarlet-crimson buds and appear in small clusters of 2 to 3 on long stems in a spring and autumn flush and scattered blooms in between.
The vigorous shrub has many slightly hooked prickles of different sizes, and grows to be tall and up to wide. The foliage consists of five oval-round leaflets with a matte surface and a bright mid- to dark green colour. 'Général Jacqueminot' is winter hardy down to −26 °C (USDA zone 5), but rather susceptible to rust and mildew later in summer.
'Général Jacqueminot' quickly gained popularity as garden and as exhibition rose—it was listed among the roses of the Botanical Garden in Cape Town only five years after its introduction in France—and was the most commonly cultivated red variety worldwide for about fifty years. The cultivar also played an important role in hybridising, leaving a host of seedlings and sports, and is an ancestor of most modern red roses. In the 1880s, some cultivars considered very similar were deemed synonyms of 'Général Jacqueminot', even though they are distinct roses. These include 'La Brillante' (Verdier, 1862), 'Mrs. Cleveland' (Gill, 1889), 'Richard Smith' (Verdier, 1861), and 'Triomphe d'Amiens' (Mille-Mallet, 1859), a sport of 'Général Jacqueminot'.
It is the flower of Theta Tau professional engineering fraternity, Phi Kappa Psi fraternity, and Alpha Omicron Pi women's fraternity.
References
External links
Général Jacqueminot
General Jacqueminot: Shrub rose
General Jacqueminot
1853 introductions |
Augusto Pedro de Sousa (born 5 November 1968), known as Augusto César or simply Augusto, is a Brazilian football coach and former player who played as either a left back or a midfielder.
Playing career
Born in Brasília, Federal District, Augusto César was spotted by Vasco da Gama at the age of 19, playing the 1988 Campeonato Carioca on loan at America-RJ. He then represented Gama and Pires do Rio before joining Goiás in 1992.
Augusto César moved to Portuguesa in 1997, as a replacement to Zé Roberto. In July 1999, he agreed to a contract with Corinthians, but was rarely used at the latter club.
Augusto César was sent out on loan to Botafogo in February 2000, but returned to Corinthians in the following month after having paperwork problems; the issue was later solved, but he still featured sparingly. He subsequently represented América Mineiro in that year before returning to Bota in 2001; he would appear rarely for the club again, however.
In June 2001, Augusto César moved abroad, after signing for Kashima Antlers. He only returned to Brazil in 2006 with Brasiliense, after spending three seasons at Kawasaki Frontale.
Augusto César returned to his former side Gama in 2008, and subsequently played for Paranoá and Brasília before retiring in 2009, aged 40.
Managerial career
Shortly after retiring, Augusto César took up coaching in his last club Brasília, in the 2009 Série D. Ahead of the 2011 season, after managing Gama's under-20 squad, he was appointed in charge of Botafogo-DF, managing Túlio Maravilha while at the club.
Dismissed by Botafogo in April 2011, Augusto César took over former side Gama for the 2012 campaign, but was sacked in March of that year.
On 27 September 2012, Augusto César rejoined another club he represented as a player, Goiás, as an under-20 manager. He was also an interim manager of the main squad in the 2015 campaign, before the arrival of Julinho Camargo.
Augusto César was relieved of his duties by Goiás on 12 January 2016, after a poor performance in the year's Copa São Paulo de Futebol Júnior. In September 2017, after working at Pires do Rio's under-20 side and Sobradinho, he returned to Goiás and their under-20 squad, again as manager.
Interim of the first team for a short period during the 2018 season, Augusto César was definitely appointed manager of the main squad on 17 November 2020, after the dismissal of Enderson Moreira.
Career statistics
Honours
Player
Gama
Campeonato Brasiliense: 1990
Goiás
Campeonato Goiano: 1994, 1996
Corinthians
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A: 1999
FIFA Club World Cup: 2000
Kashima Antlers
J1 League: 2001
J.League Cup: 2002
Kawasaki Frontale
J2 League: 2004
Brasiliense
Campeonato Brasiliense: 2006
References
External links
Kawasaki Frontale Profile
1968 births
Living people
Footballers from Brasília
Men's association football defenders
Men's association football midfielders
Brazilian men's footballers
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série B players
Sociedade Esportiva do Gama players
CR Vasco da Gama players
America Football Club (Rio de Janeiro) players
Goiás Esporte Clube players
Associação Portuguesa de Desportos players
Sport Club Corinthians Paulista players
Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas players
América Futebol Clube (MG) players
Brasiliense FC players
Brasília Futebol Clube players
C.F. Os Belenenses players
J1 League players
J2 League players
Kashima Antlers players
Kawasaki Frontale players
Brazilian expatriate men's footballers
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Portugal
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Japan
Expatriate men's footballers in Portugal
Expatriate men's footballers in Japan
Brazilian football managers
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A managers
Campeonato Brasileiro Série D managers
Brasília Futebol Clube managers
Associação Botafogo Futebol Clube managers
Sociedade Esportiva do Gama managers
Goiás Esporte Clube managers
Sobradinho Esporte Clube managers |
The flathead flounder (Hippoglossoides dubious) is a flatfish of the family Pleuronectidae. It is a demersal fish that lives on bottoms in shallow coastal waters, at depths of between . Its native habitat is the northwestern Pacific, particularly the seas of Japan and Okhotsk, and the coastlines of Kamchatka and Korea. It grows up to in length.
Reproduction
The flathead flounder spawning season is from February to April, and spawning takes place at depths of . Females undergo one reproductive cycle per year and produce between 90,000 and 950,000 eggs during each cycle.
References
flathead flounder
Fish of Japan
Sea of Okhotsk
flathead flounder |
West Coast Institute (formerly West Coast TAFE) is the TAFE institute servicing the northern suburbs of Perth, Western Australia. The institute, based in the Joondalup learning precinct north of the Perth Central Business District, became part of North Metropolitan TAFE on 11 April 2016.
History
The North Metropolitan College of TAFE began as two campuses in the Perth suburbs of Carine and Balga. Land for Carine Technical School was reserved on 19 March 1976 and an Order in Council giving authority to construct the college was gazetted on 22 April 1977.
With the reconfiguration of technical and further education in Australia in the mid-1980s, the North Metropolitan College of TAFE came into being. Construction of the Joondalup campus commenced in 1989, and the administration centre and the first blocks of classrooms were completed in 1992. On 6 April 1998, it was renamed West Coast College of TAFE. At the end of 2002, the Balga campus became part of Swan TAFE, primarily because its building and construction focus did not fit with West Coast TAFE's general profile, and the Carine campus was closed, with its hospitality centre moving to Joondalup.
On 10 September 2009, the college was renamed West Coast Institute of Training. A new campus, specialized in tradesmen apprenticeships and training programs, opened at Clarkson in 2011.
On 11 April 2016, The Government of Western Australia had announced the reform of the TAFEs. West Coast Institute of Training was merged with the Central Institute, becomes the North Metropolitan TAFE.
Academies
The Institute has five academies in areas of particular importance to workforce development of Western Australia, namely:
Aboriginal Academy of Sports, Health & Education
Academy of Digital Technologies
Academy of Health Sciences
Academy of Hospitality & Culinary Arts
Trades North
Campuses
The West Coast Institute has four campuses:
Kendrew Crescent, Joondalup
McLarty Avenue, Joondalup
Injune Way, Joondalup
Clarkson
References
External links
West Coast Institute website
TAFE WA
Joondalup |
According to the traditional scholarship, the veche () was the highest legislative and judicial authority in Veliky Novgorod until 1478, when the Novgorod Republic was brought under the direct control of the Grand Duke of Moscow, Ivan III.
The origin of the veche is obscure; it is thought to have originated in tribal assemblies in the region, thus predating the Rus' state. After the Novgorod Revolution of 1136 that ousted the ruling prince, the veche became the supreme state authority, although princely power was relatively limited in Novgorod from the start since no hereditary dynasty had been established there.
The traditional scholarship lists among the powers of the veche the election of the town officials such as the posadnik, tysyatsky, and even the archbishop (he was then sent to the metropolitan for consecration); it also invited in and dismissed the princes. While it is certainly true that the local officials were elected and some princes elected and dismissed, the sources are rather vague on precisely who was behind some of this, saying merely "they called in..." or "they gave the posadnikship to..." and the like.
The traditional scholarship goes on to argue that a series of reforms in 1410 transformed the veche into something similar to the public assembly of Venice; it became the Commons or lower chamber of the parliament. An upper Senate-like Council of Lords (sovet gospod) was also created, with title membership for all former city magistrates (posadniks and tysyatskys). Some sources indicate that veche membership may have become full-time, and parliament deputies were now called vechniks.
The veche was abolished after the fall of Novgorod to the Muscovites in 1478; however, there is some evidence that certain elements of the Novgorodian veche democracy have been restored under Swedish occupation during the Ingrian war of 1610–1617: one Swedish source indicates that Jacob de la Gardie has been present at thing in Novgorod.
Conflicting interpretations
Some of the more recent scholars call this interpretation into question. The difficulty in understanding the veche is that the term was used to mean any sort of assemblage of people, from a formal legislature or judicial entity to a mob or riot. Valentin Yanin's scholarship calls into question the democratic nature of the veche; he argues that the boyars ran the city and the veche was a "sham democracy" that allowed the common people a sense that they were participating in decision-making when decisions had, in fact, already been decided by the Council of Lords made up of the boyars and the archbishop.
Add to this the fact that Novgorod had a series of judicial entities: the prince's court, the archbishop's court, and the tysyatsky's court, and it is difficult to say where the veche fit in as a judicial body. Several "executions" in the veche seem to be the result of mob violence rather than the carrying out of judicial sentences. Jonas Granberg has called into question the very existence of the Council of Lords (sovet gospod), saying it is an interpolation or interpretation of modern historians of very scanty evidence. Michael C. Paul has argued that the veche, at least in the thirteenth century, was used as a consensus-building tool rather than becoming a formally institutionalized parliament.
Procedure
The Novgorod assembly could be presumably summoned by anyone who rang the veche bell, although it is more likely that the common procedure was more complex. This bell was a symbol of republican sovereignty and independence and for this reason, Ivan III carted it off to Moscow when he took control of the city, to show that the old way of doing things was at an end. The whole population of the city - boyars, merchants, and common citizens - then gathered at Yaroslav's Court or in front of the Cathedral of Holy Wisdom (the latter called a Vladychnoe veche - "An Archbishop's Veche," since it was called in front of the cathedral). Separate assemblies could be held in the boroughs or "Ends" of Novgorod.
References
Defunct unicameral legislatures
Novgorod Republic |
Maria is the title given to a Filipino (Tagalog language) version of Cinderella collected by Fletcher Gardner and published in The Journal of American Folklore, in 1906. The story is related both to the international Cinderella narrative, as well as to the motif of the calumniated wife.
Source
According to Fletcher Gardner, the tale was collected from an informant named Cornelio, in Mangarin, Mindoro, in 1903. The informant heard the story from a man in Marinduque Island.
Summary
In this tale, the Cinderella-like character is named Maria. The girl lives with her father and her mother. One day, his father falls in love with another woman and kills his wife, marrying the other woman and making her Maria's stepmother.
The girl's family life becomes difficult for her, since the stepmother begins to impose hard tasks for her. One day, the stepmother kills Maria's pet pig and gives the girl ten pieces of its refuse, ordering her to wash them in the river. She warns the girl not to lose any piece during the washing, lest Maria is beaten to death as punishment.
Maria takes the pig's pieces and washes them in the river, but one slips away from her. A crocodile offers to bring it back to her. When he turns to dive in the river, the crocodile's tail splashes a bit of water on her forehead and it creates a shining jewel. Maria returns home and, inquired by her stepmother, tells her the incident at the river. The stepmother sends her own daughter to the river with a second pig's refuse, hoping the same fortune will befall her, but the crocodile splashes her with his tail and a bell appears on her head, which she has to hide under a rag.
Feeling humiliated, Maria's stepmother still hates her step-daughter and keeps forcing chores on the girl until her body is filthy and dirty. The stepmother orders Maria to clean herself in the river. A crab offers to wash her back and tells her to eat it and bury its shell in the yard. Maria follows the crab's advice and a lukban (grape fruit) tree sprouts in the yard.
Some time later, Maria's stepmother and her daughter go to church, while they leave Maria to prepare the food for them when they return. After they leave, an old woman appears to Maria and tells her to pluck a fruit from the lukban tree and go to church, while she prepares the food. Maria cracks open a fruit and discovers princess garments and a carriage with eight horses. Maria wears the garments and rides the carriage to church.
At church, Maria catches the king's attention, who sends some guards to inquire about her. When the guards go to see her, Maria her slipped from church, but leaves a shoe at church. She runs back home, takes off the garments and places them back into the lukban fruit, and waits for her step-family to come home.
Back to the king, he finds the shoe and orders a "bando" to seek every available woman and girl in the kingdom and bring them to the palace to try on the shoe. Maria's step-family ties her up inside a sack and leave by the fireplace, then go to the palace. None of the maidens fit the slipper, so the king sends the bando again. The soldiers go to Maria's home, and, alerted by the cooing of a bird, release her from the sack and she tries on the slipper. It fits.
The king marries Maria, despite her step-family's protests, and she goes to live in the palace. After a while, the king departs for war, and leaves his wife Maria in the care of her stepmother and two wise woman, with orders to hoist a white flag for good news and a black flag for bad news.
Maria is pregnant with seven boys; her step-mother and the midwives replace the boys for blind puppies, throw the septuplets in the sea in a box and hoist a black flag to warn the king. He returns from war and, seeing the little animals, orders his wife to be punished, first by placing her under the stairs, then locking her up in a hut next to the palace.
As for the boys, they are saved by an enchanter and taken to his cave. The children grow up. One day, a hunter passes by the cave and sees the boys, then reports it back to the old women. Tyring to hide their misdeeds, the women go to the cave and give the boys poisoned maruya. The children eat it and die. The enchanter places the bodies inside a cave, but his oracle's voice tells him to seek the mother of the Sun, who lives in a distant place, beyond seven mountains, for a remedy.
He passes by three places where people ask him the solution for their problems: a tree asks why the bird do not perch on it; why two men are sat on a tree; and why two meager oxen eat rich grass and look emaciated and a black oxen looks fat by eating dust. The enchanter promises them he will bring the answers after visiting the house of the sun (tale type ATU 461, "Three Hairs of the Devil's Beard"). He then enters the house of the Sun, and is greeted by the Sun's mother, who hides him from the Sun after he comes back home. The Sun's mother asks him about the people's questions and gives the enchanter the remedy.
The enchanter goes back to his cave and resurrects the princes, who, after the enchanter's long journey, have become young men. When he and his brother wake up, the youngest of them goes to the tree to fetch a branch of silver and gold. The enchanter melds the metals and makes clothes and equipment (sabres, belts and a horn) for the seven princes.
The seven brothers blow on the horn to summon the king, who invites them for a banquet. Following the enchanter's warning, they give the meat on their dish to a dog, and the dog dies. The king replaces the cooks. The seven princes, before they sit again, ask the king to bring the woman locked in the hut to eat with them at the table. The woman, Maria, is brought to the table, and a stream of her breastmilk gushes forth and enters the mouth of the youngest son. The king realizes the seven young men are his sons, and punishes Maria's stepmother and the two midwives.
Analysis
Tale type
The first part of the tale is a variant of the Cinderella tale, which corresponds to tale type ATU 510A, "Cinderella", of the international Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index. The second part of the tale is classified as type ATU 707, "The Three Golden Children".
According to German folklorist Hans-Jörg Uther, in his 2004 revision of the international index, both tale types (ATU 510A and ATU 707) are "usual combinations" for each other.
Motifs
Scholarship points to an old belief connecting breastmilk and "natal blood", as observed in the works of Aristotle and Galen. Thus, the breastmilk motif reinforces the mother's connection to her children. Ethnologue and Africanist Sigrid Schmidt relate this motif to Indian variants.
Variants
Philippines
Maria (variant)
Gardner Fletcher published a second Filipino variant of Cinderella, collected in 1903 from a sixty-year-old woman in Pola, Mindoro. In this tale, the heroine is named Maria, daughter of a widowed man. Her father marries a woman with three daughters, and goes on a boating trip with his wife. He shoves her from the boat and she drowns, allowing him to marry another woman of a wicked character. Meanwhile, Maria is forced to do every chore in the house, which dirties her with soot.
One day, when Maria is washing by the river, a female crab appears to her and asks her to bring it home and cook it, but she must bury its shell in the garden. Maria follows the crab's orders, and a lukban tree with three fruits sprout. On a Sunday, the girl cracks open one of the fruits, and finds a dress and a carriage. She freshens herself and goes to church, where the king is in attendance. The king sees her and wishes to talk to her, but, as soon as the priest begins his sermon, she slips away from church, and the king orders the soldiers to follow her. Maria escapes, bu drops one of her slippers behind.
The king orders that every maiden with little feet is to try on the slipper. They finally reach Maria's house, where her stepmother hides her away in a mat and put her above the rafters. The soldiers notice the old mats and prickle it with their swords, causing Maria to cry out. They take Maria out of the mats and present her to the king. Shen tries on the slipper, and goes to live with the king as his queen.
After their marriage, the king has to depart on a royal duty, and in his absence, Maria gives birth to seven princes, who are replaced by seven puppies by her stepmother and exposed in the mountains. When the king returns, he sees the little animals and orders Maria and the puppies to be places in a room outside the palace walls, away from the people's eyes, but with orders to be well cared for.
Back to the children, they survive (Fletcher explained they were cared for by one ina nang arao, which means 'mother of the day' or 'mother of the sun'. They grow up as seven fine young men, and, one day, pass by their mother, suffering the king's punishment, being trapped in that outside room. The king notices their presence in church and invites them for a meal with him. Per their nurse's advice, the boys are to invite the imprisoned woman to dine with them at the same table. The king indulges their request and brings a disgrace Maria out of confinement to at with them. Three youths sit by one side of the queen, and the four on the other. Suddenly, streams of milk gush from her breasts to the mouths of the youths, confirming their blood relation. The king learns of his stepmother-in-law's deception, and punishes her, restoring Maria and his sons to his side.
The Green-Haired Prophetess
Sister Maria Delia Coronel collected a Philippine tale titled The Green-Haired Prophetess. In this tale, in a distant kingdom, two families unite in marriage with the wedding of their children, José and Magdalina. The couple have three daughters: Ines, Ângela and Maria, all equally beautiful. The family earn their living weaving and dyeing blankets and selling. After their parents die, the girls continue working on their trade. One night, they decide to talk nonsense to each other: the elder boasts that when she marries, she will give birth to rice dust, the middle one to corn dust, but the youngest promises she will give birth to triplets, the first named Pedro, the second Felipe, and the third a girl named Doña Illurosa, the last of which will have green hair, a star on the front and a mirror on her breast, for she will be a wise prophetess. She also says that, at the moment of their birth, cannons will shoot and bells will ring on their own. Unbeknownst to them, the king is eavesdropping on their talk, and sends for the maidens the next morning. The maidens repeat their words, Maria included, and the king decides to marry her. Months later, the king has to leave on business, and orders three midwives to look after Maria. Just as she predicted, at the time of the birth of her triplets, bells begin to ring and cannons begin to shoot. The three midwives take the children and cast them in a box in the seventh river, and place three piglets in their cradle. The king returns and, on seeing the piglets, banishes his wife and orders for a hut to be built to house her and her "children". Back to the children, an old woman named Popo finds the box with the babies near a beach and takes them in to raise as her own children. Years later, old woman Popo has to lave the house for some reason, and warns them about the three midwives, who will come with a bouquet of poisoned flowers, and they are not to entertain them. It happens thus, and the midwives are dismissed by the triplets. The next day, teh midwives try to give the children some poisoned bread, but, obeying their adoptive mother's warnings, do not let their guard down. On the third time, old woman Popo warns the children the midwives will tempt them with information about the beautiful bird named Siete Flores, that grants happiness and good fortune to those that have it, but the journey there is dangerous, since many have failed and were petrified for their efforts. The midwives appear again and tell the triplets about the bird, but are dimissed by Illurosa. However, her elder brothers decide to quest for the bird: Pedro goes first and fails, then Felipe goes in search of his brother and also fails. Finally, Illurosa decides to go after them, and summons a swift horse, a golden armour and golden sword, and rides to the bird's nest, after seven mountains. The girl captures the bird, which tells her to use its feather to restore her brothers and the other people. Illurosa and her brothers return home with the bird in a golden cage, and Illurosa utters for food to appear to them, and they celebrate. Later, the girl wishes for a sailing boat to appear before them, and her brother Don Felipe to become a rooster, and they sail away to another region. In the open sea, Illurosa finds another ship, and they bet the ship and its cargo in a cock fight. Illurosa's rooster wins and obtains a second ship. After a while, Illurosa's three ships arrive at the king's port, and cannons begin to shoot and bells to ring, announcing their arrival. The king notices the strange circumstances and asks them to come on land. Doña Illurosa says they have only come to his port for supplies. Still, the king invites them to his palace. Illurosa and her brothers pass by their mother in the hut in the pigsty, and the girl orders for her to come with them. At the table, a jet of her breastmilk gushes forth from her breasts and enters the mouths of Illurosa, Pedro and the rooster, who turns back into Felipe - thus confirming their blood relation. Rotislav Ribkin republished the tale in Russian with the title "Зеленоволосая принцесса" ("The Green-Haired Princess"), and sourced it from the Visayans.
Other tales
Author Dean Fansler collected a story titled The Wicked Woman's Reward, from one Gregorio Frondoso, a Bicol from Camarines. This tale shows the rivalry between two concubines of the king: one substitutes the other's son for a cat.
Professor Damiana Eugenio listed Thai tale The Four Champa Trees and Chinese tale Cat in Exchange for a Prince as "foreign analogues" to Filipino versions of the story of the king's wife banished from the palace due to the concubine's intrigue and accusations of giving birth to animals.
Dean Fansler, in another article, summarized a metrical romance published in the archipelago, The Story of the Life of Maria in the Kingdom of Hungary, and showed that it was a combination of Cinderella and Constance. However, the tale contains the punishment of the mother, now disgraced, and the lives of her sons, abandoned in the mountains and saved by a shepherd. He also published another (lesser-known) metrical romance, and a folktale, Amelia ("current in the province of Laguna"), which largely follow the same plot structure: marriage, birth of child or children, replacement by animals, severe punishment of the mother, rescue of children, meeting with parents later in life. Author Neil Philip suggests that Life of Maria romance was the ultimate source for Cornelio's tale.
In a tale published by Yukihiro Yamada and collected in 1987, from teller Quintina Cabal Gutierrez (Itbayat), papito so pipatoran (The Seven Kingdoms), three sisters, Magdalena, Rosalina and Maria, express their wishes for a husband: the elder two want to marry rich and powerful men, unlike the youngest, Maria. One day, a bachelor named Juan passes by their house and becomes enchanted with Maria. They marry, and the girl says she prays to God to give her a pair of children, one with golden hair, the other with silver hair. After their birth, her jealous sisters replace the children for puppies and her husband sentences her to be buried up to the torso near the sink.
Indonesia
French scholar Gédeon Huet noted tale type ATU 707 "entered into Indonesia". One example is the story Die Schwester der neun und neuzig Brüder ("The Sister of the Ninety-Nine Brothers"), from the Celebes Islands. In this tale, the youngest daughter promises to give birth to 99 boys and a girl, which draws the attention of the prince. When the children are born, the sisters replace the children for inanimate and "worthless" objects. The 100 siblings are rescued by "benevolent spirits", who also give the girl a wooden horse.
In another Indonesian variant from Aceh, Hikayat gumba' Meuïh, Gumba' Meuin, Gumbak Meuih, or Gombak Emas ("The Tale of Goldenhead"), King Hamsöykasa is married to three wives, but hasn't fathered a son by the first two, named Ratna Diwi and Keuncan Ansari. The third wife, Cah Keubandi, of humble origin, gives birth to 100 children in one day: 99 brothers and 1 sister, each of them with hair of gold and diamonds. The first two wives cast the siblings in the water encased in a box and replace them for creatures. The 100 are saved by a gògasi (gěrgasi) couple. The youngest child, the girl, named Gumba' Meuïh (Goldenhead), is told of her royal origins by a "celestial bird", reaches their father's kingdom and reveals the whole truth. The tale continues with the adventures of princess Goldenhead with celestial (adara) prince Lila Bangguna. Like her mother before her, she is also persecuted by the prince's sister and his second wife, but reclaims her right with the help of her 99 brothers. Her son, Mira' Diwangga, marries a princess of Atrah named Cheureupu Intan ("Diamond Sandal"), and fathers a daughter called Gènggöng Intan, who later marries prince Kaharölah of Silan (Ceylon). The hikayat is reported to exist in 4 (quite similar) manuscript versions in the archives of the Library of Leiden University, and contains the episode of petrification of the 99 brothers and their elephant retinue, as they make their way to their father's kingdom.
Myanmar
Burmese scholar Maung Htin Aung published a Burmese tale titled The Hundred and One Lobsters: a king is given 101 magical lobsters, said to give a woman the ability to bear wonderful children. A beautiful and demure girl named Nan Kyin Pu goes to the palace for the challenge and eats the lobsters. For this, she is made queen. She gives birth to 101 children, 100 sons and a daughter, but the king's second queen replaces them for puppies. The 101 children are saved by the king's pet animals (a sow, a cow, a buffalo and an elephant), which are killed by a ploy of the co-queens, who bribe the royal astrologers to say the animals are bringing misfortune to the king. Next, the children are saved by a hermit. The co-queens discover the children are alive and bring them poisoned cakes. The children eat the poisoned food and die. The hermit, in his grief, bury the siblings, but out of their graves 101 champaka trees sprout, 100 golden ones and one silver one. Once again, the co-queens order the trees to be felled down and thrown in the river. Their orders are carried out, and 101 trunks float downstream until they stop by a fisherman couple's house, who carries the logs to their barracks. The next morning, the couple finds 101 siblings alive and well, and decide to adopt them. Sixteen years later, the siblings take part in a cock fighting contest against their own father, the king. This eventually leads to the king discovering the truth, and releasing his wife Nan Kyin Pu. The tale was also republished in Russian with the title "Королева Нан Чин Пу" ("Queen Nan Chin Pu").
In a Burmese tale from the Palaung people, "История Схумо" ("The Story of Schumo"), an elderly couple lives in poverty with their daughter. The king, who had many wives, but no son, marries the girl and she gives birth to a son she names Schumo. The jealous co-wives of the king replace the boy for a puppy, to disgrace their rival. The young queen is expelled and returns to her parents' house with the puppy, while her son survives. The son visits his grandparents' home and sees his mother playing with the dog. She confirms her relationship with the boy by using a jet of her breast milk. Russian scholarship classified the tale as type 707, following Thompson and Roberts' Types of Indic Oral Tales.
In a Burmese tale from the Lisu people titled "Эликсир бессмертия" ("Elixir of Immortality"), a king in the Eastern part of the Himavant Mountains has two wives. One day, the elder wife becomes pregnant, to the younger wife's concern, since the elder one's children will inherit the throne. Time passes, and the elder queen gives birth to triplets, a boy and two girls. The younger queen bribes the midwife to replace them for puppies and throw them in the river in a box. The children are rescued by an old man who was swimming in the river and brought to his wife. They raise the children for 16 years, when the old woman dies. The old man then confides in their children that, with the fabled elixir of immortality, she could have been saved, but the elixir is located where silver and golden trees grow and birds perch on them. Two years later, their adoptive father also dies, which prompts the triplets to quest for the elixir of immortality. The elder brother ventures ahead: he goes to a cave in the mountains where an old hermit lives to ask him directions. The hermit warns the boy there will be Nat-man-eaters on his journey, and that the elixir is the water in a lake. Later, the brother reaches a hut where a girl lives, who welcomes him with a meal and a bed. However, after he is asleep, the girl, who is a cannibal Nat, devours him. Back to the siblings, the sisters realize something must have happened to their elder brother and the elder one decides to look for him. She goes to the cannibal Nat's hut and suffers the same fate. With the youngest sister remaining, she goes forth on the same path as her elder siblings, but avoids falling into the nat's trap. She reaches the magic lake, drinks some of its water and bottles a portion of it, then takes some silver and golden branches with her. She also tries to find her elder triplets, to no avail, and settles with the old hermit in the cave. Some time later, the local king falls ill, and one of his ministers remembers a story about the elixir of immortality and the hermit in the cave, then goes to search for him. Once the minister arrives, he requests for some. The girl agrees to give him a bit of the elixir, but makes him promise not to tell where he obtained it. After he departs, the hermit admonishes the girl that everyone will want a sip of the elixir and they must relocate, preferably near the magical lake. Back to the minister, he gives the king the elixir, which does heal his illness, but with the side effect of making him immortal. As he is the only one to live forever, his court, his wives and his people die out, which makes him greatly resent his eternal life. Thus, he takes the only other immortal being, the minister, and they sail away to the unknown, never to be seen again.
Vietnam
In a Vietnamese tale from the Jarai people with the title "Золотистая лань" ("Golden Doe"), a village chief has two co-wives, the elder Fa, cruel and lazy, and the younger Fu, kind and diligent. One day, the chief sights a golden doe in the forest and grabs his bow and arrow to hunt it. He follows it until he reaches a distant hut where he finds a beautiful girl there, who reveals she is the golden doe. The doe-girl and the village chief marry. Three years later, the doe-girl is pregnant, and Fa, cunningly, helps her in the delivery of her child. The doe-girl gives birth to three sons, who are taken by Fa and cast in the river in a basket, while she places puppies next to their mother. The village chief sees the animal litter and banishes the doe-girl to the pigpen. Meanwhile, the three boys are rescued by an old woman named Pom in another village, who raises them. Some time later, Fa, the elder co-wife, learns of their survival and goes to the second village to pay them a visit. She gives the boys chicken stew laced with poison. The boys eat and die. Their adoptive mother buries them in her yard; a tree sprouts in their grave, with three beautiful flowers. The flowers draw the attention of the villagers, and Fu, the younger co-wife, goes to check it. Upon seeing the tree, she recognizes it as the doe-girl's boys, so she burns down the tree and the boys are reborn as human beings. Fu takes the boys with them and takes care of them until they grow up as fine young men. The triplets decide to make a journey to their father's village: they sail on a boat and dock on a nearby shore. After defeating some robbers, one of the youths enters the village chief's house and releases their doe-mother from her punishment, then takes her away with them.
