text stringlengths 1 22.8M |
|---|
String Quartet No. 1 is a musical composition by Charles Ives. Music historian and theorist Robert P. Morgan wrote that the quartet "was Ives's first mature composition of extended length, and its extraordinary fluency gives ample evidence of his solid control of traditional musical techniques. Moreover, the work is considerably more than a facile exercise based on classical models; there are already indications of the Ives to come, in the extensive quotations and, above all, in the composer's ability to bend the form to suit the idiosyncrasies of his own musical inclinations."
Background
The quartet, subtitled "From the Salvation Army" and "A Revival Service," was written in 1896, while Ives was a sophomore at Yale, and was composed under the supervision of Ives's teacher Horatio Parker. Three of the movements have their origins in pieces for organ and strings originally played at a revival service, and were based on gospel hymns. After arranging these for string quartet, Ives prepended a fugue written for Parker's counterpoint class to create a four-movement work.
In 1909, Ives removed the first movement and began orchestrating it for inclusion in what would become his Fourth Symphony. He also renumbered the remaining movements, originally II, III, and IV, as I, II, and III. Ives's work list dated 1937–50 lists the quartet in its three-movement form: "Prelude, Offertory, and Postlude."
After Ives's death, John Kirkpatrick discovered the original opening movement in the collection of manuscripts bequeathed to Yale, and reattached it to the quartet. This alteration has not been met with universal approval: composer Bernard Hermann, who worked with Ives and conducted a number of his pieces, disagreed with Kirkpatrick's decision, stating: "I still don't know where Kirkpatrick got that fugue which he tacked on, but that's his business. It belongs to the Fourth Symphony. I don't think it fits the First Quartet at all." Ives biographer Jan Swafford wrote: "Ives was probably right to remove the fugue - except in the general sense of being based on a revival hymn, it has no stylistic or thematic connection with the other movements, and it throws off the overall key scheme... And Kirkpatrick was wrong to put it back - as if Ives had no right to revise, and improve, his own music. Performances of the quartet the way Ives intended it will reveal a tighter, more effective piece. The fugue, too spacious and sonorous for a string quartet anyway, belongs in the Fourth Symphony..."
The first documented complete performance of the quartet took place at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City on April 24, 1957. It was played, in its three-movement form, by the Kohon String Quartet, who also issued the first recording of the work in 1963 (Vox STDL-501120). The quartet was first published in 1961 by Peer International, in a score which includes all four movements.
Music
The piece is composed for the standard string quartet of two violins, viola, and cello. The four published movements are:
Jan Swafford wrote: "the First Quartet is 'cyclic' - melodic lines recur from movement to movement, a nineteenth-century formal device going back to Berlioz and Schumann." Regarding movements II, III, and IV, which were intended as I, II, and III as per Ives' 1909 revision, Ives scholar J. Peter Burkholder stated: "There is an extraordinary motivic unity among these three movements, due to innate similarities among the source tunes - similarities Ives carefully exploits - and to the appearance in each movement of material that appears in the others."
The first movement (Chorale) is fugal in form. Its subject is based on Lowell Mason's "Missionary Hymn" ("From Greenland's Icy Mountains"), while the countersubject is based on Oliver Holden's "Coronation" ("All hail the power of Jesus' name!"). Burkholder noted that "over the course of the movement, all four phrases of the hymn tune appear in order... this is much more a paraphrase in fugal style than it is a genuine fugue, shaped more directly by its source tune than by the usual fugal expositions and episodes." He concluded that "the presentation of the hymn tune is the focus of the movement. In this sense, it is like the chorale preludes and chorale fantasias of J. S. Bach, and indeed Ives called it 'a kind of Chorale-Prelude,' showing his awareness of Bach's procedures."
The second movement (Prelude) is in ABA form. The A section is based on the hymn "Beulah Land" by John R. Sweney, although, according to Burkholder, "[e]ven listeners who know "Beulah Land" are less likely to recognize the opening period as being derived from the hymn than they are to hear it as vaguely familiar." Burkholder cites Ives' use of this tune as an example of how he "reshapes a melody to fit a new function and in the process changes its style as well." The B section of the second movement is based on "Shining Shore" by George Frederick Root, transformations of which serve as the basis of the B sections of movements III and IV.
The third movement (Offertory) is also in ABA form. The primary theme of the A section is based on the hymn "Nettleton" ("Come thou Fount of every blessing"), attributed to Asahel Nettleton or John Wyeth. In his Memos, Ives wrote: "'Nettleton' was one of the Gospel and Camp Meeting Hymns, and down in the Redding Camp Meetings I heard it sung... I used it, or partly suggested it, in a string quartet..." The B section is again based largely on transformations of "Shining Shore".
The fourth movement (Postlude) is again in ABA form. The primary theme of its A section is based on "Webb" ("Stand up, stand up for Jesus") by George James Webb as well as "Coronation" and "Shining Shore", while its B section is again derived from "Shining Shore". It features one of Ives' first uses of polymeter: composing in over time.
Regarding the pervasive use of "Shining Shore" as source material, Burkholder wrote: "When Ives... consistently and obviously presents fragments from a tune, he draws attention to that tune as an idea and makes us expect to hear more of it. In almost every instance where this happens in his music, the tune has a greater importance for the work than we may realize at first." He also noted that "Shining Shore" is "present in all three movements and linked through melodic transformation or resemblance to the... other source tunes. In each movement, it is the main source for the middle-section theme, and its opening motive appears explicitly at some point. Whenever two or more tunes are mixed, it is present..." Burkholder stated that Ives' use of cyclic forms "is apparent not only in his obvious concern to unify this quartet through such means, but also in the many works written over the next two decades that use cyclic unification, including the first three symphonies, the two piano sonatas, and the Third Violin Sonata."
References
Bibliography
External links
Ives, Charles, 1
Compositions by Charles Ives |
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Orange on 4 March 1879. It was triggered because the Elections and Qualifications Committee held that Edward Combes position of Executive Commissioner for New South Wales at the Paris International Exhibition was an office of profit under the crown and his seat was declared vacant.
Dates
Results
The seat of Edward Combes was declared vacant for holding an office of profit under the crown.
See also
Electoral results for the district of Orange
List of New South Wales state by-elections
References
1879 elections in Australia
New South Wales state by-elections
1870s in New South Wales |
Aoife Horgan (born 17 January 2003) is an Irish footballer who plays college soccer for the Central Connecticut Blue Devils women's soccer team and represents the Republic of Ireland women's national under-19 football team.
Club career
Early career
Horgan is from Listowel in County Kerry. She played for Listowel Celtic under-12s when she was six years old, alongside her older sister Rebecca.
Women's National League
Horgan joined Limerick WFC in 2019. On her début against Galway WFC, they lost 6–3 but Horgan got on the scoresheet. Three months later against DLR Waves, Horgan was on the scoresheet again, not once but twice as she scored two in the last ten minutes to complete a comeback from 2–0 down to win 3–2. When Limerick were dissolved she joined new club Treaty United WFC, who were based at the same site. She made her debut for them in a 5–0 loss to Peamount United. In her next game against DLR Waves, she scored her team's second goal in a 2–0 win.
By the end of the 2020 Women's National League season, Horgan was recognised as a promising striker and one of Treaty United's best players. She was praised by club captain Marie Curtin: "She's so good. She scores goals and that is the hardest thing to do in football. She is dynamic on the turn and is such a naturally gifted footballer so it's huge for us to have someone of her capacity in the squad."
College
Horgan accepted an offer to play four years of college soccer for the Central Connecticut State University "Blue Devils". At the 2021 Northeast Conference Women's Soccer Awards she was named to the Rookie Team of the Season.
International career
Youth
Horgan represented Ireland at schoolgirl level in 2017–18 while she attended St. Joseph's Secondary School, Ballybunion. Horgan was first called up for a 2019 UEFA Women's Under-17 Championship qualification game against Albania in October 2018, but was an unused substitute in a 14–0 win. In her next call up, against the same opposition she came on in the 57th minute, and three minutes later she scored. She played well throughout the game and it finished 10–0.
With the Republic of Ireland women's national under-19 football team Horgan took part in the 2022 UEFA Women's Under-19 Championship qualification section in October 2021.
References
External links
Republic of Ireland women's association footballers
Association footballers from County Kerry
2003 births
Living people
Treaty United W.F.C. players
Women's association football forwards
Women's National League (Ireland) players
Limerick W.F.C. players
Central Connecticut Blue Devils women's soccer players
Expatriate women's soccer players in the United States
Irish expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Republic of Ireland expatriate women's association footballers
Republic of Ireland women's youth international footballers
People from Listowel, County Kerry |
Battery is a brand of energy drinks produced by the Finnish brewery Sinebrychoff. Their stimulating effects are based on coffee and guarana extracts as well as taurine.
Sinebrychoff is part of the international brewery group Carlsberg. The energy drink was launched in 1997 and is currently sold in various flavors in over 35 countries.
The basic idea of the brand is to provide energy like an electric battery and to look like one. The brand's slogan is "Keeps you going".
Products
In addition to the brand's original energy drink, called Battery Energy Drink, several variations have been produced, including coffeed, cranberry, sugarfree, gingered, juiced orange, and Battery Jungled. The availability of the different flavors varies by country and according to the market.
In Finland previously there has also been available other flavors: Heat with cranberry and chili flavors, orange juiced and energy Shot.
The energy drinks are mainly sold in plastic bottles of 40cl and in cans of 33cl. In August 2010 in Finland a limited-edition pint cans (0.568 liters) were launched as "Battery Limited Edition 0.568 L". Currently the product is sold under the name "Big Edition" since the sales are no longer limited.
The design of the bottles was renewed in March 2011 and the content was changed to 40cl instead of 45cl. At the same time the price per bottle decreased.
Internationalization
Developed and launched in Finland in January 1997, Battery has been sold in international markets since its inception. In the summer of 1997, it was launched in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, and in the following year in the rest of Norway and Sweden. Nowadays, it is being sold in approximately 40 countries in all populated continents.
There have been local specialties in product characteristics and promotions. For example, the appearance of the can in Yemen has been adjusted to better fit Arabic culture by replacing the plus sign with a lightning bolt.
References
Further reading
External links
Battery energy drinks - official website
Energy drinks
Products introduced in 1997
Finnish drinks
Food and drink introduced in 1997 |
Stephanie Mills (born March 22, 1957) is an American singer and songwriter. She rose to stardom as "Dorothy" in the original seven-time Tony Award winning Broadway run of the musical The Wiz from 1974 to 1979. The song "Home" from the show later became a Number 1 U.S. R&B hit and her signature song. During the 1980s, she had five Number 1 R&B hits, including "Home", "I Have Learned to Respect the Power of Love", "I Feel Good All Over", "(You're Puttin') A Rush on Me" and "Something in the Way (You Make Me Feel)". She won a Grammy Award for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance for her song "Never Knew Love Like This Before" in 1981. Her albums What Cha Gonna Do with My Lovin, Sweet Sensation and Stephanie went gold or platinum, all through 20th Century Fox Records.
Biography
Early life and career
Born Stephanie Dorthea Mills to Joseph and Christine Mills and raised in Bedford–Stuyvesant, Brooklyn, Mills sang gospel music as a child at Brooklyn's Cornerstone Baptist Church. Mills began her professional career at age nine, appearing in the Broadway musical Maggie Flynn. After winning Amateur Night at the Apollo Theater six weeks straight at age eleven, Mills went on to become the opening act for the Isley Brothers. In 1973, Mills was signed to Paramount Records by Michael Barbiero, and her first single "I Knew It Was Love" was released. Mills was later signed to Motown after being suggested by Suzanne de Passe. Her first two albums there failed to produce a hit, and Mills left the label in 1976.
1970s - 1980s
Mills's career took a rise when she portrayed Dorothy in the seven-time Tony Award winning Broadway musical The Wiz, an African-American adaptation of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. The song "Home" was first performed by Mills in the stage production and would be covered later by Diana Ross for the movie adaptation three years later. Mills’s commercial success in the music industry remained elusive until 1979, when she signed to the 20th Century Fox Records label. There, Mills found her niche in mainly disco music, recording songs such as "Put Your Body In It", "You Can Get Over", and "What Cha Gonna Do with My Lovin'". The resulting album, What Cha' Gonna Do with My Lovin', being Mills's first gold record.
She quickly followed the success with 1980's Sweet Sensation, which featured Mills's hit "Never Knew Love Like This Before". The single became a #12 R&B and #6 Pop hit in 1980, as well as reaching #4 in the UK Singles Chart. 1981's Stephanie featured a top hit for her and Teddy Pendergrass entitled "Two Hearts".
Her 1983 album, Merciless, featured her hit cover of Prince's "How Come You Don't Call Me Anymore?", as well as the #3 dance chart hit "Pilot Error", which was her first dance hit in the U.S. In 1984, Mills had her third UK hit with "The Medicine Song" (#29), which also reached #1 on the U.S. dance chart and #8 on the R&B chart. On May 24, 1984, Mills returned to theater to star in a short-lived touring revival of The Wiz.
In 1985, Mills's recording of "Bit by Bit (Theme from Fletch)" was featured in the Chevy Chase film, Fletch, and reached #52 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks chart, #78 on The Billboard Hot 100 and #15 on the Dance Chart.
Success for Mills had peaked until 1986, when her version of the Angela Winbush-penned "I Have Learned to Respect the Power of Love", hit #1 on the R&B singles chart. She truly returned with her next release, If I Were Your Woman in 1987 under MCA Records, which she was now signed. The hits from the album include the title track, originally a hit for Gladys Knight & the Pips in 1971, a three-week #1 R&B hit, "I Feel Good All Over", and "You're Puttin' a Rush on Me", to name a few of the songs released. The album reached platinum status. That same year, she appeared in the NBC TV special, Motown: Merry Christmas along with other musical artists and actors, performing the song, "Christmas Everyday", which was written by actor/comedian Redd Foxx.
Mills's success continued with 1989's Home album. The hits from that album include "The Comfort of a Man", the title track, a cover of her old standard from The Wiz and another song penned by Winbush titled "Something in the Way You Make Me Feel", which became another platinum record for Mills.
1990s
Mills would record one more album (1992's Something Real) and a Christmas album before being released from her contract with MCA in 1992. In 1993, she once again starred in the role of Dorothy in The Wiz. This revival was also short lived, closing after 28 performances. Mills released a live gospel recording in 1994 on GospoCentric Records entitled Personal Inspirations. The set was produced by Donald Lawrence and featured a spiritualized retooling of her hit "I Have Learned To Respect The Power Of Love". Thereafter, Mills took a break from recording to care for her son.
In 1997, Mills played the lead in a major production of Stephen Schwartz's Children of Eden in New Jersey, which Schwartz has called "the definitive production" of the show. Mills was heavily featured in the cast recording CD that resulted from this production.
2000s
In 2008, Mills began a comeback with singles recorded with BeBe Winans and rapper DMX to name a few. She made a comeback in independently-releasing Born For This (released on Expansion Records in the UK) on August 3, 2004. Her first single in over a decade, "Can't Let Him Go", garnered buzz at urban contemporary radio. Mills is currently touring. A 2-disc, career-spanning greatest hits compilation entitled Gold was released by Hip-O/Universal Music earlier last year. Mills just finished production of a live DVD recorded at BB Kings in New York which will be sold online and at her shows.
Mills made an appearance in the 2007 gospel TV series Sunday Best and was featured in a live interview on The Yolanda Adams Morning Show, where she mentioned that she has her own record label (JM Records). Mills performed prior to Pope Benedict XVI celebrating Mass at Yankee Stadium in New York on April 20, 2008. Her track, "Yesterday", is available for download on iTunes.
2010s
Towards the end of 2012, Mills released a new single "So In Love This Christmas", available for download. In 2015, Mills was cast as Aunt Em in the NBC live musical production of The Wiz, forty years after her initial Broadway run in the show.
Mills made headlines in August 2018 with her response to singer Sam Smith, who remarked in a video posted to Instagram that he did not like Michael Jackson, but the Jackson hit "Human Nature" was a "decent song". Mills' fiery response quickly gained traction as she criticized Smith in her own Instagram responses, both accusing Smith of cultural appropriation and referring to him as a "one hit wonder".
2020s
In November 2021, Mills participated in a Verzuz battle with singer Chaka Khan, at which both singers performed hits from their discography.
Personal life
Mills has been married three times:
Jeffrey Daniel: (1980–1983), Jeffrey Daniel was from the R&B/soul group Shalamar.
Dino Meminger: (1989–1991).
Michael Saunders: (1993–2001), Minister Louis Farrakhan officiated the wedding ceremony.
Mills has a son, Farad Mills, who was born with Down syndrome. She also once had a brief relationship with fellow singer Michael Jackson.
Discography
Studio albums
Movin' in the Right Direction (1974)
For the First Time (1975)
Love Has Lifted Me (1976)
What Cha' Gonna Do with My Lovin' (1979)
Sweet Sensation (1980)
Stephanie (1981)
Tantalizingly Hot (1982)
Merciless (1983)
I've Got the Cure (1984)
Stephanie Mills (1985)
If I Were Your Woman (1987)
Home (1989)
Something Real (1992)
Personal Inspirations (1994)
Born for This! (2004)
Stage work
Maggie Flynn (1968)
The Wiz (1974–79; 1984; 1993)
Harlem Suite (1988)
Stephanie Mills Comes Home to Broadway (1989)
Children of Eden (1997)
Purlie (1998)
Funny Girl (2002) (Actors Fund benefit concert)
Filmography
Awards
See also
List of number-one dance hits (United States)
List of artists who reached number one on the US Dance chart
References
External links
Stephanie Mills at Wenig-LaMonica Associates
1957 births
20th-century African-American women singers
African-American women singer-songwriters
African-American Christians
American child singers
American dance musicians
American rhythm and blues singers
American soul singers
Grammy Award winners
Living people
Motown artists
Musicians from Queens, New York
Musicians from Bedford–Stuyvesant, Brooklyn
Erasmus Hall High School alumni
MCA Records artists
GospoCentric artists
Singer-songwriters from New York (state)
Casablanca Records artists
American gospel singers
Ballad musicians
21st-century African-American women singers |
This is a list of members of the Western Australian Legislative Council from 16 July 1894 to 27 July 1896. The chamber had 21 seats made up of seven provinces each electing three members, on a system of rotation whereby one-third of the members would retire at each biennial election. As this was the first election of the Legislative Council under responsible government in Western Australia, following the passage of the Constitution Act Amendment Act 1893, all seats were vacant at the time of the election, and therefore the candidate with most votes in each province was elected for six years, the second-most for four years and the third-most for two years.
Notes
On 19 December 1894, Edward Wittenoom (Central Province) was appointed Minister for Mines in the Forrest Ministry. He was therefore required to resign and submit to a ministerial by-election, and was returned unopposed on 17 January 1895.
On 11 July 1895, the seat held by Harry Marshall (West Province) was declared vacant due to bankruptcy. Alfred Kidson was elected unopposed to fill the remainder of the term.
On 25 June 1895, Ernest Henty (Central Province) died, and a by-election was held on 25 July 1895, at which William Alexander was elected to fill the remainder of the term.
On 9 June 1896, Edward Davies (West Province) resigned, and a by-election was held on 30 June 1896, at which Henry Briggs was elected to fill the remainder of the term.
Sources
Members of Western Australian parliaments by term |
Environmental crime is an illegal act which directly harms the environment. These illegal activities involve the environment, wildlife, biodiversity and natural resources. International bodies such as, G7, Interpol, European Union, United Nations Environment Programme, United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute, have recognised the following environmental crimes:
Wild life crime: Illegal wildlife trade in endangered species in contravention to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora (CITES);
Illegal mining: Smuggling of ozone-depleting substances (ODS) in contravention to the 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer;
Pollution crimes: Dumping and illicit trade in hazardous waste in contravention of the 1989 Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes and Other Wastes and their Disposal;
Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing in contravention to controls imposed by various regional fisheries management organisations;
Illegal logging and the associated trade in stolen timber in violation of national laws.
Environmental crime makes up almost a third of crimes committed by organizations such as; corporations, partnerships, unions, trusts, pension funds, and non-profits. It is the fourth largest criminal activity in the world and it is increasing by five to seven percent every year. These crimes are liable for prosecution. Interpol facilitates international police cooperation and assists its member countries in the effective enforcement of national and international environmental laws and treaties. Interpol began fighting environmental crime in 1992.
Costs
International criminal gangs and militant groups profit from the plunder of natural resources and these illegal profits are soaring. Terrorism and even civil wars are consequences of environmental crime. According to UNEP and Interpol, in June 2016 the value of environmental crime is 26 per cent larger than previous estimates, at US$91–258 billion, compared to US$70–213 billion in 2014, outstripping illegal trade in small arms. More than half of this amount can be attributed to illegal logging and deforestation.
Prosecution by ICC
In September 2016 it was announced that the International Criminal Court (ICC) located in The Hague will prosecute government and individuals for environmental crimes. According to the Case Selection Criteria announced in Policy Paper on Case Selection and Prioritisation by ICC on 15 September 2016, the Office will give particular consideration to prosecuting Rome Statute crimes that are committed by means of, or that result in, "inter alia, the destruction of the environment, the illegal exploitation of natural resources or the illegal dispossession of land".
Environmental crime in the European Union
Within the European Union, the road to an effective enforcement of Environmental Crime legislation has been anything but straightforward.
A major role is played by the Environmental Crime Directive, a 2008 instrument aimed at protecting the environment through the use of criminal law. Even though some studies show that there has been a decline in non-compliance with environmental policy by Member States, after over a decade from the publication of the first Directive, as part of the European Green Deal,the European Commission submitted a proposal for a new Directive with the aim of strengthening the enforcement and prosecution of environmental crimes through the use of clearer definitions and sanctions other than the typical fines and imprisonment.
Environmental crime by country
United States
Abandoned or little used areas are common dumping places in America -especially railroads. Over $10 million a year are used to remove illegal dumping from polluting towns and the environment. A small organization, CSXT Police Environment Crimes Unit, has been started to stop railroad dumping specifically.
Ever since the Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Criminal Enforcement was founded in 1982, there has been a steady increase in prosecuted environmental crimes. This includes the prosecution of companies that have illegally dumped or caused oil spills. On a federal level, while the EPA oversees the investigations, the prosecutions are typically brought by the U.S. Department of Justice, through its Environmental Crimes Section, and/or through one of the 94 U.S. Attorney's Office across the country.
In a 2004 case study, a 30-pound cylinder of CFC-12 could be purchased in China for US$40 and illegally sold in the US for US$600.
In 2000, California real estate developer Eric Diesel was sentenced to 6 months in jail and ordered to pay a $300,000 fine for grading an illegal road in the Santa Cruz Mountains.
Italy
An example of Ecomafia was Naples waste management where there was illegal dumping in the 1980s.
Nigeria
In Nigeria, the establishment of environmental agencies began in 1988 after an incident of dumping of toxic materials in the country by international waste traders (the infamous Koko incident). Presently, agencies such as the National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (Nigeria) are empowered by Nigerian law to regulate the environment sector. This agency works with other organs of the government such as customs, police, military intelligence, etc., and has successfully seized illegally trafficked wildlife products and prosecuted a number persons, including non-nationals.
Singapore
As a trading hub, Singapore is susceptible to unnoticed contraband. Charles W. Schmidt explains how China sells illegal CFC-12 to the United States through Singapore due to the lack of inspections and confidentiality of private businesses in Singapore.
Russia
Violations of Russia's environmental protection laws cost the country more than $187 million in 2018. Out of nearly 23.9 thousand environmental crimes registered in Russia in 2018, the overwhelming majority were related to; the illegal cutting of forest plantations, amounting approximately to 13.8 thousand cases, and Illegal hunting, with over 1.9 thousand cases observed.
Enforcement
The effective enforcement of environmental laws is vital to any protection regimes that are designed to protect the environment. In the early days of environmental legislation, violations carried largely insignificant civil fines and penalties. Initial environmental laws and regulations had little or no deterrent effect on corporations, individuals, or governments to comply with environmental laws. Indeed, a major source of failure of US environmental protection legislation was the civil character of federal enforcement actions. Their chief sanction was fines, which many corporations took in stride as a cost of doing business. Environmental criminal law covers a narrower ground. Its core consists of the criminal provisions of eight federal statutes passed mainly in the 1970s and amended in the last two decades.
In many cases, particularly corporations found it more cost-effective to continue to pollute more than the law allowed and simply pay any associate fines if indeed the corporation was actually found and convicted of violating environmental laws or regulations. Kevin Tomkins believes corporations had a disincentive to comply with environmental laws or regulations as compliance generally raised their operational costs. This was interpreted as many corporations obeying the environmental laws, whether out of a sense of legal duty or public obligation, were disadvantaged and lost a competitive edge and consequently suffered in the marketplace to competitors who disregarded environmental laws and regulations. As a result of weak environmental legislation and continued adverse public opinion regarding the management of the environment, many governments established various environmental enforcement regimes that dramatically increased the legal powers of environmental investigators. The inclusion of criminal sanctions, significant increases in fines coupled with possible imprisonment of corporate officers changed the face of environmental law enforcement. For example, between 1983 and 1990 the US Department of Justice secured $57,358,404.00 in criminal penalties and obtained sentences of imprisonment for 55% of defendants charged with environmental offences.
Many environmental agencies like the Alabama Department of Conservation and National Resources # Peace Officers, Alabama Wildlife and Freshwater Fisheries Division, State Park Peace Officers and Alaska Game and Fish, Alaska State Troopers, Arizona Game and Fish play important roles in reducing environmental damage and protecting the environment through environmental laws and regulations. These agencies operate at varying levels from international, regional, national, state to local level keeping one agency working at one level. Various enforcement methods are employed by these agencies to warrant compliance with environmental laws and regulations. In some case's enforcement agencies use what is called "Command and Control" which are traditional regulatory approaches. In other cases, they may use economic incentive and hybrid-based approaches, which there are two. Moreover, it has increased the need for cooperation between different policing institutions. Environmental law enforcement agencies and police services do not operate in a vacuum; the legislative instruments that political systems implement govern their activities and responsibilities within society. However, ostensibly it is the legislative instruments implemented by governments that determine many of the strategies utilised by police services in protecting the environment. Generally these International, Regional, National and State legislative instruments are designed to ensure industries, individuals, and governments comply with the various environmental obligations embedded in national statutes and laws. There are also international legal instruments and treaties that also affect the way that sovereign states deal with environmental issues .
Environmental criminology
Environmental criminology examines the notions of crimes, offences and injurious behaviours against the environment and starts to examine the role that societies including corporations, governments and communities play in generating environmental harms. Criminology is now starting to recognise the impact of humans on the environment and how law enforcement agencies and the judiciary measure harm to the environment and attribute sanctions to the offenders. Environmental crime does not only affect the land, water, air, it affects the health of children as well. According to an article published in Environmental Health Perspectives in 2016, "The evolution and expansion of children's environmental health protection over the past two decades has been remarkable. At the U.S. EPA, significant efforts have been made to address the special susceptibility of children, and our work continues to address emerging environmental concerns to ensure that children's environments are free of hazards and support healthy development."
See also
:Category:Environmental crime
Construction | Construction waste
Ecocide
Ecotax
Environment Agency
Environmental Crime Prevention Program
Environmental Investigation Agency
Environmental issue
Environmental killings
Environmental law
Fossil fuel
Illegal logging
Joss paper
List of environmental lawsuits
Power tool
Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation
Scottish Environment Protection Agency
Wildlife Enforcement Monitoring System
Wildlife smuggling
Poaching
References
Further reading
External links
Interpol - environmental crime page
Environmental Crime-Havocscope Black Markets -Statistics and data on environmental crime
Wildlife Enforcement Monitoring System
Australian Institute of Criminology
Monitoring and Enforcement of Climate Policy
Crime by type |
Calvin T. Samuel is a Barbados-born Methodist minister and theologian, working mostly in the UK. He has served as Director of the Wesley Study Centre at Durham University and Principal of the London School of Theology.
Samuel was born in Barbados. His father and mother were, respectively, a politician and teacher. He grew up in both Antigua and Barbados in the Caribbean. His early career was in banking before he moved to the UK in 1993 to study for an undergraduate degree in Theology and Pastoral Studies at Nazarene Theological College, Manchester. He subsequently gained an MBA from Manchester Business School and completed a PhD at King's College London.
Initially a licensed minister of the Wesleyan Holiness Church, he was received into full connexion and ordained into the Methodist Church in 2001. He was subsequently a member of Methodism’s Faith and Order Committee.
Career in Higher Education
Samuel was Assistant Director of Research and Faculty Administration at London Business School and a visiting lecturer in Biblical studies at Nazarene Theological College alongside his ministry. He was later appointed New Testament Tutor at Spurgeon's College, London.
He then became Director of the Wesley Study Centre, based at St John's College, Durham and was appointed Academic Dean of its Cranmer Hall ministerial training college. In 2017 he was appointed Principal of the London School of Theology until February 2019 when, during an internal investigation into alleged misconduct, his resignation was accepted.
Publications and media
Samuel has published two books:
From time to time he has also broadcast devotional items on BBC Radio 4 and Premier Christian Radio.
References
Living people
Methodist ministers
Alumni of the University of Manchester
Alumni of King's College London
Staff of Cranmer Hall, Durham
Year of birth missing (living people) |
Oren Waters is an American vocalist best known for his work with the backup singing group The Waters, his siblings: Luther, Maxine and Julia. As an ensemble, Waters has been a part of 260 gold and over 100 platinum albums with artists including Johnny Rivers, Dan Fogelberg, Neil Diamond, Patti La Belle, Paul Simon, Pet Shop Boys, Helen Reddy, Don Henley, Glenn Frey, John Fogerty, Janet and Michael Jackson. He has also provided the vocals for TV themes such as "Baretta's Theme", and "Movin' on Up" for The Jeffersons.
Waters has also contributed to movie soundtracks including Happy Feet, The Lion King, The Matrix, Saint Seiya: The Legend of Crimson Youth, Avatar and American Gangster. He currently teaches vocal performance at the California College of Music.
The Waters
In 2013, the group featured in the film 20 Feet from Stardom (Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature at the 86th Academy Awards). The movie is dedicated to the role of background vocalists from an R&B background.
Filmography
Brother Bear - Singer/Additional Voices
References
External links
Waters at ReverbNation
The Waters Page
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
American male singers |
Guangxi is an autonomous region of China.
Guangxi may also refer to Chinese era names used by several emperors of China:
Guangxi (光熹, 189), era name used by Liu Bian, emperor of the Han dynasty
Guangxi (光熙, 306), era name used by Emperor Hui of Jin
See also
Guanxi or connections, Chinese sociological concept |
"Real Love" is a song by American singer Mary J. Blige from her debut studio album, What's the 411? (1992). Based on real life experiences, it was written and produced by Cory Rooney and Mark Morales, and samples Audio Two's 1987 song "Top Billin'". The song was issued as the album's second single on July 28, 1992 by Uptown and MCA. It became Blige's first top-10 hit, peaking at number seven on the US Billboard Hot 100. It also topped the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and Rhythmic charts and was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on November 4, 1992. Marcus Raboy directed the song's music video. Rolling Stone included "Real Love" in their list of "500 Best Songs of All Time" in 2021 at number 327.
Background
The initial creation of this song started with Morales writing the lyrics in a studio. According to Rooney, he started singing the first few lines and Rooney liked its hint of rap. Rooney added a bridge and a melody. Regarding the song's meaning, Rooney said, "Mary J. Blige is the female that’s from the hood that sings the pain of all of the females from the hood. At that point in her life, she was being taken advantage of by a lot of the industry cats and a song like ‘Real Love’ described her situation."
Critical reception
In an retrospective review, Daryl McIntosh from Albumism noted that "the sped-up baseline" of Audio Two's "Top Billin'", "provided the perfect head-nodding cadence for Blige's soulful exploration of her Mr. Right." Stanton Swihart from AllMusic stated that songs like "Real Love" "are and will remain timeless slices of soul even after their trendiness has worn off". The Daily Vault's Mark Millan described it as an "upbeat love song that the young Blige revels in singing". He added that "it still gets a rousing response when she dusts it off during gigs." In his weekly UK chart commentary, James Masterton said that "it's not commercial enough to be a major hit". Chris Roberts from Melody Maker felt that Blige "oozes out that yumsome breed of smoky pop-funk" on the track. James Hamilton from Music Weeks RM Dance Update viewed it as "En Vogue-ish". Parry Gettelman from Orlando Sentinel felt the beat made the song "listenable enough". Jonathan Bernstein from Spin complimented its "irresistible bounce".
Music video
The official music video for the song was directed by American film and music video director Marcus Raboy.
Impact and legacy
In 2021, Rolling Stone included "Real Love" in their list of "500 Best Songs of All Time" at number 327. In 2022, Pitchfork ranked it at number 39 in their list of "The 250 Best Songs of the 1990s". Mary J Blige's song still holds its impacts today as she's set to produce a Lifetime movie on "Real Love."
Track listings
US cassette and 7-inch single
"Real Love" (album version) – 4:30
"Real Love" (hip-hop version) – 4:30
US maxi-CD and maxi-cassette single
"Real Love" (album version) – 4:30
"Real Love" (hip-hop mix) – 5:00
"Real Love" (acapella version) – 3:32
"Real Love" (hip-hop club mix) – 4:40
"Real Love" (instrumental) – 4:38
European CD single
"Real Love" (radio version) – 4:10
"Real Love" (album version) – 4:30
"What's the 411?" (album version) – 4:13
"Real Love" (hip-hop club mix) – 4:40
UK 7-inch single (1992)
"Real Love" (album version) – 4:30
"Real Love" (hip-hop mix) – 5:00
UK 12-inch and CD single (1992)
"Real Love" (album version) – 4:30
"Real Love" (hip-hop mix) – 4:40
"Real Love" (The Fresh N' Funky mix) – 4:29
"Real Love" (The Talkin' Love mix) – 4:27
UK cassette single (1993)
"Real Love" (Brixton Flavour 7-inch) (Without Rap) – 3:55
"Real Love" (original UK 7-inch) – 4:10
UK CD single (1993)
"Real Love" (Brixton Flavour 7-inch) (Without Rap) – 3:55
"Real Love" (original UK 7-inch) – 4:10
"Real Love" (Brixton Flavour 12-inch) – 6:06
"Real Love" (Blacksmith's Summer Sound 12-inch) – 6:22
"Real Love" (West End (A.W.M.) mix) – 5:13
"Real Love" (hip-hop club mix) – 4:40
"Real Love" (acapella) – 3:40
UK 12-inch single – Version 1 (1993)
"Real Love" (Brixton Flavour 12-inch) – 6:06
"Real Love" (West End (A.W.M.) mix) – 5:13
"Real Love" (Blacksmith's Summer Sound 12-inch) – 6:22
"Real Love" (hip-hop club mix) – 4:40
"Real Love" (acapella) – 3:40
UK 12-inch single – Version 2 (1993)
"Real Love" (Phat remix) – 4:59
"Real Love" (album version) – 4:30
"I Don't Want to Do Anything" (duet with K-Ci Hailey) (album version) – 5:50
"Love No Limit" (Puff Daddy remix) – 3:57
Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from the What's the 411? liner notes.
Cory Rooney – producer
Mark Morales – producer
Sean Combs – executive producer
Charlie Davis – executive producer
Kurt Woodley – executive producer
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
Release history
Toby Lightman version
In 2004, American pop rock singer-songwriter Toby Lightman covered "Real Love" and included it as the closing track on the re-release of her debut studio album Little Things. The song was issued as the third and final single from the album; and it peaked at No. 35 on the Billboard'' top 40 chart.
Music video
The official music video for the song was directed by Charles Jensen.
Charts
See also
List of number-one R&B singles of 1992 (U.S.)
References
External links
1991 songs
1992 singles
2004 singles
Lava Records singles
Mary J. Blige songs
MCA Records singles
Music videos directed by Marcus Raboy
Song recordings produced by Prince Markie Dee
Song recordings produced by Cory Rooney
Songs written by Prince Markie Dee
Songs written by L.A. Reid
Toby Lightman songs
Uptown Records singles
The Notorious B.I.G. songs |
Doraemon the Movie: Nobita and the Green Giant Legend, also known as Doraemon, Nobita and the Green Planet, is a 2008 Japanese animated science fantasy film that was released in Japan on 8 March 2008. It's the 28th Doraemon film.
The plot is based on the story in Doraemon manga volume 26 "Forest is living" and in volume 33 "Goodbye Ki-bō". This movie is not a remake, however, Ki-bō has appeared already in the 1992 film, Nobita and the Kingdom of Clouds. The name Ki-bō comes from the words meaning tree, and meaning boy. The word Ki-bō also comes from the word , which means hope. The catch phrase of this movie is "僕らの希望が未来を動かす" (our hope moves the future), which Ki-bō's name can be referred to. Voices of Roku-chan and Moya-kun were done by anonymous children who were chosen.) .
The film was illustrated as manga in the February and March edition of CoroCoro Comic. Then it was released as the 25th film tankōbon. An action-adventure game was also released on March 6, 2008, two days before the release of the film, entitled, Nobita and the Green Giant Legend DS. This movie was ranked the 8th highest grossing Japanese animated movie.
Plot
Nobita's troubled about what to do with his zero test marks once again. A gust of wind scatters his test papers, and he falls into a garbage dump trying to gather them together again. There he finds a young withered tree that caught one of his papers and he decides to take it home. He tries to plant it in his garden but gets caught by his mother, who doesn't allow him to grow it.
