text stringlengths 1 22.8M |
|---|
Lucio Marineo Siculo (Vizzini, 1444 or 1445 – Spain, 1533) was a Sicilian humanist, historian and poet, known as a prominent figure of the Spanish Renaissance.
He first taught Greek and Latin literature in Palermo. He moved to Spain and taught for twelve years at the University of Salamanca. His teaching and books influenced the development of the Spanish Renaissance, and his disciples included Alfono de Segura. King Ferdinand brought him to the royal court to serve as chaplain and chronicler. He was also charged with the education of the children of the nobility.
Works
De laudibus Hispaniae Libri VII (Burgos, 1496)
De rebus Hispaniae memorabilibus Libri XXV (Alcalá, 1530)
De Aragoniae Regibus et eorum rebus gestis libri V (Zaragoza, 1509)
Epistolarum familiarum libri XVII
References
MARINEO, Luca, detto Lucio Marineo Siculo, Dizionario biografico degli italiani.
1444 births
1533 deaths
People from Vizzini
15th-century Italian historians
Academic staff of the University of Salamanca
Writers from Sicily
Italian Renaissance humanists
Italian expatriates in Spain
16th-century Italian historians |
Club Barcelona Atlético is a Dominican professional football team based in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. Founded in 1989 as Bancredicard FC, the team changed its name to Club Barcelona Atlético in 2003. It currently plays in the Liga Dominicana de Fútbol.
History
Club Barcelona Atlético, commonly known as Barcelona Atlético, is a football team from Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. The club has won two First Division titles making it one of the most successful clubs in the history of Dominican football. Barcelona Atlético was founded in 1989 by Ángel González Baliño.
Early days
Previously known as San Cristóbal Bancredicard. It was founded in the capital Santo Domingo and has been champion of the maximum category in 3 occasions and this one was changed of name in 2003 by Club Barcelona Athletic by means of an agreement and dissolution of the bank Bancredito and Intercontinental Baninter.
Internationally, he was the 2nd team with more appearances, as he has 2 appearances in the Champions Cup of CONCACAF, where his best participation was in the 1992 edition, in which they were eliminated in the first round by The Solidarité Scolaire de Guadalupe.
They are nicknamed The Blaugrana Quisqueyanos.
Home stadiums
Estadio Parque del Este (1989–07), (2015)
Estadio Olímpico Félix Sánchez (2007–14, 2016-)
Achievements
Liga Dominicana de Fútbol: 1
2016
Liga Mayor Coca-Cola: 1
2007
Campeonato Nacional: 3
1991, 1992, 1994
References
External links
Balompiedominicano
Federacion Dominicana De Futbol
Prensa Futbol Dominicano
Fifa.com
Football clubs in the Dominican Republic
Association football clubs established in 1989
1989 establishments in the Dominican Republic |
Matthew Bell, better known as Matt Friction, is an American musician, singer, and songwriter.
Friction's music career began in 1998 as lead singer and songwriter of the band Silent Friction. He later moved on to establish Garage rock band The Pink Spiders with Bob Ferrari and Jon Decious. During a brief hiatus in 2009, Friction formed two new bands, Matt Friction & the Cheap Shots and The Dozen Dimes, both releasing individual material.
Early life
Matt Friction was born and raised in Nashville, Tennessee and graduated from Hume Fogg Magnet High School in 1999. He attended Middle Tennessee State University from 1999 to 2000.
History
1998-2003: Silent Friction and early career
Friction established the band Silent Friction with fellow members Nathan Hansen (bass), Kelby Caldwell (guitar), and James Nelson (drums) in 1998. They played on a regular basis at venues such as NXT Generation, Indienet and The Muse in Nashville. The band eventually formed a loyal fan base after touring several locations. In 2001, Nelson was replaced by Dan Sommers.
Friction played occasionally for Oliver's Army, where Bob Ferrari was the drummer. He also launched a solo project entitled Straight Jacket Valentine. Soon enough, both Friction and Ferrari decided to leave their own musical projects to make music together, recruiting Jon Decious as bassist, and Jamie Mechan, a second guitarist, who played with them only for a short while. After contemplating names such as The Pink Tigers and The Pink Diablos, they settled on The Pink Spiders.
2003-2009, 2010-present: The Pink Spiders
2009-2010: Subsequent projects
In 2009, with the Pink Spiders on hiatus, Friction announced that he was focusing on two new projects. One group, Matt Friction & the Cheap Shots, completed an album in the summer of 2009 in Sausalito, California with producer Jerry Harrison. A new release entitled Matt Friction & the Cheap Shots and containing nine songs was published online in February 2010 through the band's bandcamp website. The album included a cameo by Brett Anderson from The Donnas.
His next project was doo-wop/garage outfit The Dozen Dimes, who began recording in February 2010. The band released an album on its website, thedozendimes.com, on April 6, 2010, entitled Get Real Gone With... The Dozen Dimes. The 11-track release drew influences from a variety of musical genres, including doo-wop, garage rock, psychedelic pop, and soul. An early version of The Dozen Dimes' song "Maybelline" is featured on the Projects' MySpace page.
Discography
Silent Friction
Quitters Never Lose (2002)
The Thought That Counts (2003)
Straight Jacket Valentine
A Torrid Account of a Tired Affair
The Pink Spiders
The Pink Spiders Are Taking Over! (2004)
Hot Pink (2005)
Teenage Graffiti (2006)
Subterranean EP (2008)
Sweat It Out (2008)
Mutations (2018)
Matt Friction & the Cheap Shots
Matt Friction & the Cheap Shots (2010)
The Dozen Dimes
Get Real Gone with... The Dozen Dimes (2010)
The Hot Veins
The Hot Veins (2014)
Broken Bats
Broken Bats (2015)
References
External links
Matt Friction | MySpace
Mattfrictionandthecheapshots.com
the Projects on MySpace Music
Living people
1981 births |
Bandgorgi (, also Romanized as Bandgorgī) is a village in Marz Rural District, Chah Dadkhoda District, Qaleh Ganj County, Kerman Province, Iran. As of the 2006 census, its population was 19, among 4 families.
References
Populated places in Qaleh Ganj County |
Yazıcık is a town (belde) in the Niksar District, Tokat Province, Turkey. Its population is 2,728 (2022).
References
Populated places in Niksar District
Town municipalities in Turkey |
Princess Charlotte of Saxe-Meiningen () (11 September 1751, Frankfurt am Main, Free Imperial City of Frankfurt, Holy Roman Empire – 25 April 1827, Genoa, Kingdom of Sardinia) was a member of the House of Saxe-Meiningen and a Princess of Saxe-Meiningen by birth and a member of the House of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg and Duchess consort of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg through her marriage to Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg.
Early life and family
Princess Charlotte was born on
11 September 1751. She was the eldest child and daughter of Anton Ulrich, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen and his second wife, Landgravine Charlotte Amalie of Hesse-Philippsthal. Charlotte was an elder sister of Charles William, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen and George I, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen.
Marriage
Charlotte married Ernest, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (later Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg), son of Frederick III, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg and his wife Luise Dorothea of Saxe-Meiningen, on 21 March 1769 in Meiningen. Charlotte and Ernest had four children:
Ernest, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (b. Gotha, 27 February 1770 – d. Gotha, 3 December 1779).
Augustus, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (b. Gotha, 23 November 1772 – d. Gotha, 27 May 1822)
Frederick IV, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (b. Gotha, 28 November 1774 – d. Gotha, 11 February 1825).
Prince Ludwig of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (b. Gotha, 21 October 1777 – d. Gotha, 26 October 1777).
Charlotte's husband, Ernest, was regarded as an enlightened monarch and a great patron of art and science, who led his country into a cultural flowering. He was assisted in his cultural undertakings by his wife, Charlotte.
Like her husband, Charlotte was a patron of astronomy. She counted relief panels for the court astronomer Franz Xaver von Zach and she also participated in observations. Charlotte also participated in the First European Astronomy Congress in 1798 at the Seeberg Observatory and independently corresponded with the leading astronomers of her time.
Later life
After her husband's death in 1804, there were difficulties with Charlotte's son, Augustus, upon his succession. Charlotte left Gotha with Zach and spent some time in Eisenberg. Later she traveled with Zach throughout southern Europe and lived several years in Marseilles, and later in Genoa, where she died in 1827.
Ancestry
References
Bärbel Raschke: Charlotte Amalie Herzogin von Sachsen-Meiningen (1730–1801). Leben und Wirken im Kontext westeuropäischer und deutscher Aufklärung. In: Francia 2. Bd. 25, 1999, , S. 69-103.
Ingeborg Titz-Matuszak und Peter Brosche (Hrsg.): Das Reisetagebuch 1807 der Herzogin Charlotte Amalie von Sachsen-Gotha-Altenburg. Thüringisches Staatsarchiv Gotha, Gotha 2003 (=Reihe: Schriften des Thüringischen Staatsarchivs Gotha. Bd.1. ).
External links
Katalog der Theaterbibliothek Herzogin Charlottes von Sachsen-Gotha-Altenburg
1751 births
1827 deaths
House of Saxe-Meiningen
House of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
Nobility from Frankfurt am Main
18th-century German astronomers
Women astronomers
Amateur astronomers
Princesses of Saxe-Meiningen
Princesses of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
Duchesses of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
18th-century German women scientists
Daughters of monarchs
Mothers of monarchs |
Kłodniki () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Maszewo, within Goleniów County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately east of Maszewo, east of Goleniów, and east of the regional capital Szczecin.
For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.
References
Villages in Goleniów County |
```java
Updating interfaces by using `default` methods
Use `DecimalFormat` class to format numbers
Metadata: creating a user-defined file attribute
Increase `PermGen` space as to avoid `OutOfMemory` errors
Supply `toString()` in all classes
``` |
Nanshi Cuisine Street is located in Nanshi, the busiest section of the city's downtown area of Tianjin, China. It is a national, classic and palatial architectural complex. Nanshi Cuisine Street looks like an ancient walled city enclosed by a circle of neat three-story buildings. There is a crossroad in the "city," and at the centre of the crossroad is a musical fountain. The entire structure is covered with a glass roof. Even not tasting anything, one could be attracted by the buildings itself, which carry a kind of classical ethnic beauty. The green glazed roof tile, colored vivid pattern compel the admiration.
Nanshi Cuisine Street houses over 100 shops trading in delicacies from across China, is also a marvelous gastronomic wander. For those who are hungry to dip their chopsticks into Chinese dishes of various flavors, the food street provides some of the country's best choices. It is particularly known for its seafood, culled from the port area of Tanggu. In typical Chinese custom, the fish is brought live to your table for your pre-cooking approval before being prepared.
Snacks
Goubuli Steamed Stuffed Bun
Tianjin is famous for the cheap eats and the great snacks. The most outstanding contribution to the Chinese menu are Goubuli Steamed Stuffed Bun. "Goubuli" literally translated as "dog does not care". There are several stories about the origin of the delicious meat buns.
Crispy deep-fried dough twists
Crispy deep-fried dough twists is made from wheat mixed with sesame seed, sugar, preserved fruits and nuts.
Jianbing Guozi
Jianbing guozi is a thin pancake made from green bean flour. When it is being grilled, an egg is broken and spread over the top of the pancake, then a sweet soy sauce and a hot sauce is spread over the pancake. The pancake is then wrapped around a Chinese donut.
The Chinese crafts
There are also Yangliuqing New Year Pictures (nianhua), Zhang's Clay Sculptures, Wei's Kites and other typical folk arts been sold on the street.
The clay sculptures are famous in Tianjin, especially those made by Zhang family. Unlike the colorful clay sculptures from other parts of China, the works by the Zhangs are a reflection on life; the eyes of these small mud men sculptures express sorrow, happiness, joy and frustration. The Zhang's and other shops selling these sculptures can be found on the street.
The New Year Pictures (nianhua) of Yangliuqing combine delineation, woodcarving, overprinting, color painting and mounting techniques; and feature an exquisite touch, smooth lines, elaborate techniques, lifelike color paintings and a vivid luster, especially the color paintings of human faces, which are fine, bright and true to life.
Buildings and structures in Tianjin
Shopping districts and streets in China
Tourist attractions in Tianjin |
Leonard Edgcombe (died 1696) was a ship's captain with the Hudson's Bay Company who made a number of voyages into Hudson Bay and James Bay on behalf of the company. He had Henry Baley as a chief mate for a time prior to 1692 and this mariner became an important link with the area for the Hudson's Bay Company.
External links
1696 deaths
Hudson's Bay Company people
Sea captains
Year of birth unknown |
The Firefly Gathering is an annual "earthskills" or "primitive skills" gathering in Western North Carolina where people learn nature connection and survival skills like building a fire, identifying edible or poisonous plants, hide tanning, wooden bowl carving, archery and bow making, as well as permaculture and homesteading skills. Firefly Gathering is the largest gathering of its type in the United States.
Firefly Gathering is produced by a 501c3 nonprofit called Firefly Gathering Inc. which also organizes year around earthskills classes.
History
Firefly Gathering was co-founded in 2007 by Natalie Bogwalker.
The organization became a 501c3 nonprofit in 2019.
References
External links
Organizations based in North Carolina |
Gaurotes virginea is a species of the Lepturinae subfamily in the long-horned beetle family.
Subtaxa
There are four varietets in species, and four varietets in nominative subspecies:
Gaurotes virginea aemula Mannerheim, 1852
Gaurotes virginea kozhevnikovi Plavilstshikov, 1915
Gaurotes virginea thalassina (Schrank, 1781)
Gaurotes virginea virginea (Linnaeus, 1758)
Gaurotes virginea virginea var. notaticollis (Pic)
Gaurotes virginea virginea var. sanguinaria (Pic)
Gaurotes virginea virginea var. vidua (Mulsant, 1839)
Gaurotes virginea virginea var. violacea (DeGeer)
Distribution and habitat
This beetle is distributed in most of Europe (Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, Norway, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland) and in the eastern Palearctic realm (Russia, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, and Korea). They inhabit spruce forests. They are very common and frequent along the alpine arc.
Description
Gaurotes virginea has a body length of . These beetles are quite robust, elytra are bright blue with a metallic sheen. Pronotum is black, reddish or black with rusty spots. The abdomen is usually reddish, but some subspecies are characterized by a totally black prothorax and black abdomen.
This species is rather similar to Dinoptera collaris, but G. virginea is bright blue with strong metallic reflections while D. collaris is bright black without metallic reflections. Moreover, the first species shows an obtuse tooth on the sides of the prothorax, while in the second the sides of the prothorax are rounded.
Biology
The life cycle of these beetles lasts two years. Larvae are oligophagous wood borers in coniferous trees, they live under the bark and mainly feed on Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), Norway spruce (Picea abies), Abies and Larix species. Adult beetles can be found from May to August. Adult beetles feed on pollen of various flowers, especially on Heracleum sphondylium.
Gallery
References
External links
Worldwide Cerambycoidea Photo Gallery
Beetles and Coleopterologists - Atlas of beetles of Russia
Lepturinae
Articles containing video clips
Beetles described in 1758
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus |
Douglas "Doug" Killmer (July 18, 1947 – August 29, 2005) was an American blues and rock bass guitarist active from the 1960s to the late 1990s. He is sometimes credited as Douglas Kilmer or Doug Kilmer. He is best remembered for playing the bass line on Norman Greenbaum's 1970 hit "Spirit in the Sky" (number 333 on Rolling Stone 's list of 500 greatest songs of all time). In addition to this, he played on the Otis Rush Grammy Award-nominated 1976 song "Right Place, Wrong Time," and Rita Abrams' Grammy-nominated song "Mill Valley." He was active in the San Francisco Bay Area music scene for over three decades.
Early years
He was born in Chicago, Illinois. Shortly after his birth, his family moved to Okinawa in the Ryukyu Islands where his father was stationed as part of the American occupation force. After his father left the military, the family moved to India and Turkey as part of his father's job in the United States Foreign Service. During his early travels, he learned to speak Japanese, Hindustani (Hindi is the name of the language), and German.
As a teenager, he lived in Indialantic, Florida so that his father could pursue a career with NASA. He attended Melbourne High School in Melbourne, Florida where he was known as "Chico" by his closest friends. It was during this period that he learned to play the Guitar and Bass. (Actually he started playing guitar in Bombay in 1961, he picked up bass after returning to the US.) He played in a number of local bands in Indialantic during this period, such as his band "The Sonics".
At the age of 17, he and high school friends Russell DaShiell, Rick Jaeger, and Lance Massey formed the band "The Beau Gentry". They eventually relocated to the Midwest where the Beau Gentry experienced moderate success performing in Wisconsin.
1970s to 1990s
After the dissolution of the Beau Gentry, Killmer traveled to California where he played with a number of bands including Crowfoot that featured his Beau Gentry band-mates. He eventually settled in Novato, California with his wife and children. In 1970, he played the bass line on Norman Greenbaum's hit "Spirit in the Sky" which sold over a million copies and was certified gold. Shortly after this he appeared on American Bandstand with Greenbaums group where they performed Spirit in the Sky. He also played with such notables as Blue Cheer, Commander Cody, Nick Gravenites, Michael Bloomfield, David LaFlamme, Linda Tillery & The Loading Zone, The Stoval Sisters, Jesse Barish, Booker T. Jones, Luther Tucker, Charlie Musselwhite, Barry "The Fish" Melton, John Cipollina, Carla Thomas, Pete Escovedo & Azteca, Tommy Roe, The FG's, Mark Naftalin, The Dovells, Dee Clark, Redwing, and Curly Cooke's Hurdy Gurdy Band.
In 1997, Killmer got pneumonia which landed him in the hospital for several months and nearly took his life. During this time, his friends in the music industry organized two benefits, one at the Sweetwater Saloon in Mill Valley, California and the other at Maritime Hall in San Francisco, California, in order to raise money for his wife and three young children. After beating pneumonia, he was no longer able to afford the high cost of living in Novato, California so he decided to move his family north.
During the late-1990s, he moved with his wife and three children to Mendocino County, California. In Mendocino County, he moved his family to Brooktrails just outside Willits, California. After living there for 18 months, he again moved his family, this time to a remote cattle ranch between Willits, California and Laytonville, California. During this period, he continued to perform in Occidental, California at Negri's Bar every Friday night with Nick Gravenites.
Later years
Killmer stopped performing regularly in 2000 in order to spend time with his family and help raise his young children. During this period, he performed irregularly and spent most of his time taking care of his children and performing duties on the ranch. He also became active in his children's school, Sherwood School, in the mountains north of Willits, California. He served as president of F.O.S.S.I, Friends of Sherwood School Incorporated, during this period.
He died on August 29, 2005, at his home surrounded by his family, after a long battle with liver cancer. His life was celebrated by his fellow San Francisco Bay Area musicians at a fund-raiser memorial for his family in Mill Valley, California at the Sweetwater Saloon.
References
External links
Sweetwater Saloon information page on the Doug Killmer Fundraiser
Information on the Beau Gentry
Vintage Guitar Magazine with a short piece on Killmer's Bass
John Cipollina and Doug Killmer Pictured together
San Francisco Chronicle article on Killmer's 1997 Benefit
San Francisco Chronicle article featuring Killmer from 1997
San Francisco Chronicle article about the 30th Anniversary of the Summer of Love featuring Killmer
1947 births
2005 deaths
American rock musicians
American blues guitarists
American male bass guitarists
American session musicians
Deaths from cancer in California
Deaths from liver cancer
20th-century American bass guitarists
People from Willits, California
People from Novato, California
People from Indialantic, Florida
Guitarists from Chicago
Guitarists from Florida
Guitarists from California
20th-century American male musicians |
List of cities in the Americas:
List of cities in North America
List of cities in South America
See also
Largest cities in the Americas
Americas-related lists |
Osečná (; ) is a town in Liberec District in the Liberec Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,200 inhabitants. Lázně Kundratice, a part of Osečná, is known as a spa village.
Administrative parts
Villages of Chrastná, Druzcov, Kotel, Lázně Kundratice, Vlachové and Zábrdí are administrative parts of Osečná.
Etymology
The name of the town is derived from the word osekávat ("truncate"), which is an activity that people had to do before they could build the town – to truncate the forest.
Geography
Osečná is located about southwest of Liberec. It lies in the Ralsko Uplands. The highest point is at above sea level. The town is situated on the Ploučnice River, which originates here. Chrastenský Waterfall is located on the river west of the town. There are several ponds around the town.
Half of the Čertova zeď ("Devil's wall") National Nature Monument is situated in the municipal territory. It is the remains of a basalt vein from the Tertiary. According to legend, the devil built it.
History
Osečná was most likely founded in the first half of the 13th century, along the trade route which led from the town of Český Dub to Děvín Castle. The founders of Osečná was probably the Wartenberg noble family. In 1234, Osečná area became property of King Ottokar II, then after his death, his son, Wenceslaus II, inherited his property. In 1306, Osečná returned to the Wartenbergs. The first written mention of a wooden church in Osečná is from 1350 and the first written mention of the settlement is from 1352.
16th–18th centuries
In 1516, the Bieberstein family bought Osečná and Děvín Castle. On 8 April 1565, Charles the Bieberstein laid the foundation stone for the construction of a new stone church. Construction took three years. In 1548, the town chronicle was developed. At the end of the 16th century, Charles Bieberstein sold Osečná and other villages to Jan Oppersdorf. The year 1576 was very important, when Emperor Rudolf II promoted Osečná to a town and it got the law to use an urban character and the seal. The griffin with the golden crown and with the golden armor on the red background is on the Osečná's urban character. On the bottom there was a phrase, "Sigillum oppidum ossensis 1576".
Osečná had the right to brew beer too and could perform executions until 1769. The executions were held on the hill, which was called Galgenberg / Šibeničák ("Gallows Hill)". Zikmund Smiřický, who bought Osečná in 1591, donated the brewery to the town in 1598 so that Osečná could brew its own beer.
In 1618, Albrecht Jan Smiřický protested against Emperor Ferdinand II, and this had serious consequences. After the Battle of White Mountain, Albrecht von Wallenstein, who had the Duchy of Frýdlant, got this property. The inhabitants of Osečná had to accept Catholicism and they had to pay for a parson from Český Dub too, but they refused. In 1653, the people from Osečná announced the recatholisation, what means they converted back to the Roman Catholic faith.
In 1634, when Albrecht von Wallenstein was killed, his property reverted to Emperor Ferdinand II, who bequeathed it to General Jan Ludvík Hektor in recognition of his military service. When he died, his daughter Regina inherited his property, and she went to Vienna's Saint Jacob Convent in 1643, where she became Mother Superior, and donated her manor to this monastery. Therefore, Osečná belonged for the next 130 years to this convent in Vienna. On 5 November 1643, the Swedish army arrived to the Osečná and it destroyed much of the town. They destroyed the town hall, robbed the church, and burned the brewery. It never has been restored.
19th–21st centuries
Osečná suffered many fires during its history. The largest fire broke in the town on 14 June 1825 when almost the entire town burnt. 25 houses, town hall and the tower of church succumbed to the fire, and five church bells in the tower completely melted.
On 6 August 1838, a duke from Sychrov Kamil Rohan bought the Český Dub estate. In 1870, he had the family blazon installed above the entryway to the church, which is still on the same place. On this blazon is written one of the main mottos of the Rohans: "Potius mori quam foedar", what means: "Is better to die than to betray".
On 17 October 2006, the town status was returned to Osečná.
Demographics
Economy
The Kundratice spa was established as part of the town of Osečná in 1881 and is one of the oldest spas in Bohemia where bog is used as a natural healing source. In particular, rheumatism, diseases of the backbone and discs, and arthritis are treated here, as well as others.
Sights
The Church of Saint Vitus was built on the site of an old wooden church in late Gothic and Renaissance styles in 1565–1568. The town hall dates from 1704, and the Marian column in the middle of the town square was built in 1720–1730. A valuable sculpture group is the Statue of the Three Saints (John, Paul and Lutgardis). It dates from 1714.
The former Šibeničák hill is now informally called Schillerova výšina ("Schiller's Height") and the monument of Friedrich Schiller is located there.
In Kotel there are protected lime trees. The biggest one, called the Millennial Lime Tree, is the most massive tree in the region with a height of and a trunk circumference of .
Twin towns – sister cities
Osečná is twinned with:
Krotoszyce, Poland
Markersdorf, Germany
References
External links
Cities and towns in the Czech Republic
Populated places in Liberec District
Spa towns in the Czech Republic |
Fountains of Rome (), P 106, is a tone poem in four movements completed in 1916 by the Italian composer Ottorino Respighi. It is the first of his three tone poems about Rome, preceding Pines of Rome (1924) and Roman Festivals (1928). Each movement depicts a setting at one of Rome's fountains at a different time of the day, specifically the Valle Giulia, Triton, Trevi, and Villa Medici. The premiere was held at the Teatro Augusteo on 11 March 1917, with Antonio Guarnieri conducting the Augusteo Orchestra. Respighi was disheartened at its initial mild reception and put away the score, until the piece was re-evaluated by the public following a February 1918 performance by conductor Arturo Toscanini which brought the composer international fame. The piece was published by Casa Ricordi in 1918.
Structure
The work has four movements:
Instrumentation
Fountains of Rome calls for the following large orchestra, including piano, celesta, harps, chimes, and organ ad lib.:
woodwinds: piccolo, 2 flutes, 2 oboes, English horn, 2 clarinets in B-flat and A, bass clarinet in B-flat and A, 2 bassoons
brass: 4 French horns in F, 3 trumpets in B-flat and A, 3 trombones, tuba
percussion: timpani, cymbals, triangle, bell in D, glockenspiel
keyboards: organ (ad lib.), piano, celesta
strings: 2 harps, violins i, ii, violas, violoncellos, double basses
It was also transcribed for piano four hands (duet) by the composer.
Performances, reception, and recordings
Arturo Toscanini originally planned to conduct the work in 1916, but the Italian composer refused to appear for the performance after a disagreement over his having included some of Wagner's music on a program played during World War I. Consequently, it did not premiere until March 11, 1917, at the Teatro Augusteo in Rome, with Antonio Guarnieri as conductor. Although the premiere was unsuccessful, Toscanini finally conducted the work in Milan in 1918 with tremendous success. It "was acclaimed [as] one of the loveliest of symphonic writings".
The piece was first performed in the United States on February 13, 1919. Toscanini recorded the music with the NBC Symphony Orchestra in Carnegie Hall in 1951; the high fidelity monaural recording was issued on LP and then digitally remastered for release on CD by RCA Victor. The work has since become one of the most eminent examples of the symphonic poem.
References
Program notes by Stephanie von Buchau, written for Deutsche Grammophon's production of the recording by the Berlin Philharmonic, conducted by Herbert von Karajan.
External links
1916 compositions
Symphonic poems by Ottorino Respighi
Music for orchestra and organ
Music about Rome
Fountains in Rome
Orchestral suites |
St. Vrain State Park, formerly known as Barbour Ponds, is a Colorado state park. The park hosts year-round camping. It is a popular birding destination, hosting the states largest rookery of Blue Heron, it is home to several other bird species as well including migrating waterfowl, songbirds and the occasional bald eagle. Other park activities include year round fishing and hiking. There are plans for a reservoir to be built at the park named Blue Heron Reservoir.
History
1800s
The land of St. Vrain State Park was originally home to Ute, Arapaho, and Cheyenne Native American tribes. Once claimed by Spain then France who sold it to the United States in 1803 as part of the Louisiana Purchase. Having just made the largest land purchase in the history of the nation, the government was eager to discover what $15,000,000 had bought. They sent out scouts, Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, then Army Lieutenant Zebulon Pike to explore. Although neither group traveled in the area, their descriptions of the land and a growing fur trade encouraged adventurers to head west. In 1817, the US War Department sent Stephen Long, a Major in the Topographical Engineers, to explore the upper Mississippi. Following the North and South Platte Rivers, Long likely saw the St. Vrain Valley in July 1820.
In 1848, gold was discovered in California bringing a wave of eager gold-seekers headed west. A few made their fortunes, but more often prospectors headed home with empty pockets or found work in the communities that had sprung up around the prospectors. Some who left the goldfields found their fortune in land and sent word to their families. That sparked a new wave of immigrants moving west. The Oregon Trail passed by Fort Laramie, north of the St. Vrain Valley, and was a major route for the steady stream of immigrants moving from east to west. Historians estimate a combined 150,000 prospectors and immigrants traveled through Fort Laramie, north of the St Vrain Valley, between 1841 and 1853. Native Americans watching these travelers had cause for concern; their way of life was in jeopardy. The immigrants did not understand the Native American tribes any more than the Native Americans understood them. Tensions rose. Although the government tried to address the issues through treaties, the government also broke those treaties. Bison hunters actively sought hides decimating the Native Americans' food supply while settlers were encroaching on what was supposed to be their land. The Native Americans' only recourse was to push the white men out.
In 1858, gold was discovered near Denver. Another wave of adventurers set off seeking their fortune. Again a few were lucky, but far more became discouraged with the search and left the goldfields. Many of them found land to their liking and made a home. Agriculture began to develop and cities were formed. Milo Smith, Perry L. Smith, and Elisha Duncan settled east of St. Vrain Creek and Boulder Creek on land that would one day become St. Vrain State Park. Life was good along the St. Vrain, but stories of trouble with Native Americas made the settlers wary. In June 1864 the Hungate family, living northeast of Denver City, was murdered by a raiding tribe. The settlers felt they needed to protect themselves, so they formed the Home Guard with 4 officers and 58 volunteers. The government provided each man a six-shooter and a rifle, and they drilled twice monthly on Elisha Duncan's homestead. Perry L. Smith donated a plot of land for a fort, and the community came together in July to build a sod fort. They cut the sod into strips one foot wide and two feet long and stacked them like bricks. The walls were two feet thick. The fort was 100 feet by 130 feet with portholes large enough to shoot through spaced every eight feet wide and eight feet high above the ground. There were sod benches two feet wide and three feet high lining the walls, so defenders could move along any wall in any direction to protect the fort from attack. Inside two structures were built in opposite corners to store supplies. Their roofs could be used as observation towers. They filled voids or gaps in the walls with mud and coated the walls from the bottom to the top both inside and out. Because it was close to where the St. Vrain and Boulder Creek join, it was called Fort Junction.
In August 1864, Elbridge Gerry made a historic ride along the South Platte to warn settlers of an impending attack. Two men were sent from the Platteville station to warn settlers along the lower Boulder and St. Vrain. Community members loaded their valuables into wagons and rushed to the fort, but no attack ever came. After a few days, everyone went back home. From February 1866 to May 1867, Fort Junction was used as a post office with Perry L. Smith appointed as postmaster. Then in 1868 three other settlers were killed and the fort was used once again to protect settlers, but again there was no attack. After that, the fort was used as an occasional stopover place for travelers, and eventually, it was absorbed back into the prairie.
The Chicago Colony Colorado came to the St. Vrain Valley in 1872 as one of only a few successful planned colonies in the Colorado Territory and was incorporated as Longmont in 1873. Then in the late 1800s, a coal seam was discovered in the Carbon Valley, southeast of present-day St. Vrain State Park. The McKissick Mine was opened in 1887 and others followed drawing coal miners, not just from the United States, but also from Greece, France, Bulgaria, and Italy. Those miners settled in and around three distinct towns. Frederick is in the middle and incorporated first in 1907. It was followed by Dacono in 1908 to the south, and Firestone in 1908 to the north. These towns grew up around the mines and miners. Although the mines were all shut down by the 1970s, fossil fuels continue to be a big part of the area economy. They now drill for gas.
1900s
After the turn of the century, people began depending on cars rather than wagons. The Colorado Department of Transportation first built highway 87 then as early as the late 1940s began to rebuild it as an interstate highway running from Wyoming south to New Mexico. Building roads requires a lot of gravel, so in 1958 the Department of Transportation purchased land along the St. Vrain from Edwin and Albert Anderson to mine the needed gravel. In 1961 the highway was completed north to Highway 66, and the Department of Transportation no longer needed the gravel pit. At first, they thought the Department of Wildlife might use it for a fish hatchery, but flooding changed those plans. Instead in 1962, the gravel ponds were turned over to the State Parks Department for a state recreation area. It was up to the Parks Department to turn the 50 acres of land and 80 acres of water into a recreation area named for Roy N. Barbour, an area resident and avid conservationist who was credited with helping to establish a chapter of the Izaak Walton League in Longmont. Game, Fish, and Parks improved existing roads, built new ones, and spent $6,529 to install four toilets, five shade shelters, picnic tables, and grills to prepare the area for visitors. Two of the ponds were reserved for carp. Others received species such as bluegill, sunfish, bass, and bullheads. Trout were not stocked because the water is too warm for their survival.
Barbour Ponds drew visitors from the Denver area in search of fishing and seasonal duck hunting. In 1967 the area had 60,000 visitors. In 1968 the state allocated $55,000 to construct a 25 site campground with modern sanitary facilities, running water, turnouts and shade shelters, tables and grills. As visitation continued to grow the park service made more improvements. In 1975 the park roads remained closed a little later than usual as park personnel did some upgrades. When it opened in July of that year, it had received a facelift with significant improvements. There were 75 campsites, improved parking, and paving provided a better experience for visitors. In 1977 Muskrat Nature Trail was built with help from the Youth Conservation Corp. In 1980 a Boy Scouts of America Eagle project planned to raise the level of the boardwalk on the nature trail. Area newspapers sang the area's praises with articles such as, "Nearby Flatland Nature Preserve, Protects Beauty of the Prairie.
In 1994, the State Department of Transportation project to rebuild the I-25 Highway 119 intersection led to a resurgence of interest in Fort Junction. A ground-penetrating radar survey revealed possible ruins. Construction was halted and archeologists were called in, but the only artifacts found were a chair leg less than 20 years old. A historical marker commemorating the fort was moved from the northwest corner of the intersection to its current location near the Park-N-Ride on the southeast corner, and construction resumed. But interest in the old fort was sparked. Johnnie St. Vrain, a columnist for the Longmont Daily Times-Call, reported on the archeological activity and got three different possible locations for the fort. The first reader said the fort was built about a mile west of the confluence of the rivers. That was supported by another who said according to a map of the Colorado Territory at the Library of Congress, the fort was just west of the confluence. That would mean it was somewhere between the current car dealership on the south side of Highway 119 and the confluence of the rivers. Another reader wrote in that area farmers had found remains, and it was just where the marker suggested about, "200 yards due east," of the original marker location, that would put the fort near the highway. Another person, who had been studying the fort for a long time and had a hand-drawn map from the time when the fort was used as a postal stop, believes the fort was built on land now owned by St. Vrain State Park. He used satellite imagery, but because the fort had been constructed of sod, there would be no foundation. He was looking for a raised area roughly 100 by 130 feet where the sod had been absorbed into the ground. He did find a promising area, but nothing definitive was ever found.
Recent history
The land was the beginning, but the plans would require almost $15 million over 10 years to develop new recreational opportunities at St. Vrain State Park. The plan included adding five more ponds from pits dug by gravel companies and a network of trails that will help connect open lands, park areas, and trails from Longmont under I-25 into Weld County. They also planned to add campsites with both water and electric bringing the total number of campsites to 160. By 2004 a new entry station was built, water and electric were installed, and preliminary work was done for improvements through 2007. In 2005 trees and bushes that would provide a buffer for and animal habitat were planted along the south and east boundaries of the park. These buffer zones would be irrigated using a ditch and playa concept. Forty-five new campsites were built with water, sewer and electricity. The road around Pelican Pond and the southern portion of the park were permanently closed to vehicular use. Americorp volunteers helped to plant 100 large cottonwoods in the new campground. Mallard pond was restored with new shoreline grading, rock fishing piers and native plantings along the shoreline. The Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts joined to help plant a native garden at the new camper services building. Youth Corp helped with fencing and weed control. Americorp came back later in April with 600 volunteers for another session and planted 5000 trees and shrubs to finish the wildlife habitat buffer. In 2006 dry weather put all the new plantings at risk and kept park personnel in crisis mode watering everything to keep it alive until monsoon rains dropped 1.5 inches of water in July averting a plant die-off. In the fall Pelican Pond got shoreline grading and seeding. Two Boy Scouts working on their Eagle projects helped with plant restoration activities at Pelican Pond. St. Vrain State Park had been transformed from a "little fishing park" to a restored riparian area earning praise from area newspapers.
In May 2015, Blue Heron Reservoir opened helping to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the park. It is the largest Great Blue Heron rookery in the state. Visitors who came to celebrate the park's anniversary would have been able to walk nature trails around ten of the ponds, enjoy birdwatching, and photography. They could spend the night in up to date campsites, fish in stocked ponds, and enjoy views of Longs Peak.
Present day
Compared to when it was first seen by Stephen Long, St. Vrain State Park is much bigger and more natural, having been returned to a wetland area. And at the same time that it is more developed. Campsites will accommodate modern rigs, a Camper Services building with showers, miles of walking trails, and acclaimed fishing. Fish and waterfowl populations are thriving. Native vegetation is once again doing well, and visitors can now see mammals including coyote, rabbits, fox, deer, or maybe even a moose.
St. Vrain State Park is working with nine other parks on 'augmented reality' to help visitors have an interactive experience in the park.
References
State parks of Colorado
Protected areas of Weld County, Colorado
Protected areas established in 1965
1965 establishments in Colorado |
Pierre Merlin (1918 - 2000) was a French artist and jazz musician known for designing the cover art of over 150 albums.
Life and career
Merlin was born in Bordeaux in 1918. He studied at the École Municipale des Beaux Arts before receiving a scholarship to study fine art in Paris in 1942. It was there that Merlin began performing New Orleans style jazz eventually playing with Claude Luter and Sidney Bechet. Merlin alternated between the cornet and the trumpet.
In the 1940s, Merlin did graphic design work for Hot Club de France. His first sketches of jazz musicians were done at the 1948 Festival of Nice. From 1950 to 1953 Merlin worked designing the album art work for the Vogue and Swing record labels. The record labels would give Merlin very little information about the album he was working on. This was often just the title of the record, song title and photographs. His work was influenced by the designer David Stone Martin.
He died in Paris in 2000.
Discography
With High Society Jazz Band:
High Society Jazz Band (CED, 1964)
5 ieme Jazz Band Ball (Pragmaphone, 1969)
Jazz chez Bofinger (RCA, 1972)
'Lasses candy (Stomp Off, 1987)
With Claude Luter:
Claude Luter et ses Lorientals (1946)
Claude Luter et ses Lorientals (Blue Star, 1948)
Claude Luter et son Orchestre (Duc Thomson, 1949)
References
Further reading
French jazz trumpeters
French artists
1918 births
2000 deaths |
The Nutrition Foundation of the Philippines, Inc. (NFP) is a Philippine private, non-stock, non-profit organization dedicated to promoting good nutrition in Filipino communities. The NFP was founded by National Scientist, Dr. Juan Salcedo Jr.
The NFP was founded on December 28, 1959, registered at the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 18, 1960, and officially began operations on July 15, 1960.
Objectives
To promote awareness and practice of nutrition principles through a campaign directed at the public in general and the vulnerable groups in particular
To increase manpower resources for community nutrition work through depth training programs
To develop a pool of resource persons through staff development programs
To develop/improve techniques and approaches to nutrition education through applied research
To assist/cooperate with government and private agencies involved in nutrition work.
The NFP is known for various nutritional education programs.
Their Nutrition and Health Kiddie Class (NHKC) program which aims to educate children, aged four to six, about the importance of food and nutrition.
They have also implemented the Urban Family Development Program in 1991 to improve the nutritional status of depressed urban families through livelihood assistance and health and nutrition classes and services.
Nutrition and Health Kiddie Class (NHKC)
A unique feature of the NHKC is the participation of the volunteer teachers who handle all the classes without any compensation. Usually, they are mothers or youth from the community/ barangay who are trained to teach the preschool aged 4–6 years. They are called “MOTHER COORDINATORS (MCs) or NUTRITION YOUTH COORDINATORS (NYCs)”, respectively. The NHKC follows the school calendar, from June of the current year till March of succeeding year. Classes are held daily or 2-3 times a week, depending on the community. A session lasts for 2 hours.
