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The German invasion of Belgium was a military campaign which began on 4 August 1914. On 24 July, the Belgian government had announced that if war came it would uphold its neutrality. The Belgian government mobilised its armed forces on 31 July and a state of heightened alert () was proclaimed in Germany. On 2 August, the German government sent an ultimatum to Belgium, demanding passage through the country and German forces invaded Luxembourg. Two days later, the Belgian government refused the German demands and the British government guaranteed military support to Belgium. The German government declared war on Belgium on 4 August; German troops crossed the border and began the Battle of Liège. German military operations in Belgium were intended to bring the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Armies into positions in Belgium from which they could invade France, which, after the fall of Liège on 7 August, led to sieges of Belgian fortresses along the river Meuse at Namur and the surrender of the last forts (16–17 August). The government abandoned the capital, Brussels, on 17 August and after fighting on the Gete river, the Belgian field army withdrew westwards to the National Redoubt at Antwerp on 19 August. Brussels was occupied the following day and the siege of Namur began on 21 August. After the Battle of Mons and the Battle of Charleroi, the bulk of the German armies marched south into France, leaving small forces to garrison Brussels and the Belgian railways. The III Reserve Corps advanced to the fortified zone around Antwerp and a division of the IV Reserve Corps took over in Brussels. The Belgian field army made several sorties from Antwerp in late August and September to harass German communications and to assist the French and the British Expeditionary Force (BEF), by keeping German troops in Belgium. German troop withdrawals to reinforce the main armies in France were postponed to repulse a Belgian sortie from 9 to 13 September and a German corps in transit was retained in Belgium for several days. Belgian resistance and German fear of francs-tireurs, led the Germans to implement a policy of terror () against Belgian civilians soon after the invasion, in which massacres, executions, hostage-taking and the burning of towns and villages took place and became known as the Rape of Belgium. After the Battle of the Frontiers ended, the French armies and the BEF began the Great Retreat into France , the Belgian army and small detachments of French and British troops fought in Belgium against German cavalry and . On 27 August, a squadron of the Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS) flew to Ostend, to conduct air reconnaissance between Bruges, Ghent and Ypres. Royal Marines landed in France on and began scouting unoccupied Belgium in motor cars; an RNAS Armoured Car Section was created by fitting vehicles with bulletproof steel. On 2 October, the Marine Brigade of the Royal Naval Division was moved to Antwerp, followed by the rest of the division on 6 October. From 6 to 7 October, the 7th Division and the 3rd Cavalry Division landed at Zeebrugge and naval forces collected at Dover were formed into the Dover Patrol, to operate in the Channel and off the French–Belgian coast. Despite minor British reinforcement, the siege of Antwerp ended when its defensive ring of forts was destroyed by German super-heavy artillery. The city was abandoned on 9 October and Allied forces withdrew to West Flanders. At the end of the Great Retreat, the Race to the Sea began, a period of reciprocal attempts by German and Franco-British forces to outflank each other, extending the front line northwards from the Aisne, into Picardy, Artois, and Flanders. Military operations in Belgium also moved westwards as the Belgian army withdrew from Antwerp to the area close to the border with France. The Belgian army fought the defensive Battle of the Yser (16–31 October) from Nieuwpoort (Nieuport) south to Diksmuide (Dixmude), as the German 4th Army attacked westwards and French, British, and some Belgian troops fought the First Battle of Ypres (19 October – 22 November) against the German 4th and 6th Armies. By November 1914, most of Belgium was under German occupation and Allied naval blockade. A German military administration was established on 26 August 1914, to rule through the pre-war Belgian administrative system, overseen by a small group of German officers and officials. Belgium was divided into administrative zones, the General Government of Brussels and its hinterland; a second zone, under the 4th Army, including Ghent and Antwerp and a third zone under the German Navy along the coastline. The German occupation lasted until late 1918. Background Belgian neutrality The neutrality of Belgium had been established by the European Great Powers in the London Conference of 1830. The Treaty of London (1839) recognized Belgian independence and neutrality from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands after the Belgian revolution. Until 1911, Belgian strategic analysis anticipated that if war came, the Germans would attack France across the Franco-German border and trap the French armies against the Belgian frontier, as they had done in 1870. British and French guarantees of Belgian independence were made before 1914 but the possibility of landings in Antwerp was floated by the British military attaché in 1906 and 1911, which led the Belgians to suspect that the British had come to see Belgian neutrality as a matter of British diplomatic and military advantage, rather than as an end in itself. The Agadir Crisis (1911) left the Belgian government in little doubt as to the risk of a European war and an invasion of Belgium by Germany. In September 1911, a government meeting concluded that Belgium must be prepared to resist a German invasion, to avoid accusations of collusion by the British and French governments. Britain, France and the Netherlands were also to continue to be treated as potential enemies. In 1913 and 1914, the Germans made inquires to the Belgian military attaché in Berlin, about the passage of German military forces through Belgium. If invaded, Belgium would need foreign help but would not treat foreign powers as allies or form objectives beyond the maintenance of Belgian independence. Neutrality forced the Belgian government into a strategy of military independence, based on a rearmament programme begun in 1909, which was expected to be complete in 1926. The Belgian plan was to have three army corps, to reduce the numerical advantage of the German armies over the French, intended to deter a German invasion. Conscription was introduced in 1909 but with a reduction in the term of service to fifteen months; the Agadir Crisis made the government continue its preparations but until 1913, the size of the army was not fixed as a proportion of the population. The annual conscription of was increased to to accumulate the trained manpower for a field army of Older men would continue to serve as garrison troops and by 1926 about would be available. Implementation of the new scheme had disrupted the old one but had not yet become effective by 1914. During the crisis over the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, regiments were divided and eight conscription classes were incorporated into the army to provide for the field army and troops. The Belgian army planned a defence based on interior lines, rather than concentrating the army on the border against a particular threat. Belgian defences were to be based on a National Redoubt at Antwerp, with the field army massed in the centre of the country from the frontier, ready to manoeuvre to delay an invasion, while the frontiers were protected by the fortified regions of Liège and Namur. The German invasion of Belgium on 4 August 1914, in violation of Article VII of the Treaty of London was the , the reason given by the British government, for declaring war on Germany. War plans Belgian defensive plans Belgian military planning was based on the assumption that other powers would oust an invader but the likelihood of a German invasion did not lead to France and Britain being seen as allies or for the Belgian government to do more than protect its independence. The Anglo-French Entente (1904) had led the Belgians to perceive that the British attitude to Belgium had changed and that it was now seen as a protectorate. A Belgian General Staff was formed in 1910 but the , Lieutenant-Général Harry Jungbluth was retired on 30 June 1912 and not replaced until May 1914 by Lieutenant-General Chevalier Antonin de Selliers de Moranville. Moranville began planning for the concentration of the army and met railway officials on 29 July. Belgian troops were to be massed in central Belgium, in front of the National Redoubt at Antwerp ready to face any border, while the fortified position of Liège and fortified position of Namur were left to secure the frontiers. On mobilisation, the King became Commander-in-Chief and chose where the army was to concentrate. Amid the disruption of the new rearmament plan the disorganised and poorly trained Belgian conscripts would benefit from a central position to delay contact with an invader. The army would also need fortifications for defence but these had been built on the frontier. Another school of thought wanted a return to a frontier deployment, in line with French theories of the offensive. The Belgian plan that emerged was a compromise in which the field army concentrated behind the Gete river with two divisions forward at Liège and Namur. Germany: Schlieffen–Moltke Plan German strategy had given priority to offensive operations against France and a defensive posture against Russia since 1891. German planning was determined by numerical inferiority, the speed of mobilisation and concentration and the effect of the vast increase of the power of modern weapons. Frontal attacks were expected to be costly and protracted, leading to limited success, particularly after the French and Russians modernised their fortifications on the frontiers with Germany. Alfred von Schlieffen, Chief of the Imperial German General Staff (, OHL, the German army high command) from 1891 to 1906, devised a plan to evade the French frontier fortifications with an offensive on the northern flank, which would have a local numerical superiority and obtain rapidly a decisive victory. By 1898–1899, such a manoeuvre was intended swiftly to pass between Antwerp and Namur and threaten Paris from the north. Helmuth von Moltke the Younger succeeded Schlieffen in 1906 and was less certain that the French would conform to German assumptions. Moltke adapted the deployment and concentration plan to accommodate an attack in the centre or an enveloping attack from both flanks as variants, by adding divisions to the left (southern) flank opposite the French frontier, from the men expected to be mobilised in the (Western Army). The main German force would still advance through Belgium and attack southwards into France, the French armies would be enveloped on the left and pressed back over the Meuse, Aisne, Somme, Oise, Marne, and Seine, by short, rapid attacks, unable to withdraw into central France. The French would either be annihilated or the maneuver from the north would create conditions for victory in the centre or in Lorraine, on the common border. A corollary to the emphasis on the Western Front was lack of troops for the Eastern Front against Russia. In the east the Germans planned a defensive strategy and relied on the 8th Army to defend East Prussia and on the Austro-Hungarian Army (/) to divert the Russians from eastern Germany with offensives in Galicia, while France was being crushed. Divisions from the German army in the west () would be moved eastwards to deal with the Russians as soon as a breathing-space was gained against the French. France: Plan XVII Under Plan XVII the French peacetime army was to form five field armies, with a group of reserve divisions attached to each army and a group of reserve divisions on each flank, a military force of The armies were to concentrate opposite the German frontier around Épinal, Nancy and Verdun–Mezières, with an army in reserve around Ste. Ménéhould and Commercy. Since 1871, railway building had given the French General Staff sixteen lines to the German frontier, against thirteen available to the German army and the French could afford to wait until German intentions were clear. The French deployment was intended to be ready for a German offensive in Lorraine or through Belgium. It was anticipated that the Germans would use reserve troops but also expected that a large German army would be mobilised on the border with Russia, leaving the western army with sufficient troops only to advance through Belgium south of the Meuse and Sambre rivers. French intelligence had obtained a 1905 map exercise of the German general staff, in which German troops had gone no further north than Namur and assumed that plans to besiege Belgian forts were a defensive measure against the Belgian army. A German attack from south-eastern Belgium towards Mézières and a possible offensive from Lorraine towards Verdun, Nancy and St. Dié was anticipated; the plan was an evolution from Plan XVI and made more provision for the possibility of a German offensive from the north through Belgium. The First, Second and Third armies were to concentrate between Épinal and Verdun opposite Alsace and Lorraine, the Fifth Army was to assemble from Montmédy to Sedan and Mézières and the Fourth Army was to be held back west of Verdun, ready to move east to attack the southern flank of a German invasion through Belgium or southwards against the northern flank of an attack through Lorraine. No formal provision was made for combined operations with the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) but joint arrangements had been made and in 1911 during the Second Moroccan Crisis, the French had been told that six British divisions could be expected to operate around Maubeuge. Outbreak of war On 28 June the Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated and on 5 July the Kaiser promised "the full support of Germany" if Austria-Hungary took action against Serbia. On 23 July the Austro-Hungarian Government sent an ultimatum to Serbia and next day the British Foreign Minister Sir Edward Grey proposed a conference to avert a war and the Belgian Government issued a declaration that Belgium would defend its neutrality "whatever the consequences". On 25 July the Serbian Government ordered mobilisation and on 26 July, the Austro-Hungarian Government ordered partial mobilisation against Serbia. The French and Italian governments accepted British proposals for a conference on 27 July but the next day Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia and the German government rejected the British proposal for a conference. On 29 July the Russian government ordered partial mobilisation against Austria-Hungary as hostilities commenced between Austria-Hungary and Serbia. The German government made proposals to secure British neutrality; the Admiralty sent a Warning Telegram to the Fleets and the War Office ordered the Precautionary Period. On 30 July the British government rejected German proposals for British neutrality and next day the Austro-Hungarian and Russian governments ordered full mobilisation. At midnight on the German government sent an ultimatum to Russia and announced a state of during the day; the Ottoman government ordered mobilisation and the London Stock Exchange closed. On 1 August the British government ordered the mobilisation of the Navy, the German government ordered general mobilisation and declared war on Russia. Hostilities commenced on the Polish frontier, the French government ordered general mobilisation and next day the German government sent an ultimatum to Belgium demanding passage through Belgian territory, as German troops crossed the frontier of Luxembourg. Military operations began on the French frontier, Libau was bombarded by a German cruiser and the British government guaranteed naval protection for French coasts. On 3 August the Belgian Government refused German demands and the British government guaranteed military support to Belgium should the German army invade. Germany declared war on France, the British government ordered general mobilisation and Italy declared neutrality. On 4 August the British government sent an ultimatum to Germany and declared war on Germany at midnight on Central European Time. Belgium severed diplomatic relations with Germany and Germany declared war on Belgium. German troops crossed the Belgian frontier and attacked Liège. Battles Battle of Liège, 5-16 August The Battle of Liège was the primary engagement in the German invasion of Belgium and the first battle of World War I. The attack on the city began on 5 August and lasted until 16 August, when the last fort was surrendered. The German invasion led the British to declare war and the length of the siege may have delayed the German invasion of France by Railways needed by the German armies in eastern Belgium were closed during the early part of the siege and by the morning of 17 August, the German 1st, 2nd and 3rd armies were free to resume their advance to the French frontier, yet German troops only appeared in strength before Namur on 20 August. The Belgian field army withdrew from the Gete towards Antwerp from and Brussels was captured unopposed on 20 August. The siege of Liège had lasted for eleven days, rather than the two days anticipated by the Germans. Belgian military operations in the east of the country had delayed German plans, which some writers claimed had been advantageous to the Franco-British forces in northern France and in Belgium. Wolfgang Förster wrote that the German timetable of deployment had required its armies to reach a line from Thionville to Sedan and Mons by the 22nd day of mobilisation (23 August), which was achieved ahead of schedule. In , a four-day delay was claimed. John Buchan wrote that "The triumph was moral – an advertisement to the world that the ancient faiths of country and duty could still nerve the arm for battle, and that the German idol, for all its splendour, had feet of clay." In 2007, Foley called the neutralisation of the Belgian defences at Liège sufficient to enable the German right wing to squeeze through, a small bump in the road for the Germans, who had mobilised in two weeks and were ready to invade France by 20 August. Battle of Halen, 12 August 1914 The Battle of Halen (Haelen) was fought by mounted and dismounted cavalry and other forces on 12 August 1914 between German forces, led by Georg von der Marwitz and Belgian forces, led by Lieutenant-General Léon de Witte. To block a German advance towards Hasselt and Diest, the Cavalry Division commanded by de Witte, was sent to guard the bridge over the river Gete at Halen. During an evening meeting, the Belgian general staff directed de Witte to fight a dismounted action in an attempt to nullify the German numerical advantage. From communication intercepts, the Belgian Headquarters discovered that the Germans were heading in force towards de Witte and sent the 4th Infantry Brigade to reinforce the Cavalry Division. The battle began around when a German scouting party, advancing from Herk-de-Stad, was engaged with small-arms fire by Belgian troops. About soldiers attempted to set up a fortified position in the old brewery in Halen but were driven out of the building when the Germans brought up field artillery. Belgian engineers had blown the bridge over the Gete but the structure only partly collapsed, which left the Germans an opportunity to send about 1,000 troops into the centre of Halen. The main Belgian defence line was to the west of Halen, on terrain which was partially overlooked by