Still wanting to keep it but not being allowed to grow, Doraemon comes up with the idea of making it come alive with a gadget he uses. Nobita names the little tree "Kibō" because all it can say is "ki". As the days pass, Nobita's parents also accept Kibō because he was a very smart boy who helped Nobita's mother whenever he was away. However, aliens from the Planet of Green decides to pass judgement claiming humans were destroying all the green on Earth. Nobita and his friends manage to escape by coincident and arrive at their planet. They are warmly welcomed to their city of Green Pier but also learn of what they are doing to their planet.
Unfortunately, with all his gadgets borrowed by Dorami, there was little Doraemon could do. They manage to escape and come across Princess Rire who tricks them into thinking she was leading them home but along the way, learns that what her adviser was about to do was wrong. Eventually with the help of the alien planet's Elder they manage to return to Earth which was already invaded. Fortunately the time watch Doraemon had dropped had frozen life on Earth giving them a chance to save everyone. The aliens try to summon their giant using Kibō to wipe out all humans despite the Elder's warnings and the plan backfires on them.
But with Nobita's persistence, he wakes up Kibō and everything is restored as the Elder sacrifices himself. Princess Rire announces to her people that they will watch Earth for the time being while Kibō decides to travel around space to learn more and become like the Elder. Nobita and his friends say goodbye to Kibō and go home. Back at Nobita's home, Nobita's mother calls to him and Doraemon to come down for dinner, and one can see Kibo's shoe beside Nobita's shoe.
Music
Opening song: "Yume o Kanaete Doraemon" (夢をかなえてドラえもん), sung by MAO.
Theme song: "Te o Tsunagō" (手をつなごう), sung by ayaka.
Cast
Release
The film premiered in the theatres of Japan on 8 March 2008.
Reception
Doraemon the Movie: Nobita and the Green Giant Legend grossed $31,684,949 at the box office.
Nominations
In 2009, this film was nominated as the Animation of the Year.
Notes
References
External links
2008 anime films
2008 films
Nobita and the Legend of the Green Giant
Films directed by Ayumu Watanabe
Environmental films
2000s Japanese films |
The VL-1 was the first instrument of Casio's VL-Tone product line, and is sometimes referred to as the VL-Tone. It combined a calculator, a monophonic synthesizer, and sequencer. Released in June 1979, it was the first commercial digital synthesizer, selling for $69.95.
It has 29 calculator-button keys (G to B), a three-position octave switch, one programmable and five preset sounds, ten built-in rhythm patterns, an eight-character LCD, a 100-note sequencer, and a multi-function calculator mode. The VL-1 is notable for its kitsch value among electronic musicians, due to its cheap construction and its unrealistic, uniquely low-fidelity sounds.
The VL-1 was followed by the VL-10, a very similar machine in a smaller unit, and the VL-5, a polyphonic version, capable of playing four notes simultaneously, but lacking the VL-1's synthesizer section due to the removal of the calculator mode.
RadioShack sold a rebranded version of the VL-1 called the Realistic Concertmate 200.
Sound
Its sounds were mostly composed of filtered squarewaves with varied pulse-widths. Its piano, violin, flute and guitar timbres were nearly unrecognizable abstractions of real instruments. It also featured a "fantasy" voice, and a programmable synthesizer which provided for choice of both oscillator waveform and ADSR envelope. It had a range of two and a half octaves.
Features
The VL-1 featured a small LCD display capable of displaying 8 characters. This was primarily used for the calculator function, but also displayed notes played. The VL-1 also had changeable tone and balance, basic tempo settings and a real-time monophonic music sequencer, which could play back up to 99 notes. There were also 10 pre-loaded rhythms which utilized just three basic drum sounds. Casio internally named these sounds "Po" (30ms), "Pi" (20ms) and "Sha" (160ms).
Voices
Piano, Fantasy, Violin, Flute, Guitar, Guitar(II), English Horn, and Electro sound (I, II and III) are available in ADSR Mode. Piano, Fantasy, Violin, Flute and Guitar (I) have direct access, and Guitar (II), English Horn, Electro sound (I, II and III) only can be used with ADSR button.
The sounds (*) do not have direct access through a button, but they are part of the ADSR variables, so there are 5 more sounds in reality, although they can only be used through the synthesizer and must be entered through a code. So it would look like this: Piano, Fantasy, Violin, Flute, Guitar (I) are available at the same time, and any of the mentioned sounds or Guitar (II), English Horn, Electronic sound (I), (II) and ( III) can only be obtained by means of a code and occupy one at a time on the ADSR button.
ADSR
The VL-1 was programmed by entering a number into the calculator section's memory, then switching back to keyboard mode.
It worked like this (the number is the value for each):
Example (90099914)
9 Waveform
0 Attack
0 Decay
9 Sustain level
9 Sustain time
9 Release time
1 Vibrato
4 Tremolo
Notable uses and appearances
Spanish pop group Mecano used a Vl-tone for their second hit single "Perdido en mi habitación" in 1981 in the videoclip of musical program "Aplauso" on TVE (TeleVisión Española) (Spanish TeleVision)
The VL-1 acquired enduring notability in 1982, when the German band Trio used it in one of their songs, the "faux-Kraftwerk tune", "Da Da Da". They used the Rock-1 rhythm preset and the Piano voice.
A similar rhythm preset, Rock-2, features in the first half of "The Man Whose Head Expanded" by The Fall, only to be cut short by Mark E. Smith's command to "turn that bloody blimey space invader off". The Rock-1 preset was also used in the groups track "Fortress" on their album Hex Enduction Hour.
Industrial artist Monte Cazazza uses the VL-1's drum patterns on both sides of the "Stairway to Hell"/"Sex Is No Emergency" single (1982).
The music video for Thomas Dolby's hit "She Blinded Me With Science" shows a group of schoolchildren holding VL-1s during a dream sequence.
The Human League used the VL-1 for "Get Carter", a song on their album Dare.
"Le Casio", the final track on the album Vehicles and Animals by Athlete uses the VL-1's 'Fantasy' voice.
The VL-1 is used by death industrial act Brighter Death Now.
The Rock-1 and Rock-2 rhythms are heard on the track "Stop/Start" by The Assembly.
A VL-1 is used in "A Lap Dance Is So Much Better When The Stripper Is Crying" by Bloodhound Gang.
In 1995, "parsimonious" French singer/songwriter Dominique A used a minimum of instruments, including the VL-1 (called the "VL Tone" in the French press).
The progressive electronica band Yip-Yip often uses the VL-1's distinctive beats.
Fergie's "Clumsy" also uses the 'Rock-2' beat from the VL-1.
On older Sakata (Australian rice cracker company) advertisements, the Rock-1 rhythm is used as a backing beat.
In one Homestar Runner cartoon, Strong Bad creates a "crazy cartoon" called "Sweet Cuppin' Cakes", in which he appears as a character, but with a VL-1 as a head. When he gets angry, he plays the VL-1's Demo Song.
The Rock-2 rhythm is used in the track "Who Was That" by Deee-Lite.
2-D, from the band Gorillaz, says that his first keyboard was a Custom VL-1.
Canadian musician and sound designer David Kristian's The Mariana Trench album was made entirely using a VL-1 through various guitar effect pedals and loopers.
In Ecuador, the demo song of the VL-1 is played in a news program that broadcast on Radio Cristal Guayaquil called "Desayúnese con las noticias"; the song is played daily at 7:30AM.
British bubblegum-pop duo Mogul used the VL-Tone extensively throughout their early recordings, including a female vocal-led version of "Roll With It".
A VL-1 rhythm appears towards the end of the Trans-X song "Living on Video".
In 2009, Cobol Pongide toy music artist used Vl-1 on the album Musica per Anziani Cosmonauti in ADSR synthesizer mode.
Luke Haines' 2011 album 9½ Psychedelic Meditations on British Wrestling of the 1970s and early '80s includes the track "Big Daddy Got A Casio VL-Tone", which features the Casio's distinctive beats.
Tony Banks used VL-Tone's Rock 1 rhythm as the basis for his song "Charm" from the album The Fugitive (1983). The song was also released as a single.
Croatian pop group Magazin used the VL-1 on their album "Kokolo", released in 1983.
XTC's Andy Partridge used the VL-1's sequencer in conjunction with the Violin sound to produce the fast Middle-Eastern runs on his demo to "Terrorism" (1985) which can be found on Coat of Many Cupboards and (originally) The Meeting Place EP.
"Casio Song", the opening track on the Dzeltenie Pastnieki album Depresīvā pilsēta (1986), is the Casio VL-1 demo song with lyrics written and sung over it by Roberts Gobziņš. The instrument is heard on many more of their studio recordings, and has most recently appeared live in 2012, being played by Viesturs Slava on the song "Mēness deja".
"Fantasy Shift" from Stephen Molyneux's The Stars Are the Light Show (2012, Watery Starve Press) features the VL-1 "Fantasy" voice.
"Government Hooker" by Lady Gaga, featured on the album Born This Way, features the Piano voice.
Richard Barone has used the Casio VL-1 on many albums he has produced since the 1980s, especially augmenting real strings with the violin setting, and augmenting Mellotron sounds with the VL-1 flute sound.
Jimmy Fallon has used the Casio VL-1 (Tone) on covers using classroom instruments with The Roots and Buckwheat Zydeco. Recording artists including Carly Rae Jepsen, Mariah Carey, Idina Menzel, Robin Thicke, The Lonely Island.
"Far Too Young to Die" from 2013 album Too Weird to Live, Too Rare to Die! by Panic! at the Disco features VL-1 beats throughout the song.
The Casio VL-1 features throughout the track 'Rudebox' by Robbie Williams.
In 1997, the One Hit Wonder 'Your Woman' by White Town uses a VL-1 during the bridge of the song.
The UK chart-topper "Boom, Boom, Boom, Boom!!" by Dutch group Vengaboys briefly features the VL-1 preset drum rhythm.
Bully by Rockstar uses the VL-1 preset drum rhythm for the song "Vendetta Nerds", composed by Shawn Lee.
The rock band Have A Nice Life used the Rock 1 drum beat of the Casio VL-1 for their song, "Holy Fucking Shit: 40,000" off their debut album, Deathconsciousness.
"Droopy likes your face" by C418 used the Rock 1 drum beat of the Casio VL-1 from Life Changes Moments Seem Minor in Pictures and Minecraft - Volume Alpha.
Cassette culture artist Barry Lamb recorded an entire album "Picnic" using only the Casio VL-1. It was released on Falling A Records in 1981.
"Letter to The Editor" by Thievery Corporation features 'Rock-2' beat from the VL-1.
The 'Rock-2' rhythm is used in the song "Toneflow" by Polaroids of the Pyramids.
The Dungeon Synth artist Blood Lord uses a Casio VL-Tone.
"It Is Real" by The Dangerous Summer uses the Vl-1 throughout the entire song
The instrument appears in the songs Kamchatka(Камчатка - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tkn95UBUvnQ ), Tranqvilizator (Tranquiliser), and a version of The last Hero (Posledny Geroi), all by the Soviet band Kino (Кино).
Work That by Megadog’s DJ Evolutions alter ego, Fraud Star from England on Miami tech house label, Teknology.
Finnish singer-songwriter Kaivanto used VL-1 on his song "88 Luftballons" in 2023.
See also
Casiotone
References
External links
A vst emulator of the VL-1 for PC
User-made recreation of the Casio VL-1 manual
VL-1
Casio musical instruments
Digital synthesizers
Monophonic synthesizers
Products introduced in 1979 |
```toml
[package]
org = "sameera"
name = "myproject"
version = "0.1.0"
[[platform.java17.dependency]]
path = "./libs/one-1.0.0.jar"
graalvmCompatible = true
[[platform.java11.dependency]]
path = "./libs/one-1.0.1.jar"
graalvmCompatible = false
``` |
City Hose Company No. 9, also known as City Fire Station No. 9 , is a historic fire station located at St. Joseph, Missouri. It was designed by the architect Edmond Jacques Eckel (1845–1934) and built in 1901. It is a picturesque two-story, brick building and features a decorative oriel window.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.
References
Fire stations on the National Register of Historic Places in Missouri
Government buildings completed in 1901
Buildings and structures in St. Joseph, Missouri
National Register of Historic Places in Buchanan County, Missouri |
An eclipse is an astronomical event.
Eclipse may also refer to:
Places
Eclipse Island (Queensland), Australia, an island of the Great Palm Island group
Eclipse Island (Western Australia), a barren island near Albany
Arts, entertainment, and media
Films
Eclipse (1934 film), by Hiroshi Shimizu
Eclipse (1962 film), by Michelangelo Antonioni
Eclipse (1994 film), by Jeremy Podeswa
The Eclipse, or the Courtship of the Sun and Moon (1907), a film by Georges Méliès
The Eclipse (2009 film), a 2009 film by Conor McPherson
The Twilight Saga: Eclipse (2010), a film adaptation of the Meyer novel
Television
Eclipse (TV series), a Mexican telenovela
Eclipse Music TV, an Australian music television show
"The Eclipse" (Heroes), a 2008 television episode
"Eclipsed" (The Penguins of Madagascar episode)
"The Day of Black Sun Part 2: The Eclipse", an Avatar: The Last Airbender episode
Fictional entities
Chief Eclipse, a character in the anime series Kiddy Grade
Eclipse, a Star Destroyer, spaceship in the Star Wars universe
Eclipse, a caste in the roleplaying game Exalted
Music
Eclipse Records, a record label
Eclipse (Takemitsu), a composition by Japanese composer Toru Takemitsu
Eclipse (band), a Swedish rock band
ESP Eclipse, an electric guitar model
The Eclipse (club), a nightclub formerly in Coventry, England
Eclipse, a pseudonym of the Italian duo Bini & Martini
Albums
Eclipse (Amorphis album)
Eclipse (Autumn Tears album)
Eclipse (CANO album), 1978
Eclipse (Five Star album), 2001
Eclipse (G.G.F.H. album)
Eclipse (Glorium album), 1997
Eclipse (Journey album)
Eclipse (Smokie album)
Eclipse (Twin Shadow album)
Eclipse (Veil of Maya album)
Eclipse (Violeta de Outono album), 1995
Eclipse (Yngwie Malmsteen album), 1990
Esenciales: Eclipse, by Maná
The Twilight Saga: Eclipse (soundtrack)
Eclipse (EP), an EP by EXID
Eclipsed (album), a 2016 album by Fellowship Creative
Songs
"Eclipse" (Pink Floyd song), from the 1973 album The Dark Side of the Moon
"Eclipse" (Crossfaith song), from the 2013 album Apocalyze
"Eclipse" (Hardwell song), 2015
"Eclipse", from the 1974 album Back Home Again by John Denver
"Eclipse", from the 2000 album Made Me Do It by The Haunted
"Eclipse", from the 2000 album Welcome to Earth by Apoptygma Berzerk
"Eclipse", from the 2005 album Robyn by Robyn
"Eclipse", from the 2017 single album Kim Lip by Loona
"Eclipse", from the 2019 Spinning Top (EP) by Got7
"Eclipse", from the 2019 album Alien by Northlane
"Eclipse", from the 2020 album Libra by Lali
"Eclipse", from the 2020 EP Dark Side of the Moon by Moonbyul
Publications
Eclipse Comics, an American comic book publisher
Eclipse Magazine, a black-and-white anthology published by Eclipse Comics
Eclipse Monthly, a full-color anthology published by Eclipse Comics
L'Éclipse, a 19th-century French newspaper
Books
Eclipse (Trumbo novel), a 1935 novel by Dalton Trumbo
Eclipse (Banville novel), a 2000 novel by John Banville
Eclipse (Bedford novel), a 2005 science fiction novel by K. A. Bedford
Eclipse (Meyer novel), a 2007 book in the Twilight series by Stephenie Meyer
Eclipse, a 2008 novel in the Warriors: Power of Three series by Erin Hunter
Eclipse (Judge Dredd novel), a novel by James Swallow
Eclipse Trilogy, a series of science fiction novels by John Shirley
The Eclipse (James Fenimore Cooper), an 1869 autobiographical vignette by James Fenimore Cooper
The Eclipse: A Memoir of Suicide, a 2003 memoir by Antonella Gambotto-Burke
Games
Eclipse (board game), a strategy board game
Eclipse: New Dawn for the Galaxy (video game), a 2013 video game
Eclipse (play-by-mail game), a 1980s space-based play-by-mail game
Other arts
Eclipse (Sebastian), a 2003 sculpture by Jill Sebastian
Brands and enterprises
Eclipse (breath freshener), a Wrigley brand of chewing gum and breath mint
Eclipse (car electronics), a Japanese car audio and navigation brand
Eclipse (cigarette), an American cigarette brand
Eclipse (DVD brand), a line of DVD sets from the Criterion Collection
Eclipse, a French film production company founded in 1906 by Charles Urban
Eclipse Machine Company, Elmira, New York, an early partner of the Bendix Corporation
Computing
Eclipse (software), a software development platform
Eclipse Foundation, a nonprofit organization to develop Eclipse (software) projects
ECLiPSe, a constraint logic programming system
Alias Eclipse, a professional image-editing application
Data General Eclipse, a line of minicomputers
Eclipse ERP, distribution management software
Eclipse Internet, an Internet service provider
Sport
Greyhound and horse racing
Eclipse (greyhounds), a greyhound racing competition
Eclipse (horse), an 18th-century racehorse
Eclipse Award, a horse racing award
Eclipse Stakes, a horse race
Sporting grounds
Eclipse Park (Milwaukee), a former baseball ground in Wisconsin, US
Eclipse Park, the name of two former baseball grounds in Kentucky, US
Teams
Louisville Eclipse, a professional baseball team
Phoenix Eclipse, a professional basketball team
Transportation
Aircraft
Eclipse Aviation, a defunct jet manufacturer based in Albuquerque, New Mexico, US
Eclipse 400, a very light jet aircraft developed but never produced
Eclipse 500, a very light jet aircraft produced from 2006 to 2008
Eclipse Aerospace, a now-defunct predecessor company to Eclipse Aviation
Eclipse 550, a very light jet aircraft produced from 2014 to 2017
Phase 3 Eclipse, ultralight aircraft
Sol Eclipse, a Brazilian paraglider design
Land vehicles
Mitsubishi Eclipse, a sport compact car
Mitsubishi Eclipse Cross, crossover, not related to sports car
Wright Eclipse, a bus body
Watercraft
Com-Pac Eclipse, an American sailboat design
Eclipse (yacht), owned by Russian billionaire Roman Abramovich
Eclipse, a trimaran sailboat designed by Robert B. Harris
Celebrity Eclipse, a 2010 cruise ship
Eclipse-class cruiser, a 19th-century class of British Royal Navy cruisers
HMS Eclipse, the name of several British Royal Navy ships
USS Eclipse (SP-417), a United States Navy patrol vessel in commission from 1917 to 1919
Other uses
Eclipse (Ferris wheel), in Thorpe Park, Surrey, UK
Eclipse plumage, a phase in the coloring of some birds
Eclipse, a characteristic of light patterns in navigation
See also
Eclipsed (play), a 2015 play by Danai Gurira
Eclipsis, a consonant mutation in the Irish language
Ellipse, a curve on a plane
Ellipsis, a series of dots
Total Eclipse (disambiguation) |
Switch (stylized in all caps) is a Mexican online music magazine. It was founded in the 1990s in print and published by Editorial Premiere. However, the magazine stopped circulating new issues after February 2011. The final cover featured singer Max Cavalera of Cavalera Conspiracy.
After 12 years, Switch revived in a digital format in May 2023.
It is the only Mexican music magazine to be awarded at an international level by the Society of Publication Designers (SPD).
History
The magazine was founded in the 1990s by Benjamín Salcedo, Xavier Velasco, and Fernando Rivera Calderón. The magazine primarily focused on rock music in its beginning, but the magazine shifted focus to include additional genres at different stages of its operations.
After closing in 2011, it returned to the online format in May 2023.
References
External links
(in Spanish) Official website
Official website (before 2011)
2011 disestablishments in Mexico
Defunct magazines published in Mexico
Magazines with year of establishment missing
Magazines disestablished in 2011
Magazines published in Mexico
Monthly magazines published in Mexico
Music magazines
Rock music mass media
Spanish-language magazines |
Facet joint injections are used to alleviate symptoms of Facet syndrome. The procedure is an outpatient surgery, so that the patient can go home on the same day. It usually takes 10–20 minutes, but may take up to 30 minutes if the patient needs an IV for relaxation. Facet joint injections came into use from 1963, when Hirsch injected a hypertonic solution of saline into facet joints. He found that this solution relieved lower back pain in the sacroiliac and gluteal regions of the spine. In 1979 fluoroscopy was used for guidance of the needle into the facet joints with steroids and local anesthetics.
Purpose
Facet joint injections can be used to diagnose the facet joints as the source of pain. When the facet joint is numbed, there should be pain relief. If the pain is not relieved, there could be another underlying issue that is causing the pain. Facet joint injections are mainly used as a therapeutic to relieve back pain caused by the facet joints. The numbing injection provides temporary relief and the anti-inflammatory mixture provides long term relief.
Procedure
The patient lies face down on the table. The area of the spine that will be treated (lower back, mid back, upper back) is sterilely cleansed with an antibacterial solution using aseptic techniques. The antibacterial solution usually contains iodine and alcohol. A local anesthetic, like Bupivacaine, is injected into the area to numb the joint. The patient might feel a slight sting. Imaging guidance is used to direct the needle into the facet joint. The type of imaging system used depends on the preference of the doctor. It is usually fluoroscopy using CT or x-ray guidance. CT fluoroscopy increases the precision of the needle placement. Others may use ultrasound or magnetic resonance guidance. Contrast dye is injected into the facet joint to assure that the needle is in the correct place. Once confirmed, a mixture of an anesthetic and anti-inflammatory medication, is slowly injected into the joint. The needle is then released. The injection can be used to treat any facet joint that is causing pain, so this procedure may need to be repeated for the adjacent facet joints.
IV sedation can be used for anxious patients to help them sit still. Doctors try to avoid this because it interferes with a patient’s pain response, which is needed to determine which facet joint is the source of the pain. If the patient chooses to have the sedation, they can’t eat or drink 4–6 hours prior to the procedure.
Effectiveness
Examination of the evidence on the effectiveness of facet joint injection has suggested that it has little effect. In 2018 the Lancet published a series of papers by a group of many international experts on the extent of back pain and evidence for treatments. The authors were scathing about the widespread use of “inappropriate tests” and “unnecessary, ineffective and harmful treatments”. On facet joint injection it was stated that "Injecting facet joints with local anaesthetic can cause temporary relief of pain; however, the Framingham Heart Study (3529 participants) did not find an association between radiological osteoarthritis of facet joints and presence of low back pain." One of the authors, Prof. Martin Underwood at Warwick Medical School, said that facet joint injections "are very widely used in the public and private sectors. There is no evidence to support their use, but nevertheless the numbers done in the NHS go up year on year".
The UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) gives the official recommendation "1.3.1 Do not offer spinal injections for managing low back pain".
Side effects and complications
The most common side effects from this procedure include itching, rash, nausea, facial flushing/sweating. Some patients experience temporary weight gain due to the steroid. Diabetics may experience an increase in blood sugar. This is a quick and simple procedure, so complications are very rare, but should not be ignored. The risk of complications is decreased when proper aseptic technique is followed, and by the use of the imaging guidance. These complications include an epidural abscess due to infection, temporary increased pain, puncture of the sack containing spinal fluid, excess bleeding, nerve damage, leakage of local anesthetic into the spinal canal, and spondylodiscitis (disc inflammation). Most of the symptoms last 24–48 hours and are usually relieved by a cold compress and NSAIDS. The numbness should wear off in a few hours.
Prevention
Individuals taking Coumadin or any blood-thinning medications must come off this medication 4–7 days before the injection. The doctor should be aware of any allergies to steroids or anesthetics. Any ongoing active infections should be discussed with the doctor as well. Antiplatelet drugs must be stopped 5–10 days before this procedure. History of anxiety or the inability to sit still should be mentioned to the doctor to prevent any movement during the procedure.
After procedure
After the procedure, the patient waits in the room for 20–30 minutes to look for any immediate side effects. The patient is then evaluated to see if the injection worked. The patient is asked to perform certain movements that would normally aggravate their pain. If pain is still present, the wrong facet joint may have been targeted, or the facet joints were not the source of pain. Normally it takes 3–5 days for the pain to be completely relieved. Patients’ can return to their normal activities the day after the procedure. Physical therapy is not normally needed. The injection is usually performed up to 3 times a year.
See also
Facet syndrome
Facet joint
References
Surgical procedures and techniques |
Burbur (, also Romanized as Burbūr; also known as Būrbūr-e Kord and Būrbūr Kord) is a village in Badranlu Rural District, in the Central District of Bojnord County, North Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 986, in 221 families.
References
Populated places in Bojnord County |
```javascript
import { BaseItemCounts } from '../lib/BaseItemCounts.js'
import * as Factory from '../lib/factory.js'
import { createRelatedNoteTagPairPayload } from '../lib/Items.js'
chai.use(chaiAsPromised)
const expect = chai.expect
describe('importing', function () {
this.timeout(Factory.TenSecondTimeout)
let expectedItemCount
let application
let email
let password
let context
afterEach(async function () {
if (application) {
await Factory.safeDeinit(application)
}
localStorage.clear()
application = undefined
context = undefined
})
describe('fake crypto', function () {
beforeEach(async function () {
localStorage.clear()
expectedItemCount = BaseItemCounts.DefaultItems
context = await Factory.createAppContext()
await context.launch()
application = context.application
email = UuidGenerator.GenerateUuid()
password = UuidGenerator.GenerateUuid()
Factory.handlePasswordChallenges(application, password)
})
it('should not import backups made from unsupported versions', async function () {
const result = await application.importData({
version: '-1',
items: [],
})
expect(result.isFailed()).to.be.true
})
it('should not import backups made from 004 into 003 account', async function () {
await Factory.registerOldUser({
application,
email,
password,
version: ProtocolVersion.V003,
})
const result = await application.importData({
version: ProtocolVersion.V004,
items: [],
})
expect(result.isFailed()).to.be.true
})
it('importing existing data should keep relationships valid', async function () {
const pair = createRelatedNoteTagPairPayload()
const notePayload = pair[0]
const tagPayload = pair[1]
await application.mutator.emitItemsFromPayloads([notePayload, tagPayload], PayloadEmitSource.LocalChanged)
expectedItemCount += 2
const note = application.items.getItems([ContentType.TYPES.Note])[0]
const tag = application.items.getItems([ContentType.TYPES.Tag])[0]
expect(tag.content.references.length).to.equal(1)
expect(tag.noteCount).to.equal(1)
expect(note.content.references.length).to.equal(0)
expect(application.items.itemsReferencingItem(note).length).to.equal(1)
await application.importData(
{
items: [notePayload, tagPayload],
},
true,
)
expect(application.items.items.length).to.equal(expectedItemCount)
expect(tag.content.references.length).to.equal(1)
expect(tag.noteCount).to.equal(1)
expect(note.content.references.length).to.equal(0)
expect(application.items.itemsReferencingItem(note).length).to.equal(1)
})
it('importing same note many times should create only one duplicate', async function () {
/**
* Used strategy here will be KEEP_LEFT_DUPLICATE_RIGHT
* which means that new right items will be created with different
*/
const notePayload = Factory.createNotePayload()
await application.mutator.emitItemFromPayload(notePayload, PayloadEmitSource.LocalChanged)
expectedItemCount++
const mutatedNote = new DecryptedPayload({
...notePayload,
content: {
...notePayload.content,
title: `${Math.random()}`,
},
})
await application.importData(
{
items: [mutatedNote, mutatedNote, mutatedNote],
},
true,
)
expectedItemCount++
expect(application.items.getDisplayableNotes().length).to.equal(2)
const imported = application.items.getDisplayableNotes().find((n) => n.uuid !== notePayload.uuid)
expect(imported.content.title).to.equal(mutatedNote.content.title)
})
it('importing a tag with lesser references should not create duplicate', async function () {
const pair = createRelatedNoteTagPairPayload()
const tagPayload = pair[1]
await application.mutator.emitItemsFromPayloads(pair, PayloadEmitSource.LocalChanged)
const mutatedTag = new DecryptedPayload({
...tagPayload,
content: {
...tagPayload.content,
references: [],
},
})
await application.importData(
{
items: [mutatedTag],
},
true,
)
expect(application.items.getDisplayableTags().length).to.equal(1)
expect(application.items.findItem(tagPayload.uuid).content.references.length).to.equal(1)
})
it('importing data with differing content should create duplicates', async function () {
const pair = createRelatedNoteTagPairPayload()
const notePayload = pair[0]
const tagPayload = pair[1]
await application.mutator.emitItemsFromPayloads(pair, PayloadEmitSource.LocalChanged)
expectedItemCount += 2
const note = application.items.getDisplayableNotes()[0]
const tag = application.items.getDisplayableTags()[0]
const mutatedNote = new DecryptedPayload({
...notePayload,
content: {
...notePayload.content,
title: `${Math.random()}`,
},
})
const mutatedTag = new DecryptedPayload({
...tagPayload,
content: {
...tagPayload.content,
title: `${Math.random()}`,
},
})
await application.importData(
{
items: [mutatedNote, mutatedTag],
},
true,
)
expectedItemCount += 2
expect(application.items.items.length).to.equal(expectedItemCount)
const newNote = application.items.getDisplayableNotes().find((n) => n.uuid !== notePayload.uuid)
const newTag = application.items.getDisplayableTags().find((t) => t.uuid !== tagPayload.uuid)
expect(newNote.uuid).to.not.equal(note.uuid)
expect(newTag.uuid).to.not.equal(tag.uuid)
const refreshedTag = application.items.findItem(tag.uuid)
expect(refreshedTag.content.references.length).to.equal(2)
expect(refreshedTag.noteCount).to.equal(2)
const refreshedNote = application.items.findItem(note.uuid)
expect(refreshedNote.content.references.length).to.equal(0)
expect(application.items.itemsReferencingItem(refreshedNote).length).to.equal(2)
expect(newTag.content.references.length).to.equal(1)
expect(newTag.noteCount).to.equal(1)
expect(newNote.content.references.length).to.equal(0)
expect(application.items.itemsReferencingItem(newNote).length).to.equal(1)
})
it('when importing items, imported values should not be used to determine if changed', async function () {
/**
* If you have a note and a tag, and the tag has 1 reference to the note,
* and you import the same two items, except modify the note value so that
* a duplicate is created, we expect only the note to be duplicated, and the
* tag not to. However, if only the note changes, and you duplicate the note,
* which causes the tag's references content to change, then when the incoming
* tag is being processed, it will also think it has changed, since our local
* value now doesn't match what's coming in. The solution is to get all values
* ahead of time before any changes are made.
*/
const note = await Factory.createMappedNote(application)
const tag = await Factory.createMappedTag(application)
expectedItemCount += 2
await application.mutator.changeItem(tag, (mutator) => {
mutator.e2ePendingRefactor_addItemAsRelationship(note)
})
const externalNote = Object.assign(
{},
{
uuid: note.uuid,
content: note.getContentCopy(),
content_type: note.content_type,
},
)
externalNote.content.text = `${Math.random()}`
const externalTag = Object.assign(
{},
{
uuid: tag.uuid,
content: tag.getContentCopy(),
content_type: tag.content_type,
},
)
await application.importData(
{
items: [externalNote, externalTag],
},
true,
)
expectedItemCount += 1
/** We expect now that the total item count is 3, not 4. */
expect(application.items.items.length).to.equal(expectedItemCount)
const refreshedTag = application.items.findItem(tag.uuid)
/** References from both items have merged. */
expect(refreshedTag.content.references.length).to.equal(2)
})
it('should import decrypted data and keep items that were previously deleted', async function () {
await Factory.registerUserToApplication({
application: application,
email: email,
password: password,
})
Factory.handlePasswordChallenges(application, password)
const [note, tag] = await Promise.all([
Factory.createMappedNote(application),
Factory.createMappedTag(application),
])
await application.sync.sync({ awaitAll: true })
await application.mutator.deleteItem(note)
await application.sync.sync()
expect(application.items.findItem(note.uuid)).to.not.exist
await application.mutator.deleteItem(tag)
await application.sync.sync()
expect(application.items.findItem(tag.uuid)).to.not.exist
await application.importData(
{
items: [note, tag],
},
true,
)
expect(application.items.getDisplayableNotes().length).to.equal(1)
expect(application.items.findItem(note.uuid).deleted).to.not.be.ok
expect(application.items.getDisplayableTags().length).to.equal(1)
expect(application.items.findItem(tag.uuid).deleted).to.not.be.ok
})
it('should duplicate notes by alternating UUIDs when dealing with conflicts during importing', async function () {
await Factory.registerUserToApplication({
application: application,
email: email,
password: password,
})
const note = await Factory.createSyncedNote(application)
/** Sign into another account and import the same item. It should get a different UUID. */
application = await Factory.signOutApplicationAndReturnNew(application)
email = UuidGenerator.GenerateUuid()
Factory.handlePasswordChallenges(application, password)
await Factory.registerUserToApplication({
application: application,
email: email,
password: password,
})
await application.importData(
{
items: [note.payload],
},
true,
)
expect(application.items.getDisplayableNotes().length).to.equal(1)
expect(application.items.getDisplayableNotes()[0].uuid).to.not.equal(note.uuid)
})
it('should maintain consistency between storage and PayloadManager after an import with conflicts', async function () {
await Factory.registerUserToApplication({
application: application,
email: email,
password: password,
})
const note = await Factory.createSyncedNote(application)
/** Sign into another account and import the same items. They should get a different UUID. */
application = await Factory.signOutApplicationAndReturnNew(application)
email = UuidGenerator.GenerateUuid()
Factory.handlePasswordChallenges(application, password)
await Factory.registerUserToApplication({
application: application,
email: email,
password: password,
})
await application.importData(
{
items: [note],
},
true,
)
const storedPayloads = await application.storage.getAllRawPayloads()
expect(application.items.items.length).to.equal(storedPayloads.length)
const notes = storedPayloads.filter((p) => p.content_type === ContentType.TYPES.Note)
const itemsKeys = storedPayloads.filter((p) => p.content_type === ContentType.TYPES.ItemsKey)
expect(notes.length).to.equal(1)
expect(itemsKeys.length).to.equal(1)
})
it('should import encrypted data and keep items that were previously deleted', async function () {
await Factory.registerUserToApplication({
application: application,
email: email,
password: password,
})
const [note, tag] = await Promise.all([
Factory.createMappedNote(application),
Factory.createMappedTag(application),
])
const backupData = (await application.createEncryptedBackupFile.execute({ skipAuthorization: true })).getValue()
await application.sync.sync({ awaitAll: true })
await application.mutator.deleteItem(note)
await application.sync.sync()
expect(application.items.findItem(note.uuid)).to.not.exist
await application.mutator.deleteItem(tag)
await application.sync.sync()
expect(application.items.findItem(tag.uuid)).to.not.exist
await application.importData(backupData, true)
expect(application.items.getDisplayableNotes().length).to.equal(1)
expect(application.items.findItem(note.uuid).deleted).to.not.be.ok
expect(application.items.getDisplayableTags().length).to.equal(1)
expect(application.items.findItem(tag.uuid).deleted).to.not.be.ok
})
it('should import decrypted data and all items payload source should be FileImport', async function () {
await Factory.registerUserToApplication({
application: application,
email: email,
password: password,
})
const [note, tag] = await Promise.all([
Factory.createMappedNote(application),
Factory.createMappedTag(application),
])
const backupData = (await application.createEncryptedBackupFile.execute({ skipAuthorization: true })).getValue()
await Factory.safeDeinit(application)
application = await Factory.createInitAppWithFakeCrypto()
Factory.handlePasswordChallenges(application, password)
await application.importData(backupData, true)
const importedNote = application.items.findItem(note.uuid)
const importedTag = application.items.findItem(tag.uuid)
expect(importedNote.payload.source).to.be.equal(PayloadSource.FileImport)
expect(importedTag.payload.source).to.be.equal(PayloadSource.FileImport)
})
it('should import encrypted data and all items payload source should be FileImport', async function () {
await Factory.registerUserToApplication({
application: application,
email: email,
password: password,
})
const [note, tag] = await Promise.all([
Factory.createMappedNote(application),
Factory.createMappedTag(application),
])
const backupData = (await application.createEncryptedBackupFile.execute({ skipAuthorization: true })).getValue()
await Factory.safeDeinit(application)
application = await Factory.createInitAppWithFakeCrypto()
Factory.handlePasswordChallenges(application, password)
await application.importData(backupData, true)
const importedNote = application.items.findItem(note.uuid)
const importedTag = application.items.findItem(tag.uuid)
expect(importedNote.payload.source).to.be.equal(PayloadSource.FileImport)
expect(importedTag.payload.source).to.be.equal(PayloadSource.FileImport)
})
it('should import data from 003 encrypted payload using client generated backup', async function () {
const oldVersion = ProtocolVersion.V003
await Factory.registerOldUser({
application: application,
email: email,
password: password,
version: oldVersion,
})
const noteItem = await application.mutator.createItem(ContentType.TYPES.Note, {
title: 'Encrypted note',
text: 'On protocol version 003.',
})
const backupData = (await application.createEncryptedBackupFile.execute({ skipAuthorization: true })).getValue()
await Factory.safeDeinit(application)
application = await Factory.createInitAppWithFakeCrypto()
Factory.handlePasswordChallenges(application, password)
const result = (await application.importData(backupData, true)).getValue()
expect(result.affectedItems.length).to.be.eq(backupData.items.length)
expect(result.errorCount).to.be.eq(0)
const decryptedNote = application.items.findItem(noteItem.uuid)
expect(decryptedNote.title).to.be.eq('Encrypted note')
expect(decryptedNote.text).to.be.eq('On protocol version 003.')