The NHKC has a supplementary feeding component. Primarily, the feeding aims to show the child and their mothers on how to feed them properly and to internalize the topics/subjects taught in the NHKC. Foods served are nutritious, easy -to -prepare and economical, which can also be prepared and served at home for the rest of the family members. The marketing, preparation, and cooking are done by the mothers of the children for the supplementary feeding sessions.
Family Development Program (FDP)
This is one of the major activities of the Foundation that focus on the development of the family members to be responsible for the betterment of their health and ultimately improving the quality of their lives through: conscious recognition of each and everyone's responsibility to themselves, family and community; providing opportunities and support to augment regular income through learning of some income generating activities, improved health and nutrition condition of their families through the implementation of some direct nutrition intervention activities; and developing skills in the implementation and management of community nutrition project and related activities. Some of its components include the following:
Values Formation
NFP promotes activities that help individuals realize his value and potentials towards the development of the communities where he lived. It is the main goal of this program to make people realize a very important role he is to play for the success of their plans for the benefit of the community.
Community Organization
NFP helps organize the communities and facilitates group dynamics, teambuilding activities and programs designed to promote camaraderie, teamwork, and cooperation among the people. Yearly program planning and evaluation focusing on problems encountered in the program implementation is also regularly conducted.
Medical, Dental, and Nutrition Services
In cooperation with the local health centers or district health units- medical, dental, and nutrition services are conducted. A team of doctors, dentists, nutritionists, and barangay health worker goes around the puroks of the barangay, on a regular schedule, to render services such as deworming, regular weighing, and dietary counseling.
Currently, the FDP is being undertaken in communities of Quezon City namely – Brgy. Santol, Brgy. Doña Imelda, Sitios Kaingin I, Kaingin II, and Proper of Brgy. Pansol and Sitios Chamberette, Mary Town, Park 7, and Daan-Tubo of Brgy. Loyola Heights; Tondo, Manila, and in the whole Municipality of Alaminos, Laguna.
Dr. Juan Salcedo Jr. Memorial Lecture
In the past years, the Foundation invited speakers who discussed topics on: “Collaboration and Institutional Development, The Politics of International Nutrition; Nutritional Repercussions of Developmental Transition; Perspectives and Challenges in Nutrition in the Philippines; Cancer and You; Management of Nutrition Programs by Local Executives; Infant and Young Child Nutrition; Coconut Oil and Cardio-Vascular Diseases, and Strategies in the Prevention and Management of Hidden Hungers”.
Nutrition Networking
Another way of ensuring effectiveness in the use of scarce resources is by networking and coordinating with the different agencies that aim and work with a common objective. This program is done mainly through cooperative services with GOs and NGOs in the country as well as international agencies/organizations; membership in working committees/advocacy groups; provision of resource persons/speakers; and consultation services.
For a number of years, NFP has been the Philippines Adhering Body of the International Union of Nutritional Sciences (IUNS). It is also a Founding Member of the Southeast Asia Public Health Nutrition Network (SEA-PHN). Likewise, it has maintained linkages with other international agencies such as the Federation of Asian Nutrition Societies (FANS), UNICEF, International Food Policy Research Institute, Helen Keller International, and the World Health Organization.
Publications
The Foundation publishes various books of nutritious recipes.
References
External links
International Union of Nutrition Sciences
Federation of Asian Nutrition Societies
NFP Website
NFP Official Facebook Page
Foundations based in the Philippines
Malnutrition organizations |
Seven Arts Entertainment Inc. is a British independent film production company founded in 1992. Notable films that were made by Seven Arts are Stander, Asylum, Noise and more recently, Night of the Demons.
History
Seven Arts Pictures was founded in the early 1990s by former Carolco president and CEO Peter Hoffman as Peter Hoffman Productions. In 1996, the studio came with a first look deal at Paramount Pictures. Hoffman runs a separate production company Cine Visions, which had been merged with ICE in 1997. Carolco had previously used the name Seven Arts as a joint venture with New Line Cinema to produce and release mid-budget films; when the partnership was dissolved, Hoffman took the name Seven Arts with him to start over. With offices in London, England and Los Angeles, California, Seven Arts is producing motion pictures worldwide with budgets ranking from $2 million to $15 million for exhibition in domestic (i.e., the United States and Canada) and foreign theatrical markets and for subsequent post-theatrical worldwide release in other forms of media, including Blu-ray and DVD, home video, pay-per-view, and free television. Mario Kassar had headed Carolco with Hoffman.
At one point, in the late 1990s, it was co-owned by CanWest Global Communications, who co-owned it with Peter and Susan Hoffman, with Canwest handling 35% of its share, and the Seven Arts International subsidiary, which was later absorbed into Fireworks Pictures. In 1998, it was in negotiations with Rysher Entertainment to handle international rights to the project Onegin, with several deals across all territories.. In 2002, the Seven Arts International label was rejigged, which handled international sales of the films.
In 2004, Seven Arts Pictures plc became a listed company on Alternative Investment Market (AIM). After trading on AIM for 3 years, the company moved to Plus Markets from 2007 to 2009. In preparation to its entrance on the Nasdaq, Seven Arts Pictures plc was listed on the OTCBB from 2008 to 2009. Since 2009, Seven Arts Pictures plc has been trading on the Nasdaq under SAPX.
Seven Arts Pictures also has trading entities in the UK which have been put into liquidation owing investors millions of dollars.
Below are a list of recent UK companies; most are in liquidation and are fronted by his daughter, Kate Hoffman:
Seven Arts Filmed Entertainment UK Ltd
Seven Arts Filmed Entertainment Ltd
Seven Arts Pictures plc – In liquidation
Cinematic Finance Ltd – In liquidation
Knife Edge Films Ltd – In liquidation
Gone To Hell Ltd – In liquidation
Seven Arts had been implicated in major fraud by HM Revenue and Customs and also by many investors, claiming that Peter Hoffman's daughter is behind the many scams in the UK.
In 2012, Seven Arts Pictures announced the creation of its new music division, Seven Arts Entertainment. This included the acquisition of musical assets by several multi platinum recording artists. Most notably is the rapper DMX whose next album was released in September 2012 titled Undisputed. The new music division of Seven Arts plans to sign deals with already established artists as well as up and coming artists.
The production slate of Seven Arts Pictures and third party producers are distributed through Seven Arts International.
Filmography
Johnny Mnemonic (1995)
Shattered Image (1998)
Rules of Engagement (2000)
An American Rhapsody (2001)
No Good Deed (2003)
I'll Sleep When I'm Dead (2004)
Stander (2004)
Asylum (2005)
Shooting Gallery (2005)
Noise (2005)
Deal (2006)
Autopsy (2007)
Knife Edge (2008)
Nine Miles Down (2009)
The Pool Boys (2010)
Night of the Demons (2010)
Controversy
Michael Arata, and Peter Hoffman were accused of conspiracy, wire fraud in New Orleans 7 February 2014. Investigators said Arata and Hoffman sought tax credits for money they fraudulently claimed had been spent on the property.
References
External links
Seven Arts Pictures at the IMDb
Companies based in Los Angeles
Companies traded over-the-counter in the United States
Film distributors of the United Kingdom
Film production companies of the United Kingdom |
Oded Machnes (; born 8 June 1956) is an Israeli retired footballer who was a striker. He is the second-greatest goal-scorer in Israeli history with 196 goals in the Israeli Premier League.
Honours
National
Israeli Premier League (4):
1973–74, 1977–78, 1979–80, 1982–83
State Cup (1):
1977-78
Israeli Supercup (4):
1973-74, 1977–78, 1979–80, 1982-83
International
UEFA Intertoto Cup (3):
1978, 1980, 1983
Individual
Israeli Premier League – Top Goalscorer (4):
1975–76, 1978–79, 1981–82, 1982–83
Israeli Footballer of the Year (3):
1977-78, 1981–82, 1982–83
Personal life
Oded's twin brother Gad was a defender and both played together in Maccabi Netanya and in Maccabi Petah Tikva.
References
External links
Oded Machnes at Kufsa.co.il
1956 births
Living people
Israeli Jews
Israeli men's footballers
Israel men's international footballers
Israeli twins
Maccabi Netanya F.C. players
Maccabi Petah Tikva F.C. players
Maccabi Tel Aviv F.C. players
Hapoel Hadera F.C. players
Hapoel Tiberias F.C. players
Hapoel Tzafririm Holon F.C. players
Footballers from Netanya
Maccabi Netanya F.C. managers
Olympic footballers for Israel
Footballers at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Men's association football forwards
Israeli football managers
Israeli Footballer of the Year recipients |
```powershell
<#
.SYNOPSIS
This is a Powershell script to bootstrap a Cake build.
.DESCRIPTION
This Powershell script will download NuGet if missing, restore NuGet tools (including Cake)
and execute your Cake build script with the parameters you provide.
.PARAMETER Script
The build script to execute.
.PARAMETER Target
The build script target to run.
.PARAMETER Configuration
The build configuration to use.
.PARAMETER Verbosity
Specifies the amount of information to be displayed.
.PARAMETER Experimental
Tells Cake to use the latest Roslyn release.
.PARAMETER WhatIf
Performs a dry run of the build script.
No tasks will be executed.
.PARAMETER Mono
Tells Cake to use the Mono scripting engine.
.PARAMETER SkipToolPackageRestore
Skips restoring of packages.
.PARAMETER ScriptArgs
Remaining arguments are added here.
.LINK
path_to_url
#>
[CmdletBinding()]
Param(
[string]$Script = "build.cake",
[string]$Target = "Default",
[ValidateSet("Release", "Debug")]
[string]$Configuration = "Debug",
[ValidateSet("Quiet", "Minimal", "Normal", "Verbose", "Diagnostic")]
[string]$Verbosity = "Normal",
[switch]$Experimental = $true,
[Alias("DryRun","Noop")]
[switch]$WhatIf,
[switch]$Mono,
[switch]$SkipToolPackageRestore,
[Parameter(Position=0,Mandatory=$false,ValueFromRemainingArguments=$true)]
[string[]]$ScriptArgs
)
[Reflection.Assembly]::LoadWithPartialName("System.Security") | Out-Null
function MD5HashFile([string] $filePath)
{
if ([string]::IsNullOrEmpty($filePath) -or !(Test-Path $filePath -PathType Leaf))
{
return $null
}
[System.IO.Stream] $file = $null;
[System.Security.Cryptography.MD5] $md5 = $null;
try
{
$md5 = [System.Security.Cryptography.MD5]::Create()
$file = [System.IO.File]::OpenRead($filePath)
return [System.BitConverter]::ToString($md5.ComputeHash($file))
}
finally
{
if ($file -ne $null)
{
$file.Dispose()
}
}
}
Write-Host "Preparing to run build script..."
if(!$PSScriptRoot){
$PSScriptRoot = Split-Path $MyInvocation.MyCommand.Path -Parent
}
$TOOLS_DIR = Join-Path $PSScriptRoot "tools"
$NUGET_EXE = Join-Path $TOOLS_DIR "nuget.exe"
$CAKE_EXE = Join-Path $TOOLS_DIR "Cake/Cake.exe"
$NUGET_URL = "path_to_url"
$PACKAGES_CONFIG = Join-Path $TOOLS_DIR "packages.config"
$PACKAGES_CONFIG_MD5 = Join-Path $TOOLS_DIR "packages.config.md5sum"
# Should we use mono?
$UseMono = "";
if($Mono.IsPresent) {
Write-Verbose -Message "Using the Mono based scripting engine."
$UseMono = "-mono"
}
# Should we use the new Roslyn?
$UseExperimental = "";
if($Experimental.IsPresent -and !($Mono.IsPresent)) {
Write-Verbose -Message "Using experimental version of Roslyn."
$UseExperimental = "-experimental"
}
# Is this a dry run?
$UseDryRun = "";
if($WhatIf.IsPresent) {
$UseDryRun = "-dryrun"
}
# Make sure tools folder exists
if ((Test-Path $PSScriptRoot) -and !(Test-Path $TOOLS_DIR)) {
Write-Verbose -Message "Creating tools directory..."
New-Item -Path $TOOLS_DIR -Type directory | out-null
}
# Make sure that packages.config exist.
if (!(Test-Path $PACKAGES_CONFIG)) {
Write-Verbose -Message "Downloading packages.config..."
try { (New-Object System.Net.WebClient).DownloadFile("path_to_url", $PACKAGES_CONFIG) } catch {
Throw "Could not download packages.config."
}
}
# Try find NuGet.exe in path if not exists
if (!(Test-Path $NUGET_EXE)) {
Write-Verbose -Message "Trying to find nuget.exe in PATH..."
$existingPaths = $Env:Path -Split ';' | Where-Object { (![string]::IsNullOrEmpty($_)) -and (Test-Path $_) }
$NUGET_EXE_IN_PATH = Get-ChildItem -Path $existingPaths -Filter "nuget.exe" | Select -First 1
if ($NUGET_EXE_IN_PATH -ne $null -and (Test-Path $NUGET_EXE_IN_PATH.FullName)) {
Write-Verbose -Message "Found in PATH at $($NUGET_EXE_IN_PATH.FullName)."
$NUGET_EXE = $NUGET_EXE_IN_PATH.FullName
}
}
# Try download NuGet.exe if not exists
if (!(Test-Path $NUGET_EXE)) {
Write-Verbose -Message "Downloading NuGet.exe..."
try {
(New-Object System.Net.WebClient).DownloadFile($NUGET_URL, $NUGET_EXE)
} catch {
Throw "Could not download NuGet.exe."
}
}
# Save nuget.exe path to environment to be available to child processed
$ENV:NUGET_EXE = $NUGET_EXE
# Restore tools from NuGet?
if(-Not $SkipToolPackageRestore.IsPresent) {
Push-Location
Set-Location $TOOLS_DIR
# Check for changes in packages.config and remove installed tools if true.
[string] $md5Hash = MD5HashFile($PACKAGES_CONFIG)
if((!(Test-Path $PACKAGES_CONFIG_MD5)) -Or
($md5Hash -ne (Get-Content $PACKAGES_CONFIG_MD5 ))) {
Write-Verbose -Message "Missing or changed package.config hash..."
Remove-Item * -Recurse -Exclude packages.config,nuget.exe
}
Write-Verbose -Message "Restoring tools from NuGet..."
$NuGetOutput = Invoke-Expression "&`"$NUGET_EXE`" install -ExcludeVersion -OutputDirectory `"$TOOLS_DIR`""
if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0) {
Throw "An error occured while restoring NuGet tools."
}
else
{
$md5Hash | Out-File $PACKAGES_CONFIG_MD5 -Encoding "ASCII"
}
Write-Verbose -Message ($NuGetOutput | out-string)
Pop-Location
}
# Make sure that Cake has been installed.
if (!(Test-Path $CAKE_EXE)) {
Throw "Could not find Cake.exe at $CAKE_EXE"
}
# Start Cake
Write-Host "Running build script..."
Invoke-Expression "& `"$CAKE_EXE`" `"$Script`" -target=`"$Target`" -configuration=`"$Configuration`" -verbosity=`"$Verbosity`" $UseMono $UseDryRun $UseExperimental $ScriptArgs"
exit $LASTEXITCODE
``` |
Eagle Lake is a lake in Carlton County, Minnesota, in the United States.
Eagle Lake was named for the bald eagle native to the region.
See also
List of lakes in Minnesota
References
Lakes of Minnesota
Lakes of Carlton County, Minnesota |
In computing, an alien thread in a multi-processor system is a thread of program execution executed by one processor on behalf of a process running on another processor. Alien threads are implemented in the Fiasco.OC/L4 microkernel operating system.
References
Threads (computing) |
Atanu Roy (born 1952) is an Indian illustrator and cartoonist from New Delhi, who has illustrated more than a hundred books for children. Roy studied at the Delhi College of Art, and illustrated his first book while he was still a student, a black and white book about the history of transportation. After graduating, he worked with publishers Rajpal & Sons, where he did book covers and illustrated the works of writers such as Amrita Pritam and Agyeya. He then worked with the India Today group as art director of the children’s magazine Target, where he also illustrated the joke pages. He has received many international awards and prizes for cartooning and illustration.
Career
As a children's book illustrator, Roy's first real picture book was a book on Tails for the National Book Trust (NBT). He went on to create several other titles for NBT, adopting a bold style with strong black outlines and vivid colors to compensate for the low-grade paper on which NBT titles were printed. Roy has also worked on books and associated educational aids for pre-school children, including games and puzzles, with various publishers in New Delhi. In an interview to the newspaper DNA, Roy described the requirements for his job in these words: "The most important skill is not to be condescending towards children and to have a good sense of humour. It is also very important to feel for the needs of each age group and create a style. A lot of background work for the right references to be visually accurate and use of detail and action to grab the child's attention is essential. A child is more interested in the content and not your name or fame."
Some of Roy's best work as an illustrator appears in The Puffin Book of Magical Indian Myths, where his illustrations draw on various Indian art styles. "My idea was to make the book essentially Indian so I tried to use mostly earthy colours and occasionally demonstrate the influence of our painting traditions", Roy said in an interview.
Describing the thought process behind his dark illustrations, Roy told Time Out Mumbai that he did not think of his audience as children, but "more as my equals, perfectly capable of understanding adult matters”. This is why he did not hesitate in depicting the dark, violent aspects of Indian mythology.
Work
As illustrator
The Puffin Book of Magical Indian Myths by Anita Nair, illustrated by Atanu Roy (Puffin, 2008)
Wingless, a fairy tale by Paro Anand, with illustrations by Atanu Roy (IndiaInk, 2003)
References
External links
Atanu Roy bibliography at WorldCat
Some pages from Wingless, illustrated by Atanu Roy
Indian illustrators
Indian children's book illustrators
Indian comics artists
Living people
1952 births |
Heinrich Breitinger (11 March 1832, in Ellikon an der Thur – 2 March 1889, in Zürich) was a Swiss literary historian and philologist.
He studied medicine in Munich and Zürich, but due to a hand injury as the result of a duel, he was forced to leave the medical field. He then studied modern languages at Zürich, Basel and Lausanne, and from 1857 taught French and English classes at the cantonal school in Frauenfeld. From 1876 until his death, he was a full professor of modern languages at the University of Zürich.
Selected works
Der Salon Rambouillet und seine kulturgeschichtliche bedeutung, 1874 – The Salon Rambouillet and its culturo-historical importance.
Die Vermittler des deutschen Geistes in Frankreich, 1876 – Mediators of the German spirit in France.
Das Studium des Italienischen : die Entwicklung der Litterärsprache, 1879 – The study of Italian: the development of the literary language.
Aus neuern litteraturen, 1879 – On modern literature.
Les unités d'Aristote avant le Cid de Corneille : étude de littérature comparée (1879, 2nd edition 1895) – The unities of Aristotle and Le Cid of Pierre Corneille; a study of comparative literature.
Studium und Unterricht des Französischen : ein encyklopädischer Leitfaden (2nd edition 1885) – Study and teaching of French: an encyclopedic guide.
Die Briefe der Frau von Staël an Jakob Heinrich Meister, 1890 – The letters of Germaine de Staël to Jacques-Henri Meister.
Studien und Wandertage : Mit Portrait und Lebensabriss, 1890.
Grundzüge der englischen litteratur- und sprachgeschichte (3rd edition, 1896) – Principles of the history of English literature and linguistics.
He was also the author of a few biographies in the Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie.
References
1832 births
1889 deaths
People from Winterthur District
Academic staff of the University of Zurich
Swiss philologists
Literary historians
Romance philologists |
Aravet () is an abandoned village in the Amasia Municipality of the Shirak Province of Armenia. It was listed as uninhabited in the 2001 census.
Population
The population of the village since 1886 is as follows:
References
Former populated places in Shirak Province |
The 2017 IIHF Women's World Championship Division II was three international ice hockey tournaments organised by the International Ice Hockey Federation. The Division II Group A tournament was played in Gangneung, South Korea, from 2 to 8 April 2017, the Division II Group B tournament was played in Akureyri, Iceland, from 27 February to 5 March 2017, and the Division II Group B Qualification tournament was played in Taipei, Taiwan, from 12 to 17 December 2016.
Venues
Division II Group A
Participants
Match officials
4 referees and 7 linesmen were selected for the tournament.
Referees
Vanessa Morin
Anna Kuroda
Chelsea Rapin
Rita Rygh
Linesmen
Tanja Cadonau
Aiko Hoshi
Jenni Jaatinen
Lee Kyung-sun
Lee Tae-ri
Bente Owren
Brienne Stewart
Final standings
Results
All times are local (UTC+9).
Awards and statistics
Awards
Best players selected by the directorate:
Best Goalkeeper: Han Do-hee
Best Defenseman: Kayleigh Hamers
Best Forward: Pia Pren
Source: IIHF.com
Scoring leaders
List shows the top skaters sorted by points, then goals.
GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; +/− = Plus/minus; PIM = Penalties in minutes; POS = Position
Source: IIHF.com
Goaltending leaders
Only the top five goaltenders, based on save percentage, who have played at least 40% of their team's minutes, are included in this list.
TOI = Time on Ice (minutes:seconds); SA = Shots against; GA = Goals against; GAA = Goals against average; Sv% = Save percentage; SO = Shutouts
Source: IIHF.com
Division II Group B
Participants
Match officials
4 referees and 7 linesmen were selected for the tournament.
Referees
Katalin Gérnyi
Elena Ivanova
Henna-Maria Koivuluoma
Gabriela Malá
Linesmen
Veronika Dopitová
Linn Forsberg
Leigh Hetherington
Senovwa Mollen
Oksana Shestakova
Julia Tschirner
Julia Weegh
Final standings
Results
All times are local (UTC±0).
Awards and statistics
Awards
Best players selected by the directorate:
Best Goalkeeper: Mónica Renteria
Best Defenseman: Eva Karvelsdóttir
Best Forward: Anjali Thakker
Source: IIHF.com
Scoring leaders
List shows the top skaters sorted by points, then goals.
GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; +/− = Plus/minus; PIM = Penalties in minutes; POS = Position
Source: IIHF.com
Leading goaltenders
Only the top five goaltenders, based on save percentage, who have played at least 40% of their team's minutes, are included in this list.
TOI = Time on Ice (minutes:seconds); SA = Shots against; GA = Goals against; GAA = Goals against average; Sv% = Save percentage; SO = Shutouts
Source: IIHF.com
Division II Group B Qualification
Participants
Match officials
3 referees and 5 linesmen were selected for the tournament.
Referees
Ma Sang-hee
Etsuko Wada
Laura White
Linesmen
Sayaka Akama
Ashleigh Davidson
Elizabeth Mantha
Theodore Streitu
Yuka Tochigi
Final standings
Results
All times are local (UTC+8).
Awards and statistics
Awards
Best players selected by the directorate:
Best Goalkeeper: Nina van Orshaegen
Best Defenseman: Donne van Doesburgh
Best Forward: Yeh Hui-chen
Source: IIHF.com
Scoring leaders
List shows the top skaters sorted by points, then goals.
GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; +/− = Plus/minus; PIM = Penalties in minutes; POS = Position
Source: IIHF.com
Leading goaltenders
Only the top five goaltenders, based on save percentage, who have played at least 40% of their team's minutes, are included in this list.
TOI = Time on Ice (minutes:seconds); SA = Shots against; GA = Goals against; GAA = Goals against average; Sv% = Save percentage; SO = Shutouts
Source: IIHF.com
See also
List of sporting events in Taiwan
References
External links
Official website of IIHF
Division II
2017
2017 IIHF Women's World Championship Division II
2017 IIHF Women's World Championship Division II
2017 IIHF Women's World Championship Division II
IIHF Women's World Championship Division II
IIHF Women's World Championship Division II
2016 in Taiwanese sport
2016–17 in Asian ice hockey
2017 IIHF Women's World Championship Division II
2017 IIHF Women's World Championship Division II
2017 IIHF Women's World Championship Division II
2010s in Taipei
February 2017 sports events in Europe
March 2017 sports events in Europe
April 2017 sports events in Asia
December 2016 sports events in Asia |
York Mills Road is an east-west route in Toronto, Ontario, Canada named for the historic village of York Mills that was located on the hill immediately north of today's intersection of York Mills Road and Yonge Street. The village of York Mills is distinguished from the 1920s subdivision to the south known as Hoggs Hollow. "York" refers to York Township and "Mills" refers to the gristmills and sawmills that once operated (1804–1926) in the valley through which the Don River runs.
York Mills runs east of Yonge Street and ends at Victoria Park Avenue. Near Victoria Park, most of the traffic follows Parkwoods Village Drive in connection to Ellesmere Road. To the west, York Mills Road becomes Wilson Avenue. These roads form a parallel alternative to the nearby Highway 401. Based on early surveys of Toronto and York County, York Mills Road would have been the Fifth Concession.
In the 1970s, when the Toronto Transit Commission extended the Line 1 Yonge subway line north from the Eglinton terminus, a new roadway alignment from York Mills to Wilson was completed in 1973 to accommodate 96 Wilson Avenue buses running directly to the new York Mills subway station rather than travelling south on Yonge Boulevard to Yonge Street terminus at Glen Echo Loop. Landmarks along York Mills Road include a recreation complex at Bayview Avenue, York Mills Collegiate Institute, a large Rogers Communications complex past Leslie Street, and the former site of the Upjohn Company of Canada near Don Mills Road at Upjohn Road.
Public transit
There is a subway station on York mills at Yonge street, called York Mills Station.
Toronto Transit Commission's (TTC) operates a few bus routes on York Mills, the main route being the 95 York Mills, that operates along the length of the road from York Mills Station until it turns Parkwoods Village Drive. It heads southeast until turns into Ellesmere Road and continues along it until the end of the road at Kingston Road. There are also two express buses, the 995 York Mills express and 996 Wilson Express, and a night bus, being the 395 York Mills Blue Night. West of Lesmill Road the 122 Graydon Hall joins as a feeder into York Mills Station, and west of Leslie Street, the rush hour 115 Sliver Hills operates as a feeder too.
Before 2020, the 144 Don Valley-Downtown Express operated along the section of York Mills from Parkwoods Village Drive to Victoria Park along a clockwise loop via York Mills, Victoria Park, and Parkwoods Village Drive.
References
Roads in Toronto |
Megalopyge inca is a moth of the family Megalopygidae. It was described by Walter Hopp in 1935.
References
Moths described in 1935
Megalopygidae |
Rooglaiu (Rannaküla until 2017) is a village in Lääneranna Parish, Pärnu County, in western Estonia.
References
Villages in Pärnu County |
William Brendan Gaughan (born July 10, 1975) is an American professional racing driver who has competed in off-road and stock cars. He is the grandson of Vegas gaming pioneer Jackie Gaughan and son of Michael Gaughan, a hotel and casino magnate.
Gaughan began his career racing in off-road and he rose through the ranks from pickup trucks to the professional two-wheel-drive Trophy Truck class. In the late 1990s, he switched to pavement racing in a stock car. This led to a career in NASCAR racing. He began in the NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series, which was followed by the Busch and Cup Series during the 2000s. Gaughan competed full-time in the Xfinity Series in 2009–2010 and 2014–2017, followed by a part-time Cup schedule from 2017 to his final season in 2020.
Personal life and education
Born in Los Angeles, California but a long-term resident of Las Vegas, Nevada, Gaughan attended Georgetown University and played collegiate basketball as a walk-on for the Hoyas with friend and former Philadelphia 76ers guard Allen Iverson. He is also the brother of Las Vegas gaming executive John Gaughan.
Gaughan earned All-Conference honors as a placekicker on Georgetown's NCAA Division I-AA football team. He was primarily a role player on the basketball team whose jobs were mostly practice related but did see action in 25 games.
A unique individual, he even sported cornrows during a race at Dover International Speedway during the 2005 Craftsman Truck Series season. On August 18, 2007, he married his wife Tatum, and on October 30, 2010, Gaughan and Tatum welcomed a baby boy, who they named Michael James. His second son William was born on October 11, 2012.
In 2011, Gaughan appeared as a spokesperson for the South Point Casino in an episode of the History Channel series Only in America with Larry the Cable Guy.
In 2015, Gaughan was a guest analyst for the ARCA Racing Series race at Kentucky.
Gaughan founded City Lights Shine, a distillery, is involved in his family's South Point Casino business, and also owns New Wave Cleaning Solutions.
Racing career
Off-road career
Gaughan won his first race in a 1991 Southern Nevada Off-Road Enthusiasts (SNORE) off-road race. He was the Class 10 SNORE champion in 1991, 1992, and 1993.
In 1995, he moved to SODA (Short-course Off-road Drivers Association) series driving a Dodge Ram for the Walker Evans team. He was the 1995 Class 13 champion. He raced in premiere two-wheel-drive trophy truck Class 8 in 1996 and 1997 but did not win either championship as Scott Taylor won both championships. He moved with most SODA drivers to Championship Off-Road Racing (CORR) at the end of 1997 and raced in the Pro-2 category through 1998 where he finished third behind champion Ricky Johnson and Taylor.
His biggest wins came at Crandon International Off-Road Raceway. His multiple wins there solidified his reputation as one of the premier off-road racers at the time with his most memorable battle coming between himself and future NASCAR champion Jimmie Johnson in 1996. The two dueled throughout the race with Johnson having to come from behind after contact with Taylor. However, Johnson's truck succumbed to crash damage from a previous incident with Jimmie Crowder and Gaughan took his first win at Crandon in a pro category. He followed the win with a repeat performance the next year at Crandon, this time piloting a Chevrolet.
In 2019, Gaughan won the Baja 1000's Class 1 category.
NASCAR career
Early career
Gaughan made his NASCAR debut in a Truck Series race in 1997 at Las Vegas Motor Speedway. Driving the No. 20 Orleans Hotel & Casino-sponsored Dodge for Walker Evans, he qualified 18th and finished 24th. He ran two races in 1998 with the No.20 team, but he failed to finish both races. He also attempted his first Busch race at Las Vegas, but he failed to qualify. In 1998, he was part of the Coca-Cola 500 at Twin Ring Motegi in Japan and was involved in a crash that also collected Bobby Hamilton.
He then decided to move to stock car racing. He ran in the Winston West Series in 1999, and was the 2000 and 2001 champion on the circuit. He attempted to qualify for a Busch Series race at Pikes Peak International Raceway in 2000, but failed to make the race. In 2001, he made his Busch Series debut at Fontana for Ed Whitaker but finished 41st. The next week, he attempted his first Winston Cup race at Las Vegas but failed to qualify. He also ran seven times in the Truck Series for Bill McAnally and TKO Motorsports, and had two top-five finishes.
2002–2004
In 2002, Gaughan and his father fielded a team for himself in the Truck Series full-time. He drove the No. 62 NAPA Auto Parts-sponsored truck to two victories on his way to the Rookie of the Year title. In 2003, he drove the No. 62 Orleans-sponsored Dodge for his father Michael, and he won six times, including twice at Texas Motor Speedway, giving him four consecutive wins at the track. He also held the points lead for most of the season, but finished 4th in points after wrecking in the last race of the season with Marty Houston, a teammate of one of Gaughan's rivals for the championship, Ted Musgrave; the collision with Marty validated Gaughan's concerns that Ultra Motorsports had entered extra trucks to serve as roadblocks to help Musgrave, as Marty was one of the extra entries.
In 2004, Gaughan moved up to the Nextel Cup Series, driving the No. 77 Eastman Kodak-sponsored Dodge for Penske-Jasper Racing. He finished second in the Rookie of the Year standings and 28th in the final points standings. He finished the season with four Top 10’s, including a career-best Top 5 finish at Talladega Superspeedway, where he had been in contention to win before Dale Earnhardt Jr. and several other drivers shuffled Gaughan back to fourth place. He did come close to a win at the Glen where he led a total of seven laps in the final 25 laps. He then spun out with 19 laps to go and then broke a transmission, finishing 34th. He was replaced at the end of the season by Travis Kvapil, after team owner Roger Penske was not satisfied with Gaughan's progress in the sport.
2005–2020
In 2005, he moved back to the Truck Series, behind the wheel of the No. 77 Dodge Ram. He finished 19th in the final points standings, with 2 top-five and 7 top-ten finishes. Starting with the September 23 race at Las Vegas Motor Speedway, the team began sporting a new livery of the South Point Casino in which his father, Michael, is the owner.
In 2007, the South Point team switched to Chevrolet Silverados, where Gaughan returned to the manufacturer which he drove during his efforts in the AutoZone West championships. In 2008, South Point Racing was to merge with Wyler Racing into Wyler-Gaughan Racing, fielding the No. 60 and No. 77 Toyotas. But the deal fell through and SPR was forced to close, leaving Gaughan and 10–12 of his crew members without a team. Gaughan signed to the drive No. 10 Ford F-150 for Circle Bar Racing in the 2008 CTS season. He had five top-tens and finished fifteenth in points.
In 2009, Gaughan drove the No. 62 Chevy for Rusty Wallace Racing in the Nationwide Series. In 2010, he rejoined RWR, but this time in a Toyota, RWR switched manufacturers at the end of 2009. He also competed in the November Phoenix Cup race for TRG Motorsports where he finished 43rd after a first-lap crash. For 2011 he returned to the Camping World Truck Series to drive the No. 62 South Point Toyota for Germain Racing while Michael Annett replaced him at RWR. However, Gaughan was unhappy with the lagging performance of the team and left the team at the end of the season. In 2012, he joined Richard Childress Racing to compete in 18 races between the Truck Series and Nationwide Series, as well as four Sprint Cup Series races in the No. 33 South Point Casino Chevrolet. Gaughan's performances in his limited opportunities were strong, posting four top 5s in 8 truck races, and five top 10s in 10 Nationwide Series races.
Gaughan returned to the Truck Series full-time in 2013, driving the No. 62 South Point Chevrolet for Childress with crew chief Shane Wilson. After 77 laps led, 10 top 5s and 13 top 10s in the 22 truck races that season, it was announced that Gaughan and Wilson would be moving up to the Nationwide Series full-time for RCR for the 2014 season.
Gaughan won his first Nationwide Series race at Road America in June 2014 after Alex Tagliani ran out of gas before the final caution. After a battle with Chase Elliott, he passed Elliott on the final lap to win the race. He was very emotional about his win as he was running a car dedicated to his deceased grandfather John Jackie Gaughan. Following the emotional win, Gaughan continued his success racing up front consistently and by winning the VisitMyrtleBeach.com 300 at Kentucky.
In 2015, Gaughan competed full-time in the Xfinity Series once again for RCR. He also drove the No. 62 Sprint Cup car for Premium Motorsports in most of the series' races without RCR support. Gaughan would not reach victory lane as he did the season before, with his best finish being runner up in California. He would finish the Xfinity season with a career-high 14 top 10s.
In the Cup Series, after a 28th-place finish to begin the season in Atlanta, Gaughan failed to qualify with Premium Motorsports at Martinsville suffering his first DNQ of the year. He then failed to qualify for five of the next six after that, and blew a tire and crashed in his only start in this period, at Talladega. He successfully qualified for the 2015 Autism Speaks 400 and again for Pocono, before suffering two more DNQs at Michigan and Sonoma. He did make the field at Daytona and finished 28th after suffering from a stuck throttle for more than half the race. Before Kentucky, he and Premium Motorsports agreed to part ways.
The 2016 season would mark Gaughan's third season in the number 62 for RCR. Gaughan, on the strength of career highs in top 5s (4), top 10s (15), and average finish (11.4), qualified for the Xfinity Series Chase. Gaughan successfully made it into the Round of 8 with two top 10s in the first 3 races. The Round of 8 began with bad luck, as Gaughan spun through the grass in the first race of the Round of 8 at Kansas, leaving him below the cut line with two races left.
After speculation about retirement, Gaughan announced he would return to RCR's No. 62 in 2017. Gaughan also announced he would run his first Daytona 500 since 2004, driving for Beard Motorsports. He finished the 500 in 11th place, earning him starts with Beard at the three remaining Cup Series restrictor-plate races.
Gaughan then had a dismal first quarter of the Xfinity season, with many mechanical failures and several instances of being swept up in accidents. Gaughan's average finish in Xfinity following Talladega was below 25th. Gaughan did return to the No. 75 Cup car at Talladega, finishing 27th. He returned to the No. 75 for the Coke Zero 400 at Daytona, where, despite being involved in a couple wrecks, was able to finish 7th. It was his first top-10 of the year, as well as his first top-10 and best Cup finish since finishing 6th at the season-ending Ford 400 at Homestead-Miami Speedway in 2004. After the 2017 Xfinity season, Gaughan announced it would be his final full season in NASCAR, though he intends to continue racing part-time for Beard at the Cup Series' superspeedways.
During the 2019 1000Bulbs.com 500 at Talladega, Gaughan ran as high as second and led for a split second before being collected in a wreck that sent his No. 62 car into a flip over Kurt Busch and Matt DiBenedetto. Gaughan finished 27th and was unharmed in the crash. On December 21, 2019, Gaughan announced that he would retire from racing after the 2020 season.
On February 9, 2020, Gaughan made the field at the Daytona 500 by posting the second fastest qualifying speed of all the non-charter teams (188.945 mph; 33rd overall). He finished 7th in the race, his best finish in the Daytona 500. Gaughan also achieved a top-ten finish at the Coke Zero Sugar 400. In his final NASCAR race, the YellaWood 500 at Talladega, he finished 35th after being collected in a Stage 2 wreck.
After his retirement, Gaughan became Beard Motorsports' vice president of racing operations.
Images
Motorsports career results
NASCAR
(key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.)
Cup Series
Daytona 500
Xfinity Series
Camping World Truck Series
K&N Pro Series West
Season still in progress
Ineligible for series points
ARCA Bondo/Mar-Hyde Series
(key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.)
Complete WeatherTech SportsCar Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; results in italics indicate fastest lap)
References
External links
Living people
1975 births
Racing drivers from Las Vegas
24 Hours of Daytona drivers
NASCAR drivers
American Le Mans Series drivers
Off-road racing drivers
Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball players
Georgetown Hoyas football players
American men's basketball players
Basketball players from Nevada
Players of American football from Nevada
WeatherTech SportsCar Championship drivers
Bishop Gorman High School alumni
Team Penske drivers
Richard Childress Racing drivers
Racing drivers from Los Angeles |
Bally Sports Oklahoma is an American regional sports network owned by Diamond Sports Group (a joint-venture between Sinclair Broadcast Group and Entertainment Studios), and operates as an affiliate of Bally Sports. The channel provides statewide coverage of sports events within the state of Oklahoma, namely the Oklahoma City Thunder, the state's major college sports teams, and high school sports.
Bally Sports Oklahoma is available on cable providers throughout Oklahoma, and nationwide on satellite via DirecTV.
Background
Fox Sports Oklahoma (FSOK) launched on October 29, 2008, as a spinoff of Fox Sports Southwest. It was created in order to serve as the cable broadcaster of the Oklahoma City Thunder, after Fox Sports Southwest acquired the broadcast rights to the NBA franchise following its relocation to Oklahoma City that year from Seattle.
It initially split the rights to Thunder game telecasts with independent station KSBI (channel 52, now a MyNetworkTV affiliate), under an agreement in which Fox Sports Oklahoma would produce a limited schedule of regular-season games (most of which aired on weekends) for the station; the Thunder signed a new multi-year broadcast agreement with Fox Sports Oklahoma on August 3, 2010, rendering the team's games cable-exclusive beginning with the 2010-11 season.
On December 14, 2017, as part of a merger between both companies, The Walt Disney Company announced plans to acquire all 22 regional Fox Sports networks from 21st Century Fox, including Fox Sports Oklahoma. However, on June 27, 2018, the Justice Department ordered their divestment under antitrust grounds, citing Disney's ownership of ESPN. On May 3, 2019, Sinclair Broadcast Group and Entertainment Studios (through their joint venture, Diamond Holdings) bought Fox Sports Networks from The Walt Disney Company for $10.6 billion. The deal closed on August 22, 2019, thus placing Fox Sports Oklahoma in common ownership with Sinclair stations KOKH-TV/KOCB in the network's homebase of Oklahoma City, and KTUL in Tulsa. It was subsequently renamed Bally Sports Oklahoma on March 31, 2021.