References
Female characters in fairy tales
Fictional kings
Fictional queens
Child abandonment
Adoption forms and related practices
Adoption, fostering, orphan care and displacement
Philippine folk culture
Philippine literature
ATU 500-559
ATU 700-749 |
Aldoma Bay (Russian: Zaliv Aldoma) is a small bay in the western Sea of Okhotsk. It is 8 km (5 mi) east to west and 14.5 km (9 mi) north to south. The Aldoma River flows into it from the west; to its east lies the Nurki Peninsula. It is considered the best anchorage in the northwestern part of the sea as it offers shelter from northeast winds.
History
American and Russian whaleships hunted bowhead whales in the bay in the 1850s and 1860s. They also anchored in the bay to get wood and water.
References
Bays of the Sea of Okhotsk
Bays of Khabarovsk Krai |
Stem Cells and Development is a biweekly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering cell biology, with a specific focus on biomedical applications of stem cells. It was established in 1992 as the Journal of Hematotherapy, and was renamed the Journal of Hematotherapy & Stem Cell Research in 1999. The journal obtained its current name in 2004. It is published by Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. and the editor-in-chief is Graham C. Parker (Wayne State University School of Medicine). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2018 impact factor of 3.147.
References
External links
Academic journals established in 1992
Biweekly journals
Stem cell research
Molecular and cellular biology journals
Mary Ann Liebert academic journals
English-language journals |
Sebastian Bösel (born 24 October 1994) is a German former professional footballer who played as a midfielder.
References
1994 births
Living people
People from Wunsiedel (district)
Footballers from Upper Franconia
German men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
FC Bayern Munich II players
SG Sonnenhof Großaspach players
1. FC Saarbrücken players
Hallescher FC players
3. Liga players
Regionalliga players |
North Greenwood Cemetery was a historically African American cemetery in Clearwater, Florida, United States. The cemetery covered about . In 1954, some of the bodies were relocated and the site turned over to the local school board. The Palmetto Elementary School was constructed on the site. In 2021, researchers found evidence of 29 graves remaining at the site.
Reclamation and Historical marker
Founded in 1940 to be the burial place of African American residents of Clearwater, the cemetery comprised . In 1954, to make room for additional school buildings and a city pool, approximately 375 graves were moved from the site. Residents had suspected that not all of the graves had been moved. The City of Clearwater partnered with archeologists and historians in 2021. Their work revealed that 29 graves remained, containing human remains.
A historical marker was placed on the site in December 2022.
References
Clearwater, Florida
1940 establishments in Florida
African-American cemeteries in Florida |
Cieśle is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Gołuchów, within Pleszew County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately west of Gołuchów, south-east of Pleszew, and south-east of the regional capital Poznań.
References
Villages in Pleszew County |
Mordella v-fasciata is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1895.
References
Beetles described in 1895
v-fasciata |
Club de Fútbol Diablos Azules de Guasave is a Mexican football club that plays in the Tercera División de México. The club is based in Atlacomulco, State of Mexico and was founded in 1991.
See also
Football in Mexico
Tercera División de México
External links
Tercera Divicion
References
Association football clubs established in 1985
Football clubs in Sinaloa
1985 establishments in Mexico
Sport in Guasave |
Tunçer Kılınç (born 25 April 1938) is a retired Turkish general. He was Secretary-General of the National Security Council from 2001 to 2003. He was a defendant in the Ergenekon trials; in August 2013 he was sentenced to 13 years in prison.
At a 2007 meeting of the Atatürkist Thought Association he said that Turkey should leave NATO.
He graduated from the Turkish Military Academy in 1960 and the Army War College (Kara Harp Akademisi) in 1973.
References
1938 births
People from Kars
Turkish Army generals
Living people
Secretaries General of the National Security Council (Turkey)
Turkish Military Academy alumni
Army War College (Turkey) alumni
People convicted in the Ergenekon trials |
Memphis Furniture Manufacturing Company was the largest component of what was once the largest furniture manufacturing operation in the United States. It was founded in 1896 by Robertson Morrow and, despite a major fire in 1904, quickly grew to include Little Rock Furniture, New Orleans Furniture, and Oklahoma City Furniture.
Memphis Furniture itself employed over 1,000 people at its peak. By the late 1970s, it faced growing competition from Carolina furniture manufacturers and unionization of its workforce. The multi-story urban manufacturing facility that was so efficient in the 1920s was not competitive with the large, single story rural manufacturing facilities. It ceased operation and went into liquidation in 1983.
References
External links
Flickr: Cover of their 1940 catalog
Furniture companies of the United States |
Koiak 21 - Coptic Calendar - Koiak 23
The twenty-second day of the Coptic month of Koiak, the fourth month of the Coptic year. On a common year, this day corresponds to December 18, of the Julian Calendar, and December 31, of the Gregorian Calendar. This day falls in the Coptic season of Peret, the season of emergence. This day falls in the Nativity Fast.
Commemorations
Saints
The martyrdom of Saint Pachum, and Saint Dalusham, his sister
The departure of Pope Anastasius, the 36th Patriarch of the See of Saint Mark
Other commemorations
The commemoration of the Honorable Archangel Gabriel, the Announcer
References
Days of the Coptic calendar |
The Chief of Staff of the Indonesian Navy (, abbreviated KSAL or KASAL) is the highest position in the Indonesian Navy. The position is held by the four-star Admiral or Marine General, appointed by and reporting directly to the Commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces. Chief of Staff is assisted by Vice Chief of Staff of the Indonesian Navy, position is held by three-star Admiral or Marine General.
Responsibilities
As stated by presidential decree 66/2019, the responsibilities of Chief of Staff of the Indonesian Navy are as follow:
lead the navy on the power consolidation / development and operational readiness
assist the Commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces on policy development about navy's power posture, doctrine, strategy, and military operations
assist the Commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces on national defense component according to the navy need
execute other navy duty mandated by the Commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces
List of Chiefs of Staff
See also
Commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces
Chief of Staff of the Indonesian Army
Chief of Staff of the Indonesian Air Force
References
Chiefs of Staff of the Indonesian Navy
Indonesia |
Phyllonorycter durangensis is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Mexico.
The larvae feed on Alnus species. They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine has the form of a very small gallery on the underside of the leaf.
References
durangensis
Moths of Central America
Moths described in 1982 |
EU Secondary Ticketing Association, also known as EUSTA is a non-governmental, self-regulatory body based in the Netherlands, formed to provide self-regulation within the ticket resale industry in the European Union. EUSTA's aim is to ensure fairness and openness in the sale of event tickets and its members are required to comply with a stringent code of practice.
Code of practice
The EUSTA code of practice covers all aspects of secondary ticket market practices - however it can be summarized in the preamble:
This code of conduct is laid down by the European Union Secondary Ticketing Association (“EUSTA”). It establishes rules of conduct and requirements for all secondary market parties that are associated with EUSTA.
It is the aim of EUSTA to safeguard quality for buyers who have purchased (admission) tickets for an event from suppliers of (admission) tickets on the secondary market. In order to be able to offer the buyer transparency and guarantees when buying admission tickets on the secondary market, EUSTA has drawn up a number of rules of conduct and requirements.
Companies bearing the EUSTA trademark meet these rules of conduct and requirements drawn up by EUSTA. These rules of conduct and requirements also serve to protect the buyer.
Founders and Participants
EUSTA was founded in 2009 by a group of Dutch Online ticket brokering companies engaged in Ticket resale in order to provide benchmarks to help legitimize and change negative public perception of the emerging free market around event ticketing online.
Well-known ex-Dutch Footballer and lawyer Keje Molenaar is the Chairman of EUSTA and the Secretary and treasurer is Marlies Hoedemaker.
Current EUSTA members include:
Worldticketshop
PepeTickets
Rang1Tickets
Budgetticket BV, Budget Ticket and Online Ticketing Shop
Tickets4u
Politics
EUSTA has been actively lobbying against a recently proposed Dutch bill to legislate the secondary ticket market in the Netherlands, an initiative of the Members of Parliament Arda Gerkens of the Socialist Party (SP) and Nicolien van Vroonhoven-Cook of the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA). EUSTA has also protested vigorously against mass ticket cancellations by Mojo Concerts (Live Nation Entertainment) in the Dutch secondary Market.
References
External links
The English EUSTA website
The Dutch EUSTA website
STAR The Society of Ticket Agents and Retailers. Self-regulatory ticket body for the UK entertainment industry.
National Association of Ticket Brokers: NATB is a non-profit trade association representing legitimate ticket brokers in the United States.
Association of Secondary Ticket Agents:ASTA is the UK's Secondary Ticket Industry regulatory body.
Better Ticketing Association: Better Ticketing is a broker-based USA organization.
EU Secondary Ticketing Association (EUSTA)
Self-regulatory organizations
Tickets
Pan-European trade and professional organizations
Regulation in the European Union |
The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 19421944 is the second volume in the Pacific War trilogy written by best selling author and historian Ian W. Toll. The book is a narrative history of the middle phase of the Pacific War, which took place in the central and southern Pacific between the Allies and the Empire of Japan. It was published by W. W. Norton & Company in 2015 (hardcover and Kindle) and 2016 (paperback). It was released as an audiobook narrated by P. J. Ochlan by Recorded Books in 2015. The first volume in the trilogy, Pacific Crucible: War at Sea in the Pacific, 1941–1942, was published in 2011; the final volume in the trilogy, Twilight of the Gods: War in the Western Pacific, 1944–1945, was published in 2020.
Synopsis
Continuing the story of the Pacific war, The Conquering Tide covers the period from June 1942 to June 1944, a time frame that starts with the fighting during the Solomon Islands, Guadalcanal, and New Guinea campaigns, continues into the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign and ends with the dramatic Japanese defeats during the Mariana and Palau Islands campaign and the Battle of the Philippine Sea, which sets the stage for the final phase of the war in the approach to and on the Japanese home islands. In writing about the scope of the subject covered in The Conquering Tide, the Dallas Morning News review states,
The Pacific War was the largest, bloodiest, most costly, most technically innovative, and most logistically complex amphibious war in history. To roll back the tide of Japanese conquests, the Allies would be required to seize one island after another, advancing across thousands of miles of ocean in two huge parallel offensives on either side of the equator. The army, navy, and marines were compelled to work together in sustained and intricate cooperation.
Both a history from below, showing the perspectives of the average soldiers, sailors, and airmen that fought the war and a history from above, showing how American military leaders, especially Admiral Ernest King, planned and executed the strategy that set the stage for the final phase of the Pacific war. Toll uses both official histories and personal recollections to tell the story of this phase of the war. He weaves personal stories from the fighter pilots that fought the Japanese in the air, the sailors on board ship that encountered them at sea, and the soldiers and marines that fought them on countless islands, together with thoughts, plans, and reactions of the leaders that guided the progress of the war, to provide the reader with a compelling narrative of how the war unfolded.
Toll provides insights into the Japanese perspective of the conflict. An example of the vivid details he includes are the feelings and perspectives of normal Japanese merchant seaman; Toll recounts, "In the navy's hierarchy, recalled one veteran merchant mariner, he and his shipmates "were lower than military horses, less important than military dogs, even lower than military carrier pigeons." On one ship with a mixed crew, all merchant mariners were confined below, while only Etajima (naval academy) graduates were allowed to take in the sun and sea air on deck. "That was their attitude. There was no sense you were all fighting together. You can't win with such an attitude."" On the opposite end of the spectrum, Toll shows the growing power and dominance of General Tojo and his allies in the Japanese government, and his eventual fall from power and replacement by Kuniaki Koiso, a retired general and the Japanese proconsul in charge of Korea, who nonetheless continued Tojo's failed policies and "dutifully mouthed the same bellicose avowals and victory forecasts that had been Tojo's trademark". The many ways the Japanese had prepared for a war against the United States is explained in the first part of the book and is demonstrated throughout. Because air power was central to the fighting in the Pacific, Toll points out the often superiority of Japanese fighters and medium bombers and the skill in which Japanese pilots handled them.
As was the case in the first volume, the author shows how preconceived notions and prejudices on both sides continued to be shattered. However these lessons were learned slowly and these misconceptions led both sides to disastrous conclusions before they eventually dissolved and were replaced with more accurate, albeit incomplete and racist, assessments of the skills and abilities of their enemy. The Japanese notion of the Americans as "soft, too used to comfort to be effective in battle; not able to withstand the rigors of submarine service" and Allied notions of the Japanese as technologically second rate with poorly trained personnel proved to be costly arrogance. The Japanese held one advantage in this regard; knowing the attitude of those they were about to fight, they used this to their advantage; Toll writes, "Playing cleverly on the hubris and racial chauvinism of their Western rivals, the Japanese had disguised the formidable power of their air fleets and airmen." However Toll also quotes Japanese Admiral Kichisaburo Nomura on what would prove the most disastrous miscalculation of the war, "You came far more quickly than we expected."
After detailing the misconceptions and flaws of the two sides, the middle portion of the book largely focuses on the remarkable transformation of the American military as it island-hopped across the Pacific and the inability of the Japanese to respond effectively or understand the position they were in. Toll documents the increasing material strength of the United States, growing from a devastated Pacific battleship fleet with a few precious aircraft carriers, into a force capable of striking across the Pacific at will. He not only shows the material growth in the military but also the organizational, tactical, and strategic growth that developed in tandem with it.
Toll concludes the story with the history of the Mariana and Palau Islands campaign, the climax of the war in the central and southern Pacific which set the stage for the war in the western Pacific and Japanese home islands.
"This reviewer was particularly struck by Toll's description of the Japanese fight to the bitter end on Saipan and the decision by thousands of civilians to take their lives rather than surrender. "Despite the bitterness of defeat, we pledge 'Seven lives to repay our country' " was part of Yoshitsugu Saito's last instruction to his battered forces. "About 3,000 Japanese troops answered the call" to report to a staging point and charged down a narrow-gauge railway into the Americans in a banzai charge shortly before 5 a.m. Those who had rifles fixed bayonets, those without fixed knives or bayonets on long poles. At the rear but pressing forward was "a pathetic cavalcade of sick and wounded men, bleeding and bandaged, some hobbling along on crutches, many with no weapons at all." ... Summing up, Toll noted, "Capture of the Marianas and the accompanying ruin of Japanese carrier airpower were final and irreversible blows to the hopes of the Japanese imperial project."
In the final pages of the book, Toll asserts three conclusions that summarize the state of the war in mid 1944:
"That two such colossal assaults could be launched against fortified enemy shores, in the same month and at opposite ends of the Eurasian landmass was a supreme demonstration of American militaryindustrial hegemony."
"The Americans had developed the capability to project overwhelming force into the distant frontiers of the western Pacific, and no tactical masterstroke or blunder could reverse the increasingly lopsided balance of power between the two combatants."
Just as Toll concludes his first volume with the earlier decisive Battle of Midway in the eastern Pacific, in the conclusion of this volume he makes the convincing argument that the victory in the Marianas was the decisive moment in the Pacific War. "Though Americans were slow to appreciate it they had just won the decisive victory of the Pacific War."
Reception
"On the American side, Toll's narrative deftly moves between the towering figures – King, Nimitz, Halsey, Holland Smith, and deck-plate sailors and Marines who "do not know how many of the Japanese civilians [italics in text] will actively fight us." He weaves the Japanese narrative in a similarly efficient and coherent way. Conquering Tide is not a Navy and Marine battle action history. It is a compelling account from the biggest of pictures of the "Europe first" strategy to the tiniest of pixels to help readers born years and decades after these events understand what happened, why it occurred, and ultimately what it all meant at the time to the Americans and Japanese."
"The writing has a very visual aspect, yet the details do not overwhelm the reader, nor does the well‐organized and documented narrative. Told from the points of view of different military and political perspectives covering both sides of the war, plus allied concerns, the story never gets lost as it progresses through the period included. The battle stories include human stories and anecdotes from those not necessarily heard from, including those in the foxholes. Attitudes are explained with ease and controversies covered."
"The Conquering Tide is heavily researched and spans nearly 600 pages. Yet Toll's absorbing text flows smoothly and quickly, helped along by anecdotes and stories involving combatants and political leaders on both sides, plus coast watchers who spied on the Japanese from mountaintops and jungles and risked their lives to radio attack warnings."
The Conquering Tide was a New York Times best selling non-fiction book.
Reviews
Borneman, W. R. (October 5, 2015). Book Review: The Conquering Tide by Ian W. Toll. The New York Times.
Grady, J. (2012). Book Review: The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 1942–1944 by Ian W. Toll. Naval Historical Foundation.
Jordan, J. W. (October 2, 2015). The Grueling Archipelago. The Wall Street Journal.
Moore, R. (2016). The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 1942–1944 By Ian W. Toll. Army History, (100), pp. 39–40.
Reist, K. K. (2017) The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 1942–1944 By Ian W. Toll. The Historian, 79(3), pp. 663–664.
Sears, D. L. (Spring 2016). Book Review: The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 1942–1944. HistoryNET.
Staff Editor. (September 25, 2015). History review: The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 1942-1944 by Ian W. Toll. The Dallas Morning News.
See also
Asiatic-Pacific Theater
Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
Imperial Japanese Army
Imperial Japanese Navy
Pacific Ocean theater of World War II
Southern Expeditionary Army Group
South West Pacific Area (command)
Notes
When quotes from the book appear in referenced secondary sources, the pages they are from are noted below for reference; the first hardcover edition is cited.
References
Further reading
Bix, H. P. (2001). Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan. New York, NY: Perennial.
Borneman, W. R. (2012). The Admirals: Nimitz, Halsey, Leahy, and King: The Five-Star Admirals Who Won the War at Sea. New York: Little, Brown and Co.
Cox, J. R. (2020). Blazing Star, Setting Sun: The Guadalcanal–Solomons Campaign, November 1942-March 1943. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
Harries, M., & Harries, S. (1991). Soldiers of the Sun: The Rise and Fall of the Imperial Japanese Army. New York: Random House.
Hornfischer, J. D. (2011). Neptune's Inferno: The U.S. Navy at Guadalcanal. New York: Bantam Books.
Lacey, S. T. (2013). Pacific Blitzkrieg: World War II in the Central Pacific. Denton, TX: University of North Texas Press.
Stille, M. E. (2013). The Imperial Japanese Navy in the Pacific War. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing.
Toland, J. (1982). The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire. New York: Random House.
Wheelan, J. (2017). Midnight in the Pacific: Guadalcanal: The World War II Battle that Turned the Tide of War. Boston: Da Capo Press.
External links
West Point Maps of the Asian-Pacific War
Ian Toll "The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 1942-1944". BookTV, C-SPAN.
Pacific theatre of World War II
Military history of the Pacific Ocean
Military history
2011 non-fiction books
History books about World War II
History books about the United States
History books about Japan
W. W. Norton & Company books |
The Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (INBio) is the national institute for biodiversity and conservation in Costa Rica. Created at the end of the 1980s, and despite having national status, it is a privately run institution that works closely with various government agencies, universities, business sector and other public and private entities inside and outside of the country. The goals of the institute are to complete an inventory of the natural heritage of Costa Rica, promote conservation and identify chemical compounds and genetic material present in living organisms that could be used by industries such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics or others.
The institute has a collection of over three million insects representing tens of thousands of species all recorded in Atta, a computer database that contains all of the data such as exact location (including GPS coordinates), date of collection, name of the collector and method of collection.
Due to impending insolvency, in March 2015, the INBio's biodiversity collection and database will be taken over by the state (and returned to the Natural History Museum, from which much of it was taken when INBio was founded), and its theme park converted to government operation. INBio will move forward as a "think tank" type institute with money raised from transfer of most of its assets to the government.
History
Costa Rica decided in 1989 that some sort of organization was necessary to study the biodiversity of Costa Rica. The government did not have the ability at the time to fund a new organization so a handful of scientists and entrepreneurs took the initiative and created the non-profit organization now known as INBio. Among the founders of the institution was Rodrigo Gámez, a remarkable and well known Costa Rican scientist who has a strong desire for teaching people about the importance of biodiversity and its conservation. He received the MAGÓN award (Premio Nacional de Cultura Magón) in 2012, which is an award of great importance that is given every year to someone who has contributed to Costa Rica, in this case related to science. In that same year he received an international award known as the MIDORI prize, given to him in Japan, by a Japanese institution; he has also received a great number of other awards in the past. Rodrigo Gámez is still president at the institution.
In 1995 INBio was awarded the Prince of Asturias Award for Technical and Scientific Research.
Structure
There are many different components to INBio such as Bio-prospecting, INBioparque, INBio editorial, and the many different research areas such as arthropods, fungi, and plants. Bio-prospecting is the division dealing with finding useful products from the specimens collected. INBio has worked with organizations such as Merck, Bristol-Myers Squibb, and the University of Massachusetts Amherst. INBioparque is a natural park in Santo Domingo, Heredia, just north/east of downtown San Jose in Costa Rica. The research programs vary from studying the spider family Oonopidae to compiling a book with all of the genera of known and described flies in Central America. Such a project has never been done in a tropical place with such a large biodiversity.
Areas of activity
The Institute's work has chiefly developed in the following areas:
Inventory and monitoring
Generating information on the diversity of the country's species and ecosystems. It currently owns a collection of more than 3 million specimens, each identified and cataloged, including arthropods, plants, fungi and mollusks. Furthermore, information on the country's different ecosystems is generated.
Conservation
Integrating the information generated by INBio into decision-making processes for the protection and sustainable use of its biodiversity, for both the public and private sectors. INBio works closely with SINAC (Sistema de Áreas de Conservación; Conservation Areas System), being considered a strategic partner in the protection of the country's protected areas.
Communication and education
Sharing information and understanding of biodiversity with different sectors of the public, seeking to create a wider knowledge of its value. Most of this effort is centered in the INBiopark, a theme-park opened in 2000 which aims to bring families and visitors closer to the rich Costa Rican nature. Furthermore, through other methods INBio looks to strengthen the environmental component of the Costa Rican population's actions and decisions.
Bioinformatics
Developing and applying technological tools to support the process of generation, administration, analysis and dissemination of information on biodiversity. The information on each specimen in the biodiversity inventory can be found in a database named Atta, accessible to the public through INBio's webpage.
Bioprospecting
Searching for sustainable, commercially applicable uses of the resources of biodiversity. INBio has been a pioneering institution in establishing research agreements for the search for chemical substances, genes, etc., present in plants, insects, marine organisms and microorganisms, which could be used by the pharmaceutical, medical, biotechnology, cosmetics, nutritional and agricultural industries. INBio, although it is a national initiative given its scope, has become an international force for trying to integrate conservation and development. The application of scientific knowledge of biodiversity to economic activities such as ecotourism, medicine, agriculture or the development of mechanisms of collection and payment for environmental services exemplify this force for integration, and are part of the activities which attract the attention of the international community.
References
Institutions of Costa Rica
Nature conservation in Costa Rica
Nature conservation organizations based in North America |
Bukit Chandan is a state constituency in Perak, Malaysia, that has been represented in the Perak State Legislative Assembly since 1974.
The state constituency was created in the 1974 redistribution and is mandated to return a single member to the Perak State Legislative Assembly under the first past the post voting system.
Demographics
History
2004–2016: The constituency contains the polling districts of Jalan Kangsar, Jalan Datoh, Jalan Dato Sagor, Kampong Talang, Kampong Pajak Potong, Kampong Sayong Lembah, Bukit Resident, Bukit Chandan, Bendang Kering, Menora, Senggang, Seberang Manong, Bekor.
2016–present: The constituency contains the polling districts of Jalan Kangsar, Jalan Datoh, Jalan Dato Sagor, Kampong Talang, Kampong Pajak Potong, Kampong Sayong Lembah, Bukit Resident, Bukit Chandan, Bendang Kering, Menora, Senggang, Seberang Manong, Bekor.
Polling districts
According to the federal gazette issued on 31 October 2022, the Bukit Chandan constituency is divided into 13 polling districts.
Representation history
Election results
References
Perak state constituencies |
Nathan Luke Baker (born 23 April 1991) is an English former professional footballer who played as a central defender. Baker is a product of the Aston Villa Academy and had loan spells at Lincoln City and Millwall before joining Bristol City in 2017. He has represented England at U19, U20, and U21 levels.
Club career
Aston Villa
Early career
Baker signed for Aston Villa as a 13-year-old in 2004, and rose through the ranks at the club, making his Academy debut in 2007. He was a pivotal figure in the centre of defence alongside Ciaran Clark in the 2007–08 season, as Villa clinched the national title, defeating Manchester City. Baker finished the season with one goal from 23 appearances for the Academy team, and two goals from seven appearances for the Reserves, who also tasted success by clinching the Premier Reserve League South.
The defender progressed to the first team in the summer of 2008 by making the squad for the tour of Switzerland, of which Baker played in both matches against FC Wil and FC Zürich. In July 2008, Baker was named on the bench for the second leg of the UEFA Intertoto Cup tie against Odense Boldklub. A week later he was again named on the bench, this time for the trip to Icelandic side Fimleikafélag Hafnarfjarðar in the second qualifying round of the UEFA Cup.
On 23 October 2009, Baker signed for Lincoln City on a month-long loan deal, alongside fellow defender Eric Lichaj. Lincoln City manager and former Aston Villa striker Chris Sutton handed Baker his league debut at Sincil Bank on 24 October 2009, in a 0–0 draw with Torquay United. Baker impressed at Lincoln, and his loan deal was eventually extended to the end of the season.
Baker was banned from attending Aston Villa's League Cup final against Manchester United at Wembley Stadium on 28 February 2010 after being caught trying to sell his allocation of tickets via the social networking website Facebook. Baker had attempted to sell five tickets at a price of £200 each, but later said that he regretted his actions.
2010–11 season
Baker was brought in to the Aston Villa squad for the derby match against Birmingham City on 16 January 2011. He was an unused substitute as Villa drew 1–1. Baker made his starting debut against Wigan Athletic on 25 January at DW Stadium. On 29 January, his second ever start, Baker gained an assist for the third goal but was then sent off for a dangerous tackle in an FA Cup fourth round tie against Blackburn Rovers. On 26 February, Baker made his second league start for Villa against Blackburn Rovers, but went off injured in the first half after a collision with Blackburn goalkeeper Paul Robinson. Villa announced on 2 June 2011 that Baker had signed a new three-year contract with the club.
2011–12 season
On 22 November he joined Millwall on a one-month loan deal. He was assigned the squad number 27 and made his debut four days later, helping Millwall keep a clean sheet against Crystal Palace. He made six league appearances before his loan spell ended in December with a 1–0 win against Portsmouth on 26 December being his last game. He returned to Villa and made his first appearance of the season coming on as a late substitute for Richard Dunne against Manchester City on 12 February.
2012–13 season
During the 2012–13 season, Baker established himself as a centre back with great aerial ability. Due to an injury to Ron Vlaar, Baker was partnered with fellow academy graduate Ciaran Clark and impressed during a difficult spell where Villa conceded many goals. On occasion he also played at left back in the absence of Joe Bennett. On 9 March, manager Paul Lambert praised his maturity for producing another outstanding performance after slicing the ball into his own net to give Reading a first-half lead. In May 2013 Baker signed a new three-year deal with Aston Villa which would keep him there until 2016.
2013–14 season
Baker made his first appearance against Arsenal but was substituted in the 17th minute due to injury. He missed the next games against Chelsea, Liverpool and Newcastle before making his return to the squad as an unused substitute against Norwich. He made his full return starting at Villa Park in a dramatic 3–2 win over Manchester City, before being dropped to the bench against Hull. After that, Baker and Vlaar were Paul Lambert's preferred defensive partnership, however, due to Vlaar's constant injury problems, Baker was often partnered with fellow academy graduate Ciaran Clark.
2014–15 season
Although Baker was a regular throughout the 2013–14 season, he was an unused substitute in Villa's opening fixture, a 1–0 victory against Stoke. He made his first appearance of the season as an 82nd minute substitution for Aly Cissokho. After injury ruled captain Ron Vlaar out, Baker made his first start against Liverpool, putting in a great performance alongside Philippe Senderos, keeping a clean sheet in a 1–0 victory. He was set to start against Arsenal, however, like many of his teammates suffered from an illness and was left out of the squad. Baker went on to start against Chelsea, Manchester City and Everton. He wasn't included in the squad against Queens Park Rangers, before starting against Spurs. On 8 November 2014, during the 0–0 draw against West Ham United, Baker picked up a knee injury. After a long lay off, Baker was an unused substitute against Leicester before starting against Liverpool on 17 January 2015.
2015–16 season
On 31 July 2015, Baker ended transfer speculation when he signed a new four-year contract with the club.
On 1 September 2015, Baker joined Bristol City on a season-long loan.
2016–17 season
Following Aston Villa's relegation from the Premier League, Baker returned to Aston Villa. Under Roberto Di Matteo, Baker often found himself behind the club's new arrivals Tommy Elphick and James Chester, being used as a substitute. Following an injury to Elphick, and the replacement of Di Matteo for Steve Bruce, Baker formed an impressive partnership with Chester. On 19 November, Baker scored his first goal for Aston Villa against Brighton and Hove Albion, heading in an Albert Adomah delivery. The match ended 1–1.
Bristol City
On 28 July 2017, Baker joined Bristol City for an undisclosed fee on a four-year deal.
On 14 May 2021, Baker was originally named on the released list but he signed a new two-year deal with the club in June 2021.