expect(application.items.getDisplayableNotes().length).to.equal(1)
})
it('should import data from 004 encrypted payload', async function () {
await Factory.registerUserToApplication({
application: application,
email: email,
password: password,
})
const noteItem = await application.mutator.createItem(ContentType.TYPES.Note, {
title: 'Encrypted note',
text: 'On protocol version 004.',
})
const backupData = (await application.createEncryptedBackupFile.execute({ skipAuthorization: true })).getValue()
await Factory.safeDeinit(application)
application = await Factory.createInitAppWithFakeCrypto()
Factory.handlePasswordChallenges(application, password)
const result = (await application.importData(backupData, true)).getValue()
expect(result.affectedItems.length).to.be.eq(backupData.items.length)
expect(result.errorCount).to.be.eq(0)
const decryptedNote = application.items.findItem(noteItem.uuid)
expect(decryptedNote.title).to.be.eq('Encrypted note')
expect(decryptedNote.text).to.be.eq('On protocol version 004.')
expect(application.items.getDisplayableNotes().length).to.equal(1)
})
it('should return correct errorCount', async function () {
await Factory.registerUserToApplication({
application: application,
email: email,
password: password,
})
const noteItem = await application.mutator.createItem(ContentType.TYPES.Note, {
title: 'This is a valid, encrypted note',
text: 'On protocol version 004.',
})
const backupData = (await application.createEncryptedBackupFile.execute({ skipAuthorization: true })).getValue()
await Factory.safeDeinit(application)
application = await Factory.createInitAppWithFakeCrypto()
Factory.handlePasswordChallenges(application, password)
const madeUpPayload = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(noteItem))
madeUpPayload.items_key_id = undefined
madeUpPayload.content = '004:somenonsense'
madeUpPayload.enc_item_key = '003:anothernonsense'
madeUpPayload.version = '004'
madeUpPayload.uuid = 'fake-uuid'
backupData.items = [...backupData.items, madeUpPayload]
const result = (await application.importData(backupData, true)).getValue()
expect(result.affectedItems.length).to.be.eq(backupData.items.length - 1)
expect(result.errorCount).to.be.eq(1)
})
it('should not import data from 003 encrypted payload if an invalid password is provided', async function () {
const oldVersion = ProtocolVersion.V003
await Factory.registerOldUser({
application: application,
email: email,
password: UuidGenerator.GenerateUuid(),
version: oldVersion,
})
await application.mutator.createItem(ContentType.TYPES.Note, {
title: 'Encrypted note',
text: 'On protocol version 003.',
})
const backupData = (await application.createEncryptedBackupFile.execute({ skipAuthorization: true })).getValue()
await Factory.safeDeinit(application)
application = await Factory.createInitAppWithFakeCrypto()
application.setLaunchCallback({
receiveChallenge: (challenge) => {
const values = challenge.prompts.map((prompt) =>
CreateChallengeValue(
prompt,
prompt.validation === ChallengeValidation.None ? 'incorrect password' : password,
),
)
application.submitValuesForChallenge(challenge, values)
},
})
const result = (await application.importData(backupData, true)).getValue()
expect(result.affectedItems.length).to.be.eq(0)
expect(result.errorCount).to.be.eq(backupData.items.length)
expect(application.items.getDisplayableNotes().length).to.equal(0)
})
it('should not import data from 004 encrypted payload if an invalid password is provided', async function () {
await Factory.registerUserToApplication({
application: application,
email: email,
password: password,
})
await application.mutator.createItem(ContentType.TYPES.Note, {
title: 'This is a valid, encrypted note',
text: 'On protocol version 004.',
})
const backupData = (await application.createEncryptedBackupFile.execute({ skipAuthorization: true })).getValue()
await Factory.safeDeinit(application)
application = await Factory.createInitAppWithFakeCrypto()
application.setLaunchCallback({
receiveChallenge: (challenge) => {
const values = challenge.prompts.map((prompt) => CreateChallengeValue(prompt, 'incorrect password'))
application.submitValuesForChallenge(challenge, values)
},
})
const result = (await application.importData(backupData, true)).getValue()
expect(result.affectedItems.length).to.be.eq(0)
expect(result.errorCount).to.be.eq(backupData.items.length)
expect(application.items.getDisplayableNotes().length).to.equal(0)
})
it('should not import encrypted data with no keyParams or auth_params', async function () {
await Factory.registerUserToApplication({
application: application,
email: email,
password: password,
})
await application.mutator.createItem(ContentType.TYPES.Note, {
title: 'Encrypted note',
text: 'On protocol version 004.',
})
const backupData = (await application.createEncryptedBackupFile.execute({ skipAuthorization: true })).getValue()
delete backupData.keyParams
await Factory.safeDeinit(application)
application = await Factory.createInitAppWithFakeCrypto()
const result = await application.importData(backupData)
expect(result.isFailed()).to.be.true
})
it('should not import payloads if the corresponding ItemsKey is not present within the backup file', async function () {
await Factory.registerUserToApplication({
application: application,
email: email,
password: password,
})
Factory.handlePasswordChallenges(application, password)
await application.mutator.createItem(ContentType.TYPES.Note, {
title: 'Encrypted note',
text: 'On protocol version 004.',
})
const backupData = (await application.createEncryptedBackupFile.execute({ skipAuthorization: true })).getValue()
backupData.items = backupData.items.filter((payload) => payload.content_type !== ContentType.TYPES.ItemsKey)
await Factory.safeDeinit(application)
application = await Factory.createInitAppWithFakeCrypto()
Factory.handlePasswordChallenges(application, password)
const result = (await application.importData(backupData, true)).getValue()
expect(result.affectedItems.length).to.equal(BaseItemCounts.BackupFileRootKeyEncryptedItems)
expect(result.errorCount).to.be.eq(backupData.items.length - BaseItemCounts.BackupFileRootKeyEncryptedItems)
expect(application.items.getDisplayableNotes().length).to.equal(0)
})
it('importing another accounts notes/tags should correctly keep relationships', async function () {
await Factory.registerUserToApplication({
application: application,
email: email,
password: password,
})
Factory.handlePasswordChallenges(application, password)
const pair = createRelatedNoteTagPairPayload()
await application.mutator.emitItemsFromPayloads(pair, PayloadEmitSource.LocalChanged)
await application.sync.sync()
const backupData = (await application.createEncryptedBackupFile.execute({ skipAuthorization: true })).getValue()
await Factory.safeDeinit(application)
application = await Factory.createInitAppWithFakeCrypto()
Factory.handlePasswordChallenges(application, password)
await Factory.registerUserToApplication({
application: application,
email: `${Math.random()}`,
password: password,
})
await application.importData(backupData, true)
expect(application.items.getDisplayableNotes().length).to.equal(1)
expect(application.items.getDisplayableTags().length).to.equal(1)
const importedNote = application.items.getDisplayableNotes()[0]
const importedTag = application.items.getDisplayableTags()[0]
expect(application.items.referencesForItem(importedTag).length).to.equal(1)
expect(application.items.itemsReferencingItem(importedNote).length).to.equal(1)
await Factory.safeDeinit(application)
}).timeout(Factory.TwentySecondTimeout)
})
describe('real crypto', function () {
let identifier = 'standardnotes'
it('should import data from 003 encrypted payload using server generated backup with 004 key params', async function () {
context = await Factory.createAppContextWithRealCrypto(identifier)
await context.launch()
application = context.application
const backupData = {
items: [
{
uuid: 'eb1b7eed-e43d-48dd-b257-b7fc8ccba3da',
duplicate_of: null,
items_key_id: null,
content:
'003:your_sha256_hash:eb1b7eed-e43d-48dd-b257-b7fc8ccba3da:9f38642b7a3f57546520a9e32aa7c0ad:your_sha256_hash5Aqxc5FqhvuF0+dE1f4+uQOeiRFNX73V2pJJY0w5Qq7l7ZuhB08ZtOMY4Ctq7evBBSIVZ+your_sha256_hashbP6XAm8U/la1bdtdMO112XjUW7ixkWi3POWcM=:your_sha256_hashyour_sha256_hashyour_sha256_hashMyJ9',
content_type: 'Note',
enc_item_key:
'003:your_sha256_hash:eb1b7eed-e43d-48dd-b257-b7fc8ccba3da:14721ff8dbdd36fb57ae4bf7414c5eab:odmq91dfaTZG/zeSUA09fD/PdB2OkiDxcQZ0FL06GPstxdvxnU17k1rtsWoA7HoNNnd5494BZ/b7YiKqUb76ddd8x3/+cTZgCa4tYxNINmb1T3wwUX0Ebxc8xynAhg6nTY/BGq+ba6jTyl8zw12dL3kBEGGglRCHnO0ZTeylwQW7asfONN8s0BwrvHdonRlx:your_sha256_hashyour_sha256_hashyour_sha256_hashMyJ9',
auth_hash: null,
created_at: '2019-05-12T02:29:21.789000Z',
updated_at: '2019-11-12T21:47:48.382708Z',
deleted: false,
},
{
uuid: '10051be7-4ca2-4af3-aae9-021939df4fab',
duplicate_of: null,
items_key_id: null,
content:
'004:77a986823b8ffdd87164b6f541de6ed420b70ac67e055774:+8cjww1QbyXNX+PSKeCwmnysv0rAoEaKh409VWQJpDbEy/your_sha256_hash2tdreW4J8v9pFEzPMec1oq40u+c+UI/Y6ChOLV/4ozyWmpQCK3y8Ugm7B1/your_sha256_hashe3trabdU0ICu0WMvDVii4qNlQo/inD41oHXKeV5QwnYoGjPrLJIaP0hiLKhDURTHygCdvWdp63OWI+aGxv0/HI+nfcRsqSE+aYECrWB/kp/c5yTrEqBEafuWZkw==:your_sha256_hashyour_sha256_hashyour_sha256_hashyour_sha256_hashyour_sha256_hashdiI6IjAwNCJ9',
content_type: 'SN|ItemsKey',
enc_item_key:
'004:d25deb224251b4705a44d8ce125a62f6a2f0e0e856603e8f:FEv1pfU/VfY7XhJrTfpcdhaSBfmNySTQtHohFYDm8V84KlyF5YaXRKV7BfXsa77DKTjOCU/EHHsWwhBEEfsNnzNySHxTHNc26bpoz0V8h50=:your_sha256_hashyour_sha256_hashyour_sha256_hashyour_sha256_hashyour_sha256_hashdiI6IjAwNCJ9',
auth_hash: null,
created_at: '2020-09-07T12:22:06.562000Z',
updated_at: '2021-03-03T15:09:55.741107Z',
deleted: false,
},
],
auth_params: {
identifier: 'playground@bitar.io',
pw_nonce: your_sha256_hash,
version: '004',
},
}
Factory.handlePasswordChallenges(application, 'password')
const result = (await application.importData(backupData, true)).getValue()
expect(result.affectedItems.length).to.be.eq(backupData.items.length)
expect(result.errorCount).to.be.eq(0)
})
it('importing data with no items key should use the root key generated by the file password', async function () {
/**
* In SNJS 2.0.12, this file import would fail with "incorrect password" on file.
* The reason was that we would use the default items key we had for the current account
* instead of using the password generated root key for the file.
*
* Note this test will not be able to properly sync as the credentials are invalid.
* This test is only meant to test successful local importing.
*/
const application = await Factory.createApplicationWithRealCrypto(identifier)
/** Create legacy migrations value so that base migration detects old app */
await application.device.setRawStorageValue(
'keychain',
JSON.stringify({
[identifier]: {
version: '003',
masterKey: your_sha256_hash,
dataAuthenticationKey: your_sha256_hash,
},
}),
)
await application.device.setRawStorageValue(
'descriptors',
JSON.stringify({
[identifier]: {
identifier: 'standardnotes',
label: 'Main Application',
primary: true,
},
}),
)
await application.device.setRawStorageValue('standardnotes-snjs_version', '2.0.11')
await application.device.saveDatabaseEntry(
{
content:
'003:your_sha256_hash:58e3322b-269a-4be3-a658-b035dffcd70f:9140b23a0fa989e224e292049f133154:SESTNOgIGf2+ZqmJdFnGU4EMgQkhKOzpZNoSzx76SJaImsayzctAgbUmJ+UU2gSQAHADS3+your_sha256_hash8hS+kNW2j1DjM4YWqd0JQxMOeOrMIrxr/6Awn5TzYE+9wCbXZdYHyvRQcp9ui/G02ZJ67IA86vNEdjTTBAAWipWqTqKH9VDZbSQ2W/IOKfIquB373SFDKZb1S1NmBFvcoG2G7w//fAl/+ehYiL6UdiNH5MhXCDAOTQRFNfOh57HFDWVnz1VIp8X+VAPy6d9zzQH+8aws1JxHq/7BOhXrFE8UCueV6kERt9njgQxKJzd9AH32ShSiUB9X/sPi0fUXbS178xAZMJrNx3w==:your_sha256_hashyour_sha256_hashyour_sha256_hashIm9yaWdpbmF0aW9uIjoicmVnaXN0cmF0aW9uIn0=',
content_type: 'SN|ItemsKey',
created_at: new Date(),
enc_item_key:
'003:your_sha256_hash:58e3322b-269a-4be3-a658-b035dffcd70f:2384a22d8f8bf671ba6517c6e1d0be30:0qXjBDPLCcMlNTnuUDcFiJPIXU9OP6b4ttTVE58n2Jn7971xMhx6toLbAZWWLPk/ezX/19EYE9xmRngWsG4jJaZMxGZIz/melU08K7AHH3oahQpHwZvSM3iV2ufsN7liQywftdVH6NNzULnZnFX+FgEfpDquru++R4aWDLvsSegWYmde9zD62pPNUB9Kik6P:your_sha256_hashyour_sha256_hashyour_sha256_hashIm9yaWdpbmF0aW9uIjoicmVnaXN0cmF0aW9uIn0=',
updated_at: new Date(),
uuid: '58e3322b-269a-4be3-a658-b035dffcd70f',
},
identifier,
)
/**
* Note that this storage contains "sync.standardnotes.org" as the API Host param.
*/
await application.device.setRawStorageValue(
'standardnotes-storage',
JSON.stringify({
wrapped: {
uuid: '15af096f-4e9d-4cde-8d67-f132218fa757',
content_type: 'SN|EncryptedStorage',
enc_item_key:
'003:your_sha256_hash:15af096f-4e9d-4cde-8d67-f132218fa757:09a4da52d5214e76642f0363246daa99:zt5fnmxYSZOqC+your_sha256_hash6Y4Y25rqO4lIerKjxxNqPwDze9mtPOGeoR48csUPiMIHiH78bLGZZs4VoBwYKAP+uEygXEFYRuscGnDOrFV7fnwGDL/nkhr6xpM159OTUKBgiBpVMS:your_sha256_hashyour_sha256_hashyour_sha256_hashIm9yaWdpbmF0aW9uIjoicmVnaXN0cmF0aW9uIn0=',
content:
'003:your_sha256_hash:15af096f-4e9d-4cde-8d67-f132218fa757:b92fb4b030ac51f4d3eef0ada35f3d5f:your_sha256_hash6EKHOT7zyCytR5l2B9b1J7Tls00uVgfEKs3zX7n3F6ne+ju0++WsJuy0Gre5your_sha512_hash+your_sha256_hashyour_sha256_hashtdvNOom3Vjwyour_sha512_hash+jb2vmv+TGHUV4kZJPluG7A9IEphMZrMWwiU56FdSlSDD82qd9iG+C3Pux+X/GYCMiWS2T/BoyI6a9OERSARuTUuom2bv59hqD1yUoj7VQXhqXmverSwLE1zDeF+dc0tMwuTNCNOTk08A6wRKTR9ZjuFlLcxHsg/VZyfIdCkElFh1FrliMbW2ZsgsPFaZAI+YN8pid1tTw+Ou1cOfyD85aki98DDvg/cTi8ahrrm8UvxRQwhIW17Cm1RnKxhIvaq5HRjEN76Y46ubkZv7/HjhNwJt9vPEr9wyOrMH6XSxCnSIFD1kbVHI33q444xyUWa/EQju8SoEGGU92HhpMWd1kIz37SJRJTC7u2ah2Xg60JGcUcCNtHG3IHMPVP+UKUjx5nKP6t/NVSa+xsjIvM/your_sha256_hash0Ze22HoouKBPAtWlYJ8fmvg2HiW6nX/L9DqoxK4OXt/LnC2BTEvtP4PUzBqx8WoqmVNNnYp+FgYptLcgxmgckle41w1eMr6NYGeaaC1Jk3i/e9Piw0w0XjV/lB+yn03gEMYPTT2yiXMQrfPmkUNYNN7/xfhY3bqqwfER7iXdr/80Lc+x9byywChXLvg8VCjHWGd+Sky3NHyMdxLY8IqefyyZWMeXtt1aNYH6QW9DeK5KvK3DI+your_sha256_hashfbMU06bYt0vszT2szAkOnVuyi6TBRiGLyjMxYI0csM0SHZWZUQK0z7ZoQAWR5D+adX29tOvrKc2kJA8Lrzgeqw/rJIh6zPg3kmsd2rFbo+Qfe3J6XrlZU+J+your_sha256_hasha6F2fEHPiXs4+9:your_sha256_hashyour_sha256_hashyour_sha256_hashIm9yaWdpbmF0aW9uIjoicmVnaXN0cmF0aW9uIn0=',
created_at: '2020-11-24T00:53:42.057Z',
updated_at: '1970-01-01T00:00:00.000Z',
},
nonwrapped: {
ROOT_KEY_PARAMS: {
pw_nonce: your_sha256_hash,
pw_cost: 110000,
identifier: 'nov2322@bitar.io',
version: '003',
},
},
}),
)
const password = 'password'
await application.prepareForLaunch({
receiveChallenge: (challenge) => {
if (challenge.reason === ChallengeReason.Custom) {
return
}
if (
challenge.reason === ChallengeReason.DecryptEncryptedFile ||
challenge.reason === ChallengeReason.ImportFile
) {
application.submitValuesForChallenge(
challenge,
challenge.prompts.map((prompt) =>
CreateChallengeValue(
prompt,
prompt.validation !== ChallengeValidation.ProtectionSessionDuration
? password
: UnprotectedAccessSecondsDuration.OneMinute,
),
),
)
}
},
})
await application.launch(false)
await application.setHost.execute(Factory.getDefaultHost())
const backupFile = {
items: [
{
uuid: '11204d02-5a8b-47c0-ab94-ae0727d656b5',
content_type: 'Note',
created_at: '2020-11-23T17:11:06.322Z',
enc_item_key:
'003:your_sha256_hash:11204d02-5a8b-47c0-ab94-ae0727d656b5:62de2b95cca4d7948f70516d12f5cb3a:lhUF/EoQP2DC8CSVrXyLp1yXsiJUXxwmtkwXtLUJ5sm4E0your_sha512_hash0EfuT/SJ9IqVbjgYhKA5xt/lMgw4JSbiW8ZkVQ5tVDfgt0omhDRLlkh758ou:your_sha256_hashyour_sha256_hashImlkZW50aWZpZXIiOiJub3YyMzVAYml0YXIuaW8iLCJ2ZXJzaW9uIjoiMDAzIn0=',
content:
'003:your_sha256_hash:11204d02-5a8b-47c0-ab94-ae0727d656b5:84a2b760019a62d7ad9c314bc7a5564a:G8Mm9fy9ybuo92VbV4NUERruJ1VA7garv1+fBg4KRDRjsRGoLvORhHldQHRfUQmSR6PkrG6ol/your_sha256_hashGFhAbYcVX4xrHKbkiuLQnu9bZp9zbR6txB1NtLoNFvwDZTMko7Q+28fM4TKBbQCCw3NufLHVUnfEwS7tLLFFPdEyyMXOerKP93u8X+7NG2eDmsUetPsPOq:your_sha256_hashyour_sha256_hashImlkZW50aWZpZXIiOiJub3YyMzVAYml0YXIuaW8iLCJ2ZXJzaW9uIjoiMDAzIn0=',
auth_hash: null,
updated_at: '2020-11-23T17:11:40.399Z',
},
],
auth_params: {
pw_nonce: your_sha256_hash,
pw_cost: 110000,
identifier: 'nov235@bitar.io',
version: '003',
},
}
const result = (await application.importData(backupFile, false)).getValue()
expect(result.errorCount).to.equal(0)
await Factory.safeDeinit(application)
})
})
})
``` |
The Tunisian Red Crescent (Arabic: الهلال الأحمر التونسي) is a Tunisian humanitarian association founded in 1956, after the independence of the country. It is one of the national affiliates of the International Movement of the Red Cross and Red Crescent. It was led by Brahim El Gharbi until his death in 2018.
Values
The work on TRC is based on seven values and principles:
Humanity
Impartiality
Neutrality
Independence
Volunteering
Unity
Universality
Main goals
Its main objectives are developing the survival skills for communities in case of disasters and the setting and analysis of a database.
Notable people
Habiba Djilani
Brahim El Gharbi
References
Red Cross and Red Crescent national societies |
Nimi () is a king of the Suryavamsha (Solar dynasty) featured in Hindu mythology. He is considered to be the first king of the Videha kingdom and is regarded to be the ancestor to the Janaka lineage of Mithila. Nimi is the grandson of Manu, and a son of Ikshvaku.
Hinduism
Nimi's yajña
Once, Nimi performed a yajña and invited Sage Vasishtha to be the main priest to conduct the ceremony. However, the sage had already committed to conduct a yajña for Indra, and he told Nimi that he would officiate as the head priest after having conducted Indra's yajña. Nimi went away without replying. Sage Vashistha was under the impression that King Nimi has assented to wait for him.
The sage conducted Indra's yajña and rushed to preside at Nimi's yajña only to find that the yajña was already being conducted by Gautama. Sage Vasishtha got angry and cursed King Nimi that "he would cease to live in corporal form" while the king was asleep. Thus, King Nimi was left without his body to heaven with Indra, and stayed there for 9,000,000 years. After the yajña was conducted successfully, the priests asked the gods to return King Nimi to his corporal form. However, he refused to return to his bodily form. The account of Nimi is described by Rama to Lakshmana in the Uttara Kanda of Ramayana.
This episode is also detailed in the Vishnu Purana.
Buddhism
In several traditions, a righteous and edifying Videhan King Nimi or Nemi is mentioned, who travels to heaven and hell in a celestial chariot. The story is mentioned in one text of the Pāli Canon, and two Pāli post-canonical texts. The name Nimi or Nemi is explained as "he brings the lineage full circle like the rim () of a carriage wheel". The story relates that a certain King Makhadeva tells his barber that the latter should warn him as soon as the king has his first grey hair, a common memento mori motif found in ancient Indian literature, which goes back to the ancient Indian conception of stages of life. Later on, when his first hairs go grey, and his barber tells him about that, the king goes forth to lead a spiritual life as a hermit, but not before he entrusts his son to do the same when his hair goes grey. The former king is later reborn in a heavenly world. He sees that his descendants all follow the same tradition of becoming hermits when they became old. He then decides to be reborn as the next descendant of the same dynasty, and has the name King Nimi. The story then goes on to say that this king is able to travel to heaven and hell at the invitation of the god Sakka. At the end of the story, King Makhadeva, later reborn as Nimi, is identified as a previous birth of the Buddha, and the barber and heavenly charioteer are identified as the disciple Ānanda.
The story is mentioned in many other early Buddhist texts, both canonical and post-canonical. Translator C. A. F. Rhys Davids compared the legend with Dante's Inferno. The story of King Nimi visiting heaven and hell is iconic in traditional Thai art, and is easily recognizable for the average Thai person. This story, as well as many similar stories that deal with cakravartin kings, attempts to establish that the spiritual life of renunciation is superior to the worldly life, and the solitary life superior to a married life. Moreover, Asian religion scholar Naomi Appleton argues that there is a connection between the stories of the Videhan renouncing kings and the ideal of the solitary Buddha in Buddhism. Solitary Buddhas are often depicted renouncing their worldly life because of certain signs in their environment or on their body, as in the case of Makkhadeva. Finally, according to the scholar Padmanabh Jaini, the story may also have influenced how Buddhist cosmology was interpreted.
In post-canonical Pāli works, the belief is expressed that King Nimi belongs to a long line of Kings descending from Mahāsammata, the first king of humankind. The Buddha is believed to be a descendant of the same dynasty.
Jainism
In Jain texts, a similar motif as in Buddhist texts can be found, of a king called Nami.
See also
Book of Arda Viraf
Divine Comedy
Hekhalot literature
Janaka
Ikshvaku
Dilipa
References
External links
Mithila
Buddhist mythology
Jain texts
Solar dynasty |
The Epworth United Methodist Church is a United Methodist church in the Edgewater neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois. It was built in the Romanesque style and is noted for its exterior walls of brown, rusticated boulders. The church was completed in 1891, becoming the second church in Edgewater after the completion of the Episcopal Church of the Atonement in 1889. The structure was enlarged in 1930. The final service at the church was on May 15, 2022.
The site was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2008 and was designated as a Chicago Landmark on June 21, 2023.
History
John Lewis Cochran, the founder of Edgewater, donated land for the church in 1886. The church was the only structure at the location; it is now in a dense residential neighborhood with its façade facing Kenmore Avenue. The church was formally organized as the Epworth Methodist Episcopal Church in July 1889, and a cornerstone for the church was dedicated in 1890. The church was designed by Frederick B. Townsend, a parishioner, and completed in the early 1890s. Parts of the church were constructed using boulders from Wisconsin, which were floated south down Lake Michigan.
Names
Epworth Methodist Episcopal Church (1889-1948)
Epworth Methodist Church (1948-1968)
Epworth United Methodist Church (1968–present)
Structure
The original church structure consisted of a three towers, a sanctuary, and school rooms. The church was enlarged in 1930 to include a basement, gymnasium, chapel, and miscellaneous rooms.
Heritage designation
The church was added to the National Register of Historic Places under the name "Epworth Methodist Episcopal Church" in 2008. The listing included one contributing building and one contributing object.
References
External links
Church website
Churches in Chicago
Properties of religious function on the National Register of Historic Places in Chicago
Churches completed in 1890
Romanesque Revival church buildings in Illinois
1890 establishments in Illinois
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois |
Cyperus dentoniae is a species of sedge that is native to Central America and southern parts of North America.
See also
List of Cyperus species
References
dentoniae
Plants described in 1983
Flora of Arizona
Flora of Costa Rica
Flora of El Salvador
Flora of Guatemala
Flora of Honduras
Flora of Mexico
Flora of Nicaragua
Flora of Panama |
The 2011–12 season was the 87th season in the history of Fussball-Club Luzern and the club's sixth consecutive season in the top flight of Swiss football.
Players
First-team squad
Out on loan
Transfers
Pre-season and friendlies
Competitions
Overall record
Swiss Super League
League table
Results summary
Results by round
Matches
Swiss Cup
References
FC Luzern seasons
Luzern |
Streptococcus cristatus is a species of viridans Streptococcus with tufted fibrils, first isolated from the human oral cavity and throat. The type strain is strain CR311 (= NCTC 12479).
References
Further reading
External links
LPSN
Type strain of Streptococcus cristatus at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase
Streptococcaceae |
Ansar Ali Siddiqui was a Bangladesh Nationalist Party politician and the former Member of Parliament of Sirajganj-6.
Career
Siddiqui was elected to parliament from Sirajganj-6 as a Bangladesh Nationalist Party candidate in 1991. He served as the state minister for Irrigation, Water Development and Flood Control.
Death
Siddiqui died on 16 April 2013 in BIRDEM hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
References
Bangladesh Nationalist Party politicians
2013 deaths
5th Jatiya Sangsad members
6th Jatiya Sangsad members
Water Resources ministers |
Pedro Fernández de Castro "the Castilian" (18 August, 1214, Morocco) was a Castilian nobleman, son of Fernando Rodríguez de Castro and Estefanía Alfonso la Desdichada (Stephanie "The Unfortunate"). He inherited the Infantazgo of León from his parents and was mayordomo mayor of Fernando II and his son Alfonso IX of León.
Family Origins
Born around 1160, Pedro Fernández de Castro was the son of Fernando Rodríguez de Castro "the Castilian", a member of the House of Castro, son of Rodrigo Fernández de Castro and his wife Elo Álvarez, daughter of Álvar Fáñez and Mayor Pérez. His mother, Stephanie "the Unfortunate", was an illegitimate daughter of King Alfonso VII of León and his mistress Urraca Fernández de Castro. As such, he was the nephew of Ferdinand II of León and Sancho III of Castile, and first cousin of Alfonso VIII of Castile and Alfonso IX of León.
Paternal inheritance and early years
In 1180, his mother, Stephanie Alfonso "The Unfortunate", was murdered by his father, Fernando Rodríguez de Castro, who believed his wife was being unfaithful with another man. After murdering his wife, he realized that he had been wrong and asked King Fernando II, his wife's half-brother, for forgiveness.
After his father died in 1185, Fernández de Castro inherited parental property, including the lordship of Trujillo comprising numerous fortresses and towns in Extremadura and the Infantazgo of León which King Fernando II had given his parents in 1170. He also declared himself a vassal of his cousin King Alfonso VIII of Castile to whom he gave the lordship of Trujillo which the king then gave to the Order of Santiago in 1187, together with half of his income so that the order could populate the territories between the Tajo and the Guadiana. A year later, in 1187, he stipulated in his will that if he died without heirs, all his castles located in Extremadura and León would become the property of the Order of Santiago. In 1187, he donated Peña Falcón castle to the Order of Alcántara, in favor of his uncle, Fernando Díaz, while the Order of Santiago was given the castles of La Solana and Santa Cruz de los Cáñamos located in the present province of Ciudad Real.
He was entrusted by the king with the government of several fiefs, including Lemos and Sarria in Galicia, plus others in Extremadura and Trasierra, as well as Asturias and the city of León.
Between the years 1185 and 1188, Fernandez de Castro remained a loyal vassal to his cousin Alfonso VIII, but in 1189, he had a falling out with the king and left the kingdom of Castile. He went to serve his cousin Alfonso IX of León, father of Ferdinand III of Castile. Following in the footsteps of his father, he began to ally with the Almohads at different times in detriment of the interests of his cousin, the king of Castile.
His attitude in the remaining years of the twelfth century depended on the evolution of relations between the kingdoms of Castile and León that were under the progressive influence of the papacy and military orders. When King Alfonso IX of León married Teresa of Portugal, daughter of King Sancho I, with the ostensible purpose of an alliance against Castile, several fortresses controlled by Pedro Fernández de Castro were assigned to the Portuguese since he was known to be an enemy of his cousin Alfonso VIII.
In 1191, the kingdoms of Navarre, Portugal, León and Aragon, formed the so-called League of Huesca, whose purpose was to combat the Kingdom of Castile. Meanwhile, Pope Celestine III threatened Alfonso IX of León with excommunication, after marrying his second cousin Berenguela of Castile. Between 1192 and 1193, Fernández de Castro was often in Castile. When he was near Seville, he suffered from a serious illness that doctors could not remedy and he asked to be taken to the Church of San Isidoro en Seville where the Christians of Seville would go often since the remains of Isidore had been buried there before being transferred to the Basilica of Saint Isidore in León. After fulfilling a promise he had made to the saint, he regained his health. Although the year that this took place is not known, it must have been around 1193, before the Battle of Alarcos.
In 1194, Fernandez de Castro tried to sabotage the signing of the Treaty of Tordehumos that was to put an end to the conflict between Alfonso IX of León and Alfonso VIII of Castile. He decided to leave the peninsular Christian kingdoms for Al-Andalus. He entered into an agreement with the Almohads and fought on their side at the Battle of Alarcos, in which Alfonso VIII's troops were defeated by the Muslims.
After the battle, he acted as the mediator in the negotiations between King Alfonso VIII of Castile and King Alfonso IX of León in the city of Toledo. After the failed meeting between the two sovereigns, Fernandez de Castro stayed in León fighting against the kingdom of Castile while his cousin, the king of León, once again named him his mayordomo mayor.
During the war between Castile and León, and in order to help Castile, Pope Celestine III excommunicated King Alfonso IX, Pedro Fernández de Castro and the other nobles who had helped the Saracens in their fight against Castile. The Pope also released the Leonese King's vassals from their pledge of loyalty to their king.
Nevertheless, the hostilities between both kingdoms ceased in 1197 after the marriage of Alfonso IX of León and Berengaria of Castile since Berengaria's dowry included several castles that her husband had claimed from Castile.
Marriage and descent
He married Jimena Gómez de Manzanedo, daughter of Count Gómez González de Manzanedo and Milia Pérez de Lara, with whom he appears in several charters. They were the parents of:
Álvaro Pérez de Castro "the Castilian" (died 1240).
Elo Pérez de Castro (died after 1243). Her first husband, whom she divorced, was Martim Sanches, an illegitimate son of King Sancho I of Portugal and Maria Aires de Fornelos. Divorced from her first husband, in 1205 she married Guerau IV de Cabrera Viscount of Àger, son of Ponce de Cabrera and Marquesa (Miracle) de Urgel. Elo and her husband were the parents of, among others, Ponce I of Urgell. She was buried in the Monastery of Santa María de Valbuena.
Stephanie Perez de Castro to whom her sister, countess Elo, in 1221 assigned 5,000 maravedíes of income in the Kingdom of Aragón.
Final years
In 1204, Fernandez de Castro again served as Alfonso IX of León's mayordomo mayor and, in the same year, with his wife Jimena and their children Álvaro and Elo and became a familiares of the Order of Calatrava.
A year later, he donated to the Order of Salvatierra and its master, Martín Martínez, the hospital of Santa Olalla, the villa of Ranconada, half of the vineyards that he owned in Aldovea, Cortes, Santa Olaya and the surrounding areas to the south under the condition that the income from these properties were for supporting the hospital in Santa Olalla. In 1204 his cousin Alfonso VIII of Castile restored all the properties that had been previously confiscated by the Leonese Crown.
In 1213, Fernández de Castro donated to the Monastery of Santa María de Sobrado, all his properties in Mayorga and surrounding areas. The charter was confirmed by his brother Martín Fernández a year later.
Pedro Fernandez de Castro died on August 18, 1214, while he was exiled in the kingdom of Morocco. His body was taken to the Iberian Peninsula, and subsequently taken to the kingdom of Castile, where his remains were buried in the Monastery of Santa María de Valbuena. At the same monastery were subsequently buried two of his children, Álvaro and Elo Pérez de Castro.
Notes
References
Bibliography
1160s births
1214 deaths
12th-century nobility from León and Castile
Spanish untitled nobility
13th-century people from the Kingdom of León
House of Castro |
```java
//
//
// path_to_url
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
//
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
import com.codahale.metrics.MetricRegistry;
import com.codahale.metrics.health.HealthCheckRegistry;
import com.code_intelligence.jazzer.api.FuzzedDataProvider;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.core.JsonFactory;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.core.JsonFactoryBuilder;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectMapper;
import io.dropwizard.core.Configuration;
import io.dropwizard.core.server.DefaultServerFactory;
import io.dropwizard.core.setup.Environment;
// Generated with path_to_url
// Minor modifications to beautify code and ensure exception is caught.
// jvm-autofuzz-heuristics-6
// Heuristic name: jvm-autofuzz-heuristics-6
// Target method: [io.dropwizard.core.server.DefaultServerFactory] public void
// configure(io.dropwizard.core.setup.Environment)
public class DefaultServerFactoryFuzzer {
public static void fuzzerTestOneInput(FuzzedDataProvider data) {
DefaultServerFactory obj = new DefaultServerFactory();
obj.setAdminMaxThreads(data.consumeInt());
obj.setAdminMinThreads(data.consumeInt());
obj.setApplicationContextPath(data.consumeString(data.remainingBytes() / 2));
obj.setAdminContextPath(data.consumeString(data.remainingBytes() / 2));
obj.configure(new Environment(data.consumeRemainingAsString()));
}
}
``` |
```c++
#include "PowerTelemetryContainer.h"
#include "../ControlLib/Exceptions.h"
#include <algorithm>
#include <ranges>
#include <functional>
#include "../CommonUtilities/log/GlogShim.h"
bool PowerTelemetryContainer::Repopulate() {
try {
telemetry_providers_.clear();
telemetry_adapters_.clear();
// create providers
for (int iVendor = 0; iVendor < int(PM_DEVICE_VENDOR_UNKNOWN); iVendor++) {
try {
if (auto pProvider = pwr::PowerTelemetryProviderFactory::Make(
PM_DEVICE_VENDOR(iVendor))) {
telemetry_providers_.push_back(std::move(pProvider));
}
}
catch (const TelemetrySubsystemAbsent& e) {
LOG(INFO) << "Skipping Telemetry Provider: " << e.what();
}
catch (const std::runtime_error& e) {
LOG(INFO) << "Power Telemetry Failure: " << e.what();
}
catch (...) {
LOG(INFO) << "Unknown Telemetry Failure.";
}
}
// collect all adapters together from providers
for (const auto& pProvider : telemetry_providers_) {
auto& adapters = pProvider->GetAdapters();
telemetry_adapters_.insert(telemetry_adapters_.end(), adapters.begin(),
adapters.end());
}
// bail if there are not adapters
if (telemetry_adapters_.size() == 0) {
return false;
}
// Re-sort adapters based on video memory size in an attempt to return back the most
// capable adapters
constexpr auto ComparisonField = &pwr::PowerTelemetryAdapter::GetDedicatedVideoMemory;
std::ranges::sort(telemetry_adapters_, std::greater{}, ComparisonField);
return true;
}
catch (...) {
return false;
}
}
``` |
The 1922 College Football All-Southern Team consists of college football players chosen by various organizations and writers for College Football All-Southern Teams for the 1922 Southern Conference football season. It was the first season of the Southern Conference.
Vanderbilt end Lynn Bomar and Georgia Tech running back Red Barron were the only two unanimous choices of a composite of selectors. Walter Camp picked no Southerners for his first-team All-American, but picked Bomar and Barron for his second team.