On March 14, 2023, Diamond Sports filed for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy.
Programming
In addition to holding the regional television rights to Thunder's regular season and any early-round playoff games, Bally Sports Oklahoma also broadcasts sporting events from the Oklahoma Sooners, including football, basketball, The channel also holds exclusive broadcast rights to state football, basketball and baseball championships held by the Oklahoma Secondary School Activities Association. Bally Sports Oklahoma has broadcast Class A-6A Football Championship games and periodically runs OSSAA Championship Spotlight, a magazine program that highlights various high school sports depending on the time of year.
Bally Sports Oklahoma also broadcasts pre-game and post-game shows for the Oklahoma City Thunder (under the Thunder Live banner), and Oklahoma Sooners-related programs (such as coaches' shows and team magazine programs). Outside of programming exclusive to Bally Sports Oklahoma, the channel runs various programs supplied by Bally Sports Southwest (including sports interview, magazine and analysis programs focusing on Texas sports) as well as some game telecasts including Texas Rangers baseball and Dallas Stars hockey.
From 2012 to 2022, it held tier 3 rights to the Oklahoma Sooners of the Big 12 Conference under the Sooner Sports TV branding, which gave it rights to one football game per-season, four men's basketball games per-season, and other selected athletics events. The football game was not aired on the channel itself, but distributed via pay-per-view—an arrangement that proved controversial among fans. In 2022, the team signed with ESPN+, which holds the tier 3 rights to all other Big 12 teams (besides the Texas Longhorns, which have a separate deal with ESPN to run the regional sports network Longhorn Network).
Other services
Bally Sports Oklahoma Extra
Bally Sports Oklahoma Extra is an alternate feed of Bally Sports Oklahoma used to broadcast select events within the designated market that cannot air on the main feed due to scheduling conflicts.
Bally Sports Oklahoma Extra primarily serves an overflow feed in the event that teams whose games Bally Sports Oklahoma has the right to broadcast play conflicting games simultaneously, mainly those that are televised on Bally Sports Southwest that may otherwise also air on Bally Sports Oklahoma (such as Texas Ranger Baseball or Dallas Star Hockey) are scheduled to be held at the same time as the scheduled telecast of a Thunder or Sooners game, or a high school or collegiate sporting event involving an Oklahoma team.
On some cable systems in Oklahoma, Bally Sports Oklahoma Extra airs St. Louis Cardinals telecasts from Bally Sports Midwest and select Kansas City Royals telecasts from Bally Sports Kansas City to the fans of those teams living in Oklahoma who otherwise cannot receive Cardinals or Royals games on Bally Sports Midwest and Bally Sports Kansas City. In extremely rare times, telecasts from the 2 teams can possibly also air on Bally Sports Oklahoma as well depending on the schedule. Bally Sports Oklahoma Extra also carries select Dallas Mavericks telecasts from Bally Sports Southwest except in the immediate Oklahoma City area.
On-air staff
Current
Chris Fisher – Thunder play-by-play
Michael Cage – Thunder color commentator
Nick Gallo - Thunder Sideline Reporter
Paris Lawson - Thunder Sideline Reporter
John Rhadigan – Thunder Live studio host
Nancy Lieberman – Thunder Live studio analyst
References
External links
www.ballysports.com/southwest – Bally Sports Southwest official website
Television channels and stations established in 2008
Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2023
Fox Sports Networks
2008 establishments in Oklahoma
Bally Sports |
Aliiroseovarius halocynthiae is a Gram-negative and motile bacterium from the genus of Aliiroseovarius which has been isolated from the sea squirt Halocynthia roretzi from the South Sea in Korea.
References
External links
Type strain of Aliiroseovarius halocynthiae at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase
Rhodobacteraceae
Bacteria described in 2012 |
Peter Hayes (born Melbourne, 28 September 1957) is a Sydney based, British trained, Australian television, film and theatre actor and director. He is perhaps best known for the role of Dr. Steven Ryan in the long running Australian soap opera, Prisoner.
Acting career
Hayes started acting while young with the Port Moresby Players in 1968 in a production of 1066. Wanting to become a professional actor he went on to train from 1982-1984 at the Webber Douglas Academy in London, United Kingdom. Hayes also holds a Bachelor Arts (Honours) from the University of Melbourne.
Television
Hayes appeared in Australian soap opera Prisoner as young Doctor and undercover handyman, Steve Ryan in 1985-1986. Hayes has also appeared in Rafferty's Rules as Peter Booth (1986). He has also appeared in Westbrook as Golledge, Whitlam: The Power and the Passion (2013), Home and Away as Alan Willis,
Farscape and A Difficult Woman as Reporter (1998)
Film
Hayes has appeared in films including:
2002 The Junction Boys - Adult Johnny, Fox Production Services
2000 Games Of the I - Jerry Clone, Dada Productions, Director, Peter Buckmaster & Ralph Daymen
1998 15 Amore - William, Mtxm Movies, Director, Maurice Murphy
1997 The Venus Factory - Mr Hale, Tomahawk Pictures, Director, Glenn Fraser
Theatre
Hayes has had a long career in the theatre. He has appeared in:
2013 Friday by Daniela Giorgi at The Old Fitzroy
2012 Swings adapted from Schnitzler's La Ronde and directed by Peter Hayes
2010 Through These Lines written & directed by Cheryl Ward at Headland Park
2010 Macbeth directed by Chris Hurrell at Darlinghurst Theatre
2004 Squirrels by David Mamet - Shane Morgan directed at the Cat & Fiddle
2004 King Lear Riverside Parramatta & Bondi Pavilion
2004 The Tempest Globe Shakespeare Australia
2002 The Merry Wives of Windsor directed by Jeremy Rice at Gunnamatta Park
2001 Richard III for Always Working Artists
1997 Flying Saucery by Mona Brand - Independent Theatre, North Sydney
1991 Abingdon Square Belvoir Street Theatre, Sydney & Malthouse Theatre, Melbourne
1990 Provincial Anecdotes directed by Joseph Uchitel at The Lookout Theatre
1990 Struth by Mark Swivel - 7 characters, Marion Potts directed at Stables Theatre
1989 The Barretts of Wimpole Street directed by John Krummel, Marian Street Theatre
1989 Passion Play by Peter Nichols, directed by Noel Ferrier - Playhouse Theatre, Sydney Opera House
1987 Romeo and Juliet directed by Mary Hickson in the Old Town Hall for the Darwin Theatre Group
1987 The Little Prince for Theatre Nouveau
1986 The Late Late Capitalism Show at The Footbridge Theatre, Sydney
Director
Hayes has also directed for the theatre:
2010 The Man Who Fell Off His Bicycle by Glen Hergenhahn at TAP
2006 Shakespeare’s Timon of Athens at Knox Grammar
1997 Roo by Angus Strachan at Café Basilica & La Mama
1994 Fireworks - The Fireraisers by Max Frisch & Fire Downunder by Pavel Kahout] at the Crossroads Theatre
1993 assistant to Aubrey Mellor on The Beaux Stratagem for Queensland Theatre Company
1993 John Osborne’s Luther at the Old Sandstone Church
External links
References
Australian male film actors
Australian male soap opera actors
Australian male stage actors
Male actors from Melbourne
20th-century Australian male actors
21st-century Australian male actors
Alumni of the Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art
1957 births
Living people |
"In the End" is a song by American rock band Linkin Park. It is the eighth track on their debut album, Hybrid Theory (2000), and was released as the album's fourth and final single.
"In the End" received positive reviews by music critics, with most reviewers complimenting the song's signature piano riff, as well as noting rapper Mike Shinoda's vocal prominence in the song. "In the End" also achieved mainstream popularity, and was a commercial success upon release. The song reached the top ten on numerous worldwide music charts and reached number two on the US Billboard Hot 100, the band's highest peak on the chart, as well as their first song that peaked within the top 40 in early 2002, making it a sleeper hit. It also reached number one on the Z100 top 100 songs of 2002 countdown. It ranked at number 121 in Blender magazine's The 500 Greatest Songs Since You Were Born. In June 2021, it became the first nu metal song to surpass one billion streams on Spotify.
"In the End" has become one of Linkin Park's most recognizable hits and is considered their signature song. Chester Bennington, the band's lead vocalist, initially disliked the song and did not want it to be included on Hybrid Theory. It was remixed on Reanimation as "Enth E ND". The music video of the song, directed by Nathan Cox and the band's turntablist Joe Hahn, featured the band in a fantasy setting.
Ahead of the release for the 20th anniversary reissue for Hybrid Theory, Linkin Park released a demo version of "In the End" as the second single from the re-release of Hybrid Theory on October 1, 2020.
Release
"In the End" was shipped to radio on September 11 as a single on October 9, 2001. The single CD was released as a "Part 1" single and a "Part 2" single. They differed in tracks and cover color: the "Part 1" cover is yellow and the "Part 2" cover is red. A DVD version of "In the End" was also released which includes an audio version of "In the End", "Crawling" music video and four 30 seconds interviews.
On March 27, 2002, the single was released in Japan as a 7-track CD called In the End: Live & Rare. It contains live tracks of "Papercut", "Points of Authority" and "A Place for My Head", "Step Up" (originally by the early Linkin Park precursor Hybrid Theory that appeared on Hybrid Theory EP), "My December" and "High Voltage".
Music video
The music video for "In the End" was shot at various stops along the 2001 Ozzfest tour and was directed by Nathan Cox and the band's DJ Joe Hahn, who would go on to direct many of Linkin Park's future videos (the two also directed the music video for "Papercut"). Although the background for the "In the End" video was filmed in a California desert, the band itself performed on a studio stage in Los Angeles, with prominent CGI effects and compositing being used to create the finished version. Performing on a studio stage allowed Hahn and Cox to set off water pipes above the stage near the end and drench the band.
The music video takes place in a fantasy setting and uses massive CGI animation. The band performs atop a giant statue that looks to be Egyptian, which has a 'winged soldier' on top of it, which is similar-looking to the 'winged soldier' on the cover artwork of Linkin Park's Hybrid Theory album.
The portions where Mike Shinoda raps take place first in a wasteland with thorny vines sprouting out of the ground, surrounding him and shattering into dust, (first verse) and then grass and plants sprouting up around him (second verse). During the time Mike raps his verses, Chester stands atop a platform with gargoyles on the edges. This platform is in front of a door in the shape of a trapezoid. Near the end of the video, the skies turn dark and it begins to rain, and the band performs in the downpour until the end of the song, where the rain stops and the camera pans away from the tower, showing the wasteland where Shinoda had rapped in is now a lush Greenland. During the rain the statues on the tower begin to move. Mike Shinoda has mentioned that Princess Mononoke inspired the music video.
The video was co-directed by Nathan "Karma" Cox and LP's turntablist Joe Hahn (who have also directed the videos for "Pts.OF.Athrty", "Papercut", "What I've Done", "Bleed It Out", "Shadow of the Day", and "Leave Out All the Rest"). The production design was by Patrick Tatopoulos who helped design and oversee the production of the non-CGI set. It won the "Best Rock Video" and was nominated for Video of the Year at the 2002 MTV Video Music Awards.
The video premiered on MTV and MuchMusic USA the week ending October 6, 2001.
In July 2020, the song became the second music video by the band that surpassed one billion views, after "Numb". The video has over 1.6 billion views on YouTube as of August 2023. The video was uploaded twice by Linkin Park's YouTube channel. The video was first uploaded on March 4, 2007, in 240p format. The video was later re-uploaded on October 26, 2009, in 360p format. It was also reuploaded on the same day by the Warner Bros. Records YouTube channel in 480p format. The video was shot in 16:9 aspect ratio, and copies available on Linkin Park's (only first upload) and Warner Records YouTube channels are in 4:3 letterboxed format. Second reupload on Linkin Park's YouTube channel is in native 16:9 aspect ratio. Upon the release of the 20th Anniversary Box set for Hybrid Theory, the video was then upgraded to HD quality.
Critical reception
"In the End" received positive reviews by contemporary rock music critics. VH1 ranked it number 84 on its list of the 100 Greatest Songs of the '00s. The song was also ranked number two by Loudwire on its list of "Top 21st century Hard Rock songs". At Stylus magazine, it was highlighted as a "nu metal classic". At Kerrang!, it was included as part of "The Ultimate Nu Metal Mixtape". NME, however, was more critical of the song, calling it "...another slab of gormless MTV rap rock from the bottom of the food chain."
Accolades
In 2015, the song was named as the best rock song in Kerrang!s Rock 100 list followed by the band's 2014 single "Final Masquerade". In the wake of Bennington's passing in 2017, Billboard named "In the End" as the best Linkin Park song and labelled it as one of the best pop songs of the 21st century. In the same year, it was listed as the 133rd best alternative rock hit of all-time by Consequence.
Chart performance
"In the End" is Linkin Park's highest-charting single in the US, debuting at number 78 and peaking at number two on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart in March 2002 and being kept off the top spot by "Ain't It Funny" by Jennifer Lopez and Ja Rule. It stayed on the chart a total of 38 weeks. It reached number one on the Modern Rock Tracks chart for five weeks, starting in December 2001, becoming their first hit on this chart. It has spent 44 weeks there, becoming their longest running on that chart and it also hit number three on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart spending 40 weeks on the chart, their second longest after "One Step Closer" at 42 weeks. It also reached number one on the Pop Songs chart for five weeks also and it stayed on the chart for 27 weeks. "In the End" was the seventh best performing single on the Billboard Hot 100 during 2002, and was the second best performing rock song and alternative song of the decade on the Alternative Songs chart and the Rock Songs chart only behind Trapt's "Headstrong" and Nickelback's "How You Remind Me" respectively. As of June 2014, the single has sold 2,555,000 copies in the United States.
"In the End" reached the top five on the Canadian BDS Airplay chart and remained in the top five for another month. "In the End" debuted higher on the Canadian Hot 100 than it did in the US and peaked at number one three weeks later for two weeks. It peaked higher in Canada than "Papercut".
The song was released in Australia, Europe and New Zealand on December 22, 2001. "One Step Closer", "Papercut" and "Crawling" reached the UK top 20, while "In the End" reached the top 10. "In the End" continued the trend of higher-charting singles when it debuted and peaked at number eight. It remained in the top 100 of the chart for 20 non-consecutive weeks.
"In the End" debuted at number 44 on December 2, 2001, on the ARIA Charts. It steadily rose to peak at number four on February 10, 2002. It is currently the second most successful song for the band in Australia, tied with "One Step Closer" and behind "New Divide". In the week starting July 30, 2017, the single re-entered the charts, at number 10, more than 15 years since the song last appeared in the top 50, following the death of lead singer Chester Bennington.
"In the End" reached the top 30 in Switzerland and the top 20 in the Netherlands, Ireland, Germany, Belgium and New Zealand. It is also their first single to chart in France, peaking initially at number 40 and remaining in the chart for 17 weeks. But after the suicide of Chester Bennington in July 2017, the song charted at number 23 for one week. Similarly, it also re-entered the UK chart at number 14 on week starting July 30, 2017.
Remixes
The song was remixed with "Izzo (H.O.V.A.)" by hip hop artist Jay-Z on their collaborative extended play, Collision Course, and uses the sample used "Izzo (H.O.V.A.)" of the Jackson 5's "I Want You Back" at the original speed as the beat.
A remix of "In the End", titled "Enth E ND", is included on their remix album Reanimation. The song features hip hop artists Motion Man and KutMasta Kurt. Opposed from the song being a remix, the song also differs with altered lyrics. The song was released as a promotional single with "FRGT/10".
The music video was directed by Jason Goldwatch. It starts off in black and white with someone picking up headphones, interrupted by an image – Mike Shinoda in a car, a flashing image with the letters "LP" written on it, and a TV screen. KutMasta Kurt is shown DJing, then Motion Man is seen in a car, rapping. The camera goes to Mike Shinoda and the video is now in color. The video zooms out to a small screen, then the video becomes black and white again. Mike Shinoda is seen driving a car with KurtMasta Kurt and Motion Man. The video shows the screen again and Mike is seen in color, then becomes black and white again. Mike Shinoda and Motion Man are seen bouncing their heads on screen, then seen driving again. Images flash and Motion Man is seen rapping once again. Random clips are played and Mike Shinoda is once again seen driving, holding a small wired camera.
The Memphis rap group Three Six Mafia sampled this song on their 2001 song "Smoke Dat Weed" and it is featured on Juicy J's 2002 album Chronicles of the Juice Man.
In 2017, producer Markus Schulz made a trance remix of "In the End" as a tribute to Chester Bennington after the latter's death, which he debuted at Tomorrowland.
Covers
In 2018, Tommee Profitt produced a cover of "In the End" sung by Fleurie and Jung Youth. It was used in the first season's fifth episode of Legacies.
Track listing
Personnel
Linkin Park
Chester Bennington – vocals
Mike Shinoda – rapping, piano
Brad Delson – guitar, bass
Joe Hahn – sampler, turntables
Rob Bourdon – drums
Production
Produced by Don Gilmore
Executive producer: Jeff Blue
Mixed at Soundtrack, NYC
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Decade-end charts
Certifications
Release history
References
Linkin Park songs
2001 singles
2001 songs
Warner Records singles
American hard rock songs
Music videos directed by Nathan Cox
Songs written by Mike Shinoda |
Minerva Sanders (February 11, 1837 – March 20, 1912) was the first librarian of the Pawtucket Free Public Library in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. Sanders earned a national reputation for innovative library services, including allowing open access to book stacks, opening the library on Sundays to accommodate working people, and permitting full library privileges for children.
Life and library work
Minerva Amanda Sanders was born February 11, 1837. She was widowed at age 26 and was a teacher before beginning library work.
Sanders oversaw the Pawtucket subscription library before the public library officially opened, and worked at the Pawtucket Free Public Library from its opening in 1876 until she retired in 1910. She was the chief planner of the new Deborah Cook Sayles Memorial Library building, which opened in 1902.
Sanders found that work with children was "the most important, and in its results, the most satisfactory of all library work." Sanders was disturbed by seeing children who wandered the town unaccompanied by adults, as well as the young age of children who worked in the Pawtucket textile mills. While children were typically forbidden from entering public libraries, Sanders welcomed them in; she was likely the first public librarian to allow children under 12 to use library books. In 1877 she created a separate area for children in the library; she sawed legs off tables and chairs to create child-sized furniture and provided picture books for children to inspire their imaginations. Concerned with the moral education of the children of Pawtucket, she encouraged her young patrons to review a scrapbook featuring newspaper clippings describing how boys were lured into lives of crime by reading sensational fiction, claiming that after twenty minutes her patrons would give up reading the types of books she described as "pernicious trash". She worked to find positive channels for youthful energy, saying she wanted children to "understand that even they are of use in a community".
Sanders also broke with tradition in allowing open access to library shelves, a practice that was contested by most other librarians at the time as a risk to the taxpayer's investment. She oversaw the collection's retrospective conversion to the Dewey Decimal Classification and taught children and their teachers to use it.
She believed that understanding the community she was working with was crucial to her work. Sanders asked library trustees for additional staff so she could have time to "mingle with the people, to learn their habits and tastes, and to direct their reading (especially the young)". Under her leadership, the Pawtucket Free Public Library was one of the earliest libraries to open on Sunday so the many Pawtucket mill workers who worked six days a week could visit. After 30 years of heading the library, Sanders was affectionately known as "Mawtucket of Pawtucket" by the adults and "Auntie Sanders" by the children of her community.
Sanders was an active participant in librarianship in the United States: attending and speaking at American Library Association conferences, authoring Library Journal articles, and helping to found the Rhode Island Library Association. She was a strong advocate for cooperation between libraries and schools, advocating for class visits to libraries and providing collections of books to teachers.
Her health declined in later years and she retired in 1910; she died March 20, 1912.
References
1837 births
1912 deaths
American librarians
American women librarians |
Vernon Caryle Holloway Sr. (September 15, 1919 – January 15, 2000) was a Florida businessman and politician.
Biography
He was born in Richmond, Virginia. He founded Interstate Electric Company, Inc. (1949) in Dade County, Florida. He served eight years in the Florida House of Representatives and six years in the Florida Senate representing the 39th District in Miami. Senator Holloway died on January 15, 2000, at the age of 80.
References
2000 deaths
Politicians from Richmond, Virginia
Members of the Florida House of Representatives
Florida state senators
1919 births
20th-century American politicians
Businesspeople from Richmond, Virginia
20th-century American businesspeople |
Judas Iscariot was the apostle of Jesus who betrayed him.
Judas is also the Greek form of the Hebrew name Judah, and may refer to:
People
Judah (son of Jacob), a patriarch
Judas the Zealot, mentioned in the Epistle of the Apostles (Epistula Apostolorum), written in the 2nd century
Judas of Galilee, also Judas of Gamala, Jewish revolt leader
Judas, alternate name of Jude, one of the brothers of Jesus
Judas, in whose house on the Street called Straight in Damascus Saul of Tarsus regained his sight
Judas (theologian), early 3rd century Christian
Judas Thomas Didymus or Saint Thomas
Judas Thaddaeus, son of James, one of the twelve apostles
Judas Cyriacus (died 360), man said to have assisted Helena of Constantinople to find the True Cross
Judas Maccabeus, founder of the Hasmonean dynasty
Judas Barsabbas, companion of the apostles Paul, Barnabas and Silas, emissary of the Church of Jerusalem to the Church at Antioch
Books
Gospel of Judas, an ancient Gnostic Gospel
"Judas" (short story), a 1967 short story by John Brunner
Judas (manga), a 2004 manga by Suu Minazuki
Film
Júdás, a 1918 Hungarian film
Judas (1930 film), a Soviet silent drama film
Judas (1936 film), a 1936 Mexican drama film
Judas (2001 film), a 2001 Italian-German television film with Enrico Lo Verso as Judas
Judas (2004 film), a 2004 American film with Johnathon Schaech as Judas Iscariot
Music
Albums
Judas (Fozzy album), 2017, or the title song
Judas (Quelentaro album), 1970
Judas, a 2011 album and the title song by Wisdom
Songs
"Judas" (ballad), a traditional English ballad
"Judas" (Lady Gaga song), 2011
"Judas", a 1953 song by Lucienne Delyle
"Judas", a 1986 song by Helloween
"Judas", a 1993 song by Depeche Mode from Songs of Faith and Devotion
"Judas", a 2007 song by Kelly Clarkson from My December
"Judas", a 2017 song by Fozzy from the album of the same name
"Judas", a 2008 song by The Verve from Forth
"Judas", a song by Cage the Elephant from their eponymous 2008 album
"Judas", a 2016 song by Banks from The Altar
"Judas", a 2021 song by Bad Gyal from Warm Up
Other Music
Judas Maccabaeus (Handel), an oratorio in three acts composed in 1746 by George Frideric Handel
Other uses
Judas, an upcoming video game
Judas goat, a trained goat used in animal herding
Judas animals, used to locate wild or feral members of their own species
Judas incident, an famous incident of heckling at a Bob Dylan concert
See also
Judas goat (disambiguation)
Judas kiss (disambiguation)
Judas Tree (disambiguation)
Jude (disambiguation)
Kingdom of Judah |
Sven Gali is a Canadian hard rock/heavy metal band which originally started as a cover band in 1987 in Hamilton, Ontario, and Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada. The 2018 line-up includes all three remaining original members: Dave Wanless (vocals), Andy Frank (guitar), Shawn Minden (bass); as well as new members Sean Williamson (guitar) and Dan Fila (drums).
History
Early days and Sven Gali: 1987-1993
Sven Gali played covers locally for several years. In 1989, shortly after changing their setlist to 20% covers and 80% originals, drummer Steve Macgregor left the band he named and formed and was replaced by Rob MacEachern. Sven Gali earned a reputation for their live shows. On the strength of their original songs and live shows, they were signed to BMG Canada, after playing some key gigs in New York and Los Angeles. They were signed to a seven-album contract, with international release through BMG subsidiary Ariola. As they began recording an album, the band collectively decided to fire MacEachern and hire former Billy Idol drummer Gregg Gerson. Gerson, their third drummer, had previously played with Roger Daltrey, Mick Jagger, and Mick Jones. With this new line-up intact, they released their debut album in 1992.
Sven Gali was produced by BMG Canada's David Bendeth. The album included the singles and videos for "Under The Influence", "Tie Dyed Skies", "In My Garden", and the ballad, "Love Don't Live Here Anymore". It included a cover of the Teenage Head song, "Disgusteen", featuring guest vocals by Frankie Venom. The band made four music videos, all of which were on regular rotation on Much Music. The video for "Under the Influence" won the MuchMusic Best Metal Video award in 1993. Sven Gali eventually went gold in Canada. In 1992 through 1994, the band toured Canada and the US, Germany, Belgium, Ireland and the UK, headlining and supporting acts including Wolfsbane, Foreigner, Meat Loaf, April Wine and Def Leppard.
Inwire and breakup: 1994-1996
The 1993 Juno Awards recognized Sven Gali and they were nominated for two awards, "Most Promising Group", and "Hard Rock Album Of The Year". Shortly after this, the band began to work on their second album. They recorded in Seattle, with production duties handled by future Queensrÿche guitarist Kelly Gray. Prior to this, Gerson left the band and was replaced by their fourth drummer, Mike Ferguson. Ferguson and Gray had previously played together in a Seattle band called Dog Daze. The album, called Inwire (1995), featured guest musicians Christopher Thorn of Blind Melon, and Candlebox's Kevin Martin and Scott Mercado. This second album had a distinctly different sound, which the band called an experiment, and which was influenced by Gray. Old Sven Gali fans did not respond well to their change of sound, and the band were heavily criticized for what was perceived as jumping on the grunge rock bandwagon. The band toured behind Inwire, until 1996, when the group disbanded.
Reunion and 3
On August 11, 2007, Sven Gali reunited and played live for the first time in over 11 years at The Moose N Goose in Thorold, Ontario. Rob MacEachern returned on drums as a member. The concert was recorded and is planned to be released on DVD in the future.
Guitarist Dee Cernile was diagnosed with cancer, and two benefit concerts were held for him on August 1 and August 7, 2009. Originally it was not known if Cernile would be able to play, so his brother Walter was tapped to fill in if need be. Cernile did play guitar on both nights, and according to former Slash Puppet vocalist Mif, "if I didn't know any better I wouldn't know that there was anything wrong with the [...] guy. He was shredding all [...] night." Dee Cernile died of lung cancer on February 25, 2012, aged 46.
A new single called "Kill the Lies" was released in 2018. The band also announced tour dates in Canada and Great Britain. "You Wont Break Me" followed in 2019 and the latest single "Now" was released in 2020. The album 3, the band's first full album in 25 years, was released on June 12, 2020.
Discography
Sven Gali (1992) BMG Canada
Inwire (1995) BMG Canada
3 (2020) RFL Records
Singles
"Love Don't Live Here Anymore" (1993) [No. 6 Canadian (Anglo) Single of 1993]
"Kill the Lies" (2018)
Videos
Whisper In the Rain (1990)
Under the Influence (1992)
Tie Dyed Skies (1993)
Here In my Garden (1993)
Love Don't Live Here Anymore (1993)
What You Give (1995)
Keeps Me Down (1995)
Kill The Lies (2018)
You Wont Break Me(2019)
Now (2020)
Members
Dave Wanless - lead vocals (1987–present)
Andy Frank - guitar (1987–present)
Sean Williamson - guitar (2018–present)
Shawn "T.T." Minden - bass (1987–present)
Dan Fila - drums (2018–present)
Past members
Dee Cernile - guitar (1987–2012; Died)
Steve Macgregor - drums (1987–1989)
Rob MacEachern - drums (1989–1991, 2007–2009)
Gregg Gerson - drums (1991–1993)
Mike Ferguson - drums (1994–1996)
Roger Habel Jr. - drums (2008–2017; touring)
Member activity
Most of the members of Sven Gali are active elsewhere.
Dave Wanless has, as of 2005, also fronted The Betty Ford Band in the Niagara region.
Andy Frank has also been working in China as of 2005.
Shawn Minden has been working with George H. Ross the VP to the Trump Organization NYC to raise funds for the Billie & George Ross foundation and is the founder of GS Maher Property Holdings Ltd an Investment real-estate company with ties to NYC and playing with Forgotten Rebels since 2005.
Steve MacGregor left Svengali to form Electra records recording artist Monkey Head whose debut album was produced by Beau Hill.
Rob MacEachern joined Helix in February 2009 and stayed until October of that year. He has performed on three Helix albums.
As of 2005, Gregg Gerson has been an educator as well as composer of music for TV advertisement and film.
Dee Cernile had been living in Los Angeles since 2005, but he died of cancer in 2012.
References
External links
Official Sven Gali website
The Betty Ford Band
The Forgotten Rebels
Official Greg Gerson website
Shawn Maher GS Maher Property Holdings Ltd
1987 establishments in Ontario
1996 disestablishments in Ontario
Canadian glam metal musical groups
Canadian hard rock musical groups
Canadian heavy metal musical groups
Musical groups established in 1987
Musical groups disestablished in 1996
Musical groups reestablished in 2017
Musical groups from Hamilton, Ontario |
The 64 BC Syria earthquake is mentioned in catalogues of historical earthquakes. It affected the region of Syria and may have caused structural damage in the city of Jerusalem.
Sources
The earthquake is mentioned in an epitome of Liber Historiarum Philippicarum, written by the historian Justin (2nd century). Justin reported that a devastating earthquake affected Syria, dating the earthquake to the end of the reign of Tigranes the Great (reigned 95–55 BC) in Syria. The earthquake reportedly caused widespread destruction, and caused the deaths of 170,000 people.
There are disagreements over when Tigranes stopped reigning over Syria, and when the earthquake took place. Other suggested dates for the earthquake give the year as 65 BC or 69 BC. While Justin used the historian Gnaeus Pompeius Trogus as his main source, his surviving works indicate that Justin misunderstood this source, resulting in a confusion over the dates of events, and the identities of the characters mentioned.
Another mention of this earthquake is found in Historiarum Adversum Paganos, written by the historian Orosius (5th century). The narrative mentions that when the earthquake took place, Mithridates VI of Pontus was attending a festival of the goddess Ceres in the Bosporus. The text is thought to describe a visit of Mithridates to the Cimmerian Bosporus (modern Kerch Strait), located at the Sea of Azov and the peninsula of Crimea. The text does not clarify whether Mithridates himself experienced the earthquake, or merely heard news about it.
Chronographia by John Malalas briefly mentions the earthquake. He reports that it caused the Bouleuterion of Antioch to fall down. The destroyed building was eventually rebuilt by Pompey. Modern sources have extrapolated that Antioch suffered extensive structural damage or that the entire city was destroyed by the earthquake. However, Malalas states nothing about such an event.
Possible Jewish sources
The same earthquake is supposed in modern sources to have affected Jerusalem, which is located south of Antioch. The earthquake supposedly caused structural damage to Jerusalem's city walls, and to the Second Temple's compound.
The primary source for such an event is the Babylonian Talmud. The narrative speaks of a struggle for power between the sons of Queen regnant Salome Alexandra (reigned 76-67 BC). Her two sons were Hyrcanus II and Aristobulus II, who were the last kings of the Hasmonean dynasty.
Hyrcanus II allied himself with the Nabataeans, and they helped him in a siege of Jerusalem. According to the Talmud, the two opposing sides reached an agreement to allow the supply of sacrificial animals to the Second Temple, which was needed for the year's celebration of the Passover. The defenders of the city would lower a "big basket" filled with golden coins over the city walls, which the attackers were required to fill. The attackers broke the agreement, and took the gold without fulfilling their end of the bargain. Instead of sending sacrificial animals, they send a pig. The pig struck its claws to the city walls, and suddenly an earthquake struck the Land of Israel. According to the Talmud, the earthquake shocked areas at a distance of 400 parasangs by 400 parasangs. The parasang is a Persian unit of distance, about 4000 yards long.
Josephus account of the siege mentions neither an earthquake, nor a pig. In his narrative, the Passover services were both prevented and mocked during the siege. Divine punishment struck in the form of a "storm of wind", that destroyed Judea's fruits. According to Josephus, prices rose due to the destruction. A modius of wheat cost 11 drachmae.
Cassius Dio also mentions the war between the two brothers, without mentioning an earthquake. The Talmud's earthquake may have originated in a story of figurative shock over the "ungodly breach of agreement", and the consequent disruption services. This idea seems to be corroborated by the Jerusalem Talmud's narrative.
Historical context
In chronological accounts, the 64 BC siege and the earthquake are place after the death of Salome Alexandra (d. 67 BC), and before Pompey'
s Siege of Jerusalem (63 BC). Pompey's siege is known to have taken place shortly after the death of Mithridates VI of Pontus.
Pompey and Tigranes the Great were rivals in war until 66 BC, and then Pompey fought against the Kingdom of Pontus. Pompey's subordinate commander Marcus Aemilius Scaurus is credited with ending the Nabatean siege of Jerusalem. Scaurus was sent from Damascus to Judea, where he offered bribes to both sides of the conflict. The siege was lifted, and Scaurus offered his support to Aristobulus II.
The Passover associated with the siege and earthquake took place in 65 or 64 BC. In narratives of the earthquake, the Passover took place at the same time as a festival of Ceres. This would place the earthquake in springtime, as both these festivities traditionally took place in spring.
The "fanciful" Talmudic narrative reports on an earthquake, but does not support the idea that Jerusalem's city walls and the Second Temple suffered extensive damage. Josephus' narrative does not mention such a disaster either. Both Josephus and Strabo mention that Jerusalem's city walls were still robust during Pompey's siege, and that Pompey faced difficulties in capturing the city.
Modern perspectives
A group of 8 sediment deformation horizons (mixed layers) have been identified among the Holocene sediments found in the Tze'elim Stream (Nahal Tze'elim) of the Dead Sea region. The deformations are believed to have a seismic event origin, with each deformation corresponding to a seismic event. The earliest sediment deformation in the group has been dated through radiometry to a range of dates between 200 BC and 40 BC. One theory associates the sentiment with the 64 BC earthquake.
In this view, the epicenter of the earthquake was in the Dead Sea. The earthquake would be strong enough to cause structural damage in both Jerusalem and Antioch. Doubts on this view point to the questionable historicity of the Talmudic sources, and the insufficient data from other primary sources.
References
Bibliography
64 BC
1st-century BC natural disasters
1st-millennium BC earthquakes
Ancient Antioch
Ancient history of Jerusalem |
Agbarjin (also spelled Agvarjin and Akbarjin; ; ), (1423–1454) was a claimant to the throne of the Northern Yuan dynasty in 1453. He was the youngest brother of Tayisung Khan Toghtoa Bukha and Manduul Khan.
Tayisung Khan appointed Agbarjin jinong over his ulus in 1433. When Toghtoa Bukha attempted to eliminate Esen Taishi's influence at the court, the Oirats offered Agbarjin the throne of khaganship for his betrayal. Even though the latter's son, Qara-qurtag Duuren taiji, persuaded his father not to accept this offer, the Oirats and Agbarjin attacked and defeated the Khagan, forcing him to flee westward. Tayisung Khagan Toghtoa Bukha was killed by his former father-in-law Tsabdan, whose daughter Altaghana had been banished from the ordo (palace).
The Oirats did not trust him, as he had betrayed his own eldest brother. Soon after the death of the Tayisung Khan, Agbarjin was invited by Esen to a banquet. When the former and his entourages arrived, Esen and the Oirat leaders murdered all Borjigin males in his entourage except Qara-qurtag, who fled and was later murdered, either in Moghulistan or Central Siberia. Agbarjin's death paved the way for Esen's enthronement in 1454.
See also
List of khans of the Northern Yuan dynasty
References
Year of birth unknown
1454 deaths
Northern Yuan khans
15th-century Mongol khans
15th-century Chinese monarchs
Jinong |
Leslie Zim Wallace (22 May 1894 – 26 December 1970) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
Before his football career, he served in World War I. After making a solitary appearance for in 1921, Wallace transferred to Hawthorn in 1922, but never played a senior game for them.
Notes
External links
1894 births
1970 deaths
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)
Melbourne Football Club players
People from Traralgon
Australian military personnel of World War I |
Lexington is a city in Dawson County, Nebraska, United States. The population was 10,348 at the 2020 census, making it the 16th most populous city in Nebraska. It is the county seat of Dawson County. Lexington is located in southern Nebraska, on the Platte River, southeast of North Platte. It sits along the route of U.S. Route 30 and the Union Pacific Railroad. In the 1860s, Lexington was the location of a stop along the Pony Express.
History
Lexington began as a frontier trading post in 1860. The post was later destroyed. Fort Plum Creek was established near its ruins in 1864. Lexington was founded in 1871. It was originally called Plum Creek.
Plum Creek Railroad Attack
About 3.5 miles west of Lexington on U.S. Route 30, a marker identifies the place () where a band of Cheyenne derailed a Union Pacific train on August 7, 1867, during construction of the first transcontinental railroad. Boxcars were looted and burned, and three employees were killed: the engineer, the fireman, and a hand-car operator.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land, and is water.
Climate
According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Lexington has a hot-summer humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfa" on climate maps. The hottest temperature recorded in Lexington was on July 11–12, 1954, while the coldest temperature recorded was on December 22, 1983.
Demographics
Lexington is the principal city of the Lexington, Nebraska Micropolitan Statistical Area, which consists of Dawson and Gosper counties.
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 10,230 people, 3,180 households, and 2,320 families living in the city. The population density was . There were 3,403 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 57.9% White, 6.6% African American, 1.2% Native American, 1.0% Asian, 0.4% Pacific Islander, 29.7% from other races, and 3.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 60.4% of the population.
There were 3,180 households, of which 45.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.9% were married couples living together, 12.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 27.0% were non-families. 22.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.17, and the average family size was 3.70.
The median age in the city was 29.4 years. 32.5% of residents were under the age of 18; 10.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.4% were from 25 to 44; 21.2% were from 45 to 64, and 9.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 51.7% male and 48.3% female.
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 10,011 people, 3,095 households, and 2,237 families living in the city. The population density was . There were 3,322 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 64.20% White, 0.44% African American, 1.17% Native American, 1.10% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 30.78% from other races, and 2.30% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 51.15% of the population.
There were 3,095 households, out of which 43.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.0% were married couples living together, 9.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.7% were non-families. 21.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.14, and the average family size was 3.65.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 32.6% under the age of 18, 10.2% from 18 to 24, 30.7% from 25 to 44, 16.1% from 45 to 64, and 10.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30 years. For every 100 females, there were 108.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 108.6 males.
As of 2000, the median income for a household in the city was $38,098, and the median income for a family was $43,571. Males had a median income of $25,207 versus $20,857 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,148. About 10.7% of families and 12.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.1% of those under age 18 and 11.5% of those aged 65 or over.
Economy
In 1990, Iowa Beef Packers built a large beef packing plant in Lexington and currently has over 2700 employees. In 2001, this facility was sold to Tyson.
Arts and culture
The Heartland Museum of Military Vehicles is located in Lexington adjacent to I-80.
The Dawson County Historical Society is a museum with the art pieces made by locals and objects such as cars, guns and household objects from former times that were owned by locals.
Media
Radio
KRVN (AM) and KRVN-FM are in Lexington, owned by the Nebraska Rural Radio Association. The radio network (KRVN (AM), KNEB (AM), and KTIC (AM)) is owned and operated by a cooperative of farmers and ranchers, which was founded in 1948 and started KRVN in 1951.
Newspaper
Lexington is served by the biweekly Lexington Clipper-Herald.