the Germans. The relatively easy capture of Halen made the Germans confident and led to several ill-conceived attempts to capture the Belgian position with sabre and lance attacks. Towards the end of the day the Germans were forced to retire towards their main columns east of Halen. The battle was a victory for the Belgian army but was strategically indecisive. The Germans went on to besiege the fortified cities of Namur, Liège and Antwerp, which had formed the basis of the Belgian defensive system, intended to delay an invader until foreign troops could intervene, according to the Treaty of London. The Germans suffered casualties of and Belgian casualties were and Siege of Namur, 20–24 August Namur was defended by a ring of modern fortresses, known as the fortified position of Namur () and guarded by the Belgian 4th Division. When the siege began on 20 August, the Germans reversed the tactics used at Liège, by waiting until the siege train arrived from Liège and bombarding the forts before attacking with infantry. French troops sent to relieve the city were defeated at the Battle of Charleroi and only a few managed to participate in the fighting for Namur. The forts were destroyed in the bombardment, much of the Belgian 4th Division withdrew to the south, and the Belgian fortress troops were forced to surrender on 24 August. The Belgians had held the German advance for several days longer than the Germans had anticipated, which allowed Belgium and France more time to mobilise. The Belgian army had of whom from the 4th Division, which was moved to Le Havre and then by sea to Ostend on 27 August, from where it re-joined the field army at Antwerp. , the German official history recorded the taking of and French prisoners and twelve field guns, and of whom killed. Battles of Charleroi and Mons, 21–23 August The Battle of Charleroi was fought on 21 August 1914, between French and German forces and was part of the Battle of the Frontiers. The French were planning an attack across the river Sambre, when the Germans attacked and the French Fifth army was forced into a retreat, which prevented the German army from enveloping and destroying the French. After another defensive action in the Battle of St. Quentin, the French were pushed to within miles of Paris. The British attempted to hold the line of the Mons–Condé Canal on the left flank of the French Fifth army against the German 1st Army and inflicted disproportionate casualties, before retreating when some units were overrun and the French Fifth Army on the right flank withdrew in the aftermath of the battle further east at Charleroi. Both sides had tactical success at Mons, the British had withstood the German First Army for prevented the French Fifth Army from being outflanked and then retired in good order. For the Germans the battle had been a tactical defeat and a strategic success. The First Army had been delayed and suffered many casualties but had forced the crossing of the Mons–Condé Canal and begun to advance into France. Siege of Antwerp, 28 September – 10 October At the fortified city of Antwerp, German troops besieged a garrison of Belgian fortress troops, the Belgian field army and the British Royal Naval Division. The city was ringed by forts, known as the National Redoubt and was invested to the south and east by German forces, which began a bombardment of the Belgian fortifications with heavy and super-heavy artillery on 28 September. The Belgian garrison had no hope of victory without relief and despite the arrival of the Royal Naval Division beginning on 3 October the Germans penetrated the outer ring of forts. The German advance began to compress a corridor from the west of the city along the Dutch border to the coast. The Belgians at Antwerp had used the strip to maintain contact with the rest of unoccupied Belgium and the Belgian field army commenced a withdrawal westwards towards the coast. On 9 October, the remaining garrison surrendered, the Germans occupied the city, and some British and Belgian troops escaped north to the Netherlands, where they were interned for the duration of the war. A large amount of ammunition and many of the at Antwerp were captured intact by the Germans. The men of the Belgian field army escaped westwards, with most of the Royal Naval Division. British casualties were and prisoner. The operations to save Antwerp failed, but detained German troops when they were needed for operations against Ypres and the coast. Ostend and Zeebrugge were captured by the Germans unopposed. The troops from Antwerp advanced to positions along the Yser river and fought in the Battle of the Yser, which thwarted the final German attempt to turn the Allied northern flank. Peripheral operations, August–October Belgian resistance and German fear of Francs-tireurs, led the Germans to implement a policy of schrecklichkeit (frightfulness) against Belgian civilians during the invasion. Massacres, executions, hostage taking, and the burning of towns and villages took place and became known as the Rape of Belgium. After the Battle of the Sambre, the French Fifth Army and the BEF retreated and on 25 August, General Fournier was ordered to defend the fortress, which was surrounded on 27 August by the VII Reserve Corps, which had two divisions and eventually received some of the German super-heavy artillery, brought from the sieges in Belgium. Maubeuge was defended by fourteen forts, with a garrison of Territorials, and British, and Belgian stragglers, and blocked the main Cologne–Paris rail line. Only the line from Trier to Liege, Brussels, Valenciennes, and Cambrai was open and had to carry supplies southward to the armies on the Aisne and transport troops of the 6th Army northwards. On 29 August the Germans began bombarding the forts around Maubeuge. On 5 September, four of the forts were stormed by German infantry, creating a gap in the defences. On 7 September the garrison surrendered. The Germans took and captured After the capture of Maubeuge the line from Cologne–Paris line was of limited use between Diedenhofen and Luxembourg, until the bridge at Namur was repaired. The Battle of the Marne began as the Maubeuge forts were stormed; during the Battle of the Aisne, one of the VII Reserve Corps divisions arrived in time to join the German 7th Army, which closed a dangerous gap in the German line. While the BEF and the French armies conducted the Great Retreat into France small detachments of the Belgian, Frenchs and British armies conducted operations against German cavalry and Jägers. On 27 August, a squadron of the Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS) had flown to Ostend, for air reconnaissance sorties between Bruges, Ghent, and Ypres. British marines landed at Dunkirk on the night of and on 28 September a battalion occupied Lille. The rest of the brigade occupied Cassel on 30 September and scouted the country in motor cars; an RNAS Armoured Car Section was created, by fitting vehicles with bullet-proof steel. On 2 October, the Marine Brigade was moved to Antwerp. The rest of the Naval Division landed at Dunkirk on the night of , and followed the Marines to Antwerp on 6 October. From the 7th Division and the 3rd Cavalry Division landed at Zeebrugge. Naval forces collected at Dover were formed into a separate unit, which became the Dover Patrol, to operate in the Channel and off the French-Belgian coast. Race to the Sea, 17 September – 19 October The Race to the Sea took place from about 1914, after the Battle of the Frontiers (7 August–13 September) and the German advance into France, which had been stopped at the First Battle of the Marne and was followed by the First Battle of the Aisne a Franco-British counter-offensive. The term described reciprocal attempts by the Franco-British and German armies, to envelop the northern flank of the opposing army through Picardy, Artois and Flanders, rather than an attempt to advance northwards to the sea. Troops were moved from the French-German border by both sides, to the western flank to prevent opposing outflanking moves and then to counter-outflank the opponent. At the battles of Picardy and Albert in late September, the French Second and German 6th armies fought meeting engagements from the Oise north to the Somme but neither was able to envelop the northern flank of the opponent. French and German armies were moved from the east for further outflanking attempts to the north and the BEF made a camouflaged move from the Aisne front on the night of , with no movement by day, which with rainy weather grounding aircraft, deceived the Germans. On the BEF began to assemble around Abbeville, ready to begin an offensive around the German northern flank, towards the Belgian and Allied troops in Flanders. French and German efforts to outflank each other were frustrated, during the Battle of Arras in early October and the battles of La Bassée, Armentières and Messines. The "race" ended on the North Sea coast of Belgium around 19 October, when the last open area from Diksmuide to the North Sea was occupied by Belgian troops, who had been withdrawn from the siege of Antwerp The British held a line from La Bassée to Passchendaele, the French from Passchendaele to Diksmuide and the Belgian army from Diksmuide to Nieuwpoort. The outflanking attempts had resulted in a number of encounter battles but neither side was able to gain a decisive victory. Battle of the Yser, 16 October – 2 November The Battle of the Yser took place in October 1914 along a long stretch of the Yser river and Yperlee canal in Belgium. On 15 October troops ended their retreat from Antwerp and took post between Nieuwpoort and French Fusiliers Marins at Diksmuide, which marked the end of the "Race to the Sea". Both sides conducted offensives and when the attacks by the Tenth Army and the BEF to Lille was defeated in early October, more French troops were sent to the north and formed the ("Army Detachment of Belgium") under the command of General Victor d'Urbal. Falkenhayn assembled a new 4th Army from the III Reserve Corps, available since the fall of Antwerp and four new reserve corps, which had been raised in Germany in August and were deficient in training, weapons, equipment and leadership. The 4th Army offensive along the coast to St. Omer, began with operations against the Belgians, to drive them back from the Yser. On 16 October King Albert ordered that retreating soldiers were to be shot and officers who shirked would be court-martialled. The Belgian army was exhausted, water was so close to the land surface that trenches could only be dug deep and the field artillery was short of ammunition and had worn guns. A German offensive began on 18 October and by 22 October had gained a foothold across the Yser at Tervaete. By the end of 23 October the Belgians had been driven back from the riverbank and next day the Germans had a bridgehead wide. The French 42nd Division was used to reinforce the Belgians who had fallen back to a railway embankment from Diksmuide to Nieuwpoort which was above sea level. By 26 October the position of the Belgian army had deteriorated to the point that another withdrawal was contemplated. King Albert rejected withdrawal and next day sluice gates at Nieuwpoort were opened to begin the flooding of the coastal plain. A German attack on 30 October crossed the embankment at Ramscappelle but was forced back during a counter-attack late on 31 October and on 2 November Diksmuide was captured. First Battle of Ypres, 19 October – 22 November The First Battle of Ypres (part of the First Battle of Flanders) began on 19 October with attacks by the German 6th and 4th armies at the same time that the BEF attacked towards Menin and Roulers. On 21 October, attacks by the 4th Army reserve corps were repulsed in a costly battle and on German attacks were conducted to the north, on the Yser by the 4th Army and to the south by the 6th Army. French attacks by the new Eighth Army were made towards Roulers and Thourout, which diverted German troops from British and Belgian positions. A new German attack was planned in which the 4th and 6th armies would pin Allied troops while a new formation, with six new divisions and more than guns took over the boundary of the two German armies, to attack north-west between Messines and Gheluvelt. The British I Corps was dug in astride the Menin road, with dismounted British cavalry further south. German attacks took ground on the Menin road on 29 October and drove back the British cavalry next day, from Zandvoorde and Hollebeke to a line from Ypres. Three French battalions released from the Yser front by the inundation of the ground around the Yser, were sent south and on 31 October the British defence of Gheluvelt began to collapse, until a battalion counter-attacked and drove back the German troops from the crossroads. German attacks south of the Menin road took small areas but Messines ridge had been consolidated by the British garrison and was not captured. By 1 November, the BEF was close to exhaustion and battalions had fewer than left; of their establishment. The French XIV Corps was moved north from the Tenth Army and the French IX Corps attacked southwards towards Becelaere, which relieved the pressure on both British flanks. German attacks began to diminish on 3 November, by when had lost A French offensive was planned for 6 November towards Langemarck and Messines, to widen the Ypres salient but German attacks began again on 5 November in the same area until 8 November, then again on The main attack on 10 November was made by the 4th Army between Langemarck and Diksmuide, in which Diksmuide was lost by the Franco-Belgian garrison. Next day to the south, the British were subjected to an unprecedented bombardment between Messines and Polygon Wood and then an attack by Prussian Guard, which broke into British positions along the Menin road, before being forced back by counter-attacks. From mid-October to early November the German Fourth Army lost the Sixth Army lost Atrocities After the defeat of the Imperial forces of Napoleon III in the Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871), irregular troops known as (free shooters) were established by the French Government of National Defence, which killed troops and diverted from field operations to guard the lines of communication. The status of neutral countries was established by the Fifth Convention of the Hague Peace Conference (1907) and signed by Germany. The Belgian government did not forbid resistance, because belligerents were not allowed to move troops or supplies through neutral territory; required neutrals to prevent such acts and provided that resistance by a neutral could not be considered to be hostile. At Hervé during the night of 4 August, firing broke out and a few days later a German reporter wrote that only nineteen of were still standing. The speed by which allegations of warfare reached Germany led to suspicions of orchestration, since newspapers reported atrocities against German soldiers as soon as 5 August; on 8 August, troops marching towards the German-Belgian frontier bought newspapers containing lurid details of Belgian civilians marauding, ambushing German troops, desecrating corpses and poisoning wells. To avoid delays and minimise the detachments of garrisons to guard lines of communication, the German army resorted to (frightfulness), quickly to terrorise civilians into submission. On some occasions, the atrocities were committed by front-line troops in the heat of the moment; other crimes were cold blooded, taking place days after the fighting had ended. Andenne near Namur, was burnt down on 20 August and a German proclamation claimed that had been shot, with a Belgian account claiming At Seilles, fifty people were killed and at Tamines were shot. Dutch civilians heard gunfire on the night of 23 August, from Visé over the border and in the morning crossed the frontier, describing killings and the abduction of and boys for forced labour in Germany. Ten hostages were taken from every street in Namur and in other places one from every house. At Dinant the French fell back on 22 August and blew the bridge; German troops repairing the crossing were ostensibly obstructed by civilians, which was allegedly witnessed by General Max von Hausen, the 3rd Army commander. Hundreds of hostages were taken and lined up in the town square that evening and shot, women and children being killed, after which the town centre was looted and burned. Horne and Kramer calculated that were killed in the town. The 1st Army passed through Leuven (Louvain) on 19 August and was followed by the IX Reserve Corps. On 25 August, a Belgian sortie from Antwerp drove back German outposts and caused confusion behind the front line. A horse entered Leuven during the night and caused a stampede, which panicked German sentries, after which General von Luttwitz, the Military Governor of Brussels, ordered reprisals. Burning and shooting by German troops took place for five days, during which were killed; the surviving population of were expelled and over were burnt down. At the Catholic University of Leuven, the historic library of books and manuscripts was destroyed. Large amounts of strategic materials, foodstuffs and modern industrial equipment were looted and transferred to Germany. From 5 August to 21 October, German troops burned homes and killed civilians throughout eastern and central Belgium, including crimes at Aarschot Mechelen, Dendermonde and from Berneau in Liège Province to Esen in the province of West Flanders. In 2007, Terence Zuber called writing on German atrocities by Schmitz and Niewland (1924), Horne and Kramer (2001) and Zuckerman (2004) apologia and wrote that on 5 August, the Belgian government armed as "inactive ", who joined the of the active . Zuber called the inactive members untrained, non-uniformed and the active members little better. Zuber wrote that as no records exist, there is no evidence that the was trained, had officers or a chain of command and that it was a guerilla army at best. Zuber wrote that on 18 August, the Belgian government disbanded the but Horne and Kramer had failed to explain the disposal of and claimed that none of the former fired them at German soldiers. Zuber quoted a folk tradition, which had it that a civilian killed a German officer at Bellefontaine and wrote that the Germans shot Belgian civilians in reprisal for attacks and that " attacks" had taken place, both being war crimes. Zuber also wrote that there were no German reprisals in the Flemish areas of Belgium or the interior of France, where no attacks occurred. Aftermath The offensive strategies of France and Germany had failed by November 1914, leaving most of Belgium under German occupation and Allied blockade. The German General Government of Belgium (), was established on 26 August 1914 with Field Marshal Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz as the Military Governor. Goltz was succeeded by General Moritz von Bissing on 27 November 1914. Soon after Bissing's appointment, OHL divided Belgium into three zones. The largest of the zones was the General Governorate of Brussels and the hinterland, the second zone came under the 4th Army and included Ghent and Antwerp; the third zone, under the (German Navy), covered the Belgian coast. The German occupation authorities ruled Belgium under the pre-war Belgian administrative system, overseen by a small group of German officers and officials. The Germans had used Belgium to invade northern France, which had led to the Franco-British defeats of Charleroi and Mons, followed by a rapid retreat to the Marne, where the German advance was stopped. Attempts by both sides to envelop the opponent's northern flank had then brought the main armies back to the north. Sieges and small operations were being conducted by detachments from the main German armies against Belgian, British and French troops. The siege of Antwerp ended as operations resumed on the western border, with the costly and indecisive battles of the Yser and Ypres. Falkenhayn attempted to gain a limited success after the failure of the October offensive and aimed to capture Ypres and Mt Kemmel but even this proved beyond the capacity of the 4th and 6th armies. On 10 November Falkenhayn told the Kaiser that no great success could be expected on the Western Front. German troops were tired and there was little heavy artillery ammunition left. The was ordered to dig in and defend its conquests, while the deteriorating situation on the Eastern Front was retrieved. Notes Footnotes References Books Journals Websites Further reading External links Brave Little Belgium De Eerste Wereldoorlog (Belgian) Brave Little Belgium German Occupations German atrocities, 1914 Atrocities of War Animation of the Great Retreat Sambre-Marne-Yser: sieges (French) Conflicts in 1914 1914 in Belgium 1914 in France Sieges involving Germany Race to the Sea Western Front (World War I) Battles of World War I involving Belgium Battles of World War I involving British India Military operations of World War I involving Germany Military operations of World War I involving the United Kingdom Military operations of World War I involving France Military operations of World War I involving Austria-Hungary Invasions of Belgium Belgium World War I invasions Belgium–Germany military relations