In November 2021, Baker was stretchered off with a head injury in a 2–0 defeat to Sheffield United. In June 2022, Bristol City manager Nigel Pearson said that it would be unlikely that Baker would feature in the 2022–23 season due to ongoing concussion.
Baker announced his retirement from professional football on 29 August 2022 as a result of the head injury sustained nine months prior.
International career
Baker has represented England at under-19, under-20 and under-21 level. He made his debut for the under-19 side on 18 November 2008 as they beat Germany 1–0. He made 9 appearances for the under-19's and was part of the England squad at the 2011 under-20 World Cup, playing in all of England's games at the tournament. He made his debut for the under-21 squad in 2011 against Iceland in Preston. His other two caps came in wins against Israel and Norway during 2013 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship qualification.
Career statistics
References
External links
1991 births
Footballers from Worcester, England
Living people
Men's association football defenders
English men's footballers
Aston Villa F.C. players
Lincoln City F.C. players
Millwall F.C. players
Bristol City F.C. players
Premier League players
English Football League players
England men's youth international footballers
England men's under-21 international footballers |
Catharine Drew (27 May 1832 – 26 August 1910) was an Anglo-Irish journalist and writer.
Life
Catherine Drew was born in Broughshane, County Antrim on 27 May 1832. Her parents were the Rev. Thomas Drew and Isabella (née Dalton) Drew. She was the third of the couple's eight daughters and four sons, although most of her siblings died young. Drew spent her childhood in Belfast, where her father was the rector of Christ Church in Durham Street from 1833 to 1859. Drew moved to Dublin at 60 Upper Sackville Street to live with her brother the architect, Thomas Drew, in 1866.
Career
From here she appears to have begun her journalist career, writing articles for the Irish Builder, going on to eventually become its assistant editor. She went on to write for the Belfast Newsletter, and following advice from its proprietor James Alexander Henderson, Drew moved to London in 1871 becoming the paper's London correspondent. She wrote two columns, Metropolitan gossip and Ladies' letter, and were among some of the earliest regular columns written specifically for women, providing society news for her readers in Belfast. Articles by her also appeared in The Literary World, The British Architect and London Society.
Drew was one of the founding members of the Ladies' Press Association, and campaigned for greater rights for women journalists. She became a prominent figure in the Institute of Journalists, representing the Institute at several international congresses. She was serving as the vice-president of the Institute at the time of her death. She also worked on its Orphan Fund for many years, an initiative she had originally suggested in 1891.
In 1894, she was one of the signatories of the Frances Power Cobbe memorial campaigning for greater recognition and rights for women journalists, alongside Millicent Fawcett and Jessie Boucherett. Drew wrote a number of novels, including Harry Chalgraves's legacy (1876) and The Lutanistes of St Jacobi's (1881). In March 1885 she gave a lecture titled Dress, economic and technic at the Exhibition of Women's Industries in Bristol, which later appeared as a pamphlet.
Death
She died at her home in Holland Street, Kensington on 26 August 1910 and is buried at Kensington Hanwell Cemetery, Broadway. Lady Drew, her sister-in-law, erected a Celtic cross memorial there in her honour. She bequeathed a jewel-studded gold bracelet to the Institute of Journalists, which had been presented to her by the Institute to mark her retirement in 1908. It is worn by women presidents or the wives of male presidents, and is known as the "Drew Bracelet."
References
1832 births
1910 deaths
Writers from County Antrim
19th-century Irish journalists
19th-century Irish women writers
Irish women journalists
Irish women novelists
Belfast News Letter people
19th-century Irish novelists
People from Broughshane
19th-century women journalists |
Stjepan Šulek (5 August 1914 in Zagreb, Austria-Hungary – 16 January 1986 in Zagreb, SR Croatia, SFR Yugoslavia) was a Croatian composer, conductor, violinist and music teacher.
Biography
Born in Zagreb in 1914, Šulek began his music study very early by learning piano, violin, and composition. In 1936 he received his diploma from the Zagreb Academy of Music, where he studied violin with Vaclav Huml (1880–1953) and composition with Blagoje Bersa (1873–1934), the founder of Croatian modern music movements. Until 1952 Šulek was an active soloist who gave numerous recitals. He was also an active chamber music performer of the highest level, as he was the first violin of the Zagreb String Quartet from 1936 to 1938 and was a member of the Maček-Šulek-Janigro Trio from 1939 to 1945. At the Zagreb Conservatorium, Šulek began teaching violin in 1939, composition in 1948, and orchestration in 1953.
His works were played on a national and international level beginning in 1945 in Europe, South America, and the United States. Šulek became a corresponding member of the Croatian Academy of the Arts and Sciences in 1948 and an official member and secretary of the Department of Music for the academy in 1954. He launched a successful conducting career in building up an international reputation for the Chamber Orchestra of the Zagreb (now Croatian) Radio and Television. From 1958 to 1964 he was the principal conductor of both the chamber and symphony orchestras of Zagreb and undertook numerous European tours with these orchestras. He was frequently invited to be a guest conductor for the symphony orchestras of Zagreb, Belgrade, and Slovenia.
In his teaching career, Šulek was a distinguished professor of musical composition and mentor of many leading Croatian composers. his students including Milko Kelemen, Stanko Horvat, Krešimir Šipuš, Sandro Zaninović, Pavle Dešpalj, Dubravko Detoni, Igor Kuljerić etc.
Šulek died in Zagreb in 1986.
Compositions
Symphonies
First Symphony (1944)
Second Symphony, "Eroica" (1946)
Third Symphony (1948)
Fourth Symphony (1954)
Fifth Symphony (1964)
Sixth Symphony (1966)
Seventh Symphony (1979)
Eighth Symphony (1981)
Epitaf (1971)
Runke (1972)
Concertos
First Piano Concerto (1949)
Second Piano Concerto (1952)
Third Piano Concerto (1970)
Cello Concerto (1950)
Violin Concerto in D minor (1951)
Bassoon Concerto (1958)
Viola Concerto (1959)
Horn Concerto (1972)
Organ Concerto "Memento" (1974)
Clarinet Concerto (1970)
"Classical Concertos"
First Classical Concerto, for orchestra (1944)
Second Classical Concerto, for strings (1952)
Third Classical Concerto, for strings (1957)
Fourth Classical Concerto, for orchestra (1983)
Sonatas
First Piano Sonata (1947)
Second Piano Sonata (1978)
Third Piano Sonata (1980)
Sonata for Trombone and Piano "Vox Gabrieli" (1973)
Sonata for Cello and Piano (1974)
Sonata for Violin and Piano
Chamber music
Ten string quartets
Piano Sextet (1957)
Operas
Koriolan (1957)
Oluja (Storm) (1969)
Ballets
De Veritate (1977)
Choir
Bašćanska ploča (Bašhka Stone Etchings) (1980)
Cantatas
Zadnji Adam (the Last Adam) (1964)
Song cycles
Singing of the Dead Poet (1970)
Strah (Fear) (1975)
Guitar
The Troubadours Three
I. Melancholy
II. Sonnet
III. Celebration
Bibliography
References
1914 births
1986 deaths
Croatian opera composers
Croatian classical composers
Vladimir Nazor Award winners
Academy of Music, University of Zagreb alumni
Burials at Mirogoj Cemetery
20th-century classical composers
Male classical composers
20th-century male musicians
Yugoslav musicians |
Lady Helan 贺兰氏, (7th century – 666 CE) was the Lady of Wei (魏国夫人) during the Tang dynasty and the niece of Wu Zetian. The Lady of Wei was an honorific for relatives of the Emperor and Empress. She was involved in court politics during her lifetime. She was killed by being poisoned at a dinner party.
Background
Lady Helan was the daughter of Wu Shun and Helan Yueshi. Wu Shun was the first daughter of Wu Shiyue and Lady Yang, and the older sister of Empress Wu. Helan Yueshi was the son of the Duke of Yingshan (应山公) and died early.
Lady of Wei
Lady Helan and her mother, Wu Shun, were favored by Emperor Gaozong who gave her the title Lady of Wei and her mother that of Lady of Han.
Emperor Gaozong wanted to keep Lady Helan as a concubine, but Empress Wu found out and had the Lady of Wei killed by poisoning. She then blamed Wu Weiliang and Wu Huaiyun for the murder and they were executed. Lady Helan's brother, Helan Minzhi, suspected Empress Wu of murdering his sister and was exiled.
Modern Depictions
Lady Helan is well known in television series as Helan Minyue (贺兰敏月). She is often portrayed as an antagonist.
Portrayed by He Lin in the Palace of Desire
Portrayed by Kathy Yuen in Secret History of Empress Wu
Portrayed by Sandra Ma in The Empress of China
References
7th-century Chinese women
7th-century Chinese people
Tang dynasty imperial consorts
Wu Zetian |
Countess Anna of Nassau (5 November 1563 – 13 June 1588) was a daughter of William the Silent and his second wife, Anna of Saxony. She was the wife of William Louis, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg.
Biography
Anna and William Louis were married just after Anna's twenty fourth birthday on November 25, 1587. The marriage was however only a short one, Anna died only six months after the marriage; therefore, they had no children and William Louis never remarried. William Louis became Count of Nassau- Dillenburg.
Family
Anna's mother, Anna of Saxony never had a happy marriage with Anna's father, William the Silent. Anna of Saxony was described as unstable and violent. She was unpopular with her family and the citizens.
Anna of Saxony took up with her lawyer, with whom she had an illegitimate daughter called Christina. After this incident, Anna and her siblings never saw their mother again. Anna of Saxony was sent to Beilstein castle with Christina, here her behavior became worse, until the servants were ordered to keep all knives away from her, lest she attack someone. Anna of Saxony began to suffer from hallucinations and violent outbursts. Christina was removed from her care and sent to be raised with her Anna and her siblings. William annulled their marriage, and remarried twice. Anna lived out the rest of her days in Dresden, until her death aged thirty-two in 1577.
Her father then married Charlotte of Bourbon, with whom he had six daughters. After her death in 1582, William married Louise de Coligny who gave birth to a son, Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange.
Among Anna's siblings were Maurice, Prince of Orange and Emilia of Nassau.
Ancestry
References
1563 births
1588 deaths
Anna
Anna
People from Delft
Daughters of monarchs |
There is not consensus and agreement in the demarcation of the comarcas of the region and some of them varies largely depending on the comarcas proposal. According to La Verdad newspapers’ Region of Murcia Atlas, there are three main divisions corresponding to three different authors.
Most agreed comarcas
The following comarcas are the most agreed in regards to its size and demarcation. They are accepted to be in the same way by most authors or their changes depending on the minor versions.
Altiplano
It is located in the north and is 1,580 km2 in the area. It includes the municipalities of Yecla and Jumilla. Regarding, what are present mainly in the area are mountain ranges such as Sierra del Carche, Sierra del Buey, Sierra Larga and Sierra del Molar. No rivers traverse the region, but several ramblas (dry stream beds but in rainy periods) occur in the comarca.
Alto Guadalentín or Comarca de Lorca
This territory is located in the southeast and has an area of 2,071.8 km2. The municipalities of Lorca, Águilas, and Puerto Lumbreras belong to this comarca. There is a remarkable water landform in the area: Guadalentín River. Another river that is present is the Luchena River. Other noteworthy landforms that occupy Alto Guadalentín are the mountain ranges Sierra de la Almenara, Sierra de la Carrasquilla, Sierra de Cantar, Sierra de la Torrecilla, Sierra de En medio, and Sierra del Cambrón.
Noroeste
This comarca is located in the northwest of Region of Murcia, hence its name, which meaning is “northwest.” The municipalities of Moratalla, Caravaca de la Cruz, and Cehegín are agreed to be included in this area in all the proposals. However, the municipalities of Calasparra and Bullas only belong to the comarca under a more limited definition. If all five municipalities were included, the territory has an area of 2,386.9 km2. However, if the smaller definition is taken as true, the comarca is 2,119.2 km2 in the area. Some remarkable landforms in the region are a mountain range named Sierra de Moratalla that occupies part of the north of Noroeste; a mountain range named Sierra de la Muela, which is also placed in the north; Revolcadores, which is a mountainous area that occurs in the east of Noroeste and a river which name is Quípar that is present in the western half of the comarca.
Cuenca de Mula
It includes the municipalities of Mula, Pliego, Albudeite, and Campos del Río. According to the University of Murcia proposal, Bullas would also belong to this comarca. In this region, there are two rivers. Part of the mountain ranges are also present in the area – the north of Sierra Espuaña occupies little part of the south of Cuenca de Mula and the east of Sierra de Cambrón occupies a little part of the southeast of this comarca.
More varying comarcas
Bajo Guadalentín
Its largest version includes five municipalities: Aledo, Lorca, Alhama de Murcia, Librilla, and Mazarrón and has an area of 1,024.7 km2. If a smaller version is adopted, the only municipality that doesn't belong to this territory is Mazarrón and has an extension of 706 km2. A significant landform of the comarca is the Guadalentín river – a stretch of it traverses the territory, hence its name. Part of Sierra Espuña, one of the most important mountain ranges in the Region of Murcia, is located in the northwest of Bajo Guadalentín. Suppose Mazarrón is considered a part of the region. In that case, Sierra de las Moreras and Sierra del Algarrobo mountain ranges will also occur in the Bajo Guadalentín as well as Rambla de Las Moreras.
Campo de Cartagena
This territory is located in the southeast of the province of Murcia. Regarding mountain reliefs, some of them are Sierra Minera Cartagena- La Unión, Sierra de la Muela. There are no water basins with a permanent water flow, but there are several arroyos (creeks) or ramblas; the most important are Rambla del Albujón and Rambla de Benipila.
There are more debate and less agreement about the nature of the comarca where Murcia is included – its size and municipalities that are included.
If we considered two proposals, Mar Menor would be a comarca, whose territory is part of Campo de Cartagena according to other comarcas proposals. This one includes Torre-Pacheco, San Pedro del Pinatar, San Javier, and Los Alcázares municipalities. An important mountain relief that occurs in this region is Cabezo Gordo.
Área Metropolitana de Murcia
The municipalities that are part of this comarca are the ones that the most change the comarca they belong to according to the demarcation initiative.
The municipalities of Huerta de Murcia, which is considered as another comarca according to two initiatives, are part of Área Metropolitana de Murcia. These municipalities are Murcia, Alcantarilla, Santomera and Beniel. Mountain landforms that take place in the region are Cresta del Gallo, Sierra de los Villares (mountain range), Columbares and the eastern area of Sierra de Carrascoy. Two rivers traverse Huerta de Murcia: Segura and Guadalentín.
Most municipalities of Vega Media (but Lorquí) are part of Área Metropolitana de Murcia and these are Molina de Segura, Ceutí, Alguazas and Torres de Cotillas.
Comarca Oriental
Atlas Global de la Región de Murcia considers that a northern-eastern comarca that includes the municipalities of Abanilla and Fortuna exists. The reasons for the statement of this comarca are topographical and geohydrographical. It covers an area of 385.1 km2.
In regards to landforms, there are seven mountain ranges and a river in this territory. Some of the spots are a mountain range called Sierra de La Pila, which eastern area occupies the northwest of the comarca; another mountain range named Sierra de Quibas, which occurs in the northeast of the region; Sierra del Corque; and Sierra de Abanilla, that is placed in the southeastern quarter. The river is called Río Chícamo and traverses the southeast of the comarca.
Comarca demarcation proposals
According to University of Murcia (1968): Altiplano of Yecla and Jumilla; Campo de Lorca, the name in this proposal of Altiplano; Cuenca de Mula, which includes an additional municipality that it part of Noroeste in most proposals, Bullas; Vega Alta del Segura; Vega Media del Segura (Huerta de Murcia and Comarca Oriental); Campo de Lorca; Bajo Guadalentín and Campo de Cartagena.
According to Ministerio de agricultura (1977): Nordeste (Altiplano), Noroeste, Centro (Cuenca de Mula), Río Segura, Suroeste y Valle de Guadalentín (the more usual comarcas Alto Guadalentín and Bajo Guadalentín) and Campo de Cartagena.
According to Subsecretaría de Planificación, Ministerio del Interior (1977): Jumilla - Yecla (whose usual name is Altiplano), Caravaca (that is corresponding to the smallest version of Nororeste), Alto Segura, Mula, Centro metropolitano de Murcia, Campo de Lorca, Valle del Guadalentín (Bajo) and Campo de Cartagena.
According to Consejo Regional de Murcia (1980): Altiplano, Noroeste, Vega Alta, Valle de Ricote, Vega Media, Comarca Oriental, Río Mula, Huerta de Murcia, Alto Guadalentín, Bajo Guadalentín, Campo de Cartagena and Mar Menor.
According to González Ortiz y Sánchez (1981): Altiplano, Noroeste in its largest version, Vega Alta, Cuenca de Mula in its smallest version, Vega Media (Huerta de Murcia and Comarca Oriental), Campo de Lorca, Bajo Guadalentín and Campo de Cartagena.
According to Zorita y Calvo (1984): Altiplano, Noroeste, Vega Alta, Valle de Ricote, Vega Media, Comarca Oriental, Río Mula, Huerta de Murcia, Alto Guadalentín, Bajo Guadalentín, Campo de Cartagena and Mar Menor.
According to the Atlas of Region of Murcia of La Verdad newspapers: Altiplano, Noroeste, Vegas del Segura, Cuenca de Mula, Cuenca de Abanilla-Fortuna, Comarca de Lorca, Bajo Guadalentín and Campo de Cartagena.
References |
Daniel Leslie Grunfeld (; born February 7, 1984) is an American professional basketball player, who last played as a small forward for Bnei Herzliya in the Israeli Basketball Premier League. He played briefly for Hapoel Holon, but left the team due to its financial problems, and signed a two-year contract with Hapoel Jerusalem starting at the beginning of November 2011.
He is the son of former New York Knicks guard, and former Washington Wizards executive, Ernie Grunfeld. In high school, he averaged 23.9 points per game and was the MVP of his conference. In college, at Stanford University, he was first team All Pacific-10 Conference as a junior. He has also played professionally for EWE Baskets Oldenburg, Aguas de Valencia Gandía Bàsquet, CB Valladolid, and Bnei Hasharon.
Early life
Grunfeld is Jewish. His grandmother is a Holocaust survivor whose life was saved twice by Swedish diplomat Raoul Wallenberg―once as a beneficiary of the false citizenship documents that Wallenberg issued to Jews in Hungary, and later when he convinced Nazi guards not to gun down the 80,000 Jews left in the Budapest Ghetto at the end of World War II.
"My grandma was hiding in a burnt-out building, crammed into a small attic space with her fellow prisoners. She was 17. Her parents and five of her siblings never came home," he writes.
Basketball career
High school
Grunfeld grew up in Franklin Lakes, New Jersey, while his father was the GM of the New York Knicks. Due to this, Grunfeld grew up a die-hard Knicks fan, but was just an average player on his middle school team during the late 1990s. When his father became the Milwaukee Bucks GM, Grunfeld moved to Wisconsin. It was there that he developed his game and shot up in height.
In high school, he averaged 23.9 points, 7.1 rebounds and 2.0 assists per game during his senior season at Nicolet High School. He shot 61% from the floor. That season, he was conference MVP, all-league first team, first team all-area (Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel), first team all-state (Associated Press), CNI Suburban Player of the Year, and WCBA first team all-state. He was also named by The Sporting News as the Best Shooter, out of more than 3,000 players.
College
Grunfeld went on to play at Stanford University, where he had a successful college career. While playing for the Stanford Cardinal and leading the team in scoring (17.0 ppg; # 5 in the Pac-10), in February 2005 he tore his right knee anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), forcing him to sit out the team's final nine games. He took the time on the sidelines to "observe what certain people do to be successful," and improve his basketball awareness. As a junior in 2004–05, he was named first team All-Pacific-10 Conference, to the National Association of Basketball Coaches (NABC) District-14 first team, and to the 2005 ESPN The Magazine Academic All-American University Division Second Team, to the District-8 ESPN The Magazine University Division All-Academic First Team, and to the Pac-10 Academic first team. In his senior year in 2005–06, he was a first-team Pac-10 All-Academic selection, and a first-team ESPN The Magazine Academic All-American selection.
Professional career
After going undrafted out of Stanford in 2006, he played his first two professional seasons with the EWE Baskets Oldenburg in the German Basketball Bundesliga, then with Aguas de Valencia Gandía in Spain's LEB Oro League. In September 2008, his childhood dream came true when the New York Knicks signed him to the team under undisclosed terms. On October 23, 2008, Grunfeld was waived by the team.
In January 2009 he received Romanian citizenship in order to be eligible for playing for the Romania national basketball team.
He played for Bnei Hasharon in the Israeli Basketball Super League in 2010–11, averaging 14.1 points per game on 56.9% shooting. In 2010, he made aliyah, becoming an Israeli citizen. In July 2011, he signed a two-year deal with Israel's Hapoel Holon. Due to the team's financial problems at the beginning of the 2011 season, he was released and signed a two-year contract with Hapoel Jerusalem.
He is one of a number of American Jews who played in Israel, including Jon Scheyer, Sylven Landesberg, Glenn Consor, and David Blu.
Maccabiah Games
Grunfeld played in the Maccabiah Games for the United States, in 2009. He led the U.S. to a gold medal, with 25 points and 12 rebounds in the final overtime game against Israel.
Post-Basketball Life
After retiring from basketball, Grunfeld received an MBA degree from Stanford University and began a career as a technology executive in Silicon Valley. He also comments on social issues and politics.
References
External links
Eurobasket bio
ACB.com profile
1984 births
Living people
American emigrants to Romania
Bnei HaSharon players
CB Valladolid players
Competitors at the 2009 Maccabiah Games
American expatriate basketball people in Germany
American expatriate basketball people in Spain
EWE Baskets Oldenburg players
Hapoel Jerusalem B.C. players
Israeli men's basketball players
Israeli Basketball Premier League players
Jewish American sportspeople
Jewish men's basketball players
Liga ACB players
Maccabiah Games gold medalists for the United States
Citizens of Israel through Law of Return
People from Franklin Lakes, New Jersey
People with acquired Romanian citizenship
Romanian emigrants to Israel
Basketball players from Bergen County, New Jersey
Stanford Cardinal men's basketball players
American men's basketball players
Maccabiah Games medalists in basketball
Small forwards
Shooting guards
American people of Romanian-Jewish descent
Jewish Romanian sportspeople
21st-century American Jews |
Castro is a city and commune on Chiloé Island in Chile. Castro is the capital of the Chiloé Province in the Los Lagos Region. The city is located on Estero de Castro on the eastern coast of central Chiloé Island. This position provides Castro with a good access to the eastern islands of Chiloé Archipelago as well as to the open ocean through Cucao and Huillinco to the west.
History
Castro is Chile's third oldest city in continuous existence. Rodrigo de Quiroga as the temporary governor of Chile in 1567 launched a campaign led by his son in-law Captain Martín Ruiz de Gamboa to conquer Chiloé Island, establishing the city of Castro there, and subjugating its inhabitants, the Cuncos. From its founding on 12 February 1576 until 1767 Castro was the administrative centre of Chiloé Island. In 1594 Castro had 8,000 inhabitants most of whom were farmers. Up to the middle of the 17th century the town was looted by Dutch pirates several times.
In 1767, during the time of the Bourbon Reforms that sought to modernize the Spanish Empire, Chiloé was separated from the General Captaincy of Chile to which it had previously belonged and made a direct subject of the Viceroyalty of Peru. To ease the communications with Lima the capital of the archipelago was moved from Castro to Ancud in the same year. Even after the incorporation of Chiloé into the Republic of Chile, Ancud remained the capital of the archipelago. Castro was destroyed by an earthquake in 1837 and had only 1,243 inhabitants in 1907. After the inauguration of the railway line to Ancud in 1912 the town developed better. Many buildings, including the railway station, town hall and many of the wooden palafitos houses, were destroyed or damaged by the earthquake and tsunami of 1960. In 1960, Castro had 7,000 inhabitants. Only in 1982 did Castro regain its role as the capital of the Chiloé Archipelago.
On December 10, 2021, a fire destroyed several structures in the city and led many residents to evacuate.
Demographics
According to the 2002 census of the National Statistics Institute, Castro spans an area of and has 39,366 inhabitants (19,325 men and 20,041 women). Of these, 29,148 (74%) lived in urban areas and 10,218 (26%) in rural areas. The population grew by 31.5% (9,435 persons) between the 1992 and 2002 censuses.
Administration
As a commune, Castro is a third-level administrative division of Chile administered by a municipal council, headed by an alcalde who is directly elected every four years. The 2012-2016 alcalde is Nelson Águila Serpa (PDC).
Within the electoral divisions of Chile, Castro is represented in the Chamber of Deputies by Gabriel Ascencio (PDC) and Alejandro Santana (RN) as part of the 58th electoral district, together with Ancud, Quemchi, Dalcahue, Curaco de Vélez, Quinchao, Puqueldón, Chonchi, Queilén, Quellón, Chaitén, Hualaihué, Futaleufú and Palena. The commune is represented in the Senate by Camilo Escalona Medina (PS) and Carlos Kuschel Silva (RN) as part of the 17th senatorial constituency (Los Lagos Region).
Sights
Castro is famous for its palafitos, traditional wooden stilt houses which were common in many places in Chiloé. Some of them are preserved in the town district Gamboa in the west of the town in a bay called Fiordo de Castro. Boats are built in a traditional way in a wharf between the town center and Gamboa. In Gamboa there is an interesting wooden chapel as well.
Plaza de Armas, the central town square with its well-kept park, the Municipality and the church has always been the middle of Castro. The square is surrounded by many shops, banks, bars and restaurants.
The Regional Museum of Castro (Museo Regional de Castro) exhibits many objects made in Chiloé as well as samples of ethnography and archaeology.
The Museum of Modern Art of Chiloé (Museo de Arte Moderno de Chiloé) which was founded in 1988 houses an important collection of contemporary art.
A small park called Plazuela del Tren was laid out on the former railway yard close to the harbour. A locomotive and some other vehicles and machinery referring to the railway line to Ancud which was operated from 1912 to 1960 are exposed here.
In Nercón, a village which was incorporated into Castro in 2007, there is another sightworthy church which was declared World Heritage by the UNESCO: Nuestra Señora de Gracia was built 1886-90 of Nothofagus dombeyi wood, and a well-kept garden can be seen in front of it.
A small chapel with ex-votoes can be seen between Nercón and Castro at the bridge over River Nercón near a small wharf where boats are produced of larch wood
Colonial fort system
During colonial times, Castro was the site of a small fort system made up of Fuerte de Castro, Batería marítima de Castro and Fortín de Tauco. The last fortification is not located in Castro proper but a few kilometers south along Estero de Castro. Only the remnants of Fortín de Tauco can be found at present, there are no known vestiges of the two fortifications that were located in what is now the city of Castro.
Traffic connections
The city is accessed by land by Route 5. From Castro nearly every village of Chiloé is easily accessible on a good paved road. There are good bus connections to most of the villages as well. The bus terminal is close to the central town square.
Since November 2012, domestic flights connecting the Island with the rest of the country arrive to Mocopulli Airport four times a week.
The railway line from Castro to Ancud was destroyed by the earthquake in 1960 and not rebuilt.
Sports
The city is home to Deportes Castro, 2012 champion of the Liga Nacional de Básquetbol de Chile. The team plays its home games in the Gimnasio Fiscal de Castro.
References
External links
Municipality of Castro
Castro: History of the City and Legends from the area
Communes of Chile
Port cities in Chile
Populated places established in 1567
Capitals of Chilean provinces
Populated places in Chiloé
Populated places in Chiloé Province
1567 establishments in the Spanish Empire |
Bremora is a village in Botkyrka Municipality, Stockholm County, southeastern Sweden. According to the 2005 census it had a population of 136 people.
References
Stockholm urban area
Populated places in Botkyrka Municipality
Södermanland |
Ben O'Loughlin is professor of international relations at Royal Holloway, University of London. He is director of the New Political Communication Unit, which was launched in 2007. Before joining Royal Holloway in September 2006 he was a researcher on the ESRC New Security Challenges Programme. He completed a DPhil in Politics at New College, Oxford in 2005 under the supervision of the political theorist Elizabeth Frazer and journalist Godfrey Hodgson.
In 2019, O'Loughlin is Thinker in Residence at the Royal Flemish Academy of Belgium for Science and the Arts, on the topic of Democracy and Disinformation. In October 2019, O'Loughlin will publish a report on Democracy and Disinformation with co-author Anja Bechmann.
O'Loughlin's expertise is in the field of international political communication. He was Specialist Advisor to the House of Lords Select Committee on Soft Power which published the report Power and Persuasion in the Modern World. The report drew extensively on O'Loughlin's work on strategic narrative.
The concept 'strategic narrative' has been developed by O'Loughlin with colleagues Alister Miskimmon at Royal Holloway, Andreas Antoniades (Sussex) and Laura Roselle at Elon University. Strategic narratives refer to how political agents tell stories about international affairs in order to influence the behaviour of states and non-state actors. O'Loughlin and colleagues' book on strategic narratives, Strategic Narratives: Communication Power and the New World Order, was published by Routledge in New York in November 2013, and won Best Book Award for International Communication at the 2016 International Studies Association convention. Together with Miskimmon and Roselle, in 2017, O'Loughlin published an edited volume of strategic narrative studies Forging the World: Strategic Narratives and International Relations with University of Michigan Press. From 2015 to 2018 he was funded by the Jean Monnet and the British Council to research the impact of culture and narratives on conflicts in Ukraine, Egypt and Israel-Palestine. This led to further Jean Monnet funding in 2019–20 to explore young people's political narratives in Ukraine and the Baltic states.
Through a number of projects, books and articles he has explored how politics and security are changing in the new media ecology. This work is drawn together in the book War and Media: The Emergence of Diffused War (Cambridge: Polity, 2010), co-authored with Andrew Hoskins. He has published articles in Political Studies, Review of International Studies, International Affairs, Journal of Common Market Studies, New Media & Society, International Journal of Press/Politics, Journalism, Journal of Communication, Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication and many other peer-reviewed scientific journals.