Sports
From 1956 to 1958, Lexington was home to the Lexington Red Sox, who were a minor league baseball team. Playing at the Dawson County Fairgrounds, the Red Sox were members of Nebraska State League as an affiliate of the Boston Red Sox. The 1956 Lexington Red Sox captured the Nebraska State League Championship.
Transportation
Intercity bus service to the city is provided by Burlington Trailways and Express Arrow.
Notable people
Bill Barrett - U.S. Congressman
Aage Brix - competitor in soccer at the 1924 Olympics
Monte Kiffin - football coach
Donald Roe Ross - United States federal court judge and mayor of Lexington, Nebraska
Wee Willie Smith - football player
Mick Tingelhoff - Pro Football Hall of Fame inductee
John Wightman - lawyer, Nebraska state legislator, and mayor of Lexington, Nebraska
Yoskar Galván-Mercado - Current Profesional Soccer player for Union Omaha.
See also
Impact of the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic on the meat industry in the United States
References
External links
City of Lexington
White Flight in Rural America: The Case Study of Lexington, Nebraska
Lexington and You
Cities in Nebraska
Micropolitan areas of Nebraska
Hispanic and Latino American culture in Nebraska
Cities in Dawson County, Nebraska
County seats in Nebraska
Pony Express stations |
The Australia national cricket team toured India between 10 October to 2 November 2013, playing a Twenty20 International match and seven-match One Day International series against India. Due to an ongoing back injury, Australian captain Michael Clarke was replaced by Callum Ferguson and George Bailey captained the side. During the second ODI match, all of the first five Australian batsmen made a score of fifty or more, a feat which no side had previously done. In the second match, India chased down the target of 360 runs to win, making this the second highest run-chase to win an ODI game. Two weeks later in the sixth match, India again chased down the Australian total of 350 runs to record the third highest run-chase to win a game. Coincidentally, all three highest run chases had come against Australia. In the seventh and final match, Indian batsman Rohit Sharma became the third man to make a double-century in ODI cricket, when he scored 209 from 158 balls. His innings included 16 sixes, the most in an ODI innings beating the previous record of 15 held by Australian cricketer Shane Watson. The record was later broken by England's Eoin Morgan who hit 17 sixes against Afghanistan in 2019.
Squads
Only T20I
ODI series
1st ODI
2nd ODI
A historic match in ODI history unfolded as Australia elected to bat on a high scoring pitch. Aaron Finch completed his half-century and was well on his way when he was run out by Suresh Raina. After getting to his fifty, Shane Watson was soon dismissed by Vinay Kumar on 59. Phillip Hughes fell 17 runs short of his 3rd hundred and was dismissed by Ravichandran Ashwin. Australian captain George Bailey and Glenn Maxwell both scored fifty and Australia ended their innings on 359/5 with George Bailey standing not out on 92. This was the first instance of all of the top five batsmen scoring at least 50 runs in an ODI, the second instance happened 7 years later in 2020.
India then started nicely and compiled 100 runs in just 16.2 overs with the loss of no wicket.
Both openers Shikhar Dhawan and Rohit Sharma completed their fifties and added 176 runs for the first wicket before Dhawan got caught behind off James Faulkner. Virat Kohli then came to the crease and was dropped on the first ball. Kohli then got a good start and completed his half century in 27 Balls. Rohit got to his 3rd hundred in 100 balls, and Kohli got the fastest hundred by any Indian batsman, the century coming in just 52 balls and India went on to win the match by 9 wickets with 38 balls to spare.
3rd ODI
4th ODI
5th ODI
6th ODI
7th ODI
This was only fourth time when Australian bowlers conceded 350+ runs in ODI, first time was against South Africa (438) and three time against India in the same series.
Statistics
Rohit Sharma was awarded the man of the series after scoring 491 runs. At the end of the series there were several changes in ICC Batsman rankings. Virat Kohli was ranked as the number 1 batsmen while George Bailey reached his career best of 3rd Spot.
Batting
Most runs
Bowling
Most wickets
References
External links
Australia in India 2013-14 at ESPNcricinfo
International cricket competitions in 2013–14
2013 in Indian cricket
2013 in Australian cricket
2013-14
Indian cricket seasons from 2000–01 |
Hussain Imam was a prominent politician of Bihar. He was a member of the Constituent Assembly of India in 1946.
One of the key members of the Pakistan Muslim league, Hussain imam played a key role in Pakistan's foundation. One of Jinnah's closest friends, Hussain Imam played an influential role in Pakistani politics using his wealth and remained an affluent figure of the Pakistan movement.
Hussain Imam was first elected to Gaya Municipal Committee in 1928. Shortly after that, he became a member of the viceroy's Council of State in 1930. He was soon taken into the Working Committee of the All Parties' Muslim Conference under the presidency of The Aga Khan.
When Muhammad Ali Jinnah reorganized the All India Muslim League, Hussain Imam was picked by him as one of the members of both the bodies: the Working Committee and the Central Parliamentary Board. His political enthusiasm for a separate Muslim state continued until the creation of Pakistan. He had been always closely associated with the Quaid-i-Azam. He hosted the Quaid in Gaya.
The Simla Conference of 1945 was a meeting between the Viceroy of India Lord Wavell and the major political leaders of British India at the Viceregal Lodge in Simla. Hussain Imam attended the Simla Conference along with Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah in June 1945.
Hussain Imam held two remarkable positions in his political career: president of the Bihar Muslim League, and chairman, viceroy's Council of State. In the Legislature, he was nominated to one of the Retrenchment Committees of government of India in 1931 and continued to be nominated to various committees throughout his twenty-one years in Indian Legislation up to August 1951. The most important of these committees were: Imperial Council of Agricultural Research 1938 to 1945, Textile Control Board, 1943 to 1948, the Indian Pay Commission, 1946 to 1947, and the Indian Company Law Committee. November 1950 to September 1951. He migrated to Pakistan in September 1951.
References
Sources
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
Members of the Constituent Assembly of India
Members of the Council of State (India) |
Khadia is a genus of plants in the family Aizoaceae. Some species under this genus include:
Khadia acutipetala
Khadia alticola
Khadia beswickii (L.Bolus) N.E.Br.
Khadia borealis
Khadia carolinensis
Khadia media
Khadia nationae
Khadia nelsonii
Aizoaceae
Aizoaceae genera
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
Taxa named by N. E. Brown |
Sectionalism is loyalty to one's own region or section of the country, rather than to the country as a whole.
Sectionalism occurs in many countries, such as in the United Kingdom.
In the United Kingdom
Sectionalism occurs most notably in the constituent nation of Scotland, where various sectionalist/separatist political organizations and parties have existed since the early 1920s, beginning with the Scots National League. Today, Scottish sectionalism is most strongly associated and advocated by the Scottish National Party (SNP), which can be described as both sectionalist and separatist. The SNP advocates for both Scottish independence and more autonomy for Scotland while remaining a part of the United Kingdom.
In the United States
Sectionalism in 1800s America refers to the different lifestyles, social structures, customs, and the political values of the North and the South. Regional tensions came to a head during the War of 1812, resulting in the Hartford Convention which manifested Northern dissatisfaction with a foreign trade embargo that affected the industrial North disproportionately, the Three-Fifths Compromise, dilution of Northern power by new states, and a succession of Southern Presidents. Sectionalism increased steadily in 1800–1850 as the North industrialized, urbanized and built prosperous factories, while the deep South concentrated on plantation agriculture based on slave labor, together with subsistence farming for poor whites who owned no slaves. Southerners defended slavery in part by claiming that Northern factory workers toiled under worse conditions and were not cared for by their employers. Defenders of slavery referred to factory workers as the "white slaves of the North".
Meanwhile, Northern industrialists and workers benefited from the slave system, even as some westerners politicians and religious leaders denounced it. The South expanded into rich new lands in the Southwest (from Alabama to Texas). However, slavery declined in the border states and could barely survive in cities and industrial areas (it was fading out in cities such as Baltimore, Louisville and St. Louis), so a South based on slavery was rural and non-industrial. On the other hand, as the demand for cotton grew the price of slaves soared, as slaves were considered imperative for the harvest and refinement of cotton. Historians have debated whether economic differences between the industrial Northeast and the agricultural South helped cause the Civil War. Some historians now disagree with the economic determinism of historian Charles Beard in the 1920s and emphasize that Northern and Southern economies were largely complementary.
Historians do agree that social and cultural institutions were very different in the North and South. In the South, wealthy white men owned all of the quality land, leaving poor white farmers with marginal lands of low productivity. Fears of slave revolts and abolitionist propaganda made the South militantly hostile to suspicious ideas. Members and politicians of the newly formed Republican Party were extremely critical of Southern society and argued that the system of free labor in place in the North resulted in much more prosperity. Republicans criticizing the Southern system of slavery would commonly cite the larger population growth of the Northern states, alongside their rapid growth in factories, farms, and schools as evidence of the superiority of a free labor system.
Southerners argued that it was the North that was changing, and was prone to new "isms", while the South remained true to the historic republican values of the Founding Fathers (many of whom owned slaves, including Washington, Jefferson, and Madison). The issue of accepting slavery (in the guise of rejecting slave-owning bishops and missionaries) split the largest religious denominations (the Methodist, Baptist, and Presbyterian churches) into separate Northern and Southern denominations. Industrialization meant that seven out of eight European immigrants settled in the North. The movement of twice as many whites leaving the South for the North contributed to the South's defensive-aggressive political behavior.
Sectionalism has also existed in the American West. Farmers in the late 19th century, who were exploited by railroads headquartered in the East, supported the Populist political movement.
In Spain
Sectionalism can be found in the Spanish regions of Catalonia, the Spanish portion of the Basque Country, Galicia, and Andalusia.
In Ukraine
After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Ukraine became its own unitary state, however, also containing regions heavily populated by Russians. This caused a few rebellions throughout the eastern parts of the nation, taking place in the self-declared republics of the Donetsk People's Republic, the Luhansk People's Republic, and the peninsula of Crimea. Crimea is disputed by both Ukraine and the Russian Federation. Many nations oppose Russia's annexation of Crimea.
In Canada
In 1977, the province of Quebec started an independence movement from Canada, wanting to be an independent French-speaking nation. There were two referendums (1980 and 1995) for whether Quebec would stay as a province of Canada or become its own nation. Both of these referendums failed, keeping Quebec under the governance of the Canadian government. In the north, the Canadian government had given the indigenous Inuit peoples throughout the Yukon, Northwest Territories and Nunavut a certain amount of self-governance, allowing them to maintain their cultural practices.
See also
Separatism
Autonomism (political doctrine)
Ethnic nationalism
Ethnic minority
Ethnocentrism
Homeland
Identity politics
Intersectionality
Kinship
Language secessionism
Micronation
Multiculturalism
Minority group
Secession
Stateless nation
Further reading
McPherson, James. "Antebellum Southern Exceptionalism: A New Look at an Old Question", Civil War History 29 (September 1983).
References
External links
Sectionalism
Political geography
Political theories |
Angelina "Helen" de Luna Tan, (born Angelina Beredo de Luna) is a Filipina physician and politician who is the incumbent governor of Quezon. She previously served as a three-time congresswoman of Quezon's 4th district from 2013 to 2022 when she was elected in 2022 to become Quezon's new governor, becoming the first woman to hold the office.
Political career
House of Representatives (20132022)
Tan ran in Quezon's 4th congressional district in 2013 under United Nationalist Alliance and won. She was re-elected in 2016 and in 2019, then under Nationalist People's Coalition. During her tenure as a congresswoman, Tan filed notable bills such as Comprehensive Tuberculosis Elimination Plan Act, Physician Act, Mandatory PhilHealth Coverage for All Senior Citizens, and the House Bill No. 6633. In 2019, she became the chairman of the House of Representatives' House Committee on Health. Not long after, Tan was removed from the chairmanship, being replaced by Guimaras representative Ma. Lucille Nava. Tan was able to regain the chairmanship as she was elected again to be the committee chair. Tan has led the passage of notable bills as a chairman such as the Universal Health Care Law and the ratification of Tobacco Excise Tax.
Governor of Quezon (2022present)
Tan ran for governor of Quezon in 2022, challenging incumbent Danilo Suarez, who was seeking reelection. She had Lucena councilor Anacleto Alcala III as her running mate for vice governor. She won in all 39 municipalities and 2 cities, and garnered around 790,534 votes over Suarez's 320,296 votes. Tan became the first woman to hold the post.
Personal life
Tan is married to Ronnel Tan, an engineer and regional director for the Department of Public Works and Highways, and have 2 children. Their son, Keith Micah ("Atorni Mike"), succeeded her as representative for Quezon's 4th congressional district in 2022.
References
Governors of Quezon
Living people
Members of the House of Representatives of the Philippines from Quezon
Nationalist People's Coalition politicians
Politicians from Quezon
United Nationalist Alliance politicians
Women provincial governors of the Philippines
Filipino women medical doctors
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century Filipino women medical doctors
21st-century Filipino medical doctors
21st-century Filipino women politicians
21st-century Filipino politicians |
Valorie Curry is an American actress. Her credits include Veronica Mars (2005–06), The Following (2013–14) and The Tick (2016–19).<ref name=OrangeCountyRegister>Gaede, Susan (December 1, 2010). "AEDE: Sonora grad cast in 'Twilight' movie". Orange County Register. Retrieved on 2013-06-29.</ref> She also starred as the titular character in the PlayStation 3 tech demo Kara (2012) and reprised the role in the video game Detroit: Become Human (2018). In 2023, she joined the cast of the Amazon Prime Video series The Boys as the superhero Firecracker.
Early life
Curry grew up with her brother David and sister Colleen in Orange County, California, graduating from Sonora High School in La Habra, California in 2004. She attended California State University, Fullerton, receiving a degree in theater. She has also worked with The Second City and Phantom Projects theatre groups, performing such roles as Jennie Mae in The Diviners and Monique in Out, Out, Brief Candle!, as well as roles in Oklahoma!, Bus Stop, How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying, and The Diary of Anne Frank.
Personal life
Curry married actor Sam Underwood, her The Following'' co-star, in 2016.
She came out as pansexual on National Coming Out Day 2019.
Filmography
Film
Television
Music videos
Video games
Awards and nominations
References
External links
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Actresses from Orange County, California
California State University, Fullerton alumni
American film actresses
American television actresses
American video game actresses
21st-century American actresses
Pansexual actresses
American LGBT actors
LGBT people from California
Year of birth missing (living people) |
Robert C. Dorn was an American politician from New York. In 1865, he was elected Canal Commissioner on the Republican ticket. In May 1868, he was put on trial by the Senate of New York in the Court of Impeachment, becoming the second person tried by the New York Court for the Trial of Impeachments.
Life
Robert C. Dorn lived in Schenectady, New York.
Repair Commissioner
He was appointed Superintendent of Canal Repairs for Section 2 of the Erie Canal, when he was named the Superintendent of Repairs for only section # 2 in January 1856, with William Eggleston becoming superintendent for #1. He was then appointed Superintendent of Canal Repairs for Sections 1, 3, 4 and 5 until the end of 1864, and continued with Sections 1, 2 and 3 in 1865.
As of 1865, all repair sections of the canal were in charge of Robert C. Dorn as superintendent, and he was replaced in that role on January 24, 1855, when George Heath was appointed superintendent for sections four and five, with Dorn remaining in charge of one, two, and three.
Canal Commissioner
He was selected to run for Canal Commissioner on the Republican ticket on September 20, 1865, after being nominated at the New-York Republican Union State Convention. In November 1865, Dorn won the race in the New York state elections of 1865. He took the role of Canal Commissioner on January 1, 1866, with the term to last three years. He was a Canal Commissioner from 1866 to 1868.
It was published in 1870 that $16,340 had been transferred from the Fund of the Erie Canal Enlargement for enlargement and completion of the canals to the Canal Commissioners, with Robert C. Dorn of the Eastern Division receiving $376 of that total. Tolls on the Erie canal were reported to be $3,666,093, with Dorn as of September 30, 1868, holding $5,450 of the balances on hand for the Canal Commissioner. He oversaw a number of financially significant improvement investments on the canal, including $27,166 for "extraordinary repairs".
Initial impeachment
Many New Yorker's felt corruption was a major cause of the canal system's troubles. In 1867 at the state Constitutional Convention, Erastus Brooks alleged canal contracts of being awarded to the highest bidder. A commission was established, consisting of James Gibson, Henry C. Murphy, Charles Stanford, William Bristol, William S. Clark, George W. Millspaugh, and counsel Henry Smith. It concluded there were "gross and monstrous frauds".
Concerning Dorn's history of awarding contracts, a court assembled in the Albany Senate Chamber on March 31, 1868, under Stewart L. Woodford, Lieutenant-Governor of the State and President of the Senate. The managers appointed to conduct the trial were John C. Jacobs, John L. Flagg, John F. Little, William B. Quinn, E. L. Pitts, Alpheus Prince, and N. B. La Ban. The honorable William A. Beach, John H. Reynolds, and Henry Smith were counsel for the Dorn. Assembled to ascertain whether Dorn had, in 1886 and 1867, awarded construction contracts in a corrupt fashion while ignoring a prior law to select the cheapest bid, a resolution impeaching him of high crimes and misdemeanors passed the assembly with a unanimous vote.
The court re-assembled in the Senate Chamber on April 2, 1868.
He was impeached by a unanimous vote of the New York State Assembly. The First Article charged him with "complicity in a combination made by contractors". Article Two charged him with "letting a contract to the highest instead of the lowest bidder". Article Four charged him with "letting contracts without advertising some".
Court of Impeachment, May 1868
In May 1868, the Court of Appeals and the New York Senate met jointly as a Court of Impeachment to settle the matter of Dorn's case. The trial before the Court of Impeachments opened on May 26 at Albany. During the first meeting, there was a motion from the defense to quash the Fourth Article accusations of Dorn awarding contracts without advertising them first. On May 27, 1868, the Court of Appeals and the Senate again met jointly as a Court of Impeachment, with counsel for the defendant arguing that senator Sandford, as Chairman of the Canal Investigating Committee, had prejudged the case on several points. On June 12, 1886, Dorn was acquitted with a vote of 8 for conviction, among them Martin Grover, Theodore Miller, and 19 against, among them Ward Hunt, Lewis B. Woodruff, Charles Mason and William J. Bacon. He was acquitted of all charges.
See also
Erie Canal Commission
Canal Ring (New York)
References
External links
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
Politicians from Schenectady, New York
Erie Canal Commissioners
United States officials impeached by state or territorial governments |
Quade Green (born May 12, 1998) is an American professional basketball player for the Centauros de Portuguesa of the Superliga Profesional de Baloncesto (SPB). He played college basketball for the Washington Huskies and the Kentucky Wildcats.
High school career
Green attended Saints John Neumann and Maria Goretti Catholic High School in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where he won four consecutive Pennsylvania Class 3A state championships.
Green finished his career at Neumann-Goretti with 1,853 points, which ranks second in program history.
In 2016, Green played in the summer for the PSA Cardinals in the Nike EYBL and helped lead his team to a berth in the 2016 Nike Peach Jam.
He was named to the All-EYBL first team after averaging 14.1 points and 10.5 assists.
In January 2017, Green was selected as a McDonald's All-American.
Green won the Legends and Stars Shootout competition during the 2017 McDonald's All-American Game.
In February 2017, Green was selected to participate in the Jordan Brand Classic.
Recruiting
On November 16, 2016, Green committed to attend and play for the University of Kentucky.
College career
As a freshman, Green posted 9.3 points and 2.7 assists per game while shooting 37.6 percent from behind the arc. He started 13 of the first 14 games before missing three straight games due to injury. He moved to a bench role after returning from injury. Green scored in double figures eight times in 20 games after returning. Green returned to Kentucky for his sophomore season despite rumors of transferring.
On December 11, he announced he would be transferring from the University of Kentucky. On January 4, 2019, he was welcomed to the University of Washington basketball program. In January 2020 it was announced that Green was ruled academically ineligible for the winter quarter and could possibly return for the postseason. He averaged 11.6 points, 5.3 assists, 2.6 rebounds and 1.1 steals per game while shooting 51.4 percent from the floor and 44.7 percent from 3-point range in 15 games.
Professional career
Maine Celtics (2021)
After going undrafted in the 2021 NBA draft, Green signed on October 23, 2021, with the Maine Celtics of the NBA G League. He was waived on December 9.
Lakeland Magic (2021)
On December 21, 2021, the Lakeland Magic claimed Green from the G League available player pool and played two games for the team.
Grand Rapids Gold (2021–2022)
On December 30, 2021, Green was acquired by the Grand Rapids Gold of the NBA G League.
Oklahoma City Blue (2022)
On November 21, 2022, Green was acquired by the Oklahoma City Blue. On January 2, 2023, Green was waived.
Centauros de Portuguesa (2023–present)
On April 14, 2023, Green signed with Centauros de Portuguesa of the Venezuelan League.
National team career
Green was named to the 2017 USA Junior National Select Team that played in the 20th annual Nike Hoop Summit but was unable to play in the game due to injury.
Green won a gold medal with USA Basketball at the 2016 FIBA Americas U18 Championship. Green averaged 4.6 points, 2.6 assists, and 1.8 rebounds in five games.
Green participated in the 2016 USA Men's Junior National Team October minicamp.
Career statistics
College
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2017–18
| style="text-align:left;"| Kentucky
| 34 || 13 || 25.6 || .451 || .376 || .808 || 1.8 || 2.7 || .3 || .0 || 9.3
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2018–19
| style="text-align:left;"| Kentucky
| 9 || 0 || 17.8 || .449 || .423 || .895 || 1.3 || 2.3 || 1.0 || .0 || 8.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2019–20
| style="text-align:left;"| Washington
| 15 || 14 || 30.4 || .514 || .447 || .837 || 2.6 || 5.3 || 1.1 || .0 || 11.6
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2020–21
| style="text-align:left;"| Washington
| 25 || 22 || 31.7 || .428 || .313 || .868 || 3.0 || 3.6 || 1.1 || .0 || 15.4
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Career
|| 83 || 49 || 27.4 || .450 || .367 || .847 || 2.2 || 3.4 || .8 || .0 || 11.4
References
External links
Washington Huskies bio
Kentucky Wildcats bio
USA Basketball bio
1998 births
Living people
21st-century African-American sportspeople
African-American basketball players
American expatriate basketball people in Venezuela
American men's basketball players
Basketball players from Philadelphia
Grand Rapids Gold players
Kentucky Wildcats men's basketball players
Lakeland Magic players
Maine Celtics players
McDonald's High School All-Americans
Oklahoma City Blue players
Point guards
Washington Huskies men's basketball players |
The 2022 AFC U-20 Women's Asian Cup was originally to be held as the 11th edition of the AFC U-20 Women's Asian Cup (including previous editions of the AFC U-19 Women's Championship), the biennial international youth football championship organised by the Asian Football Confederation (AFC) for the women's under-20 national teams of Asia, before being cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Starting from the 2022 edition, the AFC agreed to the proposal for switching the tournament from under-19 to under-20. Moreover, the tournament was also rebranded from the "AFC U-19 Women's Championship" to the "AFC U-20 Women's Asian Cup". It was scheduled to be held in Uzbekistan between 4–17 April 2022. A total of eight teams were to compete in the tournament.
The AFC announced the cancellation of the tournament on 5 July 2021, leaving the hosting rights for the 2024 AFC U-20 Women's Asian Cup with Uzbekistan.
The top three teams of the tournament were to qualify for the 2021 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup in Costa Rica as the AFC representatives. These same three teams - Japan, South Korea and North Korea - qualified for the 2022 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup. However, the AFC subsequently announced that Australia would replace North Korea as one of the AFC's representatives.
Qualification
The host country and the top three teams of the previous tournament in 2019 qualified automatically, while the other four teams would have been decided by qualification. There were to be two rounds of qualification matches, with the first round scheduled to be played between 14 and 22 August 2021, and the second round also scheduled to be played between 3–7 November 2021.
Qualified teams
The following teams qualified for the tournament.
Qualified teams for FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup
The following three teams from AFC qualified for the 2022 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup.
All three teams qualified for the 2022 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup. On 16 March 2022, the AFC announced that Australia would replace North Korea as the AFC's representatives at the FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup.
1 Bold indicates champions for that year. Italic indicates hosts for that year.
References
External links
, the-AFC.com
2022
U-20 Women's Asian Cup
2022 in women's association football
2022 in youth association football
2022 in Uzbekistani football
2022 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup qualification
2022 AFC U-20 Women's Asian Cup
April 2022 sports events in Asia
Association football events cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic |
Pieter Wijdekop (13 September 1912 – 1 September 1982), known as "Piet", was a Dutch sprint canoeist who competed in the late 1930s. He won a bronze medal in the folding K-2 10000 m event with his younger brother Kees at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin.
The Wijdekop brothers were born in Amsterdam, where they were members of the canoe club De Plassers. In their honor, an international marathon canoe race up and down between Amsterdam and Purmerend, organized yearly until 2008, was named the Gebroeders Wijdekop Race. Piet died in Heemskerk in 1982.
References
External links
1912 births
1982 deaths
Dutch male canoeists
Olympic canoeists for the Netherlands
Olympic bronze medalists for the Netherlands
Olympic medalists in canoeing
Canoeists at the 1936 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1936 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Amsterdam
20th-century Dutch people |
Ian Horner Hutchinson (7 June 1951) is a nuclear engineer and physicist who is currently Professor of Nuclear Science and Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He has made a number of important contributions to the fields of nuclear engineering and nuclear physics and has also written about the philosophy of science and the relationship between religion and science.
Education and nuclear research
Hutchinson received his B.A. in physics from Cambridge University in 1972. He then received his Ph.D in engineering physics from Australian National University in 1976, where he was a Commonwealth Scholar.
After receiving his Ph.D Hutchinson performed experimental research on one of the earliest tokamaks to be operated outside of the Soviet Union. He engaged in further research at MIT during its first major tokamak research initiative, before doing research for the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority. He returned to MIT in 1983 as a faculty member in the Nuclear Engineering Department, and served as the head of the Department of Nuclear Physics and Engineering from 2003 to 2009.
Hutchinson has authored more than 160 journal articles on plasma phenomena and nuclear fusion. He was the 2008 chairman of the Division of Plasma Physics group of the American Physical Society, of which he had been elected a fellow in 1988. He is author of the standard monograph on measuring plasmas, Principles of Plasma Diagnostics.
Science and religion
Hutchinson has authored a book on the philosophy of science, arguing against scientism. Hutchinson is a contributor to the BioLogos Foundation and has written and spoken on the relationship between science and religion, arguing that religious belief, and belief in Christianity in particular, can be perfectly reconciled with science. He has spoken at the Veritas Forum on the topic of miracles, debating atheist philosophy professor Donald Hubin. He has also argued against New Atheism.
TtH
Hutchinson is the author of the computer program TtH, a TeX to HTML translator, a popular program for web-publishing of mathematics.
References
1951 births
Living people
MIT School of Engineering faculty
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Australian National University alumni
American Christians
21st-century American physicists
21st-century Christians
Critics of atheism
Fellows of the American Physical Society |
```go
//
// Use of this source code is governed by an MIT-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
// Viper is an application configuration system.
// It believes that applications can be configured a variety of ways
// via flags, ENVIRONMENT variables, configuration files retrieved
// from the file system, or a remote key/value store.
// Each item takes precedence over the item below it:
// overrides
// flag
// env
// config
// key/value store
// default
package viper
import (
"bytes"
"encoding/csv"
"errors"
"fmt"
"io"
"os"
"path/filepath"
"reflect"
"strconv"
"strings"
"sync"
"time"
"github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify"
"github.com/mitchellh/mapstructure"
slog "github.com/sagikazarmark/slog-shim"
"github.com/spf13/afero"
"github.com/spf13/cast"
"github.com/spf13/pflag"
"github.com/spf13/viper/internal/encoding"
"github.com/spf13/viper/internal/encoding/dotenv"
"github.com/spf13/viper/internal/encoding/hcl"
"github.com/spf13/viper/internal/encoding/ini"
"github.com/spf13/viper/internal/encoding/javaproperties"
"github.com/spf13/viper/internal/encoding/json"
"github.com/spf13/viper/internal/encoding/toml"
"github.com/spf13/viper/internal/encoding/yaml"
"github.com/spf13/viper/internal/features"
)
// ConfigMarshalError happens when failing to marshal the configuration.
type ConfigMarshalError struct {
err error
}
// Error returns the formatted configuration error.
func (e ConfigMarshalError) Error() string {
return fmt.Sprintf("While marshaling config: %s", e.err.Error())
}
var v *Viper
type RemoteResponse struct {
Value []byte
Error error
}
func init() {
v = New()
}
type remoteConfigFactory interface {
Get(rp RemoteProvider) (io.Reader, error)
Watch(rp RemoteProvider) (io.Reader, error)
WatchChannel(rp RemoteProvider) (<-chan *RemoteResponse, chan bool)
}
// RemoteConfig is optional, see the remote package.
var RemoteConfig remoteConfigFactory
// UnsupportedConfigError denotes encountering an unsupported
// configuration filetype.
type UnsupportedConfigError string
// Error returns the formatted configuration error.
func (str UnsupportedConfigError) Error() string {
return fmt.Sprintf("Unsupported Config Type %q", string(str))
}
// UnsupportedRemoteProviderError denotes encountering an unsupported remote
// provider. Currently only etcd and Consul are supported.
type UnsupportedRemoteProviderError string
// Error returns the formatted remote provider error.
func (str UnsupportedRemoteProviderError) Error() string {
return fmt.Sprintf("Unsupported Remote Provider Type %q", string(str))
}
// RemoteConfigError denotes encountering an error while trying to
// pull the configuration from the remote provider.
type RemoteConfigError string
// Error returns the formatted remote provider error.
func (rce RemoteConfigError) Error() string {
return fmt.Sprintf("Remote Configurations Error: %s", string(rce))
}
// ConfigFileNotFoundError denotes failing to find configuration file.
type ConfigFileNotFoundError struct {
name, locations string
}
// Error returns the formatted configuration error.
func (fnfe ConfigFileNotFoundError) Error() string {
return fmt.Sprintf("Config File %q Not Found in %q", fnfe.name, fnfe.locations)
}
// ConfigFileAlreadyExistsError denotes failure to write new configuration file.
type ConfigFileAlreadyExistsError string
// Error returns the formatted error when configuration already exists.
func (faee ConfigFileAlreadyExistsError) Error() string {
return fmt.Sprintf("Config File %q Already Exists", string(faee))
}
// A DecoderConfigOption can be passed to viper.Unmarshal to configure
// mapstructure.DecoderConfig options.
type DecoderConfigOption func(*mapstructure.DecoderConfig)
// DecodeHook returns a DecoderConfigOption which overrides the default
// DecoderConfig.DecodeHook value, the default is:
//
// mapstructure.ComposeDecodeHookFunc(
// mapstructure.StringToTimeDurationHookFunc(),
// mapstructure.StringToSliceHookFunc(","),
// )
func DecodeHook(hook mapstructure.DecodeHookFunc) DecoderConfigOption {
return func(c *mapstructure.DecoderConfig) {
c.DecodeHook = hook
}
}
// Viper is a prioritized configuration registry. It
// maintains a set of configuration sources, fetches
// values to populate those, and provides them according
// to the source's priority.
// The priority of the sources is the following:
// 1. overrides
// 2. flags
// 3. env. variables
// 4. config file
// 5. key/value store
// 6. defaults
//
// For example, if values from the following sources were loaded:
//
// Defaults : {
// "secret": "",
// "user": "default",
// "endpoint": "path_to_url"
// }
// Config : {
// "user": "root"
// "secret": "defaultsecret"
// }
// Env : {
// "secret": "somesecretkey"
// }
//
// The resulting config will have the following values:
//
// {
// "secret": "somesecretkey",
// "user": "root",
// "endpoint": "path_to_url"
// }
//
// Note: Vipers are not safe for concurrent Get() and Set() operations.
type Viper struct {
// Delimiter that separates a list of keys
// used to access a nested value in one go
keyDelim string
// A set of paths to look for the config file in
configPaths []string
// The filesystem to read config from.
fs afero.Fs
// A set of remote providers to search for the configuration
remoteProviders []*defaultRemoteProvider
// Name of file to look for inside the path
configName string
configFile string
configType string
configPermissions os.FileMode
envPrefix string
// Specific commands for ini parsing
iniLoadOptions ini.LoadOptions
automaticEnvApplied bool
envKeyReplacer StringReplacer
allowEmptyEnv bool
parents []string
config map[string]any
override map[string]any
defaults map[string]any
kvstore map[string]any
pflags map[string]FlagValue
env map[string][]string
aliases map[string]string
typeByDefValue bool
onConfigChange func(fsnotify.Event)
logger *slog.Logger
// TODO: should probably be protected with a mutex
encoderRegistry *encoding.EncoderRegistry
decoderRegistry *encoding.DecoderRegistry
}
// New returns an initialized Viper instance.
func New() *Viper {
v := new(Viper)
v.keyDelim = "."
v.configName = "config"
v.configPermissions = os.FileMode(0o644)
v.fs = afero.NewOsFs()
v.config = make(map[string]any)
v.parents = []string{}
v.override = make(map[string]any)
v.defaults = make(map[string]any)
v.kvstore = make(map[string]any)
v.pflags = make(map[string]FlagValue)
v.env = make(map[string][]string)
v.aliases = make(map[string]string)
v.typeByDefValue = false
v.logger = slog.New(&discardHandler{})
v.resetEncoding()
return v
}
// Option configures Viper using the functional options paradigm popularized by Rob Pike and Dave Cheney.
// If you're unfamiliar with this style,
// see path_to_url and
// path_to_url
type Option interface {
apply(v *Viper)
}
type optionFunc func(v *Viper)
func (fn optionFunc) apply(v *Viper) {
fn(v)
}
// KeyDelimiter sets the delimiter used for determining key parts.
// By default it's value is ".".
func KeyDelimiter(d string) Option {
return optionFunc(func(v *Viper) {
v.keyDelim = d
})
}
// StringReplacer applies a set of replacements to a string.
type StringReplacer interface {
// Replace returns a copy of s with all replacements performed.
Replace(s string) string
}
// EnvKeyReplacer sets a replacer used for mapping environment variables to internal keys.
func EnvKeyReplacer(r StringReplacer) Option {
return optionFunc(func(v *Viper) {
v.envKeyReplacer = r
})
}
// NewWithOptions creates a new Viper instance.
func NewWithOptions(opts ...Option) *Viper {
v := New()
for _, opt := range opts {
opt.apply(v)
}
v.resetEncoding()
return v
}
// Reset is intended for testing, will reset all to default settings.
// In the public interface for the viper package so applications
// can use it in their testing as well.
func Reset() {
v = New()
SupportedExts = []string{"json", "toml", "yaml", "yml", "properties", "props", "prop", "hcl", "tfvars", "dotenv", "env", "ini"}
SupportedRemoteProviders = []string{"etcd", "etcd3", "consul", "firestore", "nats"}
}
// TODO: make this lazy initialization instead.
func (v *Viper) resetEncoding() {
encoderRegistry := encoding.NewEncoderRegistry()
decoderRegistry := encoding.NewDecoderRegistry()
{
codec := yaml.Codec{}
encoderRegistry.RegisterEncoder("yaml", codec)
decoderRegistry.RegisterDecoder("yaml", codec)
encoderRegistry.RegisterEncoder("yml", codec)
decoderRegistry.RegisterDecoder("yml", codec)
}
{
codec := json.Codec{}
encoderRegistry.RegisterEncoder("json", codec)
decoderRegistry.RegisterDecoder("json", codec)
}
{
codec := toml.Codec{}
encoderRegistry.RegisterEncoder("toml", codec)
decoderRegistry.RegisterDecoder("toml", codec)
}
{
codec := hcl.Codec{}
encoderRegistry.RegisterEncoder("hcl", codec)
decoderRegistry.RegisterDecoder("hcl", codec)
encoderRegistry.RegisterEncoder("tfvars", codec)
decoderRegistry.RegisterDecoder("tfvars", codec)
}
{
codec := ini.Codec{
KeyDelimiter: v.keyDelim,
LoadOptions: v.iniLoadOptions,
}
encoderRegistry.RegisterEncoder("ini", codec)
decoderRegistry.RegisterDecoder("ini", codec)
}
{
codec := &javaproperties.Codec{
KeyDelimiter: v.keyDelim,
}
encoderRegistry.RegisterEncoder("properties", codec)
decoderRegistry.RegisterDecoder("properties", codec)
encoderRegistry.RegisterEncoder("props", codec)
decoderRegistry.RegisterDecoder("props", codec)
encoderRegistry.RegisterEncoder("prop", codec)
decoderRegistry.RegisterDecoder("prop", codec)
}
{
codec := &dotenv.Codec{}
encoderRegistry.RegisterEncoder("dotenv", codec)
decoderRegistry.RegisterDecoder("dotenv", codec)
encoderRegistry.RegisterEncoder("env", codec)
decoderRegistry.RegisterDecoder("env", codec)
}
v.encoderRegistry = encoderRegistry
v.decoderRegistry = decoderRegistry
}
type defaultRemoteProvider struct {
provider string
endpoint string
path string
secretKeyring string
}
func (rp defaultRemoteProvider) Provider() string {
return rp.provider
}
func (rp defaultRemoteProvider) Endpoint() string {
return rp.endpoint
}
func (rp defaultRemoteProvider) Path() string {
return rp.path
}
func (rp defaultRemoteProvider) SecretKeyring() string {
return rp.secretKeyring
}
// RemoteProvider stores the configuration necessary
// to connect to a remote key/value store.
// Optional secretKeyring to unencrypt encrypted values
// can be provided.
type RemoteProvider interface {
Provider() string
Endpoint() string
Path() string
SecretKeyring() string
}
// SupportedExts are universally supported extensions.
var SupportedExts = []string{"json", "toml", "yaml", "yml", "properties", "props", "prop", "hcl", "tfvars", "dotenv", "env", "ini"}
// SupportedRemoteProviders are universally supported remote providers.
var SupportedRemoteProviders = []string{"etcd", "etcd3", "consul", "firestore", "nats"}
// OnConfigChange sets the event handler that is called when a config file changes.
func OnConfigChange(run func(in fsnotify.Event)) { v.OnConfigChange(run) }
// OnConfigChange sets the event handler that is called when a config file changes.
func (v *Viper) OnConfigChange(run func(in fsnotify.Event)) {
v.onConfigChange = run
}
// WatchConfig starts watching a config file for changes.
func WatchConfig() { v.WatchConfig() }
// WatchConfig starts watching a config file for changes.
func (v *Viper) WatchConfig() {
initWG := sync.WaitGroup{}
initWG.Add(1)
go func() {
watcher, err := fsnotify.NewWatcher()
if err != nil {
v.logger.Error(fmt.Sprintf("failed to create watcher: %s", err))
os.Exit(1)
}
defer watcher.Close()
// we have to watch the entire directory to pick up renames/atomic saves in a cross-platform way
filename, err := v.getConfigFile()
if err != nil {
v.logger.Error(fmt.Sprintf("get config file: %s", err))
initWG.Done()
return
}
configFile := filepath.Clean(filename)
configDir, _ := filepath.Split(configFile)
realConfigFile, _ := filepath.EvalSymlinks(filename)
eventsWG := sync.WaitGroup{}
eventsWG.Add(1)
go func() {
for {
select {
case event, ok := <-watcher.Events:
if !ok { // 'Events' channel is closed
eventsWG.Done()
return
}
currentConfigFile, _ := filepath.EvalSymlinks(filename)
// we only care about the config file with the following cases:
// 1 - if the config file was modified or created
// 2 - if the real path to the config file changed (eg: k8s ConfigMap replacement)
if (filepath.Clean(event.Name) == configFile &&
(event.Has(fsnotify.Write) || event.Has(fsnotify.Create))) ||
(currentConfigFile != "" && currentConfigFile != realConfigFile) {
realConfigFile = currentConfigFile
err := v.ReadInConfig()
if err != nil {
v.logger.Error(fmt.Sprintf("read config file: %s", err))
}
if v.onConfigChange != nil {
v.onConfigChange(event)
}
} else if filepath.Clean(event.Name) == configFile && event.Has(fsnotify.Remove) {
eventsWG.Done()
return
}
case err, ok := <-watcher.Errors:
if ok { // 'Errors' channel is not closed
v.logger.Error(fmt.Sprintf("watcher error: %s", err))
}
eventsWG.Done()
return
}
}
}()
watcher.Add(configDir)
initWG.Done() // done initializing the watch in this go routine, so the parent routine can move on...
eventsWG.Wait() // now, wait for event loop to end in this go-routine...