Senator Gordon may refer to: Members of the Northern Irish Senate Alexander Gordon (Northern Ireland politician) (1882–1967), Northern Irish Senator from 1950 to 1964 Members of the Philippine Senate Richard J. Gordon (born 1945), Philippine Senator from 2004 to 2010 and since 2016 Members of the United States Senate James Gordon (Mississippi politician) (1833–1912), U.S. Senator from Mississippi from 1909 to 1910 John Brown Gordon (1832–1904), U.S. Senator from Georgia from 1873 to 1880 United States state senate members Bernard G. Gordon (1916–1978), New York State Senate Edward Francis Gordon (1928-2013), Kansas State Senate George Anderson Gordon (1830–1872), Georgia State Senate Harry L. Gordon (1860–1921), Kansas State Senate Jack Gordon (Mississippi politician) (1944–2011), Mississippi State Senate James Wright Gordon (1809–1853), Michigan State Senate James Gordon (New York politician) (1739–1810), New York State Senate Janet Hill Gordon (1915–1990), New York State Senate Powhatan Gordon (1802–1879), Tennessee State Senate Randy Gordon (politician) (born 1953), Washington State Senate Robert M. Gordon (born 1950), New Jersey State Senate William Washington Gordon (1796–1842), Georgia State Senate William Gordon (New Hampshire politician) (1763–1802), New Hampshire State Senate
Vorticella convallaria is a species of ciliates. It is the type species of the genus Vorticella. It resembles V. campanula, but differs in being somewhat narrow in the anterior end and usually having no refractile granules in the endoplasm. Vorticella convallaria exhibits two morphological types. The primary type is the sessile trophont stalked zooid. When environmental conditions deteriorate the stalked zooid excises its stalk and transforms into Vorticella's secondary type, the motile dispersive telotroch. When the telotroch finds suitable environs it reattaches to the substrate and transforms back into a stalked zooid. The cell body of this species is 50-95 μm long and 35-53 μm wide. The peristome ranges from 55-75 μm in diameter. The rod-like, contractile stalk - the "spasmoneme" - is 25-300 μm long and 4 μm wide. It can collapse into a tightly coiled helix in less than 1/60th of a second. The contraction occurs when the negatively charged "spasmin" proteins that make up the spasmoneme are neutralized by binding with calcium, causing the stalk to collapse. References Further reading PAUL J. DE BAUFER, AMR A. AMIN†, SAMANTHA C. PAK‡ andHOWARD E. BUHSE JR*. 1999. A Method for the Synchronous Induction of Large Numbers of Telotrochs in Vorticella convallaria by Monocalcium Phosphate at Low pH. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology Volume 46, Issue 1, pages 12–16, January 1999 Maciejewski, J.J., E.J. Vacchiano, S.M. McCutcheon & H.E. Buhse, Jr. 1999. Cloning and Expression of a cDNA Encoding a Vorticella convallaria Spasmin: an EF-Hand Calcium-Binding Protein. The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 46(2): 165–173. Sallaq, R., D.H. van Winkle & J. Cao 2003. Determination of velocity, acceleration,and forces in the contraction of Vorticella convallaria. American Physical Society, Annual APS March Meeting 2003, March 3–7, 2003. Abstract #Y9.001 Shiono, H. & Y. Naitoh 1997. Journal of Experimental Biology 200(16): 2249–2261. Vacchiano, E., A. Dreisbach, D. Locascio, L. Castaneda, T. Vivian & H.E. Buhse, Jr. 1992. Morphogenetic Transitions and Cytoskeletal Elements of the Stalked Zooid and the Telotroch Stages in the Peritrich Ciliate Vorticella convallaria. The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 39(1): 101–106. Wibel, R., E.J. Vacchiano & H.E. Buhse, Jr. 1993. Ultrastructural Study of the Cortex and Membrane Skeleton of Vorticella convallaria (Ciliophora: Peritricha). Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 112(2): 107–120. Paul J. De Baufer, Serhiy Pylawka, and Howard E. Buhse, Jr. 2000. Evidence for a Signal Transduction System Initiating Stalk Excision in Vorticella convallaria. Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science 93(2): 201-213 External links Protist Images: Vorticella convallaria Vorticella convallaria cytosol and food vacuoles Oligohymenophorea Species described in 1758 Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
EA Replay is a retro-themed compilation for the PlayStation Portable comprising a number of classic games. It was released in the United States on November 14, 2006, with Australian and European releases shortly afterwards. A sequel, EA Replay 2, was planned, but it was cancelled. Compiled games The compilation includes the following titles: AD HOC Multiplayer is available for Budokan, Mutant League Football, and Road Rash II. There are unlockable pieces of game art for each title. The music in the Road Rash games, which by most fans is considered crucial to the series' feel, has been replaced with a single looping new music track. The collection was released as a digital download for the PlayStation Network in Europe on January 22, 2009. References 2006 video games PlayStation Portable games PlayStation Portable-only games Electronic Arts video game compilations Video games developed in Canada
Nosoderma sylvaticum is a beetle, belonging to the genus Nosoderma. References Zopheridae Beetles described in 2006
Noël-Philippe-Claude de Montboissier de Beaufort, marquis de Canillac (16 February 1695 – 31 September 1765), was an 18th-century French soldier, diplomat and peer of France. The son of Jean-Gaspard de Montboissier, baron de Dienne (who died 1714) by his wife Marie-Claire (died 1730), daughter of Jean d'Estaing, marquis de Saillant, he was commissioned as a cavalry officer in the French Army. He was promoted Brigadier-General in 1719, Maréchal de camp in 1734 and Lieutenant-General in 1738. The Marquis also served as Ambassador to Rome, before being posted to London. The marquis married, in 1711, Marie-Anne-Geneviève de Maillé de La Tour-Landry (died 1742), daughter of Louis-Joseph de Maillé-Brézé, baron de Coulonces, by his wife Louise Mallier du Houssay. They had two sons and two daughters. See also Château de Montboissier Duc de Beaufort Honoré de Balzac List of Ambassadors of France to the United Kingdom Notes 1695 births 1765 deaths People associated with the University of Cambridge French soldiers French generals Jacobites Order of Saint Louis recipients Knights of Malta French marquesses
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The Securitate (, Romanian for security) was the popular term for the Departamentul Securității Statului (Department of State Security), the secret police agency of the Socialist Republic of Romania. Previously, before the communist regime, Romanian secret police was called Siguranța Statului. It was founded on 30 August 1948, with help and direction from the Soviet MGB. Following the overthrow of Nicolae Ceaușescu in 1989, the new authorities assigned the various intelligence tasks of the DSS to new institutions. The Securitate was, in proportion to Romania's population, one of the largest secret police forces in the Eastern bloc. The first budget of the Securitate in 1948 stipulated a number of 4,641 positions, of which 3,549 were filled by February 1949: 64% were workers, 4% peasants, 28% clerks, 2% persons of unspecified origin, and 2% intellectuals. By 1951, the Securitate's staff had increased fivefold, while in January 1956, the Securitate had 25,468 employees. At its height, the Securitate employed some 11,000 agents and had half a million informers for a country with a population of 22 million by 1985. Under Ceaușescu, the Securitate was one of the most brutal secret police forces in the world, responsible for the arrests, torture, and deaths of thousands of people. History Founding The General Directorate for the Security of the People (Romanian initials: DGSP, but more commonly just called the Securitate) was officially founded on 30 August 1948, by Decree 221/30 of the Presidium of the Great National Assembly. However, it had precursors going back to August 1944, following the coup d'état of 23 August. Its stated purpose was to "defend democratic conquests and guarantee the safety of the Romanian People's Republic against both internal and external enemies." The Securitate was created with the help of SMERSH, the NKVD counter-intelligence unit. The SMERSH operation in Romania, called Brigada Mobilă ("The Mobile Brigade"), was led until 1948 by NKVD colonel Alexandru Nicolschi. The first Director of the Securitate was NKVD general Gheorghe Pintilie (born Panteleymon Bondarenko, nicknamed "Pantiușa"). Alexandru Nicolschi (by then a general) and another Soviet officer, Major General Vladimir Mazuru, held the deputy directorships. Wilhelm Einhorn was the first Securitate secretary. As Vladimir Tismăneanu says, "If one does not grasp the role of political thugs such as the Soviet spies Pintilie Bondarenko (Pantiușa) and Alexandru Nikolski in the exercise of terror in Romania during the most horrible Stalinist period, and their personal connections with Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej and members of his entourage, it is difficult to understand the origins and the role of the Securitate". Initially, many of the agents of the Securitate were former Royal Security Police (named General Directorate of Safety Police—Direcția Generală a Poliției de Siguranță in Romanian) members. However, before long, Pantiușa ordered anyone who had served the monarchy's police in any capacity arrested, and in the places of the Royal Security Policemen, he hired ardent members of the Romanian Communist Party (PCR), to ensure total loyalty within the organization. Several Securitate operatives were killed in action, especially in the early 1950s. As listed by the internal news bulletin on the occasion of Securitate's twentieth anniversary, in 1968, these included major Constantin Vieru, senior lieutenant Ștefan Vămanu, lieutenant Iosif Sipoș, sub-lieutenant Vasile Costan, platoon leader Constantin Apăvăloaie and corporal Alexandru Belate. Furthermore, lieutenant Ionel Jora was killed by the son of a suspect he had apprehended. Method The Securitate surveillance took place in different ways: general intelligence surveillance (supraveghere informativă generală, abbreviated "S.I.G."); priority intelligence surveillance (supraveghere informativă prioritară, abbreviated "S.I.P."); clearance file (mapă de verificare, abbreviated "M.V."); individual surveillance dossier (dosar de urmărire individuală, abbreviated "D.U.I."); target dossier (dosar de obiectiv), the target being, for example, an institute, a hospital, a school, or a company; case dossier (dosar de problemă), the targets being former political prisoners, former Iron Guard members, religious organizations, etc.; and element dossier (dosar de mediu), targeting writers, priests, etc. In the 1980s, the Securitate launched a massive campaign to stamp out dissent in Romania, manipulating the country's population with vicious rumors (such as supposed contacts with Western intelligence agencies), machinations, frameups, public denunciations, encouraging conflict between segments of the population, public humiliation of dissidents, toughened censorship and the repression of even the smallest gestures of independence by intellectuals. Often the term "intellectual" was used by the Securitate to describe dissidents with higher education, such as college and university students, writers, directors, and scientists who opposed the philosophy of the Romanian Communist Party. Assassinations were also used to silence dissent, such as the attempt to kill high-ranking defector Ion Mihai Pacepa, who received two death sentences from Romania in 1978, and on whose head Ceaușescu decreed a bounty of two million US dollars. Yasser Arafat and Muammar al-Gaddafi each added one more million dollars to the reward. In the 1980s, Securitate officials allegedly hired Carlos the Jackal to assassinate Pacepa. Forced entry into homes and offices and the planting of microphones was another tactic the Securitate used to extract information from the general population. Telephone conversations were routinely monitored, and all internal and international fax and telex communications were intercepted. In August 1977, when the Jiu Valley coal miners' unions went on strike, several leaders died prematurely, and it was later discovered that Securitate doctors had subjected them to five-minute chest X-rays in an attempt to have them develop cancer. After birth rates fell, Securitate agents were placed in gynecological wards while regular pregnancy tests were made mandatory for women of child-bearing age, with severe penalties for anyone who was found to have terminated a pregnancy. The Securitate's presence was so ubiquitous that it was believed one out of four Romanians was an informer. In truth, the Securitate deployed one agent or informer for every 43 Romanians, which was still large enough to make it practically impossible for dissidents to organize. The regime deliberately fostered this sense of ubiquity, believing that the fear of being watched was sufficient to bend the people to Ceaușescu's will. For example, one shadow group of dissidents limited itself to only three families; any more than that would have attracted Securitate attention. In truth, the East German Stasi was even more ubiquitous than the Securitate; counting informers, the Stasi had one spy for every 6.5 East Germans. Downfall After Ceaușescu was ousted, the new authorities replaced the Securitate with a few special and secret services like the SRI (Romanian Intelligence Service) (with internal tasks such as counterespionage), the SIE (Foreign Intelligence Service), the SPP (Protection and Guard Service) (the former Directorate V), the STS (Special Telecommunications Service) (the former General Directorate for Technical Operations), etc. Today, the National Council for the Study of the Securitate Archives (abbreviated CNSAS, for Consiliul Național pentru Studierea Arhivelor Securității) "is the authority that administrates the archives of the former communist secret services in Romania and develops educational programs and exhibitions with the aim of preserving the memories of victims of the communist regime." Subdivisions General Directorate for Technical Operations The General Directorate for Technical Operations (Direcția Generală de Tehnică Operativă — DGTO) was an integral part of the Securitate' s activities. Established with the assistance of the KGB in the mid-1950s, the DGTO monitored all voice and electronic communications in the country. The DGTO intercepted all telephone, telegraph, and telex communications coming into and going out of the country. It secretly implanted microphones in public buildings and private residences to record ordinary conversations among citizens. Directorate for Counterespionage The Directorate for Counterespionage conducted surveillance against foreigners—Soviet nationals in particular—to monitor or impede their contacts with Romanians. It enforced a variety of restrictions preventing foreigners from residing with ordinary citizens, keeping them from gaining access to foreign embassy compounds and requesting asylum, and requiring them to report any contact with foreigners to the Securitate within twenty-four hours. Directorate IV was responsible for similar counterespionage functions within the armed forces, and its primary mission was identifying and neutralizing Soviet penetrations. Directorate for Foreign Intelligence The Directorate for Foreign Intelligence conducted Romania's espionage operations in other countries, such as those of Western Europe. Among those operations sanctioned by the Communist government were industrial espionage to obtain nuclear technology, and plots to assassinate dissidents, such as Matei Pavel Haiducu was tasked with, though he informed French authorities, faking the assassinations before defecting to France. Directorate for Penitentiaries The Directorate for Penitentiaries operated Romania's prisons, which were notorious for their horrendous conditions. Prisoners were routinely beaten, denied medical attention, had their mail taken away from them, and sometimes even administered lethal doses of poison. Some of the harshest prisons were those at Aiud, Gherla, Pitești, Râmnicu Sarat, and Sighet, as well as the forced labor camps along the Danube–Black Sea Canal and at Periprava. Directorate for Internal Security The Directorate for Internal Security was originally given the task of monitoring the activities going on in the PCR. But after Ion Mihai Pacepa's defection in 1978 and his exposing details of the Ceaușescu regime, such as the collaboration with Arab radical groups, massive espionage on American industry targets and elaborate efforts to rally Western political support, international infiltration and espionage in the Securitate only increased, much to Ceaușescu's anger. In order to solve this problem the entire Division was reorganized and was charged with rooting out dissent in the PCR. A top secret division of this Directorate was formed from forces loyal personally to Ceaușescu and charged with monitoring the Securitate itself. It acted almost as a Securitate for the Securitate, and was responsible for bugging the phones of other Securitate officers and PCR officials to ensure total loyalty. National Commission for Visas and Passports The National Commission for Visas and Passports controlled all travel and immigration in and out of Romania. In effect, traveling abroad was all but impossible for anyone but highly placed Party officials, and any ordinary Romanian who applied for a passport was immediately placed under surveillance. Many Jews and ethnic Germans were given passports and exit visas through tacit agreements with the Israeli and West German governments. Directorate for Security Troops The Directorate for Security Troops acted as a 20,000-strong paramilitary force for the government, equipped with artillery and armoured personnel carriers. The security troops selected new recruits from the same annual pool of conscripts that the armed services used. The police performed routine law enforcement functions including traffic control and issuance of internal identification cards to citizens. Organized in the late 1940s to defend the new regime, in 1989 the security troops had 20,000 soldiers. They were an elite, specially trained paramilitary force organized like motorized rifle (infantry) units equipped