Composite eleven
The composite All-Southern eleven compiled from twenty four coaches and sporting editors of the South each of whom received trophies from the Atlanta Journal included:
Red Barron, halfback for Georgia Tech, unanimous selection, second-team Camp All-American. Barron led Tech to a 14–6 defeat over one of Auburn's greatest teams. He was also an All-Southern baseball player who played professionally with the Boston Braves; and later coached high school football.
Joe Bennett, tackle for Georgia, later a Coca-Cola executive. "Prior to the 1960s, Bennett is likely Georgia's most outstanding tackle." Both he and Whelchel were notorious kick blockers.
Lynn Bomar, end for Vanderbilt, unanimous selection, second-team Camp All-American. He played with the New York Giants in their inaugural season and was later warden of Tennessee State Prison. Inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1956.
Herb Covington, quarterback for Centre, known as "The Mayfield Flash", had to replace Bo McMillin and kicked a record six straight drop-kicked field goals in a game against Louisville.
Oscar Davis, guard for Georgia Tech, also selected All-American by Lawrence Perry and Billy Evans.
John Fletcher, fullback for Georgia, provided much of the team's offense. An account of the game against Tennessee the next season says "he rammed the ball almost the entire length of the field on two occasions."
Claire Frye, center for Georgia Tech, had formerly played football as a member of the American Expeditionary Forces.
Red Roberts, end for Centre, last year the fifth southern player selected first-team All-American by Walter Camp. Later coached the Waynesburg Yellow Jackets.
John Shirey, halfback for Auburn, was a member of various all-time Auburn teams.
Albert Staton, tackle for Georgia Tech, is the starting end on the all-time Heisman era team.
Puss Whelchel, guard for Georgia, and the unanimously elected captain from Georgia's strong line of '21. Both he and Bennett were notorious kick blockers.
Composite overview
All-Southerns of 1922
Ends
Lynn Bomar†, Vanderbilt (College Football Hall of Fame) (C, BE, MA, ZN [as t], ED [as t], EH, MB, JP [as t], MM, GHB, BH, HGP, JB [as t], CWA, JH, NOI, NOS, CM, KS, WGF, MT[as t])
Red Roberts, Centre (C, BE, MA, ED [as fb], MB [as g], EH, JP [as g], GHB, BH, HGP, JB, CWA, JH [as t], NOI [as t], NOS [as fb], CM [as t], KS [as t], WGF [as t], MT[as fb])
John Staton, Georgia Tech (C, BE, ZN, ED, JP)
Scotty Neill, Vanderbilt (C, BE, ZN, JH, WGF, MT)
Slick Moulton, Auburn (C, BE, MB, NOI, NOS)
Cliff Lemon, Centre (C, BE, JP, CM)
Tarzan Holt, Tennessee (C, BE, JB, KS)
Blood Miller, Sewanee (C, MM)
Crook Smith, Mercer (C, MT)
Edgar David, Oglethorpe (C)
Terry Snowday, Centre (ED)
Tackles
Al Staton, Georgia Tech (C, BE, MA, ED, MB, HGP, JB, CWA, NOS, MT)
Joe Bennett, Georgia (C, BE, MA, MB, GHB, CWA, JH, WGF)
James Pearce, Auburn (C, BE, MM, GHB, NOI, KS)
Thug Murray, Sewanee (C, BE, BH, HGP)
Jack Hovater, Alabama (C, ZN, JP)
Tex Bradford, Vanderbilt (C, BE, BH, NOS)
Tex Tilson, VPI (C, BE, CM)
Charles Fenwick, Virginia (C, EH)
Yen Lightsey, Clemson (C)
Martin
Guards
Oscar Davis, Georgia Tech (C, BE, MA [as g], ZN, ED, EH [as t], MB, JP, MM [as t], GHB, BH, HGP, JB, CWA, JH, NOI, NOS, KS, WGF, MT)
Puss Whelchel, Georgia (C, BE, EH, MM, GHB, JH, NOI, NOS)
Rip Reagan, Auburn (C, BE, ED, HGP, JB, CM, MT)
L. O. Wesley, Alabama (C, BE, MM)
Tuck Kelly, Vanderbilt (C, BE, BH)
Birkett Pribble, Kentucky (C, BE, WGF)
Ben Compton, Alabama (C)
Grady Pritchard, North Carolina (C, KS)
Centers
Claire Frye, Georgia Tech (C, BE, ZN [as g], ED, MB, JB, CM [as g])
Ed Kubale, Centre (C, BE, JP, GHB, JH, CM, KS, WGF)
Shorty Propst, Alabama, (C, BE, MA [as g], ZN, EH [as g], MM, HGP, CWA [as g])
Eddie Reed, Tulane (C, BE, MA, EH, CWA, NOI, NOS)
Fats Lawrence, Auburn (C)
Johnson, Mercer (C, MT)
Quarterbacks
Herb "Flash" Covington, Centre (C, BE, MA, ZN, ED, EH, MB, JP, MM, GHB, BH, HGP, JB, CWA, JH, NOI, NOS, CM, KS, WGF, MT)
Charles Bartlett, Alabama (BE, MM [as hb])
Doc Kuhn, Vanderbilt (BE)
Dick Mulvehill, Georgia (BE)
Jack McDonough, Georgia Tech (BE)
Halfbacks
Red Barron†, Georgia Tech (C, BE, MA, ZN, ED, EH, MB, JP, MM, GHB, BH, HGP, JB, CWA, JH, NOI, NOS, CM, KS, WGF, MT)
John Shirey, Auburn (C, BE, MA, ZN, ED, EH [as fb], MB, JP, MM [as fb], GHB [as fb], BH, HGP, JB, CWA, JH, NOI, NOS, CM, WGF, MT)
Gil Reese, Vanderbilt (BE, GHB)
Ark Newton, Florida (EH, KS)
Jimmy Brewster, Georgia Tech (BE)
G. B. Arnold, Virginia (BE)
Fullbacks
John Fletcher, Georgia (C, BE, MB, BH, HGP, CM)
Ed Sherling, Auburn (C, BE, MA, ZN, JP, CWA)
Roe Campbell, Tennessee (C, BE, JB, JH, KS, WGF)
Pooley Hubert, Alabama (College Football Hall of Fame) (C)
Red Johnston, North Carolina (C, NOI)
Pinkey Hunt, Georgia Tech (BE)
Key
See also
1922 College Football All-America Team
References
1922 Southern Conference football season
College Football All-Southern Teams |
Emathia is a genus of cicadas in the family Cicadidae. There are at least two described species in Emathia.
Species
These two species belong to the genus Emathia:
Emathia aegrota Stal, 1866 c g
Emathia takensis (Boulard, 2006) c g
Data sources: i = ITIS, c = Catalogue of Life, g = GBIF, b = Bugguide.net
References
Further reading
Cicadatrini
Cicadidae genera |
Waldisa Rússio Camargo Guarnieri (5 September 1935 – 11 June 1990), was a professor and museologist, most known in Brazil simply as Waldisa Rússio. She became one of the most influential personalities in the development of theoretical Museology and contributed to the constitution of the disciplinary field of Museology in Brazil. From 1957 she worked as a federal employee of the State of São Paulo in different positions and particularly in management reforms. In 1959, she graduated in the Law school of the Universidade de São Paulo – USP (University of São Paulo) and started working with the management of cultural matters of the State. On the 1970s, she was involved with issues more directly related to museums.
Academic career
Devoted to the cultural knowledge related to museums, Rússio introduced these matters to the academic field with her master (1977) and PhD (1980) degrees at the Escola Pós-Graduada da Fundação Escola de Sociologia e Política de São Paulo – FESP (Post-Graduate School of the Foundation School of Sociology and Politics of São Paulo). Waldisa Rússio starts, then, to develop a specific contribution to the capacity building in Museology from her experiences as Technical Assistant for the Cultural Area in the Government of the State of São Paulo and of the assessment of these experiences in the academic level.
Between the decades of 1960s and 1970s, she has coordinated several projects for the implantation of state museums in the country. Rússio has had an exponent role in the constitution of the first post-graduate course in Museology in the national territory, which became active in 1978 at FESP. Motivated by the ICOM recommendations in the 1960s and 1970s, which predicted the specific training of professionals (“museologists”) in all levels, and, preferably, in the post-graduate level, Waldisa Rússio has created the first Course of Museology of the state in 1978, as a specialization course, attached to the School of Social Sciences of São Paulo at FESP. The Course of Museology benefited from the structure and pedagogy of that School, and particularly of its interdisciplinary method. Waldisa Rússio justified the course by affirming the importance to consider the fact that the study of museums and Museology demands an interdisciplinary character, which makes it only “viable and practicable in the post-graduate level, when students are already in the domain of another discipline in which they were ‘formed’”. Nevertheless, the course would stay active until 1992, without the constitution of a master degree in Museology, thanks to the reformulation of the internal structure of FESP, which would be organized in institutes and no longer prioritizing interdisciplinary approaches. This would leave Museology as defended by Rússio in the background.
Professional background
Rússio coordinated the Technical Group of Museums in the Cabinet of the Secretary of State of Culture in São Paulo (1976); the Specialization Course in Museology at FESP (1978); she contributed to the creation of the Institute of Museology of São Paulo (1985) and in the development of museological projects such as, for example, in the Museu da Indústria, Comércio e Tecnologia (Museum of Industry, Commerce and Technology, 1980s) and in the Estação Ciência (Science Station, 1986-1988). Furthermore, she established several partnerships with the Brazilian Committee of the International Council of Museums – ICOM Brazil, to which she was affiliated in 1977. At the same time she became an active member of the International Committee for Museology – ICOFOM, created as a committee of ICOM in this same year. Waldisa Rússio became the first Brazilian museologist to publish theoretical texts in Museology that were broadly disseminated by this committee .
Some months before her death, Rússio was involved in the organization of the “I Latin American Seminar of Museology”, conceived with the Institute of Museology of São Paulo that was held in the Latin America Memorial in São Paulo in 1990. The Seminar program puts in evidence the particular concerns of the museologist with cultural problems related to heritage and the insertion of professional training in this context, which is a topic that was already approached in her academic researches. Waldisa Rússio, as well as Tereza Scheiner, took part in a specific group of ICOFOM thinkers that insisted in the scientific character of museology internationally, allowing it to be conceived as a social science or an applied social science since the 1980s.
In the theory produced within ICOFOM International Committee for Museology, Rússio has conceived the notion of “museological fact” or “museum fact”, her most known and representative theoretical conception which was derivative of the social fact proposed by Durkheim and Mauss in the field of Sociology. The “museological fact” is thought as the relation of man to the objects of reality and, according to Rússio, it would configure the true object of study of Museology:
“The object of study of museology is the museum fact, or the museological fact. The museological fact is the profound relationship between man, the cognizant subject, and the object: that part of reality to which man belongs, and over which he has the power to act. This relationship comprises several levels of consciousness, and man can perceive an object with his senses: sight, hearing, touch, etc.”
This concept leads to the approach to the social processes documented by museum objects, on the contrary of past approaches in the discipline by which the objects were considered in an isolated form, without the necessary concern with their historical, cultural or social implications.
Biography
BRUNO, Maria Cristina Oliveira. Waldisa Rússio Camargo Guarnieri: textos e contextos de uma trajetória profissional. [Waldisa Rússio Camargo Guarnieri: texts and contexts of a professional journey]. São Paulo: Pinacoteca do Estado / Secretaria de Estado da Cultura / Comitê Brasileiro do Conselho Internacional de Museus, 2010.
BRULON SOARES, B. C.; DE CARVALHO, Luciana Menezes; CRUZ, H. V.. O nascimento da Museologia: confluências e tendências do campo museológico no Brasil. In: MAGALHÃES, Aline Montenegro; BEZERRA, Rafael Zamorano. (Org.). 90 anos do Museu Histórico Nacional em debate (1922-2012). [90 years of the National Historical Museum in debate (1922-2012)]. 1ed. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Histórico Nacional, 2014, p. 244-262.
RUSSIO, W. Interdisciplinarity in museology. Museological Working Papers – MuWoP 2, 1981, p. 56–57.
RUSSIO, W. Methodology of museology and professional training. ICOFOM Study Series – ISS 1, 1983, p. 114–125.
RUSSIO GUARNIERI, W. La muséologie et la formation : une seule méthode. ICOFOM Study Series - ISS 5, 1983, p. 32–39.
See also
International Committee for Museology
Notes
Museologists
1935 births
1990 deaths |
The right to sit in the United States refers to state and local laws guaranteeing workers the right to sit at work when standing is not necessary. The right to sit was a pillar of the early labor movement. Between 1881 and 1917, almost all states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico had passed legislation concerning suitable seating for workers. These laws were enacted during the Progressive Era, spearheaded by women workers in the labor movement. The original texts of these laws almost always applied only to female workers. Most states with right to sit laws have subsequently amended their laws to include all workers regardless of sex. Some states allow seating accommodations for workers who are minors, disabled, or pregnant. There is no federal right to sit law. Disabled workers who qualify can request seating as a reasonable accommodation under the Americans with Disabilities Act. Pregnant workers can request seating under the Pregnant Workers Fairness Act.
Largely obscure and rarely enforced for over a century, right to sit laws have obtained new relevance following several high-profile lawsuits against major corporations in California and other states during the 2010s and 2020s. States with current, gender-neutral right to sit laws include California, Florida, Massachusetts, Montana, New Jersey, Oregon, and Wisconsin. Some states, including New York, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia, maintain gendered language referring to female workers only. Other states, such as Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Connecticut, Idaho, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Michigan, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico New Hampshire, Virginia, and Washington, as well as the District of Columbia, repealed their right to sit laws between 1951 and 2015. Mississippi and Hawaii are the only states to have never had right to sit laws. Right to sit laws have been enacted at the local level in several cities, including Portland, Oregon and St. Louis, Missouri. Since 2019, politicians in several states, including Hawaii, Maryland, New York, and West Virginia, have proposed legislation to enact right to sit laws or amend them to be gender neutral.
History
In the late 1800s and early 1900s, during the Progressive Era, numerous states passed laws granting workers the right to suitable seats, specifically for women workers. According to a report by the sociologist Annie Marion MacLean, 22 states had passed suitable seating laws for women workers by 1897.
By 1915, only four states lacked a suitable seating law for women workers: Idaho, Mississippi, Nevada, and New Mexico. Principles of Labor Legislation, a foundational labor law text written in 1916 by John R. Commons and John Bertram Andrews, noted that an aspect of early 20th century labor reforms that is "[p]articularly striking is the special protection of women manifested in the laws on seats, toilets, and dressing-rooms." At the time, all right to sit legislation in the United States was gendered, applying specifically to women workers. They write that as "far back as the end of the 'seventies the dangers of constant standing for salesgirls were recognized, and it was urged that they be furnished seats and allowed to use them." They note that the first state to pass right to sit legislation for women workers was New York in 1881. By 1916, almost every state had such a right to sit law for women workers. Most state laws covered manufacturing and mechanical jobs, with some states covering virtually all jobs. Commons and Andrews claimed that these early right to sit laws were "of little real importance in protecting health...since it is practically impossible to see that employers and foremen allow the seats to be used even when provided."
By 1932, almost all of the states, the District of Columbia, and the territories of Puerto Rico and the Philippines, had passed laws requiring some form of suitable seating for women workers. The majority of states with right to sit laws specify that "suitable seats" be provided by employers and that workers be allowed to sit when standing is not required. The only state in the United States without a right to sit law by 1932 was Mississippi. North Dakota and New Mexico passed suitable sitting laws in 1922 and 1931, respectively.
The 1965 Handbook on Women Workers published by the Women's Bureau Bulletin recommends, as a health standard, "Suitable seats in adequate numbers; workers free to use them when not actively engaged in performance of duties that require a standing position, or at all times when nature of job permits."
After largely falling into obscurity for over a century, these suitable seating laws have gained greater recognition due to multiple lawsuits in the state of California and other states during the late 2010s and early 2020s. In 2019, Safeway was ordered to pay a fine of $12 million (~$ in ) after a Santa Clara County, California cashier was denied the right to sit.
Legislation by jurisdiction
Federal legislation
There is no federal law requiring suitable seating for all workers. Qualifying disabled workers can request seating as a reasonable accommodation under the Americans with Disabilities Act. Pregnant workers can request seating under the federal Pregnant Workers Fairness Act. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) does not have a specific standard that requires that all workers be provided with suitable seating. OSHA permits states to develop their own occupational safety standards, as long as the standards are "at least as effective as" federal standards.
Summary of legislation by jurisdiction
Note: in cases where it is unknown if the legislation has been repealed or is still active, a "No" under the column for gender neutrality indicates that the legislation was not gender neutral when first enacted. The bills may or may not have been updated to be gender neutral since they were passed.
Alabama
First passed in 1907, Alabama's right to sit law for women workers was repealed on April 21, 2015.
Alaska
As early as 1954, Alaska law stated that "Wherever possible women shall be seated at their work, with stools or chairs provided with a backrest and contribute to good posture; when required to stand at their work for prolonged periods, chairs shall be provided for their use during rest periods."
Arizona
Arizona first passed a right to sit law in 1912.
Arizona's General Construction Safety Code, 1957 prohibited women from working in mines, quarries, coal breakers, or other jobs that required standing. The law also stipulated that "Employers of females in any place or establishment must provide suitable seats, chairs, or benches and permit their use when females are not engaged in active duties."
Arkansas
Arkansas first passed a suitable seating law for women workers in 1913. The law stated that in any "manufacturing, mechanical, mercantile and other establishment where girls or women are employed, there shall be provided, and conveniently situated, seats sufficient to comfortably seat such girls or women, and during such times as they are not required by their duties to be upon their feet, they shall be allowed to use the seats."
Arkansas's right to sit law for women workers was repealed in 1997.
California
In 1911, the California State Legislature passed a provision requiring all employers in the mercantile industry to "provide suitable seats for all female employees" and to allow them to "use such seats when they are not engaged in the active duties of
their employment." Workers who are not "engaged in the active duties of their employment and the nature of the work requires standing, an adequate number of suitable seats shall be placed in reasonable proximity to the work area and employees shall be permitted to use such seats when it does not interfere with the performance of their duties."
The gendered provision in California's suitable seating law was struck down as discriminatory in federal court in 1974.
In 2016, the Supreme Court of California ruled in Kilby v. CVS Pharmacy, Inc. that workers whose jobs can be done while sitting down some or all of the time cannot be denied suitable seating. The class action lawsuit was brought by Nykeya Kilby, a CVS worker who was forced to stand while working.
In 2018, Walmart was accused of violating California law by refusing to allow their workers to sit. Walmart denied any wrongdoing, but agreed to pay $65 million in compensation to 100,000 current and former employees.
Colorado
Colorado first passed a right to sit law for women workers in 1885.
In 1913, Colorado labor law required employers of women to allow them to sit while working, stating that "Suitable seats for the use of the women shall be provided in all manufacturing, mechanical, or mercantile establishments, and their use shall be permitted when the women are not necessarily engaged in the active duties for which they are employed."
In 1970, the Colorado State Legislature appointed a committee to consider laws relating to women and children. The committee recommended the repeal of suitable seating laws for women workers because the law might discourage employers from hiring women. The committee's report claimed that such laws "are so "unduly" protective that employment discrimination against women has developed."
Connecticut
Beginning in 1893, Connecticut labor law stated that "[e]very person or company employing females in any mercantile, mechanical, or manufacturing establishment shall provide suitable seats for the use of all females so employed and shall permit the use of these seats by the females when they are not actively engaged in the duties for which they are employed." Employers who violated the law could be fined between $5 and $50.
In 2005, Connecticut repealed the right to sit law.
Delaware
In 1897, Delaware passed a right to sit law stating that "suitable seats should be provided for women employees In manufacturing" mechanical, or mercantile establishments and that the use of such seats 'should be permitted when the women were not necessarily engaged in the duties for which they were employed." Employers found to violate the law could be fined between $25 and $50.
Florida
Florida's right to sit law was passed in 1899.
Florida Statute 448.05 protects a worker's right to sit. Merchants and shop-owners in Florida who require their workers to stand when not necessary, fail to provide suitable seating at their own expense to workers, or prohibit workers from making use of suitable seating, can be found "guilty of a misdemeanor of the second degree." Florida is one of the few states to have a right to sit law that was always gender neutral.
Georgia
In 1889, Georgia labor law stated that it was a requirement for "persons or corporations employing females in manufacturing, mechanical or mercantile establishments to provide suitable seats, and permit their use by such females, when not necessarily engaged in the active duties for which they were employed."
Hawaii
In 2023, a right to sit bill (SB876) was introduced in the Hawaii State Legislature. The bill was sponsored by Stanley Chang, Karl Rhoads, Michelle Kidani, and Maile Shimabukuro. The bill passed the first reading and was referred to the Labor and Technology and Judiciary Committees in January, 2023.
Idaho
Idaho labor law formerly required "employers in establishments where females are employed to provide suitable seats and permit their use when not engaged in active duties for which they are employed." The law was first passed in 1913.
Idaho's right to sit law was repealed in 1985.
Illinois
Illinois first passed a suitable seating law for women workers in 1901.
Indiana
Indiana's right to sit law for women workers was passed in 1891.
As of 1917, Section 2 of Indiana Senate Bill No. 140 established that all employers in "any express or transportation company, laundry, hotel, public lodging house, place of amusement, restaurant, telephone, manufacturing, mechanical or mercantile establishments, employing any female person, shall provide suitable seats for all female employees and shall permit them to use such seats when same does not interfere with their employment."
Iowa
Iowa's right to sit law was first passed in 1892.
In 1922, Iowa labor law (Code 1939, sec. 1485) stated that "[a]ll employers of females in any mercantile or manufacturing business or occupation shall provide and maintain suitable seats when practicable for the use of such females at or beside the counter or work bench where employed, and permit the use thereof by such employees to such extent as the work engaged in may reasonably admit of." A 1922 report from the United States Department of Labor reports that such laws were difficult to enforce, "apparent from a study of their phraseology". Language such as "shall provide...when practicable" and "permit the use...to such extent as the work engaged in may reasonably admit of" are specifications which made enforcement difficult. The report claimed that seating arrangements at Iowa establishments in 1922 ranged from "workers stand all day" with "not a chair in sight" to "all of them sit all the time." The report states that either extreme of sitting or standing can produce fatigue, depending on occupation. Over 100 Iowa establishments were found to have no suitable seating, despite the law's requirement.In 1924, a revision to the Iowa law added workshops to the establishments covered by the right to sit and established a fine of not more than $10 (~$ in ) for employers found to violate the law.
As of 1970, Iowa law required "employers of females in workshops, mercantile, manufacturing or business establishments to provide suitable seats and permit their use when duties reasonably allow it."
Kansas
Kansas first passed a suitable seating law for women workers in 1901.
Kentucky
Kentucky first passed a right to sit law in 1912. Recodified in 1942, the law was repealed in 1972. Kentucky's legislation had only applied to women workers.
Louisiana
Louisiana first passed a suitable seating law for women workers in 1900.
Maine
First passed in 1911, Maine's right to sit law for women workers was repealed in 1975.
Maryland
One April 4, 1896, the State of Maryland enacted legislation stipulating that a chair or stool be provided to women workers in mercantile establishments. Maryland's state law was less comprehensive than the City of Baltimore's law, as the Maryland state law did not apply to manufacturing establishments. Maryland's right to sit law provided that in "every retail, jobbing, or wholesale drygoods store, notion, millinery or any other business where any female salespeople are employed, a seat shall be provided for each one of such female help, and they shall not be forbidden to avail themselves of any opportunity of rest not interfering with their duties." A 1904 report from the Maryland Bureau of Statistics and Information cited Maryland's right to sit law as an example of a law with a "remedial character...which, if properly enforced, might prove of great advantage to the masses of the people", however the report notes that right to sit laws are "oft-times lost sight of because of the multifarious duties of the Police Department and the impossibility of a proper enforcement of such laws."
In 1898, the City of Baltimore approved a law requiring that every "employer of females in any mercantile or manufacturing establishment in the City of Baltimore must provide and maintain suitable seats for the use of such employees." Employers who violated the law could be found guilty of a misdemeanor and fined $150 upon conviction. While the law was well-known, in 1912 Elizabeth Beardsley Butler described the law's provisions as "vague and unsatisfactory in wording", a defect she thought was common among many right to sit laws in the United States.
Baltimore's suitable seating law was in effect as of 1956.
In 2022, Maryland Delegate Vaughn Stewart introduced the Right to Sit Act (HB256). The measure was co-sponsored by delegates Marlon Amprey, Lorig Charkoudian, David Moon, Joseline Peña-Melnyk, and Sheila Ruth. The bill was withdrawn by the sponsor. The Maryland Women's Law Center said that the right to sit is often "unreasonably denied" and that the Right to Sit Act would be a "significant" improvement to workers' health and well-being while being an "inconsequential" change for employers. The Maryland State & DC AFL-CIO described the bill as a "simple measure" that could nonetheless be of legal importance in class action lawsuits. The bill was opposed by the Maryland Retailers Association. Delegate Stewart sponsored the Right to Sit Act (HB0017) a second time, with the bill receiving an unfavorable report from the Economic Matters committee in 2023. The bill was endorsed by the Kennedy Krieger Institute, which stated that suitable seating is an inclusive business practice that "increases employment outcomes for individuals with disabilities" and provides disabled people with greater employment opportunities they otherwise might not consider. The bill was opposed by the Maryland Chamber of Commerce, which stated that the law was "unnecessary" because disabled workers already have a right to sit under the ADA and because the bill's creation of a private right of action could subject "Maryland’s small businesses to additional liability that would add yet another degree of uncertainty in these already turbulent times."
Massachusetts
In 1882, Massachusetts labor law required that "Every person or corporation employing females in any manufacturing, mechanical or mercantile establishment in this Commonwealth shall provide suitable seats for the use of the females so employed", furthermore permitting the use of "such seats by them when they are not necessarily engaged in the active duties for which they are employed." Any employer found to have violated the right to sit could be fined between $10 and $30. The law was passed on 19 November 1881 and went into effect on 1 February 1882.
While the law was originally intended to protect "women and children", in 1974 the language of the law was amended to be gender neutral in order to protect all workers regardless of sex.
Massachusetts law currently states that "Employers shall provide suitable seats for the use of their employees and shall permit such employees to use such seats whenever they are not necessarily engaged in the active duties of their employment, and shall also provide for their use and permit them to use suitable seats while at work, except when the work cannot properly be performed in a sitting position or when such seats may reasonably be expected to result in an unsafe or hazardous working condition." Any employer who violates this law can be punished by a fine of between $50 and $200.
The Massachusetts Pregnant Workers Fairness Act grants pregnant workers the right to the "acquisition or modification of equipment or seating", which is considered a reasonable accommodation for pregnant workers. An employer cannot request medical documentation if a pregnant worker makes requests for seating.
Michigan
First passed in 1883, Michigan's right to sit law for women workers was repealed in 1975. The law had stated that "[n]o employer of female help shall neglect or refuse to provide seats as provided in this act, nor shall make any rules, orders or regulations in their shops, stores or other places of business requiring females to remain standing when not necessarily in service or labor therein."
Minnesota
Minnesota passed a right to sit law for women workers in 1887. The law stated that it "shall be the duty of all employers of females in any mercantile or manufacturing business or occupation to provide and maintain suitable seats for the use of such female employes, and to permit the use of such seats by such employes to such an extent as may be reasonable for the preservation of their health."
Minnesota's right to sit law remained in effect as of 1967.
Mississippi
By 1932, Mississippi was the only state in the United States that didn't have some form of right to sit law. By December of 1944, Mississippi still had no right to sit law.
Missouri
Missouri passed a right to sit law in 1885. The law was repealed on August 28, 2007.
The St. Louis Code of Ordinances mandates "all employers of females in any mercantile business or occupation to provide and maintain suitable seats for the use of female employees, at or beside the counter or work bench where employed, and to permit the use of seats by employees to an extent as may be reasonable for the preservation of their health." Any employer found to have violated this provision is guilty of a misdemeanor.
Montana
Montana first passed a right to sit law in 1885. The law originally applied to women workers only.
Montana labor law states that employers "shall provide suitable seats for all employees and shall permit them to use such seats when they are not employed in the active duties of their employment." Employers found violating this provision can be found guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction fined between $50 and $200, imprisoned in the county jail between 10 and 60 days, or be both fined and imprisoned.
Nebraska
Nebraska first passed a suitable seating law for women workers in 1883. The law applied to women workers in stores, offices, and educational institutions. In 1899, without reference to the 1883 law, another law was passed granting the right to sit for women workers in manufacturing, mercantile, and mechanical establishments, as well as restaurant and hotel workers. A 1913 amendment to the 1883 law included factory workers. In 1919, an amendment to the 1913 act extended the right to sit to all women workers.
Nebraska's suitable seating law was repealed on April 28, 1969. Legislative Bill 411 to "Repeal Preference Statutes Based on Sex" was introduced by state legislator Fern Hubbard Orme.
The Nebraska Fair Employment Practice Act lists sitting as a reasonable accommodation "with respect to pregnancy, childbirth, or related medical conditions".
Nevada
On February 14, 1917, Nevada passed a right to sit law for women workers. The legislation stated that an "employer in any manufacturing, mechanical, or mercantile establishment, laundry, hotel, or restaurant, or other establishment, employing any female, shall provide suitable seats for all female employees, and shall permit them to use such seats when they are not engaged in the active duties of their employment."
In 1975, the suitable seating provision in Chapter 609 of the Nevada Revised Statutes was repealed.
New Hampshire
New Hampshire labor law formerly required that suitable seating be provided by employers to women workers in all manufacturing, mechanical, or mercantile establishments, and the use of such seats must be permitted.
New Hampshire's right to sit law was repealed in 1985.
New Jersey
New Jersey first passed a right to sit law in 1882.
The right to sit law in New Jersey was made gender neutral in 1980.
New Jersey labor law states that all employers "in any manufacturing, mechanical or mercantile establishment or in the services and operations incident to any commercial employment shall provide and maintain suitable seats conveniently situated and shall permit the use of such seats by employees at all times except when necessarily engaged in the discharge of duties that cannot properly be performed in a sitting position."
New Mexico
New Mexico labor law formerly stated that all employers with women workers "shall provide and furnish suitable seats, to be used by such employees when not engaged in the active duties of their employment, and shall give notice to all such female employees by posting in a conspicuous place, on the premises of such employment in letters not less than one inch in height, that all such female employees will be permitted to use seats when not so engaged." Employers found violating the law can be found guilty of a misdemeanor and fined between $50 and $200 per violation.
New Mexico's suitable seating law was repealed in 2009.
New York
In 1881, New York became the first state in the US to pass right to sit legislation for women workers. New York labor law states that a "sufficient number of suitable seats, with backs where practicable, shall be provided and maintained in every factory, mercantile establishment, freight or passenger elevator, hotel and restaurant for female employees who shall be allowed to use the seats to such an extent as may be reasonable for the preservation of their health." Factory workers "shall be allowed to use such seats whenever they are engaged in work which can be properly
performed in a sitting posture", while workers in the mercantile industry must be provided one seat for every three workers and "if the duties of such employees are to be performed principally in front of a counter, table, desk or fixture, such seats shall be placed in front thereof" or behind as needed.
In 2019-2020, New York Assembly Bill A7649 was proposed to amend the state's right to sit law to cover all workers regardless of sex.
In 2022, New York State Senators Rachel May and Alessandra Biaggi proposed the "Standing is Tiring (SIT) Act" that would require suitable seating for all workers regardless of sex. The bill is in the New York Senate Labor Committee as of 2023.
North Carolina
North Carolina first passed a right to sit law in 1909. The law stated that "persons, firms, or corporations who employ females in a store, shop, office, or manufacturing establishment, as clerks, operators, or helpers in any business, trade, or occupation carried on or operated in the state of North Carolina, shall be required to procure and provide proper and suitable seats for all such females, and shall permit the use of such seats, rests, or stools as may be necessary, and shall not make any rules, regulations, or orders preventing the use of such seats, stools or rests when any such female employee or employees are not actively employed or engaged in their work in such business or employment." Any employer found to have violated the law could be found guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction fined between $25 and $100 per the discretion of the court.
North Dakota
North Dakota passed a suitable seating law for women workers in 1922, one of the last states to pass such legislation.
Ohio
In Jones Co. v. Walker, decided on March 9, 1971, Ohio's gendered provisions in its right to sit law were ruled by the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas to be a form of sex discrimination favoring female workers over male workers, thereby being a violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
Ohio's right to sit law was repealed in 1982.
Oklahoma
Oklahoma first passed a right to sit law in 1908.
Section 3732 of Oklahoma's Revised Laws of 1910 stated that child workers were allowed the right to sit and that "the employer must provide suitable seats and permit their use so far as the nature of the work allows."
Oklahoma's right to sit law was made gender neutral in 1991.
Oregon
Oregon passed a right to sit law for women workers on 19 February 1903, due to activism from the labour movement.
Oregon labor law guarantees the right to suitable seating for minors while working. Minors in cannery operations are granted one seat for every three minor workers. Suitable seating is defined as "convenient, comfortable and safe seats where the work is such that minors may sit while working."
The Oregon Administrative Rules states that every "employer shall provide to each employee when required by the nature of the work, suitable seats, suitable tables, and suitable work benches." Suitable seating is defined as "convenient, comfortable and safe seats where the work is such that employees may sit while working." In cannery operations, workers must be granted one seat for every three workers. Suitable tales and benches are defined by the law as "tables and work benches so constructed as to give the greatest possible comfort and convenience to employees where the nature of the work and the safety and convenience of the employee requires a bench or table."
The City of Portland has a local law stipulating that every "employer in any manufacturing or mercantile establishment, store, department store, laundry, hotel or restaurant or other establishments shall provide for all employees a sufficient number of suitable seats, which in no case shall be less than one seat for each three employees, and shall permit them to use such seats when such employees are not engaged in active duties of their employment."
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania first passed a suitable seating law for women workers in 1887. The current suitable seating law, dating to 1917, states that all persons "employing or permitting females to work in any establishment shall provide suitable seats for their use conveniently assessable while they are working, and shall maintain and keep them there, and shall permit the reasonable use thereof by such females. At least one seat shall be provided for every five females employed or permitted to work."
Rhode Island
Rhode Island first passed a suitable seating law for women workers in 1894.
Rhode Island law lists seating as a reasonable accommodation for pregnant workers.
South Carolina
South Carolina first passed a suitable seating law for women workers in 1899.
South Dakota
South Dakota labor law guarantees the right to suitable seating for child workers, stating that "any mercantile or manufacturing establishment, hotel, or restaurant where children are employed, suitable seats shall be maintained in the room where such employees work and such use thereof permitted as may be necessary for preservation of the health of such employees." Employers found guilty of violating this provision can be convicted of a Class 2 misdemeanor.
Tennessee
Tennessee first passed a suitable seating law for women workers in 1913.
Texas
In 1913, Texas "required that suitable seats be provided for women employees in any manufacturing, mechanical, or mercantile establishment, workshop, laundry, printing office, dressmaking or millinery establishment, hotel, restaurant, theater; telegraph or telephone establishment and office, or any other establishment. The use of these seats was to be permitted when the women were not engaged in the duties of their employment." The law exempted women stenographers and pharmacists and did not apply to residents of cities with a population under 5,000. Employers who violated the law could be fined between $50 and $200, be imprisoned from 5 to 30 days, or be both fined and imprisoned. A subsequent legislative act in 1915 further covered "any factory,
mine, mill, workshop, mechanical or mercantile establishment, laundry, hotel, restaurant, rooming' house, theater or moving-picture show, barber shop, telegraph, telephone, or other office, express or transportation company, any State institution, or any other establishment, institution, or enterprise where women are employed." Employers were required to furnish the seating as well as post notices alerting workers of their right to sit. The 1915 law further exempted telegraph and telephone company workers and mercantile workers in rural areas with a population under 3,000.
Utah
Utah first passed a suitable seating law for women workers in 1897.
Vermont
Vermont first passed a suitable seating law in 1915. The law stated that "[s]eats must be provided in mercantile establishments, stores, shops, hotels and restaurants where women or girls are employed, and the use of these seats must be permitted".
Virginia
In Virginia, some of the earliest labor laws were passed to protect women workers. 1897-98 Va. Acts 45 required employers to grant women workers suitable seating when not performing work that necessitates standing. Virginia's law stated that "[c]hairs, stools, or other suitable seats shall be maintained in all factories, shops, mills, laundries, mercantile and manufacturing establishments, except fruit and vegetable canning factories, for the use of female employees therein to the number of at least one seat for every three females employed, and the use thereof by such employees shall be allowed at such times and
to such extent as may be necessary for the preservation of their health. Such seats shall be placed where the work of such females is to be principally performed, whether in front of or behind a counter, table, desk, or other fixture." An employer found to have violated the law could be found guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction be fined up to $25 and costs determined by the discretion of the court.
Virginia's suitable seating law was repealed in 1974.
Washington, D.C.
In 1895, the United States Congress passed a law for the District of Columbia "providing that all persons who employ women in stores, shops, offices or manufactories as clerks, assistants, operatives, or helpers in any business, trade, or occupation are required to procure and provide proper and suitable seats for all their women employees and to permit the use of these seats when the women are not actively employed in their work."
As of 1961, Washington, D.C., required employers of women to "provide proper and suitable seats for them, and to permit their use when not actively engaged in duties."
By 1998, the law stipulated for all employers "to provide and procure proper and suitable seats for all such employees" and that employers must not make "any rules, regulations or orders preventing the use of such stools or seats when any such employees are not actively employed in their work." (D.C. Code §36-901.)