}()
initWG.Wait() // make sure that the go routine above fully ended before returning
}
// SetConfigFile explicitly defines the path, name and extension of the config file.
// Viper will use this and not check any of the config paths.
func SetConfigFile(in string) { v.SetConfigFile(in) }
func (v *Viper) SetConfigFile(in string) {
if in != "" {
v.configFile = in
}
}
// SetEnvPrefix defines a prefix that ENVIRONMENT variables will use.
// E.g. if your prefix is "spf", the env registry will look for env
// variables that start with "SPF_".
func SetEnvPrefix(in string) { v.SetEnvPrefix(in) }
func (v *Viper) SetEnvPrefix(in string) {
if in != "" {
v.envPrefix = in
}
}
func GetEnvPrefix() string { return v.GetEnvPrefix() }
func (v *Viper) GetEnvPrefix() string {
return v.envPrefix
}
func (v *Viper) mergeWithEnvPrefix(in string) string {
if v.envPrefix != "" {
return strings.ToUpper(v.envPrefix + "_" + in)
}
return strings.ToUpper(in)
}
// AllowEmptyEnv tells Viper to consider set,
// but empty environment variables as valid values instead of falling back.
// For backward compatibility reasons this is false by default.
func AllowEmptyEnv(allowEmptyEnv bool) { v.AllowEmptyEnv(allowEmptyEnv) }
func (v *Viper) AllowEmptyEnv(allowEmptyEnv bool) {
v.allowEmptyEnv = allowEmptyEnv
}
// TODO: should getEnv logic be moved into find(). Can generalize the use of
// rewriting keys many things, Ex: Get('someKey') -> some_key
// (camel case to snake case for JSON keys perhaps)
// getEnv is a wrapper around os.Getenv which replaces characters in the original
// key. This allows env vars which have different keys than the config object
// keys.
func (v *Viper) getEnv(key string) (string, bool) {
if v.envKeyReplacer != nil {
key = v.envKeyReplacer.Replace(key)
}
val, ok := os.LookupEnv(key)
return val, ok && (v.allowEmptyEnv || val != "")
}
// ConfigFileUsed returns the file used to populate the config registry.
func ConfigFileUsed() string { return v.ConfigFileUsed() }
func (v *Viper) ConfigFileUsed() string { return v.configFile }
// AddConfigPath adds a path for Viper to search for the config file in.
// Can be called multiple times to define multiple search paths.
func AddConfigPath(in string) { v.AddConfigPath(in) }
func (v *Viper) AddConfigPath(in string) {
if in != "" {
absin := absPathify(v.logger, in)
v.logger.Info("adding path to search paths", "path", absin)
if !stringInSlice(absin, v.configPaths) {
v.configPaths = append(v.configPaths, absin)
}
}
}
// AddRemoteProvider adds a remote configuration source.
// Remote Providers are searched in the order they are added.
// provider is a string value: "etcd", "etcd3", "consul", "firestore" or "nats" are currently supported.
// endpoint is the url. etcd requires path_to_url consul requires ip:port, nats requires nats://ip:port
// path is the path in the k/v store to retrieve configuration
// To retrieve a config file called myapp.json from /configs/myapp.json
// you should set path to /configs and set config name (SetConfigName()) to
// "myapp".
func AddRemoteProvider(provider, endpoint, path string) error {
return v.AddRemoteProvider(provider, endpoint, path)
}
func (v *Viper) AddRemoteProvider(provider, endpoint, path string) error {
if !stringInSlice(provider, SupportedRemoteProviders) {
return UnsupportedRemoteProviderError(provider)
}
if provider != "" && endpoint != "" {
v.logger.Info("adding remote provider", "provider", provider, "endpoint", endpoint)
rp := &defaultRemoteProvider{
endpoint: endpoint,
provider: provider,
path: path,
}
if !v.providerPathExists(rp) {
v.remoteProviders = append(v.remoteProviders, rp)
}
}
return nil
}
// AddSecureRemoteProvider adds a remote configuration source.
// Secure Remote Providers are searched in the order they are added.
// provider is a string value: "etcd", "etcd3", "consul", "firestore" or "nats" are currently supported.
// endpoint is the url. etcd requires path_to_url consul requires ip:port
// secretkeyring is the filepath to your openpgp secret keyring. e.g. /etc/secrets/myring.gpg
// path is the path in the k/v store to retrieve configuration
// To retrieve a config file called myapp.json from /configs/myapp.json
// you should set path to /configs and set config name (SetConfigName()) to
// "myapp".
// Secure Remote Providers are implemented with github.com/sagikazarmark/crypt.
func AddSecureRemoteProvider(provider, endpoint, path, secretkeyring string) error {
return v.AddSecureRemoteProvider(provider, endpoint, path, secretkeyring)
}
func (v *Viper) AddSecureRemoteProvider(provider, endpoint, path, secretkeyring string) error {
if !stringInSlice(provider, SupportedRemoteProviders) {
return UnsupportedRemoteProviderError(provider)
}
if provider != "" && endpoint != "" {
v.logger.Info("adding remote provider", "provider", provider, "endpoint", endpoint)
rp := &defaultRemoteProvider{
endpoint: endpoint,
provider: provider,
path: path,
secretKeyring: secretkeyring,
}
if !v.providerPathExists(rp) {
v.remoteProviders = append(v.remoteProviders, rp)
}
}
return nil
}
func (v *Viper) providerPathExists(p *defaultRemoteProvider) bool {
for _, y := range v.remoteProviders {
if reflect.DeepEqual(y, p) {
return true
}
}
return false
}
// searchMap recursively searches for a value for path in source map.
// Returns nil if not found.
// Note: This assumes that the path entries and map keys are lower cased.
func (v *Viper) searchMap(source map[string]any, path []string) any {
if len(path) == 0 {
return source
}
next, ok := source[path[0]]
if ok {
// Fast path
if len(path) == 1 {
return next
}
// Nested case
switch next := next.(type) {
case map[any]any:
return v.searchMap(cast.ToStringMap(next), path[1:])
case map[string]any:
// Type assertion is safe here since it is only reached
// if the type of `next` is the same as the type being asserted
return v.searchMap(next, path[1:])
default:
// got a value but nested key expected, return "nil" for not found
return nil
}
}
return nil
}
// searchIndexableWithPathPrefixes recursively searches for a value for path in source map/slice.
//
// While searchMap() considers each path element as a single map key or slice index, this
// function searches for, and prioritizes, merged path elements.
// e.g., if in the source, "foo" is defined with a sub-key "bar", and "foo.bar"
// is also defined, this latter value is returned for path ["foo", "bar"].
//
// This should be useful only at config level (other maps may not contain dots
// in their keys).
//
// Note: This assumes that the path entries and map keys are lower cased.
func (v *Viper) searchIndexableWithPathPrefixes(source any, path []string) any {
if len(path) == 0 {
return source
}
// search for path prefixes, starting from the longest one
for i := len(path); i > 0; i-- {
prefixKey := strings.ToLower(strings.Join(path[0:i], v.keyDelim))
var val any
switch sourceIndexable := source.(type) {
case []any:
val = v.searchSliceWithPathPrefixes(sourceIndexable, prefixKey, i, path)
case map[string]any:
val = v.searchMapWithPathPrefixes(sourceIndexable, prefixKey, i, path)
}
if val != nil {
return val
}
}
// not found
return nil
}
// searchSliceWithPathPrefixes searches for a value for path in sourceSlice
//
// This function is part of the searchIndexableWithPathPrefixes recurring search and
// should not be called directly from functions other than searchIndexableWithPathPrefixes.
func (v *Viper) searchSliceWithPathPrefixes(
sourceSlice []any,
prefixKey string,
pathIndex int,
path []string,
) any {
// if the prefixKey is not a number or it is out of bounds of the slice
index, err := strconv.Atoi(prefixKey)
if err != nil || len(sourceSlice) <= index {
return nil
}
next := sourceSlice[index]
// Fast path
if pathIndex == len(path) {
return next
}
switch n := next.(type) {
case map[any]any:
return v.searchIndexableWithPathPrefixes(cast.ToStringMap(n), path[pathIndex:])
case map[string]any, []any:
return v.searchIndexableWithPathPrefixes(n, path[pathIndex:])
default:
// got a value but nested key expected, do nothing and look for next prefix
}
// not found
return nil
}
// searchMapWithPathPrefixes searches for a value for path in sourceMap
//
// This function is part of the searchIndexableWithPathPrefixes recurring search and
// should not be called directly from functions other than searchIndexableWithPathPrefixes.
func (v *Viper) searchMapWithPathPrefixes(
sourceMap map[string]any,
prefixKey string,
pathIndex int,
path []string,
) any {
next, ok := sourceMap[prefixKey]
if !ok {
return nil
}
// Fast path
if pathIndex == len(path) {
return next
}
// Nested case
switch n := next.(type) {
case map[any]any:
return v.searchIndexableWithPathPrefixes(cast.ToStringMap(n), path[pathIndex:])
case map[string]any, []any:
return v.searchIndexableWithPathPrefixes(n, path[pathIndex:])
default:
// got a value but nested key expected, do nothing and look for next prefix
}
// not found
return nil
}
// isPathShadowedInDeepMap makes sure the given path is not shadowed somewhere
// on its path in the map.
// e.g., if "foo.bar" has a value in the given map, it shadows
//
// "foo.bar.baz" in a lower-priority map
func (v *Viper) isPathShadowedInDeepMap(path []string, m map[string]any) string {
var parentVal any
for i := 1; i < len(path); i++ {
parentVal = v.searchMap(m, path[0:i])
if parentVal == nil {
// not found, no need to add more path elements
return ""
}
switch parentVal.(type) {
case map[any]any:
continue
case map[string]any:
continue
default:
// parentVal is a regular value which shadows "path"
return strings.Join(path[0:i], v.keyDelim)
}
}
return ""
}
// isPathShadowedInFlatMap makes sure the given path is not shadowed somewhere
// in a sub-path of the map.
// e.g., if "foo.bar" has a value in the given map, it shadows
//
// "foo.bar.baz" in a lower-priority map
func (v *Viper) isPathShadowedInFlatMap(path []string, mi any) string {
// unify input map
var m map[string]interface{}
switch miv := mi.(type) {
case map[string]string:
m = castMapStringToMapInterface(miv)
case map[string]FlagValue:
m = castMapFlagToMapInterface(miv)
default:
return ""
}
// scan paths
var parentKey string
for i := 1; i < len(path); i++ {
parentKey = strings.Join(path[0:i], v.keyDelim)
if _, ok := m[parentKey]; ok {
return parentKey
}
}
return ""
}
// isPathShadowedInAutoEnv makes sure the given path is not shadowed somewhere
// in the environment, when automatic env is on.
// e.g., if "foo.bar" has a value in the environment, it shadows
//
// "foo.bar.baz" in a lower-priority map
func (v *Viper) isPathShadowedInAutoEnv(path []string) string {
var parentKey string
for i := 1; i < len(path); i++ {
parentKey = strings.Join(path[0:i], v.keyDelim)
if _, ok := v.getEnv(v.mergeWithEnvPrefix(parentKey)); ok {
return parentKey
}
}
return ""
}
// SetTypeByDefaultValue enables or disables the inference of a key value's
// type when the Get function is used based upon a key's default value as
// opposed to the value returned based on the normal fetch logic.
//
// For example, if a key has a default value of []string{} and the same key
// is set via an environment variable to "a b c", a call to the Get function
// would return a string slice for the key if the key's type is inferred by
// the default value and the Get function would return:
//
// []string {"a", "b", "c"}
//
// Otherwise the Get function would return:
//
// "a b c"
func SetTypeByDefaultValue(enable bool) { v.SetTypeByDefaultValue(enable) }
func (v *Viper) SetTypeByDefaultValue(enable bool) {
v.typeByDefValue = enable
}
// GetViper gets the global Viper instance.
func GetViper() *Viper {
return v
}
// Get can retrieve any value given the key to use.
// Get is case-insensitive for a key.
// Get has the behavior of returning the value associated with the first
// place from where it is set. Viper will check in the following order:
// override, flag, env, config file, key/value store, default
//
// Get returns an interface. For a specific value use one of the Get____ methods.
func Get(key string) any { return v.Get(key) }
func (v *Viper) Get(key string) any {
lcaseKey := strings.ToLower(key)
val := v.find(lcaseKey, true)
if val == nil {
return nil
}
if v.typeByDefValue {
// TODO(bep) this branch isn't covered by a single test.
valType := val
path := strings.Split(lcaseKey, v.keyDelim)
defVal := v.searchMap(v.defaults, path)
if defVal != nil {
valType = defVal
}
switch valType.(type) {
case bool:
return cast.ToBool(val)
case string:
return cast.ToString(val)
case int32, int16, int8, int:
return cast.ToInt(val)
case uint:
return cast.ToUint(val)
case uint32:
return cast.ToUint32(val)
case uint64:
return cast.ToUint64(val)
case int64:
return cast.ToInt64(val)
case float64, float32:
return cast.ToFloat64(val)
case time.Time:
return cast.ToTime(val)
case time.Duration:
return cast.ToDuration(val)
case []string:
return cast.ToStringSlice(val)
case []int:
return cast.ToIntSlice(val)
case []time.Duration:
return cast.ToDurationSlice(val)
}
}
return val
}
// Sub returns new Viper instance representing a sub tree of this instance.
// Sub is case-insensitive for a key.
func Sub(key string) *Viper { return v.Sub(key) }
func (v *Viper) Sub(key string) *Viper {
subv := New()
data := v.Get(key)
if data == nil {
return nil
}
if reflect.TypeOf(data).Kind() == reflect.Map {
subv.parents = append([]string(nil), v.parents...)
subv.parents = append(subv.parents, strings.ToLower(key))
subv.automaticEnvApplied = v.automaticEnvApplied
subv.envPrefix = v.envPrefix
subv.envKeyReplacer = v.envKeyReplacer
subv.config = cast.ToStringMap(data)
return subv
}
return nil
}
// GetString returns the value associated with the key as a string.
func GetString(key string) string { return v.GetString(key) }
func (v *Viper) GetString(key string) string {
return cast.ToString(v.Get(key))
}
// GetBool returns the value associated with the key as a boolean.
func GetBool(key string) bool { return v.GetBool(key) }
func (v *Viper) GetBool(key string) bool {
return cast.ToBool(v.Get(key))
}
// GetInt returns the value associated with the key as an integer.
func GetInt(key string) int { return v.GetInt(key) }
func (v *Viper) GetInt(key string) int {
return cast.ToInt(v.Get(key))
}
// GetInt32 returns the value associated with the key as an integer.
func GetInt32(key string) int32 { return v.GetInt32(key) }
func (v *Viper) GetInt32(key string) int32 {
return cast.ToInt32(v.Get(key))
}
// GetInt64 returns the value associated with the key as an integer.
func GetInt64(key string) int64 { return v.GetInt64(key) }
func (v *Viper) GetInt64(key string) int64 {
return cast.ToInt64(v.Get(key))
}
// GetUint returns the value associated with the key as an unsigned integer.
func GetUint(key string) uint { return v.GetUint(key) }
func (v *Viper) GetUint(key string) uint {
return cast.ToUint(v.Get(key))
}
// GetUint16 returns the value associated with the key as an unsigned integer.
func GetUint16(key string) uint16 { return v.GetUint16(key) }
func (v *Viper) GetUint16(key string) uint16 {
return cast.ToUint16(v.Get(key))
}
// GetUint32 returns the value associated with the key as an unsigned integer.
func GetUint32(key string) uint32 { return v.GetUint32(key) }
func (v *Viper) GetUint32(key string) uint32 {
return cast.ToUint32(v.Get(key))
}
// GetUint64 returns the value associated with the key as an unsigned integer.
func GetUint64(key string) uint64 { return v.GetUint64(key) }
func (v *Viper) GetUint64(key string) uint64 {
return cast.ToUint64(v.Get(key))
}
// GetFloat64 returns the value associated with the key as a float64.
func GetFloat64(key string) float64 { return v.GetFloat64(key) }
func (v *Viper) GetFloat64(key string) float64 {
return cast.ToFloat64(v.Get(key))
}
// GetTime returns the value associated with the key as time.
func GetTime(key string) time.Time { return v.GetTime(key) }
func (v *Viper) GetTime(key string) time.Time {
return cast.ToTime(v.Get(key))
}
// GetDuration returns the value associated with the key as a duration.
func GetDuration(key string) time.Duration { return v.GetDuration(key) }
func (v *Viper) GetDuration(key string) time.Duration {
return cast.ToDuration(v.Get(key))
}
// GetIntSlice returns the value associated with the key as a slice of int values.
func GetIntSlice(key string) []int { return v.GetIntSlice(key) }
func (v *Viper) GetIntSlice(key string) []int {
return cast.ToIntSlice(v.Get(key))
}
// GetStringSlice returns the value associated with the key as a slice of strings.
func GetStringSlice(key string) []string { return v.GetStringSlice(key) }
func (v *Viper) GetStringSlice(key string) []string {
return cast.ToStringSlice(v.Get(key))
}
// GetStringMap returns the value associated with the key as a map of interfaces.
func GetStringMap(key string) map[string]any { return v.GetStringMap(key) }
func (v *Viper) GetStringMap(key string) map[string]any {
return cast.ToStringMap(v.Get(key))
}
// GetStringMapString returns the value associated with the key as a map of strings.
func GetStringMapString(key string) map[string]string { return v.GetStringMapString(key) }
func (v *Viper) GetStringMapString(key string) map[string]string {
return cast.ToStringMapString(v.Get(key))
}
// GetStringMapStringSlice returns the value associated with the key as a map to a slice of strings.
func GetStringMapStringSlice(key string) map[string][]string { return v.GetStringMapStringSlice(key) }
func (v *Viper) GetStringMapStringSlice(key string) map[string][]string {
return cast.ToStringMapStringSlice(v.Get(key))
}
// GetSizeInBytes returns the size of the value associated with the given key
// in bytes.
func GetSizeInBytes(key string) uint { return v.GetSizeInBytes(key) }
func (v *Viper) GetSizeInBytes(key string) uint {
sizeStr := cast.ToString(v.Get(key))
return parseSizeInBytes(sizeStr)
}
// UnmarshalKey takes a single key and unmarshals it into a Struct.
func UnmarshalKey(key string, rawVal any, opts ...DecoderConfigOption) error {
return v.UnmarshalKey(key, rawVal, opts...)
}
func (v *Viper) UnmarshalKey(key string, rawVal any, opts ...DecoderConfigOption) error {
return decode(v.Get(key), defaultDecoderConfig(rawVal, opts...))
}
// Unmarshal unmarshals the config into a Struct. Make sure that the tags
// on the fields of the structure are properly set.
func Unmarshal(rawVal any, opts ...DecoderConfigOption) error {
return v.Unmarshal(rawVal, opts...)
}
func (v *Viper) Unmarshal(rawVal any, opts ...DecoderConfigOption) error {
keys := v.AllKeys()
if features.BindStruct {
// TODO: make this optional?
structKeys, err := v.decodeStructKeys(rawVal, opts...)
if err != nil {
return err
}
keys = append(keys, structKeys...)
}
// TODO: struct keys should be enough?
return decode(v.getSettings(keys), defaultDecoderConfig(rawVal, opts...))
}
func (v *Viper) decodeStructKeys(input any, opts ...DecoderConfigOption) ([]string, error) {
var structKeyMap map[string]any
err := decode(input, defaultDecoderConfig(&structKeyMap, opts...))
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
flattenedStructKeyMap := v.flattenAndMergeMap(map[string]bool{}, structKeyMap, "")
r := make([]string, 0, len(flattenedStructKeyMap))
for v := range flattenedStructKeyMap {
r = append(r, v)
}
return r, nil
}
// defaultDecoderConfig returns default mapstructure.DecoderConfig with support
// of time.Duration values & string slices.
func defaultDecoderConfig(output any, opts ...DecoderConfigOption) *mapstructure.DecoderConfig {
c := &mapstructure.DecoderConfig{
Metadata: nil,
Result: output,
WeaklyTypedInput: true,
DecodeHook: mapstructure.ComposeDecodeHookFunc(
mapstructure.StringToTimeDurationHookFunc(),
mapstructure.StringToSliceHookFunc(","),
),
}
for _, opt := range opts {
opt(c)
}
return c
}
// decode is a wrapper around mapstructure.Decode that mimics the WeakDecode functionality.
func decode(input any, config *mapstructure.DecoderConfig) error {
decoder, err := mapstructure.NewDecoder(config)
if err != nil {
return err
}
return decoder.Decode(input)
}
// UnmarshalExact unmarshals the config into a Struct, erroring if a field is nonexistent
// in the destination struct.
func UnmarshalExact(rawVal any, opts ...DecoderConfigOption) error {
return v.UnmarshalExact(rawVal, opts...)
}
func (v *Viper) UnmarshalExact(rawVal any, opts ...DecoderConfigOption) error {
config := defaultDecoderConfig(rawVal, opts...)
config.ErrorUnused = true
keys := v.AllKeys()
if features.BindStruct {
// TODO: make this optional?
structKeys, err := v.decodeStructKeys(rawVal, opts...)
if err != nil {
return err
}
keys = append(keys, structKeys...)
}
// TODO: struct keys should be enough?
return decode(v.getSettings(keys), config)
}
// BindPFlags binds a full flag set to the configuration, using each flag's long
// name as the config key.
func BindPFlags(flags *pflag.FlagSet) error { return v.BindPFlags(flags) }
func (v *Viper) BindPFlags(flags *pflag.FlagSet) error {
return v.BindFlagValues(pflagValueSet{flags})
}
// BindPFlag binds a specific key to a pflag (as used by cobra).
// Example (where serverCmd is a Cobra instance):
//
// serverCmd.Flags().Int("port", 1138, "Port to run Application server on")
// Viper.BindPFlag("port", serverCmd.Flags().Lookup("port"))
func BindPFlag(key string, flag *pflag.Flag) error { return v.BindPFlag(key, flag) }
func (v *Viper) BindPFlag(key string, flag *pflag.Flag) error {
if flag == nil {
return fmt.Errorf("flag for %q is nil", key)
}
return v.BindFlagValue(key, pflagValue{flag})
}
// BindFlagValues binds a full FlagValue set to the configuration, using each flag's long
// name as the config key.
func BindFlagValues(flags FlagValueSet) error { return v.BindFlagValues(flags) }
func (v *Viper) BindFlagValues(flags FlagValueSet) (err error) {
flags.VisitAll(func(flag FlagValue) {
if err = v.BindFlagValue(flag.Name(), flag); err != nil {
return
}
})
return nil
}
// BindFlagValue binds a specific key to a FlagValue.
func BindFlagValue(key string, flag FlagValue) error { return v.BindFlagValue(key, flag) }
func (v *Viper) BindFlagValue(key string, flag FlagValue) error {
if flag == nil {
return fmt.Errorf("flag for %q is nil", key)
}
v.pflags[strings.ToLower(key)] = flag
return nil
}
// BindEnv binds a Viper key to a ENV variable.
// ENV variables are case sensitive.
// If only a key is provided, it will use the env key matching the key, uppercased.
// If more arguments are provided, they will represent the env variable names that
// should bind to this key and will be taken in the specified order.
// EnvPrefix will be used when set when env name is not provided.
func BindEnv(input ...string) error { return v.BindEnv(input...) }
func (v *Viper) BindEnv(input ...string) error {
if len(input) == 0 {
return fmt.Errorf("missing key to bind to")
}
key := strings.ToLower(input[0])
if len(input) == 1 {
v.env[key] = append(v.env[key], v.mergeWithEnvPrefix(key))
} else {
v.env[key] = append(v.env[key], input[1:]...)
}
return nil
}
// MustBindEnv wraps BindEnv in a panic.
// If there is an error binding an environment variable, MustBindEnv will
// panic.
func MustBindEnv(input ...string) { v.MustBindEnv(input...) }
func (v *Viper) MustBindEnv(input ...string) {
if err := v.BindEnv(input...); err != nil {
panic(fmt.Sprintf("error while binding environment variable: %v", err))
}
}
// Given a key, find the value.
//
// Viper will check to see if an alias exists first.
// Viper will then check in the following order:
// flag, env, config file, key/value store.
// Lastly, if no value was found and flagDefault is true, and if the key
// corresponds to a flag, the flag's default value is returned.
//
// Note: this assumes a lower-cased key given.
func (v *Viper) find(lcaseKey string, flagDefault bool) any {
var (
val any
exists bool
path = strings.Split(lcaseKey, v.keyDelim)
nested = len(path) > 1
)
// compute the path through the nested maps to the nested value
if nested && v.isPathShadowedInDeepMap(path, castMapStringToMapInterface(v.aliases)) != "" {
return nil
}
// if the requested key is an alias, then return the proper key
lcaseKey = v.realKey(lcaseKey)
path = strings.Split(lcaseKey, v.keyDelim)
nested = len(path) > 1
// Set() override first
val = v.searchMap(v.override, path)
if val != nil {
return val
}
if nested && v.isPathShadowedInDeepMap(path, v.override) != "" {
return nil
}
// PFlag override next
flag, exists := v.pflags[lcaseKey]
if exists && flag.HasChanged() {
switch flag.ValueType() {
case "int", "int8", "int16", "int32", "int64":
return cast.ToInt(flag.ValueString())
case "bool":
return cast.ToBool(flag.ValueString())
case "stringSlice", "stringArray":
s := strings.TrimPrefix(flag.ValueString(), "[")
s = strings.TrimSuffix(s, "]")
res, _ := readAsCSV(s)
return res
case "intSlice":
s := strings.TrimPrefix(flag.ValueString(), "[")
s = strings.TrimSuffix(s, "]")
res, _ := readAsCSV(s)
return cast.ToIntSlice(res)
case "durationSlice":
s := strings.TrimPrefix(flag.ValueString(), "[")
s = strings.TrimSuffix(s, "]")
slice := strings.Split(s, ",")
return cast.ToDurationSlice(slice)
case "stringToString":
return stringToStringConv(flag.ValueString())
case "stringToInt":
return stringToIntConv(flag.ValueString())
default:
return flag.ValueString()
}
}
if nested && v.isPathShadowedInFlatMap(path, v.pflags) != "" {
return nil
}
// Env override next
if v.automaticEnvApplied {
envKey := strings.Join(append(v.parents, lcaseKey), ".")
// even if it hasn't been registered, if automaticEnv is used,
// check any Get request
if val, ok := v.getEnv(v.mergeWithEnvPrefix(envKey)); ok {
return val
}
if nested && v.isPathShadowedInAutoEnv(path) != "" {
return nil
}
}
envkeys, exists := v.env[lcaseKey]
if exists {
for _, envkey := range envkeys {
if val, ok := v.getEnv(envkey); ok {
return val
}
}
}
if nested && v.isPathShadowedInFlatMap(path, v.env) != "" {
return nil
}
// Config file next
val = v.searchIndexableWithPathPrefixes(v.config, path)
if val != nil {
return val
}
if nested && v.isPathShadowedInDeepMap(path, v.config) != "" {
return nil
}
// K/V store next
val = v.searchMap(v.kvstore, path)
if val != nil {
return val
}
if nested && v.isPathShadowedInDeepMap(path, v.kvstore) != "" {
return nil
}
// Default next
val = v.searchMap(v.defaults, path)
if val != nil {
return val
}
if nested && v.isPathShadowedInDeepMap(path, v.defaults) != "" {
return nil
}
if flagDefault {
// last chance: if no value is found and a flag does exist for the key,
// get the flag's default value even if the flag's value has not been set.
if flag, exists := v.pflags[lcaseKey]; exists {
switch flag.ValueType() {
case "int", "int8", "int16", "int32", "int64":
return cast.ToInt(flag.ValueString())
case "bool":
return cast.ToBool(flag.ValueString())
case "stringSlice", "stringArray":
s := strings.TrimPrefix(flag.ValueString(), "[")
s = strings.TrimSuffix(s, "]")
res, _ := readAsCSV(s)
return res
case "intSlice":
s := strings.TrimPrefix(flag.ValueString(), "[")
s = strings.TrimSuffix(s, "]")
res, _ := readAsCSV(s)
return cast.ToIntSlice(res)
case "stringToString":
return stringToStringConv(flag.ValueString())
case "stringToInt":
return stringToIntConv(flag.ValueString())
case "durationSlice":
s := strings.TrimPrefix(flag.ValueString(), "[")
s = strings.TrimSuffix(s, "]")
slice := strings.Split(s, ",")
return cast.ToDurationSlice(slice)
default:
return flag.ValueString()
}
}
// last item, no need to check shadowing
}
return nil
}
func readAsCSV(val string) ([]string, error) {
if val == "" {
return []string{}, nil
}
stringReader := strings.NewReader(val)
csvReader := csv.NewReader(stringReader)
return csvReader.Read()
}
// mostly copied from pflag's implementation of this operation here path_to_url#L79
// alterations are: errors are swallowed, map[string]any is returned in order to enable cast.ToStringMap.
func stringToStringConv(val string) any {
val = strings.Trim(val, "[]")
// An empty string would cause an empty map
if val == "" {
return map[string]any{}
}
r := csv.NewReader(strings.NewReader(val))
ss, err := r.Read()
if err != nil {
return nil
}
out := make(map[string]any, len(ss))
for _, pair := range ss {
k, vv, found := strings.Cut(pair, "=")
if !found {
return nil
}
out[k] = vv
}
return out
}
// mostly copied from pflag's implementation of this operation here path_to_url#L68
// alterations are: errors are swallowed, map[string]any is returned in order to enable cast.ToStringMap.
func stringToIntConv(val string) any {
val = strings.Trim(val, "[]")
// An empty string would cause an empty map
if val == "" {
return map[string]any{}
}
ss := strings.Split(val, ",")
out := make(map[string]any, len(ss))
for _, pair := range ss {
k, vv, found := strings.Cut(pair, "=")
if !found {
return nil
}
var err error
out[k], err = strconv.Atoi(vv)
if err != nil {
return nil
}
}
return out
}
// IsSet checks to see if the key has been set in any of the data locations.
// IsSet is case-insensitive for a key.
func IsSet(key string) bool { return v.IsSet(key) }
func (v *Viper) IsSet(key string) bool {
lcaseKey := strings.ToLower(key)
val := v.find(lcaseKey, false)
return val != nil
}
// AutomaticEnv makes Viper check if environment variables match any of the existing keys
// (config, default or flags). If matching env vars are found, they are loaded into Viper.
func AutomaticEnv() { v.AutomaticEnv() }
func (v *Viper) AutomaticEnv() {
v.automaticEnvApplied = true
}
// SetEnvKeyReplacer sets the strings.Replacer on the viper object
// Useful for mapping an environmental variable to a key that does
// not match it.
func SetEnvKeyReplacer(r *strings.Replacer) { v.SetEnvKeyReplacer(r) }
func (v *Viper) SetEnvKeyReplacer(r *strings.Replacer) {
v.envKeyReplacer = r
}
// RegisterAlias creates an alias that provides another accessor for the same key.
// This enables one to change a name without breaking the application.
func RegisterAlias(alias, key string) { v.RegisterAlias(alias, key) }
func (v *Viper) RegisterAlias(alias, key string) {
v.registerAlias(alias, strings.ToLower(key))
}
func (v *Viper) registerAlias(alias, key string) {
alias = strings.ToLower(alias)
if alias != key && alias != v.realKey(key) {
_, exists := v.aliases[alias]
if !exists {
// if we alias something that exists in one of the maps to another
// name, we'll never be able to get that value using the original
// name, so move the config value to the new realkey.
if val, ok := v.config[alias]; ok {
delete(v.config, alias)
v.config[key] = val
}
if val, ok := v.kvstore[alias]; ok {
delete(v.kvstore, alias)
v.kvstore[key] = val
}
if val, ok := v.defaults[alias]; ok {
delete(v.defaults, alias)
v.defaults[key] = val
}
if val, ok := v.override[alias]; ok {
delete(v.override, alias)
v.override[key] = val
}
v.aliases[alias] = key
}
} else {
v.logger.Warn("creating circular reference alias", "alias", alias, "key", key, "real_key", v.realKey(key))
}
}
func (v *Viper) realKey(key string) string {
newkey, exists := v.aliases[key]
if exists {
v.logger.Debug("key is an alias", "alias", key, "to", newkey)
return v.realKey(newkey)
}
return key
}
// InConfig checks to see if the given key (or an alias) is in the config file.
func InConfig(key string) bool { return v.InConfig(key) }
func (v *Viper) InConfig(key string) bool {
lcaseKey := strings.ToLower(key)
// if the requested key is an alias, then return the proper key
lcaseKey = v.realKey(lcaseKey)
path := strings.Split(lcaseKey, v.keyDelim)
return v.searchIndexableWithPathPrefixes(v.config, path) != nil
}
// SetDefault sets the default value for this key.
// SetDefault is case-insensitive for a key.
// Default only used when no value is provided by the user via flag, config or ENV.
func SetDefault(key string, value any) { v.SetDefault(key, value) }
func (v *Viper) SetDefault(key string, value any) {
// If alias passed in, then set the proper default
key = v.realKey(strings.ToLower(key))
value = toCaseInsensitiveValue(value)
path := strings.Split(key, v.keyDelim)
lastKey := strings.ToLower(path[len(path)-1])
deepestMap := deepSearch(v.defaults, path[0:len(path)-1])
// set innermost value
deepestMap[lastKey] = value
}
// Set sets the value for the key in the override register.
// Set is case-insensitive for a key.
// Will be used instead of values obtained via
// flags, config file, ENV, default, or key/value store.
func Set(key string, value any) { v.Set(key, value) }
func (v *Viper) Set(key string, value any) {
// If alias passed in, then set the proper override
key = v.realKey(strings.ToLower(key))
value = toCaseInsensitiveValue(value)
path := strings.Split(key, v.keyDelim)
lastKey := strings.ToLower(path[len(path)-1])
deepestMap := deepSearch(v.override, path[0:len(path)-1])
// set innermost value
deepestMap[lastKey] = value
}
// ReadInConfig will discover and load the configuration file from disk
// and key/value stores, searching in one of the defined paths.
func ReadInConfig() error { return v.ReadInConfig() }
func (v *Viper) ReadInConfig() error {
v.logger.Info("attempting to read in config file")
filename, err := v.getConfigFile()
if err != nil {
return err
}
if !stringInSlice(v.getConfigType(), SupportedExts) {
return UnsupportedConfigError(v.getConfigType())
}
v.logger.Debug("reading file", "file", filename)
file, err := afero.ReadFile(v.fs, filename)
if err != nil {
return err
}
config := make(map[string]any)
err = v.unmarshalReader(bytes.NewReader(file), config)
if err != nil {
return err
}
v.config = config
return nil
}
// MergeInConfig merges a new configuration with an existing config.
func MergeInConfig() error { return v.MergeInConfig() }
func (v *Viper) MergeInConfig() error {
v.logger.Info("attempting to merge in config file")
filename, err := v.getConfigFile()
if err != nil {
return err
}
if !stringInSlice(v.getConfigType(), SupportedExts) {
return UnsupportedConfigError(v.getConfigType())
}
file, err := afero.ReadFile(v.fs, filename)
if err != nil {
return err
}
return v.MergeConfig(bytes.NewReader(file))
}
// ReadConfig will read a configuration file, setting existing keys to nil if the
// key does not exist in the file.
func ReadConfig(in io.Reader) error { return v.ReadConfig(in) }
func (v *Viper) ReadConfig(in io.Reader) error {
v.config = make(map[string]any)
return v.unmarshalReader(in, v.config)
}
// MergeConfig merges a new configuration with an existing config.
func MergeConfig(in io.Reader) error { return v.MergeConfig(in) }
func (v *Viper) MergeConfig(in io.Reader) error {
cfg := make(map[string]any)
if err := v.unmarshalReader(in, cfg); err != nil {
return err
}
return v.MergeConfigMap(cfg)
}
// MergeConfigMap merges the configuration from the map given with an existing config.