He has carried out projects on media and radicalisation for the Economic and Social Research Council and the Centre for the Protection of National Infrastructure. This led to the book Radicalisation and Media: Terrorism and Connectivity in the New Media Ecology (London: Routledge, 2011) co-authored with Akil N. Awan and Andrew Hoskins.
O'Loughlin has carried extensive research in the new field of social media monitoring. In 2016 his study of dual-screening during televised leaders debates - how audiences interact on social media while watching a debate on TV - won the Best Article of the Year Award at APSA, the American Political Science Association (co-authored with Andrew Chadwick and Cristian Vaccari). In 2016 he also conducted research with Marie Gillespie for the British Council evaluating how global audiences engage with the #ShakespeareLives campaign to mark the 400th anniversary of William Shakespeare's birth. Previously, he and Gillespie completing a project examining how the BBC used social media to engage global audiences during the London 2012 Summer Olympics and published a set of papers comparing how audiences engaged with BBC and Russia Today across the 2012 Summer Olympics and 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi. In 2010 he completed a project for the UK Technology Strategy Board exploring how Twitter data can reveal emerging crises, infrastructure problems, and shifts in public opinion. With Nick Anstead he calls this Semantic Polling. O'Loughlin is currently writing a new book on digital media and social change called The New Mass, with Andrew Hoskins.
O'Loughlin is co-editor of the Sage journal Media, War & Conflict. The journal was launched in 2008. It is a major international, peer-reviewed journal that maps the shifting arena of war, conflict and terrorism in an intensively and extensively mediated age.
O'Loughlin has presented research to the No. 10 Policy Unit, Home Office, Foreign and Commonwealth Office, OFCOM, NATO, the European Commission and European Broadcasting Union (EBU), as well as expert groups like the Global Futures Forum. He has contributed to The New York Times, The Washington Post, The Guardian, OpenDemocracy, Sky News, Huffington Post and Newsweek. He has held visiting positions at the University of Canterbury, the Institute for Advances Studies at the University of Bologna, at Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, and at the University of Sydney, Australia. He blogs for Global Policy, the international relations journal, and the New Political Communication Unit.
References
External links
Ben O'Loughlin, Royal Holloway, University of London
New Political Communication Unit, Royal Holloway, University of London
Ben O'Loughlin on Twitter
Strategic Narratives: Communication Power and the New World Order (Routledge, 2013)
Power and Persuasion in the Modern World (HM Stationery, 2014.
Special issue of Participations: Journal of Audience and Reception Studies on social media and the Olympics
Radicalisation and Media: Terrorism and Connectivity in the New Media Ecology (Routledge, 2011)
War and Media: The Emergence of Diffused War (Cambridge: Polity, 2010)
Television and Terror: Conflicting Times and the Crisis of News Discourse (Palgrave, 2007/09)
List of Selected Publications
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Academics_of_Royal_Holloway,_University_of_London |
Humphrey the Bear is a cartoon character created in 1950 at Walt Disney Animation Studios. He first appeared in the 1950 Goofy cartoon Hold That Pose, in which Goofy tried to take his picture. After that he appeared in four classic Donald Duck cartoons: Rugged Bear (1953), Grin and Bear It (1954), Bearly Asleep (1955), and Beezy Bear (1955).
Disney gave him his own series in 1955, but only two films resulted (Hooked Bear and In the Bag, both 1956) before Disney discontinued making theatrical short subjects. When the shorts division closed, Humphrey was the last of only seven Disney characters who had been given a series of their own, starring in cartoons who opened with their own logo (the six others were Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck, Goofy, Pluto, Chip 'n' Dale (counting as one), and Figaro).
The Humphrey cartoons feature a broader, wilder style of comedy than the usually cute or coy Disney gags; critic Leonard Maltin described them as "belly-laugh comedies that can hold their own against the best of MGM and Warner Brothers."
Development
The bear that would become Humphrey first appeared in the 1950 Goofy cartoon Hold That Pose! Three years later, Donald Duck series animator Jack Hannah revived the ursine character:
Personality
Humphrey is a big, opportunistic, neurotic brown bear who lives in Brownstone National Park. He is constantly trying different ways to catch food and/or shelter from unsuspecting visitors, often violating the park rules in the process. However, his habit of fulfilling his wants/needs in this manner is not entirely unjustified, as it is often shown that he is seldom rewarded when he follows the rules. Unlike most Disney characters, Humphrey does not speak, but instead makes an assortment of inarticulate sounds to convey his emotions; those grunts were supplied by Disney staffer Jimmy MacDonald. When stricken by worry or panic, Humphrey runs desperately in place, with his feet seemingly headed in all directions. Humphrey's foil is most often Donald Duck, one of his antagonists; otherwise it is typically an officious park ranger voiced by Bill Thompson. The ranger's name was never identified in the theatrical shorts, but when the films were re-edited into an hour-long Disney TV episode, he was referred to as J. Audubon Woodlore.
Popularity
The films were popular in theaters, and the character was familiar enough to be included in the Mickey Mouse Club opening (Humphrey is one of the characters who holds the trampoline that bounces Mickey Mouse in the air).
Later appearances
Although the series Humphrey starred in enjoyed only a short run, a later generation of Disney artists and directors remembered Humphrey fondly, and cast him in episodes of Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers, Goof Troop, Mickey Mouse Works, House of Mouse, and Mickey Mouse Clubhouse. Humphrey returned to the screen in three new shorts: Donald's Grizzly Guest and Donald's Fish Fry reunite Humphrey with Donald Duck, and in Hot Tub Humphrey Humphrey is once again in the title role, alongside Ranger Woodlore. In these appearances, his vocals alternated between Frank Welker and Jim Cummings. Due to adding Humphrey to these Disney programs he became a more current character and can be seen in more Disney-related merchandise such as watches, cards, pins, T-shirts, and posters. In 2018, he returned in the series Legend of the Three Caballeros, where he is re-imagined as a bear rug reanimated by a magical artifact called the Spark of Life. He later made a cameo in Ralph Breaks the Internet, where he is seen doing a dance and picking up trash on the floor in the background when Vanellope visits OhMyDisney.com. His most recent appearance was a cameo the 2023 short film Once Upon a Studio, where he rode in an elevator to take a group photo with several other Disney characters.
Filmography
Theatrical cartoons
Hold That Pose (1950) – Goofy short film
Rugged Bear (1953) – Donald Duck short film
Working for Peanuts (1953) – Donald Duck short film (cameo)
Grin and Bear It (1954) – Donald Duck short film
Bearly Asleep (1955) – Donald Duck short film
Beezy Bear (1955) – Donald Duck short film
Hooked Bear (1956) – Humphrey the Bear short film
In the Bag (1956) – Humphrey the Bear short film
Television
Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers (1989)
"Bearing Up Baby", May 14, 1989
Goof Troop (1992)
"You Camp Take It with You", September 9, 1992
Mickey Mouse Works (1999)
"Donald's Grizzly Guest", November 7, 1999
"Donald's Fish Fry", September 23, 2000
"Survival of the Woodchucks", February 19, 2000
House of Mouse (2001)
"Humphrey in the House", September 2, 2002
Mickey Mouse Clubhouse (2006)
"Clarabelle's Clubhouse Carnival", May 10, 2008
Mickey Mouse (2013)
"The Birthday Song", November 18, 2017
"Springtime!", May 12, 2018
Legend of the Three Caballeros (2018)
Movies
The Ranger of Brownstone (1968)
Ralph Breaks the Internet (2018) (cameo)
Short Films
Once Upon A Studio (2023) (cameo)
Comic book appearances
Humphrey appeared in two American comic stories drawn by Paul Murry in 1959 and in another one drawn by Tony Strobl in 1966. Strobl also drew comic stories with Humphrey for the market outside of the US, most of them also featuring Grandma Duck. Ed Nofziger wrote scripts for many foreign market stories with Humphrey. Most of those ones were drawn by cartoonists of the Argentinian art studio Jaime Diaz Studio.
Popular culture
Jack Hannah, who directed the 1950s Humphrey shorts, revived the "dumb bear" idea for Walter Lantz's "Fatso the Bear" cartoons in 1960 and 1961. It would also seem probable that the Hanna-Barbera animation studio was somewhat inspired by Humphrey in its creation of the somewhat smarter Yogi Bear (from 1958), who lives at Jellystone Park, begs, steals, and plays tricks to steal picnic baskets from campers, and is constantly on the lookout for Ranger Smith.
Humphrey is currently the spokescharacter for Disney's Wilderness Lodge Resort at Walt Disney World in Florida. He is featured on the totem pole in the lobby along with Mickey, Donald Duck, and Goofy. His merchandise is featured in the Briar Patch in the Magic Kingdom.
References
External links
Humphrey Bear at Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on February 5, 2016.
Film characters introduced in 1950
Fictional bears
Donald Duck universe characters
Male characters in animation
Characters created by Walt Disney |
Hustler is an unincorporated community in Amite County, Mississippi, United States.
The settlement is located along Mississippi Highway 569, northeast of Liberty.
Hustler had a population of 18 in 1900. The post office closed in 1905.
References
Unincorporated communities in Amite County, Mississippi
Unincorporated communities in Mississippi |
In enzymology, a taurine dioxygenase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction.
taurine + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 sulfite + aminoacetaldehyde + succinate + CO2
The 3 substrates of this enzyme are taurine, 2-oxoglutarate, and O2, whereas its 4 products are sulfite, aminoacetaldehyde, succinate, and CO2.
This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is taurine, 2-oxoglutarate:O2 oxidoreductase (sulfite-forming). Other names in common use include 2-aminoethanesulfonate dioxygenase, and alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent taurine dioxygenase. This enzyme participates in taurine and hypotaurine metabolism. It has 3 cofactors: iron, Ascorbate, and Fe2+.
Structural studies
As of late 2007, 4 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes , , , and .
Mechanism
Initiating steps
In the decomposition of taurine, it has been shown that molecular oxygen is activated by Iron II, which lies in the coordinating complex of taurine dioxygenase. Here the enzyme with conjunction of an Iron II and 2-oxoglutarate maintain non-covalent bonds by electrostatic interactions, and coordinate a nucleophilic attack from dioxygen on 2-oxoglutarate carbon number 2. This leads to the two oxidations, one on 2-oxoglutarate, and another on taurine, each one electron.
References
Further reading
EC 1.14.11
Iron enzymes
Ascorbate enzymes
Enzymes of known structure |
James Sharp (born 2 January 1976) is an English professional football player, who played as a defender.
Career
Sharp was a relative latecomer to the professional game, having signed his first contract at the age of 24, an event preceded by a spell at non-league Andover. He started his professional football career with Hartlepool United in 2000. After 60 appearances in three years with Hartlepool & a player of the year award, Sharp fell out of favour at Hartlepool and moved to Scottish club Falkirk on a free transfer in 2003.
After a year-and-a-half with the Bairns, Sharp was loaned out to Brechin City in February 2005 until the end of the season. In which time, Sharp helped Brechin to the Division 2 title along with picking up a winners medal for Falkirk in same season as Falkirk claimed the Division 1 title. Sharp made his return to England with a free transfer to Torquay United in August 2005. Playing in 32 league matches in the 2005-06 season, Sharp was named captain of the club, but was released at the season's end.
After spending pre-season training with the club, Sharp was signed by Shrewsbury Town on a one-month contract on 8 August 2006. However, on 24 August 2006, Sharp chose to terminate the contract to pursue other options. He had played just 10 minutes for Shrewsbury — the final ten minutes of the League Cup first round match at Birmingham City, where Birmingham won via a late goal.
Sharp was subsequently signed by Rochdale, debuting for them on 2 September 2006 in the 1–1 draw at home to Hereford United. His first goal for the club came against Shrewsbury, on 30 September, just a month after leaving them.
He was released by Rochdale at the end of the 2006-07 season and was signed by Scottish Second Division club Airdrie United. After a spell of 6 months with Airdrie, Sharp was forced to retire from the professional game through an achilles injury.
References
External links
Post War English & Scottish Football League A - Z Player's Transfer Database profile
1976 births
Living people
Footballers from Reading, Berkshire
English men's footballers
Men's association football central defenders
Andover F.C. players
Hartlepool United F.C. players
Falkirk F.C. players
Brechin City F.C. players
Torquay United F.C. players
Shrewsbury Town F.C. players
Rochdale A.F.C. players
Airdrieonians F.C. players
Scottish Football League players
English Football League players |
Uncle Bun is a 1991 Indian Malayalam-language film written and directed by Bhadran, and starring Mohanlal in the title role, as an obese youngster. The film is a remake of the 1989 film Uncle Buck and also the official Malayalam debut of Tamil actress, Khushbu Sundar.
Special costumes were designed for Mohanlal, for his obese look by art director Sabu Cyril. The film included a lot of special effects sequences including a shot featuring a 360-degree head-turn. A. Vincent and Jayanan Vincent were hired for the special effects photography, as there were no computer-generated graphics during the time.
Plot
Jameskutty Chacko aka Kuttichan (Nedumudi Venu) is an ex-NRI settled in a hilly town along with his wife, Sarah and three children. One day, James and Sarah are forced to rush back to the US to look after his brother-in-law, who gets critically injured in an accident. Despite Sarah's protest, James resorts to entrusting his children's custody to his younger brother Charlie Chacko (Mohanlal). Charlie has a heart of gold, is very fond of pets, especially rabbits, and is good in music and dance. However, he is obese and asthmatic, while leading a solitary life spending his spare time smoking and drinking, as a result of a bitter past. Sarah considers Charlie responsible for the untimely demise of her younger sister Rosie (Charmila), who once used to be Charlie's love interest.
Charlie moves into the family home to take care of the children, Asha, Vinu and Mariah. Charlie wins over the younger children, even earning the nickname 'Uncle Bun'. However, the 16-year old Asha, who is a typical spoiled teenager, treats Charlie with contempt. While staying with the family, Charlie is often tormented by the memories of the past, when he was in love with Rosie. Asha clashes with Charlie when he sternly forbids her to meet her boyfriend Roy, who apparently had a shady character. At a local club, Charlie runs into Roy, who is revealed to be a serial womanizer. There, Charlie also meets Geetha (Khushbu), a dancer in the club who gets attracted to an affable Charlie.
Asha runs into trouble for cheating during a class examination, which triggers her expulsion from the school. However, Charlie, as her guardian in charge, manages to earn the respect of the matrons in charge of the school and give her another chance. On their way back, they run into Geetha, who follows Charlie all the way to his house and gets acquainted with the rest of the children as well, much to Asha's chagrin. Charlie manages to interrupt another of Asha's date with Roy. She reaches her home and vents her rage by physically abusing the elderly housekeeper Gloria, (Philomina) who leaves the house in tears, much to the shock of Charlie.
Upon Geetha's persistence, Charlie shares his sordid past with her, which further deepens the bond between the two. Charlie thwarts another date of Asha with Roy at a film theater, leaving her seething. When a child's play goes hilariously awry, Mariah is greeted by the young neighbor, who also liked Charlie. When Charlie goes there to fetch Mariah, Asha sees it as a golden opportunity to turn the tables against him. Asha asks Geetha to go and see things for herself. An otherwise harmless dancing spree frames Charlie in front of Geetha as a flirt. Devastated, Geetha splits up with Charlie.
Roy arranges a private meet up with Asha at an isolated house. Picking up a stray lead, Charlie reaches the place in time, beats up Roy and brings Asha back home. A violent Asha attacks Charlie and accuses Charlie of destroying Rosie's life. It is revealed that while dying in Charlie's arms, Rosie told him that her act to commit suicide was the result of her being cheated on by another man. Charlie silently took the blame all for himself, not wanting to tarnish her name. It is that chain of horrid events, which has made Charlie to save Asha at all costs, while under his watch.
In a fit of frenzy, Asha locks up Charlie while struggling with his asthma, cuts off the power supply, leaving her siblings scared in the dark. She runs away from her house and reaches Roy's. However, Roy and his friend try to rape Asha. Like another divine intervention, Charlie breaks in and saves Asha after a gruesome fight. Asha tries to commit suicide, just like her deceased aunt. However, Charlie stops her in the nick of time. On their way back home, Charlie tells Asha all about the past and why he took the blame for the past fourteen years.
The film comes to an end, where everyone, including Sarah, welcomes Charlie into their hearts. Asha makes up for her previous hostility towards Charlie, by approaching Geetha and paving the way for the couple to reunite and live happily ever after.
Cast
Mohanlal as Charlie Chacko/ Chacko, Charlie's deceased father (cameo)
Khushbu as Geetha Krishnan
Charmila as Rosie
Nedumudi Venu as Jameskutty Chacko a.k.a. Kuttichan
Sangeeta as Saramma James
Rani as Asha James
Monica as Maria James
Philomina as Gloria Therathi a.k.a. Ayamma
Santhakumari as Sister (cameo)
Sukumari as Head Mistress (cameo)
Mala Aravindan as Mathai, a marriage broker
Sankaradi as Ittiyachan (cameo)
Usha
T.S. Krishnan
Bahadoor as Ittiyachan's brother-in-law (cameo)
Music
The score was composed by Johnson while the songs were composed by Raveendran and lyrics were penned by Pazhavila Rameshan.
Awards
Kerala Film Critics Award for Best Child Artist - Master Amith
References
External links
1990s Malayalam-language films
1991 films
1991 comedy films
Indian comedy films
Indian remakes of American films
Films directed by Bhadran
Films scored by Raveendran |
The Attic declension is a group of second-declension nouns and adjectives in the Attic dialect of Ancient Greek, all of whose endings have long vowels. In contrast, normal second-declension nouns have some short vowels and some long vowels. This declension is called Attic because in other dialects, including Ionic and Koine, the nouns are declined normally.
History
In Proto-Greek, Attic-declension nouns had long ᾱ ā and digamma (ϝ w) before the endings. The Doric dialect preserved the ᾱ, but lost the digamma by the classical period. In the Aeolic dialect, the digamma was retained as upsilon (υ u).
In the Ionic dialect, the ᾱ changed to long η ē. In Attic, η was shortened to ε e and, if possible, the vowel of the ending was lengthened to ω ō or (if it was a diphthong with iota) ῳ ōi.
Doric νᾱός (Aeolic ναῦος) → Ionic νηός → Attic νεώς "temple"
nāós (naûos) → nēós → neṓs
νηοῦ → νεώ (genitive)
nēoû → neṓ
νηῷ → νεῴ (dative)
nēō̂i → neṓi
The shortening and lengthening was caused by quantitative metathesis, the switching of vowel lengths. In the forms where there is no lengthening, the change is simply vowel shortening.
Accent
When the last syllable is accented, it takes an acute, even if the non-Attic form has a circumflex.
If the non-Attic form is accented on the third-from-last syllable, the Attic form is accented on the same syllable, even when it violates the rules of accent. Normally the accent would be forced forward to the second-to-last syllable.
Homeric Μενέλᾱος → Ionic Μενέληος → Attic Μενέλεως (not *Μενελέως)
This is as if εω were analysed as one long vowel instead of a short vowel and long vowel. This occurs with the Homeric first-declension ending -εω (synizesis).
References
Herbert Weir Smyth. Greek Grammar. paragraphs 237, 238, 239: Attic declension; paradigm; accent.
See also
Ancient Greek nouns: Attic declension
Quantitative metathesis
Ancient Greek dialects
Attic Greek
Ionic Greek
Koine Greek
Ancient Greek declension |
Didar Singh (born 2 April 1964) is an Indian field hockey player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1992 Summer Olympics.
References
External links
1964 births
Living people
Indian male field hockey players
Olympic field hockey players for India
Field hockey players at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Place of birth missing (living people) |
Dino Marcan and Tristan-Samuel Weissborn were the defending champions but chose not to defend their title.
Félix Auger-Aliassime and Nicola Kuhn won the title after defeating Marin and Tomislav Draganja 2–6, 6–2, [11–9] in the final.
Seeds
Draw
References
Main Draw
Hungarian Challenger Open - Doubles |
Social Science Association may refer to:
National Association for the Promotion of Social Science founded 1857 in the United Kingdom
American Social Science Association founded 1865
The Social Science Association of Harold Walsby and other socialists working on systematic ideology, active 1944 to 1956 |
The Textron Tower, formerly the Old Stone Tower, is a modern skyscraper in downtown Providence, Rhode Island. It is the world headquarters of Textron. At , the Textron Tower stands as the 5th-tallest building in the city and the state.
Architecture
The Textron Tower was designed by Shreve, Lamb & Harmon, architects of the Empire State Building. The structure is set back some from the building line and raised above the street on a podium. The first story is marbled sheathed and serves as a base for the concrete-grid curtain wall. The building features deep reveals attached to a reinforced concrete frame and is clad with deeply exposed aggregate precast panels.
The structure was included in a 2020 Business Insider article entitled The ugliest skyscraper in every state.
References
International style architecture in Rhode Island
Office buildings completed in 1972
Skyscraper office buildings in Providence, Rhode Island
Textron
1972 establishments in Rhode Island |
Chromatin remodeling is the dynamic modification of chromatin architecture to allow access of condensed genomic DNA to the regulatory transcription machinery proteins, and thereby control gene expression. Such remodeling is principally carried out by 1) covalent histone modifications by specific enzymes, e.g., histone acetyltransferases (HATs), deacetylases, methyltransferases, and kinases, and 2) ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes which either move, eject or restructure nucleosomes. Besides actively regulating gene expression, dynamic remodeling of chromatin imparts an epigenetic regulatory role in several key biological processes, egg cells DNA replication and repair; apoptosis; chromosome segregation as well as development and pluripotency. Aberrations in chromatin remodeling proteins are found to be associated with human diseases, including cancer. Targeting chromatin remodeling pathways is currently evolving as a major therapeutic strategy in the treatment of several cancers.
Overview
The transcriptional regulation of the genome is controlled primarily at the preinitiation stage by binding of the core transcriptional machinery proteins (namely, RNA polymerase, transcription factors, and activators and repressors) to the core promoter sequence on the coding region of the DNA. However, DNA is tightly packaged in the nucleus with the help of packaging proteins, chiefly histone proteins to form repeating units of nucleosomes which further bundle together to form condensed chromatin structure. Such condensed structure occludes many DNA regulatory regions, not allowing them to interact with transcriptional machinery proteins and regulate gene expression. To overcome this issue and allow dynamic access to condensed DNA, a process known as chromatin remodeling alters nucleosome architecture to expose or hide regions of DNA for transcriptional regulation.
By definition, chromatin remodeling is the enzyme-assisted process to facilitate access of nucleosomal DNA by remodeling the structure, composition and positioning of nucleosomes.
Classification
Access to nucleosomal DNA is governed by two major classes of protein complexes:
Covalent histone-modifying complexes.
ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes.
Covalent histone-modifying complexes
Specific protein complexes, known as histone-modifying complexes catalyze addition or removal of various chemical elements on histones. These enzymatic modifications include acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination and primarily occur at N-terminal histone tails. Such modifications affect the binding affinity between histones and DNA, and thus loosening or tightening the condensed DNA wrapped around histones, e.g., Methylation of specific lysine residues in H3 and H4 causes further condensation of DNA around histones, and thereby prevents binding of transcription factors to the DNA that lead to gene repression. On the contrary, histone acetylation relaxes chromatin condensation and exposes DNA for TF binding, leading to increased gene expression.
Known modifications
Well characterized modifications to histones include:
Methylation
Both lysine and arginine residues are known to be methylated. Methylated lysines are the best understood marks of the histone code, as specific methylated lysine match well with gene expression states. Methylation of lysines H3K4 and H3K36 is correlated with transcriptional activation while demethylation of H3K4 is correlated with silencing of the genomic region. Methylation of lysines H3K9 and H3K27 is correlated with transcriptional repression. Particularly, H3K9me3 is highly correlated with constitutive heterochromatin.
Acetylation - by HAT (histone acetyl transferase); deacetylation - by HDAC (histone deacetylase)
Acetylation tends to define the 'openness' of chromatin as acetylated histones cannot pack as well together as deacetylated histones.
Phosphorylation
Ubiquitination
However, there are many more histone modifications, and sensitive mass spectrometry approaches have recently greatly expanded the catalog.
Histone code hypothesis
The histone code is a hypothesis that the transcription of genetic information encoded in DNA is in part regulated by chemical modifications to histone proteins, primarily on their unstructured ends. Together with similar modifications such as DNA methylation it is part of the epigenetic code.
Cumulative evidence suggests that such code is written by specific enzymes which can (for example) methylate or acetylate DNA ('writers'), removed by other enzymes having demethylase or deacetylase activity ('erasers'), and finally readily identified by proteins ('readers') that are recruited to such histone modifications and bind via specific domains, e.g., bromodomain, chromodomain. These triple action of 'writing', 'reading' and 'erasing' establish the favorable local environment for transcriptional regulation, DNA-damage repair, etc.
The critical concept of the histone code hypothesis is that the histone modifications serve to recruit other proteins by specific recognition of the modified histone via protein domains specialized for such purposes, rather than through simply stabilizing or destabilizing the interaction between histone and the underlying DNA. These recruited proteins then act to alter chromatin structure actively or to promote transcription.
A very basic summary of the histone code for gene expression status is given below (histone nomenclature is described here):
ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling
ATP-dependent chromatin-remodeling complexes regulate gene expression by either moving, ejecting or restructuring nucleosomes. These protein complexes have a common ATPase domain and energy from the hydrolysis of ATP allows these remodeling complexes to reposition nucleosomes (often referred to as "nucleosome sliding") along the DNA, eject or assemble histones on/off of DNA or facilitate exchange of histone variants, and thus creating nucleosome-free regions of DNA for gene activation. Also, several remodelers have DNA-translocation activity to carry out specific remodeling tasks.
All ATP-dependent chromatin-remodeling complexes possess a sub unit of ATPase that belongs to the SNF2 superfamily of proteins. In association to the sub unit's identity, two main groups have been classified for these proteins. These are known as the SWI2/SNF2 group and the imitation SWI (ISWI) group. The third class of ATP-dependent complexes that has been recently described contains a Snf2-like ATPase and also demonstrates deacetylase activity.
Known chromatin remodeling complexes
There are at least four families of chromatin remodelers in eukaryotes: SWI/SNF, ISWI, NuRD/Mi-2/CHD, and INO80 with first two remodelers being very well studied so far, especially in the yeast model. Although all of remodelers share common ATPase domain, their functions are specific based on several biological processes (DNA repair, apoptosis, etc.). This is due to the fact that each remodeler complex has unique protein domains (Helicase, bromodomain, etc.) in their catalytic ATPase region and also has different recruited subunits.
Specific functions
Several in-vitro experiments suggest that ISWI remodelers organize nucleosome into proper bundle form and create equal spacing between nucleosomes, whereas SWI/SNF remodelers disorder nucleosomes.
The ISWI-family remodelers have been shown to play central roles in chromatin assembly after DNA replication and maintenance of higher-order chromatin structures.
INO80 and SWI/SNF-family remodelers participate in DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair and nucleotide-excision repair (NER) and thereby plays crucial role in TP53 mediated DNA-damage response.
NuRD/Mi-2/CHD remodeling complexes primarily mediate transcriptional repression in the nucleus and are required for the maintenance of pluripotency of embryonic stem cells.
Significance
In normal biological processes
Chromatin remodeling plays a central role in the regulation of gene expression by providing the transcription machinery with dynamic access to an otherwise tightly packaged genome. Further, nucleosome movement by chromatin remodelers is essential to several important biological processes, including chromosome assembly and segregation, DNA replication and repair, embryonic development and pluripotency, and cell-cycle progression. Deregulation of chromatin remodeling causes loss of transcriptional regulation at these critical check-points required for proper cellular functions, and thus causes various disease syndromes, including cancer.
Response to DNA damage
Chromatin relaxation is one of the earliest cellular responses to DNA damage. Several experiments have been performed on the recruitment kinetics of proteins involved in the response to DNA damage. The relaxation appears to be initiated by PARP1, whose accumulation at DNA damage is half complete by 1.6 seconds after DNA damage occurs. This is quickly followed by accumulation of chromatin remodeler Alc1, which has an ADP-ribose–binding domain, allowing it to be quickly attracted to the product of PARP1. The maximum recruitment of Alc1 occurs within 10 seconds of DNA damage. About half of the maximum chromatin relaxation, presumably due to action of Alc1, occurs by 10 seconds. PARP1 action at the site of a double-strand break allows recruitment of the two DNA repair enzymes MRE11 and NBS1. Half maximum recruitment of these two DNA repair enzymes takes 13 seconds for MRE11 and 28 seconds for NBS1.
Another process of chromatin relaxation, after formation of a DNA double-strand break, employs γH2AX, the phosphorylated form of the H2AX protein. The histone variant H2AX constitutes about 10% of the H2A histones in human chromatin. γH2AX (phosphorylated on serine 139 of H2AX) was detected at 20 seconds after irradiation of cells (with DNA double-strand break formation), and half maximum accumulation of γH2AX occurred in one minute. The extent of chromatin with phosphorylated γH2AX is about two million base pairs at the site of a DNA double-strand break.
γH2AX does not, by itself, cause chromatin decondensation, but within seconds of irradiation the protein "Mediator of the DNA damage checkpoint 1" (MDC1) specifically attaches to γH2AX. This is accompanied by simultaneous accumulation of RNF8 protein and the DNA repair protein NBS1 which bind to MDC1 as MDC1 attaches to γH2AX. RNF8 mediates extensive chromatin decondensation, through its subsequent interaction with CHD4 protein, a component of the nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase complex NuRD. CHD4 accumulation at the site of the double-strand break is rapid, with half-maximum accumulation occurring by 40 seconds after irradiation.
The fast initial chromatin relaxation upon DNA damage (with rapid initiation of DNA repair) is followed by a slow recondensation, with chromatin recovering a compaction state close to its pre-damage level in ~ 20 min.