Washington, D.C.'s right to sit law was made gender neutral in 1976. It was repealed by an act of Congress in 2004.
The 2014 Protecting Pregnant Workers Fairness Act states that "Purchasing or modifying work equipment, such as chairs" is a reasonable accommodation for pregnant workers in DC.
Washington state
Washington's right to sit law for women workers was passed in 1911. Washington labor law required that "[e]very employer in establishments where females are employed shall provide suitable seats for them and permit their use." Washington's law was repealed in 1973.
Washington state law states that "Providing seating or allowing the employee to sit more frequently if her job requires her to stand" is a "Reasonable accommodation" for pregnant workers.
West Virginia
West Virginia labor law states that every "person, firm or corporation employing females in any factory, mercantile establishment, mill or workshop in this state shall provide a reasonable number of suitable seats for the use of such female employees, and shall permit the use of such seats by them when they are not necessarily engaged in active duties for which they are employed, and shall permit the use of such seats at all times when such use would not actually and necessarily interfere with the proper discharge of the duties of such employees, and, where practicable, such seats shall be made permanent fixtures and may be so constructed or adjusted that, when not in use, they will not obstruct such female employee when engaged in the performance of her duties."
In 2020, West Virginia Delegate Sean Hornbuckle introduced House Bill 4909 to amend West Virginia's right to sit law to include all workers regardless of sex or occupation.
Wisconsin
The Wisconsin Legislature first passed a right to sit law in 1899.
In 1942, the law stated that "[e]very person or corporation employing females in any manufacturing, mechanical or mercantile establishment in the state of Wisconsin shall provide suitable seats for the females so employed, and shall permit the use of such seats by them when they are not necessarily engaged in the active duties for which they are employed." Any employer convicted of violating this provision could be found guilty of a misdemeanor and fined between $10 and $30.
Wisconsin's right to sit law became gender neutral in 1975.
The text of the law was amended again in 1997 by Assembly Bill 683, with minor changes to the wording.
The current Wisconsin law mandating suitable sitting does not contain gendered language referring to female workers, stating that employers "in any manufacturing, mechanical or mercantile establishment in this state shall provide suitable seats for its employees, and shall permit the use of those seats by its employees when the employees are not necessarily engaged in the active duties for which they are employed." The fine for an employer who violates the provision remains between $10 and $30.
Wyoming
In 1901, Wyoming passed labor legislation (Acts 1901, C. 33) stipulating that suitable seating be "required in manufacturing, mechanical or mercantile establishments."
Accommodations
Federal law protects the right to sit for pregnant workers and disabled workers who qualify. There is no federal law granting a right to sit for minor workers. Supporters of right to sit laws note that pregnant workers and disabled workers may not wish to disclose to an employer that they are pregnant or disabled, and therefore right to sit laws also protect the privacy of those workers.
Disabled workers
In 2019, Crossmark, Inc. of Texas was ordered by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to pay $2.65 million in a disability settlement. The business restricted workers to only being allowed to sit for 10 minutes at a time every 2 hours, regardless of medical condition or disability. The EEOC ruled that these restrictions violated the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA), which requires employers to provide reasonable accommodations to disabled workers.
Some states grant seating accommodations for disabled workers.
Minor workers
Some states have suitable seating laws that only apply to minors, including Oklahoma, Oregon, and South Dakota.
Pregnant workers
The Pregnant Workers Fairness Act of 2023 grants pregnant workers a right to seating accommodations under federal law.
Laws in some jurisdictions state that sitting is a reasonable accommodation for pregnant workers and workers with pregnancy-related or childbirth-related medical conditions, including Massachusetts, Nebraska, Rhode Island, Washington state, and Washington, D.C.
Criticism of gendered provisions
Professor Carol Louw of the University of South Africa claims that female-specific provisions in right to sit laws "reinforced stereotypes regarding women's frailty." Law professors Sacha Prechal and Noreen Burrows argued against sex-specific provisions in right to sit laws because "working conditions should be as safe and as pleasant as possible for all employees" regardless of sex.
Opposition to right to sit laws
Many employers, often in retail, require workers to stand for the duration of their shift due to the belief that sitting is inefficient, looks unprofessional, or is unsuitable for the nature of the work.
The American Tort Reform Association's "Judicial Hellholes" program has denounced California's suitable seating law for allegedly protecting "lazy cashiers and their opportunistic lawyers".
Some critics of New York's "Standing is Tiring (SIT) Act" have ridiculed the proposed law by comparing it to a scene from the Seinfeld episode The Maestro, where George Costanza provides a rocking chair for a security guard who must stand for the duration of his shift. The chair is so comfortable that the guard falls asleep and the store is robbed. New York State Assembly member Karines Reyes, a supporter of the bill, responded by saying that the jokes were "funny", but the law would be reasonably applied.
See also
High heel policy
Potty parity in the United States
Right to sit
References
External links
"I Thought It Was A Joke": Store Manager Writes Up An Employee, Says When You're Sitting On A Chair, It's Not To Lounge Around, Bored Panda
‘Not for employee use’: why are US retail workers being denied chairs?, The Guardian
'Some managers just want to see workers struggle': Former Aldi cashier says he was written-up for sitting in his chair 'too comfortably', The Daily Dot
The Right to Sit Act | Dumbest Bill in America, "Mark and the Millenials", YouTube
Ageism
Disability law in the United States
History of retail in the United States
Labor movement in the United States
Labor history of the United States
Labor rights
Legal issues in pregnancy
Manufacturing in the United States
Occupational safety and health law
Privacy law in the United States
Progressive Era in the United States
Right to sit
Sexism in the United States
Women's rights in the United States
Working-class feminism
Youth rights in the United States |
Madame Nguyễn may refer to:
Madame Thiệu Nguyễn, wife of Thiệu Nguyễn, former President of South Vietnam (1965–1975)
Madame Kỳ Nguyễn, wife of Kỳ Nguyễn, former Prime Minister of South Vietnam (1965–1967)
Định Nguyễn, former Vice President of Vietnam (1987–1992)
Bình Nguyễn (Vice President), former Vice President of Vietnam (1992–2002) |
Dune: House Atreides is a 1999 science fiction novel by Brian Herbert and Kevin J. Anderson, set in the fictional Dune universe created by Frank Herbert. It is the first book in the Prelude to Dune prequel trilogy, which takes place before the events of Frank Herbert's celebrated 1965 novel Dune. Bantam Books made a $3 million deal for the novels in 1997. The Prelude to Dune novels draw from notes left behind by Frank Herbert before his death.
Dune: House Atreides debuted at #13 on The New York Times Best Seller list, and rose to #12 in its second week of publication.
Plot summary
The novel begins 35 years before the events of the original Dune. Three interconnected narratives revolve around heir-apparent to House Atreides Leto, acting governor of Arrakis Baron Vladimir Harkonnen, and Imperial Crown Prince Shaddam. Side plots involve a young Duncan Idaho escaping enslavement at the hands of House Harkonnen, a young planetologist Pardot Kynes befriending the Fremen native to Arrakis, and the Bene Gesserit's troubles producing a child from the union between the Reverend Mother Gaius Helen Mohiam and Vladimir Harkonnen.
While Leto is studying politics in the court of Earl Dominic Vernius on Ix, a joint Tleilaxu/Sardaukar army suddenly attacks the planet. Leto manages to escape to his homeworld of Caladan with the Earl's children, Rhombur and Kailea. The Tleilaxu conquerors begin using the Ix's technological and industrial resources for "Project Amal" with the goal of creating synthetic melange in order to eliminate dependence upon Arrakis.
Duke Paulus welcomes Leto and the Vernius heirs on Caladan. Lady Helena, however, bitterly opposes protecting the Ixian children.
Lady Helena drugs a Salusan bull which then kills the Old Duke at a bullfight one evening. Leto becomes the new Duke and sends his mother away to a monastery. Shortly after, Shaddam secretly kills his father and becomes the Padishah Emperor. He invites nobles from across the Imperium to attend his coronation ceremony on Kaitain. The Baron Harkonnen, having invented an invisible ship with the aid of a Richese scientist, has his nephew Glossu Rabban attack a Tleilaxu delegation, making it look like an attack from the Atreides. Leto opts for a trial before the Landsraad and the Bene Gesserit save him with evidence of Corrino involvement in the Tleilaxu takeover of Ix. Shaddam, wishing to keep Project Amal secret, uses his influence to affect the trial and find Leto innocent.
Reception
Dune: House Atreides debuted at #13 on The New York Times Best Seller list, and rose to #12 in its second week of publication.
Reviewers generally remarked on the book's inferiority in quality compared to those written by the series's original author, with speculation that the younger Herbert and Anderson's efforts might attract new readers to the original books. Gerald Jonas of The New York Times says that readers familiar with the series would enjoy seeing familiar characters and settings, though the book is dialogue-heavy with poor descriptions of action. John Snider of SciFi Dimensions describes Herbert and Anderson's prequels as "pulpy" and "cartoonish" while allowing that they "make [Frank] Herbert's esoteric and philosophical stories more accessible to general audiences." Similarly, Publishers Weekly characterizes the plot of Dune: House Atreides as "intricate" while still being accessible to new readers who might be inspired to turn to the classic books written by the elder Herbert.
Likewise, the review of House Atreides from Kirkus Reviews considers the authors' attempt at continuing the Dune saga to have "inventive touches" and devious plotting that would be on par with the complexity of the originals, were they not "less subtle" with "disappointingly lightweight characters" who "make for less powerful drama". The benefit to their work, Kirkus muses, is to promote interest in the original series.
Greg L. Johnson of SF Site praises the authors' choice to focus on side characters from the original Dune that readers are familiar with, though he laments that female characters are not given the time or opportunity to get fleshed out. The practice of heading each chapter with quotations from the original series continues, but Johnson views these quotes as "less clever and thought-provoking" than those of the original series.
At RPGnet, fantasy author Scott Lynch found the book to be a "disappointingly mediocre" and unenlightening contrast to the subtle, competent characters in the original series:
Adaptation
In May 2020, Boom! Studios was announced to have acquired the comic and graphic novel rights to Dune: House Atreides, with the intent of doing a 12-issue comic adaptation written by the original authors Brian Herbert and Kevin J. Anderson.
References
External links
New York Times review 1999
Prelude to Dune official site
1999 American novels
1999 science fiction novels
Fiction set around Delta Pavonis
Dune (franchise) novels
Novels by Brian Herbert
Novels by Kevin J. Anderson |
Heyvaert is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Pol Heyvaert, Belgian theatre director
Rob Heyvaert, Belgian businessman |
Ceredigion is a county in Mid Wales.
Ceredigion may also refer to:
Kingdom of Ceredigion, a medieval kingdom in this area
Ceredigion (UK Parliament constituency)
Ceredigion (Senedd constituency)
Ceredigion (journal), an annual local history journal in Ceredigion |
Sarchal or Sar Chal () may refer to:
Sar Chal, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad
Sar Chal, Markazi |
Keep Singing! A Benefit Compilation for Compassion Over Killing is a benefit album by Exotic Fever Records supporting the non-profit animal rights advocacy group, Compassion Over Killing (now known as Animal Outlook). It compiles fifteen tracks from various (vegan) artists in promotion of the vegan diet. A vegan cookbook is also included with the physical copy of the CD in the liner notes and as a downloadable PDF file, which features favorite recipes from each band. The album was released on January 29, 2008 in CD and digital download format through Exotic Fever Records.
Track listing
Gina Young - "To Cool to Cry" 03:37
Strike Anywhere - "You Are Not Collateral Damage" 02:36
Life at These Speeds - "Waefae" 02:05
Attrition - "No Control" 04:12
In First Person - "Shades of Gray" 01:36
Sean McArdle - "I Go Shopping" 04:31
Now Sleepyhead - "Pandemic" 03:15
Sinaloa - "To Our End" 03:10
Wrong Day to Quit - "Wounds" 03:40
Kathy Cashel - "The Human Animal" 03:14
The Vonneguts - "Tonight's a Sadist" 03:09
Ampere - "Conquest Success" 00:33
des ark - "Punks in the Park" 01:29
Off Minor - "Abattoir" 01:22
Junius - "Lost in Basilica" 04:21
References
2008 compilation albums
Junius (band) albums |
Delhi Smashers was a badminton franchise owned by Krrish Group for the Indian Badminton League. The team's home ground is DDA Badminton and Squash Stadium in Delhi. The team was captained by Jwala Gutta.
Current squad
2013 season
Delhi Smashers failed to qualify for semi-finals and finished fifth in the league table, with 13 points.
References
See also
Indian Badminton League
Sports clubs and teams in Delhi
Premier Badminton League teams |
Cymolomia is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily Olethreutinae of the family Tortricidae.
Species
Cymolomia hartigiana (Ratzeburg, 1840)
Cymolomia jinboi Kawabe, 1976
Cymolomia phaeopelta (Meyrick, 1921)
Cymolomia taigana Falkovitsh, 1966
Cymolomia vinolenta Diakonoff, 1973
See also
List of Tortricidae genera
References
External links
tortricidae.com
Tortricidae genera
Olethreutinae
Taxa named by Julius Lederer |
Ragnhild Myklebust, PLY is a Norwegian Nordic skier and multiple gold medal winner at the Paralympic Games. , she holds the record for the most ever medals won at the Winter Paralympics, having won 27 medals, of which 22 were gold.
Biography
Myklebust won five gold medals and one silver at the 1988 Winter Paralympics, two gold at the 1992 Games, five gold, two silver and two bronze in 1994, five gold in Nagano and five gold in 2002. She has won Paralympic medals in short, middle and long-distance cross-country races, relays, the biathlon, and ice sledge racing.
See also
Athletes with most gold medals in one event at the Paralympic Games
Notes
Living people
Norwegian female cross-country skiers
Paralympic cross-country skiers for Norway
Cross-country skiers at the 1988 Winter Paralympics
Cross-country skiers at the 1992 Winter Paralympics
Cross-country skiers at the 1994 Winter Paralympics
Cross-country skiers at the 1998 Winter Paralympics
Cross-country skiers at the 2002 Winter Paralympics
Paralympic ice sledge speed racers for Norway
Ice sledge speed racers at the 1988 Winter Paralympics
Ice sledge speed racers at the 1994 Winter Paralympics
Paralympic biathletes for Norway
Biathletes at the 1994 Winter Paralympics
Biathletes at the 1998 Winter Paralympics
Biathletes at the 2002 Winter Paralympics
Paralympic gold medalists for Norway
Paralympic silver medalists for Norway
Paralympic bronze medalists for Norway
Medalists at the 1988 Winter Paralympics
Medalists at the 1992 Winter Paralympics
Medalists at the 1994 Winter Paralympics
Medalists at the 1998 Winter Paralympics
Medalists at the 2002 Winter Paralympics
Norwegian female biathletes
Year of birth missing (living people)
Paralympic medalists in cross-country skiing
Paralympic medalists in biathlon |
```c++
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Tencent is pleased to support the open source community by making behaviac available.
//
//
//
// distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//your_sha256_hash--------
//your_sha256_hash--------
#include "behaviac/common/meta/meta.h"
#include "test.h"
SUITE(behaviac)
{
SUITE(Type)
{
struct TrueCheck
{
enum { Result = 1 };
};
struct FalseCheck
{
enum { Result = 2 };
};
TEST(IfThenElse, Test4)
{
const int32_t trueCheck = behaviac::Meta::IfThenElse< true, TrueCheck, FalseCheck >::Result::Result;
const int32_t falseCheck = behaviac::Meta::IfThenElse< false, TrueCheck, FalseCheck >::Result::Result;
CHECK_EQUAL(1, trueCheck);
CHECK_EQUAL(2, falseCheck);
}
}
}
``` |
Joseph Jacobberger (March 19, 1869March 18, 1930) was an American architect based in Portland, Oregon. He partnered with Alfred H. Smith in the firm Jacobberger and Smith.
Early life
Jacobberger was born on March 19, 1869, in Lautenbach, Haut-Rhin, Alsace, France to cousins Hubert Jacobberger and Josephine Jacobberger. The Jacobbergers immigrated to the United States in 1872. The family moved to Omaha, Nebraska, where Hubert Jacobberger became a building contractor. Joseph Jacobberger later attended Creighton University, graduating c1887.
He worked briefly in Minneapolis then worked with A.R. Saunders in Tacoma prior to settling in Portland in 1890. In Portland, Jacobberger began as a draftsman in the firm Whidden & Lewis.
Career
Jacobberger left Portland in the 1890s and worked with Frank Chamberlain Clark in the Los Angeles offices of Frank Roehrig. He returned to Portland in 1900 and began to build his own practice.
An early contract was the campus design at the University of Portland, known in 1901 as Columbia University. Jacobberger began an association with the Catholic Archdiocese of Portland that resulted in several design projects, although during his first decade as an independent architect in Portland, Jacobberger preferred residential designs and small commercial projects.
In 1912 Jacobberger formed a partnership with Alfred H. Smith that would continue until 1930. The firm Jacobberger and Smith was responsible for many buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Death
Jacobberger suffered a heart attack in 1930. While recovering, he had another attack and died one day before his 61st birthday.
Works
A partial list of Jacobberger's and the firm's works include (with individual or joint attribution):
Josef Jacobberger House (1906–07), 1502 SW. Upper Hall St. Portland, Oregon (Jacobberger,Josef), NRHP-listed
Daniel J. Malarkey House (1909), 2141 SW Hillcrest Pl., Portland, (Jacobberger, Joseph), NRHP-listed
Boschke-Boyd House (1910), 2211 NE Thompson St. Portland, (Jacobberger and Smith), NRHP-listed
Markle-Pittock House (1928 renovation), 1816 SW Hawthorne Terr., Portland, (Jacobberger & Smith), NRHP-listed
Auto Rest Garage, 925-935 10th Ave., SW, Portland, (Jacobberger & Smith), NRHP-listed
Calumet Hotel, 620 SW Park St., Portland, (Jacobberger,Jacob), NRHP-listed
James C. and Mary A. Costello House, 2043 NE Tillamook, Portland, (Jacobberger, Joseph), NRHP-listed
Frank E. Dooly House, 2670 NW Lovejoy St., Portland, (Jacobberger,Josef), NRHP-listed
Giesy-Failing House, 1965 SW. Montgomery Pl., Portland, (Jacobberger & Smith; Jacobberger,Joseph), NRHP-listed
Hibernian Hall, 128 NE Russell, Portland, (Jacobberger, Joseph & Smith, Alfred), NRHP-listed
Joseph Jacobberger Country House, 5545 SW Sweetbriar Street, near Portland, NRHP-listed
Lombard Automobile Buildings, 123-35 NW Broadway;134 NW 8th Ave., Portland, (Jacobberger, Joseph), NRHP-listed
McDougall-Campbell House, 3846 N.W. Thurman St., Portland, (Jacobberger, Joseph), NRHP-listed
Monastery of the Precious Blood, 1208 SE 76th, Portland, (Jacobberger & Smith), NRHP-listed
Jacques and Amelia Reinhart House, 7821 S.E. Thirtieth Ave., Portland, (Jacobberger & Smith), NRHP-listed
Dr. James Rosenfeld House, 2125 SW Twenty-first Ave., Portland, (Jacobberger,Joseph), NRHP-listed
St. Mary Roman Catholic Church (Eugene, Oregon), 1062 Charnelton St., Eugene, Oregon (Jacobberger, Joseph).
Alfred H. and Mary E. Smith House, 1806 SW High St., Portland, (Jacobberger, Joseph), NRHP-listed
Walter V. Smith House, 1943 SW. Montgomery Dr., Portland, (Jacobberger,Joseph), NRHP-listed
Villa St. Rose, 597 N. Dekum St., Portland, (Jacobberger, Joseph), NRHP-listed
Frank M. Warren House, 2545 NW. Westover Rd., Portland, (Jacobberger,Joseph), NRHP-listed
Aquinas Hall, B.P. John Administrative Building, and Flavia Hall, Marylhurst University
Emma Austin House, 49 Briarwood Rd., Lake Oswego, (Jacobberger, Joseph, attributed), Classic Houses of Portland, Oregon, William Hawkins III. Timber Press Inc., 2005. Page
References
20th-century American architects
Architects from Portland, Oregon
1869 births
1930 deaths
People from Alsace-Lorraine
Creighton University alumni
19th-century American architects |
East Meets East is a collaborative studio album released through EMI Classics in 2003 by violinist Nigel Kennedy and the Kroke band (Jerzy Bawoł on accordion, Tomasz Kukurba on viola and Tomasz Lato on double bass), surrounded by several guest artists of international reputation such as Natacha Atlas, Mo Foster, and the Kraków Philharmonic Orchestra.
The album revisits some traditional songs and new compositions, ranging into central and eastern European music tradition as well as Arabic influences.
Recording and production
Nigel Kennedy's second wife, Agnieszka, is Polish and they spend a lot of time in Kraków, where Kennedy is the Artistic Director of the Polish Chamber Orchestra. In summer 2001, Kennedy, who had previously known Jerzy Bawoł, Tomasz Kukurba and Tomasz Lato separately at jam sessions in the jazz clubs of Kraków, and Kroke meet during a concert tour in Cornwall. Kennedy immediately presented the group a cooperation offer. The result was East Meets East.
East Meets East was recorded between May 2002 and January 2003 at NLD and S-5 recording studios in Kraków, and at The Town House and Abbey Road studios in London. The album was consequently mixed on the following May by Andy Green, Dariusz Grela and Hugo Nicholson at Eden, Metropolis, Town House and Mayfair studios in London, and mastered by Ian Cooper at Metropolis studio. The album, published by Oriente Musik and internationally distributed through the classical music label of EMI from June 2003, was produced by John Stanley and Jaz Coleman. East Meets East has been top of the classical charts since its release, Kroke was nominated for the BBC Radio 3 award in the World Music category, and both Kroke and Kennedy played together at numerous European festivals for promoting it and received enthusiastic applause. After East Meets East, Kroke released Ten Pieces to Save the World", and Kennedy next record saw a return to "Vivaldi" with his 2004 album Vivaldi II.
Songs
The 14-track album features seven original tracks composed by Nigel Kennedy and the three Kroke, Jerzy Bawoł, Tomasz Kukurba and Tomasz Lato, and seven traditional songs all arranged by them. The album is a stylistic and topical potpourri of music fusion that features elements of Folk and World music with influences from the East European and Arabic music, inspired by the music of the Balkans, Romani and Gypsy people, and Jewish music, with klezmer and sephardic modes and scales. There are also elements of the Western music such as free jazz and rock, as well as the traditional music of Poland, polonaise, polka and mazurka. Because of this mixture of different elements and traditions, and the experimental nature of this work, its tone frequently turns from the desperate sadness to the extreme joy.
The opening track, "'Ajde Jano" is a Serbian kolo folk dance song. The vocals, sung in South Slavic languages, are provided by Natacha Atlas, a Belgian singer known for her fusion of Arabic and Western electronic music. The second track, "Lullaby for Kamila", is the first piece of the album entirely composed by Jerzy Bawoł, Nigel Kennedy, Tomasz Kukurba, and Tomasz Lato. This klezmer piece, along with "One Voice", is considered one of the best pieces of the entire album. "T 4.2" is an original composition by Kennedy and Kroke. This klezmer piece showcases Kennedy's electric violin in a very sonically interesting setting, while electric bass is provided by Mo Foster, and additional percussion by Miles Bould. "Eden", original title "The/A Garden of Eden", is a traditional klezmer song composed by American clarinetist, bandleader, and one of the pioneers of modern klezmer music Harry Kandel.
The following two tracks, "Dafino", original title "Dafino vino crveno" (; Red Wine Dafina), and "Jovano Jovanke" (, , ) are two traditional folk songs from the region of Macedonia, both very popular in the Balkans. "Ederlezi" is an "exquisitely refined" instrumental version of a popular folk song of the Romani minority in the Balkans. The effect produced by the four "is bittersweet as opposed to saccharine, which it might have become in the hands of lesser players." "Kazimierz", a traditional Polish song, is dedicated to the historical district of Kraków in Poland, best known for being home to a Jewish community in Kraków from the 14th century until the Second World War. "One Voice" is a klezmer piece composed by Bawoł, Kennedy, Kukurba and Lato. The track, which features additional percussion played by Miles Bould, and additional strings played by the Kraków Philharmonic Orchestra, is a showcase for the three widely varying violin styles of Kennedy, Kukurba and guest violinist Aboud Abdoul Aal. It is, along with "Lullaby for Kamila", not only one of the loveliest performances of Kennedy's recorded career, it is also one of the most gently affecting compositions committed to tape in any genre in recent memory.
"Tribute to Maria Tănase" is a traditional song dedicated to the renowned Romanian singer of Romanian folk music Maria Tănase. "Time 4 Time" is a klezmer song composed by Bawoł, Kennedy, Kukurba, and Lato. Additional percussion are provided by Miles Bould, while Kukurba provides a non-verbal falsetto. "Vino", composed by Bawoł, Kennedy, Kukurba and Lato, features elements of "Dafino vino crveno" and "Ederlezi". The electric bass is provided by Mo Foster, additional percussion by Miles Bould. "Lost in Time", composed by Bawoł, Kennedy, Kukurba and Lato, is an unaccompanied solo track where Kennedy's fine and expressive playing is in no way overcooked. The album's closing track, "Kukush" is a klezmer song composed by Bawoł, Kennedy, Kukurba and Lato that showcases Kennedy's electric violin in a very sonically interesting setting.
Reception
Nigel Kennedy's version of Vivaldi's Four Seasons, released in 2002, is the best-selling classical record of all time. East Meets East is a further musical experiment and another shift away from the classical music with which Nigel Kennedy is normally associated, and is reflective of his career, which has seen him experiment with so many types of music. Jon Lusk wrote in his review of the album for BBC Music that "The balance of upbeat and reflective material is well judged and sequenced. It's also nice to hear Kroke once again playing to their strengths."
The album was highly recommendedand by critic Rick Anderson, who wrote that it is an "eerily lovely collection of new compositions and folk tunes drawing on Polish and other Eastern European traditions. Teamed up with the Krakow band Kroke [...], Kennedy delivers a set of tunes that are, by turns, dramatic, soothing, emotionally tormented, and romantically yearning." Allmusic reviewer, Blair Sanderson, described the album as "an exploration of Eastern European music, presented in a fusion of popular styles without pandering to the classical audience with crossover concessions. [...] The musicians play well as an ensemble, perhaps most successfully in the vigorous dance style that reaches maximum frenzy in Kukush" giving the album eight stars out of ten.
Track listing
Personnel
Nigel Kennedy – violin, electric violin
The Kroke band
Jerzy Bawoł – accordion, additional vocals
Tomasz Kukurba – viola, vocals, flute, percussion
Tomasz Lato – double bass
Guest performers
Natacha Atlas – vocals on "Ajde Jano"
Mo Foster – electric bass on "T 4.2" and "Vino"
Miles Bould – additional percussion on "T 4.2", "One Voice", "Time 4 Time" and "Vino"
Kraków Philharmonic Orchestra – additional strings on "One Voice"
Aboud Abdul Aal – second violin on "One Voice"
Production
Jaz Coleman – producer
John Stanley – liner notes, producer
Andy Green – engineer, mixing, mixing engineer
Dariusz Grela – engineer, mixing, mixing engineer
Wojciech Gruszka – engineer
Sam O'Kell – engineer
Hugo Nicholson – mixing, mixing engineer
Ian Cooper – mastering
Annabel Wright – illustration
Paul Mitchell – design
Charts and awards
The album was well received and has also hit the United States charts. The success of the album, along with its promotional tour, led Kroke to be nominated for the Europe category at the BBC Awards for World Music in 2004.
Certifications
References
External links
2003 collaborative albums
EMI Classics albums
Nigel Kennedy albums
Folk albums by Polish artists
Folk albums by English artists
Free jazz albums
Jazz fusion albums by English artists
Jazz fusion albums by Polish artists |
Michael Johannes Madsen (born 26 March 1958 in Copenhagen, Hovedstaden) is a retired male light-heavyweight boxer from Denmark, who represented his native country at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, Soviet Union.
There he was eliminated in the second round by Cuba's Ricardo Rojas on points (1-4) after having defeated Csaba Kuzma (Hungary) in the first round. Madsen was one out of three boxers representing Denmark at the 1980 Summer Olympics, the other ones being Jesper Garnell (lightweight) and Ole Svendsen (welterweight).
References
sports-reference
1958 births
Living people
Light-heavyweight boxers
Boxers at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Olympic boxers for Denmark
Sportspeople from Copenhagen
Danish male boxers |
Watsontown is a borough in Northumberland County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 2,351 at the 2010 census. It was named for John Watson, an early settler.
History
Land in the Watsontown area was first purchased by John Watson in 1792. The borough's post office was opened in 1828. There was a racetrack in Watsontown from 1830 to 1840. Railroad tracks first reached the borough in 1854. A sawmill was built in the area in 1856. Watsontown was a part of Turbot Township until its incorporation in 1867.
Geography
Watsontown is located at (41.085319, -76.863325). According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of , of which is land and (24.47%) is water.
Watsontown's terrain is almost entirely flat except for a hill in the eastern part of the borough. The borough's land is mostly residential, with some forest and industrial areas. The West Branch Susquehanna River borders the western part of Watsontown. The borough is served by Pennsylvania Route 44 and Pennsylvania Route 405.
History
Watsontown has a rich history dating back to the late 18th century. Watsontown was an important part of a transportation network that included roads, railroads, and canals along the Susquehanna River. Additionally, Watsontown served as a stop along the Underground Railroad for slaves escaping to Canada. Many businesses were located here because of this. Part of the old canal and the tow path used by mules at the time is still visible along the river.
The Watsontown River Bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,254 people, 967 households, and 591 families residing in the borough. The population density was . There were 1,017 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the borough was 98.66% White, 0.40% African American, 0.18% Native American, 0.13% Asian, 0.13% Pacific Islander, 0.09% from other races, and 0.40% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.35% of the population. There are currently 8 registered sex offenders residing within the borough.
There were 967 households, out of which 25.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.5% were married couples living together, 10.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.8% were non-families. 33.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.21 and the average family size was 2.81.
In the borough the population was spread out, with 21.1% under the age of 18, 7.2% from 18 to 24, 27.3% from 25 to 44, 23.1% from 45 to 64, and 21.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 79.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 79.6 males.
The median income for a household in the borough was $31,094, and the median income for a family was $37,065. Males had a median income of $30,648 versus $20,972 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $16,110. About 8.4% of families and 11.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.7% of those under age 18 and 10.6% of those age 65 or over.
Historical landmarks
Watsontown is home to The Watsontown Theater. This theater operated in the bourough for nearly 70 years. It opened on May 30, 1940 and closed in September 2009. The theatre is now undergoing maintenance and renovations. Owners of the theater, Shane and Kelly Erb plan to reopen the theatre. However, it will operate as a venue for bands, comedy shows, and conferences.
References
External links
The Dr. Van Fleet Climbing Rose was created in Watsontown by Dr. Walter Van Fleet, a resident botanist.
MyWatsontown.com, an online book of Watsontown history
Pennsylvania populated places on the Susquehanna River
Populated places established in 1794
Boroughs in Northumberland County, Pennsylvania
1858 establishments in Pennsylvania |
Olive bread is a bread laced with olives. It originated in Italy, where it is prepared using black salt-cured olives, green Spanish-style olives, and other types. Italian varieties are typically prepared with flour, butter and eggs as the bread's base.
United States
The Madonia Brothers Bakery, an Italian bakery in The Bronx, a borough of New York City, has been preparing olive bread for over 100 years.
See also
List of breads
Notes
References
Breads
Italian breads
Italian cuisine |
The Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party of Algeria (, Hizb Al-Ba'ath Al-Arabi Al-Ishtiraki fy Aljeza'ir), is a political party in Algeria. It is the Algerian regional branch of the Iraqi-led Ba'ath Party. It is led by Ahmed Choutri.
The party is currently banned, and Choutri was forced to flee to Iraq during the 1990s because of governmental repression against the Algerian Ba'ath movement. The party sympathised with the Iraqi ba'athist insurgency and supported Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri, leader of the Iraqi branch. Following his return to Algeria in 2003, Choutri wrote The Baathist Faith of President Saddam.
References
1988 establishments in Algeria
Arab nationalism in Algeria
Ba'athist parties
Algeria
Banned political parties in Algeria
Banned socialist parties
Nationalist parties in Algeria
Political parties established in 1988
Political parties in Algeria
Socialist parties in Algeria |
The following Lists of Palestinians are lists of notable people with either a self-designation (endonym) or a foreign appellation (exonym) as "Palestinian", or who were born in the region of Palestine.
Approximately 12 million people today identify as Palestinians, as defined in the Palestinian National Charter of 1968.
Mandate period and after
The first list "Mandate period and after" consists of people who identify as "Palestinians" since the creation of Mandatory Palestine in 1920. The list does not include those Palestinian Jews or other Israeli citizens who are native to the geographic region of Palestine, unless they self-identify as "Palestinians".
Pre-Mandate
The second list "Pre-Mandate" consists of people with roots in the region of Palestine prior to the modern identity politics resulting from the creation of Mandatory Palestine and the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. As well as native Palestinian Muslims and Christians, the list includes those Jews, Samaritans, Druze, and Dom who were native to the geographic region of Palestine. The list also include some famous names and titles as exonyms, prior to nationalism and national identity becoming commonplace in the modern era.
Chronologically or by floruit and regnal succession:
References
External links
PASSIA: Palestine Personalities
Lists of Arabs |
Taxation in New Mexico comprises the taxation programs of the U.S state of New Mexico. All taxes are administered on state- and city-levels by the New Mexico Taxation and Revenue Department, a state agency. The principal taxes levied include state income tax, a state gross receipts tax, gross receipts taxes in local jurisdictions, state and local property taxes, and several taxes related to production and processing of oil, gas, and other natural resources.
New Mexico is among the "tax-friendly" states of the U.S., offering numerous economic incentives and tax breaks on personal and corporate income. It does not have inheritance tax, estate tax or franchise taxes. While New Mexico does not have a state sales tax it does have a statewide "gross receipts tax", which is commonly passed on to the consumer by businesses just like a normal sales tax. Its state income tax ranges from 1.7% to a maximum of 4.9%.
Income tax
New Mexico residents are subject to the state's personal income tax. Additionally, the personal income tax applies to nonresidents who work in the state or derive income from property there. Regular military salaries of New Mexico residents serving in the U.S. military are subject to the income tax, but since 2007, active-duty military salaries have been exempt from the state income tax.
Personal income tax rates for New Mexico range from 1.7% to 4.9%, within four income brackets. The individual income tax rates are listed in the table below.
Uniquely, New Mexico has an income tax exemption for centenarians since tax year 2002, provided that they turn 100 (or older) at the end of the tax year they claim for exemption and they're not claimed as a dependent by another New Mexico taxpayer. Unmarried centenarians are not required to file a return unless they want to claim rebates and credits available for low-income filers. As New Mexico is a community property state, married centenarians filing jointly or separately may exempt half of all community income and all of their separate income. Those reporting an exemption for more or less than 50% of total joint income are required to attach a statement to their returns showing a correct division of community property along with separate income and payments.
Corporations that generate income from activities or sources in New Mexico and that are required to file federal income tax returns as corporations must pay corporate income tax to the state. Corporate income is taxed at the rate of 4.8% for the first $500,000, 6.4% for the next $500,000 (up to total income of $1 million), and 7.6% for income above the first million.
Gross receipts tax
New Mexico does not have a state sales tax. However, the state imposes a gross receipts tax (GRT) on many business transactions. This resembles a sales tax, but unlike most states' sales taxes it applies to services, as well as tangible goods. Normally, the provider or seller passes the tax on to the purchaser, but legal incidence and burden apply to the business, as an excise tax.
At the state level, gross receipts on most types of transactions are taxed at a rate of 5.125%. Local jurisdictions also levy gross receipt taxes at rates that vary around the state. The lowest combined state and local GRT rate, as of 2012–13, is 5.5% in unincorporated Lea County. The highest combined rate is 8.6875%, in Taos Ski Valley. Albuquerque, the state's largest city, has a combined rate of 7.7875%.
The gross receipts of state and local governments other than school districts are taxed by the state at a rate of 5%. Governmental receipts typically subject to this tax include revenues from:
trash collection and disposal services,
sewer service,
sale of water
sale of tangible personal property, other than water, from facilities open to the general public revenues sale of personal property
fees charged for parking or docking of vehicles, airplanes, and boats.
Property tax
Property tax is imposed on real property by the state, by counties, and by school districts. Personal-use personal property is not subject to property taxation, but property tax is levied on most business-use personal property. The taxable value of property is one-third of the assessed value. A tax rate of about 30 mills is applied to the taxable value, resulting in an effective tax rate of about 1%. In the 2005 tax year the average millage was about 26.47 for residential property and 29.80 for non-residential property. Assessed values of residences cannot be increased by more than 3% per year unless the residence is remodeled or sold. Property tax deductions are available for military veterans and heads of household.
Natural resources taxes
Oil and natural gas taxes
Five New Mexico taxes are specifically applicable to producers of oil and natural gas.
Oil and gas production is a significant source of revenue for the state. As of 2000, taxes and royalties on oil and natural gas production together accounted for more than 25% of the revenue to the state's general fund. The balance in New Mexico's Severance Tax and Land Grant Permanent Funds, the earnings from which are dedicated to funding of schools and some state government operations, was almost entirely derived from these same sources. A 2009 analysis found that New Mexico was receiving less revenue from the combination of its oil and gas taxes and royalties for oil and gas from public lands than most other U.S. states with substantial production of hydrocarbon fuels. This discrepancy was explained by the caps that state law placed on the maximum prices of oil and natural gas that could be subject to taxation. The maximum tax for oil was based on a price of $18 per barrel, but the market price rose to $112 per barrel as of May 2011. The maximum tax for natural gas was based on a price of $1.35 per 1000 cubic feet, but the market price for that volume of gas in May 2011 was $4.35. Other states were receiving much more tax and royalty revenue as a result of these high prices. Legislation enacted in 2010 established a rate of 0.24% (an increase from 0.19%) for the oil and gas conservation tax rate on oil if the average price of West Texas Intermediate crude oil was more than $70 per barrel in the previous quarter.