// Note that the map given may be modified.
func MergeConfigMap(cfg map[string]any) error { return v.MergeConfigMap(cfg) }
func (v *Viper) MergeConfigMap(cfg map[string]any) error {
if v.config == nil {
v.config = make(map[string]any)
}
insensitiviseMap(cfg)
mergeMaps(cfg, v.config, nil)
return nil
}
// WriteConfig writes the current configuration to a file.
func WriteConfig() error { return v.WriteConfig() }
func (v *Viper) WriteConfig() error {
filename, err := v.getConfigFile()
if err != nil {
return err
}
return v.writeConfig(filename, true)
}
// SafeWriteConfig writes current configuration to file only if the file does not exist.
func SafeWriteConfig() error { return v.SafeWriteConfig() }
func (v *Viper) SafeWriteConfig() error {
if len(v.configPaths) < 1 {
return errors.New("missing configuration for 'configPath'")
}
return v.SafeWriteConfigAs(filepath.Join(v.configPaths[0], v.configName+"."+v.configType))
}
// WriteConfigAs writes current configuration to a given filename.
func WriteConfigAs(filename string) error { return v.WriteConfigAs(filename) }
func (v *Viper) WriteConfigAs(filename string) error {
return v.writeConfig(filename, true)
}
// SafeWriteConfigAs writes current configuration to a given filename if it does not exist.
func SafeWriteConfigAs(filename string) error { return v.SafeWriteConfigAs(filename) }
func (v *Viper) SafeWriteConfigAs(filename string) error {
alreadyExists, err := afero.Exists(v.fs, filename)
if alreadyExists && err == nil {
return ConfigFileAlreadyExistsError(filename)
}
return v.writeConfig(filename, false)
}
func (v *Viper) writeConfig(filename string, force bool) error {
v.logger.Info("attempting to write configuration to file")
var configType string
ext := filepath.Ext(filename)
if ext != "" && ext != filepath.Base(filename) {
configType = ext[1:]
} else {
configType = v.configType
}
if configType == "" {
return fmt.Errorf("config type could not be determined for %s", filename)
}
if !stringInSlice(configType, SupportedExts) {
return UnsupportedConfigError(configType)
}
if v.config == nil {
v.config = make(map[string]any)
}
flags := os.O_CREATE | os.O_TRUNC | os.O_WRONLY
if !force {
flags |= os.O_EXCL
}
f, err := v.fs.OpenFile(filename, flags, v.configPermissions)
if err != nil {
return err
}
defer f.Close()
if err := v.marshalWriter(f, configType); err != nil {
return err
}
return f.Sync()
}
func (v *Viper) unmarshalReader(in io.Reader, c map[string]any) error {
buf := new(bytes.Buffer)
buf.ReadFrom(in)
switch format := strings.ToLower(v.getConfigType()); format {
case "yaml", "yml", "json", "toml", "hcl", "tfvars", "ini", "properties", "props", "prop", "dotenv", "env":
err := v.decoderRegistry.Decode(format, buf.Bytes(), c)
if err != nil {
return ConfigParseError{err}
}
}
insensitiviseMap(c)
return nil
}
// Marshal a map into Writer.
func (v *Viper) marshalWriter(f afero.File, configType string) error {
c := v.AllSettings()
switch configType {
case "yaml", "yml", "json", "toml", "hcl", "tfvars", "ini", "prop", "props", "properties", "dotenv", "env":
b, err := v.encoderRegistry.Encode(configType, c)
if err != nil {
return ConfigMarshalError{err}
}
_, err = f.WriteString(string(b))
if err != nil {
return ConfigMarshalError{err}
}
}
return nil
}
func keyExists(k string, m map[string]any) string {
lk := strings.ToLower(k)
for mk := range m {
lmk := strings.ToLower(mk)
if lmk == lk {
return mk
}
}
return ""
}
func castToMapStringInterface(
src map[any]any,
) map[string]any {
tgt := map[string]any{}
for k, v := range src {
tgt[fmt.Sprintf("%v", k)] = v
}
return tgt
}
func castMapStringSliceToMapInterface(src map[string][]string) map[string]any {
tgt := map[string]any{}
for k, v := range src {
tgt[k] = v
}
return tgt
}
func castMapStringToMapInterface(src map[string]string) map[string]any {
tgt := map[string]any{}
for k, v := range src {
tgt[k] = v
}
return tgt
}
func castMapFlagToMapInterface(src map[string]FlagValue) map[string]any {
tgt := map[string]any{}
for k, v := range src {
tgt[k] = v
}
return tgt
}
// mergeMaps merges two maps. The `itgt` parameter is for handling go-yaml's
// insistence on parsing nested structures as `map[any]any`
// instead of using a `string` as the key for nest structures beyond one level
// deep. Both map types are supported as there is a go-yaml fork that uses
// `map[string]any` instead.
func mergeMaps(src, tgt map[string]any, itgt map[any]any) {
for sk, sv := range src {
tk := keyExists(sk, tgt)
if tk == "" {
v.logger.Debug("", "tk", "\"\"", fmt.Sprintf("tgt[%s]", sk), sv)
tgt[sk] = sv
if itgt != nil {
itgt[sk] = sv
}
continue
}
tv, ok := tgt[tk]
if !ok {
v.logger.Debug("", fmt.Sprintf("ok[%s]", tk), false, fmt.Sprintf("tgt[%s]", sk), sv)
tgt[sk] = sv
if itgt != nil {
itgt[sk] = sv
}
continue
}
svType := reflect.TypeOf(sv)
tvType := reflect.TypeOf(tv)
v.logger.Debug(
"processing",
"key", sk,
"st", svType,
"tt", tvType,
"sv", sv,
"tv", tv,
)
switch ttv := tv.(type) {
case map[any]any:
v.logger.Debug("merging maps (must convert)")
tsv, ok := sv.(map[any]any)
if !ok {
v.logger.Error(
"Could not cast sv to map[any]any",
"key", sk,
"st", svType,
"tt", tvType,
"sv", sv,
"tv", tv,
)
continue
}
ssv := castToMapStringInterface(tsv)
stv := castToMapStringInterface(ttv)
mergeMaps(ssv, stv, ttv)
case map[string]any:
v.logger.Debug("merging maps")
tsv, ok := sv.(map[string]any)
if !ok {
v.logger.Error(
"Could not cast sv to map[string]any",
"key", sk,
"st", svType,
"tt", tvType,
"sv", sv,
"tv", tv,
)
continue
}
mergeMaps(tsv, ttv, nil)
default:
v.logger.Debug("setting value")
tgt[tk] = sv
if itgt != nil {
itgt[tk] = sv
}
}
}
}
// ReadRemoteConfig attempts to get configuration from a remote source
// and read it in the remote configuration registry.
func ReadRemoteConfig() error { return v.ReadRemoteConfig() }
func (v *Viper) ReadRemoteConfig() error {
return v.getKeyValueConfig()
}
func WatchRemoteConfig() error { return v.WatchRemoteConfig() }
func (v *Viper) WatchRemoteConfig() error {
return v.watchKeyValueConfig()
}
func (v *Viper) WatchRemoteConfigOnChannel() error {
return v.watchKeyValueConfigOnChannel()
}
// Retrieve the first found remote configuration.
func (v *Viper) getKeyValueConfig() error {
if RemoteConfig == nil {
return RemoteConfigError("Enable the remote features by doing a blank import of the viper/remote package: '_ github.com/spf13/viper/remote'")
}
if len(v.remoteProviders) == 0 {
return RemoteConfigError("No Remote Providers")
}
for _, rp := range v.remoteProviders {
val, err := v.getRemoteConfig(rp)
if err != nil {
v.logger.Error(fmt.Errorf("get remote config: %w", err).Error())
continue
}
v.kvstore = val
return nil
}
return RemoteConfigError("No Files Found")
}
func (v *Viper) getRemoteConfig(provider RemoteProvider) (map[string]any, error) {
reader, err := RemoteConfig.Get(provider)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
err = v.unmarshalReader(reader, v.kvstore)
return v.kvstore, err
}
// Retrieve the first found remote configuration.
func (v *Viper) watchKeyValueConfigOnChannel() error {
if len(v.remoteProviders) == 0 {
return RemoteConfigError("No Remote Providers")
}
for _, rp := range v.remoteProviders {
respc, _ := RemoteConfig.WatchChannel(rp)
// Todo: Add quit channel
go func(rc <-chan *RemoteResponse) {
for {
b := <-rc
reader := bytes.NewReader(b.Value)
v.unmarshalReader(reader, v.kvstore)
}
}(respc)
return nil
}
return RemoteConfigError("No Files Found")
}
// Retrieve the first found remote configuration.
func (v *Viper) watchKeyValueConfig() error {
if len(v.remoteProviders) == 0 {
return RemoteConfigError("No Remote Providers")
}
for _, rp := range v.remoteProviders {
val, err := v.watchRemoteConfig(rp)
if err != nil {
v.logger.Error(fmt.Errorf("watch remote config: %w", err).Error())
continue
}
v.kvstore = val
return nil
}
return RemoteConfigError("No Files Found")
}
func (v *Viper) watchRemoteConfig(provider RemoteProvider) (map[string]any, error) {
reader, err := RemoteConfig.Watch(provider)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
err = v.unmarshalReader(reader, v.kvstore)
return v.kvstore, err
}
// AllKeys returns all keys holding a value, regardless of where they are set.
// Nested keys are returned with a v.keyDelim separator.
func AllKeys() []string { return v.AllKeys() }
func (v *Viper) AllKeys() []string {
m := map[string]bool{}
// add all paths, by order of descending priority to ensure correct shadowing
m = v.flattenAndMergeMap(m, castMapStringToMapInterface(v.aliases), "")
m = v.flattenAndMergeMap(m, v.override, "")
m = v.mergeFlatMap(m, castMapFlagToMapInterface(v.pflags))
m = v.mergeFlatMap(m, castMapStringSliceToMapInterface(v.env))
m = v.flattenAndMergeMap(m, v.config, "")
m = v.flattenAndMergeMap(m, v.kvstore, "")
m = v.flattenAndMergeMap(m, v.defaults, "")
// convert set of paths to list
a := make([]string, 0, len(m))
for x := range m {
a = append(a, x)
}
return a
}
// flattenAndMergeMap recursively flattens the given map into a map[string]bool
// of key paths (used as a set, easier to manipulate than a []string):
// - each path is merged into a single key string, delimited with v.keyDelim
// - if a path is shadowed by an earlier value in the initial shadow map,
// it is skipped.
//
// The resulting set of paths is merged to the given shadow set at the same time.
func (v *Viper) flattenAndMergeMap(shadow map[string]bool, m map[string]any, prefix string) map[string]bool {
if shadow != nil && prefix != "" && shadow[prefix] {
// prefix is shadowed => nothing more to flatten
return shadow
}
if shadow == nil {
shadow = make(map[string]bool)
}
var m2 map[string]any
if prefix != "" {
prefix += v.keyDelim
}
for k, val := range m {
fullKey := prefix + k
switch val := val.(type) {
case map[string]any:
m2 = val
case map[any]any:
m2 = cast.ToStringMap(val)
default:
// immediate value
shadow[strings.ToLower(fullKey)] = true
continue
}
// recursively merge to shadow map
shadow = v.flattenAndMergeMap(shadow, m2, fullKey)
}
return shadow
}
// mergeFlatMap merges the given maps, excluding values of the second map
// shadowed by values from the first map.
func (v *Viper) mergeFlatMap(shadow map[string]bool, m map[string]any) map[string]bool {
// scan keys
outer:
for k := range m {
path := strings.Split(k, v.keyDelim)
// scan intermediate paths
var parentKey string
for i := 1; i < len(path); i++ {
parentKey = strings.Join(path[0:i], v.keyDelim)
if shadow[parentKey] {
// path is shadowed, continue
continue outer
}
}
// add key
shadow[strings.ToLower(k)] = true
}
return shadow
}
// AllSettings merges all settings and returns them as a map[string]any.
func AllSettings() map[string]any { return v.AllSettings() }
func (v *Viper) AllSettings() map[string]any {
return v.getSettings(v.AllKeys())
}
func (v *Viper) getSettings(keys []string) map[string]any {
m := map[string]any{}
// start from the list of keys, and construct the map one value at a time
for _, k := range keys {
value := v.Get(k)
if value == nil {
// should not happen, since AllKeys() returns only keys holding a value,
// check just in case anything changes
continue
}
path := strings.Split(k, v.keyDelim)
lastKey := strings.ToLower(path[len(path)-1])
deepestMap := deepSearch(m, path[0:len(path)-1])
// set innermost value
deepestMap[lastKey] = value
}
return m
}
// SetFs sets the filesystem to use to read configuration.
func SetFs(fs afero.Fs) { v.SetFs(fs) }
func (v *Viper) SetFs(fs afero.Fs) {
v.fs = fs
}
// SetConfigName sets name for the config file.
// Does not include extension.
func SetConfigName(in string) { v.SetConfigName(in) }
func (v *Viper) SetConfigName(in string) {
if in != "" {
v.configName = in
v.configFile = ""
}
}
// SetConfigType sets the type of the configuration returned by the
// remote source, e.g. "json".
func SetConfigType(in string) { v.SetConfigType(in) }
func (v *Viper) SetConfigType(in string) {
if in != "" {
v.configType = in
}
}
// SetConfigPermissions sets the permissions for the config file.
func SetConfigPermissions(perm os.FileMode) { v.SetConfigPermissions(perm) }
func (v *Viper) SetConfigPermissions(perm os.FileMode) {
v.configPermissions = perm.Perm()
}
// IniLoadOptions sets the load options for ini parsing.
func IniLoadOptions(in ini.LoadOptions) Option {
return optionFunc(func(v *Viper) {
v.iniLoadOptions = in
})
}
func (v *Viper) getConfigType() string {
if v.configType != "" {
return v.configType
}
cf, err := v.getConfigFile()
if err != nil {
return ""
}
ext := filepath.Ext(cf)
if len(ext) > 1 {
return ext[1:]
}
return ""
}
func (v *Viper) getConfigFile() (string, error) {
if v.configFile == "" {
cf, err := v.findConfigFile()
if err != nil {
return "", err
}
v.configFile = cf
}
return v.configFile, nil
}
// Debug prints all configuration registries for debugging
// purposes.
func Debug() { v.Debug() }
func DebugTo(w io.Writer) { v.DebugTo(w) }
func (v *Viper) Debug() { v.DebugTo(os.Stdout) }
func (v *Viper) DebugTo(w io.Writer) {
fmt.Fprintf(w, "Aliases:\n%#v\n", v.aliases)
fmt.Fprintf(w, "Override:\n%#v\n", v.override)
fmt.Fprintf(w, "PFlags:\n%#v\n", v.pflags)
fmt.Fprintf(w, "Env:\n%#v\n", v.env)
fmt.Fprintf(w, "Key/Value Store:\n%#v\n", v.kvstore)
fmt.Fprintf(w, "Config:\n%#v\n", v.config)
fmt.Fprintf(w, "Defaults:\n%#v\n", v.defaults)
}
``` |
David James Burrows (born 11 January 1949) is a Canadian retired professional hockey player. He played in the National Hockey League with the Pittsburgh Penguins and Toronto Maple Leafs.
Career
Burrows was born in Toronto, Ontario. Burrows learned to skate at the Pine Point Outdoor Arena in nearby Etobicoke. He won his first Provincial Championship with the Bantam Newmarket Optimists in 1963. As a teenager Burrows was selected the Most Valuable Defenseman and a First Team All-Star with the Dixie Beehives of the Metro Jr. B League.
Originally the property of the Chicago Blackhawks organization, Burrows played his junior hockey with the Ontario Hockey Association's St. Catharines Black Hawks before turning pro with the Central Hockey League's Dallas Black Hawks in 1969. The defenseman would ultimately never play a game in Chicago, being claimed by the Pittsburgh Penguins in the NHL's intra-league draft in June 1971.
Burrows' hero while growing up was Tim Horton. Burrows had the opportunity to play as the defence partner of his idol for one year, when Horton joined the Penguins for the 1971–72 season. Burrows credits Horton and Red Kelly, his coach that season, for helping him become successful at the NHL level. Burrows was selected as the Penguins "rookie of the year" for 1971-72. In his third season, he was chosen as the Penguins' team MVP.
In 1976, Burrows was selected to represent Canada in the Canada Cup Tournament. Chosen as a defensive replacement for future Hockey Hall of Fame member Bobby Orr, Burrows did not play in the tournament as Orr earned MVP honours.
A two-time all-star as a Penguin, Burrows was traded to Toronto for Randy Carlyle and George Ferguson in the spring of 1978. After two and a half seasons playing in his hometown (including another All-Star appearance in 1980), the defenceman was traded back to Pittsburgh along with Paul Gardner in exchange for Kim Davis and Paul Marshall early in the 1980-81 season.
Burrows is a member of the Penguins "all-time team", a list of the 15 greatest players in Penguins history as chosen by Trib Total Media. He is third all-time in games played among Penguins defensemen (573).
Awards and achievements
Played in NHL All-Star Game (1974, 1976, 1980)
Represented Canada in the 1976 Canada Cup Tournament
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
Transactions
On June 8, 1971 the Chicago Blackhawks lost Dave Burrows to the Pittsburgh Penguins in an intra-league draft.
On September 8, 1971 the Pittsburgh Penguins resigned Dave Burrows.
On June 13, 1978 the Pittsburgh Penguins traded Dave Burrows and a 1978 sixth-round pick (#92-Mel Hewitt) to the Toronto Maple Leafs in exchange for Randy Carlyle and George Ferguson.
On November 18, 1980 the Toronto Maple Leafs traded Dave Burrows and Paul Gardner to the Pittsburgh Penguins in exchange for Paul Marshall and Kim Davis.
References
External links
1949 births
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Dallas Black Hawks players
Living people
Pittsburgh Penguins players
Portland Buckaroos players
Ice hockey people from Toronto
St. Catharines Black Hawks players
Toronto Maple Leafs players |
Zigmas Zinkevičius (4 January 1925 – 20 February 2018) was a Lithuanian academician, baltist, linguist, linguistic historian, dialectologist, politician, and the former Minister of Education and Science of Lithuania (1996–1998). Zinkevičius authored over a hundred books, including the popular six-volume "History of the Lithuanian language" (1984–1994), and over a thousand articles, both in Lithuanian and other languages. He was an academician of the Lithuanian Catholic Academy of Science since 1991 and a full member of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences from 1990 to 2011, when he became an emeritus member.
Zinkevičius was a member of the editorial boards of the Lithuanian Language Society () and of the international periodicals "" and "Lituanistica". Zinkevičius created the theory about the three Lithuanian written languages at the beginning of Lithuanian writing. During his 72-year academic career, he taught at Vilnius University for 45 years. Zinkevičius was fluent in a number of languages, including English, German, Russian, Polish, Ukrainian, Belarusian and French.
Life and career
Zinkevičius was born on 4 January 1925 in the village in Ukmergė district. In 1939, after finishing the six-year school, he transferred to the . In 1945, Zinkevičius entered the Faculty of History and Philology of Vilnius University.
Academics
Zinkevičius' academic career began in 1946, when he held the position of chief laboratory assistant at the Lithuanian Department of Vilnius University (VU) until 1950. After finishing his studies in 1950, Zinkevičius taught in VU and Vilnius Pedagogical Institute until 1956. In 1955, he defended his thesis (lit. Historical traits of adjective pronouns in Lithuanian language). Between 1956 and 1967, he was the docent at the Department of Lithuanian Language of VU. Zinkevičius was also the deputy dean of the Faculty of History and Philology in 1956–1968 and between 1962 and 1964, held the position of chief researcher. In 1964–66, together with , Zinkevičius prepared a new classification of the dialects of the current Lithuanian language. In 1967, he defended his doctoral thesis ("Lithuanian dialectology (Comparative phonetics and morphology of dialects)"). In 1967–1973, Zinkevičius received the position of professor at the Department of the Lithuanian Language. He was the head of the Department of Lithuanian Language at the Faculty of Philology of Vilnius University from 1973–1988.
Then, in 1988–1991, Zinkevičius became the head of the Department of Baltic Philology. After Lithuania regained its independence, he also began lecturing at the Vytautas Magnus University. He was the director of the Lithuanian Language Institute in 1995–1996.
From 2001 to 2009, he was the Chairman of the Council of the Science and Encyclopaedia Publishing Institute. Zinkevičius was also the editor-in-chief of the (3 vols. 2000–06). While in his nineties, he still worked as many as 10–12 hours a day. The professor was widely acclaimed as the most famous, productive and cited Lithuanian linguist of recent times. His works concerned subjects such as dialectology, the Lithuanian language's history as well as the history of its study, its historical grammar, onomastics, and he reviewed many works of linguistics. Zinkevičius' work was well received, both in Lithuania and abroad, where he was elected as a foreign member of many academies: the Royal Swedish Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities from 1982, Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters from 1991, Latvian Academy of Sciences from 1995.
Zinkevičius is also the author of the "wicz" theory, according to which Lithuanian Poles whose surnames end in "wicz" constitutes a separate ethnic group, but are really ethnic Lithuanians.
Politics
According to Polish historian Barbara Jundo-Kaliszewska, during the 1980s and 1990s, Zinkevičius was one of the prominent activists of the nationalist, described as anti-Polish, organization Vilnija, whose main goal was a rapid Lithuanization of the Vilnius region.
Zinkevičius tenured as Minister of Education and Science from December 10, 1996, to March 25, 1998, in Vagnorius Cabinet II and was a state consultant on education and science issues in 1998. During his tenure as Minister of Education and Science, he helped intensify the policy of Lithuanianization of the Polish minority living in Lithuania. On December 17, 1996, in an interview he said that Lithuanian should be the sole language of lectures in state schools, and that youth in Vilnius Region speak a "simple" language, while in schools they are forced to speak in a language foreign to them, Polish. He also questioned the citizenship of those who do not speak Lithuanian. The statement prompted a protest from the Polish Foreign Ministry and the Congress of Poles of Lithuania. Prime Minister Gediminas Vagnorius declared that the minister's opinions did not reflect the government's position.
On February 3, 2015, he was one of 60 signatories of an open letter addressed, among others, to Lithuanian President Dalia Grybauskaitė and members of the government, in which he demanded that the Polish minority party LLRA be excluded from the government coalition and that the party's deputies be stripped of their seats in the Seimas, due to the stated reasons that LLRA's views are openly directed against the state and it repeatedly lies in international forums about discrimination against the Polish minority in Lithuania, without specifying which parts of Lithuanian or international law were broken by Lithuania. On August 28, 2015, he published an open letter addressed to the Minister of Education Juozas Bernatonis protesting a planned reform allowing Poles in Lithuania to spell their names in Polish, arguing that "Undoubtedly, the supposedly Polish surnames of most Polish-speakers in Southeastern Lithuania are actually of Lithuanian origin. They were Polonized during the Polish and Soviet occupations".
After Zinkevičius' death, Lithuania's prime minister in 1996–1999 Gediminas Vagnorius said that Zinkevičius "brought a different approach, a sincere, matter-of-fact, professional approach to education policy and forced others to step up" and described him as "very sincere, very benevolent and distinguished by high intelligence". He was elected chairman of the Lithuanian Christian Democratic Party in 1999. He resigned from the leadership of the party on November 17, 2000, in protest against the merger of the Lithuanian Christian Democratic Party with the Christian Democratic Union (KDS) led by Kazys Bobelis. He became a member of the new in 2001.
Personal life
Zigmas Zinkevičius was always a practising Roman Catholic. His wife was Regina Zinkevičienė and they had two children, Laima Zinkevičiūtė and Vytautas Zinkevičius. He died in hospital on 20 February 2018, surrounded by his family. He was buried in the Antakalnis cemetery on February 23. The contemporary president Dalia Grybauskaitė, when expressing her condolences on his death, said that Lithuania lost an outstanding linguist: "The fundamental scientific works of the long-time Vilnius University professor made it possible to learn about the past of our language and nation, to understand its origin, to strengthen Lithuanianness and national self-esteem".
The contemporary Minister of Education and Science Jurgita Petrauskienė said:"Lithuania and the entire educational community lost an authoritative linguist, dialectologist, researcher of Baltistics, a great person. A bright memory of his personality also remains: a prominent scientist and at the same time a modest, benevolent, very hardworking and respectful person".
Reception and legacy
The Lithuanian linguist Zigmas Zinkevičius is highly acclaimed in international sources, where he is described as an "excellent linguistic historian of the greatest professional repute", "eminent", and "great Lithuanian scholar". On the topic of Polish-Lithuanian relations, in his book (lit. Surnames of the Vilnius Region's Polish-speakers), Zinkevičius emphasized that today Lithuanians and Poles should coexist in a nice way, but that this could only happen if the relations and history of both nations were based on the truth. He has said that
"They need to look at history correctly, recognizing that Lithuanians are not descended from Polish-speakers, but on the contrary: local Polish-speakers descend from Lithuanian-speaking people."On his 90th birthday in 2015, Zigmas Zinkevičius said: "I saw many governments, but I never changed my views, which made me disliked by those who changed them. This is how I am, this is how I will die, I wish everyone every success". Vytautas Landsbergis, the honorary chairman of the Homeland Union at the time, congratulated Zinkevičius on his birthday with the following words: "I want to say, dear academician, that your name and the name of Lithuania are connected. Lithuania is a nation, and the basis of the nation is language. You have done immeasurable work in this area. May God give you the strength to increase the large pile of books about Lithuania".
Other notable people in Lithuania, such as the contemporary President of Lithuania Dalia Grybauskaitė, Prime Minister Algirdas Butkevičius, Deputy Speaker of the Seimas Irena Degutienė, sent representatives also to congratulate Zinkevičius. The contemporary Minister of Education and Science emphasized that Zinkevičius' scientific work made Lithuania famous in the world and thanked Zinkevičius for his strengthening of the Lithuanian schools in southeastern Lithuania while he was a minister: "You achieved that all residents of this region who want to learn Lithuanian could do so." Professor , Zinkevičius' childhood friend, recalled the years of Soviet occupation was hard for Zinkevičius and was glad that his work remained serious, uninfluenced by the Communist ideology, and that he did not ignore the dangerous events for Lithuania and defended Lithuanian language and national identity from those opposed to them. Zigmas Zinkevičius is the focus of the documentary film (lit. Zigmas Zinkevičius. Having fallen in love with the Lithuanian language) created by director Algirdas Tarvydas in 2015.
Awards
In 1994, Zinkevičius, as the professor of VMU, was awarded the regalia of an Honorary Doctor. For his services to Lithuania in 1995, Zinkevičius was awarded the Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas, 3rd Class. He was also the laureate of the international Herder Prize in 1994 and the Lithuanian in 1995. In addition, he was awarded the title of Honorary Doctorate of the University of Latvia. In 2015, on July 6, the Lithuanian Statehood Day, Zinkevičius was awarded the Commander's Grand Cross of the Order for Merits to Lithuania by president Grybauskaitė.
Criticism
American historian Theodore R. Weeks regards Zigmas Zinkevičius as a "flagship example" of a trend in Lithuanian historiography and linguistics that depicts the Vilnius region as "always Lithuanian". According to Weeks, Zinkevičius in his book Eastern Lithuania in the Past and Now (published in 1993) "wishes to argue for the eternal Lithuanian nature of the region, a viewpoint that no historical or linguistic methods seem likely to support." He also defines Zinkevičius' approach as "historical-linguistic ethnocentrism". He emphasizes that Zinkevičius tends to ignore the actual ethnographic data and national self-identification of the inhabitants, in favour of promoting the thesis of the unchanging Lithuanian nature of the region.
Polish researcher Robert Boroch is of a similar opinion, in his review of Zinkevičius' work The History of the Lithuanian Language (published in 1996) Boroch emphasized that "the weakness of the work is the lack of objectivity, mixing ideology and scientific facts". He describes Zinkevičius' thesis about the lack of connection between the Polish language used in Lithuania and the one used in Poland as "wrong, because differences in pronunciation cannot be a distinctive feature sufficient to distinguish a given language", and his position as "justified only from the propaganda point of view", which Boroch believes aims to put the Polish language in Lithuania in the position of "a secondary and dying language".
Publications
In (1966), his most important work in dialectology, Zinkevičius presented the comparative phonetics and morphology of the Lithuanian dialects, which included 75 maps with the phonetic data of the dialects. For this book, he received the in 1968 and a Habilitated Doctor degree.
His most important work for Lithuanian accentology is his work (lit. From Lithuanian Historical Accentology: Accentuation of the 1605 Catechism) from 1975. Zinkevičius was the editor-in-chief of the book (1976, 1985). In his 1977 book (lit. Lithuanians' anthroponymics: Vilnius' Lithuanians' personal names in the early 17th century), Zinkevičius looked at more than 5,000 Lithuanian personal names and examined the process of the polonization of Lithuanian surnames. Zinkevičius prepared textbooks for higher education, e.g. (lit. The Lithuanian language's dialectology; 1978, 1994) and (lit. Lithuanian language's historical grammar; 2 vols. 1980–81). The latter book was the first historical grammar of the Lithuanian language, which thoroughly examined the main issues of Lithuanian grammar.
Zinkevičius researched and published the Polish-Yotvingian dictionary "" (1983, 1985). Zinkevičius wrote the monographs (lit. Eastern Lithuania in the past and now; 1993) and the (lit. The History of the Lithuanian Language; 1996, published both in Lithuanian and English). He also authored books to popularize science, for example, (lit. How People Learned to Write; 1958), (lit. The Lithuanian language's dialects; 1968), (lit. Basics of Language research; 1969, 1980), (lit. Linguist K. Būga; 1981), (lit. Nation's origin; 2006). He wrote the book together with others, and it was published in English and German in 2005 and Russian in 2006. In addition, Zinkevičius is also the author of the following books (this list is not comprehensive):
(2000)
(2004)
(2005)
(2005)
(2006)
(2006)
(2007)
(2007)
(2007)
(2008)
(2009)
(2010)
(2010)
(2010)
(2010)
(2011)
(2011)
(2011)
(2012)
(2013, 2014)
Zinkevičius has also published studies regarding the Lithuanian language in the writings of Martynas Mažvydas, Konstantinas Sirvydas, , Kristijonas Donelaitis and the Wolfenbüttel postil. He also authored three autobiographies:
(1998)
(1999)
(2006)
He also published the four-volume book (lit. Selected articles) in 2002–2004, containing his articles that were published in the Lithuanian press. He also prepared the Kazimieras Būga's (lit. Selected articles; 3 vols. 1958–61 and an index volume in 1962) and the book (lit. Kazimieras Būga: Life and Work; 1979). Together with others, he also created the (lit. Lithuanian language textbook for classes IX–XI), which was first published in 1971 and was re-printed a third time in 1997.
References
Notes
Citations
Bibliography
Articles
Books, journals and theses
External links
Bibliographical index of works by Zigmas Zinkevičius up to 2003
Balticists
1925 births
2018 deaths
People from Ukmergė District Municipality
Lithuanian Roman Catholics
Lithuanian Christian Democrats politicians
Ministers of Education and Science of Lithuania
Government ministers of Lithuania
Members of the Seimas
Historians of Lithuania
20th-century Lithuanian historians
Linguists from Lithuania
Politicians of Catholic political parties
Vilnius University alumni
Academic staff of Vilnius University
Members of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters
Commander's Crosses of the Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas
Herder Prize recipients |
The Book of Lies may refer to:
The Book of Lies (Crowley), a 1913 title by Aleister Crowley
The Book of Lies (Picano novel), a 1999 title by Felice Picano
The Book of Lies: The Disinformation Guide to Magick and the Occult, a 2003 compilation edited by Richard Metzger
The Book of Lies (Moloney novel), a 2004 title by James Moloney
The Book of Lies (Meltzer novel), a 2008 title by Brad Meltzer
Book of Lies (album), a 2008 recording by Australian band End of Fashion
The Book of Lies (Horlock novel), a 2011 title by Mary Horlock |
The list of shipwrecks in December 1941 includes all ships sunk, foundered, grounded, or otherwise lost during December 1941.
1 December
2 December
3 December
4 December
5 December
6 December
7 December
8 December
9 December
10 December
11 December
12 December
13 December
14 December
15 December
16 December
17 December
18 December
19 December
20 December
21 December
22 December
23 December
For the loss of the Italian coastal tanker Speranza on this day, see the entry for 30 November 1941.
24 December
25 December
26 December
27 December
28 December
29 December
30 December
31 December
Unknown date
Notes
Force K comprised , , and (all ).
The 4th Destroyer Flotilla comprised , , (all ) and ().
The 36th Escort Group comprised , , , , , , , and (all )
CKA are the Cyrillic letters. The English translation would be SKA.
Luzon may have been sunk in early January 1942.
References
1941-12
Shipwrecks |
Stream capture, river capture, river piracy or stream piracy is a geomorphological phenomenon occurring when a stream or river drainage system or watershed is diverted from its own bed, and flows instead down the bed of a neighbouring stream. This can happen for several reasons, including:
Tectonic earth movements, where the slope of the land changes, and the stream is tipped out of its former course
Natural damming, such as by a landslide or ice sheet
Erosion, either
Headward erosion of one stream valley upwards into another, or
Lateral erosion of a meander through the higher ground dividing the adjacent streams.
Within an area of karst topography, where streams may sink, or flow underground (a sinking or losing stream) and then reappear in a nearby stream valley
Glacier retreat
The additional water flowing down the capturing stream may accelerate erosion and encourage the development of a canyon (gorge).
The now-dry valley of the original stream is known as a wind gap.
Capture mechanisms
Sea level rise
The Kaituna and Pelorus rivers, New Zealand: About 8,000 years ago, a single river was divided by sea water to form two rivers.
Tectonic uplift
Barmah Choke: About 25,000 years ago, an uplift of the plains near Moama on the Cadell Fault first dammed the Murray River and then forced it to take a new course. The new course dug its way through the so-called Barmah Choke and captured the lower course of the Goulburn River for .
Indus-Sutlej-Sarasvati-Yamuna: The Yamuna earlier flowed into the Ghaggar-Hakra River (identified with the Sarasvati River) and later changed its course due to plate tectonics. The Sutlej River flowed into the current channel of the Ghaggar-Hakra River until the 13th century after which it was captured by the Indus River due to plate tectonics.
Barrier Range: It was theorised that the original course of the Murray River was to a mouth near Port Pirie where a large delta is still visible protruding into the calm waters of Spencer Gulf. It was suggested that an uplift of the land blocked the river near the southern end of the Flinders Ranges, and the river eventually found its way to a new mouth near Lake Alexandrina. This has since been disproven in favour of findings that ancient Lake Bungunnia overflowed at Swan Reach and the current course is as a result of northward erosion.
Glacial damming
The River Thames in southern England originally entered the North Sea near Ipswich. About 450,000 years ago, an ice sheet expanding from the north pushed the course of the river southwards, forcing the Thames to cut a new mouth where the mouth of the River Blackwater, Essex now is, north of London. It later moved southwards again to its current position as a result of cutting through the Chiltern Hills at Goring-on-Thames, an event which created the Goring Gap.
Headward erosion
The Teays River, captured by the Ohio River.
The Rio Grande which before capture flowed into a closed basin, Lake Cabeza de Vaca, but after capture flowed into the Gulf of Mexico.
The ancestral Niger River captured what is now the upper reaches of the Niger which once flowed into an endorheic basin to the east northeast of Timbuktu.
The River Stour, Kent, largely captured by the River Beult , River Teise and others.
The River Wey, in southern England, the western arm of which is the former upper waters of the River Blackwater (River Loddon).
The River Rheidol in Wales which has captured the headwaters of other streams and now runs for part of its length in a deep gorge.
The River Lyd in Devon, England.
The Black River, in Kings County, Nova Scotia, Canada, captured by the Gaspereau River
The Casiquiare canal is a distributary of the Orinoco River that is currently in the process of capturing the upper reaches of the Orinoco.
Karst
The Donauversickerung (Danube Sink), currently developing in Germany, where a large portion of the upper part of the Danube river sinks into the limestone bedrock, and resurfaces in the Aachtopf spring, a tributary of the River Rhine.
Glacier retreat
The Slims River was previously fed by meltwater from the Kaskawulsh Glacier in the St. Elias Mountains in the Yukon and its waters flowed into Kluane Lake and on to the Bering Sea. Because of climate change, the glacier has rapidly receded and the meltwater no longer feeds the Slims. The water instead now feeds the Kaskawulsh River which is a tributary to the Alsek River and drains into the Gulf of Alaska.
Effect on freshwater life
River capture is a shaping force in the biogeography or distribution of many freshwater fish species.
New Zealand freshwater fish
Geological uplift in the southern South Island led to the divergence of freshwater galaxiid populations isolated by river capture.
Australian freshwater fish
The formerly massive Great Dividing Range runs the length of the eastern coastline of Australia and has isolated native freshwater fish populations east and west of the range for millions of years. In the last two million years erosion has reduced the Great Dividing Range to a critical point where west-to-east river capture events have been possible. A number of native fish species that originated in the Murray–Darling river system to the west are (or were) found naturally occurring in a number of coastal systems spanning almost the entire length of the range.
None of the river capture events that allowed native fish of the Murray-Darling system to cross into and colonise these East Coast river systems seem to have formed permanent linkages. The colonising Murray-Darling fish in these East Coast river systems have therefore become isolated from their parent species, and due to isolation, the founder effect, genetic drift and natural selection, have become separate species (see allopatric speciation).
Examples include:
Golden perch (Dawson–Fitzroy river system, central Queensland).
Eel-tailed catfish (several rivers, northern New South Wales). However, note recent genetic research which now indicates eel-tailed catfish colonised east coast drainages in multiple colonisation events relatively recently (by evolutionary standards) and may subsequently have colonised the Murray–Darling system via an east-to-west river capture event, contrary to usual west-to-east capture events listed here.
Macquarie perch (Hawkesbury-Nepean rivers, Shoalhaven River, southern New South Wales).
River blackfish (multiple rivers, Victoria).
Murray cod, whose eastern species/subspecies are:
Eastern freshwater cod (Clarence River system, northern New South Wales. It was also found in the Richmond River system in New South Wales but that population is now extinct.)
Brisbane River cod (Brisbane River system, southern Queensland. That population is now extinct, and its exact taxonomic status is not known.)
The Mary River cod (Mary River, southern/central Queensland.)
The mountain galaxias species complex (multiple rivers, southern Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria).
Olive perchlet (Ambassis agassizii), western carp gudgeon (Hypseleotris klungzingeri), pygmy perch (Nannoperca australis) and Australian smelt (Retropinna semoni) also appear to have made crossings into coastal systems, the last two species seemingly many times as they are found in most or all coastal streams in south eastern Australia as well as the Murray-Darling system.
Unfortunately, with the exception of eastern freshwater cod and Mary River cod, it has not been widely recognised that these coastal populations of Murray–Darling native fish are separate species and their classifications have not been updated to reflect this. Many are threatened and two, the Richmond River cod and the Brisbane River cod, have become extinct.
See also
Lake capture
Niger River
Misfit stream
References
Rivers
Biogeography
Fluvial geomorphology
Hydrology |
Petra Moroder (born 3 July 1968) is an Italian freestyle skier. She was born in Bolzano. She competed at the 1992, 1994 and 1998 Winter Olympics in women's moguls.
References
External links
1968 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Bolzano
Skiers from South Tyrol
Italian female freestyle skiers
Olympic freestyle skiers for Italy
Freestyle skiers at the 1992 Winter Olympics
Freestyle skiers at the 1994 Winter Olympics
Freestyle skiers at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Moroder family
20th-century Italian women
21st-century Italian women |
Twelve referendums were held in Switzerland in 1985. The first four were held on 10 March on abolishing primary school fees (approved), abolishing the government contribution to healthcare spending (approved), a federal resolution on education fees (rejected) and a popular initiative on extending paid leave (rejected). The next set of four was held on 9 June on the "right to life" popular initiative (rejected), abolishing the cantonal share of profits from banks' stamp duty (approved), a federal resolution on the taxation raised from the sale of spirits (approved), and the abolition of grants for the self-supply of breadstuffs (approved).
A further three referendums were held on 22 September on a popular initiative to co-ordinate the start of the school year (approved), a federal resolution on giving small and medium enterprises an advantage in cases on innovations (rejected), and amendments to the Swiss Civil Code (approved). The final referendum was held on 1 December on a popular initiative to ban vivisection, which was rejected.
Results
March: Abolition of primary school fees
March: Healthcare
March: Education fees
March: Extending paid leave
June: Right to life
June: Stamp duty for banks
June: Tax on spirits
June: Breadstuffs
September: Co-ordinating the start of the School year
September: Innovations
September: Changes to the Civil Code
December: Banning vivisection
References
1985 referendums
1985 in Switzerland
Referendums in Switzerland
Abortion referendums |
Professor Xiaolan Fu () is a British-based Chinese economist, and Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences. She is the Founding Director of the Technology and Management Centre for Development (TMCD). She is a Professor of Technology and International Development and Fellow of Green Templeton College at the University of Oxford.
Life
Xiaolan Fu was born in China on August 17, 1967, and she came to post graduate study at Lancaster University with her family. She completed her master's degree in a year and attained her economics doctorate in 2003. She wrote her thesis on the economics of her home country under the supervision of Vudayagi Balasubramanyam.
She was appointed by the Secretary-General of the United Nations to the Ten-Member High Level Advisory Group of the UN Technology Facilitation Mechanism and to the Governing Council of the UN's Technology Bank for Least Developed Countries. She is also a member of the UN SDSN Leadership Council led by Jeffrey Sachs.
Appointments
Professor Fu has been appointed as member of the scientific board of Globelics (Global Network for Economics of Learning, Innovation, and Competence Building Systems), member of the high-level group of the International Science Council, and has been a consultant for UNDESA, UNCTAD, UNIDO, the World Bank, OECD, European Commission, ILO, the Commonwealth Secretariat, and UKTI. She serves on the Advisory Expert Group of the OECD Global Investment Forum and the DFID/ESRC Economic Growth Directorate (DEGP), and is president of the Chinese Economic Association (Europe) and CEA (UK) in 2010–2011. She has served on the Management Committee of the Oxford University China Centre since 2015. She is also a Senior Research Associate at the University of Cambridge and University of Tsinghua, and a Visiting Professor at Fudan University. As a China expert, she has participated in various interviews and panel discussions at mainstream media including BBC, Sky News, CCTV, CGTN, People's Daily, and China Daily. In 2014, she was invited to address the UN General Assembly on ‘Science, technology and innovation in developing countries’.
Professor Fu has been selected as one of ten winners in the Science and Innovation Management category of the Falling Walls Science Breakthroughs of the year 2021.
Her research interests include innovation, technology, and industrialization; trade, foreign direct investment and economic development; emerging Asian economies; innovation and productivity in UK/USA. In 2016, Professor Fu was a keynote speaker at the first Huawei European Academic Salon, where she shared her research on international innovation as well as university-industry linkages. She has published extensively in leading international journals independently or in collaboration with others. Her recent books include Innovation under the Radar (forthcoming), China's Path to Innovation, China's Role in Global Economic Recovery and The Rise of Technological Power in the South. She is Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies, and serves on the Editorial Boards of Industrial and Corporate Change, International Journal of Technology Management, and four other international journals.