Cancer
Chromatin remodeling provides fine-tuning at crucial cell growth and division steps, like cell-cycle progression, DNA repair and chromosome segregation, and therefore exerts tumor-suppressor function. Mutations in such chromatin remodelers and deregulated covalent histone modifications potentially favor self-sufficiency in cell growth and escape from growth-regulatory cell signals - two important hallmarks of cancer.
Inactivating mutations in SMARCB1, formerly known as hSNF5/INI1 and a component of the human SWI/SNF remodeling complex have been found in large number of rhabdoid tumors, commonly affecting pediatric population. Similar mutations are also present in other childhood cancers, such as choroid plexus carcinoma, medulloblastoma and in some acute leukemias. Further, mouse knock-out studies strongly support SMARCB1 as a tumor suppressor protein. Since the original observation of SMARCB1 mutations in rhabdoid tumors, several more subunits of the human SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex have been found mutated in a wide range of neoplasms.
The SWI/SNF ATPase BRG1 (or SMARCA4) is the most frequently mutated chromatin remodeling ATPase in cancer. Mutations in this gene were first recognized in human cancer cell lines derived from lung. In cancer, mutations in BRG1 show an unusually high preference for missense mutations that target the ATPase domain. Mutations are enriched at highly conserved ATPase sequences, which lie on important functional surfaces such as the ATP pocket or DNA-binding surface. These mutations act in a genetically dominant manner to alter chromatin regulatory function at enhancers and promoters.
Inactivating mutations in BCL7A in Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and in other haematological malignancies
PML-RARA fusion protein in acute myeloid leukemia recruits histone deacetylases. This leads to repression of genes responsible for myelocytes to differentiate, leading to leukemia.
Tumor suppressor Rb protein functions by the recruitment of the human homologs of the SWI/SNF enzymes BRG1, histone deacetylase and DNA methyltransferase. Mutations in BRG1 are reported in several cancers causing loss of tumor suppressor action of Rb.
Recent reports indicate DNA hypermethylation in the promoter region of major tumor suppressor genes in several cancers. Although few mutations are reported in histone methyltransferases yet, correlation of DNA hypermethylation and histone H3 lysine-9 methylation has been reported in several cancers, mainly in colorectal and breast cancers.
Mutations in Histone Acetyl Transferases (HAT) p300 (missense and truncating type) are most commonly reported in colorectal, pancreatic, breast and gastric carcinomas. Loss of heterozygosity in coding region of p300 (chromosome 22q13) is present in large number of glioblastomas.
Further, HATs have diverse role as transcription factors beside having histone acetylase activity, e.g., HAT subunit, hADA3 may act as an adaptor protein linking transcription factors with other HAT complexes. In the absence of hADA3, TP53 transcriptional activity is significantly reduced, suggesting role of hADA3 in activating TP53 function in response to DNA damage.
Similarly, TRRAP, the human homolog to yeast Tra1, has been shown to directly interact with c-Myc and E2F1, known oncoproteins.
Cancer genomics
Rapid advance in cancer genomics and high-throughput ChIP-chip, ChIP-Seq and Bisulfite sequencing methods are providing more insight into role of chromatin remodeling in transcriptional regulation and role in cancer.
Therapeutic intervention
Epigenetic instability caused by deregulation in chromatin remodeling is studied in several cancers, including breast cancer, colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer. Such instability largely cause widespread silencing of genes with primary impact on tumor-suppressor genes. Hence, strategies are now being tried to overcome epigenetic silencing with synergistic combination of HDAC inhibitors or HDI and DNA-demethylating agents.
HDIs are primarily used as adjunct therapy in several cancer types. HDAC inhibitors can induce p21 (WAF1) expression, a regulator of p53's tumor suppressoractivity. HDACs are involved in the pathway by which the retinoblastoma protein (pRb) suppresses cell proliferation. Estrogen is well-established as a mitogenic factor implicated in the tumorigenesis and progression of breast cancer via its binding to the estrogen receptor alpha (ERα). Recent data indicate that chromatin inactivation mediated by HDAC and DNA methylation is a critical component of ERα silencing in human breast cancer cells.
Approved usage:
Vorinostat was licensed by the U.S. FDA in October 2006 for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL).
Romidepsin (trade name Istodax) was licensed by the US FDA in Nov 2009 for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL).
Phase III Clinical trials:
Panobinostat (LBH589) is in clinical trials for various cancers including a phase III trial for cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL).
Valproic acid (as Mg valproate) in phase III trials for cervical cancer and ovarian cancer.
Started pivotal phase II clinical trials:
Belinostat (PXD101) has had a phase II trial for relapsed ovarian cancer, and reported good results for T cell lymphoma.
HDAC inhibitors.
Current front-runner candidates for new drug targets are Histone Lysine Methyltransferases (KMT) and Protein Arginine Methyltransferases (PRMT).
Other disease syndromes
ATRX-syndrome (α-thalassemia X-linked mental retardation) and α-thalassemia myelodysplasia syndrome are caused by mutations in ATRX, a SNF2-related ATPase with a PHD finger domain.
CHARGE syndrome, an autosomal dominant disorder, has been linked recently to haploinsufficiency of CHD7, which encodes the CHD family ATPase CHD7.
Senescence
Chromatin architectural remodeling is implicated in the process of cellular senescence, which is related to, and yet distinct from, organismal aging. Replicative cellular senescence refers to a permanent cell cycle arrest where post-mitotic cells continue to exist as metabolically active cells but fail to proliferate. Senescence can arise due to age associated degradation, telomere attrition, progerias, pre-malignancies, and other forms of damage or disease. Senescent cells undergo distinct repressive phenotypic changes, potentially to prevent the proliferation of damaged or cancerous cells, with modified chromatin organization, fluctuations in remodeler abundance, and changes in epigenetic modifications. Senescent cells undergo chromatin landscape modifications as constitutive heterochromatin migrates to the center of the nucleus and displaces euchromatin and facultative heterochromatin to regions at the edge of the nucleus. This disrupts chromatin-lamin interactions and inverts of the pattern typically seen in a mitotically active cell. Individual Lamin-Associated Domains (LADs) and Topologically Associating Domains (TADs) are disrupted by this migration which can affect cis interactions across the genome. Additionally, there is a general pattern of canonical histone loss, particularly in terms of the nucleosome histones H3 and H4 and the linker histone H1. Histone variants with two exons are upregulated in senescent cells to produce modified nucleosome assembly which contributes to chromatin permissiveness to senescent changes. Although transcription of variant histone proteins may be elevated, canonical histone proteins are not expressed as they are only made during the S phase of the cell cycle and senescent cells are post-mitotic. During senescence, portions of chromosomes can be exported from the nucleus for lysosomal degradation which results in greater organizational disarray and disruption of chromatin interactions.
Chromatin remodeler abundance may be implicated in cellular senescence as knockdown or knockout of ATP-dependent remodelers such as NuRD, ACF1, and SWI/SNP can result in DNA damage and senescent phenotypes in yeast, C. elegans, mice, and human cell cultures. ACF1 and NuRD are downregulated in senescent cells which suggests that chromatin remodeling is essential for maintaining a mitotic phenotype. Genes involved in signaling for senescence can be silenced by chromatin confirmation and polycomb repressive complexes as seen in PRC1/PCR2 silencing of p16. Specific remodeler depletion results in activation of proliferative genes through a failure to maintain silencing. Some remodelers act on enhancer regions of genes rather than the specific loci to prevent re-entry into the cell cycle by forming regions of dense heterochromatin around regulatory regions.
Senescent cells undergo widespread fluctuations in epigenetic modifications in specific chromatin regions compared to mitotic cells. Human and murine cells undergoing replicative senescence experience a general global decrease in methylation; however, specific loci can differ from the general trend. Specific chromatin regions, especially those around the promoters or enhancers of proliferative loci, may exhibit elevated methylation states with an overall imbalance of repressive and activating histone modifications. Proliferative genes may show increases in the repressive mark H3K27me3 while genes involved in silencing or aberrant histone products may be enriched with the activating modification H3K4me3. Additionally, upregulating histone deacetylases, such as members of the sirtuin family, can delay senescence by removing acetyl groups that contribute to greater chromatin accessibility. General loss of methylation, combined with the addition of acetyl groups results in a more accessible chromatin conformation with a propensity towards disorganization when compared to mitotically active cells. General loss of histones precludes addition of histone modifications and contributes changes in enrichment in some chromatin regions during senescence.
See also
Epigenetics
Histone
Nucleosomes
Chromatin
Histone acetyltransferase
Transcription factors
CAF-1 (Chromatin assembly factor-1) - histone chaperone that execute a coordinating role in сhromatin remodeling.
References
Further reading
External links
MBInfo - Chromatin
MBInfo - DNA Packaging
YouTube - Chromatin, Histones and Modifications
YouTube - Epigenetics Overview
Gene expression
Cancer
Epigenetics
Nuclear organization |
The WTA Premier Mandatory and Premier 5 tournaments, which are part of the WTA Premier tournaments, make up the elite tour for professional women's tennis organised by the WTA called the WTA Tour. There are four Premier Mandatory tournaments: Indian Wells, Miami, Madrid and Beijing and five Premier 5 tournaments: Dubai, Rome, Cincinnati, Canada and Tokyo.
Tournaments
Results
See also
WTA Premier tournaments
2009 WTA Tour
2009 ATP Masters 1000
2009 ATP Tour
References
External links
Women's Tennis Association (WTA) official website
International Tennis Federation (ITF) official website
WTA 1000 tournaments seasons |
Hääväki saapuu is the debut album by Finnish band Elokuu. It was released on 6 April 2012. In its first week of release, the album peaked at number two on the Finnish Album Chart.
Singles
Three singles were released from the album; "Soutaa huopaa" peaked at number two on the Finnish Singles Chart, while "Saatilla" reached number eight. The third single "Kullankaivaja" failed to chart. Accompanying music videos were released for each of the singles.
Track listing
Chart performance
References
2012 debut albums
Finnish-language albums
Elokuu albums |
The Partner is an unaired American reality television series planned for broadcast by the Fox Broadcasting Company (Fox). The series was set to premiere on November 7, 2004, for a ten-episode run, although it was cancelled by the network less than a month before its planned broadcast. The Partner depicted a series of mock trial competitions between two teams of attorneys for a position at a prestigious law firm. One team was composed of attorneys who graduated from Ivy League schools while the other team was composed of attorneys who graduated from less prestigious schools. The mock trials, which were based on real-life cases, were argued in front of a jury of laypersons. Following these arguments, the jury deliberated over which attorney to eliminate from the competition.
The Partner was a part of Fox's intent to capitalize on the longtime success of arbitration-based reality court programs. The series, however, faced criticism from many attorneys who believed it would promote a negative portrayal of the legal field. Shortly after Fox announced The Partner, the network decided to delay the series until early 2005; the network delayed the series in favor of broadcasting the reality television series My Big Fat Obnoxious Boss. In October 2004, the network announced that they had shelved the series due to an influx of legal-themed unscripted series on air.
Format
The series depicted a competition among two teams of attorneys; one team composed of Ivy League graduates while the other team composed of graduates from less prestigious law schools. The two teams competed in a series of mock trials that were based on real-life cases. These mock trials were judged by a jury of laypersons, in which the jury would vote on which attorneys should leave the competition. The losing attorneys then went on trial in front of a celebrity judge who decided which contestants should be eliminated from the competition. Whichever contestant remained at the end of the competition was rewarded "a lucrative position in a prestigious law firm."
Production
On March 30, 2004, Fox announced that it had given an eight-to-ten-episode commitment to The Partner. The series was conceived by Mike Darnell, the president of alternative entertainment at Fox, who was inspired by the success of other legal programs, such as L.A. Law, Law & Order, and Judge Judy. Danrell emphasized the "natural drama" of the legal field and described the series' concept as "almost like the perfect idea for bringing something from the fictional world to reality." The series, which went under a working title of The Legal Show, was produced by Rocket Science Laboratories, with Chris Cowan and Jean-Michel Michenaud serving as executive producers.
Casting calls for The Partner took place from May to August 2004, in major cities, including New York City, Washington, D.C., Atlanta, Chicago, and Los Angeles. Supervising casting director Tyler Ramsey posted a Craigslist advertisement, in which he sought "Charismatic young lawyers [to] compete in mock trials/courtroom showdowns on prime-time TV." In order to scope out contestants from Ivy League schools, the casting crew visited popular bars in cities that were frequented by law school students and graduates, such as those from Georgetown University Law Center. Over 100 attorneys tried out for the series, with the casting crew claiming that many auditioned in order to gain "exposure". Applicants were required to have passed the bar examination since April 2003, and not yet secured a full-time job at a law firm.
Cancellation
The Partner was initially set to air on November 7, 2004, although Fox opted to air the reality television series My Big Fat Obnoxious Boss instead. As a result, the series was delayed until early 2005. In October 2004, however, Fox and Rocket Science Laboratories released a joint statement in which they confirmed the cancellation of the series. The network and production company attributed the series' cancellation to the influx of legal-themed unscripted series at the time. They stated: "With the numerous boardroom-type unscripted programs on the various network’s schedules, we have decided to focus our mutual efforts on other unscripted material." The Partner was the second project between Fox and Rocket Science Laboratories to be shelved, following the cancellation of Seriously, Dude, I'm Gay in May 2004.
See also
List of television series canceled before airing an episode
References
2000s American reality television series
English-language television shows
Fox Broadcasting Company original programming
Television series by Rocket Science Laboratories
Unaired television shows |
Slowly We Rot is the debut album by American death metal band Obituary. It was released on June 14, 1989 and is the only Obituary album to feature bassist Daniel Tucker. Lead guitarist Allen West would leave soon after but returned for the third album The End Complete (1992). It was re-released on January 27, 1997 on Roadrunner Records with remastered sound and liner notes. Despite being recorded in standard tuning and with Fender Stratocasters, it is considered to be one of the band's heavier efforts. The remainder of the band's output has been recorded in D tuning. A live version of the album, Slowly We Rot: Live & Rotting, was recorded in October 2020 and released in August 2022 on Relapse Records.
Track listing
All music by Obituary, all lyrics by John Tardy.
Personnel
Obituary
John Tardy – vocals
Allen West – lead guitar
Trevor Peres – rhythm guitar
Daniel Tucker – bass
Donald Tardy – drums
JP Chartier - lead guitar on tracks 13 and 14
Jerome Grable - bass on tracks 13 and 14
Productions
Executive producer: Monte Conner
Arranged by Obituary
Produced, recorded & engineered by Scott Burns
Mixed by Scott Burns, Donald Tardy & John Tardy
Mastered by Mike Fuller
References
External links
Slowly We Rot at Media Club
1989 debut albums
Obituary (band) albums
Roadrunner Records albums
Albums produced by Scott Burns (record producer)
Albums recorded at Morrisound Recording |
Soman Ambaat (also spelled Soman Ambatt or referred as just Soman) is an Indian film director (Member of FEFKA) in Malayalam cinema. His debut film was Aayiram Abhilashangal (1984). This was followed by several films in Malayalam such as Manasariyathe (1984), Oppam Oppathinoppam (1986), and Agnimuhurtham (1987). He has also worked as Chief Associate director for movies like Jagadguru Adisankaran (1977), Shrimad Bhagwadgeeta (1977), Ashtamangalyam (1977), Harshabhaspam (1977), Pichipoo (1978, Manoradham (1978), Vilakkum veilchavum (1978), Aanakkalari (1978), Kolillakam (1981), and Ponnum Poovum (1982).
Career
Born in Edappally, Kochi, Soman Ambaat completed his graduation from Bharat Mata college in Kochi. He left is banking profession to join the film industry. He started his career as Assistant Director to P. Bhaskaran followed by Associate Director for various films with directors like A. Vincent, P. N. Sundaram, P Gopikumar, Vijayanand and A B Raj. His first independent venture was Aayiram Abhilashangal in 1984, which was a suspense thriller with a varied film treatment. This movie starred Mammotty, Sukumaran, Soman, Maneka and Swapna in lead roles. He then directed Manasariyathe (1984) starring Mohanlal, Zarina Wahab, Nedumudi Venu, Sattar and Jagathy. Mohanlal starrer megahit Malayalam movie Drishyam (2013) movie had similar story line to the movie Manasariyathe. In 1986, he directed the movie Oppam Oppathinoppam starring Mohanlal, Menaka, Shankar and Lalu alex. In 1987 he directed a family drama Agnimuhurtam with Rateesh and Urvashi. His movie Ennum Maarodanaykkan in 1986 was not completed.
Filmography
As Director
Personal life
Soman Ambaat is married to Latha, daughter of film editor K Sankunni.
References
External links
Film directors from Kochi
Malayalam film directors
1953 births
Living people
20th-century Indian film directors |
Foster Dwight Coburn (May 7, 1846 – May 11, 1924) was an American farmer and statesman. He served as secretary of the Kansas Department of Agriculture.
Early years
Coburn was born in Jefferson County, Wisconsin in 1846, a son of Ephraim W. and Mary Jane (Mulks) Coburn. He was reared on a farm until the age of 13 years. He received his elementary education in the country schools. He served during the latter years of the American Civil War in two Illinois regiments—first as corporal in Company F, One Hundred and Thirty-fifth infantry, and subsequently as private and sergeant-major of the Sixty-second veteran infantry.on his own account.
Career
In 1867, he came to Franklin County, Kansas where he worked as a farm laborer, taught school, and later became a farmer and breeder of improved live stock. He was editor of the Live Stock Indicator, published at Kansas City, Missouri, and was president of the Indicator Publishing Company. Coburn was the sole judge of swine at the 1884 World Cotton Centennial; was one of the judges of swine at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition; and was chief of the department of live stock at the 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition. He was unanimously elected president of the first national corn congress at Chicago in 1898; and served several terms as president and vice-president of the board of regents of the Kansas State Agricultural College. He was a director and vice-president of the Prudential Trust Company; a director of the Prudential State Bank; and vice-president and a director of the Capitol Building and Loan Association, all of Topeka. He was an honorary life member of the Kansas State Horticultural Society, and an honorary member of the Kansas State Editorial Association, and was a director of the Kansas State Historical Society. In June, 1909, he was honored with the degree of A. M. from Baker University, and the following November he received the degree of LL. D. from the Kansas State Agricultural College.
Personal life
In 1869, Coburn married Miss Lou Jenkins, and they had two daughters, and a son, Clay. Coburn died in 1924 and is buried at Topeka Cemetery in Topeka, Kansas.
Partial works
Kansas and her resources (1902)
Alfalfa, lucerne, Spanish trefoil, Chilian clover, Brazilian clover, French clover, medic, purple medic: practical information on its production, qualities, worth and uses, especially in the United States and Canada (1907)
Swine in America (1916)
Swine Husbandry (1919)
The Book of Alfalfa
The Helpful Hen
Corn and Sorghums
Railroads and Agriculture
Pork Production
Wheat Growing
Forage and Fodders
The Horse Useful
Modern Dairying
Profitable Poultry
The Modern Sheep
References
External links
1846 births
1924 deaths
People from Jefferson County, Wisconsin
People of Illinois in the American Civil War
Kansas Secretaries of Agriculture
Farmers from Kansas
American editors
Kansas State University people
People buried in Topeka Cemetery |
Gary Richard Darling (born October 9, 1957) is a former umpire in Major League Baseball. After beginning his career in the National League from to 1999, he worked throughout both major leagues from 2002 until his retirement in 2014. He wore uniform number 37 (though he wore #35 during his NL tenure).
Umpiring career
Darling attended Luther Burbank High School in Sacramento, California. He umpired the 2003 and 2010 World Series, the National League Championship Series (1992, 2004, 2006, 2011, 2012), two All-Star Games (1993, 2003), and ten Division Series (1995, 1997, 1998, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2013).
Darling is credited with a game that occurred prior to his MLB debut. Because Wrigley Field did not have lights in 1986, when the April 20, 1986 game reached the 14th inning, and Pittsburgh and the Cubs still being tied, the game was suspended due to darkness. The game was then completed on August 11, 1986, a different umpiring crew entered the game in the 14th inning, with Darling replacing Randy Marsh as the first base umpire.
Darling was behind the plate when Roger Clemens achieved the double milestones of 300 wins and 4,000 strikeouts on June 13, 2003.
Darling was chosen as one of the umpires for the one-game Wild Card playoff between the Baltimore Orioles and the Texas Rangers on October 5, 2012.
Retirement
After beginning the 2014 season on umpiring's disabled list, the Umpire Ejection Fantasy League reported the rumor of Darling's retirement from baseball on July 2. Major League Baseball confirmed the report on July 4, concluding Darling's 28 years of service. He was replaced on the MLB staff by 28-year-old minor league call-up umpire Quinn Wolcott.
Personal life
Darling spends much of his off season doing charity work for Umps Care, the MLB professional umpire's charity, and currently serves as the charity's president.
See also
List of Major League Baseball umpires
References
External links
Major league profile
Retrosheet
Umpire Ejection Fantasy League profile
Umps Care Charities
1957 births
Living people
Sportspeople from San Francisco
Major League Baseball umpires
National League umpires |
Psychical nomadism is a philosophical term that refers to the practice of taking as one needs from any moral, religious, political, ethical, or whatever system, and leaving behind the parts of that system found to be unappealing.
It is one of the main characteristics of the Temporary Autonomous Zone by Hakim Bey, but the notion was previously discussed by Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari in Nomadology: The War Machine, by Jean-François Lyotard in Driftworks and by various authors in the "Oasis" issue of Semiotext(e).
Psychic nomadism facilitates the construction of ad hoc reference frames in which to situate the temporary actions required by TAZ.
Bey in his essay explains why he chose the name:
"We use the term "psychic nomadism" here rather than "urban nomadism," "nomadology," "driftwork," etc., simply in order to garner all these concepts into a single loose complex, to be studied in light of the coming-into-being of the TAZ."
He states that there is a paradox where our modern society’s false unity blurs all cultural diversity and any place is as good as another.
Bey describes psychic nomadism's tactical qualities along with Deleuze and Guattari's sensibilities about the war machine:
“These nomads practice the razzia, they are corsairs, they are viruses; they have both need and desire for TAZs, camps of black tents under the desert stars, interzones, hidden fortified oases along secret caravan routes, 'liberated' bits of jungle and bad-land, no-go areas, black markets, and underground bazaars.”
Bey also discusses these nomads in terms of the Internet and cyberspace. His poetry foreshadows ideas that appear in CAE’s The Electronic Disturbance and later in electronic civil disobedience. With the words “cyberspace” and “hallucination” used interchangeably, we can see William Gibson's cyberpunk novel Neuromancer (1984) being combined with Deleuze and Guattari.
“These nomads chart their course by strange stars, which might be luminous clusters of data in cyberspace, or perhaps hallucinations. Lay down a map of the land; over that, set a map of political change; over that, a map of the Net, especially the counter-Net with its emphasis on clandestine information-flow and logisitics - and finally, over all, the 1:1 map of the creative imagination, aesthetics, values. The resultant grid comes to life, animated by unexpected eddies and surges of energy, coagulations of light, secret tunnels, and surprises.”
References
http://www.thing.net/~rdom/ecd/rhizomatic.html
https://web.archive.org/web/20060907101349/http://www.actlab.utexas.edu/~vreed/PU_shock/TAZ.html
See also
Pirate utopia
Utopian theory
Concepts in political philosophy
Relativism
Pejorative terms |
Muddy Run is a tributary of the Maurice River in southwestern New Jersey in the United States.
It flows in a generally southeastern direction through southern Gloucester County.
See also
List of rivers of New Jersey
Muddy Run (Maurice River) (section)
Begins at Palatine Lake and next Travels South East To Cenertion Lake. Then on To Parvin State Park and Parvin Lake. All Are In Salem County Including, The Last Lake in The Muddy Run Chain. is Known As Rainbow Lake. Approximately 3 More Miles South, it Joins into The Maurice River, Where it Also Passes Into Cumberland County at A Place Long Known as Indian Head. Indian Head Was Named Due To The Numerous Arrow Heads Found At That Location and it Was Also Known As A Tribal Meeting Location For The Various Native American Indian Tribes MManitaco Manumuskin That Traveled These River Highways in Early America.
References
External links
Parvin State Park
Also Is Rainbow Lake NJ Landis Avenue Vineland To Bridgeton NJ Rt 56
Rivers of New Jersey
Tributaries of the Maurice River
Rivers of Salem County, New Jersey |
Rhagoletotrypeta uniformis is a species of tephritid or fruit flies in the genus Rhagoletotrypeta of the family Tephritidae.
References
Trypetinae |
Tumarkin, Tomarkin or Toumarkin may refer to:
People
Anna Tumarkin (born 1875), Swiss philosopher
Leander Tomarkin (born 1865), Swiss impostor
lev Tumarkin, (1901-1974) Russian mathematician
Maurice Tumarkin, (1900-1972, American fashion designer
Peter Tomarken (born 1942), American game show host
Yakov-Yan Toumarkin (born 1992), Israeli swimmer
Yigal Tumarkin (born 1933), Israeli painter
Yon Tumarkin (born 1989), Israeli actor
Other uses
Tumarkin drop attack, a sudden fall without loss of consciousness |
The men's synchronized trampoline competition in trampoline gymnastics at the 2001 World Games took place from 20 to 21 August 2001 at the Akita City Gymnasium in Akita, Japan.
Competition format
A total of 11 pairs entered the competition. Best eight duets from preliminary round qualifies to the final.
Results
Preliminary
Final
References
External links
Results on IWGA website
Trampoline gymnastics at the 2001 World Games |
Territorial Assembly elections were held in Niger on 14 December 1958. The result was a victory for the Union for the Franco-African Community (an alliance of the Nigerien Progressive Party – African Democratic Rally and the African Regroupment Party), which won 49 of the 60 seats.
On 18 December 1958, the Territorial Assembly convened and proclaimed itself a Constituent Assembly.
Results
Aftermath
Following the elections, the results in the Tessaoua and Zinder constituencies, where Sawaba had won all their seats, were annulled due to irregularities. The Tessaoua seats were awarded to the UCFA, whilst a by-election was scheduled for Zinder on 27 June 1959. Ballot papers were only printed for the PPN-RDA, and due to fears of violence, Sawaba did not put up candidates, calling for a boycott instead. Following the by-elections, the UCFA controlled all 60 seats.
References
Niger
Territorial
Elections in Niger
Election and referendum articles with incomplete results |
This is a list of years in Angola. See also the timeline of Angolan history. For only articles about years in Angola that have been written, see :Category:Years in Angola.
Twenty-first century
Twentieth century
Nineteenth century
See also
Timeline of Luanda
List of years by country
Bibliography
(Includes chronology)
External links
Angola history-related lists
Angola |
Malmstrom Air Force Base is a United States Air Force base in Cascade County, Montana, United States, adjacent to the city of Great Falls. It was named in honor of World War II POW Colonel Einar Axel Malmstrom. It is the home of the 341st Missile Wing (341 MW) of the Air Force Global Strike Command (AFGSC). For statistical purposes, the United States Census Bureau has defined Malmstrom Air Force Base as a census-designated place (CDP). It had a population of 3,472 at the 2010 census.
History
World War II
Malmstrom Air Force Base traces its beginnings back to 1939 when World War II broke out in Europe. Concern about the war caused the local Chamber of Commerce to contact two Montana senators, Burton K. Wheeler and James E. Murray and request they consider development of a military installation in Great Falls. In addition, appeals were made to the Secretary of War, Harry H. Woodring. In 1941, the Civil Aeronautics Authority provided the money for the development of the Great Falls Municipal Airport. In May 1942, construction began on an Army Air Corps base six miles (10 km) east of Great Falls. The base was known as East Base.
In November 1942, a survey team evaluated an area near the Green Mill Dance Club and Rainbow Dam Road approximately east of Great Falls. Great Falls, along with ten other northern tier sparsely populated sites, was considered for a heavy bomber training base. Construction began on Great Falls Army Air Base (AAB) on 8 June 1942. The base was informally known as East Base since the 7th Ferrying Group was stationed at Great Falls Municipal Airport on Gore Hill (known as Gore Field during its military use). Its mission was to establish an air route between Great Falls and Ladd Field, Fairbanks, Alaska, as part of the United States Lend-Lease Program that supplied the Soviet Union with aircraft and supplies needed to fight the German Army.Great Falls AAB was assigned to II Bomber Command, Second Air Force. Its initial base operating unit was the 352d Base HQ and Air Base Squadron. Airfield operations began on 30 November 1942 when the first B-17 Flying Fortress landed at the new base. Four Bombardment Groups, the 2nd, 385th, 390th, and 401st, trained at Great Falls AAB from November 1942 to October 1943 under Army Air Force Training Command. Group Headquarters and one of the Groups' four squadrons were stationed in Great Falls with the other squadrons stationed on sub-bases at Cut Bank, Glasgow, and Lewistown, Montana. Aircraft would take off at a predetermined time, form up in squadron formation over their respective location, and later, over central Montana, join up in group formation. These bombardment groups went on to participate in decisive raids over Germany as part of Eighth Air Force opening the door for Allied daylight precision bombing.
Upon completion of the B-17 training program, in October 1943, Great Falls Army Air Base was transferred to the Air Transport Command (ATC) and units from Gore Field were transferred to the base. The base was considerably expanded when more buildings were constructed, including a consolidated mess, a post exchange, a theater, and a 400-bed hospital. Air Transport Command also established aerial port facilities for passengers and cargo, as well as a flight service center. The ATC 90th Ferrying Squadron (7th Ferrying Group) was assigned to the base which performed operations in support of the Lend Lease Program with the Soviet Union.
At Great Falls, P-39 Airacobras, C-47 Skytrains, B-25 Mitchells, and A-20 Havocs aircraft arrived by rail and were assembled on base, along with others that were flown in by both military and Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASPs). These aircraft were later flown by U.S. pilots by way of the Northwest Staging Route through Canada, to Fairbanks, Alaska, and transferred to Soviet pilots who in turn flew them into Siberia via the Alaskan-Siberian Route (ALSIB). A total of of cargo containing aircraft parts, tools miscellaneous equipment, explosives and medical supplies were shipped through Great Falls Army Air Base to the Soviet Union.