with small arms, artillery, and armored personnel carriers, but their mission was considerably different. The security troops were directly responsible through the Minister of the Interior to Ceaușescu. They guarded important installations including PCR county and central office buildings and radio and television stations. The Ceaușescu regime presumably could call the security troops into action as a private army to defend itself against a military coup d'état or other domestic challenges and to suppress antiregime riots, demonstrations, or strikes. To ensure total loyalty amongst these crack troops, there were five times as many political officers in the Directorate for Security Troops than there were in the regular army. They adhered to stricter discipline than in the regular military, but they were rewarded with special treatment and enjoyed far superior living conditions compared to their countrymen. They guarded television and radio stations, as well as PCR buildings. In the event of a coup, they would have been called in to protect the regime. After the Romanian Revolution of 1989, the Directorate for Security Troops was disbanded and replaced first by the Guard and Order Troops (Trupele de Pază și Ordine), and in July 1990 by the Gendarmerie. Directorate for Militia The Directorate for Militia controlled Romania's Miliția, the standard police force, which carried out regular policing tasks such as traffic control, public order, etc. In 1990 it was replaced by the Romanian Police. Directorate V Directorate V were bodyguards for important governmental officials. Funding Ikea In the 1980s under the rule of the Romanian Communist Dictator Nicolae Ceaușescu, Romania's secret police the 'Securitate' received six-figure payments from Ikea. According to declassified files at the National College for Studying the Securitate Archives, Ikea agreed to overcharge for products made in Romania and some of the overpayment funds were deposited into an account controlled by the Securitate. See also List of senior Securitate officers Dumitru Burlan, Securitate officer, chief bodyguard of President Nicolae Ceaușescu Radu (weapon) Romanian Hearth Union KGB AVO Stasi StB UB Notes References Lavinia Stan, ed., Transitional Justice in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union: Reckoning with the Communist Past, London: Routledge, 2009. Lavinia Stan and Rodica Milena Zaharia, "Romania's Intelligence Services. Bridge between the East and the West?", Problems of Post-Communism, vol. 54, no. 1 (January 2007), pp. 3–18. Lavinia Stan and Lucian Turcescu, "The Devil's Confessors: Priests, Communists, Spies and Informers", East European Politics and Societies, vol. 19, no. 4 (November 2005), pp. 655–685. Lavinia Stan, "Spies, Files and Lies: Explaining the Failure of Access to Securitate Files", Communist and Post-Communist Studies, vol. 37, no. 3 (September 2004), pp. 341–359. Lavinia Stan, "Moral Cleansing Romanian Style", Problems of Post-Communism, vol. 49, no. 4 (2002), pp. 52–62. Lavinia Stan, "Access to Securitate Files: The Trials and Tribulations of a Romanian Law", East European Politics and Societies, vol. 16, no. 1 (December 2002), pp. 55–90. External links Romania - Ministry of Interior and Security Forces Gabriel Catalan, Mircea Stănescu, Scurtă istorie a Securității ("Short history of the Securitate"), Sfera Politicii, Nr. 109 (2004), pp. 38–53. Romanian Revolution Cold War Counterterrorism National security institutions Totalitarianism Law enforcement in communist states Defunct Romanian intelligence agencies
Contextual inquiry (CI) is a user-centered design (UCD) research method, part of the contextual design methodology. A contextual inquiry interview is usually structured as an approximately two-hour, one-on-one interaction in which the researcher watches the user in the course of the user's normal activities and discusses those activities with the user. Description Contextual inquiry defines four principles to guide the interaction: Context—Interviews are conducted in the user's actual workplace. The researcher watches users do their own work tasks and discusses any artifacts they generate or use with them. In addition, the researcher gathers detailed re-tellings of specific past events when they are relevant to the project focus. Partnership—User and researcher collaborate to understand the user's work. The interview alternates between observing the user as he or she works and discussing what the user did and why. Interpretation—The researcher shares interpretations and insights with the user during the interview. The user may expand or correct the researcher's understanding. Focus—The researcher steers the interaction towards topics which are relevant to the team's scope. If specific tasks are important, the user may be asked to perform those tasks. A contextual interview generally has three phases, which may not be formally separated in the interview itself: The introduction—The researcher introduces him or herself and may request permission to record and start recording. The researcher promises confidentiality to the user, solicits a high-level overview of the user's work, and consults with the user on the specific tasks the user will work on during the interview. The body of the interview—The researcher observes the work and discusses the observations with the user. The researcher takes notes, usually handwritten, of everything that happens. The wrap-up—The researcher summarizes what was gleaned from the interview, offering the user a chance to give final corrections and clarifications. Before a contextual inquiry, user visits must be set up. The users selected must be doing work of interest currently, must be able to have the researcher come into their workplace (wherever it is), and should represent a wide range of different types of users. A contextual inquiry may gather data from as few as 4 users (for a single, small task) to 30 or more. Following a contextual inquiry field interview, the method defines interpretation sessions as a way to analyze the data. In an interpretation session, 3-8 team members gather to hear the researcher re-tell the story of the interview in order. As the interview is re-told, the team add individual insights and facts as notes. They also may capture representations of the user's activities as work models (defined in the Contextual design methodology). The notes may be organized using an affinity diagram. Many teams use the contextual data to generate in-depth personas. Contextual inquiries may be conducted to understand the needs of a market and to scope the opportunities. They may be conducted to understand the work of specific roles or tasks, to learn the responsibilities and structure of the role. Or they may be narrowly focused on specific tasks, to learn the details necessary to support that task. Advantages Contextual inquiry offers the following advantages over other customer research methods: The open-ended nature of the interaction makes it possible to reveal tacit knowledge, knowledge about their own work process that users themselves are not consciously aware of. Tacit knowledge has traditionally been very hard for researchers to uncover. The information produced by contextual inquiry is highly reliable. Surveys and questionnaires assume the questions they include are important. Traditional usability tests assume the tasks the user is asked to perform are relevant. Contextual inquiries focus on the work users need to accomplish, done their way—so it is always relevant to the user. And because it's their own work, the users are more committed to it than they would be to a sample task. The information produced by contextual inquiry is highly detailed. Marketing methods such as surveys produce high-level information but not the detailed work practice data needed to design products. It is very difficult to get this level of detail any other way. Contextual inquiry is a very flexible technique. Contextual inquiries have been conducted in homes, offices, hospital OPDs, operating theaters, automobiles, factory floors, construction sites, maintenance tunnels, and chip fabrication labs, among many other places. Limitations Contextual inquiry has the following limitations: Contextual inquiry is resource-intensive. It requires travel to the informant's site, a few hours with each user, and then a few more hours to interpret the results of the interview. History of the method Contextual inquiry was first referenced as a "phenomenological research method" in a paper by Whiteside, Bennet, and Holtzblatt in 1988, which lays out much of the justification for using qualitative research methods in design. It was first fully described as a method in its own right by Wixon, Holtzblatt, and Knox in 1990, where comparisons with other research methods are offered. It is most fully described by Holtzblatt and Beyer in 1995. Contextual inquiry was extended to the full contextual design methodology by Beyer and Holtzblatt between 1988 and 1992. Contextual design was briefly described by them for Communications of the ACM in 1995, and was fully described in Contextual Design in 1997. Work models as a way of capturing representations of user work during interpretation sessions were first briefly described by Beyer and Holtzblatt in 1993 and then more fully in 1995. See also Ethnography Scenario References Further reading S. Jones, Learning DECwrite in the Workplace; Using Contextual Inquiry to Articulate Learning. Internal Digital Report: DEC-TR 677, December 1989. An early use of CI to analyze the use of a software product. L. Cohen, Quality Function Deployment: How to Make QFD Work for You. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Reading, Massachusetts, 1995. Discusses the use of CI in Quality Function Deployment D. Wixon and J. Ramey (Eds.), Field Methods Case Book for Product Design. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., NY, NY, 1996. This book describes the experience of several different practitioners using field methods. Several people who have used Contextual Inquiry and Contextual Design have written chapters describing their experiences. This is a good resource for anyone wanting to adopt customer-centered methods in their own organization. It includes a chapter by Holtzblatt and Beyer describing the whole Contextual Design process. Nardi, B. Context and Consciousness : Activity Theory and Human-Computer Interaction. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, Cambridge, MA, USA ©1995 External links Contextual inquiry at UsabilityNet Contextual Interviews at Usability.gov Getting Started with Contextual Techniques Human–computer interaction Inquiry
Moses & the Shepherd is an album by Iranian tenor singer Shahram Nazeri. Track listing Rumi is credited as the "poet" for each track. Daramad Moses to Shepeherd Shepherd to Moses God's voice Music and Instrument Music and Instrument Song Masnavi Vocal Song Personnel Vocals – Shahram Nazeri Other performers – Jalal Zolfonun, Behzad Forouhari, and Mohammad Hooman Poetry by Rumi See also Moses and Shepherd (story) References External links Official Shahram Nazeri website Shahram Nazeri albums
SOLVE (formerly SOLV, Sustaining Oregon's Legacy by Volunteering, originally an acronym for Stop Oregon Litter and Vandalism) is an environmental non-profit organization working throughout the U.S. state of Oregon. The group is based in Portland. History SOLVE was founded in 1969 by Oregon Governor Tom McCall with the goal of reducing and cleaning up litter and vandalism throughout Oregon. In 1976, SOLVE hired Blanche Schroeder, Portland Chamber of Commerce lobbyist, to act as Executive Director of SOLVE on a part-time basis. The first statewide citizen volunteer Beach Cleanup in the nation was organized by SOLVE in 1984. Since then, annual beach cleanups have spread to every state in the U.S., all U.S. territories, and more than 100 countries around the world. Jack McGowan became the director of the group in 1990, and continued as its leader until 2008. Over time, SOLVE has expanded its work to include education efforts, removal of invasive species, and planting of native species. In April 2008, Dianna Smiley took over as director after McGowan retired, and she was replaced in January 2010 by Melisa McDonald. The current Chief Executive Officer is Kris Carico. As of 2019, the organization had a $1.5 million budget. See also Oregon Bottle Bill Earth Day References External links SOLVE (official website) SOLV recognized for sustainability work - The Oregonian Organizations based in Portland, Oregon Environmental organizations based in Oregon Organizations established in 1969 1969 establishments in Oregon
The 2016–17 LIU Brooklyn Blackbirds men's basketball team represented The Brooklyn Campus of Long Island University during the 2016–17 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Blackbirds, led by fifth-year head coach Jack Perri, played their home games at the Steinberg Wellness Center, with several home games at the Barclays Center, and were members of the Northeast Conference. They finished the season 20–12, 13–5 in NEC play to finish in second place. In the NEC tournament, they lost to Robert Morris in the quarterfinals. On March 20, 2017, head coach Jack Perri was fired after five seasons at LIU Brooklyn. Former UMass head coach Derek Kellogg was hired as the new head coach on April 18. Previous season The Blackbirds finished the 2015–16 season 16–15, 9–9 in NEC play to finish in a tie for sixth place. They beat Sacred Heart in the quarterfinals of the NEC tournament before losing to Wagner. Roster Schedule and results \|- !colspan=9 style=\| Non-conference regular season \|- !colspan=9 style=\| Northeast Conference regular season \|- !colspan=9 style=\| NEC tournament References LIU Brooklyn Blackbirds men's basketball seasons LIU Brooklyn LIU Brooklyn LIU Brooklyn
Yusuf Islam (born Steven Demetre Georgiou; ), commonly known by his stage names Cat Stevens, Yusuf, and Yusuf / Cat Stevens, is a British singer-songwriter and musician. He has sold more than 100 million records and has more than two billion streams. His musical style consists of folk, pop, rock, and, later in his career, Islamic music. Following two decades in which he performed only music which met strict religious standards, he returned to making secular music in 2006. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2014. His 1967 debut album and its title song "Matthew and Son" both reached top 10 in the UK charts. Stevens' albums Tea for the Tillerman (1970) and Teaser and the Firecat (1971) were certified triple platinum in the US. His 1972 album Catch Bull at Four went to No. 1 on the Billboard 200 and spent weeks at the top of several other major charts. He earned ASCAP songwriting awards in 2005 and 2006 for "The First Cut Is the Deepest", which has been a hit for four artists. His other hit songs include "Father and Son", "Wild World", "Moonshadow", "Peace Train", and "Morning Has Broken". Stevens converted to Islam in December 1977, and adopted the name Yusuf Islam the following year. In 1979, he auctioned his guitars for charity, and left his musical career to devote himself to educational and philanthropic causes in the Muslim community. He has since bought back at least one of the guitars he sold as a result of the efforts of his son, Yoriyos. Stevens was embroiled in a controversy regarding comments he made in 1989, about the death fatwa placed on author Salman Rushdie in response to the publication of Rushdie's novel The Satanic Verses. He has explained the incident stating: "I was cleverly framed by certain questions. I never supported the fatwa." He has received two honorary doctorates and awards for promoting peace as well as other humanitarian awards. In 2006, he returned to pop music by releasing his first new studio album of new pop songs in 28 years, entitled An Other Cup. With that release and subsequent ones, he dropped the surname "Islam" from the album cover art – using the stage name Yusuf as a mononym. In 2009, he released the album Roadsinger and, in 2014, he released the album Tell 'Em I'm Gone and began his first US tour since 1978. His second North American tour since his resurgence, featuring 12 shows in intimate venues, ran from 12 September to 7 October 2016. In 2017, he released the album The Laughing Apple, now using the stage name Yusuf / Cat Stevens, using the Cat Stevens name for the first time in 39 years. In September 2020, he released Tea for the Tillerman 2, a reimagining of his classic album Tea for the Tillerman to celebrate its 50th anniversary, and in June 2023, King of a Land, a new studio album. Life and career Early life (1948–1965) Steven Demetre Georgiou, born on 21 July 1948 in the Marylebone area of London, was the youngest child of a Cypriot father, Stavros Georgiou (1900–1978), and a Swedish mother, Ingrid Wickman (1915–1989). He has an older sister, Anita (b. 1937), and a brother, David Gordon. The family lived above the Moulin Rouge, a restaurant his parents operated on the north end of Shaftesbury Avenue, a short walk from Piccadilly Circus in the Soho theatre district of London. All family members worked in the restaurant. His parents divorced when he was about eight years old but continued to maintain the family restaurant and live above it. Stevens has a half-brother, George Georgiou, born in Greece, presumably from his father's first marriage in Greece. Although his father was Greek Orthodox and his mother was a Baptist, Georgiou was sent to St Joseph Roman Catholic Primary School, Macklin Street, which was closer to his father's business on Drury Lane. Georgiou developed an interest in piano at a young age, eventually using the family baby grand piano to work out the chords, since no one else there played well enough to teach him. At 15, inspired by the popularity of the Beatles, he became interested in the guitar. He persuaded his father to pay £8 () for his first guitar, and he began playing it and writing songs. He occasionally escaped his family responsibilities by going to the rooftop above their home and listening to the tunes of the musicals drifting from around the corner on Denmark Street, then the centre of the British music industry. Stevens said that West Side Story particularly affected him and gave him a "different view of life". With interests in both art and music, he and his mother moved to Gävle, Sweden, where he attended primary school (Solängsskolan) and started developing his drawing skills after being influenced by his uncle Hugo Wickman, a painter. They subsequently returned to England. He attended other local West End schools, where he says he was constantly in trouble and did poorly in everything but art. He was called 'the artist boy' and said, "I was beat up, but I was noticed". He took a one-year course at Hammersmith School of Art, considering a career as a cartoonist. Though he enjoyed art (his later record albums featured his original artwork), he decided to pursue a musical career. He began performing under the name "Steve Adams" in 1965 while at Hammersmith. At that point, his goal was to become a songwriter. As well as the Beatles, other musicians who influenced him were the Kinks, Bob Dylan, Nina Simone, blues artists Lead Belly and Muddy Waters, Biff Rose (particularly Rose's first album), Leo Kottke and Paul Simon. He also sought to emulate composers of musicals, such as Ira Gershwin and Leonard Bernstein. In 1965, he signed a publishing deal with Ardmore & Beechwood and recorded several demos, including "The First Cut Is the Deepest". Musical career (1966–1978) Early musical career Georgiou began performing his songs in London coffee houses and pubs. At first he tried to form a band, but realised he preferred performing solo. Thinking his birth name might be difficult to remember, he chose the stage name Cat Stevens, partly because a girlfriend said he