Resources Excise Tax
The state's Resources Excise Tax Act of 1978 established taxes on in-state production of natural resources, including timber, timber products, and minerals, except for oil, natural gas, liquid hydrocarbons, helium, carbon dioxide, and other non-hydrocarbon gases.
The resources tax is a severance tax that applies to the extraction of natural resources. The amount of the tax is based on the taxable value of the severed resource. The tax on potash extraction is 0.5% of the resource value; molybdenum extraction is taxed at 0.125%; and all other extracted resources are taxed at 0.75%.
The second tax, the processors tax, applies to the processing of natural resources. It also is based on the taxable value of the natural resource. Timber processing is taxed at 0.375% of taxable value; processing of potash and molybdenum is taxed at 0.125%; and processing of all other resources is taxed at 0.75%.
When extraction or processing is conducted by someone other than the owner of the resource, the same tax rates apply, but the tax is designated a "service tax" under the Resources Excise Tax Act.
Revenue from these taxes goes to the state's general fund.
References
External links
New Mexico Taxation and Revenue Department
Taxation in New Mexico
Government of New Mexico
Economy of New Mexico |
The Foraker Act, , officially known as the Organic Act of 1900, is a United States federal law that established civilian (albeit limited popular) government on the island of Puerto Rico, which had recently become a colony of the United States as a result of the Spanish–American War. Section VII of the Foraker Act also established Puerto Rican citizenship. President William McKinley signed the act on April 12, 1900 and it became known as the Foraker Act after its sponsor, Ohio Senator Joseph B. Foraker. Its main author has been identified as Secretary of War Elihu Root.
The new government had a governor and an 11-member executive council appointed by the President of the United States, a House of Representatives with 35 elected members, a judicial system with a Supreme Court and a United States District Court, and a non-voting Resident Commissioner in Congress.
The executive council was all appointed: five individuals were selected from Puerto Rico residents while the rest were from those in top cabinet positions, including attorney general and chief of police (also appointed by the president). The Insular Supreme Court was also appointed. In addition, all federal laws of the United States were to be in effect on the island. The first civil governor of the island under the Foraker Act was Charles H. Allen, inaugurated on May 1, 1900, in San Juan, Puerto Rico. This law was superseded in 1917 by the Jones–Shafroth Act.
Reminders
2 Required that the same tariffs, customs, and duties be levied collected and paid upon all articles imported into Puerto Rico from ports other than those of the United States which are required by law to be collected upon importation into the United States from foreign countries.
3 Implemented a temporary tariff on goods transferred between Puerto Rico and the United States. This tariff was set to expire either upon the implementation of local taxation by the Legislature of Puerto Rico sufficient to "meet the necessities of the government" or on the first day of March 1902.
4 Provided that the tariff collected under section 2 would be placed into a fund and held in trust for the benefit of the people of Puerto Rico until the Legislature was fully established. After the establishment of the new government, the funds would be transferred to the local treasury.
6 Established the capital of Puerto Rico as the city of San Juan and established that the seat of government would be maintained there.
7 Established that residents of Puerto Rico who were Spanish Citizens who decide to remain in Puerto Rico until the 11th day of April 1899 and their children would be considered citizens of Puerto Rico and be entitled to the protection of the United States. A provision was also made for residents who wanted to remain citizens of Spain.
11 Provided for the replacement of Spanish currency on the island with US Dollars. Also established that all debts previously payable in Puerto Rican currency would henceforth be payable with US Dollars.
13 Provided a mechanism to transfer all property held by the United States Government as ceded by Spain to the newly established government of Puerto Rico upon its establishment.
14 Established that the statutes of the United States would apply if applicable to the citizens of Puerto Rico with the exception of internal revenue laws.
15 Enabled the newly formed government to amend or repeal any law that was implemented in the course of the transition.
16 Established a judicial system similar to that of the United States and provided that all government officials take an oath to support both the constitution of the United States and the laws of Puerto Rico.
17 Established a chief executive with the title of governor who is appointed by the President of the United States with the advice and consent of the United States Senate for a term of four years.
18 Established an executive council for the Governor of Puerto Rico that is appointed by the President of the United States with the advice and consent of the United States Senate for a term of four years.
27 Established a bicameral legislative body with one house consisting of the executive council as established in 18 and the other consisting of 35 elected members serving a term of two years. The territory was to be split into seven districts.
28,29 Provided for the general election of members of the legislative body.
30 Established the requirements for office in the legislative body.
31 Defined the mechanisms by which bills become law. A bill can be proposed in either house but must be passed by a majority vote in both houses to become a law. A bill that is passed by both houses is presented to the Governor for his signature. Upon the signature of the governor, the bill becomes law. If the governor does not sign the bill or vetoes it, the legislature can override the veto with a 2/3rd majority vote. Requires that all bills passed by the legislative body be reported to the United States Congress and enables the United States Congress to annul them.
33 Provided for the transition of then existing court system unto the official court system. Provided for the nomination of the chief justice by the President of the United States with the advice and consent of the United States Senate.
34 Created the United States District of Puerto Rico and established a district judge to be appointed by the President of the United States with the advice and consent of the United States Senate for a term of four years.
38 Prevented export duties from being levied and collected. Provided that the legislative body may implement taxes for the general purposes of government, protecting the public credit, and reimbursing the United States government for funds expended out of the emergency fund of the War Department for relief of the industrial situation caused by the hurricane of August 8, 1899. Prevented the government of Puerto Rico and all of its municipalities from entering into debt in excess of seven percent of the aggregate tax value of its property.
39 Created the position of Resident Commissioner to the United States with a term of two years.
40 Created a three-member commission consisting of three citizens of Puerto Rico and appointed by the President of the United States with the advice and consent of the United States Senate. The commission was tasked to compile and revise the laws of Puerto Rico as well as the codes of procedure and systems of municipal government to provide for "a simple, harmonious, and economical government", establish justice and secure its prompt and efficient administration, inaugurate a general system of education and public instruction, provide buildings and funds therefore, equalize and simplify taxation and all the methods of raising revenue, and make all other provisions that may be necessary to secure and extend the benefits of a republican form of government to all the inhabitants of Puerto Rico. The final report of this committee was to be presented to the United States Congress within a year of the passing of the act.
See also
United States territorial courts
References
External links
Library of Congress overview
1900 in American law
Political history of Puerto Rico
United States federal territory and statehood legislation
1900 in international relations
1900 in Puerto Rico |
Sidi Ferruch () was a French Navy of the M6 series commissioned in 1939. She participated in World War II, first on the side of the Allies from 1939 to June 1940, then in the navy of Vichy France. She was sunk in November 1942.
Characteristics
Sidi Ferruch was part of a fairly homogeneous series of 31 deep-sea patrol submarines also called "1,500-tonners" because of their displacement. All entered service between 1931 and 1939.
The Redoutable-class submarines were long and in beam and had a draft of . They could dive to a depth of . They displaced on the surface and underwater. Propelled on the surface by two diesel engines producing a combined , they had a maximum speed of . When submerged, their two electric motors produced a combined and allowed them to reach . Also called "deep-cruising submarines", their range on the surface was at . Underwater, they could travel at .
Construction and commissioning
Laid down at Arsenal de Cherbourg in Cherbourg, France, on 30 January 1932 with the hull number Q181, Sidi Ferruch was launched on 9 July 1937. She was commissioned on 1 January 1939.
Service history
French Navy
At the start of World War II on 1 September 1939, Sidi Ferruch was assigned to the 8th Submarine Division based at Brest, France. Her sister ships , , and made up the rest of the division. Beginning on 3 September 1939, the day France declared war, Sidi Ferruch patrolled off the northern coast of Spain, where German merchant ships — which the Allies suspected of serving as supply ships for German U-boats — had taken refuge upon the outbreak of war.
At the beginning of October 1939, Sidi Ferruch and the rest of the 8th Submarine Division received orders to leave European waters and proceed to Fort-de-France on Martinique in the French West Indies to conduct patrols in the vicinity of Trinidad the British had requested. In February 1940, Sidi Ferruch and Bévéziers were assigned to escort duty for British convoys steaming from North America to the United Kingdom. Sidi Ferruch escorted two convoys, including Convoy HX-27, from Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, to Liverpool, England. She returned to Brest on 27 March 1940.
After a minor refit, Sidi Ferruch deployed to Casablanca in French Morocco. German ground forces advanced into France on 10 May 1940, beginning the Battle of France, and Italy declared war on France on 10 June 1940 and joined the invasion. Sidi Ferruch was at Casablanca as part of the 8th Submarine Division with Bévéziers when the Battle of France ended in France's defeat and an armistice with Germany and Italy which went into effect on 25 June 1940.
Vichy France
1940
After France's surrender, Sidi Ferruch served in the naval forces of Vichy France. After the attack on Mers-el-Kébir — in which a British Royal Navy squadron attacked a French Navy squadron moored at the naval base at Mers El Kébir in Oran on the coast of Algeria — took place on 3 July 1940, Sidi Ferruch and Bévéziers were detached to operate in the waters of French West Africa. They departed Casablanca on the evening of 4 July 1940 bound for Dakar in Senegal, which they reached on 9 July 1940, the day after an air raid on the port there by Fleet Air Arm aircraft from the Royal Navy aircraft carrier , conducted as part of Operation Catapult. On 15 July 1940, Sidi Ferruch set out on her first patrol from Dakar.
In August 1940, Sidi Ferruch and Bévéziers were assigned to the 2nd Submarine Division to form the division′s second section. Sidi Ferruch patrolled off Dakar from 2 to 6 August 1940, then on 6 August departed Dakar to replace Bévéziers at Douala in French Cameroon. She called at Douala from 13 to 25 August 1940, then proceeded to Gabon — at the time a territory of French Equatorial Africa — where she called at Libreville from 26 to 27 August and at Port-Gentil from 28 to 29 August 1940. She returned to Libreville on 30 August 1940 and played an active role in restoring Vichy French authority there. She departed Libreville on 15 September 1940 bound for Tabou, Ivory Coast, which she visited from 20 to 21 September 1940. She then got underway to return to Dakar.
On 23 September 1940, British forces attacked Dakar, beginning the Battle of Dakar. Sidi Ferruch at the time was escorting a cargo ship off Conakry, French Guinea, two days from Dakar. She received orders to proceed to Dakar and attack the British force. By about 10:00 on 25 September 1940, she was operating along the British withdrawal route from Dakar. During the day she sighted the funnels of two ocean liners and attempted to close with them, but at 17:55 aircraft from the aircraft carrier sighted and bombed her, forcing her to dive and allowing the ships to escape. She then patrolled on the surface about from Dakar until returning to Dakar on 26 September 1940.
On both 23 and 28 October 1940,Sidi Ferruch was recorded as belonging to the 2nd Submarine Division based as Casablanca, along with Béveziers, Casabianca, and Sfax.
1941
Sidi Ferruch and her sister ship got underway from Dakar on 19 February 1941 to relieve Casabianca and the submarine at Conakry, which they reached on 21 February. From 23 to 25 February 1941 they patrolled in the Gulf of Guinea off French Guinea. They departed French Equatorial Africa on 10 March to return to Dakar, where they arrived on 12 March 1941.
Sidi Ferruch and Archimède left Dakar on 9 May 1941 to head for Casablanca. Sidi Ferruch subsequently made a stop at Agadir, French Morocco, from 9 to 16 July 1941 before proceeding to Toulon, France. She was disarmed and defueled at Toulon in September 1941 in accordance with the terms of the 1940 armistice.
1942
Sidi Ferruch was rearmed in April 1942, and she and the submarine arrived in July 1942 at Dakar, where Sidi Ferruch relieved Aurore so that Aurore could proceed to Toulon for a major overhaul. At 23:00 on 17 July 1942, Sidi Ferruch got underway from Dakar in company with the auxiliary cruiser for what was planned as a one-month cruise to rendezvous with and escort the tanker Nivôse, which had departed Saigon in French Indochina with a cargo of of fuel oil for the 4th Squadron and was proceeding to Dakar by a route which took her around the south coast of Australia and Cape Horn on the southern tip of South America. Sidi Ferruch and Quercy rendezvoused with Nivôse in the Atlantic Ocean at on 29 July 1942 and escorted her the rest of the way to Dakar, where they arrived without incident on 5 August 1942. During the voyage, Sidi Ferruch had covered in 19 days at sea.
Sidi Ferruch was assigned to the 4th Submarine Division on 22 August 1942. She still was listed on 1 November 1942 as part of the 4th Submarine Division, based at Dakar.
On 8 November 1942, the 4th Submarine Division consisted of Sidi Ferruch and her sister ships and , all of which were at Casablanca that morning, with Sidi Ferruch and Le Tonnant preparing to carry out orders to conduct a reconnaissance off Safi, French Morocco. Allied forces landed in French North Africa in Operation Torch that day and the Naval Battle of Casablanca between United States Navy and Vichy French forces began that morning. Taken by surprise in the harbor at Casablanca, Sidi Ferruch, Le Conquérant, and Le Tonnant sortied under attack by U.S. Navy aircraft. Sidi Ferruch got underway at 07:30 intending to wait for orders outside the harbor and came under attack by TBF Avenger torpedo bombers armed with bombs. Damaged by the aircraft, she suffered one killed and four wounded, including her commanding officer, who suffered serious wounds.
Sidi Ferruch′s executive officer took command. Noting the strength of U.S. forces off the harbor, he decided to hug the coast and head for Safi in accordance with Sidi Ferruch′s previous orders. Two of her wounded died during the day. She surfaced at 19:30 and headed for Madeira Island in the Madeira Archipelago to disembark her two surviving wounded. Her three dead were buried at sea at midnight on 8–9 November 1942.
Sidi Ferruch had numerous holes in her superstructure inflicted by machine-gun bullets as she left the harbor at Casablanca, so on the morning of 9 November 1942 she stopped halfway to Madeira to make repairs at sea. After receiving a message directing her to carry out the previously ordered reconnaissance off Safi, she abandoned her plans to disembark her wounded at Madeira Island and instead made for Safi in the early afternoon. At 21:30, when she was about off the coast of French Morocco, she sighted the Spanish cargo ship Monte Orduna, which was on a voyage to the Canary Islands, and tried to contact her, but a plane arrived on the scene and forced her to dive. After resurfacing, she sent a boarding party to Monte Orduna, whose captain agreed to take aboard Sidi Ferruch′s wounded. After transferring her wounded to Monte Orduna, Sidi Ferruch resumed her transit to Safi, and at daybreak on 10 November 1942 began a submerged patrol off Safi.
On 10 November 1942, Sidi Ferruch received a recall order and apparently began a return voyage to Casablanca. She was not seen or heard from for the remainder of the day.
Loss
On the morning of 11 November 1942, the day the Allies and Vichy French forces in North Africa signed a ceasefire, Sidi Ferruch surfaced near El Hank, French Morocco, about west of Casablanca, and headed toward the port. A flight of four TBF-1 Avengers of U.S. Navy Escort Scouting Squadron 27 (VGS-27) from the escort aircraft carrier sighted her at 07:10 bearing 260 degrees and from Casablanca. They misidentified her as a German Type VII submarine, and three of them dived out of cloud cover and attacked her from astern as she began a crash dive. The three Avengers dropped a total of twelve depth charges, four of which landed around Sidi Ferruch'''s conning tower as she submerged and six to eight of which landed within what the aircraft crews considered "lethal range." As the depth charges exploded, the aircraft crews noted what they described as an "iron bar" flying into the air. After Sidi Ferruch disappeared beneath the surface, the Avenger crews observed a large oil slick on the surface and saw air bubbles rise to the surface from a fixed location for the next 30 minutes. It marked the end of Sidi Ferruch, sunk with the loss of all hands off Fedhala Roads, French Morocco, at .
In 1948, the U.S. Navy proposed that Sidi Ferruch had been sunk off Cisneros in Río de Oro on 13 November 1942Huan, p. 136. by two PBY Catalina flying boats of U.S. Navy Patrol Squadron 92 (VP-92), but that submarine eventually was identified as Le Conquérant''.
References
Citations
Bibliography
Redoutable-class submarines (1928)
1937 ships
Ships built in France
World War II submarines of France
Maritime incidents in November 1942
Submarines sunk by aircraft
Lost submarines of France
Warships lost in combat with all hands
Submarines lost with all hands
World War II shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean
Ships sunk by US aircraft |
Oliver Coleman (born 17 March 1983) is a British actor. He attended Bedales School in Petersfield, Hampshire. He has two brothers and a sister, Daisy Coleman.
Biography
Coleman portrayed Toby in The Line of Beauty (2006) and Henry Percy in The Other Boleyn Girl (2008), along with cameo appearances in Primeval and Ashes to Ashes.
Coleman played Jed in Vertigo Films' 2012 low-budget horror film The Facility (originally titled Guinea Pigs) directed by Ian Clark.
In 2012 Coleman joined the cast of Casualty in the role of paediatric specialist Dr Tom Kent, making his first appearance on screen on 7 January. He left the show on 14 December 2013 alongside his partner Charlotte Salt.
Oliver then went on to make an appearance in Endeavour which aired on Easter Sunday 2014.
Personal life
On 31 July 2014, Coleman married his Casualty co-star Charlotte Salt in Somerset. Salt gave birth to the couple's first child, a son, in 2017.
Filmography
References
External links
British male television actors
Living people
1983 births |
Paul Simon Wellens (born 27 February 1980) is an English professional rugby league coach who is the head coach of St Helens in the Betfred Super League and a former professional rugby league footballer.
A Great Britain and England international , he played his entire career with St Helens, with whom he won several Super League championships and Challenge Cup titles. Wellens also became only the third player to have won the Lance Todd Trophy, Harry Sunderland Trophy and the Man of Steel Award.
Early life
Born in St Helens, Wellens was educated by the De La Salle Christian Brothers, along with his twin sister Claire who as of 2018 is a Drama teacher at De La Salle.
Playing career
Wellens joined the St. Helens ranks and made his Super League début in the 1999's Super League IV. Success quickly followed and Wellens soon secured his place in perhaps St. Helens strongest era. Wellens became renowned for his all round game, excelling particularly at taking catches. An England call-up followed and with Kris Radlinski already established at international level, Wellens displayed his versatility with spells on the and at . A call-up for Great Britain ensued, and he made a handful of appearances before being contentiously left out by then coach David Waite, who felt Wellens' form had dipped during this period. Wellens played for St. Helens from the interchange bench in their 1999 Super League Grand Final victory over Bradford Bulls.
2000s
Having won the 1999 Championship, St Helens contested in the 2000 World Club Challenge against National Rugby League Premiers the Melbourne Storm, with Wellens playing at in the loss. Wellens played for St Helens at in their 2000 Super League Grand Final victory over Wigan, and in their 2001 World Club Challenge victory against the Brisbane Broncos.
Wellens played for St Helens at fullback in their 2002 Super League Grand Final victory against Bradford Bulls but was forced to leave the field after just two minutes with a broken cheekbone, which ruled him out of Great Britain's international series against New Zealand the following month. With a point to prove, Wellens became one of Super League's most notable performers and made the number 1 jersey his own at international level whenever Kris Radlinski was injured. His attitude and aptitude to the game earned him a reputation as a model professional. As one of the quieter members of a squad littered with big names and personalities, it was all the more creditable that Wellens earned St Helens player of the season award in 2004 to underline his value at Knowsley Road, establishing himself as one of the fans' favourites. Wellens was selected in the Great Britain team to compete in the end of season 2004 Rugby League Tri-Nations tournament. In the final against Australia he played at fullback in the Lions' 44–4 loss.
In the 2006 season which would see St Helens collect all three major honours at domestic level, Wellens' own form was rewarded with the Rugby League Writers' Association player of the year, Super League players' player of the year and the prestigious Man of Steel Award. Wellens played for St Helens at fullback in their 2006 Challenge Cup Final victory against Huddersfield. He was also awarded the Harry Sunderland Trophy as man of the match against Hull F.C. in 2006's Super League XI Grand Final. As 2006 Super League champions, St Helens faced 2006 NRL Premiers Brisbane Broncos in the 2007 World Club Challenge. Wellens played at fullback in the Saints' 18–14 victory.
In 2007 Wellens continued his form, but added another dimension to his game by becoming one of the league's top try scorers. This was highlighted in the Millennium Magic weekend victory against rivals Wigan, in which Wellens scored four tries. He was named in the end of season Super League Dream Team for the third season running. He also became joint winner of the Lance Todd Trophy award in the 2007 Carnegie Challenge Cup Final against the Catalans Dragons at Wembley Stadium, sharing the prize with Leon Pryce. In the 2008 Challenge Cup Final, Wellens retained the Lance Todd Trophy award.
Wellens was selected for the England squad to compete in the 2008 Rugby League World Cup in Australia. In Group A's first match against Papua New Guinea he played at fullback in England's victory.
In January 2009, Wellens played in his own testimonial match against Wakefield Trinity.
He played in the 2009 Super League Grand Final defeat by the Leeds Rhinos at Old Trafford.
2010s
In 2011, Wellens was named joint captain of St. Helens alongside James Graham. He took over as sole captain following Graham's departure to Canterbury Bulldogs.
He played in the 2011 Super League Grand Final defeat by the Leeds Rhinos at Old Trafford.
In 2014, Wellens made history by scoring the 1,000th point in his career. St Helens reached the 2014 Super League Grand Final, and Wellens captained them from fullback in what was a record-equalling 10th grand final appearance. Saints defeated Wigan Warriors 14–6 to win their first Super League title in 8 years, with Wellens lifting the trophy.
Following a failure to recover from a long-standing hip injury, Wellens announced his retirement from playing on 24 June 2015. In total he played 495 times for St Helens, in the process winning 5 Super League titles, 5 Challenge Cup winners medals, two World Club Challenges, the Man of Steel Award, the Lance Todd Trophy, the Harry Sunderland Trophy, and was named in the Super League Dream Team on four occasions.
Coaching career
On 18 February 2023, Wellens coached St Helens to their 13-12 victory over perennial big time World Club Champions match bottlers Penrith in the 2023 World Club Challenge.
After a bad start to the domestic season Wellens coached St. Helens to a 28-6 victory over Warrington, despite rumours it was their year.
References
External links
Saints Heritage Society profile
(archived by web.archive.org) Wellens Saints Profile
(archived by web.archive.org) 2001 Ashes profile
(archived by web.archive.org) Wonderful Wellens Strikes Four Again
Wellens Wins Man of Steel Award
Wellens Wins England Call Up
1980 births
Living people
English rugby league players
England national rugby league team players
Great Britain national rugby league team players
Lance Todd Trophy winners
Rugby league fullbacks
Rugby league centres
Rugby league players from St Helens, Merseyside
Rugby league wingers
St Helens R.F.C. captains
St Helens R.F.C. coaches
St Helens R.F.C. players |
Manon Labrecque (1965-2023) is a Canadian artist based in Montreal.
In 2007 she was awarded the artistic creation prize at the Rendez-vous du cinéma québécois.
In 2013 she won the Prix Louis-Comtois for mid-career artists. Her work is included in the collections of the Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec, the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts and the National Gallery of Canada
References
Living people
1965 births
20th-century Canadian women artists
21st-century Canadian women artists |
José Pablo Quirós Quirós (1905–1988) was a Costa Rican politician. Son of Juan Bautista Quirós Segura.
Costa Rican politicians
1905 births
1988 deaths
Children of presidents |
Queen Wonchang () or Queen Gyeongheon (), was the grandmother of Wang Geon, founder of the Goryeo dynasty which she later Posthumously honoured as a queen alongside her husband in 919.
Family
Father: Du Eun-jeom (두은점, 頭恩坫)
Husband: Uijo of Goryeo
Son: Wang Ryung (왕륭); married Lady Han, Queen Wisuk (위숙왕후)
Son: Wang Pyeong-dal (왕평달)
Unnamed son
Unnamed son
See also
Founding legends of the Goryeo royal family
References
Royal consorts of the Goryeo Dynasty
9th-century Korean women |
The table below lists the hospitals located in the Ivory Coast.
Gallery of hospitals
References
Medical and health organizations based in Ivory Coast
Ivory Coast |
Dr. Margarita Tamargo-Sanchez (September 30, 1915 in Havana, Cuba – October 2, 2005 in Miami, Florida) was a prominent pharmacist and bacteriologist in Cuba.
Dr. Tamargo-Sanchez was the daughter of Domingo Tamargo-Bautista (1883–1947) and Gloria Sanchez-del Monte (1888–1963). She never married but had three siblings, Ana Gloria (1910–1996) (wife of Francisco Diaz-Silveira Lopez), Domingo Alberto (1913–2002), and Alberto (1919–1984).
She graduated from University of Havana in 1939, obtaining a doctorate in pharmacy, and became the director of the pharmacy department of the anti-tuberculosis Children's Hospital in Havana. In 1949, she won a scholarship to further studies specialized in bacteriology with Sir Alexander Fleming, who discovered penicillin, becoming the first Cuban woman to obtain this scholarship. She studied under the direction of Dr. Fleming at St. Mary's Hospital in the University of London and, later, Dr. Fleming and his wife visited Tamargo-Sanchez and her family in Cuba, where, at her request, he lectured at the University of Havana.
She came to the United States in 1968 and worked at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, until her retirement in 1980. She then spent her last 22 years in Miami with her family.
References
The Miami Herald - October 4, 2005
Anuario Social de La Habana 1939, Julio de Cespedes & Miguel Baguer, editors (Havana, Cuba: Luz-Hilo, S.A., 1939)
Directorio Social de la Habana 1948, Maria R. de Fontanills & Eduardo Fontanills Jr., editors (Havana, Cuba: P. Fernandez y Cia., S. en C., 1948)
Libro de Oro de la Sociedad Habanera 1949, Joaquin de Posada, Eduardo Cidre & Pablo Alvarez de Canas, editors (Havana, Cuba: Editorial Lex, 1949)
Libro de Oro de la Sociedad Habanera 1950, Joaquin de Posada, Eduardo Cidre & Pablo Alvarez de Canas, editors (Havana, Cuba: Editorial Lex, 1950)
Libro de Oro de la Sociedad Habanera 1953, Joaquin de Posada & Pablo Alvarez de Canas, editors (Havana, Cuba: Editorial Lex, 1953)
Registro Social de la Habana 1955, Julio de Cespedes, editor (Havana, Cuba: Molina y Cia., S.A., 1955)
Registro Social de la Habana 1958, Julio de Cespedes, editor (Havana, Cuba: Molina y Cia., S.A., 1958)
Anuario de Familias Cubanas 1988, Joaquin de Posada, editor (Costa Rica: Trejos Hermanos Sucrs., Inc., 1988)
Cuban emigrants to the United States
Cuban pharmacologists
1915 births
2005 deaths |
```python
import functools
import re
from openpilot.tools.lib.auth_config import get_token
from openpilot.tools.lib.api import CommaApi
from openpilot.tools.lib.helpers import RE
@functools.total_ordering
class Bootlog:
def __init__(self, url: str):
self._url = url
r = re.search(RE.BOOTLOG_NAME, url)
if not r:
raise Exception(f"Unable to parse: {url}")
self._id = r.group('log_id')
self._dongle_id = r.group('dongle_id')
@property
def url(self) -> str:
return self._url
@property
def dongle_id(self) -> str:
return self._dongle_id
@property
def id(self) -> str:
return self._id
def __str__(self):
return f"{self._dongle_id}/{self._id}"
def __eq__(self, b) -> bool:
if not isinstance(b, Bootlog):
return False
return self.id == b.id
def __lt__(self, b) -> bool:
if not isinstance(b, Bootlog):
return False
return self.id < b.id
def get_bootlog_from_id(bootlog_id: str) -> Bootlog | None:
# TODO: implement an API endpoint for this
bl = Bootlog(bootlog_id)
for b in get_bootlogs(bl.dongle_id):
if b == bl:
return b
return None
def get_bootlogs(dongle_id: str) -> list[Bootlog]:
api = CommaApi(get_token())
r = api.get(f'v1/devices/{dongle_id}/bootlogs')
return [Bootlog(b) for b in r]
``` |
Daisy Florence Ridgley (sometimes written Ridgeley and later Pell), born 9 January 1909, date of death unknown) was an English athlete who competed in the 1930 Women's World Games.
Biography
Daisy Florence Ridgley was born in Essex. When she took up athletics, she competed mainly at 200 metres but also at 100 metres. In 1923, she began studying at Edmonton County School, which is now in the London Borough of Enfield in north London.
Ridgley attended the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam, but there was no women's 200 metre event.
At the 1930 Women's World Games in Prague she was a member, along with Ethel Scott, Eileen Hiscock and Ivy Walker, of the British 4×100 metre relay team which won the silver medal.
In 1931, she won the silver medal at the Olympics of Grace in Florence in the 100 metre race.
In 1938, she married Reginald Pell in Edmonton, Middlesex. According to the 1939 England and Wales Register, she at the time was an art teacher in Wembley.
References
1909 births
Year of death missing
English female sprinters
People educated at Edmonton County School
Women's World Games medalists |
The 2004 Montana gubernatorial election took place on November 2, 2004 for the post of Governor of Montana. Democrat Brian Schweitzer defeated Montana Secretary of State and Republican nominee Bob Brown with 50.4% of the vote against 46%. Schweitzer formed a ticket with a Republican running mate, choosing state legislator John Bohlinger for the lieutenant governorship.
Democratic primary
Candidates
Brian Schweitzer, rancher, former United States Department of Agriculture employee, nominee for the United States Senate in 2000
Running mate: John Bohlinger, former State Representative (1993–1999) and State Senator (1999–2005)
John Vincent, former State Representative (1975–1990), former Speaker of the Montana House of Representatives (1985–1986; 1989–1990) and former Mayor of Bozeman (1994–1995)
Running mate: Mary Sexton, Teton County Commissioner
Brian Schweitzer, a rancher from Whitefish, began campaigning for the Democratic nomination over a year before the primary. He had narrowly lost the Senate race to Conrad Burns in 2000. In February 2004 he announced that liberal Republican State Senator John Bohlinger would be his running mate for the post of lieutenant governor. This would be the first bipartisan gubernatorial team since the Montana Constitution was amended in 1972 to require governors and lieutenant governors to run as a team.
In March 2004, John Vincent, a former Speaker of the Montana House of Representatives, entered the race and criticized Schweitzer for taking both sides on some issues. In the end Schweitzer easily won the Democratic primary. Three days after the primary Schweitzer addressed the Montana Democratic Convention; he gave a bear hug to his defeated rival and said he would bring a new kind of leadership to Montana.
Republican primary
Candidates
Bob Brown, Secretary of State of Montana (2001–2005), former State Representative (1970–1974) and former State Senator (1974–1996)
Running mate: Dave Lewis, State Representative (2001–2005)
Pat Davison, conservative businessman
Running mate: David Mihalic, former Superintendent of Glacier National Park (1994–1999) and Yosemite National Park (1999–2002) for the National Park Service and former adviser to Marc Racicot
Ken Miller, former State Senator (1995–2003) and former Montana Republican Party Chairman (2001–2003)
Running mate: Wayne Buchanan, former executive secretary for the Montana Board of Public Education
Tom Keating, former State Senator (1981–2001)
Running mate: Matt Brainard, Montana Public Service Commissioner and former State Representative (1995–2001)
Incumbent Governor Judy Martz had a difficult term of office with her approval ratings as governor going as low as 20%. In August 2003 she announced she would not run for re-election as she wanted to spend more time with her family. Lieutenant Governor Karl Ohs was expected to enter the Republican primary race but decided not to.
Montana Secretary of State Bob Brown, conservative businessman Pat Davison and former State Senators Ken Miller and Tom Keating competed for the nomination. Brown was seen as the favorite in the primary but was attacked by Pat Davison for being "liberal on taxes". Brown was the only one of the candidates who refused to sign a pledge not to raise taxes as he said he wanted to keep all options open as governor.
General election
Campaign
In mid summer polls showed Schweitzer had a 10-point lead over Brown, but by October the gap had closed to only 4 percent.
Schweitzer campaigned with plans to lift Montana from its position at the bottom of all 50 states in wages. He called for new uses to be found for crops like mint and for small businesses to pool in purchasing health care. He also supported opening the border with Canada to allow consumers to get cheaper prescription drugs from Canada.
Brown said that the Democrats harmed business growth and job creation. He touted his government experience including 26 years in the Montana legislature and accused Schweitzer of taking hypocritical stands.
Schweitzer won the election to become the first Democrat in 20 years to win an election for governor. According to the exit polls Schweitzer obtained two-thirds of the vote from over 65s and from independent voters. This was despite President George W. Bush winning Montana very easily over John Kerry.
Predictions
Statewide results
Counties that flipped from Republican to Democratic
Cascade (largest city: Great Falls)
Park (largest city: Livingston)
Sheridan (Largest city: Plentywood)
Lake (largest city: Polson)
Yellowstone (largest municipality: Billings)
Valley (largest city: Glasgow)
References
See also
Montana
Gubernatorial
2004 |
Megaloglossus is a genus of bats in the family Pteropodidae. It is native to Africa. It contains two species, Megaloglossus azagnyi and Megaloglossus woermanni. Prior to 2012, it was considered a monotypic genus. In 2012, however, M. woermanni was split into two species with the description of M. azagnyi. It was described as a new species in 2012.
Range
Both species are found in West and Central Africa.
References
Bat genera
Megabats |
Gordon R. Thompson (March 2, 1918 – February 4, 1995) was a justice of the Supreme Court of Nevada from 1961 to 1980.
Born in Reno, Nevada to Reuben C. Thompson and Mabel M. Thompson, Gordon Thompson was the younger brother of Bruce R. Thompson, who served as a federal judge from 1963 to 1978, and both men had a sister, Mary. With his wife, Kathleen, Thompson had two daughters, Mada and Marie.
After graduating from Reno High School in 1936, Thompson attended the University of Nevada, Reno, the same university his brother attended. After earning a bachelor's degree in 1940, Thompson, like his brother, left Reno to attend California's Stanford Law School, where he earned his LL.B. in 1943.
From 1957 to 1959, Thompson served as one of five members of the Advisory Committee to the Supreme Court of Nevada on Rules of Civil Procedure.
In 1961, Governor Grant Sawyer appointed Thompson to the Nevada Supreme Court, making him, at 42 years old, the youngest appointee to any state supreme court in the nation at that point.
Re-elected three times, Thompson also served as chief justice several times. Among Thompson's opponents for re-election was future Chief Justice Charles Springer, a former Sawyer ally who ran against Sawyer in the 1966 primary election and made an unsuccessful bid to unseat Thompson in 1974.
During Thompson's tenure on the Court, it adopted the Nevada Rules on the Administrative Docket.
Thompson retired from the Nevada Supreme Court in 1980, citing conflicts among the court's justices.
After leaving the court, Thompson taught law at the now-defunct Old College School of Law.
References
1918 births
1995 deaths
Politicians from Reno, Nevada
Reno High School alumni
University of Nevada, Reno alumni
Stanford Law School alumni
Justices of the Nevada Supreme Court
20th-century American judges
Chief Justices of the Nevada Supreme Court |
The invasion of Algiers in 1830 was a large-scale military operation by which the Kingdom of France, ruled by Charles X, invaded and conquered the Deylik of Algiers.
Algiers was annexed by the Ottoman Empire in 1529 after the capture of Algiers in 1529 and had been under direct rule until 1710, when Baba Ali Chaouch achieved de facto independence from the Ottomans, though the Regency was still nominally a part of the Ottoman Empire.
The Deylik of Algiers elected its rulers through a parliament called the Divan of Algiers. These rulers/kings were known as Deys. The state could be best described as an Elective monarchy.
A diplomatic incident in 1827, the so-called Fan Affair (Fly Whisk Incident), served as a pretext to initiate a blockade against the port of Algiers. After three years of standstill and a more severe incident in which a French ship carrying an ambassador to the dey with a proposal for negotiations was fired upon, the French determined that more forceful action was required. Charles X was also in need of diverting attention from turbulent French domestic affairs that culminated with his deposition during the later stages of the invasion in the July Revolution.
The invasion of Algiers began on 5 July 1830 with a naval bombardment by a fleet under Admiral Duperré and a landing by troops under Louis Auguste Victor de Ghaisne, comte de Bourmont. The French quickly defeated the troops of Hussein Dey, the Deylikal ruler, but native resistance was widespread. This resulted in a protracted military campaign, lasting more than 45 years, to root out popular opposition to the colonization. The so-called "pacification" was marked by resistance of figures such as Ahmed Bey, Abd El-Kader and Lalla Fatma N'Soumer.
The invasion marked the end of the several centuries old Regency of Algiers, and the beginning of French Algeria. In 1848, the territories conquered around Algiers were organised into three départements, defining the territories of modern Algeria.
Background
During the Napoleonic Wars, the Kingdom of Algiers had greatly benefited from trade in the Mediterranean, and of the massive imports of food by France, largely bought on credit. The Dey of Algiers attempted to remedy his steadily decreasing revenues by increasing taxes, which was resisted by the local peasantry, increasing instability in the country and leading to increased piracy against merchant shipping from Europe and the young United States of America. This, in turn, led to the First Barbary War and the Second Barbary War, which culminated in August 1816 when Edward Pellew executed a naval bombardment of Algiers in response to Algerian massacres of recently freed European slaves.