This included one of the greatest technology transfers (and espionage operations) in the history of the world. According to Richard Rhodes the plans for the atomic bomb, hundreds of tons of nuclear weapons materials, strategic intelligence reports, and the plans for much of the most advanced aviation, electronic, and heavy industrial technology was transferred through Gore Field and East Base in sealed diplomatic containers. Dozens, if not hundreds, of Soviet agents also entered the U.S. through Great Falls as part of the Soviet Lend-lease delegation and staff.
Aircraft shipments to the Soviet Union stopped in September 1945, when World War II ended, with approximately 8,000 aircraft having been processed in a 21-month period.
Following World War II, Great Falls Army Air Base (later Great Falls Air Force Base and Malmstrom Air Force Base) played an important role in US defense during the Cold War era (1948–1991). The base was assigned or attached to several major commands, and its assigned units performed a wide variety of missions.
Military Air Transport Service
After World War II ended Great Falls AAB assumed a support mission for military personnel assigned to Alaskan military installations. A reserve training unit was established by the Continental Air Forces Fourth Air Force under the 418th Army Air Force Base Unit on 10 October 1946. In September 1947, the United States Air Force became a separate service and the base's name was changed to Great Falls Air Force Base.
Tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union increased dramatically when the Soviet Union closed all land travel between the western occupation sectors of Germany and the American, French and British sectors of Berlin. The Western allies decided to try to supply Berlin by air. On 25 June 1948 "Operation Vittles," the strategic airlift of supplies to Berlin's 2,000,000 inhabitants, was initiated, beginning what became known as the Berlin Airlift. Great Falls AFB played a critical role in assuring the success of this vital operation. Officials selected the base as the only replacement aircrew training site for Berlin Airlift-bound C-54 Skymasters, reinforcing the United States Air Forces in Europe. Thus the 517th Air Transport Wing was activated. Using radio beacons, Great Falls AFB was transformed to resemble Tempelhof Airport in Berlin, Germany. Hundreds of pilots and flight engineers, many of whom were recalled to active duty, were qualified on the C-54 aircraft and on flight procedures to and from Berlin by practicing on ground mock-ups and flying simulated airlift missions.
Later, the 517th Air Transport Wing was redesignated the 1701st Air Transport Wing on 1 June 1948 when Air Transport Command was redesignated the Military Air Transport Service (MATS). Great Falls was assigned to the MATS Pacific Division. Transport units assigned to Great Falls were the 5th, 6th and 7th Air Transport Squadrons (later redesignated 1270th, 1271st and 1272d ATS) which flew C-54 Skymasters.
MATS reopened the C-54 Flight Training School as the 1272 Medium Transition Training Unit (Squadron) in May 1950, one month before the Korean War began. The unit's primary mission was the routing and scheduling of flights throughout the Pacific Ocean region and in support of Allied forces in the conflict. The 1701st ATW was later replaced by the 1300th Air Base Wing.
Great Falls became the temporary home of the 582nd Air Resupply and Communications Wing on 1 May 1953 which was transferred from Mountain Home AFB, Idaho. The 582d was a special operations unit which focused on PSYWAR missions. It deployed from Great Falls to RAF Molesworth, United Kingdom (UK), and set up operations as part of USAFE's Third Air Force in February 1954.
Malmstrom
Originally named Great Falls Army Air Base, later Great Falls Air Force Base, the facility was renamed Malmstrom Air Force Base on 1 October 1955 in honor of Colonel Einar Axel Malmstrom (1907–1954). Shot down on his 58th combat fighter mission in World War II, Malmstrom became the US commander of Luftwaffe Stalag Luft I South Compound, a prisoner-of-war camp at Barth, Germany. After his release and return to active Air Force service, he died in the crash of a T-33 Shooting Star trainer on 21 August 1954 near Great Falls Air Force Base. In the short period of his tenure as vice wing commander, Colonel Malmstrom endeared himself to the local community. Saddened by the loss, the people of Great Falls began a drive to rename the base after him.
Air Defense Command
Great Falls (later Malmstrom AFB) played a major aerial defense role in North American air defense mission. Although the base was not assigned to Air Defense Command, the attached 29th Air Division was activated at Great Falls AFB in early 1950, bringing with them command and control authority of fighter interceptor squadrons, an aircraft control and warning squadron, and ground observer detachments in Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, and parts of Nevada, Utah, and Colorado as part of the Air Defense Command Western Air Defense Force. The 29th Fighter Interceptor Squadron was activated in 1953 and remained at Malmstrom until 1968, initially flying F-94C Starfire and later F-101 Voodoo interceptors. Great Falls was reassigned to the Central Air Defense Force at Richards-Gebaur Air Force Base in 1953. The 29th Air Division's area of responsibility changed to include Montana, North and South Dakota and Nebraska. The 29th supervised the training of its units, and participated in numerous training exercises. On 1 July 1961, the 29th AD was relocated to Richards Gebaur AFB, Missouri.
By 1954, several aircraft control and warning (radar) squadrons had been formed at the base. The 903d Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron was one of them, and operated an AN/TPS-1D (termed a "gap-filler"). This radar was used probably for training purposes. The 903rd AC&W Squadron subsequently relocated to Gettysburg AFS, South Dakota.
In 1957, under the control of the 801st Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron, the Malmstrom AFB radar station became operational with AN/FPS-20 search and AN/FPS-6 height-finder radars. A second AN/FPS-6 series height-finder radar was added in 1960, and subsequently was upgraded to an AN/FPS-90 set. In 1959 Malmstrom was performing air-traffic-control duties for the FAA, and joined the Semi Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) system on 1 March 1961, the squadron being redesignated as the 801st Radar Squadron (SAGE). In 1964 Malmstrom received an AN/FPS-24 search radar, replacing the AN/FPS-20.
The 801st Radar Squadron was inactivated on 31 December 1969 due to budget reductions. However, the radar site itself rejoined the SAGE network on 30 June 1971. The FAA operated an AN/FPS-65 search radar (which had replaced the AN/FPS-24), and the Air Force added an AN/FPS-90 height-finder radar. This height-finder radar later became an AN/FPS-116 for the Joint Surveillance System (JSS) Program, then was removed c. 1988. The Malmstrom AFB radar site was closed altogether in 1996, and after the air force shut down the ADCOM Z-147 site, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) took over operation as part of the Joint Surveillance System (JSS).
Z-147 was completely replaced by a new ARSR-4 JSS site on Bootlegger Ridge, about 14 miles northeast of Great Falls AFB. Designated by NORAD as Western Air Defense Sector (WADS) Ground Equipment Facility J-77A.
In 1959 a SAGE data center (DC-20) was established at Malmstrom. The SAGE system was a network linking Air Force (and later FAA) general surveillance radar stations into a centralized center for air defense, intended to provide early warning and response for a Soviet nuclear attack.
DC-20 was initially under the Great Falls Air Defense Sector (GFADS), established on 1 March 1959. GFADS was inactivated on 1 April 1966, and re designated as the 28th Air Division. DC-20 with its AN/FSQ-7 computer remained under the 28th AD until it was inactivated on 19 November 1969 and being taken over by the 24th Air Division. DC-20 remained on duty until March 1983 when technology advances allowed the air force to shut down many SAGE data centers.
The North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) was created in 1957. Beginning in 1959, Malmstrom was the headquarters of the Great Falls Air Defense Sector, until inactivated in 1966. In 1978, Malmstrom AFB became responsible for the 24th NORAD region, which covered the western half of the North America. This comprised four fighter/interceptor squadrons and radar sites stretching from the Rocky Mountains, halfway across North Dakota and north to the north border of Canada. The 24th also served as the NORAD alternate command post, which remained active until 1983, when it was inactivated and replaced by the Northwest Air Defense Sector.
On 1 July 1968, the F-101B equipped 29th FIS was inactivated and replaced by the F-106 Delta Dart equipped 71st Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, which was reassigned from Richards Gebaur AFB when its ADC mission was eliminated. Three years later, the 71st was redesignated as the 319th FIS, which remained on alert until 30 June 1972 when the active-duty air defense interceptor mission at Malmstrom was inactivated.
Strategic Air Command
On 18 December 1953, Great Falls AFB was transferred from Military Air Transport Service to Strategic Air Command (SAC), although MATS units remained at the base for several years. SAC activated the 407th Strategic Fighter Wing at Great Falls with a mission to provide fighter escort for SAC's long-range B-36 Peacemaker The 407th SFW was assigned to Fifteenth Air Force, 39th Air Division and flew F-84 Thunderjets.
On 21 August 1954 the 407th SFW Vice Commander, Colonel Einar Axel Malmstrom, died when his T-33 Shooting Star trainer crashed approximately one mile west of the Great Falls Municipal Airport. Although his tenure was short, he was well liked by the local community. It was the local civilian community that led the efforts to rename Great Falls AFB for Col. Malmstrom. On 15 June 1956, the base was officially dedicated as Malmstrom Air Force Base.With the phaseout of the B-36 from the inventory in the late 1950s, the need for fighter escorts of SAC bombers was eliminated. The new B-52 Stratofortress and B-47 Stratojet bombers flew higher and faster than the F-84 escort fighters and instead of flying in formations, SAC's bombers flew individually to their selected targets. The 407th SFW was inactivated in 1957 and replaced by the 4061st Air Refueling Wing (ARW) was activated, initially equipped with the KB-29J, a Superfortress variant re-engineered to provide aerial refueling capabilities. The 407th Air Refueling Squadron (ARS) were joined by the 97th ARS and their KC-97 Stratofreighters to form the wing. The 4061st ARW flew their missions from Malmstrom AFB until July 1961.
341st Strategic Missile Wing
With the development of the three-stage, solid-fuel Minuteman I missile in the late 1950s SAC began searching for sites to deploy this revolutionary weapon. Because Malmstrom's location placed most strategic targets in the Soviet Union within range of Minuteman, the base was selected to become a command and control center for ICBMs located in central Montana.
On 23 December 1959, the Air Force Ballistic Missile Committee approved the selection of Malmstrom AFB to host the first Minuteman ICBM base. A change of mission for the base occurred on 15 July 1961 when the 341st Strategic Missile Wing was reassigned to Malmstrom. The 341st was previously assigned to Dyess AFB, Texas, where it was designated as the 341st Bombardment Wing. With the reassignment of the 341st SMW to Malmstrom, the tankers of the 407th ARW were reassigned or retired and the runway at the base was used by the Air Defense Command F-101 and F-106 interceptors along with transient aircraft.
Construction of the wing's first launch facility began in March 1961 and was completed in December. The 10th Strategic Missile Squadron (SMS) was activated on 1 November 1961 and Alpha-01, the first launch control facility, was completed in July 1962. The first Minuteman I ICBM arrived on base by rail 23 July 1962. Just four days after the missile's arrival, Launch Facility Alpha-09 gained the title of the first Minuteman missile site. The 12th SMS and 490th SMS activated in March and May 1962.
On 3 July 1963, following 28 months of construction, the wing and its three squadrons became operational. Each squadron controlled 50 missiles, bringing the total wing strength to 150 Minuteman I missiles. Two years later, construction began on the fourth and final squadron, the 564th SMS. This squadron was equipped with the more modern Minuteman II missiles. On 5 May 1967, the 564th SMS was declared fully operational. Malmstrom's missile field was now the largest in the United States, covering . Two years later, the 10th, 12th and 490th SMSs were also upgraded to the Minuteman II missiles, increasing the wing's capabilities to four missile squadrons equipped with a total of 200 Minuteman II missiles.
In late 1962 missiles assigned to the 341st Wing would play a major role in the Cuban Missile Crisis. On 26 October, at 11:16 am, the 10th SMS's launch facility Alpha-06 went on "strategic alert" after it was discovered the Soviet Union had placed nuclear missiles in Cuba to counter the threat to Moscow and most of the Soviet Union east of the Urals posed by American nuclear-armed Jupiter and Thor missiles based in Turkey.
Over the next four days the wing placed four more missiles on alert, with the last missile from Alpha Flight achieving alert status on 10 November. The Soviets eventually removed their missiles from Cuba.
In fact, the Minuteman missiles at Malmstrom were able to substitute for Jupiter and Thor missiles based in Turkey, which were removed under a secret accord, thus allowing the Soviets to remove their missiles from Cuba, and replace them with submarine-based missiles and longer-range ICBMs based on Soviet territory. The overall effect of the Cuban Missile Crisis was to greatly expand and extend the nuclear arms race, in which Malmstrom played (and continues to play) a leading role.
Throughout the Cold War era, the wing's missiles remained on alert and underwent extensive weapons systems upgrades. The 17th Defense Systems Evaluation Squadron, equipped with EB-57 Canberras, was activated in the 1970s to train NORAD air defense personnel in electronic countermeasures. In 1988 the hardened mobile launcher for the small ICBM was tested at Malmstrom AFB to verify its ability to operate in harsh winter conditions.
301st Air Refueling Wing
On 5 January 1988, Malmstrom gained its first SAC flying wing since the 4061st Air Refueling Wing had been inactivated in 1961. SAC's 301st Air Refueling Wing arrived from Rickenbacker AFB, Ohio and was responsible for the operation of KC-135R Stratotankers, refueling fighter, bomber, airlift, special operations and strategic reconnaissance aircraft worldwide.
A major restructuring occurred in 1989 when SAC relocated the 40th Air Division to Malmstrom AFB and assigned it host responsibilities for both the newly activated 301st ARW and the 341st Strategic Missile Wing.
The 301st ARW deployed to Moon Island in the Persian Gulf during Operation Desert Storm. During this time period the 301st flew 443 Combat Sorties refueling 936 coalition aircraft, and transferring 33.5 Million pounds of fuel. The 341st Strategic Missile Wing deployed security, civil engineering, services and support personnel in support of the action. On 14 June 1991, the 40th Air Division inactivated, returning host responsibilities back to the 341st SMW with the 301st ARW remaining as a tenant unit.
Post-Cold War era
The 40th Air Division was activated at Malmstrom on 7 July 1989. A third of the base's personnel (about 1,800 people) were assigned to it, including support personnel from the 341st Strategic Missile Wing. Historian, judge advocate, public affairs, and safety were now designated 40th Air Division, while combat support, resource management, security police, and strategic clinic were redesignated 840th.
On 1 September 1991, the 341 SMW became the 341st Missile Wing. Also in 1991, the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START I), was officially formalized. President Bush took all Minuteman II missiles, bombers and tankers off alert status on 27 September. In November 1991, the 12th Missile Squadron's Launch Facility J-03 became the first to have its missile removed in compliance with the order. It would be three and one half years, until the last Minuteman II in the Air Force inventory was removed from Kilo-11 on 10 August 1995. As Minuteman II missiles were removed, a new program called Rivet Add was launched, modifying the 150 Minuteman II launch facilities to accommodate the newer Minuteman III, transferred from Grand Forks AFB in northeastern North Dakota.
With the inactivation of SAC on 1 June 1992, Malmstrom temporarily became an Air Mobility Command (AMC) base with the 341st Missile Wing as an Air Combat Command (ACC) tenant unit.
The 301 ARW was subsequently inactivated and replaced by the 43d Air Refueling Wing (43 ARW) as a KC-135R unit reporting to Fifteenth Air Force (15 AF), then located at March AFB, California. The 341 SMW was redesignated as the 341st Missile Wing (341 MW), reporting to ACC's Twentieth Air Force (20 AF) located at F.E. Warren Air Force Base at Cheyenne, Wyoming. Following an Air Force decision to divest ACC of all ICBM units and assets, the 341 MW was subsequently transferred to Air Force Space Command located at Peterson Air Force Base at Colorado Springs, Colorado. This mid-1993 move merged all missile and space operations under one command. In October 1997, the 341 MW, along with all other missile wings, was redesignated as the 341st Space Wing (341 SW).
In 1994, the 43 ARW was downgraded in status and redesignated as the 43d Air Refueling Group (43 ARG). In 1996, the 43 ARG and its KC-135R aircraft were transferred from Malmstrom to MacDill AFB at Tampa, Florida, as part of a Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) action, merging with MacDill's 6th Air Base Wing to form the current 6th Air Refueling Wing. With the loss of its only fixed-wing flying unit, Malmstrom's runway was decommissioned as a cost-savings measure following departure of the last KC-135R aircraft in 1997. Malmstrom's air traffic control tower was leveled, the navigational aids were turned off and runway was closed and currently remains inactive. One hangar and a portion of the Malmstrom flight line remain operational for aviation purposes as heliport for Malmstrom's 40th Helicopter Squadron (40 HS) and its UH-1N Twin Huey helicopters supporting the 341st Space Wing's Minuteman III ICBM sites.
On 18 May 2007 there was an incident involving the visiting Canadian Forces aerial demonstration squadron, the "Snowbirds". While practicing, a lap belt failed in one of the Snowbirds' aircraft, resulting in a mishap that killed the pilot of Snowbird 2.
Malmstrom had been used for the site of an experimental coal to synthetic fuel plant for potential use in USAF aircraft in 2008.
On 6 May 2008, NBC Today Show personality Al Roker broadcast live from Malmstrom AFB as part of an "Access Granted" series centered on places the American public doesn't get to see firsthand. Roker and his crew were permitted access to a missile silo and he interviewed various squadron members about the policies and procedures should a nuclear response ever be directed by the President of the United States.
On 1 July 2008, the 341st Space Wing was redesignated as the 341st Missile Wing.
Two launch facilities at the base showed PCB levels higher than the thresholds recommended by the Environmental Protection Agency when extensive sampling began of active U.S. intercontinental ballistic missile bases to address specific cancer concerns in 2023.
2014 cheating scandal
In 2014, dozens of missile launch officers lost their launch certifications after it was discovered that several officers were trading proficiency test answers amongst each other through text messages. An investigation began in 2013, when evidence of cheating was discovered during a drug investigation involving three launch officers. This resulted in over 90 nuclear launch officers being suspended from their duties and at least nine senior officers around the base were removed from command with a tenth resigning. Though some of the ten officers were not involved in the scandal, Deborah Lee James, the Secretary of the Air Force at the time, stated that they were removed for "not providing proper oversight amongst their crew force". Additional investigations were conducted at Minot Air Force Base and F. E. Warren Air Force Base to determine if the scandal had spread to other bases. No evidence of cheating was discovered at either base.
Major commands to which assigned
Second Air Force, 6 July 1942
AAF Air Service Command, 15 October 1943
Air Transport Command, 1 January 1944
Military Air Transport Service, 1 June 1948
Air/Aerospace Defense Command
Major Tenant organizations 1 March 1951 – 31 December 1983
Strategic Air Command, 1 February 1954 – 1 June 1992
Air Mobility Command, 1 June 1992 – 1 July 1993
Air Force Space Command, 1 July 1993 – 7 August 2009
Air Force Global Strike Command, 9 August 2009–present
Major units assigned
352d Base HQ and Air Base Squadron*, 20 August 1942 – 4 May 1944
2d Bombardment Group, 27 November 1942 – 13 March 1943
385th Bombardment Group, 11 April – 7 June 1943
390th Bombardment Group, 6 June – 4 July 1943
401st Bombardment Group, 6 July – 10 October 1943
90th Ferrying Squadron, 15 April 1943 – 1 April 1945
1455th Army Air Force (later Air Force) Base Unit*, 1 August 1943 – 4 June 1948
517th Air Base Group*, 1 June 1948 – 1 May 1953
517th Air Transport Wing, 1 June 1948 – 1 May 1953
407th Strategic Fighter Wing, 18 December 1953 – 1 July 1957
582nd Air Resupply and Communications Wing, 1 May – 14 August 1953
1300th Air Base Wing*, 1 May 1953 – 1 February 1954
407th Air Base Group*, 1 February 1954 – 1 July 1957
91st Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron, 20 December 1954 – 17 July 1955
4061st Air Refueling Wing*, 1 July 1957 – 15 July 1961
341st Combat Support Group, 1960s–1989
Re-designated: 840th Combat Support Group, 7 July 1989
341st Strategic Missile Wing*, 15 July 1961 – 1 September 1991
Re-designated: 341st Missile Wing, 1 September 1991 – 1 October 1997
Re-designated:: 341st Space Wing, 1 October 1997 – 1 July 2008
Re-designated: 341st Missile Wing, 1 July 2008 – present
43d Air Refueling Wing / 43d Air Refueling Group, 1992 – 1 October 1996
24th ADCOM Region, 8 December 1978
Transferred to ADTAC as 24th NORAD Region, 1 October 1979 – 31 December 1983
Great Falls Air Defense Sector, 1 March 1959
Re-designated: 28th Air Division, 1 April 1966 – 19 November 1969
29th Air Division, 1 March 1951 – 1 July 1961
545th Aircraft Control and Warning Group, 1 March 1951 – 6 February 1952
29th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, 8 November 1953 – 18 July 1968 (F-94C, F-89H/J, F-101B)
319th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, 1 July 1971 – 30 April 1972 (F-106)
679th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron, 1 March 1951 – 6 February 1952
706th Radar Squadron (SAGE), 8 December 1957 – 1 July 1958
801st Radar Squadron (SAGE), 1 February 1956 – 31 December 1969; 30 June 1971 – 1 July 1974
4642d Air Defense Squadron (SAGE), 1 July 1972
Re-designated: 24th Air Defense Squadron (SAGE), 1 January 1975 – 31 December 1983
4677th Defense Systems Evaluation: 2 October 1972
Re-designated: 17th Defense Systems Evaluation Squadron, 1 July 1974 – 13 July 1979 (EB-57 Canberras)
references for base name, major commands, major units* Base operating unit
Role and operations
Malmstrom AFB is one of three US Air Force Bases that maintains and operates the Minuteman III intercontinental ballistic missile. The 341st Missile Wing reports directly to Twentieth Air Force at F.E. Warren Air Force Base, Wyoming. It is part of Global Strike Command headquartered at Barksdale Air Force Base, Louisiana.
The base's runway was closed on 31 December 1996 to aircraft operations. Helicopter operations at Malmstrom continue in support of the base's missile mission.
Based units
Flying and notable non-flying units based at Malmstrom Air Force Base.
Units marked GSU are Geographically Separate Units, which although based at Malmstrom, are subordinate to a parent unit based at another location.
United States Air Force
Air Force Global Strike Command (AFGSC)
Twentieth Air Force
341st Missile Wing
341st Missile Wing Staff Agencies
341st Comptroller Squadron
341st Missile Wing Public Affairs
341st Missile Wing Staff Judge Advocate
341st Missile Wing Equal Opportunity Office
341st Missile Wing Inspector General
341st Missile Wing Chaplain
341st Missile Wing Sexual Assault Prevention & Response Office
341st Missile Wing Safety
341st Missile Wing Information Protection Office
341st Operations Group
10th Missile Squadron – LGM-30G Minuteman-III
12th Missile Squadron – LGM-30G Minuteman-III
490th Missile Squadron – LGM-30G Minuteman-III
341st Operations Support Squadron
341st Security Forces Group
341st Missile Security Forces Squadron
341st Security Forces Squadron
341st Security Forces Support Squadron
741st Missile Security Forces Squadron
841st Missile Security Forces Squadron
341st Mission Support Group
341st Civil Engineer Squadron
341st Communications Squadron
341st Contracting Squadron
341st Force Support Squadron
341st Logistics Readiness Squadron
341st Maintenance Group
341st Missile Maintenance Squadron
341st Munitions Squadron
741st Maintenance Squadron
341st Medical Group
582nd Helicopter Group
40th Helicopter Squadron (GSU) – UH-1N Iroquois
Air Combat Command (ACC)
Fifteenth Air Force
800th RED HORSE Group
819th RED HORSE Squadron (GSU)
Air National Guard (ANG)
120th Airlift Wing
219th RED HORSE Squadron (GSU)
Air Force Office of Special Investigations (AFOSI)
Det 806
United States Army
US Army Reserve (USAR)
899th Supply Company
Detachment 1
2nd Platoon
Support Operations Section
Malmstrom Museum
The Malmstrom Museum exhibits 7 aircraft as well as artifacts related to the history of the airbase.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the base CDP has a total area of , all land.
Demographics
As of the 2000 census, the base had a total population of 4,544. It is part of the "Great Falls, Montana Metropolitan Statistical Area".
As of the census of 2000, there were 4,544 people, 1,310 households, and 1,151 families residing on the base. The population density was 879.9 inhabitants per square mile (340.0/km2). There were 1,405 housing units at an average density of 272.1 per square mile (105.1/km2). The racial makeup of the base is 83.2% European American, 6.6% African American, 0.6% Native American, 2.3% Asian, 0.2% Pacific Islander, 3.3% from other races, and 3.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 7.8% of the population.
There were 1,310 households, out of which 66.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 82.0% were married couples living together, 4.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 12.1% were non-families. 10.7% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 3.16 and the average family size was 3.41.
On the base the population was spread out, with 36.8% under the age of 18, 23.2% from 18 to 24, 38.1% from 25 to 44, 1.8% from 45 to 64, and 0.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 22 years. For every 100 females, there were 118.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 125.3 males.
The median income for a household on the base was $31,775, and the median income for a family was $33,125. Males had a median income of $24,009 versus $19,393 for females. The per capita income for the base was $11,450. About 4.9% of families and 6.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.0% of those under the age of 18 and none of those 65 and older.
See also
Air Transport Command
List of military installations in Montana
Montana World War II Army Airfields
United States general surveillance radar stations
References
Maurer, Maurer. Air Force Combat Units Of World War II. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office 1961 (republished 1983, Office of Air Force History, ).
Ravenstein, Charles A. Air Force Combat Wings Lineage and Honors Histories 1947–1977. Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama: Office of Air Force History 1984. .
Mueller, Robert, Air Force Bases Volume I, Active Air Force Bases Within the United States of America on 17 September 1982, Office of Air Force History, 1989
External links
Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) documentation:
Airports in Montana
Historic American Engineering Record in Montana
Installations of the United States Air Force in Montana
Initial United States Air Force installations
Installations of Strategic Air Command
Populated places in Cascade County, Montana
Buildings and structures in Cascade County, Montana
Census-designated places in Montana
Radar stations of the United States Air Force |
Luc Deflo (27 February 1958 – 26 November 2018) was a Belgian writer.
Biography
Luc Deflo began his career as a playwright, but upon reading a news article on an American serial killer, he became a novelist. In 1999, he published his first work, Naakte zielen.
After fifteen years with his publisher, WPG Uitgevers, his philosophy was no longer compatible with that of his old publisher, so he moved on to .
The studio plans on making movies out of his works Naakte zielen and Sluipend gif.
Works
Naakte zielen (1999)
Bevroren hart (2000)
Lokaas (2001)
Kortsluiting (2002)
Sluipend gif (2003)
Onschuldig (2004)
Copycat (2005)
Weerloos (2005)
Hoeren (2006)
Ademloos (2006)
Angst (2007)
Spoorloos (2007)
Pitbull (2008)
Schimmen (2009)
Lust (2009)
Jaloezie (2010)
Prooi (2010)
Enigma (2011)
Enigma (2012)
Losers (2012)
Genadeloos (2013)
Giftige vlinders (2013)
Intifada (2014)
Onderhuids (2014)
Macht (2014)
Teek (2015)
References
External links
1958 births
2018 deaths |
Doreen Marjorie Gorsky née Doreen Stephens (12 October 1912 – 20 March 2001), was a British Liberal Party politician, feminist and television producer and executive who during her career specialised in women's and children's programmes.
Background
Doreen Stephens was born in Hammersmith. She was educated at a private boarding school in Folkestone, before attending finishing schools in Brussels and Wimbledon.
In 1933, at the age of 19, she married a stockbroker, Richard Holden, with whom she had two children, though after five years, the couple divorced. During the war, she was a commandant in the British Red Cross. In 1944 at London University, she received the Gilchrist gold medal and diploma for social studies. In 1942, she married Jacob Arthur Gorsky, a London doctor and barrister and a Liberal politician.
Political career
Gorsky joined the Liberal party in 1944. In 1945 she was Liberal candidate for the Hackney North Division at the 1945 General Election. It was an unpromising seat that the Liberals had not won since 1923 and had not stood a candidate since 1929. Although she came third she did manage to retain her deposit;
In 1945, she was a Liberal candidate, alongside Francis Beaufort-Palmer for Holland ward in the Kensington Metropolitan Borough Council elections. In 1945, she joined the Married Women's Association, which argued for women's opportunities outside the domestic sphere, and the Equal-Pay-For-Equal Work Organisation, run by Thelma Cazalet. Along with Megan Lloyd George they lobbied the Labour government to introduce equal pay legislation, but the government refused. She co-authored the Liberal report The Great Partnership. This was presented to the 1949 Liberal Party Assembly. The report called for equal pay for women, equal training opportunities, better pay and more freedom for nurses, a much greater provision of day nurseries for working mothers, and a reform of the divorce law to give a woman an equal share of the marital home after a break-up. Gorsky told the Assembly: "It's easier to get a wife out than to get a tenant out". The Assembly adopted the report as party policy, making Liberal policy on women comfortably more radical and forward looking than that of the Labour party. She was elected to the Liberal Party Council. In 1949 she was a Liberal candidate, alongside John Beeching Frankenburg for Earl's Court ward in the Kensington Metropolitan Borough Council elections. In 1950, she was elected President of Women's Liberal Federation. She was a member of the Liberal Party National Executive. She was Chairman of the Women's Committee of Liberal International.
In 1950, she was Liberal candidate for the Swindon Division of Wiltshire at the 1950 General Election. This was another unpromising seat that the Liberal party had never won. She again finished third with 15% of the vote. Later, in 1950, she was Liberal candidate for the Bristol South East Division of Gloucestershire at a by-election. This was a very unpromising prospect for the Liberal party, whose candidate at the last general election had polled under 10%. Her vote in the by-election was just as poor;
In 1951, she was Liberal candidate for the Carlisle Division of Cumberland at the 1951 General Election. Again this was not a promising seat. The Liberals had not won here since 1918 though at the last election, the Liberal candidate polled nearly 20%. She could not match this and again finished third.