had eyes like a cat, but mainly because "I couldn't imagine anyone going to the record store and asking for 'that Steven Demetre Georgiou album'. And in England, and I was sure in America, they loved animals." In 1966, at age 18, he was heard by manager/producer Mike Hurst, formerly of British vocal group the Springfields. Hurst arranged for him to record a demo and helped him get a record deal. Stevens's first singles were hits: "I Love My Dog" reached number 28 on the UK Singles Chart; and "Matthew and Son", the title song from his debut album, reached number 2 in the UK. "I'm Gonna Get Me a Gun" was his second UK top 10 single, reaching number 6, and the album Matthew and Son reached number 7 on the UK Albums Chart. Over the next two years, Stevens recorded and toured with an eclectic group of artists ranging from Jimi Hendrix to Engelbert Humperdinck. He was considered a fresh-faced teen star, placing several single releases in the British pop music charts. Some of that success was attributed to the pirate radio station Wonderful Radio London, which gained him fans by playing his records. In August 1967, he was one of several recording artists who had benefited from the station to broadcast messages during its final hour to mourn its closure. His December 1967 album New Masters failed to chart in the United Kingdom. The album is now most notable for "The First Cut Is the Deepest", a song he sold for £30 () to P. P. Arnold and which became a massive hit for her and an international hit for Keith Hampshire, Rod Stewart, James Morrison, and Sheryl Crow. Forty years after he recorded the first demo of the song, it earned him back-to-back ASCAP "Songwriter of the Year" awards, in 2005 and 2006. Tuberculosis Stevens contracted tuberculosis in 1969 and was close to death at the time of his admission to the King Edward VII Hospital, Midhurst, Sussex. He spent months recuperating in the hospital and a year of convalescence. During this time, Stevens began to question aspects of his life and spirituality. He later said, "To go from the show business environment and find you are in hospital, getting injections day in and day out, and people around you are dying, it certainly changes your perspective. I got down to thinking about myself. It seemed almost as if I had my eyes shut." He took up meditation, yoga, and metaphysics, read about other religions and became a vegetarian. As a result of his serious illness and long convalescence and as a part of his spiritual awakening and questioning, he wrote as many as 40 songs, many of which would appear on his albums in later years. Changes in musical sound after illness The lack of success of Stevens' second album mirrored a difference of personal tastes in musical direction. He felt a growing resentment of producer Mike Hurst's attempts to re-create the style of his debut album, with heavy-handed orchestration and over-production, rather than the folk rock sound Stevens was attempting to produce. He admits having purposely sabotaged his own contract with Hurst, by making outlandishly expensive orchestral demands and threatening legal action; this achieved his goal: to be released from his contract with Deram Records, a sub-label of Decca Records. On regaining his health at home after his release from the hospital, Stevens recorded some of his newly written songs on his tape recorder and played his changing sound for several new record executives. He hired an agent, Barry Krost, who arranged an audition with Chris Blackwell of Island Records. Blackwell offered him a "chance to record [his songs] whenever and with whomever he liked and, more importantly to Cat, however he liked". With Krost's recommendation, Stevens signed Paul Samwell-Smith, previously the bassist of the Yardbirds, as his new producer. Height of popularity Samwell-Smith paired Stevens with guitarist Alun Davies, who was at that time working as a session musician. Davies was the more experienced veteran of two albums that had already begun to explore the emerging genres of skiffle and folk rock music. Davies was also thought to be a perfect fit with Stevens, particularly for his "fingerwork" on the guitar, harmonising, and backing vocals. They originally met just to record Mona Bone Jakon, but soon developed a friendship. Davies, like Stevens, was a perfectionist, appearing at all sound checks to be sure that all the equipment and sound were prepared for each concert. The first single released from Mona Bone Jakon was "Lady D'Arbanville", which Stevens wrote about his young American girlfriend Patti D'Arbanville. The record had a madrigal sound, unlike most music played on pop radio, with djembes and bass in addition to Stevens' and Davies' guitars. It reached number 8 in the UK and was the first of his hits to get real airplay in the US. The single sold over 1 million copies and earned him a gold record in 1971. Other songs written for D'Arbanville included "Maybe You're Right" and "Just Another Night". "Pop Star", a song about his experience as a teen star, and "Katmandu", with Genesis frontman Peter Gabriel playing flute, were also featured. Mona Bone Jakon was an early example of the solo singer-songwriter album format that was becoming popular for other artists as well. Rolling Stone magazine compared its popularity with that of Elton John's Tumbleweed Connection, saying it was played "across the board, across radio formats". Mona Bone Jakon was the precursor of Stevens' international breakthrough album, Tea for the Tillerman, which became a Top 10 Billboard hit. Within six months of its release, it had sold over 500,000 copies, attaining gold record status in the United Kingdom and the United States. The combination of Stevens' new folk rock style and accessible lyrics, which spoke of everyday situations and problems, mixed with the beginning of spiritual questions about life, remained in his music from then on. The album features the Top 20 single "Wild World"; a parting song after D'Arbanville moved on. "Wild World" has been credited as the song that gave Tea for the Tillerman 'enough kick' to get it played on FM radio. The head of Island Records, Chris Blackwell, was quoted as calling it "the best album we've ever released". Other album tracks include "Hard-Headed Woman", and "Father and Son" – sung by Stevens in baritone and tenor, portraying the struggle between fathers and sons who contrast their personal choices in life. In 2001, this album was certified by the RIAA as a Multi-Platinum record, having sold 3 million copies in the United States at that time. It is ranked at No. 206 in the 2003 list of "Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time". After his relationship with D'Arbanville ended, Stevens noted the effect it had on his writing, saying, "Everything I wrote while I was away was in a transitional period and reflects that. Like Patti. A year ago we split; I had been with her for two years. What I write about Patti and my family... when I sing the songs now, I learn strange things. I learn the meanings of my songs late ..." Having established a signature sound, Stevens enjoyed a string of successes in the following years. 1971's Teaser and the Firecat album reached number two and achieved gold record status within three weeks of its release in the United States. It yielded several hits, including "Peace Train", "Morning Has Broken", and "Moonshadow". The album was also certified by the RIAA as a Multi-Platinum record in 2001, with over 3 million sold in the United States through that time. When interviewed on a Boston radio station, Stevens said about Teaser and the Firecat: I get the tune and then I just keep on singing the tune until the words come out from the tune. It's kind of a hypnotic state that you reach after a while when you keep on playing it where words just evolve from it. So you take those words and just let them go whichever way they want ...'Moonshadow'? Funny, that was in Spain, I went there alone, completely alone, to get away from a few things. And I was dancin' on the rocks there ... right on the rocks where the waves were, like, blowin' and splashin'. Really, it was so fantastic. And the moon was bright, ya know, and I started dancin' and singin' and I sang that song and it stayed. It's just the kind of moment that you want to find when you're writin' songs. For seven months, in 1971 and 1972, Stevens was romantically linked to popular singer Carly Simon, while both were being produced by Samwell-Smith. During that time, they each wrote songs for, and about, one another. Simon wrote and recorded at least two Top 50 songs, "Legend in Your Own Time" and "Anticipation" about Stevens. He reciprocated with a song to her, written after their romance, entitled "Sweet Scarlet". His next album, Catch Bull at Four, released in 1972, was his most rapidly successful album in the United States, reaching gold record status in 15 days and holding the number one position for three weeks on the Billboard 200 and fifteen weeks at number one in the Australian ARIA Charts. Film and television soundtracks In July 1970, Stevens recorded one of his songs, "But I Might Die Tonight", for the Jerzy Skolimowski film Deep End. He contributed two songs to the 1971 film Harold and Maude, but was annoyed when director Hal Ashby decided to use the original demos instead of allowing Stevens to finish them. The film used seven other Stevens songs as well but, perhaps because of the dispute, the soundtrack album was not released until 2007. After his religious conversion in the late 1970s, Stevens stopped granting permission for his songs to be used in films. However, almost 20 years later, in 1997, the film Rushmore received his permission to use his songs "Here Comes My Baby" and "The Wind"; this showed a new willingness on his part to release music from his Western "pop star" days. In 2000, "Peace Train" was included in the movie Remember the Titans, and Almost Famous used the song "The Wind". In 2006 "Peace Train" featured in the soundtrack to We Are Marshall. Later recordings Subsequent releases in the 1970s also did well on the charts and in ongoing sales, although they did not touch the success Stevens had from 1970 to 1973. In 1973, Stevens moved to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, as a tax exile from the United Kingdom; however, he later donated the money to UNESCO. During that time he created the album Foreigner, which was a departure from the music that had brought him to the height of his fame. It differed in several respects: it was entirely written by Stevens; he dropped his band; and, with the exception of some guitar on the title track and "100 I Dream", he produced the record without the assistance of Samwell-Smith, who had played a large role in catapulting him to fame. In June 1974, while in Australia, Cat Stevens was presented with a plaque representing the sale of forty gold records, the largest number ever presented to an artist in Australia. In April 1977, his Izitso album updated his pop rock and folk rock style with the extensive use of synthesisers, giving it a more synthpop style. "Was Dog a Doughnut", in particular, was an early techno-pop fusion track and a precursor to the 1980s electro music genre, making early use of a music sequencer. Izitso included his last chart hit, "(Remember the Days of the) Old Schoolyard", an early synthpop song that used a polyphonic synthesiser; it was a duet with fellow UK singer Elkie Brooks. His final original album under the name Cat Stevens was Back to Earth, released in late 1978. It was also the first album produced by Samwell-Smith since the peak in Stevens' single album sales in the early 1970s. Several compilation albums were released before and after he stopped recording. After Stevens left Decca Records, they bundled his first two albums together as a set, hoping to ride the commercial tide of his early success; later his newer labels did the same, and Stevens also released compilations. The most successful of the compilation albums was the 1975 Greatest Hits which has sold over 4 million copies in the United States. In May 2003, he received his first Platinum Europe Award from the IFPI for Remember Cat Stevens: The Ultimate Collection, indicating over one million European sales. Religious conversion While on holiday in Marrakesh, Stevens was intrigued by the sound of the adhān, the Islamic ritual call to prayer, which was explained to him as "music for God". Stevens said, "I thought, music for God? I'd never heard that before – I'd heard of music for money, music for fame, music for personal power, but music for God!?" In 1976, Stevens nearly drowned off the coast of Malibu, California, and said he shouted, "Oh, God! If you save me I will work for you." He stated that, immediately afterwards, a wave appeared and carried him back to shore. This brush with death intensified his long-held quest for spiritual truth. He had looked into "Buddhism, Zen, I Ching, numerology, tarot cards, and astrology". Stevens' brother David Gordon, a convert to Judaism, brought him a copy of the Qur'an as a birthday gift from a trip to Jerusalem. Stevens said on BBC's Desert Island Discs: "I would never have picked up the Qur'an myself as a free spirit; I was more aligned to my father's Greek Orthodox beliefs." His brother's timely gift was quickly absorbed and he was taken with its content, soon beginning his transition and conversion to Islam, which would change forever his private and professional life. During the time he was studying the Qur'an, Stevens began to identify more and more with the story of Joseph, a man bought and sold in the market place, which is how he said he had increasingly felt within the music business. Regarding his conversion, in his 2006 interview with Alan Yentob, he stated, "To some people, it may have seemed like an enormous jump, but for me, it was a gradual move to this." And, in a Rolling Stone magazine interview, he reaffirmed that, saying, "I had found the spiritual home I'd been seeking for most of my life. And if you listen to my music and lyrics, like "Peace Train" and "On The Road To Find Out", it clearly shows my yearning for direction and the spiritual path I was travelling." Stevens formally converted to the Muslim faith on 23 December 1977, taking the name Yusuf Islam in 1978. Yusuf is the Arabic rendition of the name Joseph; he stated that he "always loved the name Joseph" and was particularly drawn to the story of Joseph in the Qur'an. Although he discontinued his pop career, he was persuaded to perform one last time before what became his 25-year musical hiatus. Appearing with his hair freshly shorn and an untrimmed beard, he headlined a charity concert on 22 November 1979 in Wembley Stadium to benefit UNICEF's International Year of the Child. The concert closed with his performance along with David Essex, Alun Davies, and Islam's brother, David Gordon, who wrote the finale song "Child for a Day". After a brief engagement to Louise Wightman, Islam married Fauzia Mubarak Ali on 7 September 1979, at Regent's Park Mosque in London. They have one son, four daughters, and nine grandchildren; a second son died in infancy. They have a home in London while currently preferring to spend a major part of each year in Dubai. Life as Yusuf Islam (1978–present) Muslim faith and musical career Following his conversion to Islam, Cat Stevens (now named Yusuf Islam), abandoned his musical career for nearly two decades. When he became a Muslim in 1977, the Imam at his mosque told him that it was fine to continue as a musician, as long as the songs were morally acceptable, but others were saying that "it was all prohibited", and he decided to avoid the question by ceasing to perform. He has said that there was "a combination of reasons, really", and that the continuing demands of the music business had been "becoming a chore, and not an inspiration anymore". In a 2004 interview on Larry King Live, he said "A lot of people would have loved me to keep singing. You come to a point where you have sung, more or less ... your whole repertoire and you want to get down to the job of living. You know, up until that point, I hadn't had a life. I'd been searching, been on the road." Estimating in January 2007 that he was continuing to earn approximately US$1.5 million a year from his Cat Stevens music, he said he would use his accumulated wealth and ongoing earnings from his music career for philanthropic and educational causes in the Muslim community of London and elsewhere. In 1983, he founded the Islamia Primary School in Brondesbury Park, later moved to Salusbury Road, in the north London area of Queen's Park and, soon after, founded several Muslim secondary schools; in 1992, he set up The Association of Muslim Schools (AMS-UK), a charity that brought together all the Muslim schools in the UK. He is also the founder and chairman of the Small Kindness charity, which initially assisted famine victims in Africa and now supports thousands of orphans and families in the Balkans, Indonesia, and Iraq. He was chairman of the charity Muslim Aid from 1985 to 1993. Salman Rushdie controversy In 1989, following an address by Islam to students at London's Kingston Polytechnic (now Kingston University), where he was asked about the fatwa calling for the killing of Salman Rushdie, author of the novel The Satanic Verses, Islam made a series of comments that appeared to show support for the fatwa. He stated, "He (Rushdie) must be killed. The Qur'an makes it clear – if someone defames the prophet, then he must die." He released a statement the following day denying that he supported vigilantism and claiming that he had merely recounted the Islamic Sharia law punishment for blasphemy. Subsequently, he commented in a 1989 interview on Australian television that Rushdie should be killed and stated he would rather burn Rushdie instead of an effigy. In a statement in the FAQ section of one of his websites, Islam asserted that while he regretted the comments, he was joking and that the show was improperly edited. In the years since these comments he has repeatedly denied ever calling for the death of Rushdie or supporting the fatwa, a position contradicted by his contemporary public statements in 1989. Yusuf appearing on BBC's Desert Island Discs on 27 September 2020 claimed clever "sharp-toothed" journalists had framed his fatwa comment in a misleading way. In a 2007 letter to the editor of The Daily Telegraph, Rushdie complained of what he believed was Islam's attempts to "rewrite his past", and called his claims of innocence "rubbish". On August 12, 2022, Salman Rushdie suffered a knife attack as he was about to give a public lecture at the Chautauqua Institution in Chautauqua, New York, United States. In response to the awful attack Yusuf tweeted "Saddened and shocked to learn about the horrific act on Salman Rushdie my wish is for us all to live in peace. May God grant him and every one else who has suffered from the manic pandemic of violence in this world, a full recovery. Peace". 11 September attacks Immediately following the September 11 attacks on the United States, he said: He appeared on videotape on a VH1 pre-show for the October 2001 Concert for New York City, condemning the attacks and singing his song "Peace Train" for the first time in public in more than 20 years, as an a cappella version. He also donated a portion of his box-set royalties to the fund for victims' families and the rest to orphans in underdeveloped countries. During the same year, he dedicated time and effort in joining the Forum Against Islamophobia and Racism, an organisation that worked towards battling misconceptions and acts against others because of their religious beliefs or their racial identity (or both), after many Muslims reported a backlash against them due in part to the grief caused by the events in the United States on 11 September. Denial of entry into the United States On 21 September 2004, Islam was on a United Airlines flight from London to Washington, travelling to a meeting with American entertainer Dolly Parton, who had recorded "Peace Train" several years earlier and was planning to include another Cat Stevens song on an upcoming album. While the plane was in flight, his name was flagged as being on the No Fly List. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) officers alerted the United States Transportation Security Administration, which then diverted his flight to Bangor, Maine, where he was detained by officers from the Department of Homeland Security. The following day, he was denied entry and flown back to the United Kingdom. A spokesman for Homeland Security claimed there were "concerns of ties he may have to potential terrorist-related activities". The Israeli government had deported Islam in 2000 over allegations that he provided funding to the Palestinian organisation Hamas, but he denied doing so knowingly. Islam stated "I have never knowingly supported or given money to Hamas". "At the time I was reported to have done it, I didn't know such a group existed. Some people give a political interpretation to charity. We were horrified at how people were suffering in the Holy Land." However, the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) added him to a "watch list" which provoked an international controversy and led the British Foreign Secretary Jack Straw to complain personally to the United States Secretary of State Colin Powell at the United Nations. Powell responded by stating that the watchlist was under review, adding, "I think we have that obligation to review these matters to see if we are right". Islam believed his inclusion on a "watch list" may have simply been an error: a mistaken identification of him for a man with the same name, but different spelling. On 1 October 2004 he requested the removal of his name, "I remain bewildered by the decision of the US authorities to refuse me entry to the United States". According to his statement, the man on the list was named "Youssef Islam", indicating that Islam was not the suspected terrorism supporter. Romanisation of Arabic names can easily result in different spellings: the transliteration of Yusuf gives rise to a dozen spellings. Two years later, in December 2006, Islam was admitted without incident into the United States for several radio concert performances and interviews to promote his new record. He said of the incident at the time, "No reason was ever given, but being asked to repeat the spelling of my name again and again, made me think it was a fairly simple mistake of identity. Rumours which circulated after made me imagine otherwise." Islam wrote a song about his 2004 exclusion from the US, entitled "Boots and Sand", recorded in 2008 and featuring Paul McCartney, Dolly Parton, and Terry Sylvester. Libel cases Lawsuit over News UK newspaper reports that he had supported terrorism In October 2004, The Sun and The Sunday Times newspapers voiced their support for Yusuf's exclusion from the United States and claimed that he had supported terrorism. He sued for libel and received an out-of-court financial settlement from the newspapers, which both published apology statements saying that he had never supported terrorism and mentioning that he had recently been given a Man of Peace award from the World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates. However The Sunday Times managing editor Richard Caseby said that while there was an "agreed settlement", they "always denied liability" and "disagreed with Cat Stevens' lawyers interpretation", but took a "pragmatic view" of the lawsuit. Yusuf responded that he was "delighted by the settlement [which] helps vindicate my character and good name. ... It seems to be the easiest thing in the world these days to make scurrilous accusations against Muslims and, in my case, it directly impacts on my relief work and damages my reputation as an artist. The harm done is often difficult to repair", and added that he intended to donate the financial award given to him by the court to help orphans of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami. He wrote about the experience in a newspaper article entitled "A Cat in a Wild World". Lawsuit about allegations that he would not talk to unveiled women On 18 July 2008, Islam received substantial undisclosed damages from the World Entertainment News Network following their publication of a story which claimed that the singer refused to speak to unveiled women. The allegations first surfaced in the German newspaper BZ after Islam's trip to Berlin in March 2007 to collect the Echo music award for "life achievements as musician and ambassador between cultures". Once again he was awarded damages after the World Entertainment News Network allowed an article to be published on Contactmusic.com alleging that he would not speak to unveiled women with the exception of his wife. His solicitor said "he was made out to be 'so sexist and bigoted that he refused at an awards ceremony to speak to or even acknowledge any women who were not wearing a veil. The news agency apologised and issued a statement saying that Islam has never had any problem in working with women and that he has never required a third party to function as an intermediary at work. The money from this lawsuit went to his Small Kindness Charity. On his website, he discussed the false allegation, saying, Return to music 1990s–2006: as Yusuf Islam Islam gradually resumed his musical career in the 1990s. These initial recordings did not include any musical instruments other than percussion, and they featured lyrics about Islamic themes, some in spoken word or hamd form. He invested in building his own recording studio which he named Mountain of Light Studios in the late 1990s, and he was featured as a guest singer on "God Is the Light", a song on an album of nasheeds by the group Raihan. In addition, he invited and collaborated with other Muslim singers, including Canadian artist Dawud Wharnsby. After Islam's friend, Irfan Ljubijankić, the Foreign Minister of Bosnia and Herzegovina, was killed by a Serbian rocket attack, Islam appeared at a 1997 benefit concert in Sarajevo and recorded a benefit album named after a song written by Ljubijankić, I Have No Cannons That Roar. Realising there were few educational resources designed to teach children about the Islamic religion, Islam wrote and produced a children's album, A Is for Allah, in 2000 with the assistance of South African singer-songwriter Zain Bhikha. The title song was one Islam had written years before to introduce his first child to both the religion and the Arabic alphabet. He also established his own record label, "Jamal Records", and Mountain of Light Productions, and he donates a percentage of his projects' proceeds to his Small Kindness charity, whose name is taken from the Qur'an. On the occasion of the 2000 re-release of his Cat Stevens albums, at the urging of his label rep Sujata, Islam agreed to interviews with the media to tell his story and reconnect with his fans. Islam explained that he had stopped performing in English due to his misunderstanding of the Islamic faith. "This issue of music in Islam is not as cut-and-dried as I was led to believe ... I relied on heresy, that was perhaps my mistake." He also participated in the first documentary on his life for a two-part VH1 Behind the Music. Islam has reflected that his decision to leave the Western pop music business was perhaps too quick with too little communication for his fans. For most it was a surprise, and even his long-time guitarist Alun Davies said in later interviews that he hadn't believed that his friend would actually go through with it after his many forays into other religions throughout their relationship. Islam himself has said the "cut" between his former life and his life as a Muslim might have been too quick, and too severe, and that more people might have been better informed about Islam, and given an opportunity to better understand it, and himself, if he had simply removed those items that were considered harām, in his performances, allowing him to express himself musically and educate listeners through his music without violating any religious constraints. In 2003, after repeated encouragement from within the Muslim world, Islam once again recorded "Peace Train" for a compilation CD, which also included performances by David Bowie and Paul McCartney. He performed "Wild World" in Nelson Mandela's 46664 concert with his earlier collaborator, Peter Gabriel, the first time he had publicly performed in English in 25 years. In December 2004, he and Ronan Keating released a new version of "Father and Son": the song entered the charts at number two, behind Band Aid 20's "Do They Know It's Christmas?" They also produced a video of the pair walking between photographs of fathers and sons, while singing the song. The proceeds of "Father and Son" were donated to the Band Aid charity. Keating's former group, Boyzone, had a hit with the song a decade earlier. As he had been persuaded before, Islam contributed to the song, because the proceeds were marked for charity. On 21 April 2005, Islam gave a short talk before a scheduled musical performance in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, on the anniversary of the prophet Muhammad's birthday. He said: There is a great deal of ignorance in the world about Islam today, and we hope to communicate with the help of something more refined than lectures and talks. Our recordings are particularly appealing to the young, having used songs as well as Qur'an verses with pleasing sound effects ... Islam observed that there are no real guidelines about instruments and no references about the business of music in the Qur'an, and that Muslim travellers first brought the guitar to Moorish Spain. He noted that Muhammad was fond of celebrations, as in the case of the birth of a child, or a traveller arriving after a long journey. Thus, Islam concluded that healthy entertainment was acceptable within limitations, and that he now felt that it was no sin to perform with the guitar. Music, he now felt, is uplifting to the soul; something sorely needed in troubled times. At that point, he was joined by several young male singers who sang backing vocals and played a drum, with Islam as lead singer and guitarist. They performed two songs, both half in Arabic and half in English; "Tala'a Al-Badru Alayna", an old song in Arabic which Islam recorded with a folk sound to it, and another song, "The Wind East and West", which was newly written by Islam and featured a distinct R&B sound. With this performance, Islam began slowly to integrate instruments into both older material from his Cat Stevens era (some with slight lyrical changes) and new songs, both those known to the Muslim communities around the world and some that have the same Western flair from before with a focus on new topics and another generation of listeners. In a 2005 press release, he explained his revived recording career: In early 2005, Islam released a new song, entitled "Indian Ocean", about the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami disaster. The song featured Indian composer/producer A. R. Rahman, a-ha keyboard player Magne Furuholmen and Travis drummer Neil Primrose. Proceeds of the single went to help orphans in Banda Aceh, one of the areas worst affected by the tsunami, through Islam's Small Kindness charity. At first, the single was released only through several online music stores but later featured on the compilation album Cat Stevens: Gold. "I had to learn my faith and look after my family, and I had to make priorities. But now I've done it all and there's a little space for me to fill in the universe of music again." On 28 May 2005, Islam delivered a keynote speech and performed at the Adopt-A-Minefield Gala in Düsseldorf. The Adopt-A-Minefield charity, under the patronage of Paul McCartney, works internationally to raise awareness and funds to clear landmines and rehabilitate landmine survivors. Islam attended as part of an honorary committee which also included George Martin, Richard Branson, Boutros Boutros-Ghali, Klaus Voormann, Christopher Lee and others. In mid-2005, Islam played guitar for the Dolly Parton album Those Were the Days on her version of his "Where Do the Children Play?" (Parton had also covered "Peace Train" a few years earlier.) Islam has credited his then 21-year-old son Muhammad Islam, also a musician and artist, for his return to secular music, when the son brought a guitar back into the house, which Islam began playing. Muhammad's professional name is Yoriyos and his debut album was released in February 2007. Yoriyos created the art on Islam's album An Other Cup, something that Cat Stevens did for his own albums in the 1970s. In May 2006, in anticipation of his forthcoming new pop album, the BBC1 programme Imagine aired a 49-minute documentary with Alan Yentob called Yusuf: The Artist formerly Known as Cat Stevens. This documentary film features rare audio and video clips from the late 1960s and 1970s, as well as an extensive interview with Islam, his brother David Gordon, several record executives, Bob Geldof, Dolly Parton, and others outlining his career as Cat Stevens, his conversion and emergence as Yusuf Islam, and his return to music in 2006. There are clips of him singing in the studio when he was recording An Other Cup as well as a few 2006 excerpts of him on guitar singing a few verses of Cat Stevens songs including "The Wind" and "On the Road to Find Out". In December 2006, Islam was one of the artists who performed at the Nobel Peace Prize Concert in Oslo, Norway, in honour of the prize winners, Muhammad Yunus and Grameen Bank. He performed the songs "Midday (Avoid City After Dark)", "Peace Train", and "Heaven/Where True Love Goes". He also gave a concert in New York City that month as a Jazz at Lincoln Center event, recorded and broadcast by KCRW-FM radio, along with an interview by Nic Harcourt. Accompanying him, as in the Cat Stevens days, was Alun Davies, on guitar and vocals. 2006–2017: as Yusuf 2006–2008: An Other Cup and appearances In March 2006, Islam finished recording his first all-new pop album since 1978. The album, An Other Cup, was released internationally in November 2006 on his own label, Ya Records (distributed by Polydor Records in the UK, and internationally by Atlantic Records)—the 40th anniversary of his first album, Matthew and Son. An accompanying single, called "Heaven/Where True Love Goes", was also released. The album was produced with Rick Nowels, who has worked with Dido and Rod Stewart. The performer is noted as "Yusuf", with a cover label identifying him as "the artist formerly known as Cat Stevens". The art on the album is credited to Yoriyos. Islam wrote all of the songs except "Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood", and recorded it in the United States and the United Kingdom. Islam actively promoted this album, appearing on radio, television and in print interviews. In November 2006, he told the BBC, "It's me, so it's going to sound like that of course ... This is the real thing ... When my son brought the guitar back into the house, you know, that was the turning point. It opened a flood of, of new ideas and music which I think a lot of people would connect with." Originally, he began to return only to his acoustic guitar as he had in the past, but his son encouraged him to "experiment", which resulted in the purchase of a Stevie Ray Vaughan Fender Stratocaster in 2007. Also in November 2006, Billboard magazine was curious as to why the artist is credited as just his first name, "Yusuf" rather than "Yusuf Islam". His response was "Because 'Islam' doesn't have to be sloganised. The second name is like the official tag, but you call a friend by their first name. It's more intimate, and to me that's the message of this record." As for why the album sleeve says "the artist formerly known as Cat Stevens", he responded, "That's the tag with which most people are familiar; for recognition purposes I'm not averse to that. For a lot of people, it reminds them of something they want to hold on to. That name is part of my history and a lot of the things I dreamt about as Cat Stevens have come true as Yusuf Islam." Islam was asked by the Swiss periodical Das Magazin why the title of the album was An Other Cup, rather than "Another Cup". The answer was that his breakthrough album, Tea for the Tillerman in 1970, was decorated with Islam's painting of a peasant sitting down to a cup of steaming drink on the land. He commented that the two worlds "then, and now, are very different". His new album shows a steaming cup alone on this cover. His answer was that this was actually an other cup; something different; a bridge between the East and West, which he explained was his own perceived role. He added that, through him, "Westerners might get a glimpse of the East, and Easterners, some understanding of the West. The cup, too, is important; it's a meeting place, a thing meant to be shared." On CBS Sunday Morning in December 2006, he said, "You know, the cup is there to be filled ... with whatever you want to fill it with. For those people looking for Cat Stevens, they'll probably find him in this record. If you want to find [Yusuf] Islam, go a bit deeper, you'll find him." He has since described the album as being "over-produced" and refers to An Other Cup as being a necessary hurdle he had to overcome before he could release his new album, Roadsinger. In April 2007, BBC1 broadcast a concert given at the Porchester Hall by Islam as part of BBC Sessions, his first live performance in London in 28 years (the previous one being the UNICEF "Year of the Child" concert in 1979). He played several new songs along with some old ones like "Father and Son", "The Wind", "Where Do the Children Play?", "Don't Be Shy", "Wild World", and "Peace Train". In July 2007, he performed at a concert in Bochum, Germany, in benefit of Archbishop Desmond Tutu's Peace Centre in South Africa and the Milagro Foundation of Deborah and Carlos Santana. The audience included Nobel Laureates Mikhail Gorbachev, Desmond Tutu and other prominent global figures. He later appeared as the final act in the German leg of Live Earth in Hamburg performing some classic Cat Stevens songs and more recent compositions reflecting his concern for peace and child welfare. His set included Stevie Wonder's "Saturn", "Peace Train", "Where Do the Children Play?", "Ruins", and "Wild World". He performed at the Peace One Day concert at the Royal Albert Hall on 21 September 2007. In 2008 Islam contributed the song "Edge of Existence" to the charity album Songs for Survival, in support of the indigenous rights organisation Survival International. 