The widespread unpopularity of the Bourbon Restoration among the French populace at large also made France unstable. In an attempt to distract his people from domestic affairs, King Charles X decided to engage in a colonial expedition.
In 1827, Hussein Dey, Algeria's Dey, demanded that the French pay a 28-year-old debt contracted in 1799 by purchasing supplies to feed the soldiers of the Napoleonic Campaign in Egypt. The French consul Pierre Deval refused to give answers satisfactory to the dey, and in an outburst of anger, Hussein Dey touched the consul with his fly-whisk. Charles X used this as an excuse to initiate a blockade against the port of Algiers. The blockade lasted for three years, and was primarily to the detriment of French merchants who were unable to do business with Algiers, while Barbary pirates were still able to evade the blockade. When France in 1829 sent an ambassador to the dey with a proposal for negotiations, he responded with cannon fire directed toward one of the blockading ships. The French then determined that more forceful action was required.
King Charles X decided to organise a punitive expedition on the coasts of Algiers to punish the "impudence" of the dey, as well as to root out Barbary corsairs who used Algiers as a safe haven. The naval part of the operation was given to Admiral Duperré, who advised against it, finding it too dangerous. He was nevertheless given command of the fleet. The land part was under the orders of Louis Auguste Victor de Ghaisne, comte de Bourmont.
On 16 May, a fleet comprising 103 warships and 464 transports departed Toulon, carrying a 37,612-man strong army. The ground was well-known, thanks to observations made during the First Empire, and the Presque-isle of Sidi Ferruch was chosen as a landing spot, west of Algiers. The vanguard of the fleet arrived off Algiers on 31 May, but it took until 14 June for the entire fleet to arrive.
Order of battle
French Navy
Provence (74), flagship. Admiral Duperré
Marengo (74)
Trident (74)
Duquesne (80), captain Bazoche
Algésiras (80)
Conquérant (80)
Breslaw (80)
Couronne (74)
Ville de Marseille (74), en flûte
Pallas (60),
Melpomène (60),
Aréthuse (46), en flûte
Pauline (44)
Thétis (44)
Proserpine (44)
Sphinx
Nageur
Algerian preparations
Following the rise in tension and the start of the war, the Algerians mobilized themselves. The tribes of the Makhzen system were levied throughout the Beyliks of Constantine, Oran, and Titteri. The Zwawa and Iflissen warrior tribes of Kabylia were also levied, and were given under the command of Cheikh Mohammed ben Zaamoum. The Odjak of Algiers was also mobilized, and their Agha, Ibrahim was appointed as supreme commander of the Algerian forces. As Hussein Dey declared a holy Jihad against the French invaders, many volunteers from throughout the country joined the army of Hussein Dey. Furthermore several letters were sent to specific tribes whom were renown for their martial prowess throughout the country.“Good day to all the people of Kabylia and to all their notables and their marabouts. Know that the French formed the design to land and seize the capital of Algiers. You are a people renowned for your courage and your dedication to Islam. The Ujaq calls you to holy war so that you may reap the benefits, in this world and in the next, like your ancestors who fought in the First Holy War against Charles V in 1541.
Whoever wants to be happy in the next world, must devote himself entirely to Jihad when the time is right. Jihad is a duty imposed on us by religion, when the infidel is in our territory.”
From a letter sent by Ibrahim Agha to several Kabyle tribes, such as the Ait Iraten.
The exact number and composition of the Algerian army is unknown, but it is known that the majority of troops were from the Makhzen tribal levy. Estimates of the exact number of Algerian troops vary greatly, with some estimates putting it at about 25,000-30,000 while some French sources putting it at 50,000.
Invasion
French landing
On the morning of 14 June 1830, the French Expeditionary Force composed of 34,000 soldiers divided in three divisions, started disembarking on the Sidi Ferruch Presque-isle. After landing, they quickly captured the Algerian battery and the division under general Berthezène established a beachhead to protect the landing of the rest of the troops. While the French were preparing, they were constantly attacked and harassed by hidden Algerian scouts, whose guerrilla-style harassment was only a prelude to the main attack.
Battle of Staoueli
As the French were slowly disembarking their troops and equipment, Hussein Dey's three Beys, from Oran, Titteri and Medea, and various caids had answered the call to arms and started gathering forces in a large camp on the nearby plateau of Staoueli.
Convinced that fear alone was keeping the French from making any move forward, the Algerian forces, led by Ibrahim Agha, came down from the plateau on the early morning of 19 June and attacked the two French divisions that had already disembarked.
The Algerian assault was repulsed and the French forces followed the Algerians to their camp up the hill. French artillery fire and bayonet charges eventually turned the Algerian retreat into a general rout. By midday the French had captured the Algerian camp and many of the forces assembled by the Dey went back home. In the camp, the French found riches, weapons, food and livestock that the Algerians had abandoned there while they fled.
Despite the French success, Bourmont decided not to move any further until all the forces had been disembarked. Meanwhile, in Algiers, Hussein Dey spent the next three days actively trying to gather the forces that had scattered after the battle. Everyday more and more of them arrived to the city, and soon the apparent inaction of the French gave the Algerians renewed confidence.
Battle of Sidi Khalef
On the morning of 24 June, Algerian forces came back on Staoueli plateau and deployed themselves in front of French outposts. As the 1st French division started marching toward them in column formation, Algerian forces retreated toward the village of Sidi Khalef at the edge of the plateau. After some fighting, the Algerians were routed by a bayonet charge. French casualties were very low on that day, but Amédée de Bourmont, one of the French commander-in-chief's four sons, was among the killed.
Bombing of Algiers
On July 3, Admiral Duperré and some of his warships bombed Algiers coastal defences. However, French ships remained relatively far from the coast and thus caused only slight damage.
Siege of Bordj Moulay Hassan fortress
On 29 June, French troops arrived near the Bordj Moulay Hassan fortress, an old Ottoman fortress that the French soon nicknamed "Fort de l'Empereur" as tribute to Emperor Charles V, since it had been built in response to his attack on the city in 1541. On 30 June they started digging trenches in preparation for the siege and by July 3 they had brought all their artillery. In the early morning of July 4, general De la Hitte, commander of the French artillery, ordered all batteries to open fire.The defenders immediately returned fire, and a long cannonade ensued. The fort's garrison, composed of about 800 janissaries and 1,200 Moors, resisted for several hours despite the intense bombardment they were subjected to, a feat of courage that impressed the French. Near 10:00 am however, the defenders of the fort stopped firing as they no longer had any cover after all the merlons had been destroyed. The fortress was devastated and most of its guns had been destroyed. The defenders then gathered what was left of powder and blew up the fortress before fleeing the place. Out of the 2,000 men of the garrison, only half had survived and returned to the Casbah
Capitulation of Algiers
With the fortress out of the picture, the city was now at the mercy of the French invasion force. The French brought their artillery in the ruins of the fortress started exchanging fire with the Casbah of Algiers.
A little after midday, an envoy of the Dey reached French lines and attempted to negotiate a French withdrawal in exchange for an official apology to the King of France and the repayment of French war expenditures by the Regency. The French refused, and a while later two delegates came to the French and negotiated an armistice until peace agreements could be reached. They also proposed to bring the head of the Dey to the French, which the French declined. De Bourmont told them that France wanted the city, its fleet, the Regency's treasury and the departure of Turks from the city and promised to spare the inhabitants houses from pillaging if these terms were accepted. Hussein Dey would also be allowed to bring his personal wealth with him in exile. The two delegates left and came back on the next day at about 11:00 am, and told the French that the Dey agreed to their terms.
French troops entered the city on July 5 at 12:00.
A few days later, Hussein Dey and his family embarked on a frigate and departed for Naples.
Effects
With the French invasion of Algiers, a number of Algerians migrated west to Tetuan. They introduced baklava, coffee, and the warqa pastry now used in pastilla.
References
Sources
French conquest of Algeria
Conflicts in 1830
1830 in Algeria
19th century in Algiers
Battles involving Ottoman Algeria
Sieges involving France
Invasions by France
Sieges involving the Ottoman Empire
Invasions of the Ottoman Empire
1830 in the Ottoman Empire
June 1830 events
July 1830 events
Amphibious operations |
Ileana Perez Velazquez is a Cuban-American composer and Professor of Composition at Williams College since 2000. She was born in Cienfuegos, Cuba, and then studied as an undergraduate in piano and composition from the Higher Institute of Arts (ISA), Havana, Cuba before moving to the United States for graduate work in composition at Dartmouth College and Indiana University, where she earned her DMA.
Her work draws from a range of influences, which a New York Times review characterized having an "otherworldly quality mirrored in the accompaniment and sounding like a musical expression of the Latin American literary form magical realism." In contrast, one of her compositions performed in 2019, Tu, paz mia, was reviewed as "Processional and solemn, the work is Baroque in tone." She has been commissioned to compose works by many organizations, including the 2015 Commission from the Fromm Music Foundation at Harvard University. She has written works for numerous performers and ensembles, including Continuum (New York City), Momenta String quartet (NYC), Cassatt Quartet (NYC), Ensemble Dal Niente from Chicago
Festival performances of her work includes venues such as the Sonidos de las Americas Cuba Festival at Carnegie Hall, by the American Composers Orchestra Chamber Players, and the Composers Now Festival in New York City, but also in Cuba, the United States, throughout South and Central America, Europe, China, and the Middle East.
Recordings
2017 - A Cascade of Light in a Resonance Universe: Music of Ileana Perez Velazquez, Albany Records
2008 - An Enchanted Being: Music of Ileana Perez Velazquez, Albany Records
References
American entertainers of Cuban descent
American musicians of Cuban descent
Williams College faculty
People from Cienfuegos
Dartmouth College alumni
Indiana University alumni
American women composers
American composers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American women academics
21st-century American women |
Yuichi Sugita was the defending champion after defeating Matthew Ebden in the 2010 final. He was eliminated by Cedrik-Marcel Stebe already in the first round.
Stebe reached the final, but lost to Dominik Meffert 6–4, 4–6, 2–6.
Seeds
Draw
Finals
Top half
Bottom half
References
Main Draw
Qualifying Draw
All Japan Indoor Tennis Championships - Singles
2011 Singles |
Mexico is an unincorporated community, in Crittenden County, Kentucky. It lies at an elevation of 495 feet (151 m).
References
Unincorporated communities in Kentucky
Unincorporated communities in Crittenden County, Kentucky |
JKH may refer to:
Chios Island National Airport's IATA codes
John Keells Holdings
JKH Entertainment, record label for C-Note |
A demerger is a form of corporate restructuring in which the entity's business operations are segregated into one or more components. It is the converse of a merger or acquisition.
A demerger can take place through a spin-off by distributed or transferring the shares in a subsidiary holding the business to company shareholders carrying out the demerger. The demerger can also occur by transferring the relevant business to a new company or business to which then that company's shareholders are issued shares of. In contrast, divestment can also "undo" a merger or acquisition, but the assets are sold off rather than retained under a renamed corporate entity.
Demergers can be undertaken for various business and non-business reasons, such as government intervention, by way of antitrust law, or through decartelization.
See also
Equity carve-out
Successor company
References
Corporate finance
Restructuring |
Senator Millar may refer to:
Fran Millar (born 1949), Georgia State Senate
William Millar (politician) (1839–1913), Wisconsin State Senate
See also
Joseph Millard (1836–1922), U.S. Senator from Nebraska from 1901 to 1907
Senator Miller (disambiguation) |
Kabarett (; from French cabaret = tavern) is satirical revue, a form of cabaret which developed in France by Rodolphe Salis in 1881 as the cabaret artistique. It was named Le Chat Noir and was centered on political events and satire. It later inspired creation of Kabarett venues in Germany from 1901, with the creation of Berlin's Überbrettl venue and in Austria with the creation of the Jung-Wiener Theater zum lieben Augustin housed in the Theater an der Wien. By the Weimar era in the mid-1920s it was characterized by political satire and gallows humor. It shared the characteristic atmosphere of intimacy with the French cabaret from which it was imported, but the gallows humor was a distinct German aspect.
Difference from other forms
Kabarett is the German word for the French word cabaret but has two different meanings. The first meaning is the same as in English, describing a form of entertainment featuring comedy, song, dance, and theatre (often the word "cabaret" is used in German for this as well to distinguish this form). The latter describes a kind of political satire. Unlike comedians who make fun of all kind of things, Kabarett artists () pride themselves as dedicated almost completely to political and social topics of more serious nature which they criticize using techniques like cynicism, sarcasm and irony.
History
The first Kabarett venue was the Le Chat Noir in France, founded in 1880 by Rodolphe Salis. It later inspired similar venues in Germany and Austria such as the "Überbrettl", the first Kabarett venue (Berlin, 1901) in Germany and the "Jung-Wiener Theater zum lieben Augustin" in Vienna.
Ernst von Wolzogen founded in Berlin the first German cabaret called Überbrettl (literally Superstage, a play of words on Friedrich Nietzsche's Übermensch, Superman), later known as Buntes Theater (colourful theatre), in January 1901. In the foundation of the Überbrettl , von Wolzogen was inspired by Otto Julius Bierbaum's 1897 novel Stilpe.
In Munich, the Die Elf Scharfrichter was co-founded by Otto Falckenberg and others, in April 1901. It is sometimes considered the first political kabarett.
All forms of public criticism were banned by a censor on theatres in the German Empire, however. This was lifted at the end of the First World War, allowing the kabarett artists to deal with social themes and political developments of the time. This meant that German kabarett really began to blossom in the 1920s and 1930s, bringing forth all kinds of new cabaret artists, such as Werner Finck at the Katakombe, Karl Valentin (died 1948) at the Wien-München, Fritz Grünbaum and Karl Farkas at the Kabarett Simpl in Vienna, and Claire Waldoff. Some of their texts were written by great literary figures such as Kurt Tucholsky, Erich Kästner, and Klaus Mann.
When the Nazi party came to power in 1933, they started to repress this intellectual criticism of the times. Kabarett in Germany was hit badly. (Kander and Ebb's Broadway musical, Cabaret, based on the Christopher Isherwood novel, Goodbye to Berlin, deals with this period.) In 1935 Werner Finck was briefly imprisoned and sent to a concentration camp; at the end of that year Kurt Tucholsky committed suicide; and nearly all German-speaking kabarett artists fled into exile in Switzerland, France, Scandinavia, or the United States.
When the war ended, the occupying powers ensured that the kabarett portrayed the horrors of the Nazi regime. Soon, various kabarett shows were also dealing with the government, the Cold War and the Wirtschaftswunder: Cabaret Ulenspiegel in Berlin, the university cabaret Tol(l)leranten in Mainz, the Kom(m)ödchen in Düsseldorf and the Münchner Lach- und Schießgesellschaft in Munich. These were followed in the 1950s by television cabaret.
In the GDR, the first state kabarett stage was opened in 1953, Berlin's Die Distel. It was censored and had to be very careful in criticizing the state (1954: Die Pfeffermühle in Leipzig).
In the 1960s, West German kabarett was centred on Düsseldorf, Munich, and Berlin. At the end of the decade, the students' movement of May 1968 split opinion on the genre as some old kabarett artists were booed off the stage for being part of the old establishment. In the 1970s, new forms of kabarett developed, such as the television show Notizen aus der Provinz. At the end of the 1980s, kabarett was an important part of social criticism, with a minor boom at the time of German reunification. In eastern Germany, kabarett artists had been growing more and more daring in their criticism of politicians in the time leading up to 1989. After reunification, new social problems, such as mass unemployment, the privatization of companies, and rapid changes in society, meant that cabarets rose in number. Dresden, for example, gained two new cabarets alongside the popular Herkuleskeule.
In the 1990s and at the start of the new millennium, the television and film comedy boom and a lessening of public interest in politics meant that television kabarett audiences in Germany dropped. In order to increase interest again the Walk of Fame of Cabaret in Mainz is honoring selected cabaret celebrities; many past cabaret celebrities are honored by stars and each year a star for a living one is added.
As of 1999, contemporary active political kabarettists and satirists in Germany include: Urban Priol, Thomas Reis, Arnulf Rating, Heinrich Pachl, 3 Gestirn Köln 1, Bruno Jonas, Richard Rogler, Mathias Richling, Dieter Hildebrandt (died 2013), Henning Venske, Matthias Beltz (died 2002), Matthias Deutschmann and Volker Pispers.
Other notable Kabarett artists
Willy Astor
Jürgen Becker
Konrad Beikircher
Martin Betz
Gerhard Bronner
Karl Dall
Alfred Dorfer
Gerd Dudenhöffer
Max Ehrlich, died 1944
Karl Farkas
Ottfried Fischer
Lisa Fitz
Egon Friedell, died 1938
Andreas Giebel
Rainald Grebe
Christoph Grissemann
Fritz Grünbaum, died 1941
Günter Grünwald
Josef Hader
Dieter Hallervorden
Peter Hammerschlag, died 1942
Eckart von Hirschhausen
Franz Hohler
Jörg Hube, died 2009
Hanns Dieter Hüsch, died 2005
Georg Kreisler, died 2011
Reiner Kröhnert
Maren Kroymann
Frank Lüdecke
Uwe Lyko
Rolf Miller
Wolfgang Neuss, died 1989
Maria Ney
Michael Niavarani
Dieter Nuhr
Günther Paal
Rainer Pause
Erwin Pelzig
Sissi Perlinger
Gerhard Polt
Andreas Rebers
Lukas Resetarits
Hagen Rether
Mathias Richling
Helmut Schleich
Wilfried Schmickler
Werner Schneyder
Georg Schramm
Horst Schroth
Serdar Somuncu
Emil Steinberger
Dirk Stermann
Ludger Stratmann
Mathias Tretter
Max Uthoff
Claus von Wagner
Bodo Wartke
Sigi Zimmerschied
Notable Kabarett shows and venues
Cabaret Ulenspiegel (Berlin)
Herkuleskeule (Dresden)
Kom(m)ödchen (Düsseldorf)
Mitternachtsspitzen (Cologne)
Münchner Lach- und Schießgesellschaft (Munich)
Neues aus der Anstalt
Notizen aus der Provinz
Pantheon-Theater (Bonn)
Scheibenwischer
(Vienna)
Tol(l)leranten (Mainz)
See also
Walk of Fame of Cabaret
References
Further reading
Ambesser, Gwendolyn von: Schaubudenzauber - Geschichte und Geschichten eines legendären Kabaretts, Verlag Edition AV, Lich/Hessen 2006,
Arnbom, Marie-Theres, Wacks, Georg: Jüdisches Kabarett in Wien. 1889 - 2009, Armin Berg Verlag, Wien 2009,
Budzinski, Klaus: Pfeffer ins Getriebe – So ist und wurde das Kabarett, Universitas Vlg., München 1982,
Budzinski, Klaus/Hippen, Reinhard: Metzler Kabarett Lexikon, Vlg. J.B. Metzler, Stuttgart-Weimar 1996,
Deißner-Jenssen, Frauke: Die zehnte Muse – Kabarettisten erzählen, Henschel Verlag, Berlin (DDR) 1982
Finck, Werner: Spaßvogel - Vogelfrei, Berlin 1991,
Fink, Iris: Von Travnicek bis Hinterholz 8 : Kabarett in Österreich ab 1945, von A bis Zugabe, Verl. Styria, Graz; Wien; Köln, 2000,
Glodek, Tobias/Haberecht, Christian/Ungern-Sternberg, Christoph: Politisches Kabarett und Satire. Mit Beiträgen von Volker Kühn, Henning Venske, Peter Ensikat, Eckart v. Hirschhausen u.a., Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Berlin, Berlin 2007.
Greul, Heinz: Bretter, die die Zeit bedeuten – Die Kulturgeschichte des Kabaretts, Kiepenheuer & Witsch, Köln-Berlin 1967
Henningsen, Jürgen: Theorie des Kabaretts, Düsseldorf-Benrath 1967
Hippen, Reinhard: Es liegt in der Luft. Kabarett im Dritten Reich, Zürich 1988
Jacobs, Dietmar: Untersuchungen zum DDR-Berufskabarett der Ära Honecker, Frankfurt/M., Berlin, Bern, New York, Paris, Wien, 1996. 309 S. Kölner Studien zur Literaturwissenschaft Vol. 8, Edited by Neuhaus Volker,
Kühn, Volker: Deutschlands Erwachen. Kabarett unterm Hakenkreuz 1933-1945 (= Kleinkunststücke. Eine Kabarett-Bibliothek in fünf Bänden, Hrsg. Volker Kühn, Band3), Berlin 1989, S. 20.
Otto, Rainer/Rösler, Walter: Kabarettgeschichte, Henschelverlag, Berlin (DDR) 1977
Doris Rosenstein: Fernseh(schwäbisches) Kabarett [: Mathias Richling]. In: Suevica 7 (1993). Stuttgart 1994 [1995], S. 153-192
Siegordner, Martin: Politisches Kabarett- Definition, Geschichte und Stellung. GRIN Verlag, 2004.
Schumann, Werner: Unsterbliches Kabarett, Richard Beeck Vlg., Hannover 1948
Vogel, Benedikt: Fiktionskulisse – Poetik und Geschichte des Kabaretts, Mentis Vlg., Paderborn 1993,
Wacks, Georg: Die Budapester Orpheumgesellschaft. Ein Varieté in Wien 1889-1919. Vorwort: Gerhard Bronner, Holzhausen Verlag, Wien 2002,
Zivier, Georg/Kotschenreuter, Hellmut/Ludwig, Volker: Kabarett mit K – Siebzig Jahre große Kleinkunst, Berlin Verlag Arno Spitz, Berlin 1989,
Cabaret
German-speaking people by occupation
German humour
Austrian humour
Culture in Vienna
German political satire
Weimar cabaret |
Abdulaziz bin Abdullah Al Saud ( ʿAbd al ʿAzīz bin ʿAbd Allāh Āl Suʿūd; born 27 October 1962) is a Saudi royal and businessman who served as the deputy minister of foreign affairs from 2011 to 2015.
Early life and education
Prince Abdulaziz was born in Riyadh on 27 October 1962. He is the fourth son of King Abdullah. His mother is Aida Fustuq, a Lebanese woman of Palestinian descent. His full sister is Adila bint Abdullah.
Abdulaziz bin Abdullah graduated from the University of Hertfordshire with a bachelor of arts degree in political science in 1986.
Career
Abdulaziz bin Abdullah served in the Saudi Arabian National Guard for fifteen years in different positions. In 1991, he was appointed as an advisor to Crown Prince Abdullah. Specifically, he was advisor of the Crown Prince Abdullah for Syrian affairs. He was also a state minister.
King Abdullah appointed Prince Abdulaziz as deputy foreign minister on 22 July 2011. During the Syrian civil war, Prince Abdulaziz asked Turkey to establish "nerve centre" attempting to topple Bashar Assad. The center was founded in Adana in the mid-2012. Prince Abdulaziz personally dealt with Bashar Assad's file following the civil war in Syria.
Prince Abdulaziz represented Saudi Arabia at the Non-Aligned Movement summit in Tehran from 30 to 31 August 2012, since foreign affairs minister Prince Saud had an operation and could not attend the meeting. Prince Abdulaziz met with Iranian President Mahmud Ahmadinejad during his stay in Tehran. His tenure ended in April 2015 when Saud Al Faisal resigned from his post as foreign minister due to health concerns.
Business activities
Prince Abdulaziz is owner of Tower Lane Properties, a land development firm. It is reported that the company spent $12 million on five-and-a-quarter acres of land in the Benedict Canyon in 2009, and applied for permits to build a mansion. The project, later, was reduced to 60,000-square-foot. However, more than 1,000 residents of the area signed a petition against this project, requiring an environmental review. The Prince's lawyers filed a case against this petition. Prince Abdulaziz won his lawsuit against the city of Los Angeles in late August 2012.
Other activities
Abdulaziz bin Abdullah founded the Centennial Fund in July 2004 and is the chairman of the Fund which is a nonprofit organization with the goal of supporting the Saudi business. He is also one of the members of the KAUST Board of Trustees. Delano Roosevelt, who is a grandson of Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Prince Abdulaziz jointly established the Friends of Saudi Arabia. This organization seeks to foster the friendly relations between Saudi Arabia and the United States. Prince Abdulaziz is also chairman of the board of trustees of Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz International Award for Translation.
Abdulaziz bin Abdullah is one of three members of the Allegiance Council who did not support the appointment of Mohammad bin Salman as crown prince on 21 June 2017. The others were Muhammad bin Saad Al Saud and Ahmed bin Abdulaziz Al Saud. Abdulaziz represented his older brother, Khalid bin Abdullah, when the opinions of the council members were asked.
Personal life
Abdulaziz bin Abdullah is married and has four children, three from his previous marriage to Abeer bint Turki bin Nasser, and one from Nathalie Ghassan Maamary.
References
External links
Abdulaziz
Abdulaziz
Abdulaziz
Abdulaziz
1962 births
Alumni of the University of Hertfordshire
Abdulaziz
Living people
Saudi Arabian people of Palestinian descent
Saudi Arabian people of Lebanese descent
Abdulaziz
People from Riyadh |
The 2017–18 SEHA League season was the seventh season of the SEHA (South East Handball Association) League and fourth under the sponsorship of the Russian oil and gas company Gazprom. Ten teams from six countries (Belarus, Croatia, Macedonia, Serbia, Slovakia and Slovenia) participated in this year's competition.
Vardar are the defending champions. The SEHA League consists of two phases – the first one has 18 rounds in which all teams play one home and one away games against each other. Afterwards, the four best ranked clubs played on the Final Four tournament.
The campaign began on 30 August 2017 with three matches from the first round. The regular season ended on 17 March 2018.
The final four tournament was held at the Jane Sandanski Arena in Skopje, Macedonia from 13th to 15 April 2018.
Team information
Venues and locations
Personnel and kits
Following is the list of clubs competing in 2017–18 SEHA League, with their manager, team captain, kit manufacturer and shirt sponsor.
Coaching changes
Regular season
Standings
Results
Final Four
The SEHA - Gazprom League Executive Committee has made the decision for the final four tournament to be held at the Jane Sandanski Arena in Skopje, Macedonia from 13th to 15 April.
Format
The first-placed team of the standings faced the fourth-placed team, and the second-placed team played against the third-placed team from the standings in the Final Four.
Semifinals
Match for third place
Final
Top goalscorers
References
External links
Official website
SEHA League
2017–18 domestic handball leagues |
Dieter Haaßengier (30 May 1934 – 7 February 2023) was a German politician. A member of the Christian Democratic Union, he served in the Landtag of Lower Saxony from 1970 to 1976.
Haaßengier died in Garbsen on 7 February 2023, at the age of 88.
References
1934 births
2023 deaths
Christian Democratic Union of Germany politicians
Members of the Landtag of Lower Saxony
20th-century German politicians
Politicians from the Province of Pomerania
People from Szczecinek County |
The Melin system of shorthand is the dominant shorthand system used in Sweden. It was created by Olof Melin (1849–1940), an officer in the Swedish Army. He was a teacher of the Gabelsberger shorthand system in the Swedish army, but he was dissatisfied with it so he created an alternate system, that today is known as the Melin System.
Basic forms
The basic forms of the Melin System are the consonants, vowels, and combinations. In addition there are a large number of ending forms as well as abbreviations. The basic forms are shown below:
Some of the vowels and consonants have the same shapes, but they are distinguishable from their context, as vowels are always written from the bottom up and consonants from the top down.
Here follows a longer text from the 1917 edition of the Swedish encyclopedia Nordisk familjebok:
In clear text this corresponds to:
Korthet och snabbskrifvenhet äro onekligen viktiga egenskaper hos stenografien, men af fullt ut lika stor betydelse är tillförlitligheten och tydligheten, och där den saknas, har man intet egentligt gagn för det praktiska lifvet af kunskapen i stenografi. Det system, som visar sig bäst motsvara anspråken på tydlighet, skall därför i längden komma att stå som segrare i striden mellan de olika metoderna.
In English translation:
Conciseness and the ability to write fast are no doubt important traits for the shorthand practitioner, but just as important are the reliability and the clarity, and where it is lacking, there is no gain in practical life for the knowledge of shorthand. The system, that is shown to best fulfill the requirements of clarity, will therefore in the long run stand out as a winner in the battle between the different methods.
References
Shorthand systems
sv:Stenografi#Melins_system |
November Story is an Indian Tamil-language crime thriller television series for Hotstar Specials, directed by Indhra Subramanian. Produced by Vikatan Televistas the series stars Tamannaah Bhatia in the lead role along with Pasupathy M., G. M. Kumar and Myna Nandhini. The series is a classic murder mystery where the quest to find the truth behind the crime unveils a series of hidden truths. It was released on Disney+ Hotstar on 20 May 2021.
Cast
Tamannaah Bhatia as Anuradha Ganesan, Ganesan's elder daughter, an ethical hacker by profession
G. M. Kumar as Ganesan, Anuradha and Mathi's father, a crime novel writer
Pasupathy M. as Kuzhandhai Yesu, Mathi's foster father
Johnny as vicenarian Kuzhandhai Yesu
Ashwanth as young Kuzhandhai Yesu
Namita Krishnamurthy as Mathi, Ganesan's biological younger daughter and Anuradha's younger sister; Kuzhandhai Yesu's adopted daughter
Vivek Prasanna as Malarmannan, Anuradha's best friend
Myna Nandhini as Chithra, Ganesan's caretaker
Aruldass as Inspector Sudalai
Kimu Gopal as Kuzhandhai Yesu's assistant
Janaki Suresh as Savitri, Mathi's caretaker
Pujitha Devaraju as Neeta Ramchandhani
Tharani Suresh Kumar as Sudar Ganesan, Ganesan's wife
Arshath Feras as Binu
K. Pooranesh as Ahmed
Nishanth Naidu as Sandeep
Supergood Subramani
Episodes
Production
Development
In November 2019, Vikatan Televistas, the television arm of the Tamil magazine Ananda Vikatan announced a streaming series for Disney+ Hotstar. Tentatively titled The November Story, the makers announced Indhra Subramanian as the director, while Tamannaah, Pasupathy M. and G. M. Kumar in prominent roles. Tamannaah stated about her digital debut stating that "the streaming platforms are also the new playground for accomplished actors looking to break grounds with more challenging roles outside the two-hour cinematic time-frame." She further added that about the character in the series "I love to get under the skin of characters I essay, and hence the longer format is the perfect medium to showcase my skills as it is almost like doing five films at one go. There are lots of detailing and one can explore the character in depth." In October 2020, Disney+ Hotstar announced the title of the series as November Story.
Filming
The shooting of the series began in early November 2019 and the first schedule of the series were completed within the end of the month. The team was able to film most of the series by March 2020 before the nationwide COVID-19 lockdown took place, although production and post-production of the series were affected by COVID-19 restrictions. The remaining portions were shot after lockdown and completed in January 2021.
Release
Disney+ Hotstar released the teaser of the series on 24 October 2020, during the announcement of their original contents in Tamil language for the platform. The trailer of the series was released on 6 May 2021, through the YouTube channel of Cinema Vikatan, along with its dubbed Hindi and Telugu versions. The entire show comprising seven episodes, was broadcast exclusively on the streaming service on in Tamil and also dubbed in Telugu and Hindi languages.
Reception
M. Suganth, editor-in-chief of The Times of India reviewed "The solid performances and production values of the series makes November Story engaging, despite its predictable arc." Ranjani Krishnakumar of Firstpost reviewed "November Story is an excellent entry into the pure-play murder mystery genre, but fails to deliver a satisfying pay-off." Haricharan Pudipeddi of Hindustan Times wrote "November Story unravels slowly, and its pace is an issue at times. But what keeps one engaged is the gripping screenplay that beautifully weaves together a web of incidents to produce something worthwhile. For the most part of the show, the writing is highly competent and one can’t find fault with until the climax which is needlessly long drawn."
Avinash Ramachandran of The New Indian Express wrote "November Story does score high on the engagement factor. Barring the final pay-off that is not exactly an organic culmination, the series largely works. There is a lot of activity, even if they don’t necessarily add up. The forced humour, in particular, fails to add any flavour." Nandini Ramanath of Scroll.in stated "Always slick but equally slippery, the severely overstretched and needlessly complicated series benefits from rich atmospherics and sharp performances."
Manoj Kumar R. in his review for The Indian Express praised the series as a "significant improvement compared to the current Tamil daily soaps on television", but labelled it as a "colossal disappointment" by the analysing the standards of web series. India Today's chief critic Janani K. reviewed it as "If not for its length and some logical loopholes, November Story could have been a great murder mystery." Film critic Srinivasa Ramanujam also gave a mixed verdict, in the review for The Hindu stating that the series "needed to pack in more punch in its core narrative."
References
External links
November Story at Disney+ Hotstar
Tamil-language web series
Tamil-language Disney+ Hotstar original programming
Tamil-language crime television series
Tamil-language thriller television series
2021 Tamil-language television series debuts
2021 Tamil-language television series endings |
The English women's cricket team toured Sri Lanka and India in November and December 2005. Against Sri Lanka, they played two One Day Internationals, winning the series 2–0. Against India, they played one Test match and 5 ODIs. The Test match was drawn, whilst India won the ODI series 4–1.
Tour of Sri Lanka
Squads
WODI Series
1st ODI
2nd ODI
Tour of India
Squads
Tour Matches
50-over match: India Under-21s v England
50-over match: India Under-21s v England
Only Test
WODI Series
1st ODI
2nd ODI
3rd ODI
4th ODI
5th ODI
References
External links
England Women tour of Sri Lanka and India 2005/06 from Cricinfo
International cricket competitions in 2005
India and Sri Lanka
Women's international cricket tours of India
Women's international cricket tours of Sri Lanka
2005 in women's cricket |
David Spriggs may refer to:
David Spriggs (footballer)
David Spriggs (artist) |
The Space Merchants is a 1952 science fiction novel by American writers Frederik Pohl and Cyril M. Kornbluth. Originally published in Galaxy Science Fiction magazine as a serial entitled Gravy Planet, the novel was first published as a single volume in 1953, and has sold heavily since. It deals satirically with a hyper-developed consumerism, seen through the eyes of an advertising executive. In 1984, Pohl published a sequel, The Merchants' War. In 2012, it was included in the Library of America omnibus American Science Fiction: Four Classic Novels 1953–1956. Pohl revised the original novel in 2011 with added material and more contemporary references.
Plot
In a vastly overpopulated world, businesses have taken the place of governments and now hold political power. States exist merely to ensure the survival of huge trans-national corporations. Advertising has become hugely aggressive and by far the best-paid profession. Through advertising, the public is constantly deluded into thinking that the quality of life is improved by all the products placed on the market. Some of the products contain addictive substances designed to make consumers dependent on them. However, the most basic elements of life are incredibly scarce, including water and fuel. Personal transport may be pedal powered, with rickshaw rides being considered a luxury. The planet Venus has just been visited and judged fit for human settlement, despite its inhospitable surface and climate; the colonists would have to endure a harsh climate for many generations until the planet could be terraformed.
The protagonist, Mitch Courtenay, is a star-class copywriter in the Fowler Schocken advertising agency who has been assigned the ad campaign which would attract colonists to Venus. But a lot more is happening than he knows about. It soon becomes a tale of mystery and intrigue, in which many of the characters are not what they seem, and Mitch's loyalties and opinions change drastically over the course of the narrative. One of the hazards he faces is a psychopathic agent of his former company, found using the same psychological techniques used to identify targets for advertising.
Mitch goes to a resort in Antarctica, only to become lost outside in a blizzard. He recovers to find that he has been shanghaied as an ordinary working stiff. His ID number tattooed on his arm has been altered so he cannot reclaim his old identity. However, his skills remain intact. He becomes the propaganda specialist for a cadre of revolutionaries (the World Conservationist Association, known as Consies), in the process becoming a convert to the cause of those he once manipulated as mere consumers. In the end he confronts those who stole his life, who are not necessarily his enemies, and those from his old life, who are not necessarily his friends.
Publication and reception
Origins
Whilst serving in the US Army Air Force during the Second World War, Pohl had been posted to Stornara, in south-eastern Italy, as a weather forecaster. Shortly after learning of his mother's death in 1944, and feeling somewhat homesick, he decided to start writing a novel about New York. He chose to write about the advertising industry, thinking it to be the most interesting topic in the city, and patiently wrote "a long, complicated, and very bad novel" with the title of For Some We Loved.
After the war ended, in early 1946, he re-read the manuscript, and decided that its major flaw was that he had written it despite knowing nothing about advertising. Before rewriting it, he applied for advertising jobs to gain some background, and on 1 April 1946 joined a small Madison Avenue agency as their chief copywriter. He later moved to Popular Science, finding that he enjoyed the work so much he lost track of why he originally took the job.
Some years later, Pohl returned to For Some We Loved. In early 1950, he read through the original manuscript, but found the writing to be completely unsalvageable; he burned it, and decided to forget the idea. The following year, he began drafting a science fiction novel, loosely themed on advertising, under the name of Fall Campaign, and had reached twenty thousand words by the summer, working at weekends and in the evenings. At this point, Pohl's old friend Cyril Kornbluth arrived, having quit his job in Chicago to freelance as a science fiction writer, and offered to look over the manuscript. A short while later he returned, having incorporated some plot suggestions made by Philip Klass and written a new twenty-thousand word middle section; the two men collaborated on the final third, and after Pohl gave it a final revision, the novel was complete.
Publication
Horace Gold, the editor of Galaxy Science Fiction, had read the draft before Kornbluth had become involved, and offered to print it when it was complete, tentatively scheduled to follow Alfred Bester's The Demolished Man. In the event, it was serialised in the magazine from June to August 1952, as Gravy Planet.