Professor Fu received research grants from funding bodies including the European Commission, ESRC, EPSRC, British Academy, DFID, and the Cairncross Foundation. She has also received the European Commission EFMD Gate2Growth 2005 'European Best Paper' Award, Emerald Literati Network Awards for Excellence 2012 Outstanding Paper Award, European Association of Management (EURAM) annual conference Innovation Strategic Interest Group 2017 Best Paper Award, and the best paper award in the ‘Corporate and start-up collaboration’ track at the 2021 R&D Management Annual Conference.
Professor Fu came to Oxford from Cambridge University in 2006, where she was a senior research fellow. Before coming to the UK to begin her career in academia, she had five years’ work experience in the business sector in China. She is a Fellow of Green Templeton College, Oxford and is associated with Queen Elizabeth House. She testified on "the impact of China's Five-year Plans on Strategic Industries" at the US-China Economic and Security Review Commission Congressional Hearing.
Media presence
Professor Fu had a large presence in the media in regards to the COVID-19 pandemic and its effects on the world's economic climate both in the present and future. She began these interactions shortly after the pandemic began and continued until her last interview published under her University of Oxford staff biography. For such an interview, Professor Fu focused mainly on the short and long-term effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on international trade and various innovations that will take place as a cause of this.
Selected publications
Books and monographs
Fu, Xiaolan (with J Chen & B McKern) (Eds)(2021). The Oxford Handbook of China Innovation, Oxford University Press.
Fu, Xiaolan (2020) Innovation Under the Radar: The Nature and Sources of Innovation in Africa, Cambridge University Press.
Fu, Xiaolan (2015) China's Path to Innovation, Cambridge University Press. (Monograph)
Fu, Xiaolan (ed) (2011) China's Role in Global Economic Recovery, Routledge. Translated into Chinese and published by Yilin Press in 2012.
Fu, Xiaolan (with Luc Soete) (eds) (2010) The Rise of Technological Power in the South, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Fu, Xiaolan (with A Cosh, A Hughes, R De Hoyos, A Eisingerich) (2006) Experiences of UK Mid-corporate Companies in Emerging Asian Economies, UK Trade & Investment
Fu, Xiaolan (2004) Exports, Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Development in China, London and New York: Palgrave Macmillan. (Monograph)
Articles
Fu, X., Fu, M. Q., Ghauri, P. and Hou J. (2022) International collaboration and innovation: from a leading Chinese multinational enterprise. Journal of World Business, 57 (4). International collaboration and innovation: Evidence from a leading Chinese multinational enterprise
Fu, X., Ghauri, P., Ogbonna, N. and Xing, X. (2022) Platform technology and entrepreneurship in the base of the pyramid. Technovation. Platform-based business model and entrepreneurs from Base of the Pyramid
Ghauri, P, Fu, X. and Minayora, A. (2022) Digital technology-based entrepreneurial pursuit of the marginalised communities. Journal of International Management. Digital technology-based entrepreneurial pursuit of the marginalised communities
Li, J., Van Assche, A. Fu, X., Li, Lee and G. Qian (2022) The Belt and Road Initiative and international business policy: A kaleidoscopic perspective. Journal of International Business Policy. The Belt and Road Initiative and international business policy: A kaleidoscopic perspective
Fu, X., Buckley, P., Sanchez-Ancochea, D. and Hasan, I. (2021) The World has a Unique Opportunity, Journal of International Business Policy. The world has a unique opportunity: Accelerating technology transfer and vaccine production through partnerships
Fu, X., Li, Y., Li, J. and H. Chesbrough (2021) When do latecomer firms undertake international open innovation: Evidence from China. Global Strategy Journal. 12 (1), 31-56. When do latecomer firms undertake international open innovation: Evidence from China
Chen, J., Yin, X., Fu, X. and B. McKern (2021) Beyond catch-up: could China become the global innovation powerhouse? China’s innovation progress and challenges from a holistic innovation perspective. Industry and Corporate Change, 30(4), 1037-1064.
Lin, Y., Fu, M.X., and Fu, X. (2021) Varieties in state capitalism and corporate innovation: Evidence from an emerging economy, Journal of Corporate Finance, 67, 101919. Varieties in state capitalism and corporate innovation: Evidence from an emerging economy
Fu, X., Emes, D., and Hou, J. (2021) Multinational enterprises and structural change in developing countries: A survey of literature. International Business Review. 30 (2), 101801. Multinational enterprises and structural transformation in emerging and developing countries: A survey of the literature
Fu, M.X., Bao. Q., Xie, H., and Fu, X. (2021) Diffusion of industrial robots and inclusive growth: labour market evidence from cross-country data. Journal of Business Research, 122, 670-684. Diffusion of industrial robotics and inclusive growth: Labour market evidence from cross country data.
Fu, X., Avenyo E. and Ghauri, P. (2021) Digital platform and development: A survey of literature, Innovation and Development, 11(2-3), 303-321. Digital platforms and development: a survey of the literature
Fu, X., Zhang, J. and Wang, L. (2020) The impact of Covid-19 and post-pandemic recovery: China and the world economy, Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies, 18 (4), 311-319. Introduction to the special section: the impact of Covid-19 and post-pandemic recovery: China and the world economy
Fu, X., Fu, M. X., Remero, C. and Pan, J. (2020) Exploring new opportunities through collaboration within and beyond sectoral systems of innovation: Evidence from China. Industry and Corporate Change, 30 (1), 233–249.
Lema, R., Fu, X., & Rabellotti, R. (2020) Green windows of opportunity: latecomer development in the age of transformation toward sustainability, Industry and Corporate Change, 29 (5), 1193–1209. (published in 2021)
Fu, X. and Ghauri, P. (2020), Trade in Intangibles and the Global Trade Imbalance. The World Economy.
Fu, X.M., Bao, Q., Xie, H. and Fu, X. (2020) Diffusion of industrial robotics and inclusive growth: Labour market evidence from cross country data. Journal of Business Research.
Corsi, S., Fu, X. and Kulzer-Sacilotto, C. (2020) Boundary spanning roles in cross-border university-industry collaboration: the case of Chinese multinational corporations. R&D management.
Fu, X. (2020) Digital transformation of global value chains and sustainable post-pandemic recovery. Transnational Corporation, 27(2).
Fu, X., Buckley, P.J. and Fu, X.M., (2020) The Growth Impact of Chinese Direct Investment on Host Developing Countries. International Business Review, 29(2), p. 101658.
Fu, X., J Hou, M. Sanfilippo,(2016) ‘Highly skilled returnees and the internationalization of EMNEs: Firm level evidence from China’, International Business Review.
Fu, Xiaolan (with Pietrobelli, and Soete) (2011), ‘The role of foreign technology and indigenous innovation in emerging economies: technological change and catch-up’, World Development, v39, no 7, 1203-1212.
Fu, Xiaolan (and Gong) (2011), ‘Indigenous and foreign innovation efforts and drivers of technological upgrading’, World Development, v39, no 7, 1213-1225.
Fu, Xiaoland (and Zhu) (2013) ‘Drivers of export upgrading’, World Development, v51, 221-233,
Fu, Xiaolan (2012) ‘Managerial knowledge spillovers from FDI through the diffusion of management practices’, Journal of Management Studies, v49, no 5, 970-999.
Fu, Xiaolan (2012) ‘How does openness affect the importance of incentives for innovation?’ Research Policy, 41 (3), 512-523.
Fu, Xiaolan (and Yang) (2009), ‘Exploring the cross-country gap in patenting: A Stochastic Frontier Approach’, Research Policy, vol38, no 7. 1203-1213.
Fu, Xiaolan (with Zanello Mohnen and Ventresca) (2015), ‘Innovation in low income countries: a literature review’, Journal of Economic Survey.
Fu, Xiaolan (and Akter, S.) (2016) ‘The Impact of Mobile Phone Technology on Agricultural Extension Services Delivery: Evidence from India’, Journal of Development Studies.
Fu, Xiaolan (and Li) (2016), ‘Collaboration with foreign universities for innovation: evidence from Chinese manufacturing firms’, International Journal of Technology Management, Vol. 70, Nos. 2/3,193-217.
Fu, Xiaolan (2011) ‘Processing-trade, FDI and Exports of Indigenous Firms: Firm-level Evidence from High-technology Industries in China’, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, v73, no 5. 792-817.
Fu, Xiaolan (with Xiong, Li and Chesbrough) (2014), ‘Open Innovation as a Response to Constraints and Risks: Evidence from China’, Asian Economic Papers, 13 (3).
Fu, Xiaolan (with Kaplinsky and Zhang) (2012), ‘The Impact of China on Low and Middle Income Countries’ Export Prices in Industrial-Country Markets’ World Development, v40 (8), 1483-96 (lead paper).
Fu, Xiaolan (and Balasubramanyam) (2005), ‘Exports, Foreign Direct Investment and Employment: the Case of China’, World Economy, vol.28, no. 4, 607-625.
Fu, Xiaolan (2004) ‘Limited Linkages from Growth Engines and Regional Disparities in China’, Journal of Comparative Economics, vol 32, no. 1, 148-164.
Fu, Xiaolan (and Balasubramanyam) (2003), ‘Township and Village Enterprises in China’, Journal of Development Studies, Vol. 39, No. 4, 27-46.
Current research
MNEmerge project: MNEs and global development
Valuation of early-stage technology
Understanding innovation in low-income country
Diffusion of innovation in low-incomes country
The Role of Internationalisation on Technological Capability-Upgrading in Developing Countries
The Inclusive Digital Model project
References
External links
Xiaolan Fu home page
Living people
Chinese expatriates in the United Kingdom
Alumni of Lancaster University
Chinese economists
Chinese women academics
Academics of the University of Cambridge
Fellows of Green Templeton College, Oxford
Academic staff of Tsinghua University
Academic staff of Fudan University
Academic journal editors
1967 births |
Thomas Kuntz (born January 13, 1965) is an American multi-media artist notable for his contemporary automata. He has devoted a lifetime to acquiring the skills of a designer, sculptor, mechanic, automatist, animator, model-maker, painter and conceptualist.
Early life
Kuntz was born in Phoenix, Arizona January 13, 1965. The youngest of four, his father was a surgeon, and his mother a folk artist/doll maker. They both provided the necessary gene pool and a stimulating environment for him to grow. As a child he pored over anatomy books, spent much time with sketchpads, and built his first scale model at age six. As a model maker, he was competing in the masters class (professional) by age 16. Kuntz spent the balance of his youth playing soccer, ending in a brief stint with the Western Soccer League.
Early works
In 1986, Kuntz began a professional sculpting career with his own experimental entity called Artomic Creations. While contemporaries focused on popular characters, Kuntz became one of the pioneers of the garage kit industry by creating several figure models based on obscure characters from silent movies and occult lore.
Gaining notoriety upon these works, he was courted by commercial model and toy companies such as Screamin‘ Products Bowen Designs, Mattel, Ertl Company and Jakks Pacific.
Subsequent inspiration came from the legendary Maila Nurmi (Vampira). They met in 1990 when Kuntz was granted permission to model a Vampira figure, and they remained confidants for 18 years until the day when he was a pallbearer at her funeral.
To quote Kuntz in an article he wrote shortly after her death, "She was a mentor, a muse, and a huge inspiration to me."
Current works
Kuntz now works full-time as a multi-media artist, focusing on automatons, moving sculptures and machines. The British illusionist, Simon Drake noted "Thomas's projects tend to feature the mysterious, uncanny, sometimes darkly horrific and bittersweet sad aspects of human nature. It is not uncommon to see his projects packaged with a strong dose of 'gallows humor', theatrics and magic."
Kuntz uses uncanny valley, the theory holds that when robots and other facsimiles of humans look and act almost like actual humans, it causes a response of revulsion among human observers. The "valley" in question is a dip in a proposed graph of the positivity of human reaction as a function of a robot's human likeness. In robotics this is seen as a problem. Kuntz uses this as an area of exploration.
On his most complex piece to date, the "Alchemyst's Clock Tower" uses theme park technology and 18th century automaton techniques applied to fine art. The clock tower is a 9 ft tall miniature theater with a 12" tall magician that conjures fire demons, turns pillars into water, produces optical illusions, and interacts with the audience.
“L’Oracle“, his fortune telling automaton appeared on a Halloween special of the Martha Stewart television show as part of Richard Garriott’s collection.
Other notable works include animatronics and stage design for the industrial band Skinny Puppy's Doomsday: Back and Forth Series 5: Live in Dresden, and various live shows for Ohgr.
Kuntz was also the animator, art director and stop-motion puppet builder for Ohgr's music video Majik, directed by William Morrison.
A small collection of his works were borrowed by director William Malone for the film Parasomnia.
Influences
Kuntz takes an alchemical approach to his art, conjoining seemingly opposing ideas and techniques.
Kuntz’s works are influenced equally by low-brow and high-brow sensibilities, ranging from Expressionism, Dada /Surrealism, to the old masters Albrecht Dürer, Hieronymus Bosch, Bruegel, Da Vinci, and Archimboldo.
Mechanical influences include 18th and 19th century android makers, particularly Jacques de Vaucanson, Pierre Jaquet-Droz, Jean-Frédéric Leschot, and the great Parisian makers of the golden age. Other magical influences include Wolfgang von Kempelen, the French mechanic/magician Robert Houdin, as well as Walt Disney and the early Imagineers; especially Rolly Crump.
References
External links
http://thomaskuntz.com
http://www.artomic.com
https://www.youtube.com/user/haxanthrobo
“Majik” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QJSsEPSmdMI
1965 births
Living people
American contemporary artists
Artists from Phoenix, Arizona |
The 1992 United States Senate election in Nevada was held on November 3, 1992. Although nearly 10% of the electorate voted for neither of the two major U.S. political parties, incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator Harry Reid won re-election to a second term with over 50% of the vote.
Democratic primary
Candidates
Harry Reid, incumbent U.S. Senator
Charles Woods, Perennial Candidate
Norman E. Hollingsworth, businessman
Results
Republican primary
Candidates
Demar Dahl, cattle rancher and President of Nevada Cattlemen's Association
Bob Gore
Pro-Life Anderson, activist
Patrick Matthew "Pat" Fitzpatrick
Sam M. Cavnar
Kirby Vanburch
Results
General election
Candidates
Harry Reid (D), incumbent U.S. Senator
Demar Dahl (R), cattle rancher and President of Nevada Cattlemen's Association
Results
See also
1992 United States Senate elections
References
Nevada
1990
1992 Nevada elections |
Women's association football has long been a largely amateur sport in Mexico, given the greater emphasis of the male competitions. However, rapid growth since 2021 has raised its profile enough to compete for sponsors and professional international talent not only within Mexico but also from Europe, Africa, and the United States.
History
The second Unofficial World Championships with women's national football teams was hosted by Mexico in 1971. Recently, the game has grown in the country with the introduction of a women's professional league. The final was won by Denmark was played at Estadio Azteca, in front of 112,500 attendees.
Domestic league
Liga MX Femenil is the national women's football in Mexico which began in 2016.
In May 2018, Liga MX Femenil set the all-time world attendance record for a women's club match by drawing 51,211 to the second leg of the 2018 Clausura final. In 2022, Tigres UANL signed United States prospect Mia Fishel, who became the league's first foreign golden boot winner in the 2022 Apertura, and Nigerian national team striker Uchenna Kanu, while C.F. Pachuca signed Spanish national team star Jenni Hermoso, and Club América signed Spanish internationals Andrea Pereira and Andrea Falcón.
The 2022 Apertura final between Tigres and Club América set a league record for attendance in the first leg with 52,654, and a Mexican-audience television viewership record with 2.8 million viewers.
In March 2023, Nike, Inc. became a major league sponsor, and its first major sponsor not shared with the men's Liga MX.
Liga Mexicana de Fútbol Femenil was a previous attempt to grow women's soccer in Mexico.
National team
The national team has qualified for the World Cup three times: in 1999, 2011, and 2015. Many of their players have American heritage.
References
Football in Mexico |
Scampston Hall is a Grade II* listed country house in North Yorkshire, England, with a serpentine park designed by Charles Bridgeman and Capability Brown. It is located on the north side of the A64 Leeds/Scarborough road, 4 miles (6 km) east of Malton, in Scampston village. The name of the village was referred to in various ways in ancient documents as: Scamestun, Skameston, Skameston, and Skampston, and was probably derived from a personal name.
The hall features in two storeys of stuccoed orange-red brick with a slate roof and stuccoed brick chimney stacks. The frontage has seven bays, the central three of which are bowed.
History
Scampston Hall was built in the late 1600s for William Hustler.
The estate was bought in the 1690s by Sir William St Quintin, 3rd Baronet, who was Receiver General for Ireland and Member of Parliament for Hull. The estate and title were inherited in 1723 by his nephew -- also William -- who was MP for Thirsk. He married wealthy heiress Rececca Thompson. With her money he was able to expand the estate and employ Capability Brown to landscape the park. The serpentine park of about 1.7 square kilometres was laid out first by Charles Bridgeman and later by Lancelot "Capability" Brown in 1772. It includes an unusual ionic "Bridge Building," concealing the end of a sheet of water and closing the view.
The baronetcy expired on the death of the last Sir William, the 5th Baronet, without issue in 1795. He was succeeded by his nephew, William Thomas Darby Esq., the son of Vice-Admiral George Darby, who assumed the surname and arms of St. Quintin in 1795. Between 1795 and 1801 William Thomas commissioned the architect Thomas Leverton to extensively remodel the hall in the Regency style, with fine Regency interiors. On his early death in 1805 it passed to his 7-year-old son William (1798-1859). William lived mainly in London but returned to Scampston when he was appointed High Sheriff of Yorkshire in 1850. He died childless in 1859 and was succeeded by his brother, Matthew Chitty Downes St. Quintin, a JP and colonel of the 17th Lancers. Matthew became mentally ill and spent much of what remained of the family fortune, dying in 1876. His son William Herbert St. Quintin, born in 1851, was a Justice of the Peace from 1875 to his death and an alderman from 1889. He was appointed High Sheriff of Yorkshire for 1899–1900 and Deputy Lieutenant of the East Riding. He was also a keen naturalist. On his death in 1933 the St. Quintin name died out and the estate passed into the hands of the Lestrange Malone family, as his daughter Margery had married Lt. Col. Edmund George S. L'Estrange Malone in 1910.
In 1959 Scampston passed to the Legard (or Le Gard) family (see Legard Baronets) as Colonel Malone's daughter Mary had married Sir Thomas Legard, 14th Baronet in 1935. The estate is now owned by their grandson Christopher, who was High Sheriff of North Yorkshire in 2018/19.
The park contained a large deer herd until World War II. Arthur F. Moody's Water-Fowl and Game-Birds in Captivity; Some Notes on Habits & Management (H. F. & G. Witherby, 326 High Holborn, London, W. C.) relates in detail the experience of the bird-keeper for Scampston's grounds in the years of William Herbert St. Quintin.
Scampston's refurbished Walled Garden, designed by Piet Oudolf, opened in 2004.
In October 2021, the building was one of 142 sites across England to receive part of a £35-million injection from the government's Culture Recovery Fund.
A BBC adaptation of An Inspector Calls by J.B. Priestley was filmed on location at Scampston Hall, and broadcast in September 2015.
The house is open by guided tour.
References
External links
The Walled Garden at Scampston - official site
Scampston Hall Garden - information on garden history
Country houses in North Yorkshire
Gardens in North Yorkshire
Historic house museums in North Yorkshire
Grade II* listed buildings in North Yorkshire
Gardens by Capability Brown |
This is a list of mayors of Chattanooga, Tennessee. Tim Kelly has been the incumbent mayor of Chattanooga since his inauguration on April 19, 2021 at the Tivoli Theatre.
Notes[a] From 1840–1882, all mayors served one year terms, with several mayors elected to successive terms.
[b] From 1883–1911, all mayors served two year terms, with several mayors elected to successive terms.
[c] From 1911 to the present, most mayors have served four year terms, with several mayors elected to successive terms.
See also
Timeline of Chattanooga, Tennessee
Notes
Further reading
"Mayor's Office: History of Mayors" — City of Chattanooga
Chattanooga
1840 establishments in Tennessee |
Spectacle, originally The Cherry Smash, was an alternative indie pop rock band from California during the 1990s fronted by Blake Miller (later of Moving Units). Their sound was characterized as "sunny, melodic, jangling folk-rock." Other Spectacle members included Alex Crain, Brad Laner (formerly of Medicine), and Brent Rademaker (later of Further and Beachwood Sparks). The band was formed as a trio called The Cherry Smash, which released a 7-inch titled West Coast Rip Off, and made an appearance on the compilation album Pure Spun Sugar (both on Candy Floss Records). After this the band changed their name to Spectacle and released one album, Glow in the Dark Soul, on June 23, 1998. Spectacle briefly toured with The Brian Jonestown Massacre as an opening act. Although their debut album received positive reviews, it was not commercially successful.
Discography
West Coast Rip Off, 7-inch EP (as The Cherry Smash)
"Split Screen", on Pure Spun Sugar compilation album (as The Cherry Smash)
Consolation, 7-inch EP (as Spectacle)
Glow in the Dark Soul, full-length CD on PolyGram (as Spectacle)
References
Indie rock musical groups from California |
Ano, šéfe! (Yes Boss!) was a television entertainment-gastronomy reality show broadcast by Prima televize featuring Zdeněk Pohlreich, as a recognized expert in the field of gastronomy and restaurant management. It was Czech adaptation of British BAFTA and Grammy award-winning show Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares (broadcast in the Czech Republic as Ano, šéfe s Gordonem Ramseym, literally Yes Boss with Gordon Ramsay).
Zdeněk Pohlreich's qualifications and skills were at odds with his vocabulary of obscene words on the air. The aim of each part was to help various restaurant establishments improve the kitchen, guest service, overall impression of the business and the attitude of its employees and management to achieve better profits.
Between 2009 and 2018, a total of 7 seasons of the program premiered on TV Prima. In 2013, the follow-up program Už dost, šefe! was also broadcast, in which Zdeněk Pohlreich returns to some of the restaurants from the previous series of the program. Thanks to its popularity in the Czech Republic, the Slovak version called Áno, šéfe! was broadcasts on Slovak TV JOJ.
The show ended after 95 episodes in 2018, and is loosely followed by the show Ano, šéfová! with female gastronome and restaurateur Jitka Pagana and her Italian son Santo. However, it was not very successful with the audience and in the end only one series of six episodes was broadcast. In February 2020, Zdeněk Pohlreich returned to the screens again in a show with a similar format called Superšéf. In 2022, TV Prima launched the program Jak to bylo, boss?, in which, among other things, Zdeněk Pohlreich returns to situations known from the show Ano, šéfe!
References
External links
Website
2009 Czech television series debuts
2018 Czech television series endings
Czech television shows
Prima televize original programming
Czech reality television series |
Walnut Hill is a historic neighborhood located in north Omaha, Nebraska. It is bounded by North 40th Street on the east, Cuming Street on the south, Northwest Radial Highway and Saddle Creek Road on the west and Hamilton Street on the north.
History
Dr. Samuel Mercer constructed a large, private residence at 40th and Cuming Streets and platted the Walnut Hill subdivision northwest of his home in the 1880s. Previously, Mercer financed the construction of cable-line streetcars in Omaha, and by the end of the 1880s, his line extended as far west as North 36th and Cuming Streets.
Walnut Hill Elementary School was first constructed in 1888, rebuilt in 1927 and again in 1994. It is one of Omaha's oldest schools. The neighborhood suffered minor damage in the catastrophic Easter Sunday Tornado of 1913.
After the Trans-Mississippi Exposition of 1898 many of the large streetcars employed to carry throngs of passengers were removed from service by the Omaha and Council Bluffs Railway and Bridge Company. In the face of increasingly uncomfortable crowding on the small cars, a large demonstration by a group of residents from the Walnut Hill suburb during which they took over several streetcars in the city to protest the poor condition of public transportation in their neighborhood.
Notable historic properties
See also
Neighborhoods in Omaha, Nebraska
References
Neighborhoods in Omaha, Nebraska
History of North Omaha, Nebraska
Historic districts in Omaha, Nebraska |
Impatiens henslowiana is a flowering plant of the Balsaminaceae family, native to the Indian states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu, as well Sri Lanka. It is a large shrub that grows either terrestrially or epiphytically.
Description
This woody shrub, also known as Henslow's balsam, grows to and the stems can be either erect or procumbent (that is, prostrate or trailing). The sawtoothed leaves can be opposite, alternate or whorled, and are of a tapering ovate shape. Inflorescences are raceme and pedicellate. Flowers are bisexual, with zygomorphic symmetry. They usually have 3 sepals, though they occasionally have 5, with the posterior sepal being large, and bag or boat shaped. The 5 free petals, which alternate with the stamens, can range in color from red to scarlet to purple, or be greenish or white. The upper petal is flat, keeled or hooded, with either smooth or crested edges, and is usually lobed at the base. The flowers have multiple oblong ovaries that produce flat oval shaped nuts. The indehiscent fruit is often asymmetrical and swollen in the middle.
Gallery
References
henslowiana |
I, Monarch is the third studio album by Florida death metal band Hate Eternal. It was released June 28, 2005, on Earache Records.
Track listing
Personnel
Hate Eternal
Erik Rutan - guitars, vocals
Derek Roddy - drums
Randy Piro - bass
Artwork
Paul Romano - art direction, artwork & design
References
2005 albums
Hate Eternal albums
Albums produced by Erik Rutan
Earache Records albums |
F. japonica may refer to:
Fagus japonica, the Japanese blue beech, a deciduous tree species native to Japan
Fallopia japonica, the Japanese knotweed, a large herbaceous perennial plant species native to Japan, China and Korea
Fatsia japonica, the fatsi or Japanese aralia, a plant species native to southern Japan
See also
Japonica (disambiguation) |
The Maniyani (also known as Kolaya, Ayar, Konar, Iruman, Urali Nair in different area) is a nair sub-caste and Malayalam speaking Yadava community, native to Kerala state of South India. They are mainly distributed in Kozhikode, Palakkad, Kannur, Kasaragod and Wayanad districts. Their traditional occupation is tending cattle and cultivation.
Origin
The Maniyanis are believed to have come from the ancient Yadava clan and associate themselves closely with the god Krishna.
Social life
The majority of the Maniyanis are concentrated in the districts of Kannur and Kasaragod. They follow similar birth, marriage & death customs and rituals like other Nair sub-castes. Even though they practice endogamy, they do intermarry with other castes like Nambiar, Nair, Payyanur Poduval and Vaniya-Vattakad Nairs.
Kannangattu bhagavathi is the tutelary deity of Maniyanis. Kannangattu bhagavathi has permanent place in every Muchilot Bhagavathi temple since Maniyanis have special brotherly relationship with Vaniya-Vattakad Nairs.
Maniyanis also perform Poorakkali in Muchilot bhagavathi temples.
References
Social groups of Kerala
South Indian communities
Ethnic groups in Kerala |
Pseudopontia australis is a butterfly in the family Pieridae. It is found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Republic of the Congo and eastern Gabon.
References
Butterflies described in 1923
Pieridae |
The Quebec diaspora consists of Quebec immigrants and their descendants dispersed over the North American continent and historically concentrated in the New England region of the United States, Ontario, and the Canadian Prairies. The mass emigration out of Quebec occurred in the period between 1840 and the Great Depression of the 1930s.
United States
Approximately 900,000 Quebec residents (French Canadian for the great majority) left for the United States between 1840 and 1930. They were pushed to emigrate by overpopulation in rural areas that could not sustain them under the seigneurial system of land tenure, but also because the expansion of this system was in effect blocked by the "Château Clique" that ruled Quebec under the British administration, who reserved new land developments for the English and the English system of colonization (see Eastern Townships). New England was the preferred destination due to its growing industrialization. About half of the emigrants are reported to have eventually returned to Canada. Often those who stayed organized themselves in communities sometimes known as Little Canadas. A great proportion of Americans of French ancestry trace it through Quebec. Others, particularly in the South, were from Acadia—the Cajuns—and from France directly. Until 1849, the Catholic Church was not allowed to purchase any land or establish any parishes in the Eastern Townships due to English Protestant laws and control. At the initiative of Father Bernard O'Reilley, an Association des Townships was set up in 1848 to promote settlement in the area. In the 1850s, the association purchased lands which it gave to young families of farmers to prevent them from leaving for the United States where it was believed they would ultimately be assimilated.
Certain early American centres of textile manufacturing and other industries attracted significant French-Canadian populations, like Lewiston and other bordering counties in Maine; Fall River, Holyoke, Fitchburg, and Lowell in Massachusetts; Woonsocket in Rhode Island; Manchester in New Hampshire and the bordering counties in Vermont. There was a significant number of French Canadians who moved to the Kankakee, Illinois area from the 1830s through the 1870s, including religious missionaries, establishing communities such as Bourbonnais, St. Anne, St. Georges, Papineau, and L'Erable. There are also sizeable populations of French-Canadian descent in Michigan and Minnesota—who began migrating there when the region was still part of New France.
The Museum of Work and Culture in Woonsocket, Rhode Island, details New England's Quebec diaspora which developed in the 19th and early 20th centuries.
Noteworthy among those whose parents settled in the United States are writer Jack Kerouac, baseball player Nap Lajoie, politician Mike Gravel, singers Rudy Vallée and Robert Goulet, Emil Beaulieau, historian Will Durant, and many more.
Ontario
The largest proportion of French-Canadians outside Quebec trace their ancestry to Quebec (except in the Canadian Maritimes, which were settled by the Acadians). Ontario had been part of New France and settlements in the Detroit-Windsor area find their origins in that period.
The development of mining and forestry resources in the northeastern and eastern regions of Ontario at the end of the 19th century and early 20th century attracted a large workforce from Quebec. A great part of today's half a million Franco-Ontarians are the descendants of these Quebec emigrants. The Francophone population of Ontario is today still concentrated mainly in the northeastern and eastern parts of Ontario, close to the border with Quebec, although smaller pockets of Francophone settlement exist throughout the province in areas like Windsor, Welland and Penetanguishene.
Canadian West
While a good number of emigrants were from Quebec or Ontario, it is often Franco-Americans who formed the nucleus of the population in several francophone communities of Western Canada. These populations today self-identify with their province of residence (Franco-Manitobans, Fransaskois, Franco-Albertans or Franco-Columbians).
See also
Canuck letter
Diaspora
French American
French Canadian
Little Canada
The Rise and Fall of English Montreal
Notes
References
Doty, C. Stewart. "The Intellectual of the Quebec Diaspora: The Case of Henri d’Arles". in Journal of Canadian Studies/Revue d’études canadiennes, 24 (1989–1990), pp. 61–71.
Culture of Quebec
Canada–United States relations
French North America |
Reinmar von Hagenau (also Reinmar der Alte, Reinmar the Elder) was a German Minnesänger of the late twelfth century who composed and performed love-songs in Middle High German. He was regarded by his contemporaries as the greatest Minnesänger before Walther von der Vogelweide, a view widely shared by modern scholars. Although there are uncertainties as to which songs can be reliably attributed to him, a substantial body of his work — over 60 songs — survives. His presentation of courtly love as the unrequited love of a knight for a lady is "the essence of classical Minesang".
Life
Nothing is known of Reinmar's life except what can be deduced from the manuscript evidence of songs recorded under his name and from remarks by contemporaries. In the Minnesang manuscripts he is referred to simply by his forename, Her Reinmar (also Reimar, Reymar). In the Manesse Codex he is Her Reinmar der Alte, which serves to distinguish him from later singers such as Reinmar von Brennenberg, Reinmar der Fiedler or Reinmar von Zweter.
The title Her ("sir") indicates a man of knightly status, but the nature and scope of the surviving œvre indicate a professional singer reliant on patronage. Unlike Walther, who names many individuals, only one real person is mentioned in any of Reinmar songs: in the song "Si jehent der sumer der sî hie"(MF 167,31, "They say summer is here"), Reinmar says "What use is a joyful time, since the lord of all joys, Luipolt, lies in the earth." This is taken to refer to Leopold V, Duke of Austria, who died in the winter of 1194, dating this song's composition and the presence of Reinmar at the Babenberg court in Vienna to the summer of 1195.
In his literary excursus (Tristan, ll.4774ff.), Gottfried von Strassburg laments the death of the "nightingale of Hagenau" as the foremost Minnesanger, and suggests this position now belongs to Walther. There is no Minnsänger other than Reinmar who could plausibly have been meant. Hagenau has been identified as the Alsatian city, modern Haguenau, which was the location of an imperial court of the Hohenstaufen dynasty in the twelfth century and which lies some 20 miles from Strassburg. Gottfried's proximity to this Hagenau makes it unlikely that the place referred to is one of the many places called Hagenau in Bavaria and Austria. Whether Hagenau was Reinmar's home or whether it was simply the court at which he first made his mark as a singer cannot be known.
Gottfried's Tristan is dated to around 1210 and Reinmar's death, therefore, to the first decade of the 13th century. Walther von der Vogelweide composed an elegy for Reinmar: "One thing is for certain, Reinmar: I mourn you much more than you would mourn me if you were alive and I had died" (Lachmann 83,1; Cormeau 55,III) and this song has been dated to 1208/09, confirming the dating derived from Tristan.
This elegy and the many other links between the songs of Reinmar and Walther have given rise to the notion of a literary feud between the two singers. Whether any personal animosity was involved cannot be known (in the elegy, "I lament not you personally but the loss of your art"), but the wealth of often parodistic cross-references between the two repertoires shows that audiences were familiar with the work of both singers. The point at issue in the feud was that Walther rejected Reinmar's strict adherence to the classical idea of unrequited courtly love, insisting that true love must be mutual.
Works
Manuscript tradition
All the main Minnesang manuscripts have substantial collections of Reinmar's songs:
MS A (the Kleine Heidelberger Liederhandschrift, 1270-1280) has 70 strophes (19 songs) under Reinmar's name.
MS B (the Weingarten Manuscript, first quarter of the 14th Century) has 115 strophes (41 songs) under Reinmar's name.
MS C (the Große Heidelberger Liederhandschrift, the Manesse Codex, c. 1304) has by far the largest collection, with 262 strophes (64 songs) under Reinmar's name,
MS E (the Würzburg Manuscript, c. 1345-1354) has 164 strophes (36 songs) under Reinmar's name with space for approximately 50 more strophes.
In each of these manuscripts only Walther has more songs ascribed to him.
Themes
Reinmar's lyrics show the romance influence that had been predominant since Heinrich von Veldeke and Friedrich von Hausen. They are perfect in form and thoroughly "courtly" in sentiment. Passion and natural feeling are repressed, maze, correctness and propriety reign supreme. General reflections are common, concrete images and situations few. When, however, Reinmar breaks through the bounds of convention and allows his heart to speak, as in the lament for the death of the duke, which is put into the mouth of the duchess herself, he shows lyric gifts of a high order. But this does not often happen, and most of Reinmar's poems show more elegance of form than beauty of sentiment. In a society, however, where form was valued more than contents, such poetry was bound to meet with favour.
Reception
Reinmar's paramount status, second only to Walther, in the century after his death is shown by his mention in Gottfried's literary excursus and his naming in the "Dichterkataloge" (lists of poets) in a number of other narrative works, such as Heinrich von dem Türlin's Der Aventiure Crône (c. 1230) and Hugo von Trimberg's Der Renner (c.1300).
The meistersinger of the 15th century generally included Reinmar as one of the "twelve old masters" of their craft.
Editions
English translation
Little of Reinmar's work is available in English.
(Introductory essay, parallel text for four songs.)
(Introductory essay and six songs in translation.)
Notes
Sources
Minnesingers
Alsatian-German people
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
12th-century German poets
13th-century German poets
13th-century deaths
12th-century German composers
13th-century German composers
German male poets |
Wladimir Klitschko vs. Sultan Ibragimov, billed as "The Unification", was a professional boxing match contested on 23 February 2008 for the IBF, WBO and IBO heavyweight championship.
Background
After avenging an earlier defeat when he beat Lamon Brewster after 6 rounds in July 2007, Wladimir Klitschko had made three successful defences the IBF belt he had won from Chris Byrd in 2006, and was rated as the best heavyweight in the world by The Ring magazine (Sultan Ibragimov was 6th behind WBC Champion Oleg Maskaev and WBA Champion Ruslan Chagaev). Sultan Ibragimov won the WBO belt by beating Shannon Briggs before getting a decision over four time Former Champion Evander Holyfield. By the end of October 2007, Wladimir Klitschko started negotiations with Sultan Ibragimov about the unification showdown in the near future. This would be the first heavyweight unification fight since November 13, 1999 when WBC champion Lennox Lewis defeated then-WBA and IBF champion Evander Holyfield. On November 20, Klitschko and Ibragimov officially signed the contract for their unification clash to take place on February 23, 2008 at Madison Square Garden. Two days later in Moscow, a first pre-fight press-conference was held. Klitschko began his preparations for the fight on 18 December. His training camp was located between Santa Monica, Los Angeles and Palm Beach, Florida. Ibragimov began his preparations for the bout on 25 December. Among Ibragimov's sparring partners were Klitschko's former opponent Jameel McCline and Swedish heavyweight prospect Attila Levin.
In the pre-fight prediction, a vast majority of Ukrainian, Russian and American observers expected Klitschko to win by either stoppage or unanimous decision. Out of six journalists of the Ukrainian magazine Ring, five predicted Klitschko to stop Ibragimov, with only one expecting Klitschko to win by decision. 24 of 26 members of boxingscene.com expected Klitschko to come out as the winner – 18 of them predicted the win to come by way of KO/TKO, one expert predicted decision, while the remaining five were unsure about either possibility. The remaining two experts predicted Ibragimov to win by decision. 10 of the 12 members of ringsidereport.com picked Klitschko to win, with eight of them expecting the victory to come by way of KO/TKO. The remaining two picked Ibragimov to win by stoppage, with one of them saying that Ibragimov was more resilient psychologically and could withstand Klitschko's power. In the build-up to the fight, Klitschko's trainer Emmanuel Steward said that Sultan Ibragimov was going to be Wladimir's toughest opponent to date, praising Ibragimov for his hand speed and mobility, while Klitschko complimented Ibragimov on his accomplishments: "Sultan Ibragimov is a boxer that hasn't lost in any of his 23 fights, with the sole draw being against Ray Austin. His amateur career can be described as fantastic, and the fact that he's the heavyweight champion of the world speaks volumes about his professional career as well. I think he's a strong and dangerous opponent that should not be underestimated. His last two fights against Shannon Briggs and Evander Holyfield proved that." Ibragimov's trainer Jeff Mayweather was confident that Ibragimov would be able to establish his rhythm and "press Klitschko to the corner". The pre-fight build-up was marked with controversy after Ibragimov's manager Boris Grinberg insulted Klitschko during one of the interviews: "Sultan Ibragimov knocks out this Ukraine gay, motherf***er!". Grinberg later apologized to Klitschko. The day before the bout, Klitschko weighed in at , the lightest since 1999, while Ibragimov's weight was , his lightest since 2005.
The fight
From the opening bell, both fighters fought tentatively, avoiding risks. Klitschko retreated onto the outside, fighting at a distance and remaining invulnerable for Ibragimov who tried to establish his right jab but had his right hand constantly pushed down by Klitschko. By the end of the opening round, Klitschko became more active with his jab, while Ibragimov unsuccessfully tried to catch Wladimir with a series of right and left hooks. By the third round, Klitschko took control of the center of the ring, keeping Ibragimov at the end of his left jab and occasionally throwing right jabs as well. In the fifth round, Klitschko caught Ibragimov with a straight right hand, however Ibragimov appeared to be unhurt. Most of Ibragimov's attempts to close distance ended with Klitschko tying him up. In the second half of the fight, the situation did not change, with Klitschko keeping Ibragimov at distance with straight shots, while Ibragimov was only able to occasionally catch Klitschko with single shots to the body. Ibragimov's corner was almost silent from the sixth round onwards, unable to give their man any meaningful advice. Klitschko's dominance became even more visible after he caught Ibragimov with a straight right in round nine, almost knocking him down. He caught Ibragimov again with a counter left hook at the end of the eleventh. The twelfth round saw Ibragimov unsuccessfully trying to catch Klitschko with overhand shots. Ultimately, the fight went the distance, with Klitschko being declared the winner by unanimous decision. The judges scored the bout 119–110, 117–111 and 118–110.