She did not stand for parliament again.
Media career
In 1953, she was appointed to the newly created post of Editor of Women's Television Programmes at the BBC. In 1963, she became head of family programmes, and one of the first women to hold an executive position in the corporation. She spearheaded programmes which introduced cookery personality Fanny Cradock and keep-fit expert Eileen Fowler to viewers, as well as bringing in Play School and Dougal in The Magic Roundabout for children.
She was persuaded to join London Weekend Television by David Frost, along with her BBC junior Joy Whitby, at the future ITV contractor's beginnings in 1967, and the two women were appointed to run the children's programmes department, although Stephens resigned after only two years when the company ran into difficulties. Before departing Stephens (with Whitby) commissioned Catweazle (1970–71).
Liberal party again
In 1969, she returned to active involvement when Jeremy Thorpe got her to take over from Pratap Chitnis as head of the Liberal Party Organisation. However, due to the lack of funds in the Liberal party, she agreed to work unpaid. Her work involved preparing the party for the next general election which took place in 1970. During the election, she took over responsibility for the party's three election broadcasts for television.
References
1912 births
2001 deaths
Liberal Party (UK) parliamentary candidates
BBC executives
BBC radio producers
British television producers
British women television producers
Women radio producers |
Joliet Township is located in Will County, Illinois. As of the 2010 census, its population was 87,398 and it contained 32,617 housing units.
Geography
According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of , of which (or 97.67%) is land and (or 2.33%) is water.
The segment containing Chicagoland Speedway was ceded to Jackson Township at an unknown date after 1999 for unknown reasons.
Cities, Towns, Villages
Crest Hill (small portion)
Elwood (small portion)
Joliet (mostly)
New Lenox (small portion)
Rockdale
Other Communities
Ingalls Park
Preston Heights
Ridgewood
Demographics
References
External links
City-data.com
Will County Official Site
Illinois State Archives
Townships in Will County, Illinois
Townships in Illinois
1849 establishments in Illinois |
Ambrósio Amaro Manuel Pascoal best known as Rats, (born 5 May 1977) is a retired Angolan football player. He has played for Angola national team.
National team statistics
References
1977 births
Living people
Angolan men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Académica Petróleos do Lobito players
Girabola players
Angola men's international footballers |
Creepshow is a 1982 American horror comedy anthology film directed by George A. Romero and written by Stephen King, making this film his screenwriting debut. The film's ensemble cast includes Hal Holbrook, Adrienne Barbeau, Fritz Weaver, Leslie Nielsen, Carrie Nye, E. G. Marshall, and Viveca Lindfors as well as King himself. The film was primarily shot on location in Pittsburgh and its suburbs, including Monroeville, where Romero leased an old boys' academy (Penn Hall) to build extensive sets for the film.
Creepshow consists of five short stories: "Father's Day", "The Lonesome Death of Jordy Verrill" (based on the King short story "Weeds"), "Something to Tide You Over", "The Crate" and "They're Creeping Up on You!" Two of these stories were adapted from King's short stories, with the film bookended by prologue and epilogue scenes featuring a young boy named Billy (played by King's son, Joe), who is punished by his abusive father for reading horror comics.
Creepshow is an homage to the EC horror comics of the 1950s, such as Tales from the Crypt, The Vault of Horror and The Haunt of Fear. In order for the film to give viewers a comic book feel, Romero hired long-time effects specialist Tom Savini to replicate comic-like effects.
The film earned $21 million in the United States. It was followed by a 1987 sequel, Creepshow 2, directed by the first film's cinematographer, Michael Gornick, written by Romero and based on stories by King. A second sequel, Creepshow 3, was released in 2006, without involvement from either Romero or King.
Plot
Prologue
Billy Hopkins, a young boy, gets disciplined by his abusive father Stan for reading Creepshow, a horror comic. Not wanting his son to be exposed to the comic's content, Stan throws it in the garbage. As Billy sits upstairs, wishing that his father rots in Hell, he hears a sound at the window.
The source of the noise turns out to be the Creep, the host of the comic book, who beckons him to come closer and removes the trash can's lid.
"Father's Day"
Sylvia Grantham meets her nephew Richard and niece Cass, along with Cass's new husband Hank Blaine at the Grantham estate for the family's annual dinner on the third Sunday in June. They proceed to tell Hank about the family matriarch, Great Aunt Bedelia, and of how it is an open secret in the family that she murdered her late father: the miserly and domineering Nathan Grantham who had accumulated the family's fortune through bootlegging, fraud, extortion, and murder-for-hire.
Many years earlier, Bedelia was rendered an unstable spinster, the result of a lifetime spent putting up with her father's incessant demands and emotional abuse, which got even worse after he suffered a stroke and she was made to nurse him full-time. The torture culminated with Nathan orchestrating a fatal "hunting accident", which took the life of his daughter's fiancé Peter Yarbro, in order to keep her under his thumb. That Father's Day, Bedelia, driven into a murderous rage by Nathan's constant insults and his petulant demands for his cake, bashed her overbearing father's head in with a marble ashtray (that is hidden throughout the other stories).
In the present day, Bedelia arrives at Grantham Manor that evening. She stops by the family cemetery, just outside the mansion, to lay a flower at her father's grave. She drunkenly reminisces about the murder, and reveals that Sylvia staged the killing as an accident in order to steal and distribute Nathan's fortune among the rest of the family. She accidentally spills her whiskey bottle in front of the headstone. Just then, Nathan's reanimated, putrefied, maggot-infested corpse emerges from the burial plot, still demanding the Father's Day cake he never got. He avenges himself on Bedelia, strangling her. He proceeds to systematically wipe out the rest of his family: telekinetically crushing Hank to death with a gravestone, then twisting Sylvia's neck; he also kills Mrs. Danvers, the Granthams' cook, possibly to cover his tracks. As a gruesome final joke, Nathan surprises Cass and Richard by presenting them with his Father's Day cake: Sylvia's severed head, covered with frosting and lit candles.
While the ending is left ambiguous in the film, with Nathan gloating over a terrified Cass and Richard in freeze-frame, the comic book based on the film has the Creep giving a vague hint that Nathan's next act was to "blow out their candles".
"The Lonesome Death of Jordy Verrill"
Jordy Verrill, a comedic and dim-witted backwoods yokel played by Stephen King, watches as a meteorite crash lands on his farm. Observing the crash site, Jordy gets his fingers burned when he tries to touch the meteorite. In a fantasy sequence, Jordy imagines selling the meteorite to the local college's "Department of Meteors", hoping that the sale will provide enough money to pay off a $200 bank loan. Taking precautions, he douses the meteorite with a bucket of water, causing it to crack open and spill a glowing blue liquid. In another fantasy sequence, Jordy imagines the "Department of Meteors" refusing to purchase the now broken meteorite. Resolving to try and glue the halves together in the morning, Jordy nonchalantly dumps the liquid inside the meteor into the soil, but not before the substance makes contact with his skin.
As time passes, Jordy finds his fingers being overcome by what appears to be grass. He attempts to call a doctor, but he reconsiders doing so when he imagines (in another fantasy sequence) that the doctor will chop the afflicted fingers off without anesthetic. Over time, the strange substance continue to grow all over Jordy's farm, everything Jordy has touched, and even on Jordy's body, which causes him to itch furiously. Jordy panics as he discovers the increasing growth, and tries to calm himself by pouring himself a bottle of vodka and mixing it with orange juice. Soon after, Jordy falls asleep in a drunken stupor.
Jordy wakes up sometime later, believing the experience to have been a dream, but his hopes are dashed when he sees that the plant growth has managed to reach inside the house, as well as discovering in a mirror that he has now grown a green beard. He starts to draw a bath to relieve the itching, but he is visited by the ghost of his deceased father, who appears in his mirror and warns him against doing so by telling him that water is what the plants want. Grimly rationalizing that not getting in would only delay the inevitable, Jordy laments that "[he's] a goner already." When the itching from the growth on his skin becomes unbearable, Jordy succumbs to temptation and collapses into the bathwater.
The next morning, Jordy's farm has been completely coated with dense layers of the alien vegetation, with Jordy himself transformed into a human-shaped collection of plant matter. In despair, he reaches for a Coach Gun, prays to God that his luck will be in just this once, and blows the top of his head off, killing himself. Immediately afterwards, a TV weather forecast announces that moderate temperatures and heavy rains are predicted, the implication being that this will accelerate the spread of the extraterrestrial plant growth to surrounding areas, and will continue to the point where the Earth may be terraformed into an entirely green planet.
"Something to Tide You Over"
Richard Vickers is a vicious and heartless millionaire whose spry jocularity belies his cold-blooded and murderous nature. He visits Harry Wentworth, the man with whom his wife Becky is having an affair. Richard mentions that he and Becky never shared any actual affection, but such is beside the issue; Richard's point of honor is always keeping what's "his", a rule that he enforces no matter what. Rather than physically assault Harry, Richard plays a recording of Becky's voice, where she tearfully begs Harry to help her. Both men travel to Comfort Point, Richard's isolated beach house. Richard points out what appears to be a burial mound in the sand. When Harry promptly runs to it, Richard pulls a gun on him. He forces Harry to jump into the empty hole and begin burying himself.
Eventually, Richard finishes burying Harry neck-deep in the sand below the high-tide line. Richard then sets up a closed-circuit TV camera and a VCR to record Harry. He also brings along a monitor displaying Becky, who is also buried up to her neck further down the beach, where the rising tide is already washing over her face. Richard does tell Harry that he and Becky have a chance of survival: if they can hold their breath long enough for the sand to loosen once the seawater covers them, they can break free and escape. With that, Richard abandons Harry and returns to Comfort Point. Sipping a cocktail, Richard watches with great satisfaction as Harry and Becky slowly drown. Just before Harry is completely submerged by the advancing tide, he looks directly into the camera and vows revenge on Richard.
Hours later, Richard returns to Harry's "grave" to collect the tape. He finds the ruined monitor, but no sign of Harry. Not disturbed, Richard writes this off as the body having been carried away by the current. Later that night, Richard hears voices calling his name, as a mysterious unseen presence easily bypasses Comfort Point's extensive security system. The culprits turn out to be Harry and Becky, the two lovers having returned as waterlogged, seaweed-covered revenants intent on revenge on their killer. Richard shoots them, but when the bullets have no effect, he barricades himself in his bedroom, only to find Becky and Harry already inside. The two victims taunt Richard, who laughs insanely.
Sometime later, the undead lovers have buried Richard up to his neck on the beach. They have since disappeared together into the surf, leaving Richard's own seaweed-covered video camera to record his coming demise. As the approaching tide proceeds to drown him, the hysterical Richard screams that he can hold his breath "for a LONG time!"
"The Crate"
Mike Latimer, a janitor at Horlicks University, drops a quarter he was flipping which rolls behind a grate under a basement staircase. While attempting to retrieve the coin, he comes across a wooden storage crate marked "Ship to Horlicks University via Julia Carpenter - Arctic Expedition - June 19, 1834" hidden underneath the staircase. He calls Professor Dexter Stanley to notify him of the discovery, drawing Dexter away from a faculty social gathering. Also at the gathering are Dexter's best friend, the mild-mannered Professor Henry Northrup, and Henry's perpetually drunk, obnoxious, and emotionally-abusive wife Wilma "Billie", who has a penchant for embarrassing herself, belittling her husband, and annoying or insulting everybody she meets. Henry regularly fantasizes about killing his horrific wife, but is far too timid to actually go through with it.
Stanley meets Mike at Amberson Hall, where the former discovers the crate. Both men move the crate into a nearby biology lab, where they tirelessly work to get it open. In the process, Mike sticks his hand inside the crate and begins yelling in pain. The crate opens to reveal its contents: a shaggy, ape-like creature with sharp fangs. Despite its diminutive size, the creature promptly kills and devours Mike whole, leaving behind only his mangled boot. Fleeing the lab, Dexter bumps into graduate student Charlie Gereson, to whom he frantically relays what happened. While skeptical, Charlie agrees to investigate the professor's claims. The two find the lab covered in blood, with no sign of the creature or its crate. They discover that the crate has been moved back under the stairs, where they also discover Mike's boot. Wanting to measure the bite marks on the boot, Charlie examines the crate closer. The creature pounces on Charlie and kills him, prompting Dexter to escape and take the boot with him.
Traumatized and hysterical, Dexter runs to Henry's house after Billie leaves for the evening. He tells Henry everything that happened since the crate was discovered, and insists that the monster must be disposed of somehow. Seeing the supposed creature as an ideal way to rid himself of his wife, Henry appears to believe Dexter's story. To this end, Henry spikes Dexter's drink with sleeping pills and writes a note stating that Dexter had supposedly assaulted a female student. This brings Billie rushing to Amberson Hall, where Henry has since cleaned up the bloody lab. When Billie arrives, Henry lures her under the basement stairs, trying to awaken the creature. As Billie rants at Henry for dragging her out there in the middle of the night and assaulting her, the beast awakens and proceeds to consume her.
The next morning, Henry tells Dexter that he secured the beast inside its crate, and then dumped the crate into a nearby quarry, watching as it sank to the bottom. He convinces Dexter that the creature has drowned, and both men agree to let the authorities handle the disappearances. Unknown to Henry and Dexter, the beast is shown to still be alive, and is last seen tearing the submerged crate apart.
"They're Creeping Up on You!"
Upson Pratt is a ruthlessly cruel business mogul who suffers from mysophobia, which has rendered him living in a hermetically-sealed penthouse apartment outfitted with electric locks and surveillance cameras. His apparent contacts with the outside world are through the telephone and are primarily made to put-upon employees. His character seemingly influenced by Howard Hughes. One stormy night, Pratt receives a call from George Gendron, one of his subordinates, about the fact that his company (Pratt International) has recently instigated a corporate takeover of the Pacific Aerodyne company. Gendron also informs Mr. Pratt that the takeover caused a business rival, Norman Castonmeyer, to commit suicide, much to Pratt's delight.
During the call, Pratt slowly begins finding cockroaches around his apartment. Being a fanatical insect hater, Pratt arms himself with bug spray in an attempt to combat the insects. Before long, someone manages to get through on Pratt's private line. The caller turns out to be Norman Castonmeyer's widow Lenore, who tearfully recalls her husband's final moments and curses Pratt for causing his death. After finding pieces of cockroaches in his food processor, Pratt receives a call from his building's superintendent Carl Reynolds, currently on vacation in Orlando. Despite his vacation, Pratt forces Reynolds to send the building's handyman Mr. White to call an exterminator under the threat of firing him.
Soon after, Pratt discovers more cockroaches in a box of cereal, trying and failing to crush any that he can. Mr. White soon arrives outside Pratt's door, and tells him (speaking in a stereotypical minstrel voice to mock him) that he is calling a fumigation service. A rolling blackout then heads towards the building. During the blackout, cockroaches numbering in the hundreds of thousands begin pouring out of every nook and cranny in Pratt's apartment. As the insects overwhelm Pratt, he activates the emergency power and attempts to call the police for assistance. The police are unfortunately unable to be of any help because of the blackout, nor is Mr. White, who is stuck in the elevator.
At his wit's end, Pratt locks himself inside a climate-controlled panic room to escape the growing swarm of cockroaches. He gets to get another call from Lenore, who continues to curse at him. It's during this call that Pratt finds his bedcovers wriggling, and he removes them to discover that the cockroaches have already invaded the panic room. With no way for Pratt to escape, the cockroach swarm charges at him, which induces a fatal heart attack.
When electricity returns to the building, the apartment is utterly devoid of cockroaches. Pratt's corpse is shown in the panic room as Mr. White calls in to report. When he gets no answer, Mr. White mockingly asks Pratt "Bugs got your tongue?" Pratt's body soon begins to contort as cockroaches burst out of his mouth and chest, re-enveloping the panic room. Mr. White continues to call Pratt's name to get a response, then calls him a bastard when he gets no answer.
Epilogue
The next morning, two garbage collectors find the Creepshow comic book on the curb. They look at the ads in the book for X-ray specs and a Charles Atlas bodybuilding course. They also see the advertisement for the voodoo doll that was briefly glimpsed earlier, but lament that the order form has already been redeemed.
Inside the Hopkins house, Stan complains to his wife that he is suffering from a stiff neck, figuring that he must have strained it. Upstairs, Billy is revealed to have sent away for the voodoo doll, and has decorated it with a piece of his father's clothing and some of his hair. Stan clutches his throat in pain as Billy repeatedly and gleefully jabs the voodoo doll with a pin, finally getting revenge on his father for his abuse.
The images of Billy jabbing the doll becomes the cover of the next issue of Creepshow. The Creep is seen holding the same comic book, laughing sinisterly as a candle goes out.
Cast
Wraparound Story
Joe King as Billy Hopkins
Tom Atkins (uncredited) as Stan Hopkins
Iva Jean Saraceni as Mrs. Hopkins
Marty Schiff as Garbageman #1
Tom Savini as Garbageman #2
Father's Day
Carrie Nye as Sylvia Grantham
Viveca Lindfors as Bedelia Grantham
Ed Harris as Hank Blaine
Warner Shook as Richard Grantham
Elizabeth Regan as Cass Blaine
Jon Lormer as Nathan Grantham
John Amplas as Nathan's Corpse
Nann Mogg as Mrs. Danvers
Peter Messer as Yarbro
The Lonesome Death of Jordy Verrill
Stephen King as Jordy Verrill
Bingo O'Malley as Jordy's Father/Doctor
Something to Tide You Over
Leslie Nielsen as Richard Vickers
Ted Danson as Harry Wentworth
Gaylen Ross as Becky Vickers
Richard Gere (uncredited) as Man on TV
The Crate
Hal Holbrook as Henry Northup
Adrienne Barbeau as Wilma "Billie" Northup
Fritz Weaver as Dexter Stanley
Robert Harper as Charlie Gereson
Don Keefer as Mike the Janitor
Christine Forrest as Tabitha Raymond
Chuck Aber as Richard Raymond
Cletus Anderson as Host
Katie Karlovitz as Maid
Darryl Ferrucci (uncredited) as Fluffy
They're Creeping Up on You
E. G. Marshall as Upson Pratt
David Early as Mr. White
Mark Tierno (uncredited) as the voice of Carl Reynolds
Ann Muffly (uncredited) as the voice of Lenora Castonmeyer
Ned Beatty (uncredited) as the voice of Bob Bean
Production
[[Image:Styleexamplescreepshow.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Several screenshots from the film, demonstrating the way comic-book imagery and effects were used extensively by director George A. Romero to recreate the feel of classic 1950s EC horror comics, such as Tales from the Crypt]]"Father's Day", "Something to Tide You Over" and "They're Creeping Up on You!" are original stories by King written for the film. "The Lonesome Death of Jordy Verrill" is based on King's short story "Weeds" and "The Crate" is based on the short story of the same name.
In keeping with Romero's tradition of filming in and around the Pittsburgh area, most of the film was shot in an empty all-girls school located outside Greensburg, Pennsylvania. The school was converted into a film studio, and the episodes "The Lonesome Death of Jordy Verrill" and "They're Creeping Up on You", as well as the prologue and epilogue, were filmed in their entirety at the former school. Filming took place at the Greensburg location throughout 1981.
Several additional locations were also used for filming:
"The Crate" — most of the interior and exterior shots for the university sequences were filmed at Carnegie-Mellon University (Romero is a Carnegie-Mellon University alumnus), with Margaret Morrison Hall serving as Amberson Hall. The backyard party was filmed in Romero's own backyard at his former residence on Amberson Avenue in Shadyside, Pennsylvania.
"Father's Day" was filmed on location at a mansion in the Pittsburgh suburb of Fox Chapel, Pennsylvania.
"Something to Tide You Over" was filmed on location at Island Beach State Park, Berkeley Township, New Jersey.
In a 2015 interview with The A.V. Club, Ted Danson explained the brief shot of his character drowning underwater: "So they make a little aquarium tank. I got in a wetsuit and climbed in, and somebody would reach down with an oxygen tank ventilator thingy, and I'd breathe, and then they'd take that out. And there was a yoke made out of... I don't know, wood and fake sand, so it looked like my head was buried in the sand, underwater."
Ray Mendez, an entomologist with the American Museum of Natural History, and David Brody provided 20,000 cockroaches for the segment "They're Creeping Up on You". In the final scene of the segment—in which the room is almost filled with cockroaches—many of the apparent insects were actually nuts and raisins, as specified by Tom Savini.
Release Creepshow was given a wide release by Warner Bros. on Wednesday, November 10, 1982. In its opening weekend, Creepshow grossed $5,870,889 from 1,127 theatres, ranking number 1 at the U.S. box office, replacing First Blood in the top spot, and had a five-day total of $8,003,017. In total it grossed $21,028,755 in the United States and Canada, making it the highest grossing horror film for the Warner Bros. studio that year.
Reception
Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a 65% approval rating based on 74 reviews; the average rating is 6.2/10. The site's consensus reads: "It's uneven, as anthologies often are, but Creepshow is colorful, frequently funny, and treats its inspirations with infectious reverence." Roger Ebert gave the film three out of four stars and wrote, "Romero and King have approached this movie with humor and affection, as well as with an appreciation of the macabre". In his review for The New York Times, Vincent Canby wrote, "The best things about Creepshow are its carefully simulated comic-book tackiness and the gusto with which some good actors assume silly positions. Horror film purists may object to the levity even though failed, as a lot of it is". Gary Arnold, in his review for The Washington Post, wrote, "What one confronts in Creepshow is five consistently stale, derivative horror vignettes of various lengths and defects". In his review for The Globe and Mail, Jay Scott wrote, "The Romero-King collaboration has softened both the horror and the cynicism, but not by enough to betray the sources — Creepshow is almost as funny and as horrible as the filmmakers would clearly love it to be". David Ansen, in his review for Newsweek, wrote, "For anyone over 12 there's not much pleasure to be had watching two masters of horror deliberately working beneath themselves. Creepshow is a faux-naif horror film: too arch to be truly scary, too elemental to succeed as satire". In his review for Time, Richard Corliss wrote, "But the treatment manages to be both perfunctory and languid; the jolts can be predicted by any ten-year-old with a stopwatch. Only the story in which Evil Plutocrat E.G. Marshall is eaten alive by cockroaches mixes giggles and grue in the right measure".Bravo awarded it the 99th spot on their "The 100 Scariest Movie Moments", mostly for the scene with the cockroaches bursting out of Upson Pratt's body.
Home media
The film was first released in 1983 on VHS and CED Videodisc.
In the United States, Warner Bros. released a one-disc set on October 26, 1999, with the only extra feature being the film's trailer. No other special features have ever been released with the Region 1 version. The Region 1 DVD was a two-sided disc. One side was the 1.85:1 transfer (widescreen) version of the film and the other side was the full-screen version,
A two-disc Special Edition DVD of Creepshow was released on October 22, 2007, in the UK. The discs feature a brand new widescreen transfer of the film sourced from the original master, a making-of documentary running 90 minutes (titled Just Desserts: The Making of Creepshow), behind-the-scenes footage, rare deleted scenes, galleries, a commentary track with director George A. Romero and make-up effects artist, Tom Savini, and more. The owner of Red Shirt Pictures, Michael Felsher is responsible for the special edition, the documentary and audio commentary in particular.
On September 8, 2009, the film was released on Blu-ray. Again the only special feature is the film's trailer. Scream Factory re-released the film on Blu-ray with new special features (along with most of the ones from the UK release) on October 23, 2018. This release is sourced from a brand new 4K scan of the original camera negative, despite the fact there was some criticism with the 5.1 audio track having been pitched too high and having sync issues (the included stereo track however has no issues).
Second Sight acquired the license to release a new Blu-ray in the United Kingdom. It contains all of the special features included in the special two-disc edition which was released in 2007. It also contains a new audio commentary with Director of Photography Michael Gornick, Actor John Amplas, Property Master Bruce Alan Green and make-up effects assistant Darryl Ferrucci.
Soundtrack
Legacy, sequels, and adaptations
The film was adapted into an actual comic book of the same name soon after the film's release. Bernie Wrightson, known for his work on Heavy Metal and Warren magazines, and fittingly influenced by the 1950s E.C. Comics, did the artwork and is also the uncredited writer of the comic.Tales from the Darkside was the television spin-off. Due to Warner Bros holding certain rights including the name Creepshow, the title was changed.
A sequel, Creepshow 2, was released in 1987, and was once again based on Stephen King short stories, with a screenplay from Creepshow director George A. Romero. The film contained only three tales of horror (due to budget constraints) as opposed to the original's five stories.
Another sequel, Creepshow 3, featuring no involvement from Stephen King, George A. Romero, or anyone else involved in the production of the first two films, was released direct-to-video in 2007 (though it was finished in 2006) to mostly negative reviews. This film, in a fashion similar to the original Creepshow, features five short, darkly comedic horror stories.
Taurus Entertainment (rights holders of the original Creepshow) licensed the rights to Jace Hall, of HDFILMS, a Burbank, California company, to produce Creepshow: RAW, a web series based upon the original film. The pilot episode for Creepshow: RAW was wrapped on July 30, 2008. The pilot was directed by Wilmer Valderrama and features Michael Madsen. No other episodes have been produced.
Another Creepshow television series was announced in July 2018, which was produced by Greg Nicotero and streamed on Shudder. Each episode of the series consisted of two stories. On January 16, 2019, it was announced that one of the segments of the pilot episode will be based on Stephen King's short story, "Survivor Type" from his 1985 collection, Skeleton Crew. Adrienne Barbeau will return in a new role, and Tobin Bell will contribute a role. On July 19, 2019, it was announced that the series will premiere on September 26, 2019. The series spawned a tie-in novel from Scholastic Books entitled Creepshow: The Taker, featuring two novellas inspired from the show. A follow-up novel is scheduled for release in April 2021, entitled Creepshow: The Cursed, also featuring two novellas inspired by the show. On October 30, 2019, the series was renewed for a second season, which premiered on April 1, 2021. On February 18, 2021, the series was renewed for a third season.
On August 3, 2019, Universal Destinations & Experiences announced that Creepshow'' would be coming to Halloween Horror Nights exclusively at its Universal Studios Hollywood theme park. The maze featured three segments from the 1982 movie as well as two others from the newly made web television version for Shudder.
References
External links
1980s American films
1980s English-language films
1982 comedy horror films
1980s monster movies
1980s science fiction horror films
1980s supernatural horror films
1982 films
Alien invasions in films
American comedy horror films
American films with live action and animation
American ghost films
American horror anthology films
American monster movies
American natural horror films
American science fiction horror films
American supernatural horror films
Filicide in fiction
Films adapted into comics
Films based on multiple works
Films based on short fiction
Films based on works by Stephen King
Films directed by George A. Romero
Films set in Pittsburgh
Films shot in New Jersey
Films shot in Pittsburgh
Films with screenplays by Stephen King
Patricide in fiction
Uxoricide in fiction
Warner Bros. films
Creepshow films
Films about cockroaches |
Gulu is a district in the Northern Region of Uganda. The regional headquarters are located in the city of Gulu, which is also the administrative capital of Northern Uganda. the district consists of two main divisions, Gulu West and Gulu East.
Location
Gulu District is bordered by Lamwo District to the north, Pader District and Omoro District to the east, Oyam District to the south, Nwoya District to the southwest, and Amuru District to the west. The district headquarters in the city of Gulu are approximately , by road, north of Uganda's capital city, Kampala. The coordinates of the district are, near the city of Gulu are:02°49'50.0"N, 32°19'13.0"E (Latitude:2.830556; Longitude:32.320278).
Overview
As of November 2019, the district was one of the eight districts that constituted the Acholi sub-region, the historical homeland of the Acholi ethnic group. The district is composed of Aswa County and the Gulu Municipal Council. The economic activity of 90 per cent of the population in the district is subsistence agriculture.
The district has been the location of much of the fighting between the Ugandan army and the Lord's Resistance Army. Over 90 percent of the population has returned to their villages after more than two decades of living in what were known as "Internally Displaced People Camps".
Population
The national census conducted in 2002 put the population at 193,337. In the 2014 national census and household survey, the population of Gulu District was enumerated at 275,613.
Notable people
The district is the birthplace of the poet and writer Okot p'Bitek; former UNLA top military officer Brigadier George William Nyero.
References
External links
Website of Gulu District
Acholi sub-region
Districts of Uganda
Northern Region, Uganda |
The 1993–94 Hartford Whalers season was the 22nd season of the franchise, 15th season in the NHL. The Whalers missed the playoffs for the second consecutive season. It was the first season that all four former WHA teams (Edmonton, Hartford, Quebec, Winnipeg) missed the playoffs since joining the NHL in 1979.
Off-season
On June 1, the Whalers acquired Brad McCrimmon from the Detroit Red Wings in exchange for a sixth-round draft pick in the 1993 NHL Entry Draft. McCrimmon scored 1 goal and 15 points in 60 games during the 1992–93 season. In his NHL career that began in 1979, McCrimmon had played in 1029 games, scoring 76 goals and 381 points. He was a member of the Calgary Flames during the 1988–89 season in which they won the Stanley Cup. During the 1985–86 season with the Philadelphia Flyers, McCrimmon scored 13 goals and 56 points in 80 games while having a plus-minus rating of +86. In 1987–88, his first season with the Flames, McCrimmon finished fourth in James Norris Memorial Trophy voting.
The Whalers acquired Sergei Makarov on June 20 in a trade with the Calgary Flames. Makarov scored 18 goals and 57 points in 71 games during the 1992–93 season. Makarov's stay with the Whalers would be short because six days later, he was traded to the San Jose Sharks (along with the Whalers' first-, second- and third-round draft picks in the 1993 NHL Entry Draft) in exchange for the Sharks' first-round draft pick, which was the second overall pick, in the 1993 NHL Entry Draft.