2009–2014: Roadsinger, "My People" and tours In January 2009, Yusuf released a single in aid of children in Gaza, a rendition of the George Harrison song, "The Day the World Gets Round", along with the German bassist Klaus Voormann, who had formerly collaborated with The Beatles. To promote the new single, Voormann redesigned his famous Beatles Revolver album cover, drawing a picture of a young Cat Stevens along with himself and Harrison. Proceeds from the single were donated to charities and organisations including UNESCO, UNRWA, and the nonprofit group Save the Children, with the funds earmarked for Gaza children. Israeli Consul David Saranga criticised Yusuf for not dedicating the song to all of the children who are victims of the conflict, including Israeli children. On 5 May 2009, Yusuf released Roadsinger, a new pop album recorded in 2008. The lead track, "Thinking 'Bout You", received its debut radio play on a BBC programme on 23 March 2009. Unlike An Other Cup, he promoted the new album with appearances on American television as well as in the UK. He appeared on The Chris Isaak Hour on the A&E network in April 2009, performing live versions of his new songs, "World O'Darkness", "Boots and Sand", and "Roadsinger". On 13 May he appeared on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno in Los Angeles, and on 14 May, on The Colbert Report in New York City, performing the title song from the Roadsinger album. On 15 May, he appeared on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon, performing "Boots and Sand" and "Father and Son". On 24 May he appeared on the BBC's The Andrew Marr Show, where he was interviewed and performed the title track of Roadsinger. On 15 August, he was one of many guests at Fairport Convention's annual Fairport's Cropredy Convention where he performed five songs accompanied by Alun Davies, with Fairport Convention as his backing band. A world tour was announced on his web site to promote the new album. He was scheduled to perform at an invitation-only concert at New York City's Highline Ballroom on 3 May 2009 and to go on to Los Angeles, Chicago and Toronto, as well as some to-be-announced European venues. However, the New York appearance was postponed due to issues regarding his work visa. He appeared in May 2009 at Island Records' 50th Anniversary concert in London. In November and December 2009, Yusuf undertook his "Guess I'll Take My Time Tour" which also showcased his musical play Moonshadow. The tour took him to Dublin, where he had a mixed reception; subsequently he was well received in Birmingham and Liverpool, culminating in an emotional performance at the Royal Albert Hall in London. In June 2010 he toured Australia for the first time in 36 years, and New Zealand for the first time ever. On 30 October 2010, Yusuf appeared at Jon Stewart and Stephen Colbert's spoof Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear in Washington, DC, singing alongside Ozzy Osbourne. Yusuf performed "Peace Train" and Ozzy performed "Crazy Train" at the same time, followed by The O'Jays performance of "Love Train". On 2 March 2011, Yusuf released his latest song, "My People", as a free download available through his official website, as well as numerous other online outlets. Said to have been recorded at a studio located within a hundred yards of the site of the Berlin Wall, the song is inspired by a series of popular uprisings in the Arab world, known as the Arab Spring. On 1 April 2011, he launched a new tour website (yusufinconcert.com) to commemorate his first European tour in over 36 years scheduled from 7 May to 2 June 2011. The ten-date tour visited Germany, France, the Netherlands, Austria, Belgium and cities such as Stockholm, Hamburg, Oberhausen, Berlin, Munich, Rotterdam, Paris, Mannheim, Vienna and Brussels. In May 2012, Moonshadow, a new musical featuring music from throughout his career opened at the Princess Theatre in Melbourne, Australia. The show received mixed reviews and closed four weeks early. In October 2013, Yusuf was nominated for induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame for his work under the Cat Stevens name (this was his second nomination – the first being an unsuccessful nomination in 2005). He was selected and was inducted by Art Garfunkel in April 2014 at the Barclays Center in Brooklyn, New York, where he performed "Father and Son", "Wild World", and "Peace Train". A record of his travel from Dubai to New York is captured in an episode of the National Geographic Channel television show Ultimate Airport Dubai (season 2, episode 6), first aired in China on 17 January 2015. In this episode he talks about his difficulty in entering the US. 2014–2017: Tell 'Em I'm Gone, "He Was Alone" and tours On 15 September 2014, Yusuf announced the forthcoming release on 27 October 2014 of his new studio album, Tell 'Em I'm Gone, and two short tours: a November 2014 (9-date) Europe tour and a December 2014 (6-date) North America tour, the latter being his first one since 1976. On 4 December 2014, he played to his first public US audience since the 1970s at the Tower Theater in Philadelphia. Yusuf performed two shows in early 2015: on 27 February at the Viña del Mar Festival, Quinta Vergara, Viña del Mar, Chile and on 22 April at the Wales Millennium Centre in Cardiff Bay, area of Cardiff, Wales. On 1 June 2016, Yusuf shared a new song called "He Was Alone" and its corresponding video. Part of his newly launched fundraising campaign for child refugees, #YouAreNotAlone, the song was inspired by a trip to southern Turkey's camps for Syrian refugees. He performed the song live for the first time in a special charity concert, his first show in more than a year, on 14 June 2016 at the Westminster Central Hall in London. On 26 July 2016, Yusuf announced he would be part of the Global Citizen Festival held on 24 September 2016 in Central Park, New York, New York. On 9 August 2016, Yusuf announced "A Cat's Attic Tour", his second North American tour since 1978, beginning on 12 September 2016 at the Sony Centre for the Performing Arts in Toronto and ending on 7 October 2016 at the Pantages Theatre in Los Angeles. The string of 12 dates roughly coincides with the 50th anniversary of his first single, I Love My Dog, and would "feature a limited run of stripped down, introspective performances." The tour included three shows in New York City (two shows at the Beacon Theatre and one show in Central Park at the Global Citizen Festival), his first shows in New York City since 1976. In keeping with his spirit of humanitarianism, he would be donating a portion of the revenue from each ticket sale towards his charity Small Kindness, as well as UNICEF and the International Rescue Committee in an effort to assist children affected by the current Syrian refugee crisis. The tour continued in the UK with shows in Manchester, Glasgow, Newcastle and London. The London show took place at the Shaftesbury Theatre, only a block away from where he grew up. 2017–present: as Yusuf / Cat Stevens, The Laughing Apple, TT2 On 15 September 2017, he released his fifteenth studio album, The Laughing Apple. The album is credited to "Yusuf / Cat Stevens" and is his first record under the Cat Stevens name since Back to Earth in 1978. The album earned him his first nomination for a Grammy Award for Best Folk Album. In July 2018, Yusuf signed with BMG Rights Management, which will publish his songwriting credits worldwide and distribute nine of his studio albums. On 29 March 2019, Yusuf performed in Christchurch, New Zealand, at the National Remembrance Service for victims of the Christchurch mosque shootings. On 3 March 2020, Yusuf played the Music for the Marsden benefit concert at the O2 Arena in London. On 28 May 2020, Yusuf announced his next album, Tea for the Tillerman 2, and it was released on 18 September 2020, celebrating the 50th anniversary of the original LP. Known as TT2, Tea for the Tillerman 2 is a re-imagining and re-recording of the songs from the earlier album, with updated interpretations and arrangements. On 25 September 2020, Yusuf was the guest on the BBC's Desert Island Discs. Yusuf is one of a small number of guests that have chosen their own music as a desert island choice, however he picked the Stevie Wonder Motown hit 'As' for his favoured choice in front of his own recording, if only one could be saved. Teaming up with Playing for Change, in 2021 Yusuf / Cat Stevens recorded a new version of "Peace Train" with over 25 musicians from 12 countries. 2023: Yusuf / Cat Stevens - European Tour and King of a Land In June 2023, Yusuf / Cat Stevens performed shows in Berlin, Hamburg, Rome, Marbella and made his first ever appearance at Glastonbury Festival. On 16 June 2023, Yusuf/Cat Stevens released King of a Land, a new studio album with children's music and religious music influences. On the 25th June 2023, Yusuf played the Pyramid Stage at Glastonbury, including covering iconic Beatles hits and his Teacup album memories. Legacy and influence Cat's music has been influential. Many artists have cited him as a musical influence, and/or lauded the quality of his music. Those include Paul McCartney of The Beatles, Dolly Parton, Ian Anderson of Jethro Tull, Lindsey Buckingham of Fleetwood Mac, John Frusciante of the Red Hot Chili Peppers, Peter Gabriel, Nile Rodgers of CHIC, Carly Simon, Rick Wakeman, Paul Rodgers of the bands Free and Bad Company, Bonnie “Prince” Billy, Dale Crover of The Melvins, and James Morrison. Awards Humanitarian awards 2003: World Award (also known as the "World Social Award"), an award organised by Mikhail Gorbachev, for "humanitarian relief work helping children and victims of war". 2004: Man of Peace Award of the World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates (an award organisation founded by Mikhail Gorbachev) for his "dedication to promote peace, the reconciliation of people and to condemn terrorism". 2009: Honorary Award of the German Sustainability Award 2015: Global Islamic Economy Awards for contributions toward peace through the Arts 2015: Steiger Award honoured in the category "International" for his commitment to charitable projects Honorary degrees 2005: Honorary doctorate by the University of Gloucestershire for services to education and humanitarian relief. 2007: Honorary doctorate (LLD) by the University of Exeter, in recognition of "his humanitarian work and improving understanding between Islamic and Western cultures". Music awards and recognitions 2019: Inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame 2017: Grammy Award nomination for Best Folk Album 2015: Lifetime Achievement Award at the BBC Radio 2 Folk Awards 2014: Inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 2008: Nomination (unsuccessful) for Songwriters Hall of Fame 2007: The Mediterranean Art and Creativity Award by the Fondazione Mediterraneo. 2007: Ivor Novello Award for Outstanding Song Collection from the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors (BASCA). 2007: ECHO "Special Award for Life Achievements as a Musician and Ambassador Between Cultures" 2006: ASCAP Songwriter of the Year for "The First Cut Is the Deepest" (second time) 2006: Ranked 49th in Pastes "100 Best Living Songwriters" 2005: ASCAP Songwriter of the Year and Song of the Year for "The First Cut Is the Deepest" Discography As Cat Stevens 1967: Matthew and Son 1967: New Masters 1970: Mona Bone Jakon 1970: Tea for the Tillerman 1971: Teaser and the Firecat 1972: Catch Bull at Four 1973: Foreigner 1974: Buddha and the Chocolate Box 1975: Numbers 1977: Izitso 1978: Back to Earth As Yusuf Islam 1995: The Life of the Last Prophet 1999: Prayers of the Last Prophet 2000: A Is for Allah 2001: Bismillah 2002: In Praise of the Last Prophet 2003: I Look I See 2008: I Look, I See 2 2014: The Story of Adam and Creation As Yusuf 2006: An Other Cup 2009: Roadsinger 2014: Tell 'Em I'm Gone As Yusuf / Cat Stevens 2017: The Laughing Apple 2020: Tea for the Tillerman 2 2023: King of a Land Books The Life of The Last Prophet, 1996. London: Mountain of Light. . Prayers of The Last Prophet, 1998/2000. London: Mountain of Light. . Why I Still Carry A Guitar: My Spiritual Journey from Cat Stevens to Yusuf, 2014. London: HarperCollins. . See also List of peace activists List of best-selling music artists List of converts to Islam Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time Notes and references Notes References Further reading Cat Stevens Complete Illustrated Biography & Discography by George Brown, 2006 (finalist for the award for "Best Research in Recorded Rock Music" from the Association for Recorded Sound Collections) My Journey from Cat Stevens to Yusuf Islam by Yusuf Islam (Mountain of Light, 2001), an autobiographical account , Cat Stevens Biography by Chris Charlesworth (Proteus, 1985) Cat Stevens/Yusuf Islam by Albert Eigner (Hannibal Verlag GmbH, 2006), a German language biography Why I Still Carry a Guitar by Yusuf Islam (Motivate publishing, 2014) "Cat Stevens Breaks His Silence", Rolling Stone article, 14 June 2000 Q&A with Yusuf Islam, Billboard, November 2006 "Q&A with Yusuf Islam", The New York Times Magazine, January 2007 Andrekos Varnava, "Yusuf Islam (aka Cat Stevens) and his anti-war and pro-peace protest songs: from hippy peace to Islamic peace", Contemporary British History, vol. 33, no. 4 (2019), pp. 548–572. External links 1948 births Living people English pop singers English folk singers English rock singers English humanitarians English multi-instrumentalists English male singer-songwriters English people of Greek Cypriot descent English people of Swedish descent English philanthropists English folk guitarists English male guitarists English rock pianists English Muslims Acoustic guitarists English rock guitarists English rock keyboardists English spoken word artists English former Christians British soft rock musicians Musicians from Marylebone Synth-pop singers People from Soho A&M Records artists Decca Records artists Deram Records artists Island Records artists Ivor Novello Award winners Atlantic Records artists Performers of Islamic music Converts to Islam from Christianity British male pianists
Thomas Joseph Myslinski, Jr. (born December 7, 1968) is a professional American football strength and conditioning coach for the Jacksonville Jaguars. He was strength and conditioning coach for the Cleveland Browns until the end of the 2009 season. He is also a former National Football League (NFL) offensive lineman. He was originally drafted by the Dallas Cowboys in the 1992 NFL Draft and played nine seasons in the NFL for seven different teams. Early years Myslinski attended Rome Free Academy, where he played as a center. As a junior, he was a part of an undefeated season and a state championship. He received All-state honors as a senior. In track & field, he was a two-time state champion in the discus throw and finished second in the shot put competition. College career Myslinski accepted a football scholarship from the University of Tennessee. As a redshirt freshman, he was given his first start at right guard in the second game against Duke University. He then suffered an ankle injury which caused him to miss the next 5 games. He was a starter at left guard in 37 straight games, dating back to his freshman season, helping the team to a 29-6-2 record, 2 SEC championships and to set a school record for total yards each of his last three years. He was a member of the 1991 NCAA Champion track & field team. In 1990, he finished third in the shot put in the SEC outdoor meet with a career-best 61 '2" toss. In 1991, he placed fifth in the hammer throw in the SEC outdoor meet. Professional career Dallas Cowboys (first stint) Myslinski was selected by the Dallas Cowboys in the fourth round (109th overall) of the 1992 NFL Draft. He got injured on the first day of training camp, which would limit him going forward. He was waived on August 31 and signed to the practice squad on September 2. Cleveland Browns On September 8, 1992, he was signed by the Cleveland Browns from the Cowboys practice squad. He dressed but did not play in 5 games, before being waived on October 10. On October 14, he was signed to the practice squad. On October 17, he was released. Washington Redskins On October 21, 1992, he was signed to the Washington Redskins' practice squad. He was promoted to the active roster on November 11. He played against the Kansas City Chiefs and the New Orleans Saints. He was released on November 28. Buffalo Bills On April 6, 1993, he was signed by the Buffalo Bills. He was waived on August 30, and re-signed one day later. He appeared in the season opener, but did not play in the next 3 contests. He was declared inactive in 4 games, before being released on November 15. Chicago Bears On November 30, 1993, he was signed by the Chicago Bears. He was declared inactive in his first 4 games. He played in the season finale against the Los Angeles Rams. In 1994, he appeared in 4 games, while being declared inactive in the sixth game against the New Orleans Saints and the 2 playoff contests. He dressed but did not play in 11 games. Jacksonville Jaguars Myslinski was selected by the Jacksonville Jaguars in the 1995 NFL Expansion Draft from the Chicago Bears roster. He started in the first 9 games at right guard. He was declared inactive for the final 7 games. He was released on March 4, 1996. Pittsburgh Steelers (first stint) On April 24, 1996, he signed with the Pittsburgh Steelers and was waived on August 25. On August 27, he was re-signed and started 6 out of 8 games at right guard. In 1997, he started 7 out of 16 games at right guard. He was the team's long snapper from game 10 to 14. Indianapolis Colts On February 19, 1998, he was signed by the Indianapolis Colts. He was limited by a rotator cuff surgery to four games and was not re-signed. Dallas Cowboys (second stint) On September 23, 1999, he was signed by the Dallas Cowboys. He played in 10 games (2 starts) and was not re-signed. Pittsburgh Steelers (second stint) On April 7, 2000, he was signed by the Pittsburgh Steelers. He was waived on August 31, 2001. He started in 6 out of 8 games. He started in games 6 through 12 at right guard in place of an injured Brenden Stai. Personal life Myslinski developed the “Tunch Punch Ladder” hand agility pad. While still playing in the NFL, he served as a volunteer strength and conditioning coach at the University of North Florida in 1996. He was a volunteer assistant strength and conditioning coach at the University of Pittsburgh from 1998 to 2001. In 2007, he was named the head strength and conditioning coach for the Cleveland Browns. In 2005 he was hired as the head strength and conditioning coach at Robert Morris University. In 2010, he was hired as the football strength and conditioning coach at the University of Memphis. In 2011, he was named the football strength and conditioning coach at the University of North Carolina. On January 27, 2012, he was hired as the Jacksonville Jaguars strength and conditioning coordinator. After the first game of his senior season in high school, he was involved in a car accident, in which he was thrown through a rear door window breaking his right leg and forcing him to have over 100 stitches to his head. Despite these injuries, he was able to pull the two passengers that were in the front seat of the car. References 1968 births Living people Sportspeople from Rome, New York Players of American football from New York (state) American football offensive guards Tennessee Volunteers football players Tennessee Volunteers men's track and field athletes Indianapolis Colts players Dallas Cowboys players Washington Redskins players Buffalo Bills players Chicago Bears players Jacksonville Jaguars players Pittsburgh Steelers players American strength and conditioning coaches Cleveland Browns coaches Robert Morris Colonials football coaches Memphis Tigers football coaches North Carolina Tar Heels football coaches Jacksonville Jaguars coaches American people of Polish descent