Reception
The fight was heavily criticized by observers and prominent boxing public figures. Boxing promoter Bob Arum called the fight "an absolute shame", while Dan Goossen described it as "awful". Boxing journalist Phil Santos pointed out that Klitschko fought for the majority of the fight "only with his left hand", proving once again that he "is the best heavyweight in the world right now". Santos also noted that such cautious, safety-first style was not going to help Klitschko to increase his popularity in the United States. Some observers were more apologetic of Klitschko's performance: "It's really irritating that so many people, people that know very little about boxing, say that Klitschko's dominance means stagnation for the heavyweight division. There's no denying that once Klitschko collects all the belts, he will go down as one of the all-time greats. Yes, he fights cautiously and isn't willing to exchange shots, but who told us that greatness in boxing is measured with the number of knockdowns? Why the boxer that is able to not get hit with a hard shot over the course of twelve rounds is less great than the champions from the past that sacrificed their health for the sake of success?"
Aftermath
Years later when talking about the fight, Ibragimov admitted that in the middle rounds he had realized that he was going to lose: "We were very well prepared for the fight, our game plan was built around counterpunching, and I was patiently waiting for Klitschko to throw a straight right hand. But credit to him and his trainer Emmanuel Steward, for the first seven rounds Klitschko did not throw a single right hand. Basically, Klitschko's team prepared Wladimir to keep the fight away from tight quarters. And when the opponent doesn't want to fight aggressively and has a big advantage in height and reach, his job is a lot easier. In the middle of the fight I realized that I had already lost."
Sultan Ibragimov would not return to the ring, announcing his retirement in July 2009. The decision was caused by Ibragimov's chronic problems with his left hand. Meanwhile Klitschko would go on hold the WBO belt until his 2015 defeat to Tyson Fury.
Undercard
Confirmed bouts:
Broadcasting
References
2008 in boxing
International Boxing Federation heavyweight championship matches
World Boxing Organization heavyweight championship matches
Boxing on HBO
2008 in sports in New York City
2000s in Manhattan
Boxing matches at Madison Square Garden
Klitschko brothers
February 2008 sports events in the United States |
The Great American Hall of Wonders was an exhibition and catalog organized in 2011 by the Smithsonian American Art Museum. The exhibit explored a number of themes pertinent to 19th century United States: clocks, Niagara Falls, guns, buffalos, railroads, and "big trees." Works displayed included patent illustrations, advertisements, and artworks.
List of artists
Among the artists, illustrators, photographers and inventors exhibited:
John James Audubon
John James Barralet
Albert Bierstadt
Richard Norris Brooke
George Catlin
Frederic Edwin Church
James Goodwyn Clonney
Thomas Cole
Jasper Francis Cropsey
Currier and Ives
Ferdinand Danton Jr.
Felix Octavius Carr Darley
Joseph H. Davis
Charles Deas
Thomas Doughty
Robert S. Duncanson
Asher B. Durand
Thomas Eakins
Francis William Edmonds
John Whetton Ehninger
Alvan Fisher
James Gardner
Ernest Griset
William Michael Harnett
Robert Havell
Martin Johnson Heade
Thomas Hill
Winslow Homer
Daniel Huntington
George Inness
Augustus Koch
John Lewis Krimmel
Arthur Lumley
Thomas Moran
Samuel Finley Breese Morse
William Sidney Mount
Eadweard Muybridge
Thomas Nast
William Notman
Bass Otis
Charles Willson Peale
Raphaelle Peale
Henry Cheever Pratt
William Ranney
John Rapkin
Andrew Joseph Russell
F.L. Seitz
Lilly Martin Spencer
John Mix Stanley
Eli Terry
John Trumbull
Elihu Vedder
Carleton Watkins
Alexander Wilson
Henry Worrall
Thomas Worth
References
Further reading
The Art Newspaper, July 2011, "The Great American Hall of Wonders" by Javier Pes
Washingtonian, July 2011, "'Hall of Wonders' Opens at the Smithsonian American Art Museum" by Sophie Gilbert
Inventors Digest, July 2011, "Welcome to the U.S. Hall of Wonders"
NPR, Weekend Edition, July 17, 2011, "'Hall Of Wonders' Explores U.S. Innovation" with Linda Wertheimer
BBC, July 21, 2011, "Can America's genius for invention endure?" by Jane O'Brien
The Washington Post, July 24, 2011, "Smithsonian's 'Great American Hall of Wonders' is a missed opportunity" by Philip Kennicott
The New York Times, July 28, 2011, "The World as America Dreamed It" by Edward Rothstein
External links
Exhibit website
2011 non-fiction books
History books about the United States
Smithsonian Institution exhibitions
Smithsonian Institution publications
Art exhibitions in Washington, D.C.
2011 in Washington, D.C. |
Mistrzejowice is one of the 18 districts of Kraków; known as Dzielnica XV (District 15), located in the northern part of the city. The name Mistrzejowice comes from a village of same name (first mentioned in 1270) that is now a part of the district.
According to the Central Statistical Office data, the district's area is and 53 015 people inhabit Mistrzejowice.
Subdivisions of Mistrzejowice
Mistrzejowice is divided into smaller subdivisions (osiedles). Here's a list of them.
Batowice
Dziekanowice
Mistrzejowice
Osiedle Bohaterów Września
Osiedle Kombatantów
Osiedle Mistrzejowice Nowe
Osiedle Oświecenia
Osiedle Piastów
Osiedle Srebrnych Orłów
Osiedle Tysiąclecia
Osiedle Złotego Wieku
Population
References
External links
Official website of Mistrzejowice
Biuletyn Informacji Publicznej
Districts of Kraków |
is a community of Loreto Municipality, in Baja California Sur state, Mexico.
It is located about 45 km south of the city of Loreto.
Population
Ensenada Blanca had a 2010 census population of 255 inhabitants. It is the second-largest community in Loreto Municipality, after the municipal seat of Loreto.
References
Loreto Municipality (Baja California Sur)
Populated places in Baja California Sur |
Damien Dufour (born October 30, 1981) is a French footballer who plays as a midfielder for AS Prix-lès-Mézières.
Career
Dufour was born in Migennes. He played the 2007–08 season for Grenoble Foot on loan from AJ Auxerre.
References
External links
1981 births
Living people
French men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
AJ Auxerre players
Grenoble Foot 38 players
LB Châteauroux players
CS Sedan Ardennes players
Ligue 1 players
Ligue 2 players |
Villaricca (until May 13, 1871 called Panicocoli) is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Naples in the Italian region Campania, located about 10 km northwest of Naples.
It is the birthplace of popular Italian singer Sergio Bruni and the venerable physician and priest Vittorio De Marino.
Geography
Villaricca borders the following municipalities: Calvizzano, Giugliano in Campania, Marano di Napoli, Mugnano di Napoli, Qualiano and Quarto.
References
External links
Official website
Cities and towns in Campania |
Elizabeth Blanche Cripps is a British political philosopher. She is a Senior Lecturer in Political Theory at the University of Edinburgh. Her research addresses environmental philosophy, including questions around climate change, population and parenting, environmental ethics, environmental politics, and environmental justice.
Career
From 1995–9, Cripps studied at St John's, University of Oxford, initially reading Maths and Philosophy, and then Politics, Philosophy, and Economics. She subsequently worked as a journalist, both freelance and for the Financial Times Group. She returned to academia in 2003, undertaking an MPhil (2003–5) and PhD (2005–8) in philosophy at University College London (UCL). Her PhD thesis was entitled Individuals, Society and the World: A Defence of Collective Environmental Duties. During her studies, she taught variously at UCL, West London College, and Heythrop College, as well as continuing to work as a freelance journalist.
Upon completing her PhD, Cripps moved to the Department of Politics and International Relations at the University of Edinburgh, initially (2008–9) as a fixed term lecturer and then (2009–12) as a British Academy Postdoctoral Fellow. Her project was entitled Collective Action, Collective Responsibility and a New Environmental Ethics. After this, she remained at Edinburgh as a Lecturer in Political Theory. Her first book, the academic monograph Climate Change and the Moral Agent: Individual Duties in an Interdependent World, was published by Oxford University Press in 2013.
Cripps was promoted to Senior Lecturer in 2016. In 2022, she published What Climate Justice Means and Why We Should Care with Bloomsbury. The following year, she published Parenting on Earth: A Philosopher's Guide to Doing Right by Your Kids – and Everyone Else with MIT Press.
Selected publications
Cripps, Elizabeth (2013). Climate Change and the Moral Agent: Individual Duties in an Interdependent World. Oxford University Press.
Cripps, Elizabeth (2022). What Climate Justice Means and Why We Should Care. Bloomsbury.
Cripps, Elizabeth (2023). Parenting on Earth: A Philosopher's Guide to Doing Right by Your Kids – and Everyone Else. MIT Press.
References
External links
Personal website
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
British philosophers
British women philosophers
Environmental ethicists
Environmental justice scholars
Alumni of St John's College, Oxford
Alumni of University College London
Academics of the University of Edinburgh
British journalists
British women journalists |
The blue–white screen is a screening technique that allows for the rapid and convenient detection of recombinant bacteria in vector-based molecular cloning experiments. This method of screening is usually performed using a suitable bacterial strain, but other organisms such as yeast may also be used. DNA of transformation
is ligated into a vector. The vector is then inserted into a competent host cell viable for transformation, which are then grown in the presence of X-gal. Cells transformed with vectors containing recombinant DNA will produce white colonies; cells transformed with non-recombinant plasmids (i.e. only the vector) grow into blue colonies.
Background
Molecular cloning is one of the most commonly used procedures in molecular biology. A gene of interest may be inserted into a plasmid vector via ligation, and the plasmid is then transformed into Escherichia coli cells. However, not all the plasmids transformed into cells may contain the desired gene insert, and checking each individual colony for the presence of the insert is time-consuming. Therefore, a method for the detection of the insert would be useful for making this procedure less time- and labor-intensive. One of the early methods developed for the detection of insert is blue–white screening which allows for identification of successful products of cloning reactions through the colour of the bacterial colony.
The method is based on the principle of α-complementation of the β-galactosidase gene. This phenomenon of α-complementation was first demonstrated in work done by Agnes Ullmann in the laboratory of François Jacob and Jacques Monod, where the function of an inactive mutant β-galactosidase with deleted sequence was shown to be rescued by a fragment of β-galactosidase in which that same sequence, the α-donor peptide, is still intact. Langley et al. showed that the mutant non-functional β-galactosidase was lacking in part of its N-terminus with its residues 11—41 deleted, but it may be complemented by a peptide formed of residues 3—90 of β-galactosidase. M13 filamentous phage containing sequence coding for the first 145 amino acid was later constructed by Messing et al., and α-complementation via the use of a vector was demonstrated by the formation of blue plaques when cells containing the inactive protein were infected by the phage and then grown in plates containing X-gal.
The pUC series of plasmid cloning vectors by Vieira and Messing was developed from the M13 system and were the first plasmids constructed to take advantage of this screening method. In this method, DNA ligated into the plasmid disrupts the α peptide and therefore the complementation process, and no functional β-galactosidase can form. Cells transformed with plasmid containing an insert therefore form white colonies, while cells transformed with plasmid without an insert form blue colonies; result of a successful ligation can thus be easily identified by the white coloration of cells formed from the unsuccessful blue ones.
Molecular mechanism
β-galactosidase is a protein encoded by the lacZ gene of the lac operon, and it exists as a homotetramer in its active state. However, a mutant β-galactosidase derived from the M15 strain of E. coli has its N-terminal residues 11—41 deleted and this mutant, the ω-peptide, is unable to form a tetramer and is inactive. This mutant form of protein however may return fully to its active tetrameric state in the presence of an N-terminal fragment of the protein, the α-peptide. The rescue of function of the mutant β-galactosidase by the α-peptide is called α-complementation.
In this method of screening, the host E. coli strain carries the lacZ deletion mutant (lacZΔM15) which contains the ω-peptide, while the plasmids used carry the lacZα sequence which encodes the first 59 residues of β-galactosidase, the α-peptide. Neither is functional by itself. However, when the two peptides are expressed together, as when a plasmid containing the lacZα sequence is transformed into a lacZΔM15 cells, they form a functional β-galactosidase enzyme.
The blue–white screening method works by disrupting this α-complementation process. The plasmid carries within the lacZα sequence an internal multiple cloning site (MCS). This MCS within the lacZα sequence can be cut by restriction enzymes so that the foreign DNA may be inserted within the lacZα gene, thereby disrupting the gene that produces α-peptide. Consequently, in cells containing the plasmid with an insert, no functional β-galactosidase may be formed.
The presence of an active β-galactosidase can be detected by X-gal, a colourless analog of lactose that may be cleaved by β-galactosidase to form 5-bromo-4-chloro-indoxyl, which then spontaneously dimerizes and oxidizes to form a bright blue insoluble pigment 5,5'-dibromo-4,4'-dichloro-indigo. This results in a characteristic blue colour in cells containing a functional β-galactosidase. Blue colonies therefore show that they may contain a vector with an uninterrupted lacZα (therefore no insert), while white colonies, where X-gal is not hydrolyzed, indicate the presence of an insert in lacZα which disrupts the formation of an active β-galactosidase.
The recombinant clones can be further analyzed by isolating and purifying small amounts of plasmid DNA from the transformed colonies and restriction enzymes can be used to cut the clone and determine if it has the fragment of interest. If the DNA is necessary to be sequenced, the plasmids from the colonies will need to be isolated at a point, whether to cut using restriction enzymes or performing other assays.
Practical considerations
The correct type of vector and competent cells are important considerations when planning a blue–white screen. The plasmid must contain the lacZα, and examples of such plasmids are pUC19 and pBluescript. The E. coli cell should contain the mutant lacZ gene with deleted sequence (i.e. lacZΔM15), and some of the commonly used cells with such genotype are JM109, DH5α, and XL1-Blue. It should also be understood that the lac operon is affected by the presence of glucose. The protein EIIAGlc, which is involved in glucose import, shuts down lactose permease when glucose is being transported into the cell. The media used in agar plate therefore should not include glucose.
X-gal is light-sensitive and therefore its solution and plates containing X-gal should be stored in the dark. Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG), which functions as the inducer of the lac operon, may be used in the media to enhance the expression of LacZ.
X-gal is an expensive material, thus other methods have been developed in order to screen bacteria. GFP has been developed as an alternative to help screen bacteria. The concept is similar to α-complementation in which a DNA insert can disrupt the coding sequence within a vector and thus disrupt the GFP production resulting in non-fluorescing bacteria. Bacteria that have recombinant vectors (vector + insert), will be white and not express the GFP protein, while non-recombinant (vector), will and fluoresce under UV light. GFP in general has been used as a reporter gene where individuals can definitively determine if a clone carries a gene that researchers are analyzing. On occasion, the medium in which the colonies grow can influence the screen and introduce false-positive results. X-gal on the medium can occasionally degrade to produce a blue color or GFP can lose its fluorescence because of the medium and can impact researchers capabilities to determine colonies with the desire recombinant and those that do not possess it.
Drawbacks
Some white colonies may not contain the desired recombinant plasmid for a number of reasons. The ligated DNA may not be the correct one or not properly ligated, and it is possible for some linearized vector to be transformed, its ends "repaired" and ligated together such that no LacZα is produced and no blue colonies may be formed. Mutation can also lead to the α-fragment not being expressed. A colony with no vector at all will also appear white, and may sometimes appear as satellite colonies after the antibiotic used has been depleted. It is also possible that blue colonies may contain the insert. This occurs when the insert is "in frame" with the LacZα gene and a STOP codon is absent in the insert. This can lead to the expression of a fusion protein that has a functional LacZα if its structure is not disrupted. The correct recombinant construct can sometimes give lighter blue colonies which may complicate its identification.
See also
Complementation test
pBLU
pGreen
pUC19
Recombinant DNA
References
Genetic engineering
Genetics techniques |
McClanahan v. Arizona State Tax Comm'n, 411 U.S. 164 (1973), was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States holding that Arizona has no jurisdiction to impose a tax on the income of Navajo Indians residing on the Navajo Reservation if their income is wholly derived from reservation sources.
Background
Rosalind McClanahan was an enrolled member of the Navajo Nation in Arizona. In 1967, all of her income came from work on the Navajo Reservation; $16.20 was withheld from her wages. She requested a refund of the entire amount and protested the collection of state taxes. When the state declined her claim, she filed an action in the Arizona Superior Court. The court dismissed her case for failure to state a claim. McClanahan appealed to the Arizona Court of Appeals, which affirmed. The Arizona Supreme Court declined to hear the case, and the United States Supreme Court granted certiorari to hear the case.
Decision
Justice Thurgood Marshall delivered the opinion of a unanimous court. He found that there was nothing in federal law that authorized Arizona to collect a state income tax from an Indian that earned the income on the reservation. The case was reversed.
References
External links
1973 in United States case law
United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Burger Court
United States Native American tax case law
Navajo history
Taxation in Arizona
Native American history of Arizona |
```java
/*
*
* Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license
* that can be found in the LICENSE file in the root of the source
* tree. An additional intellectual property rights grant can be found
* in the file PATENTS. All contributing project authors may
* be found in the AUTHORS file in the root of the source tree.
*/
package org.webrtc;
import android.media.MediaCodecInfo;
import androidx.annotation.Nullable;
import java.util.Arrays;
/** Factory for Android hardware VideoDecoders. */
public class HardwareVideoDecoderFactory extends MediaCodecVideoDecoderFactory {
private final static Predicate<MediaCodecInfo> defaultAllowedPredicate =
new Predicate<MediaCodecInfo>() {
@Override
public boolean test(MediaCodecInfo arg) {
return MediaCodecUtils.isHardwareAccelerated(arg);
}
};
/** Creates a HardwareVideoDecoderFactory that does not use surface textures. */
@Deprecated // Not removed yet to avoid breaking callers.
public HardwareVideoDecoderFactory() {
this(null);
}
/**
* Creates a HardwareVideoDecoderFactory that supports surface texture rendering.
*
* @param sharedContext The textures generated will be accessible from this context. May be null,
* this disables texture support.
*/
public HardwareVideoDecoderFactory(@Nullable EglBase.Context sharedContext) {
this(sharedContext, /* codecAllowedPredicate= */ null);
}
/**
* Creates a HardwareVideoDecoderFactory that supports surface texture rendering.
*
* @param sharedContext The textures generated will be accessible from this context. May be null,
* this disables texture support.
* @param codecAllowedPredicate predicate to filter codecs. It is combined with the default
* predicate that only allows hardware codecs.
*/
public HardwareVideoDecoderFactory(@Nullable EglBase.Context sharedContext,
@Nullable Predicate<MediaCodecInfo> codecAllowedPredicate) {
super(sharedContext,
(codecAllowedPredicate == null ? defaultAllowedPredicate
: codecAllowedPredicate.and(defaultAllowedPredicate)));
}
}
``` |
Mormidea cubrosa is a species of stink bug in the family Pentatomidae. It is found in the Caribbean Sea, Central America, North America, and South America.
References
Articles created by Qbugbot
Insects described in 1851
Pentatomini
Hemiptera of South America |
The arrondissement of Basse-Terre is an arrondissement of France in the Guadeloupe department in the Guadeloupe region. It has 18 communes. Its population is 189,210 (2016), and its area is .
Composition
The communes of the arrondissement of Basse-Terre, and their INSEE codes, are:
Baie-Mahault (97103)
Baillif (97104)
Basse-Terre (97105)
Bouillante (97106)
Capesterre-Belle-Eau (97107)
Deshaies (97111)
Gourbeyre (97109)
Goyave (97114)
Lamentin (97115)
Petit-Bourg (97118)
Pointe-Noire (97121)
Saint-Claude (97124)
Sainte-Rose (97129)
Terre-de-Bas (97130)
Terre-de-Haut (97131)
Trois-Rivières (97132)
Vieux-Fort (97133)
Vieux-Habitants (97134)
History
The arrondissement of Basse-Terre was established in 1947. The arrondissement of Saint-Martin-Saint-Barthélemy, containing the communes of Saint-Martin and Saint-Barthélemy, was created in 1963 from part of the arrondissement of Basse-Terre.
As a result of the reorganisation of the cantons of France which came into effect in 2015, the borders of the cantons are no longer related to the borders of the arrondissements. The cantons of the arrondissement of Basse-Terre were, as of January 2015:
Baie-Mahault
Basse-Terre-1
Basse-Terre-2
Bouillante
Capesterre-Belle-Eau-1
Capesterre-Belle-Eau-2
Gourbeyre
Goyave
Lamentin
Petit-Bourg
Pointe-Noire
Saint-Claude
Sainte-Rose-1
Sainte-Rose-2
Les Saintes
Trois-Rivières
Vieux-Habitants
References
Basse-Terre
Les Saintes representation into Guadeloupe administration |
Township and Village Enterprises (TVEs, ) are market-oriented public enterprises under the purview of local governments based in townships and villages in China.
History
Before the Reform and Opening
Although Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping was reported to have said that TVEs "appear(ed) out of nowhere" in 1987, the industrial development in rural China could be traced back to as early as 1950s. During this period, rural enterprises, often with names "commune and brigade enterprises" and of neglectable size, served as a supplement to those state-owned enterprises (SOE), which mainly focused on heavy industrial sectors, and were established by the people's communes and bridges to support agricultural production and to produce rural social products for local and domestic needs. The political turmoil between late 1950s and early 1960s, like the Great Leap Forward, at one time halted the development of rural enterprises and some were suspended. Nevertheless, encouraged by the Chinese government to produce rural social goods, the enthusiasm of rural enterprises increased again in 1965. According to official records, the number of rural enterprise was about 122,000 in 1965, and quickly increased to 447,000 in 1970. During this period, however, rural enterprises were restricted to certain industrial and agricultural sections, including the production of iron, steel, cement, chemical fertilizer, hydroelectric power, and farm tools.
After 1978
Most TVEs emerged during the Reform period in the 1980s (Huang, 2008). There were only 1.5 million in 1978, at the start of the Reform period, and after the State Council of the People's Republic of China first officially used the term "Township and Village Enterprises" in March, 1984, number of TVEs had been over 12 millions by 1985. The reforms of 1978 changed TVEs, which became the most vibrant part of the Chinese economy as they experienced significant expansion in the 1980s and early 1990s. TVE employment grew from 28 million in 1978 to a peak of 135 million in 1996. Likewise, production of TVEs increased to 1.8 trillion yuan in 1992 from 49 billion yuan in 1978. More than half of TVE production in the 1980s occurred in the east coastal and central provinces like Guangdong, Fujian, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Shandong, and Hunan provinces. In Jiangsu and Shandong TVEs employed some 30 percent of the rural workforce. However, it should be noticed that many TVEs are specialized in the production of labor-intensive commodities without higher technological requirement.
In a strategy which came to be known by the slogan "wearing a red hat," some private entrepreneurs obtained permission from townships and villages to register their private enterprises as TVEs in order to avoid restrictions on the number of employees a small private business could have.
As private ownership became less politically-controversial after the mid-1990s, the TVEs' proportionate share of the national economy declined. Many were either privatized or turned into shareholding companies.
Notable characteristics
Locations and Ownership
Many of these firms were “collectively owned” in the sense that theoretical ownership rested with the collectives, either as a legacy of earlier sponsorship, or because township and village governments took the lead in establishing new TVEs after the breakup of the agricultural collectives. Ultimate “ownership rights” stayed with the collective, while “use rights” were delegated to managers in collective TVEs. The complexity of this arrangement led to the labeling of collective (township and village) TVE property rights as “fuzzy.” This lack of a true system of property rights collapsed in a short amount of time, as townships and villages expropriated the use rights using their ownership rights.
TVEs referred to the location of the enterprises, as opposed to the ownership structure. That is, TVE never referred to only companies owned by township and villages; rather, TVE refers to companies located in townships and villages. Huang (2008) quotes a Chinese Ministry of Agriculture document from 1984 in support of this: TVEs include enterprises sponsored by townships and villages, the alliance enterprises [private stock companies] formed by peasants, other alliance enterprises, and individual enterprises." Some collective TVEs were notable for their unique ownership and corporate governance setup.
TVEs were very flexible in terms of organizational and ownership structure. While some were run by local governments, others were more genuinely independent in nature. Wong has shown that through the 1980s most of the supposedly collective TVEs operated as private enterprises in practice. In this sense, the use of the term collective masked the privatization of rural enterprise at a time when it was ideologically subversive to some.
TVEs developed most rapidly in locations where central planning had produced poor results, either through shortages or non-useful surpluses.
Source: China Statistical Yearbook 1999
Comparable Advantages
The hybrid status of TVEs as neither state-owned nor privately-owned provided significant advantages within the reforming economy of China. Because they were not state-owned, TVEs were not restrained by state planning policies or price control. And because they were not private, they were not politically controversial.
TVEs also provided local levels of government with revenue opportunities after the reform-era introduced fiscal contracting, a system in which each level of government remitted a specified amount of tax upward to the higher level of government and retained the excess. TVE profits, however, could be kept entirely at the local level.
TVEs are solely responsible for profits and losses, obtain all production factors (capital, raw materials, technology, personnel, and so on) from the market, use independent distribution and supply channels and operated under flexible management with little interference of government, etc.
Socioeconomic Background
TVEs thrived from 1978 to 1989, and were largely dismantled between 1989 and 1996. Scholars have given a number of reasons for their success. The political institutional environment favored these “public” enterprises during the early years of reform, since private businesses faced severe restrictions and discrimination in terms of resources and regulations. Also, the fiscal decentralization of the early 1980s gave greater decision-making power to local governments and linked fiscal revenue to the career potential of local officials, creating strong incentives for them to promote these enterprises. The TVEs moved in to take advantage of the gaps left in the market by the State-Owned Enterprises to produce colorful elastic bands, ID card holders, etc. The TVEs benefited from first mover advantage as there was no competition in the early stages from private firms due to restrictions on the markets. The pent-up demand in China for a host of products provided ample profit-making opportunities for enterprises operating at this early juncture. Moreover, TVEs were helped by massive loans from the state banking system.
The TVE sector experienced dramatic changes in 1995-1996 (Huang, 2008). Official hostility toward Chinese entrepreneurship during the period of Jiang Zemin's administration caused many to go out of business, with some estimates suggesting that about 30 percent have gone bankrupt. In addition, there has been a massive trend toward privatization. After the mid-1990s, TVEs were forced to restructure substantially. With increased market integration and competition, official discrimination against TVEs, and official preference for foreign-owned enterprises, TVEs lost their competitive position.
Further, the end of directional liberalism in China encouraged local officials to expropriate the TVEs. As competition intensified and credit became harder to obtain, the collectively owned TVE sector grew in comparison to the privately owned TVEs. Rural industries today are more tied to their local government and community and have taken on new forms and roles (Huang, 2008). One of the most striking developments has been the rise of “industrial clusters” of small firms both competing with one another and cooperating to form a relatively complete industrial chain. Industrial clusters have also emerged in places such as Brazil and Italy.
Environmental issue
Damages
According to the World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), TVEs in China is responsible for more than 10 billion metric tons of industrial waste water, which is more than half of the total. Worse still, this industrial wastewater directly discharges into the water resource without any treatment and control. Polluted water damaged the environment, causing 10 to 20 million hectares of polluted land by 2001. Furthermore, reports showed that artisanal mines, which mostly are TVEs, leak hundreds of tonnes of mercury annually. In the meantime, as many TVEs were built near the population density areas, these pollutions not only cost damaged the environment but also threatened the population's health nearby. In general, the analysis found that TVEs' area residents have a more significant rate of diseases and a shorter lifetime; the unregulated activities made Chinese rural areas pay a huge price for environmental damage.
Controls
In response to the climate crisis brought by the TVEs, the government passed a regulation in 1979 that "The transfer of products and production involving toxic and hazardous substances to rural areas is prohibited unless accompanied by the transfer of effective pollution control equipment." The result was unsatisfactory: many harmful activities still existed and ignored the regulation. Moreover, TVEs were based on old and polluted types of equipment that were different from urban spaces, so it was hard to control the pollution due to their locations and large numbers. During the 8th five-year plan, the Chinese government enhanced the policy to deal with the worsening climate crisis. Although the changes focused more on urban cities, TVEs pollution was impacted, especially wastewater.
See also
Province (China) (for a discussion of townships and villages).
Production team (China)
Village-owned enterprise
References
External links
First book on rural enterprises published - Xinhuanet. 6 Dec. 2005.
State-Owned versus Township and Village Enterprises in China
Economic history of the People's Republic of China
Rural development in China |
Guanacaste can refer to:
Guanacaste, the common tropical American tree Enterolobium cyclocarpum
Places
Belize
Guanacaste National Park (Belize), a small national park in Belize
Costa Rica
Guanacaste Province, a province of Costa Rica
Guanacaste National Park (Costa Rica), a small national park in Costa Rica
Guanacaste Cordillera a mountain range in Costa Rica |
The UTAS XTR-12 is a semi automatic shotgun manufactured by UTAS Defence of Turkey.
Overview
The XTR-12 is a gas operated semi-automatic shotgun derived from the AR-10 platform.
References
Semi-automatic shotguns of Turkey |
WWFG (99.9 FM) is a radio station broadcasting a country format. Licensed to Ocean City, Maryland, United States, the station is currently owned by iHeartMedia, Inc.
History
Up until 1993, this station had the call letters WKHI and featured a CHR/Top 40 format. The station was once called "100 KHI" even though it broadcast at 99.9 FM. As digital tuners became more popular, it eventually changed its name to "The New Power 99.9 KHI". By 1989 the station was calling itself Power 99.9. A year or 2 later, it changed names again to Mix 99.9.
Then in early 1993, this station was sold to Benchmark Communications along with 95.9 FM, which was licensed to Bethany Beach, Delaware. Benchmark moved the WKHI call letters and CHR/Top 40 programming down the dial to 95.9 FM and debuted WWFG "Froggy 99-9" on 99.9 FM.
During the early days of Froggy 99-9 the disc jockeys were all known by cute "frog" names such as "Jimmy Hoppa", "Ann Phibian," "Jackson Leap," and "C.R. Fishhook."
Froggy 99.9 currently features The Whiskey & Randy Morning Show, hosted by local residents Jon "Whiskey" Wilson and Randy Scott.
References
External links
WFG
Radio stations established in 1993
Ocean City, Maryland
1993 establishments in Maryland
IHeartMedia radio stations |
Clarence Leonard Tommerson (April 8, 1915 – January 6, 2000) was an American football halfback in the National Football League. He played for the Pittsburgh Pirates in 1938.
Tommerson was born on April 8, 1915, in La Crosse, Wisconsin and attended Logan High School. He went on to play football at the collegiate level at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. In September 1979, he married Audrey Tommerson, with whom he went to nearly every Super Bowl during their marriage.
See also
List of Pittsburgh Steelers players
References
1915 births
2000 deaths
Sportspeople from La Crosse, Wisconsin
Logan High School (La Crosse, Wisconsin) alumni
Players of American football from Wisconsin
American football halfbacks
Wisconsin Badgers football players
Pittsburgh Pirates (football) players |
Custard tarts or flan pâtissier/parisien are a baked pastry consisting of an outer pastry crust filled with egg custard.
History
The development of custard is so intimately connected with the custard tart or pie that the word itself comes from Anglo-Norman (unattested), meaning a kind of pie. It is derived from Anglo-Norman crust (> English crust) corresponding to French . It is related to the 18th century French term , probably borrowed from the Italian (already mentioned 13th century), derived from crosta ( in French), more probably than the Occitan . Some other names for varieties of custard tarts in the Middle Ages were doucettes and darioles. In 1399, the coronation banquet prepared for Henry IV included "doucettys".
Medieval recipes generally included a shortcrust and puff pastry case filled with a mixture of cream, milk, or broth, with eggs, sweeteners such as sugar or honey, and sometimes spices. Recipes existed as early as the fourteenth century that would still be recognisable as custard tarts today. Tarts could also be prepared with almond milk during times of fasting such as Lent, though this was rather expensive and would have been available only to the well-off. Often, savoury ingredients such as minced pork or beef marrow were also added (the combining of sweet and savoury ingredients was more common in medieval England), but unlike a modern quiche the custard filling itself was invariably sweet. In Portugal, the tarts are dusted with cinnamon; in Britain, nutmeg is often used.
Modern versions
Modern custard tarts are usually made from shortcrust pastry, eggs, sugar, milk or cream, and vanilla, sprinkled with nutmeg and then baked. Unlike egg tart, custard tarts are normally served at room temperature. They are available either as individual tarts, generally around across, or as larger tarts intended to be divided into slices.
Britain and Commonwealth
Custard tarts have long been a favourite pastry in Britain and the Commonwealth, where they are often called "egg custard tarts" or simply "egg custards" to distinguish the egg-based filling from the commonly served cornflour-based custards. They are sold in supermarkets and bakeries throughout the UK.
In the UK, the custard tart is regarded as a classic British dish. A version by Marcus Wareing was selected on the BBC television programme Great British Menu as the final course of a banquet to celebrate Queen Elizabeth's 80th birthday. The tarts are either made as a single large tart from which slices are cut, or as smaller individual tartlets. Classically, they are invariably topped only with a dusting of nutmeg – fruit topping in the French style, or cinnamon dusting in the Dutch, is not typical.
Variations on the classic recipe include the Manchester tart, where a layer of jam is spread on the pastry before the custard is added. Other versions may have some fresh fruit, or rhubarb, cooked into the filling. Versions topped with elaborate arrangements of fruit show the influence of French pâtisserie.
Hong Kong
The egg tart (traditional Chinese: 蛋撻; simplified Chinese: 蛋挞; Cantonese Yale: ; pinyin: dàntǎ) is a kind of custard tart found in Chinese cuisine derived from the English custard tart and Portuguese pastel de nata. The dish consists of an outer pastry crust filled with egg custard. Egg tarts are often served at dim sum restaurants, bakeries and cha chaan tengs (Hong Kong-style cafes).
Indonesia
The Indonesian version is called pai susu (milk custard pie) from Bali. This pastry consists of an outer pastry crust filled with egg custard and condensed milk, and then baked. Contrary to other versions of this pie, this Indonesian version is very flat, with the filling consisting of only one very thin layer of custard. Another type of Indonesian pie tart is pastel de nata (derived from Portuguese cuisine due to historical ties).
France
Custard tarts in France, where they are known as , may be filled with fruit, making them similar to clafoutis. Some may contain reconstituted shortbread.
Romania
Alivenci, plural form of alivancă, is a traditional custard tart, from the cuisine of Moldavia made with cornmeal, cream cheese like urdă or telemea and smântână.
A form of cheesecake was very popular in Ancient Greece. The secret of its manufacture was passed during the Roman invasions. At that time, the Latin name used for this type of cake was placenta that was transmitted in Romanian culture.
For Saint Peter, the Moldovan prepare alivenci.
Portugal & Macau
Pastel de nata (Portuguese pronunciation: [pɐʃˈtɛɫ dɨ ˈnatɐ][b] (plural: pastéis de nata; [-ˈtɛjʃ-], [-ˈtɐjʃ-][c])) is a Portuguese egg custard tart pastry, optionally dusted with cinnamon. Outside Portugal, they are particularly popular in other parts of Western Europe, Asia and former Portuguese colonies, such as Brazil, Mozambique, Macau, Goa and East Timor. The Macanese pastel de nata was also adopted by KFC and is available in regions such as Hong Kong, Taiwan and China. In Indonesia, this pastry is especially popular in Kampung Tugu, Jakarta, a culturally Portuguese (Mardijker) enclave.
South Africa
Melktert (/ˈmɛlktɛrt/, Afrikaans for milk tart) is a South African dessert originally created by the Dutch settlers in the "Cape" (South Africa) consisting of a sweet pastry crust containing a custard filling made from milk, flour, sugar and eggs. The ratio of milk to eggs is higher than in a traditional Portuguese custard tart or Chinese egg tart, resulting in a lighter texture and a stronger milk flavour.
The dessert originated among settlers at the Dutch Cape Colony in the 17th century, and is believed to have developed from the Dutch mattentaart, a cheesecake-like dessert which was included in the cookbook Een Notabel Boexcken Van Cokeryen (A Notable Book of Cookery) published by Thomas van der Noot around 1514. Some recipes require that the custard be baked in the crust, while others call for the custard to be prepared in advance, and then placed in the crust before serving. Cinnamon is often sprinkled over its surface, and the milk used for the custard may also be infused with a cinnamon stick before preparation. A staple at church fetes and home industries, and commonplace in South African supermarkets, melktert may be served chilled or at room temperature, or slightly warmed.
See also
Buttermilk pie
Custard pie
Custard slice
Chocolate tart
List of custard desserts
List of desserts
List of pies, tarts and flans
References
External links
History and recipe of the custard tart
Pastéis de Belém–The World’s First Pastéis de Nata
British desserts
British pies
Chinese desserts
Custard desserts
English cuisine
French desserts
Portuguese desserts
Hong Kong cuisine
Sweet pies
Tarts
Chinese cuisine |
Svartsjö is a smaller locality in Ekerö Municipality, Stockholm County, southeastern Sweden.
See also
Svartsjö Palace
Svartsjö County
References
Populated places in Ekerö Municipality
Uppland |
The Unraveling is the twelfth studio album by American rock band Drive-By Truckers, released on January 31, 2020 on ATO Records. It was produced by long-time collaborator David Barbe, and recorded between 2017 and 2019.
The album continues the themes of political angst from their previous album, American Band. In the album's liner notes, songwriter Patterson Hood summarized the album's inspiration, writing "21st Century USA, tanks rolling through the streets of Washington DC as our utopian dreams give way to a dystopian now. Nearly a generation since the towers fell and the shit came down. William Gibson's dark visions have come to pass, everyone is connected and more disconnected than ever. Our children have lock-down drills." Hood's songs "Thoughts and Prayers" and "Babies in Cages" take on the issues of gun violence and the Trump administration family separation policy directly, and rank among the most political the band has ever written.
Reception
The Unraveling received positive reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album holds an average score of 80, based on 18 reviews, which indicates "generally positive reviews". In a mostly positive review, Pitchfork wrote that "the new songs move like anguished monologues" and that the album "takes meticulous care with each mix" while criticizing some of the "hollowed out language" Hood leans on in the more political songs. In a very positive review, the Chicago Tribune opined that "the songs brim with nuances as they merge acoustic and electric textures, somber piano and distorted washboard, melancholy string accompaniment and feedback-streaked guitars." While discussing the overarching themes of the album, they added that "if there's a thread that links the piano-led "Rosemary with a Bible and a Gun", the surging "Armageddon's Back in Town" and the hard-riffing "Slow Ride Argument", it's a sense of personal disconnection."
Track listing
Personnel
Patterson Hood – vocals, guitar, mandocello
Mike Cooley – vocals, guitar
Brad Morgan – drums
Jay Gonzalez – keyboards, guitars and vocals
Matt Patton – bass, bass 6 and vocals
Kyleen King – viola and string arrangement on "Rosemary with a Bible and a Gun" and "21st Century USA"
Patti King – violin on "Rosemary with a Bible and a Gun" and "21st Century USA"
Cody Dickinson – electric washboard on "Babies in Cages"
Charts
References
External links
Drive-By Truckers albums
ATO Records albums
2020 albums |
Wysocki Młyn is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Tuchola, within Tuchola County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately north-west of Tuchola and north of Bydgoszcz.
References
Villages in Tuchola County |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.