On June 24, the Whalers lost Terry Yake and Randy Ladouceur to the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim in the 1993 NHL Expansion Draft. Yake scored 22 goals and 53 points with the Whalers during the 1992–93 season, while Ladouceur scored 2 goals and 6 points in 62 games.
At the 1993 NHL Entry Draft held at Le Colisee in Quebec City on June 26, the Whalers held the second overall draft pick. With the pick, the Whalers selected Chris Pronger from the Peterborough Petes of the Ontario Hockey League. Pronger scored 15 goals and 77 points in 61 games, then scored 15 goals and 40 points in 21 playoff games for the Petes. Other players that the Whalers selected that played in the NHL include Marek Malik, Nolan Pratt, Manny Legace and Igor Chibirev.
At the 1993 NHL Supplemental Draft, the Whalers selected Kent Fearns from Colorado College. In 33 games during the 1992–93 season, Fearns scored 7 goals and 22 points for the Tigers.
On September 1, the Whalers announced that Brian Burke resigned from his position of general manager and president of the team as he joined the NHL front office as executive vice-president and director of hockey operations. Current head coach Paul Holmgren was promoted to take over the position.
On October 4, Hartford signed free agent Brian Propp. Propp appeared in 17 games with the Minnesota North Stars during the 1992–93 season, scoring three goals and six points. In 951 career games, Propp scored 413 goals and 975 points since beginning his career in the 1979–80 season with the Philadelphia Flyers. During his career, Propp had scored 40+ goals in a season four times, including a career-high 44 goals in the 1981–82 season.
Regular season
The Whalers were put into the new Northeast Division after the Adams Division was discontinued.
Final standings
Schedule and results
Playoffs
The Whalers did not qualify for the playoffs for the second consecutive season.
Player statistics
Regular season
Scoring
Goaltending
Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; +/- = Plus-minus PIM = Penalty minutes; PPG = Power-play goals; SHG = Short-handed goals; GWG = Game-winning goals;
MIN = Minutes played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; GA = Goals against; GAA = Goals-against average; SO = Shutouts; SA=Shots against; SV=Shots saved; SV% = Save percentage;
Awards and records
Records
Milestones
Transactions
The Whalers were involved in the following transactions during the 1993–94 season.
Trades
Waivers
Free agents
Draft picks
Hartford's picks at the 1993 NHL Entry Draft
Farm teams
American Hockey League
ECHL
See also
1993–94 NHL season
References
External links
Whalers on Hockey Database
1993-94
1993–94 NHL season by team
1993–94 in American ice hockey by team
Hart
Hart |
The Republicans () is a non-partisan think tank and association in Italy, that operates like federation between several conservative and libertarian organization, as Tea Party Italy, Modernize Italy, as well as businessmen, local politicians and activist.
The organization, launched by Marco Reguzzoni (member and former leader in the Chamber of Deputies of Lega Nord) and Nunzia De Girolamo (member and former leader in the Chamber of the New Centre-Right) on 2 June 2015 (Republic Day), aims at uniting the Italian centre-right by taking example from the United States Republican Party and American-styled fusionism between conservative and libertarian political propositions.
In June the Varese provincial section of Lega Lombarda–Lega Nord expelled Reguzzoni from the party for having launched The Republicans.
Program
The association support several reforms, overstep the parties:
Cut to public spending and tax cut
Laws for the political transparency and against bureaucracy
Abolition of the property tax and the taxes on salaries and pensions
VAT on 15%
Income tax on 20%
Free trade between enterprises of different countries
Abolition of the Dublin Regulation and immigration reform
Leadership
President: Marco Reguzzoni (2015–present)
References
External links
Official website
2015 establishments in Italy
Political and economic think tanks based in the European Union
Libertarian think tanks
Non-profit organisations based in Italy
Think tanks based in Italy
Libertarianism in Italy |
Aérospatiale C.22 is a subsonic target drone developed and manufactured by Aérospatiale since 1980, and used in testing the MBDA Aster missile. It is powered by a Microturbo TRI 60-02.
To ensure the tests of the Centre d'Essais de Landes in 1995, 74 targets including twenty C22, eleven Nord Aviation CT20 and twenty-seven Fox, were launched. It was last used in France in 2014. It is equipped with a towed target for the training of anti-aircraft gun crews and ground-to-air missile batteries.
Specifications
References
External links
Target drones of France
C.22 |
In horse racing, the form of a horse is a record of significant events, mainly its performance in previous races. The form may identify the horse's sire, dam and wider pedigree. It is used by tipsters and punters as an aid in the prediction of its performance in future races.
A typical way of showing a horse's form, as published in newspapers and other media, is shown here.
Number Colours Form Horse Name Age Weight Trainer Jockey
3 image 43-2F1 Mill Reef 3 11-12 A.Smith L.Piggott
7 image 680U54 Glue Pot 3 11-10 B.Brown F.Dettori
Abbreviations used to decode the Form column can include:
Form is arranged chronologically from left (oldest) to right (newest).
So, in the example above, the horse Mill Reef gained a fourth place, followed by a third, then took some time out from racing, then gained a second followed by falling in the next race, and its latest result was a win.
See also
Racecard
References
Horse racing terminology |
Skryje is a municipality and village in Brno-Country District in the South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 70 inhabitants.
Skryje lies approximately north-west of Brno and south-east of Prague.
Administrative parts
The hamlet of Boudy is an administrative part of Skryje.
References
Villages in Brno-Country District |
John Gerhard Tiarks (5 April 19032 January 1974) was an Anglican bishop whose ecclesiastical career spanned forty five years in the mid twentieth century.
Educated at Westminster School and Trinity College, Cambridge and ordained in 1927 — he was deaconed at Petertide 1926 (4 July) and priested the next Trinity Sunday (12 June 1927), both times by Albert David, Bishop of Liverpool, at Liverpool Cathedral — he began his career with a curacy at Christ Church Southport after which he was Vicar of Norris Green. He then held further incumbencies in Widnes and St Helens before becoming Provost of Bradford Cathedral. In 1962 he became Bishop of Chelmsford, a post he held for nine years. He was consecrated a bishop on 24 February 1962 by Michael Ramsey, Archbishop of Canterbury, at Westminster Abbey; he was second-cousin to Geoffrey Tiarks (Bishop of Maidstone, 1969–1976).
References
1903 births
People educated at Westminster School, London
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Provosts and Deans of Bradford
Bishops of Chelmsford
1974 deaths
People from Widnes
20th-century Church of England bishops
John |
Edward Turberville or Turbervile (c. 1648 – 1681) was a Welsh professional soldier and priest hunter, better known to history as an informer who perjured himself in support of the fictitious Popish Plot.
Life
He came from an ancient Glamorganshire family, his father being a native of Sker in that county. He was a younger son and a Roman Catholic, his brother Anthony being a monk in Paris. The family estate at Sker passed on their father's death to the eldest son Christopher.
Edward entered the household of Lady Mary Molyneux, daughter of William Herbert, 1st Marquis of Powis, and remained there until the end of 1675. It was then proposed that he become a monk like his brother, but instead, he entered the French army as a trooper, receiving his discharge at Aire after six months. He spent some time in Douai at the English College, then moved to Paris. It was in Paris in about 1676 (although he was vague about the precise date) that he claimed to have met the English Catholic peer William Howard, 1st Viscount Stafford. Stafford for his part insisted at his trial in 1680 that he had never seen Turberville in his life, and this was probably true, although Stafford was often abroad, and he was certainly in France in 1678.
Popish Plot
Turberville claimed that Stafford had tried to hire him to assassinate King Charles II of England but never explained why he waited so long to reveal the fact. He first told this improbable tale at the Bar of the English House of Commons in November 1680. The Commons was then seeking evidence to proceed with the long-delayed trials of Stafford and the rest of the "five popish lords", which had received a serious setback from the recent death of the leading informer William Bedloe (two prosecution witnesses being necessary in a treason trial) The Commons requested the King to grant Turberville the usual royal pardon for all treasons, felonies and misdemeanours committed before the date of the pardon, and the King duly granted it. Edward had already acted briefly as a priest hunter, using his local knowledge of the large Catholic community in South Wales, but without much success, on one occasion suffering the embarrassment of being arrested himself. Turberville duly gave evidence against Stafford at his trial before the House of Lords on a charge of high treason. Largely on this testimony, Stafford was found guilty and beheaded on 29 December 1680. There were discrepancies between the dates Tuberville gave at the trial and those in the affidavit he had sworn previously. Also, presumably in an effort to add convincing background detail to his story (Titus Oates had always been good at this), he claimed that Stafford suffered from gout, which was untrue. However, Stafford, like all those charged with treason before the Treason Act 1695, was denied legal counsel: he did catch Turberville out in one or two mistakes but did not exploit his advantage as a good lawyer might have. Crucially the Lords were not told that on being received into the Church of England, Turberville told William Lloyd, Bishop of Worcester, that he knew nothing of any Catholic plot, other than a little gossip.
His motives for turning informer seem to have been purely financial: he was a poor man, and remarked that "he was fit for no trade but an informer". His later change of stance he justified by saying that "if the Protestants deserted him, goddamn it, he would not starve." Family loyalty seems to have been no part of his character: during his career as a priest-hunter he attempted to arrest a priest at the home of his brother Christopher at Sker, although he must have known that Christopher would be liable to the death penalty if found guilty of harbouring a priest.
After the Plot
In 1681 the Crown, at last, turned on the instigators of the Plot, beginning with the unsavoury minor informers Edward Fitzharris and Stephen College. After the trial of Fitzharris, Turberville reading the straws in the wind, or as Gilbert Burnet thought, being "under new (i.e. Crown) management" gave evidence against College who was found guilty of treason and executed. This led to a breach between Turberville and Titus Oates, the inventor of the Plot, whom Turberville now denounced as a villain. He also gave evidence against his former patron Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury, who was indicted for treason in November 1681.
The following month he fell ill of smallpox and died, supposedly fulfilling a prophecy of Lord Stafford that Turberville would not outlive him by a year. Despite rumours that he returned to the Catholic faith at the end, in fact, he was attended by Thomas Tenison, the future Archbishop of Canterbury. To the surprise of many, he maintained to the end the truth of his charges against Stafford. Gilbert Burnet wrote that the truth of the matter was a mystery not to be solved in this world.
Notes
References
1648 births
1681 deaths
Anti-Catholicism in Wales
Priest hunters
British perjurers
People associated with the Popish Plot |
Alfred Miles may refer to:
Alfred Henry Miles (1848–1929), English author, editor, anthologist, journalist, composer, and lecturer
Alf Miles (1884–1926), English footballer
Alfred Hart Miles, US Navy officer, lyricist of the US Naval Academy fight song "Anchors Aweigh"
Alfred Miles (GC) (1899–1989), able seaman aboard and George Cross recipient
Alfred B. Miles (1888–1962), biology and physiology professor and American football, basketball, and baseball coach |
No. 41 Squadron ( or ) was a bomber unit of the Finnish Air Force formed in 1946 and based at Luonetjärvi. The squadron belonged to Flying Regiment 4. In 1951 the unit was renamed into No. 41 Squadron (Lentolaivue 41 or Le.Lv.41).
No. 41 Fighter Squadron
No. 41 Fighter Squadron (Hävittäjälentolaivue 41 or HävLLv 41) is currently the fighter training squadron of the Training Air Wing, based in Tikkakoski. It flies Hawk Mk.51s and Mk.51As. In 2009 it received the Mk.66s that were purchased from Switzerland in 2007.
Organization
1st Flight (1. Lentue)
2nd Flight (2. Lentue)
3rd Flight (3. Lentue)
References
41 |
Ronald Eugene Knight (born August 4, 1947) is a retired American professional basketball forward who spent two seasons in the National Basketball Association both with the Portland Trail Blazers. He was a member of the inaugural 1970–71 Blazers team after being drafted in the fifth round (76th pick overall) during the 1970 NBA draft. Knight played college basketball for the Cal State Los Angeles Golden Eagles and was a second-team All-Pacific Coast Athletic Association selection in 1970.
References
External links
1947 births
Living people
American men's basketball players
Basketball players from Compton, California
Cal State Los Angeles Golden Eagles men's basketball players
Harlem Globetrotters players
Portland Trail Blazers draft picks
Portland Trail Blazers players
Power forwards (basketball)
Small forwards |
The following is a list of notable Uruguayan journalists:
A–D
Hugo Alfaro
Homero Alsina Thevenet
Danilo Arbilla
Lucho Avilés
César Batlle Pacheco
Rafael Batlle Pacheco
Jorge Batlle Ibáñez
José Batlle y Ordóñez
Luis Batlle Berres
Salvador Bécquer Puig
Washington Beltrán Mullin
Virginia Bolten
Natalio Félix Botana
Emiliano Cotelo
Isidoro de María
Ramón Díaz
César di Candia
Carlos María Domínguez
F–L
Pedro Figari
Manuel Flores Mora
Eduardo Galeano
Jorge Gestoso
Julio César Grauert
Ernesto Herrera
Luis Alberto de Herrera
Luis Alberto Lacalle
M–Q
Carlos Maggi
Walter Martínez
Luis Melián Lafinur
Eudoro Melo
Alejandro Michelena
Zelmar Michelini
Víctor Hugo Morales
Benito Nardone
María Inés Obaldía
Jorge Pacheco Areco
Isabel Pisano
Carlos Quijano
R–Z
Carlos María Ramírez
Eduardo Rodríguez Larreta
Blanca Rodríguez
Renán Rodríguez
Rómulo Rossi
Antonio Rubio Pérez
Florencio Sánchez
Julio María Sanguinetti
Margherita Sarfatti
Olhinto María Simoes
Enrique Tarigo
Jorge Traverso
José Pedro Varela
Raúl Zibechi
Alfredo Zitarrosa
References
Journalist
Uruguayan |
The Dragsvik railway station (, ) is located in Raseborg, Finland, in the village of Dragsvik. It is located along the Karis–Hanko railway, and its neighboring stations are Ekenäs in the west and Karis in the east.
Services
Dragsvik is served by all regional trains on the Karis–Hanko line; the default type of rolling stock for this line is the Dm12 railbus.
References
Raseborg
Railway stations in Uusimaa |
Ivan Yuryevich Moskvitin () (? – after 1647) was a Russian explorer, presumably a native of Moscow, who led a Russian reconnaissance party to the Sea of Okhotsk, becoming the first Russian to reach the Pacific Ocean.
Moskvitin is first attested in 1626 as residing among the Cossacks in Tomsk. In 1636 or 1637 Dmitry Kopylov with 54 men including Moskvitin were sent east toward Yakutsk. He went down the Lena River and up the Aldan River and on 28 June 1638 founded the fort of Butalsk about 100 km above the mouth of the Maya River and about 250 km southeast of Yakutsk. From a local Shaman Kopylov learned of a south-flowing "River Shirkol" (Zeya River?) where sedentary people grew grain and had cattle and, according to some sources, a silver deposit. In May 1639 he sent Moskvitin with 20 Tomsk Cossacks and 19 Krasnoyarsk Cossacks and an Evenk guide eastward. They went down the Aldan River and up the Maya River and from the upper Maya crossed the Dzhugdzhur Mountains and went down the Ulya River and in August 1639 reached the Sea of Okhotsk.
At the river mouth, or 25 km above its mouth, they built winter quarters. On the first of October he and 20 men sailed east for three days and reached the Okhota River where the town of Okhotsk was later built. Then they either sailed 500 km further east to the Taui River, or they learned enough from the natives to make a map of the coast as far as the Taui River (sources differ). That winter they built two large boats. There was some fighting with the local Lamuts and they captured a man to use as a guide and interpreter. The captive told him of a "River Mamur" at whose mouth lived the "sedentary Gilyaks". In late April or early May 1640 he sailed southwest as far as Uda Gulf at the southwest corner of the Sea of Okhotsk. There they learned of the Amur River, the Zeya River and the Amgun River and of the "sedentary Gilyaks" on the coasts and islands and the "bearded Daurs" who had big houses, cattle and horses, ate bread and lived like Russians. They also heard that the bearded Daurs had recently come in boats and killed many Gilyaks. They then headed east, sighted the Shantar Islands and entered the Sakhalin Gulf. They may have seen the west coast of Sakhalin Island and seem to have reached some islands of the sedentary Gilyaks which may have been at the mouth of the Amur River. Because of the late season, they turned back and in November built winter quarters at the mouth of the Aldoma River which is 30 miles northeast of Ayan. By the middle of July 1641 they were back at Yakutsk.
Information he provided enabled Kurbat Ivanov to make the first map of the coast (March 1642). In 1645 he and Kopylov proposed to the Tomsk voyevod Shcherbatsky a large military expedition to the Amur. The proposal was not acted upon. He was sent to Moscow in 1646 and returned to Tomsk in 1647 with the rank of ataman. The remainder of his life is undocumented.
The 1971-built Project 97A icebreaker Ivan Moskvitin was named after him.
References
George V Lantzeff and Richard A Pierce, "Eastward to Empire",1973
Москвитин Иван Юрьевич // hrono.ru
for accuracy problems see the talk page.
Year of birth unknown
17th-century deaths
Russian explorers
Explorers of Siberia
Explorers of Asia
Russian Cossacks
Year of death unknown
17th-century explorers
17th-century Russian people
People from the Tsardom of Russia |
The Dave Clark Five is a US-only compilation double-album by The Dave Clark Five. The double-LP was released in 1971 three years after the group's last US studio album entitled Everybody Knows. It features 20 studio tracks in true stereo.
As all but the group's last three commercial US albums were issued in re-channeled stereo, fifteen tracks make their U.S. true stereo debut in this two-disc package, the exceptions being "Good Love Is Hard To Find", "Sitting Here Baby", "Inside and Out", "Concentration Baby" and "Bernedette". "Glad All Over", "Can't You See That She's Mine", "Try Too Hard", "Because" and "Come Home" had made their first true stereo appearances on the 1970 EMI Regal Starline LP The Best Of The Dave Clark Five.
Side note: The true stereo mix of "Try Too Hard" suffers from speed problems near the end of the song. This occurs on every available true stereo release of the recording.
Track listing
All tracks written by Dave Clark & Mike Smith except as noted
Side one
"Glad All Over" - 2:43
"Can't You See That She's Mine" - 2:22
"I Need Love" - 3:39
"Good Love Is Hard To Find" - 2:09
"Try Too Hard" - 2:10
Side two
"Because" - 2:23 (Dave Clark)
"'Til The Right One Comes Along" - 2:15
"Whenever You're Around" - 2:59
"Remember, It's Me" - 2:23
"When I'm Alone" - 2:35
Side three
"Having a Wild Weekend" - 1:52
"Sitting Here Baby" - 2:59
"Concentration Baby" - 2:34
"Please Tell Me Why" - 1:35
"Inside and Out" - 2:51
Side four
"Come Home" - 2:51
"I'll Be Yours My Love" - 2:43
"Forever and a Day" - 2:13
"Bernedette" - 2:19
"Hurting Inside" - 2:41
References
1971 compilation albums
The Dave Clark Five albums
Epic Records compilation albums |
The Pampa finch (Embernagra platensis), also known as the great Pampa-finch, is a species of bird. It was traditionally placed in the family Emberizidae but molecular phylogenetic studies have shown that it is a member of the tanager family Thraupidae.
Distribution and habitat
It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland, temperate grassland, subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland, and swamps.
References
Pampa finch
Birds of Brazil
Birds of Bolivia
Birds of Argentina
Birds of the Pampas
Birds of Paraguay
Birds of Uruguay
Pampa finch
Pampa finch
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot |
The Draupner platform is a gas platform for the extraction of natural gas in the North Sea consisting of the Draupner S and E riser platforms. It is located in the Norwegian North Sea block 16/11 offshore from Norway. The complex consists of seven risers and two riser platforms standing in water depth and linked by a bridge. Draupner E is the first major oil platform using jacket-type construction supported on a bucket foundation and suction anchors. The complex is owned by Gassled and operated by Gassco. The technical service provider is Equinor.
The Draupner platform is a key hub for monitoring pressure, volume and quality of gas flows in Norway's offshore gas pipelines. Draupner S was installed in 1984 as part of the Statpipe system. It connects the Statpipe lines from Heimdal and Kårstø for onward transmission to the Ekofisk oil field. In April 1985, first gas was transferred through the platform. Draupner E was installed in 1994 as part of the Europipe I pipeline. Europipe I, Franpipe and Zeepipe II B are connected to the Draupner E, while Statpipe and Zeepipe I are connected to the Draupner S.
1995 rogue wave
The platform was built with an extensive array of instruments to monitor wave height, slope, acceleration and movement of the pillars and foundations. In 1995, a laser rangefinder monitoring instrument detected the first instrument-recorded rogue wave, which became known as the Draupner wave.
Notes
References
External links
Draupner S/E (Gassco website)
Facts about Draupner (Statoil website)
Natural gas platforms
Natural gas industry in Norway
North Sea energy
1984 establishments in Norway
Energy infrastructure completed in 1984 |
Kyrgyzstan competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia from 7 to 23 February 2014.
The country's delegation consisted of one skier, Dmitry Trelevski who was scheduled to compete in his second consecutive Winter Olympics. The team also consists of four officials. A total of $1,980 USD was earmarked to help support Trevelski in his preparations after he qualified. According to Nurdin Sultambayev, State Agency for Physical Education and Sport (GAFKS) spokesman, "winter sports are the most expensive out there" and Kyrgyzstan lacked the money to fund a larger team". However, on February 12 during training runs Trelevski was injured seriously, that he had to withdraw from the competition. The National Olympic Committee replaced Dmitry Trelevski with Evgeniy Timofeev after petitioning the International Olympic Committee.
Competitors
Alpine skiing
According to the final quota allocation released on January 20, 2014, Kyrgyzstan had one athlete in qualification position.
References
External links
Kyrgyzstan at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Nations at the 2014 Winter Olympics
2014
2014 in Kyrgyzstani sport |
Enache Panait (born 6 October 1949) is a Romanian former wrestler who competed in the 1972 Summer Olympics and in the 1976 Summer Olympics.
References
External links
1949 births
Living people
Olympic wrestlers for Romania
Wrestlers at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Wrestlers at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Romanian male sport wrestlers
Place of birth missing (living people) |
The Anglican Diocese of Enugu is one of 12 within the Anglican Province of Enugu, itself one of 14 provinces within the Church of Nigeria. The current bishop is Emmanuel Chukwuma, who is also Archbishop of the Province
References
Church of Nigeria dioceses
Dioceses of the Province of Enugu |
Naevus are a British experimental rock group. Formed in London in 1998 by Lloyd James (vocals, acoustic guitar) and Joanne Owen (bass, accordion), Naevus were often categorised as part of the 'neofolk' genre. Their music has also drawn comparison with acts such as Swans and Wire, and often includes elements of industrial music.
The band released four albums between 1999 and 2004 before expanding to a four-piece with the addition of John Murphy (drums) and Greg Ferrari (electric guitar). Their first album with the expanded line-up was Silent Life, which was a critical success, and included contributions from members of Urge Within, Sieben, and Current 93. Their sixth album Relatively Close to the Sea saw them combining elements of their earlier post-punk sounds alongside more melodic material and progressive rock elements. In 2009, Hunter Barr returned as drummer, having previously played on EP The Body Speaks in 2004, and the EP Days that Go followed in 2010. The seventh Naevus album, The Division of Labour, was completed by Lloyd James as a solo effort and was released in May 2012. In 2013, the compilation CDs Stations and Others were released, gathering together all singles, B-sides and compilation tracks from 2001 to 2012 as well as new and previously unreleased material. The EP Backsaddling was released in 2014, followed by the eighth and ninth Naevus studio albums, Curses and Time Again, in 2018 and 2020 respectively.
Discography
Studio albums
Truffles of Love (1999), Wooden Lung
Soil (2001), S.P.K.R.
Behaviour (2002), Operative
Perfection is a Process (2004), Operative/Old Europa Cafe
Silent Life (2007), Hau Ruck!
Relatively Close to the Sea (2008), Hau Ruck!
The Division of Labour (2012), Hau Ruck!/Klanggalerie
Curses (2018), Wooden Lung/Old Europa Cafe
Time Again (2020), Hau Ruck!
EPs
Sail Away (2003), Hau Ruck!
The Body Speaks (2004), Hau Ruck!
Go Grow (2008), Hau Ruck!
Days that Go (2010), Hau Ruck!
Backsaddling (2014), 4iB
Live album
Appetite and Application (2014), Klanggalerie
Collaborative releases
This is not Failure (1999, with Womb and Leisure Hive), not on label
Document Three (2004, with KnifeLadder), Terra Fria
Bedtime/Badtime (2005, with Spiritual Front), Old Europa Cafe
Music Box 2008 (2008, with Rose McDowall and Sonver), Dagaz Music
Compilations
Stations (2013), Tourette
Others (2013), Tourette
Water's Work (2018), Wooden Lung
References
External links
Naevus on Bandcamp
Naevus at Discogs
Naevus at Last.fm
Naevus interview at Compulsion Online
Neofolk music groups
British industrial music groups
Musical groups established in 1998
Musical groups from London
1998 establishments in England |
Charles Spring may refer to:
Charles A. Spring (1800–1892), American merchant and religious leader
Charles A. Spring, Jr. (1826–1901), Chicago capitalist
Charlie Spring, a character from the graphic novel Heartstopper |
Lehlohonolo Moromella (born 1985) is a Basotho swimmer.
Career
Moromella competed for Lesotho at the 2007 World Championships in Melbourne where he finished 122nd in the 50 metre breaststroke in 42.93, 175th in the 50 metre freestyle in 38.06 and with Thabiso Baholo, Boipelo Makhothi and Seele Benjamin Ntai finished 29th in the 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay in 5:42.96.
References
1985 births
Living people
Lesotho male swimmers
Male backstroke swimmers
Lesotho male freestyle swimmers
Date of birth missing (living people) |
HSBC Bank Argentina S.A. is the principal HSBC operating company in Argentina. The seventh-largest bank in the country, it provides a full range of banking and financial products and services, including commercial, consumer and corporate banking, to over 1.2 million customers. In October 2016, HSBC reached an agreement to sell its retail banking operations in Argentina to Banco Santander Río.
Operations
HSBC Argentina is one of the largest financial organizations in Argentina and comprises HSBC Bank Argentina, HSBC MAXIMA AFJP, HSBC La Buenos Aires and HSBC New York Life. Proa is a local consumer finance company set up to draw on the experience and knowledge of HSBC Finance Corporation. The group's product and service distribution network includes 139 retail bank branches nationwide, as well as financial and pension fund offices. HSBC Argentina maintains deposits of around US$3 billion, and a lending portfolio of nearly US$2 billion (both around 4% of the domestic market).
History
Midland Bank purchased a stake in Banco Roberts, a subsidiary established in 1903 by the historic Anglo-South American Bank, in 1987. HSBC Group acquired Midland in 1992. In 1997, the Group acquired the remaining shares in the Roberts Group holding company and renamed it HSBC Argentina Holdings SA.
In 2006, HSBC announced that it had signed an agreement with Banca Nazionale del Lavoro SpA to acquire the latter's banking operations in Argentina, Banca Nazionale del Lavoro S.A. (BNL), for US$155 million. BNL had started operating in Argentina in 1960 and had 91 branches in 18 provinces, 700,000 active personal customers and 26,700 commercial customers when the HSBC takeover was completed on 28 April 2006. HSBC rebranded the Argentine operations of BNL as "BNL en Argentina es HSBC" (BNL in Argentina is HSBC), and for two years, maintained the link to BNL, mainly for the community of 70,000 Italian Argentines receiving pensions from Italy.
Simon Martin, President of HSBC Argentina, was appointed head of the mother company's group sustainability and corporate responsibility office in 2007.
The group, headquartered since 1996 in a modern, Avenida de Mayo high-rise, relocated in 2009 to the historic, former Banco Popular Argentino headquarters. The Plateresque building, designed by Antonio and Carlos Vilar, was completed in 1931. Located on Florida Street, it became property of Banco Roberts upon the latter's acquisition of the Banco Popular in 1996, and was transferred to HSBC Argentina upon Roberts' merger the following year.
December 20, 2001, incident
On December 20, 2001, at the height of the December 2001 riots in Argentina, HSBC security personnel opened fire from inside the HSBC Buenos Aires headquarters building against civilians that had been marching to Plaza de Mayo to demonstrate against President Fernando de la Rúa who resigned a day later. Gustavo Ariel Benedetto was murdered by a 9 mm gunshot to his head in this episode. HSBC's security video recordings demonstrated later that security personnel actually opened fire while not being at any substantial risk since marchers were not able to enter the building.
See also
HSBC Holdings plc
References
External links
HSBC Bank Argentina
Banks of Argentina
Banks established in 1903
Argentina
Commercial buildings completed in 1931
Buildings and structures in Buenos Aires
1903 establishments in Argentina
Argentine subsidiaries of foreign companies |
José Ramírez Gamero (12 June 1938 – 7 July 2022) was a Mexican politician, member of Institutional Revolutionary Party, who was Governor of Durango from 1986 to 1992.
Jose Ramirez Gamero was son of Antonio Ramirez, leader of the Workers Federation of the State of Durango until his death, like his father, Ramirez Gamero made his political trajectory within the Confederation of Mexican Workers (CTM). From 1976 to 1979 he represented Federal electoral district's L and IV Legislature of Durango and from 2000 to 2003 represented LVIII Legislature. He was elected twice as Senator and twice represented Durango from 1982 to 1988 and from 1997 to 2000.
He was in addition member to the National Executive Committee of the CTM, where he occupied several secretariats.
References
1938 births
2022 deaths
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico) for Durango
Members of the Senate of the Republic (Mexico) for Durango
Presidents of the Senate of the Republic (Mexico)
Institutional Revolutionary Party politicians
Governors of Durango
20th-century Mexican politicians
Politicians from Durango
People from Durango City
Deputies of the L Legislature of Mexico
Deputies of the LVIII Legislature of Mexico |
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