However, finding a publisher for the novel itself was not easy. Pohl offered it to every American publishing house which printed science fiction, without any success. Eventually, he met Ian Ballantine, an old colleague of his wife's, who had just founded Ballantine Books and was looking for new titles. Ballantine agreed to publish it—Pohl joked that "he was just too inexperienced to know that it was no good"—and it was released in May 1953 in simultaneous paperback and hardcover editions. The book edition dropped the previously published concluding chapters, reportedly added for the magazine version at the request of Galaxy editor H.L. Gold.
Twenty-five years after first publication, writing in The Way The Future Was, Pohl estimated that it had sold perhaps ten million copies in twenty-five languages. Pohl's 2011 light revision of the novel includes references to some commercial phenomena in the Reagan–Bush era, including Enron and AIG.
In 2012, it was included in the Library of America omnibus American Science Fiction: Four Classic Novels 1953–1956, edited by Gary K. Wolfe. The omnibus was part of a two-volume set of 1950s science fiction, the first LOA project to include an extensive online companion site.
Critical reception
In his study of the pioneers of science fiction, New Maps of Hell (1960), the novelist Kingsley Amis states that The Space Merchants "has many claims to being the best science-fiction novel so far." It is also ahead of its time in stressing the importance of limiting population growth and conserving natural resources. On its initial publication, Groff Conklin called the novel "perhaps the best science fiction satire since Brave New World." Boucher and McComas praised it as "bitter, satiric, exciting [and] easily one of the major works of logical extrapolation in several years.... a sharp melodrama of power-conflict and revolt which manages... to explore all the implied developments of [its imagined] society." Imagination reviewer Mark Reinsberg described it as "a marvellously entertaining story" and "A brilliant future satire." P. Schuyler Miller compared the novel to Brave New World, finding it "not so brilliant, but more consistently worked out and suffering principally... from its concessions to melodrama." At the 1976 MidAmeriCon convention in Kansas City, Alfred Bester referred to the novel as "one of the top two science fiction novels of all time."
It was rated the 24th "all-time best novel" in a 1975 Locus poll, jointly with The Martian Chronicles and The War of the Worlds. In 2012, the novel was included in the Library of America two-volume boxed set American Science Fiction: Nine Classic Novels of the 1950s, edited by Gary K. Wolfe. The novel was also included in David Pringle's list of 100 best science fiction novels.
As with many significant works of science fiction, it was lexically inventive. The novel is cited by the Oxford English Dictionary as the first recorded source for several new words, including "soyaburger", "moon suit", "tri-di" for "three-dimensional", "R and D" for "research and development", "sucker-trap" for a shop aimed at gullible tourists, and one of the first uses of "muzak" as a generic term. It is also cited as the first incidence of "survey" as a verb meaning to carry out a poll.
The Space Merchants has also been praised for its investigation of themes relating to 'prosumption', and the impact of overconsumption. Critic Mike Ryder (2022) argues that one of the most significant themes is the ‘robotization’ of producers and consumers, such that the very nature of humanity itself comes into question.
Adaptations
The film rights were sold for $50,000, though an adaptation was never made. It was adapted for radio by the CBS Radio Workshop.
The novel was followed in 1984 by a sequel, The Merchants' War; as Kornbluth had died in 1958, it was written solely by Pohl.
References
Sources
External links
The Space Merchants (serialized in Galaxy as Gravy Planet), parts 1, 2, and 3, at the Internet Archive
Review by Jo Walton
Study guide by Richard D. Erlich
Appreciation by Michael Dirda
1953 American novels
1953 science fiction novels
American science fiction novels
Eco-terrorism in fiction
Collaborative novels
Novels by Frederik Pohl
Novels by Cyril M. Kornbluth
Dystopian novels
Works originally published in Galaxy Science Fiction
Novels first published in serial form
Ballantine Books books
Novels about advertising
Water scarcity in fiction
Novels set on Venus
Propaganda in fiction
Novels about consumerism
Novels republished in the Library of America
Novels adapted into radio programs
Overpopulation fiction |
Poshatovo () is a rural locality (a village) in Malyshevskoye Rural Settlement, Selivanovsky District, Vladimir Oblast, Russia. The population was 4 as of 2010.
Geography
Poshatovo is located 34 km south of Krasnaya Gorbatka (the district's administrative centre) by road. Nikulino is the nearest rural locality.
References
Rural localities in Selivanovsky District |
Borgaon Dam, is an earthfill dam on local river near Yavatmal in state of Maharashtra in India.
Specifications
The height of the dam above lowest foundation is while the length is . The volume content is and gross storage capacity is .
Purpose
Irrigation
See also
Dams in Maharashtra
List of reservoirs and dams in India
References
Dams in Yavatmal district
Dams completed in 1993
1993 establishments in Maharashtra |
Michael Long (21 October 1928 – 18 August 1985) was a British judge of the Sovereign Base Areas in Cyprus, having previously worked as a lawyer and judge in various African countries and as Director of Public Prosecutions in Belize.
Life
Michael Long was born on 21 October 1928. He was the younger brother of Audrey Margaret Freeman (née Long, d.o.b. 20 August 1920, died 27 March 2011, aged 90).
After being educated in the Channel Islands and at Jesus College, Oxford, Long served in the Royal Air Force from 1950 to 1956 before being called to the bar by Middle Temple in 1956. He was then a member of the Army Legal Staff, in various locations including Cyprus, until 1960, when he became Crown Counsel and Resident Magistrate in Uganda. He moved to Kenya in 1965, initially as Principal of the Kenya School of Law before becoming Senior State Counsel and Deputy Registrar General. A move to Gambia followed in 1970, holding similar positions, then a posting as Crown Counsel in Sarawak before becoming a magistrate in Hong Kong in 1974. He left in April 1980 to become Director of Public Prosecutions in Belize. In the following year, he was appointed as Resident Judge of the Sovereign Base Areas of Cyprus. After a long illness, he died on 18 August 1985 at the age of 56.
Michael Long was the brother-in-law of Dr Paul Freeman, former Keeper of Entomology at the Natural History Museum.
Michael was married, and was the father of two children, Nigel Long and Carol Long.
References
1928 births
1985 deaths
Alumni of Jesus College, Oxford
Directors of Public Prosecutions of Belize
Members of the Middle Temple
British barristers
British Cyprus judges
20th-century British judges
British expatriates in Belize
Uganda Protectorate judges
British Kenya judges
Gambia Colony and Protectorate judges
British Malaya judges
British Hong Kong judges |
Robert Clive Burgess (25 November 1950 – 2 May 2006) was an international rugby union flanker who played for Wales from 1977 to 1982. Burgess was a popular player who had many nicknames some of which were Budgie, Animal and The Steel Claw thanks to his fearless nature and rugged appearance. He played his club rugby for Ebbw Vale RFC, Croesyceiliog RFC and Brescia Rugby
Burgess is unusual as he first started playing rugby at the age of 20 after leaving the Merchant Navy. This did not prevent him from being capped for the Wales B team against France in 1976 and his first full cap came in a try-scoring debut against Ireland in 1977. He was a key member of the 1977 Triple Crown winning side and on his recall from the international wilderness in 1981, was promptly voted Welsh Player of the Year. He was renowned for his mauling strength and won nine caps between 1977 and 1982.
Born in Manmoel on 25 November 1950, Robert Clive Burgess joined Ebbw Vale from Croesyceiliog RFC and was a superb servant to the Eugene Cross Park club, for whom he made more than 200 appearances, before finishing his career in Italy with Brescia.
Former Welsh Rugby Union Chief Executive Steve Lewis said,
Burgess died in May 2006 leaving behind a widow and two daughters.
Family
His uncle, Ron Burgess was a Wales international footballer.
References
1950 births
2006 deaths
Wales international rugby union players
Welsh rugby union players
Rugby union players from Caerphilly
Ebbw Vale RFC players
Rugby union flankers
Rugby union number eights |
Pat DeCola (born June 30, 1987, in Lawrence, Massachusetts) is an American sports reporter for NASCAR.Biography
DeCola attended Saint Joseph's College of Maine in Standish, Maine, and graduated with a B.A. in Communications in 2009. He is currently Manager, Digital Editorial for NASCAR.com. He was previously a writer for Fox Sports.
DeCola joined Fox Sports in 2009 and wrote for FOXSports.com and its regional sites until March 2012 before agreeing to join Sportradar US later that month.
He worked at the New Hampshire Union Leader as a sports reporter beginning in 2010, but left in January 2013 to aid in the re-launch of NASCAR.com under NASCAR Digital Media.
In August 2012, DeCola joined Bleacher Report as a Featured Columnist.
From April 2012 to July 2012, DeCola worked with blogger, political commentator, and author Michelle Malkin as a contributing editor on her Twitter curation site, Twitchy.com before resigning over a difference in ideology.
DeCola also played guitar in the now-defunct indie rock band The Cantstanjas.
References
Molori, John (October 2010). DeCola making mark in sports media, MethuenLife'', p. 24.
External links
Fox Sports MLB Power Rankings
Fox Sports Southwest
Sports Data MLB Power Rankings
Getting to Know The Cantstanjas/Boston Music Spotlight
The Cantstanjas Bandcamp
Pat DeCola journalism portfolio
Living people
1987 births
Saint Joseph's College of Maine alumni
Writers from Lawrence, Massachusetts
Sportswriters from Massachusetts |
Shock troop might refer to:
Shock troops, troops intended to lead an attack
Shock Troopers, an arcade game
Shock Troops (album), an album by punk rock band Cock Sparrer, released in 1982
Shock Troop (film), a 1934 German film
Shock Troops (film), a 1967 French film
Shock (troupe), an English music/mime/dance/pop group
See also
Storm trooper (disambiguation) |
Doc Hudson (also known as The Fabulous Hudson Hornet, Hud, or simply Doc) is an anthropomorphic 1951 Hudson Hornet who appears in the 2006 Pixar film Cars. In the film, Doc is the medical doctor and local judge for Radiator Springs. After meeting Lightning McQueen, Doc reveals that he is actually a former Piston Cup racer known as the Fabulous Hudson Hornet, and returns to the Piston Cup to act as Lightning's crew chief in his races. It is implied that Doc died before the events of Cars 2, and in Cars 3 he appears in flashback sequences.
Doc is voiced by Paul Newman in Cars, Cars 3 (the latter via archive audio recordings) and Cars: the Video Game, and Corey Burton in all other media. Six-time Turismo Carretera champion Juan María Traverso voiced the character in the Rioplatense Spanish version of the first film.
Doc Hudson is based on the real-life Fabulous Hudson Hornet of NASCAR. He generally maintains the same image in all three films with navy-blue paint and light modifications for racing. Doc's racing number is 51, a reference to his model year.
Character
Doc Hudson (voiced by Paul Newman in his last non-documentary film role and in his only animated film role) was Radiator Springs' local physician. His license plate read 51HHMD, which was a reference to his year and track number (51), model (Hudson Hornet) and profession (medical doctor). A racer turned mechanic, Doc Hudson had Newman's blue eyes.
Doc's stickers read "Twin H Power", which was an optional dealer-installed dual carburetor intake manifold, with twin 1-barrel carburetors and air filters. It was a dealer-installed option in 1951 and then a factory option for 1952 model year Hornets.
Background
Many years before the events of Cars, Doc Hudson was known as the Fabulous Hudson Hornet. He won three consecutive Piston Cups (1951/1952/1953) and still held the record for most wins in a single season (27, also the number of NASCAR Grand National races won by Hudson Hornets in 1952.) His career unexpectedly came to an end when he suffered a rollover crash during the final lap of the 1954 Fireball Beach 350, a story which closely parallels the fate of Herb Thomas, NASCAR's 1951 and 1953 champion. Upon his return, Doc discovered that racing had moved on without him, as he had been replaced by a new car. He kept a newspaper article on the career-ending crash as a reminder to never return to racing.
Jaded by the racing scene, Doc left that world, apparently taking out time to study law and medicine. Hudson then disappeared into obscurity, leaving many wondering where he went. He removed his racing modifications and took on the life of a judge and physician in the town of Radiator Springs on U.S. Route 66. He ran a medical office as a "doctor of internal combustion". As times changed and the town got bypassed by Interstate 40, Doc stayed on, even when the population dwindled to a meager dozen residents. Nobody in the town had any idea of his past as a racer, knowing him merely as an ordinary Hudson Hornet.
Appearances
Cars (2006)
Upon meeting Lightning McQueen in court, Doc saw far too much of the past that he had left behind. He quickly tried to dismiss the case and send Lightning away, but was convinced to sentence him to community service by having him repave the road as punishment. After Lightning failed to repave the road correctly, Doc challenged him to a race, in which Lightning lost by understeering and hitting cacti due to him not knowing how to corner on an unbanked turn. Doc's one token attempt to explain drifting to Lightning was met with misunderstanding and skepticism, leaving Doc disillusioned and bitter about the young, selfish racecar.
He was less than happy when Lightning discovered his secret and asked, "How could a car like you quit at the top of your game?" Doc bitterly revealed that he did not quit, but was forced into retirement after his crash by the rise of newer, faster cars. After Lightning finished repaving the road, he decided to stay in town for an extra day, but Doc was unable to bear having him around any longer and called the Piston Cup authorities, forcing Lightning to immediately leave for the tie-breaker race in California. After being scolded by Sally for making Lightning leave out of his dislike of him, Doc realizes that Lightning had become more important to the town than he thought. He believed the townsfolk would be happier without Lightning, but was quickly proven wrong.
Realizing that he couldn't keep his past hidden anymore, he not only admitted to the townsfolk that he was the Fabulous Hudson Hornet, but took back his racing modifications to become Lightning's crew chief. At the race, the commentators recognized his presence on the cameras and Doc finally received a long-overdue acknowledgment for his return. During the final lap of the race, Lightning used what he learned from Doc to gain the lead. When Lightning chose to help The King finish his last race instead of winning the Piston Cup, Doc realized that Lightning's personality had finally changed for the better.
At the end of the film, Doc kept his racing colors, becoming a trainer, mentor, and friend to Lightning McQueen. Together, Lightning and Doc won four consecutive Piston Cups.
Cars: the Video Game (2006)
In Cars: the Video Game, Doc taught Lightning powerslide lessons and became crew chief for Lightning during the Piston Cup season in the game's story mode. He is also a playable character who can be purchased for 5,000 points. Though during the game's story mode he wore his original blue paint job and whitewall tires when racing Lightning or training him, his original racing colors can be purchased for use in arcade mode.
Cars 2 (2011)
In Cars 2, Doc died before the events of the film (his voice actor, Paul Newman, died in 2008) and the Piston Cup was renamed in his honor, with his clinic being converted into a museum that displayed trophies and mementos from his career.
Cars 3 (2017)
John Lasseter announced that Cars 3 would include a tribute to Doc Hudson. Lightning's crash in the teaser was a reference to Doc's accident, and he often recalled pieces of advice that Doc gave him in flashbacks. Lightning went to Doc's old crew chief, a Hudson Super Six pick-up named Smokey in Thomasville, Georgia, for help and watched old recordings of Doc's races for inspiration. Smokey explained to Lightning that mentoring him, not racing, was the best part of Doc's life. At the end, Lightning adopted Doc Hudson's old racing colors and painted "The Fabulous Lightning McQueen" on himself in honor of Doc. Lightning's bumper also read, "For Doc Hudson". Cruz Ramirez, Lightning's former trainer who subsequently started a racing career of her own, took on Doc's racing number as a second tribute.
Inspiration
The car is based on the real-life Fabulous Hudson Hornet in NASCAR competition, with Hudson's racing career most closely resembling that of Herb Thomas, the record holder for highest career win rate (55 of 228 races, or 21.05%), and the first ever two-time champion.
Paul Newman, a racing enthusiast and former driver, drew upon his experiences for the grumpy old race car's personality. The character has strong parallels to Dr. Aurelius Hogue from the 1991 film Doc Hollywood and shares the "Doc" moniker with the late Walter "Doc" Mason, interviewed on Route 66 as research for the film.
A close friend of Michael Wallis (the voice of Sheriff), country veterinarian Dr. Walter S. Mason Jr. owned the Tradewinds Courtyard Inn from 1963 until 2003 and donated land for the Oklahoma Route 66 Museum in Clinton. Doc Mason died in June 2007 after a long illness with Alzheimer's disease. After his demise the inn, which once hosted Elvis Presley went into a steep decline, losing its Best Western membership and receiving many highly-negative reviews.
The original Hudson Hornet was manufactured until 1954. Built around a 5.0L, 6 cylinder inline engine with (starting in 1952) twin carburetors on a very low body and centre of gravity, the Hornet was essentially a racing car with the veneer of a luxury sedan. Fabulous Hudson Hornets won NASCAR cups for three consecutive years (Herb Thomas in 1951 and 1953, and Tim Flock in 1952), paralleling Doc Hudson's three Piston Cup wins in those same years. The Hudson Motor Company was merged into Nash Motors on January 14, 1954, to form American Motors Corporation (AMC). After brief use as a marque on Nash-designed AMC vehicles, the Hudson name was discontinued after the 1957 model year. The automaker particitated in a variety of motor sport venues that included five NASCAR wins with its AMC Matador between 1973 and 1975. Chrysler acquired AMC in 1987.
The "Fabulous Hudson Hornet" name, which appeared on three famous NASCAR entries between 1951 and 1954, vanished once Hudson was merged into AMC. Herb Thomas #92 raced Buick and Chevrolet cars in 1955; severe injuries in a 1956 racing wreck in Shelby effectively ended his career, despite two unsuccessful starts in 1957 and one in 1962. Tim Flock #91 switched to Ford cars in 1955; he was one of two drivers forced out of NASCAR after supporting a 1961 unionisation attempt, the Federation of Professional Athletes. Marshall Teague #6 left NASCAR after the 1952 season in a dispute with NASCAR's owner Bill France, Sr.; he was killed in a rollover collision at Daytona on 11 February 1959.
Herb Thomas' 1952 Fabulous Hudson Hornet is currently displayed in the Ypsilanti Automotive Heritage Museum in Michigan; Tim Flock's car is in the Memory Lane Museum in Mooresville, North Carolina. Herb Thomas entered NASCAR's hall of fame for 2013 as the first to win two NASCAR premier series championships (1951 and 1953). A replica of Teague's car is owned by Bruce and Patty Teeters (Teague's descendants).
References
External links
Cars (franchise) characters
Fictional characters from Arizona
Fictional physicians
Fictional judges
Fictional racing cars
Fictional racing drivers
Doc Hudson
Film characters introduced in 2006
Male characters in film
Male characters in animated films
Animated characters introduced in 2006
Fictional characters from the 20th century
Anthropomorphic vehicles |
The enzyme carboxymethyloxysuccinate lyase (EC 4.2.99.12) catalyzes the chemical reaction
carboxymethyloxysuccinate fumarate + glycolate
This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the "catch-all" class of lyases that cleave carbon-oxygen bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is carboxymethyloxysuccinate glycolate-lyase (fumarate-forming). Other names in common use include carbon-oxygen lyase, and carboxymethyloxysuccinate glycolate-lyase.
References
EC 4.2.99
Enzymes of unknown structure |
Al-Huda School was an Islamic school located in Paterson, New Jersey. Al-Huda School officially closed down in 2014.
The school served students in grades PreK-12. As of the 2009–10 school year, the school had an enrollment of 104 students (plus 12 in pre-K) and 11.5 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student-teacher ratio of 9.0:1.
References
Private elementary schools in New Jersey
Education in Paterson, New Jersey
Islamic schools in New Jersey
Private middle schools in New Jersey
Private high schools in Passaic County, New Jersey |
The Nduga hostage crisis began on 7 February 2023 when Free Papua Movement (, OPM) insurgents attacked a plane and took its pilot and all five passengers hostage. While the passengers were soon released, New Zealander pilot Philip Mark Mehrtens remains in captivity.
Background
On 4 February 2023 fifteen civilian workers building a puskesmas clinic for the district had been threatened by the Free Papua Movement (OPM), which alleged that some of them were spies of the Indonesian government, as some of them were allegedly not carrying their national identity cards.
Timeline
First week
On 7 February 2023 at 06:17 a.m. WIT, a Pilatus PC-6 Porter aircraft with the registration number PK-BVY belonging to Susi Air arrived from Timika to Paro airport, Nduga. Shortly after landing, it lost contact with air traffic control. A search was conducted from the air, which soon sighted a burning aircraft. The fate of the New Zealander pilot and the Indonesian passengers (local Nduga Papuan; Demanus Gwijangge, Minda Gwijangge, Pelenus Gwijangge, Meita Gwijangge and an infant, Wetina W) was not known at this point.
A few hours after the sighting, Indonesian military stated that it is likely that the passengers had been taken hostage by the OPM, who were also accused of setting the plane on fire. On the same day, OPM spokesman Sebby Sambom confirmed these allegations, claiming that the operation was led by Egianus Kogoya, a local commander. OPM stated that the passengers, who were Indonesian nationals, had already been released, but that the pilot would only be delivered if the Indonesian government recognised the independence of West Papua, and otherwise would be killed. By then, the hostage had been taken further away from the area according to the organisation. OPM considered New Zealand, Indonesia, Australia, Europe, and the United States to be responsible. In addition, OPM took hostage the workers who had been building the puskesmas clinic.
By 8 February, civilian workers had been evacuated from the area by the Indonesian National Police. Units of police and army were deployed to evacuate the fifteen civilian workers with three helicopters. The evacuation operation was slowed down by bad weather and had to be suspended, but was later completed. In the evening of 8 February, the police claimed that all passengers of the plane had been evacuated.
On 8 February the Indonesian Ministry of Transportation closed the airport down as the remains of the burned aircraft could not be moved and were blocking the runway. On the same day Commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces Yudo Margono stated that previously they have warned Susi Air to not conduct flights to Nduga as the area is dangerous with minimal security forces. He also claimed not to have known that Susi Air had been regularly flying to Nduga. This despite Susi Air having flown regular, scheduled flights to Paro and nearby Kilmid for years on a government contract for subsidized air services.
In the days following Mehrten's kidnapping, the Indonesian National Armed Forces (TNI) deployed two battalions of the elite special forces Kopassus' Unit 81 counter-terrorism force to the southern Papuan city of Timika, which became a staging post for the rescue operation. The Indonesians evacuated thousands of people from around Paro airport, Nduga Regency, Lanny Jaya Regency, and Puncak in an effort to deny Kogoya's group community assistance. In addition, Indonesian troops blocked key positions in the Central Highlands in order to prevent Kogoya's brother Undinus from assisting Kogoya's group.
Second week
On 14 February, members of the West Papua National Liberation Army (TPNPB), the armed wing of the OPM, released several photos and videos of the New Zealand pilot Phillip Mark Mehrtens to the Associated Press. The rebel spokesperson Sebby Sambom stated that his group had released the five civilian hostages since they were indigenous Papuans. In their videos, the rebels reiterated their demand for West Papuan independence.
On 14 February, Indonesian coordinating minister for Political, Security and Legal Affairs Mohammad Mahfud confirmed that the Indonesian Government was working to secure Mehrtens' release and reiterated that West Papua was part of Indonesia. Papua police chief Mathius Fakhiri also confirmed that local authorities were working with tribal and religious community leaders to negotiate with the rebels.
That same week, an Indonesian military spokesperson told the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) that Indonesian security forces were working to identify Mehrtens' exact location before attempting to rescue him. The New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (MFAT) confirmed that it was working with the Indonesian Government and other agencies to secure Mehrens' release and stated that his family had asked for privacy.
By 17 February, Papua Police chief Inspector Matthius Fakhiri issued a statement that it believed they had identified the location where Mehrten was being held hostage. Papua Police dispatched a negotiation team consisting of local politicians to make contact with TPNPB forces.
Third week
On 23 February, Indonesian authorities claimed that Kogoya had offered to exchange firearms and ammunition for Mehrtens' release, and that the offer had been rejected.
On 24 February, the United Liberation Movement for West Papua's (ULMWP) leader Benny Wenda called for Mehrten's captors to release him.
In late February 2023, Deakin University Emeritus Professor Damien Kingsbury was authorised by the TPNPB to serve as their intermediary with the New Zealand Government due to his previous work with Free Papuan groups. As intermediary, Kingsbury regularly liaised with a New Zealand Police hostage negotiator. Kingsbury's involvement in the hostage negotiation process ceased around late May 2023 after the New Zealand Government decided to use a new communication channel. The TPNPB did not accept this change of communication channel.
March 2023
On 1 March, Indonesian chief security minister Mahfud MD confirmed that Indonesian security forces had found the location of Kogoya's group but would refrain from conducting actions that might endanger the life of hostage Mehrtens.
On 9 March, Senior Commander Faizal Ramadani, the Head of Cartenz Peace Operation, confirmed that Kogoya's group had rejected peace negotiations with the Indonesian authorities.
On 10 March, the West Papua Liberation Army released a second video by Mehrtens urging foreign pilots to avoid flying and working in Highland Papua until West Papua is independent.
By 17 March, Kogoya's men, still with Mehrtens, had retreated into West Papua's Central Highlands. Commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces Admiral Yudo Margono reiterated Indonesian authorities' commitment towards a peaceful solution, but declined an offer from New Zealand Ambassador Kevin Burnett to facilitate low-level negotiations between OPM intermediaries, local district officials and religious leaders. According to the Indonesian Police, Kogoya killed an eight-year-old boy after the child's father, a local village head, had refused to supply the group with food.
On 22 March, Radio New Zealand reported that Jeffery Bomanak, the chair of the Free Papua Movement, stated that the group was willing to negotiate with both the Indonesian Government and the West Papua Liberation Army to secure the safe release of Mehrtens. Bomanak also urged Indonesia not to launch any military operations that could endanger Mehrtens' life.
On 23 March, Indonesian security forces launched an offensive against the West Papua Liberation Army group holding Mehrtens captive, prompting a response by the West Papuan Liberation Army. The West Papuan Liberation Army condemned the attack as a violation of the New Zealand Government's request for non-violence. The Liberation Army claimed that one of its members had perished during the attack and claimed to have shot four Indonesian security personnel, killing one soldier and a police officer.
April 2023
On 12 April, a member of an armed criminal group involved in the hostage crisis has been arrested by Cartenz Peace Operation.
On 17 April, Stuff reported that members of the West Papua Liberation Army had attacked 36 Indonesian soldiers at a post in Nduga Regency (Mugi-Mam districts, 100 km north of Paro). At least six soldiers were killed and 21 others fled into the jungle. Nine soldiers were reportedly held captive by the rebels on 15 April. Papua military spokesperson Colonel Herman Taryaman confirmed that the soldiers were part of a group searching for Mehrtens and that Indonesian authorities were searching for about 30 missing soldiers. Rebel spokesperson Sebby Sambom stated that the West Papua Liberation Army's fighters had carried out the attack in retaliation for the killing of two rebels during a shootout with Indonesian security forces in March 2023. Sambon called on the Indonesian Government to halt its military operations in West Papua in return for negotiations with the Indonesian and New Zealand governments, and claimed thirteen Indonesian soldiers killed in the engagement.
On 18 April, TNI Commander Yudo Margono confirmed four Indonesian soldiers killed, one missing, five wounded, and 26 in good condition with no injury. On 23 April, the last missing soldier was confirmed dead.
On 26 April, Mehrtens' captors released a video statement by Mehrtens stating he was alive and well. Mehrtens also called upon the Indonesian Army to stop bombing the area to avoid endangering him. He claimed that he was being well-treated by his captors. Mehrtens also appeared to be wearing restraints around his neck and wrist.
May 2023
On 26 May, a new video by Mehrtens' captors was released, in which, Mehrtens revealed new information that if secession talks did not begin with Indonesia "within two months, then they say they will shoot me." New Zealand's foreign ministry commented that they were working closely with Indonesian authorities and deploying consular staff, to ensure a "peaceful resolution" and Mehrtens "safe release".
August 2023
On 9 August, New Zealand Prime Minister Chris Hipkins called for the immediate release of Mehrtens, stating that his safety was the top priority and that the six-month milestone was difficult for his family.
References
2023 in international relations
2023 crimes in Indonesia
Conflicts in 2023
February 2023 events in Indonesia
Hostage taking in Indonesia
Kidnappings in Indonesia
Papua conflict
Indonesia–New Zealand relations
History of Highland Papua |
Kızılören District is a district of Afyonkarahisar Province of Turkey. Its seat is the town Kızılören. Its area is 111 km2, and its population is 2,161 (2021).
Composition
There is one municipality in Kızılören District:
Kızılören
There are 4 villages in Kızılören District:
Ekinova
Gülyazı
Türkbelkavak
Yenibelkavak
References
Districts of Afyonkarahisar Province |
Leonardo Augusto Gomes Aro (born December 14, 1983 in Jundiaí), known as Leo Aro, is a Brazilian former professional footballer who played as a striker.
Honours
Brazilian Cup: 2005
FIFA Club World Cup Championship: 2006
Paraná State Championship:2008
References
1983 births
Brazilian men's footballers
Living people
Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas players
Guarani FC players
Sport Club Internacional players
Paulista Futebol Clube players
Esporte Clube Juventude players
Figueirense FC players
US Lecce players
Leixões S.C. players
Serie A players
Primeira Liga players
Expatriate men's footballers in Italy
Expatriate men's footballers in Portugal
Clube Atlético Bragantino players
Men's association football forwards
Sportspeople from Jundiaí
Footballers from São Paulo (state) |
Andrea Tonoli (born 6 February 1991, in Gandellino) is an Italian composer and musician, active in different genres including contemporary classical music, film music and post-rock.
Early life
Born in Gandellino, near Bergamo, Italy, Tonoli started his music career at the age of 15. Refusing to take music lessons, he continued to play for many years as a self taught musician.
Career
Listening to Ryuichi Sakamoto, Yiruma, Yann Tiersen and Ludovico Einaudi led Tonoli to compose a few songs, which in 2012 were released as his first album, Human.
In 2013, he lost his father due to a serious disease and that led him to stay out of the music world for a while.
After some months he wrote and recorded his 2nd album, Human B-Side. He started a netlabel the same year.
In April 2014, he went to London to perform at "Ont'Sofa" at the Gibson HQ.
Tonoli released his first music video on December 19, 2014, for the song "Aurora". This song was the first track from his fourth album, Met by the Moonlight, which was released the same month. From the beginning of 2015, he started touring Italy with Met by the Moonlight, and in February he released his first official collection Ace of Hearts. In February 2015, he earned his first nomination for an international award, the Hollywood Music in Media Awards as the best New Age Artist of the Year with the song "Aurora".
Tonoli stayed in Hollywood for the entire month of November, composing his new album and attending the awards. On December 21, 2015, he released a Special Edition of Met by the Moonlight. In 2016 he started a "comeback" tour in Italy, starting from his hometown, Gandellino.
From 2014 to 2016, he's been a member of the Post-Rock Italian band L.E.D.
In 2017 he released his new album Anarchangel Vol.1 which he took on tour for the entire year in Europe.
After the release of Anarchangel Vol.1 his music has been used in projects by Paul Nicklen and National Geographic, Vogue (magazine), and entered the movie industry, with songs being used and licensed as official soundtracks all over the world, as in Ephemere: La Bellezza Inevitabile and many others.
In 2018 he published his first autobiographical book: "Tra Ali e Cenere: Diario di un giovane sogno" which was then translated into an English version: Of Wings and Ashes: tales of a neverending dream, printed and distributed by Amazon (company).
In 2018 his song "South Cross Prayer" became the soundtrack of a viral video about time by Jay Shetty making the song viral in Asia, where it got licensed for many advs, TV series and commercials in the next years, as in China with The Oath of Love "Production Special" (2021) and Zwilling J. A. Henckels adv (2020) or in South Korea with Wonderwall Acting Masterclass (2021) with Ha Jung-woo and the third episode of Lee Min-ho X Lee Seung-gi webseries (2020).
From 2019 to 2021 Andrea released some singles which will then become part of his 7th album: Anarchangel Vol.2: "Fade", "Cartagena", "Blossom", "The Swan", "Di seta è il vento".
The full album will be released in January 2023.
Discography
2012 Human
2013 Human B-Side
2014 Met by the Moonlight
2015 Collections Vol.1: Ace of Hearts
2015 Met by the Moonlight: Special Edition
2017 Anarchangel Vol.1
2023 Anarchangel Vol.2
References
External links
Official Website
Living people
1991 births
21st-century classical composers
Italian classical composers
Italian male classical composers
Italian classical pianists
Male classical pianists
Italian male pianists
Italian film score composers
Italian male film score composers
21st-century Italian musicians
21st-century classical pianists
21st-century Italian male musicians |
Agelasta mima is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by James Thomson in 1868. It is known from Borneo and Malaysia.
References
mima
Beetles described in 1868 |
Perumpoondi is a village located in the Ginee taluk Viluppuram district of Tamil Nadu, India. It is located from Ginee and from Tindivanam.
Villages in Viluppuram district |
Karl Ferdinand Reinhard Budde (13 April 1850 – 29 January 1935) was a German theologian, born in Bensberg, and a well-known authority on the Old Testament.
Biography
He studied theology, philosophy and history at the universities of Bonn and Berlin, obtaining his habilitation for Old Testament studies at Bonn in 1873. He was inspector of the Evangelisches Theologisches Stift in Bonn from 1878 to 1885, and in the meantime, became an associate professor of Old Testament theology at the University of Bonn (1879). In 1889 he attained a full professorship at Strassburg, and from 1900 to 1921 served as president of Old Testament theology and exegesis at the University of Marburg. He received a D. D. from St. Andrews in 1911.
Budde was an honorary member of the Society for Old Testament Study.
Selected works
Das hebräische Klaglied (1882); In this treatise, Budde discusses the qinah meter, a rhythm of Hebrew dirges, such as found in the Book of Lamentations.
Die biblische Urgeschichte (Gen. 1-12, 5) (1883) – Biblical pre-history; Genesis 1–12, 5.
Das Buch Hiob : übersetzt und erklärt (1896) – The Book of Job: translated and explained.
Die Bücher Richter und Samuel, ihre Quellen und ihr Aufbau (1900) & The Books of Judges and Samuel; their sources and structure.
"The Religion of Israel to the Exile", in American Lectures on the History of Religions (1899).
Die Bücher Samuel (1902) – The Books of Samuel.
Das Alte Testament und die Ausgrabungen (1903) – The Old Testament and the excavations.
contributions to the Encyclopaedia Biblica (1903)
Das prophetische Schrifttum (1905) – Literature of the biblical prophets.
Geschichte der althebräischen Litteratur (1906) – History of Old Hebrew literature.
Auf dem Wege zum Monotheismus (1910) – On the path to Monotheism.
The Song of Solomon in New World, March issue (1894).
"The books of Samuel : critical edition of the Hebrew text printed in colors exhibiting the composite structure of the book" (English translation by Benjamin Wisner Bacon, 1894).
References
External links
German biblical scholars
1850 births
1935 deaths
Academic staff of the University of Bonn
Academic staff of the University of Strasbourg
Academic staff of the University of Marburg
People from Bergisch Gladbach
Old Testament scholars
German male non-fiction writers |
Wilhelm Furtwängler's Symphony No. 3 in C-sharp minor was written between 1951 and 1954. It is in four movements:
Largo
Allegro
Adagio
Allegro assai
At first, the four movements had programmatic headings: "Disaster," "Under compulsion to life," "Beyond" and "The conflict continues." At the time of his death, Furtwängler was still working on the last movement. In 1956, Joseph Keilberth conducted the Berlin Philharmonic in the première of the first three movements. Elisabeth Furtwängler did not allow the Finale to be performed until much later (a piece more complete than, say, the Finale of Bruckner's Symphony No. 9). Yehudi Menuhin conducted the public premiere of the whole piece in 1986, four years after a transmitted BBC studio performance with the BBC Symphony Orchestra conducted by Brian Wright.
Discography
To complement Furtwängler's own recording of his Symphony No. 2 with the Berlin Philharmonic, the Orfeo label recorded Wolfgang Sawallisch for this one with the Bayerisches Staatsorchester. Sawallisch's recording does not include the Finale, but Alfred Walter's and George Alexander Albrecht's do (conducting the RTBF Symphony Orchestra on Marco Polo and the Staatskapelle Weimar on Arte Nova, respectively).
References
See also Discography and Comments @ Furtwangler.fr.
Furtwangler 3
Compositions by Wilhelm Furtwängler
Compositions in C-sharp minor |
Gregoir of Moray [Giric, Gregory] is the first attested Bishop of Moray. His name (with his See) occur in witness lists in two charters. The first is the witness list appended to a charter of King Alexander I of Scotland defining the legal powers held by Priory of Scone. This charter cannot date to before the year 1123/1124 - because another of the witnesses is "Robert, Bishop Elect of St. Andrews". - but may in fact date to the year 1114. The second dates to 1128, and is a confirmation by King David I of Scotland of the rights held by the church of Dunfermline.
The name "Bishop Gregoir" (without See) also occurs in the foundation charter of Scone Priory. This charter was dated by Sir Archibald Lawrie to 1120, but there is good evidence to believe that the foundation of Scone may have happened as early as 1114. Gregoir, Bishop of Moray, is the most likely candidate for the "Bishop Gregoir" of the charter because he is chronologically the closest Gregoir otherwise known, and because Gregoir of Moray explicitly witnessed a later Scone-related charter.
Notes
References
Dowden, John, The Bishops of Scotland, ed. J. Maitland Thomson, (Glasgow, 1912)
Lawrie, Sir Archibald, Early Scottish Charters Prior to A.D. 1153, (Glasgow, 1905)
Veitch, Kenneth, ""Replanting Paradise":Alexander I and the Reform of Religious Life in Scotland", in The Innes Review, 52, (Autumn,2001), pp. 136–166
External links
Dauvit Broun's list of 12th century Scottish Bishops
11th-century births
12th-century deaths
Bishops of Moray
Medieval Gaels from Scotland
People from Moray
12th-century Scottish Roman Catholic bishops |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.