Timothy Beal is a writer and scholar in the field of religious studies whose work explores matters of religion, ecology, and technology. He is Distinguished University Professor, Florence Harkness Professor of Religion, and Director of h.lab at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio, USA. He has been Interim Dean of the university’s College of Arts and Sciences (2019), Chair of the Department of Religious Studies (2015-21), and Director (2003-07) and Associate Director (2002-03) of the Baker-Nord Center for the Humanities. Biography Beal was born in Hood River, Oregon and was raised in Anchorage, Alaska. He went to college at Seattle Pacific University where he earned a B.A. in English in 1986. He earned a Master of Divinity at Columbia Theological Seminary in 1991, and a Ph.D. in Religion and Certificate in Women's and Gender Studies at Emory University in 1995. Before joining the faculty of Case Western Reserve University, he was an assistant professor of religious studies at Eckerd College in St. Petersburg, Florida (1994-1999). He has been visiting faculty at the Nida School for Translation Studies, the University of Denver, and the University of Glasgow. He is married to Clover Reuter Beal, a minister in the Presbyterian Church (USA). They have two grown children, Sophie and Seth. He was named Distinguished University Professor in 2021. He received a Public Scholar Award from the National Endowment for the Humanities in 2016 and the Baker-Nord Center Award for Distinguished Scholarship in the Humanities in 2019. Books Religion and Its Monsters, Second Edition (Routledge, 2022) When Time Is Short: Finding Our Way in the Anthropocene (Beacon Press, 2022) An On-going Imagination: A Conversation about Scripture, Faith, and the Thickness of Relationship, by Walter Brueggemann and Clover Reuter Beal (edited by Timothy Beal; Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 2019) The Book of Revelation: A Biography (Princeton University Press, 2018) The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Bible and the Arts (Editor-in-Chief; Oxford University Press, 2015) The Rise and Fall of the Bible: The Unexpected History of an Accidental Book (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2011) The Fate of King David: The Past and Present of a Biblical Icon (co-edited with Claudia Camp and Tod Linafelt; Festschrift for David M. Gunn; New York: Continuum, 2010) Biblical Literacy: The Essential Bible Stories Everyone Needs to Know (HarperOne, 2009) Religion in America: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford University Press, 2008) Mel Gibson’s Bible: Religion, Popular Culture, and The Passion of the Christ (co-edited with Tod Linafelt; University of Chicago Press, 2006) Roadside Religion: In Search of the Sacred, the Strange, and the Substance of Faith (Beacon, 2005) Theory for Religious Studies (co-authored with William E. Deal; Routledge, 2004) Religion and Its Monsters (Routledge, 2002) Esther (Liturgical Press, 1999) God in the Fray: Essays in Honor of Walter Brueggemann (co-edited with Tod Linafelt; Fortress, 1998) The Book of Hiding: Gender, Ethnicity, and Annihilation in Esther (Routledge, 1997) Reading Bibles, Writing Bodies: Identity and The Book (co-edited with David M. Gunn; Routledge, 1996) Other writings In addition to scholarly articles, Beal has published essays on religion and culture for magazines and newspapers including The Wall Street Journal, Harper's Magazine, The New York Times, The Chronicle of Higher Education, The Washington Post, and The Cleveland Plain Dealer. He has been featured on radio shows including NPR's All Things Considered and The Bob Edwards Show. References “Timothy K. Beal,” Contemporary Authors'' (Thomson Gale, 2006) External links Official site Timothy Beal's profile at The Case Western Reserve University 1963 births Living people Seattle Pacific University alumni American essayists American religious writers People from Hood River, Oregon Emory University alumni Case Western Reserve University faculty
Metaverse law refers to legal systems, policies and theories concerning metaverse technologies involving virtual reality, augmented reality, mixed reality, and hyperreality. Metaverse law in practice Metaverse law is in the early stages of development in legal scholarship and legal practice compared to other established legal fields. And not all legal practitioners and scholars have recognized metaverse law as a specialized area of study, given the early stage of metaverse technology adoption in the public. Instead, some legal practitioners and scholars anticipating the metaverse technology have examined the metaverse by looking at the relationship between traditional legal frameworks and the metaverse. So for many individuals, metaverse law is spoken in the context of existing laws involving and applying to the metaverse, rather than treating metaverse law as a legal field. Emerging metaverse law theories Metaverse law theory While some people view the metaverse law under the umbrella of established legal fields, others have taken a broader position. For instance, one legal think tank has proposed the theory that metaverse law is a new area of study that must be recognized as a legal field in entirety, rejecting the view that metaverse law is a sub-discipline of an existing legal discipline. In similar vein, some legal scholars have claimed that the metaverse demands an entirely new legal infrastructure such as independent virtual jurisdiction, legal order, and self-regulating government bodies and constitutions. However, some say that the metaverse law theory falls short in practice. Regulators have stated that they need to have a better understanding of the metaverse to create metaverse-specific laws, and the metaverse market has been struggling to achieve stability. Other critics point out that metaverse is not any more unique than a game. For example, some technology leaders, like Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella, do not distinguish metaverse from a game. Distinguishing the metaverse from a game was an important distinction in Epic Games v. Apple, where the plaintiff was unsuccessful in the claim that its software could avoid defendant Apple Inc.'s commission charges on in-app game purchases because plaintiff's software is classified as a metaverse, as opposed to a game. Additionally, proponents of the metaverse law theory also agree that establishing the metaverse law as a legal field necessarily involves studying the intersection between existing legal theories and the metaverse. Metalaw In one opinion article, McCollum suggested that metalaw will emerge as the legal system that governs the metaverse. Citing Haley's 1956 article, Space Law and Metalaw – A Synoptic View, McCollum claimed that metaverse will adopt the terminology, "metalaw," to represent laws associated with metaverse because metalaw describes conditions and rules by which "sapient beings of a different kind" do not follow, unlike the way human beings do on Earth, alluding that extraterrestrial beings may be anything other than humans (i.e., robots). On the other hand, Haley had coined the term, "metalaw," in the context of space law and its relationship to possible governing laws with extraterrestrial life in galactic space (a.k.a. aliens). Haley's intent of defining metalaw for interactions with extraterrestrial beings in space was reaffirmed more than once in a 1957 paper, Space Law and Metalaw - Jurisdiction Defined, and in 1956 Congress of the International Astronautical Federation. Additionally, Haley's metalaw theory has been cited by early and modern legal scholars strictly in space law context, including his critics. Some modern scholars have argued that metalaw could be aptly used to create rules governing artificial intelligence; however, this suggestive concept narrowly applies to the relationship between humans and robotic intelligence, which is not specific to the metaverse. Crime The word, "metaverse," first appeared in criminal law studies in 2008, Fantasy Crime: The Role of Criminal Law in Virtual Worlds, by Susan W. Brenner. Because metaverse existed in limited forms at the time of publication in 2008, Brenner anchored her analysis from Neal Stephenson's 1992 novel: Snow Crash, which is credited to be the birth of the metaverse concept by many people. In her legal analysis, Brenner addressed harms that can theoretically transfer from virtual spaces to the physical world such as virtual rape and pedophilia. Even though Brenner published her study more than a decade ago in 2008, the types of harm addressed by her paper surfaced as a common issue topic in the 2020s, where people frequently report unwanted sexual contacts and threats by other metaverse users. At the same time, Brenner examined the metaverse as a subset of virtual crimes under criminal law, as opposed to treating the metaverse law as a legal field or as a subset of cyberlaw. Sub-discipline perspective Some legal scholars have approached the metaverse law subject through a subclass perspective. Although these scholars have adopted the "metaverse law" terminology to represent a legal discipline, they view metaverse law as a sub-discipline of cyberlaw. Existing laws regulating the metaverse sector There is still a lot of development needed in the Metaverse to understand the full scope of law that will be applicable in the field. Some of the laws that are currently being practiced in this field are listed below: Privacy Law Because companies often collect user information and share data without user knowledge as common practice, privacy experts raise concerns that immersive metaverse experience opens bigger doors for privacy abuse and surveillance by companies. So perhaps unsurprisingly, privacy has been a frequently examined topic in metaverse law and legal experts, and proponents of privacy governance argue that self-governing metaverse communities are insufficient to safeguard privacy protection of users. In a 2007 paper, Privacy in the Metaverse, Leenes distinguished metaverse from a game, arguing that metaverse is a social microcosmos whereby ordinary people develop complex social behaviors and psychological effects unique to the metaverse space. Unlike the legal practitioners who have viewed metaverse laws as a subset of existing legal frameworks, Leenes left open for readers to interpret possible privacy implications in the metaverse space by discussing government surveillance, metaverse marriage, borderless communication in common spaces, and how metaverse developers like Second Life do not sufficiently address privacy concerns. Copyright Law The purpose of copyright law is to protect the original work of creators, artists, and writers. When discussing the Metaverse, the statute includes user-generated digital content such as avatars, virtual real estate, and artwork. Platforms such as The Sandbox enable users to construct, develop, and own 'LANDS' virtual regions. People spend tens of thousands of dollars to acquire a piece of Metaverse real estate. With the popularity of digital assets, copyright law assumes greater significance in the Metaverse. Intellectual Property Laws The IP law protects the creators' rights to their inventions, trademarks, and other works. With the rise in popularity of Non-Fungible Tokens, an unavoidable component of the Metaverse space, intellectual property law has become crucial for effective governance. Soon, technology companies will compete to create more sophisticated AR and VR tools, such as high-tech eyewear, headsets, etc., which will open up new industry opportunities for Intellectual Property Rights, such as new software and device patents. Tort Law Tort law governs civil wrongs, including both property and personal damages. In Metaverse, the law regulates any harmful activity perpetrated by users against other participants. This can include psychological distress, physical assaults, and property damage. For instance, if one person physically injures another within the Metaverse ecosystem, the injured party can file a lawsuit against the perpetrator. The law will then require the accused to pay for the injuries, medical expenses, and other damages resulting from the act. There are other laws like defamation & overall regulation scenario of Blockchain & NFT, which depend on the type of transactions & activities done on a Metaverse platform. With time new laws and regulations may shape the future of the metaverse & laws around it. Terminology in legal firms Metaverse law firms Some legal practitioners have used the terminology, ''metaverse law,'' to represent their law firm's name. In other contexts, a real estate and business law firm claimed to be the first "metaverse law firm" in the metaverse. Similarly, a personal injury law firm was publicized for opening a metaverse law firm. For these legal practitioners, the usage of the phrase, metaverse law, indicates the virtual location of a law firm in the metaverse, as opposed to recognizing metaverse law as a subclass of existing legal frameworks or a specialized legal field. Trademark dispute Law firms using the metaverse law as their business name or description have led to a trademark dispute between at least two law firms. In Falcon Rappaport & Berkman PLLC v. Metaverse Law Corporation, Falcon filed a trademark claim against Metaverse Law in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, objecting that the Metaverse Law firm should not have a monopoly over the phrase "metaverse law." The United States Patent and Trademark Office's trademark registry shows that "METAVERSE LAW" is a registered trademark for Metaverse Law Corporation. However, a registered trademark can become canceled if the trademarked name becomes a generic name for goods or services rendered by the trademark owner. The outcome of the trademark dispute will determine whether Metaverse Law Corporation will be able to maintain the exclusive rights to the terminology in legal practice, including in the metaverse space. The question of whether a law firm can maintain trademark rights in the metaverse space is a notable point because the plaintiff in this case operates the law firm in Decentraland, which is a metaverse platform that can be theoretically owned by communities outside of the United States through decentralized network protocol, thereby raising trademark issues that often receive attention from legal scholars and practitioners. References Internet law Video game law
DS Techeetah (, ) was a Sino-French motor racing team under ownership of SECA - China Media Capital that competed in the electric racing series, Formula E. Formula E Team Aguri principal Aguri Suzuki announced he would leave the team in April 2016 as senior personnel entered "a period of consultation" over a future change in ownership. In the week before the 2016 London ePrix, the Chinese public equity and venture capital firm China Media Capital announced its purchase of Team Aguri and established a new entity named Techeetah in its place. Senior personnel from Team Aguri, including team principal Mark Preston, retained their jobs with Techeetah, and the cars ran a custom Renault powertrain. 2016–17 season The team entered the sport following the acquisition of Team Aguri in 2016. In July 2016, Jean-Éric Vergne and Qinghua Ma (who competed with Team Aguri in the final rounds of the previous season prior to CMC's takeover) were confirmed as the team's drivers. With Renault providing powertrains for Techeetah's debut season, Vergne scored the team's maiden podium with a second place at the Buenos Aires ePrix. In March 2017, Techeetah announced former F1 driver Esteban Gutiérrez would replace Ma from round four onwards. However, after Gutiérrez left the team after only three races after being given an opportunity with Dale Coyne Racing to compete in the IndyCar Series, the team then signed Stéphane Sarrazin to compete with the team for the remainder of the season. 2017–18 season Techeetah signed André Lotterer to partner Vergne for its second season in the series. Vergne was supremely consistent over the whole course of the season, finishing on points in every race, accumulating 198 points and winning the Drivers' Championship. The team got overtaken by Audi at the last second, missing out on Teams' Championship by only two points. 2018–19 season In July 2018, Peugeot Sport with DS Automobiles-rebadged partnered with Techeetah and the team renamed to DS Techeetah. Techeetah switched powertrain from Renault to DS Automobiles powertrain, which also makes Techeetah a manufacturer team with its own DS E-TENSE. In October 2018, DS Techeetah introduced its new headquarters in Versailles. James Rossiter and Zhou Guanyu were announced as the development drivers for Techeetah the 2018/2019 season. Techeetah's other line-up remained unchanged for the 2018–19 season. After the first race in New York City, Jean-Éric Vergne secured enough points to become the Drivers' Champion, winning his second Formula E championship. Techeetah won their first ever team championship in Formula E. Lotterer subsequently left the team, switching to Porsche. 2019–20 season In September 2019, it was announced that António Félix da Costa would replace Lotterer in the team (as he had departed for the new Porsche Formula E Team). Vergne was set to continue with the team as he signed a long-term contract back in 2018. 2021-2022 In the 2021-2022 season DS Techeetah was registered as a French team, though the ownership were still under SECA and China Media Capital. Records DS Techeetah has earned various record results following the 2019/2020 season. Team records It's the first time a team get the most points on 5 consecutive races in a single season. It’s the first time that team has led with more than 64 points First team to score a 1-2 finish (Santiago 2018) Second team to score all possible points in one race (Audi Sport Abt Schaeffler did previously in Berlin 2018) Second team to win it twice Second team to win it twice in a row Only team to have two champions First team to score 48pts in a single race 5 poles in a row Only team to have two 1-2 finishes / Santiago 18 (with Renault) and Berlin 20 (with DS) Only team to win both championships twice Only team to win both championships back to back Third team to do 3 consecutive wins for a team/manufacturer (shared with Audi and Renault) Only team to win Drivers and Teams championships before the last race (RD9 out of 11). Team with the largest lead to 2nd in the championship: 77 points Season six saw the largest end of season gap in both Drivers (71 points) and Teams (77 points). Driver records António Félix da Costa Is the only driver to win a race for three different Formula E teams. Is now the first driver to win the Formula E championship with two races remaining. Is the only driver to have won the championship with two races to go Is the driver with the largest lead to 2nd : 71 points 3rd driver to do a hat-trick (Berlin RD 6 2020) shared with Sébastien Buemi and Daniel Abt 3 consecutive pole positions in a single season 3 consecutive wins (Season 6) shared with Sébastien Buemi First driver to receive an Order of Merit as a result of winning a championship About Antonio's 2019/2020 Formula E season Wins: 4 (3 consecutive) Podiums: 9 (7 consecutive) Pole positions: 5 (consecutive) Fastest in qualifying groups: 4 Lap lead: 174 Jean-Éric Vergne First back to back champion Only driver to win the championship twice Was the only driver to have won the championship with one race to go before Jake Dennis achieved the feat in the 2022-23 Formula E season Jaguar I-Pace eTrophy Techeetah became the first Formula E team to join the Jaguar I-Pace eTrophy support series, fielding one car for the inaugural 2018–19 season with Stefan Rzadzinski behind the wheel. The team competed under the name TWR Techeetah and was part of the Pro class. The eTrophy entry included an arrangement with Ryan Walkinshaw to return his late father Tom's TWR brand to international motorsport. 2018–19 season A plain white livery was used during the first round in Ad Diriyah. Before the second round in Mexico City, a retro Silk Cut-based livery was introduced, which has been in use ever since. Rzadzinski's deal with the team came to end before the Berlin ePrix. Former Panasonic Jaguar Racing driver and 2008–09 A1GP champion Adam Carroll was announced as his replacement. The team, however, completely withdrew from the following round held in New York City. The team's best result came at the Paris ePrix, where Rzadzinski finished second. For the majority of the season, the TWR Techeetah team was consistently behind the likes of Jaguar Brazil Racing and Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing, whose drivers were regularly competing for wins. It was also the only team in the Pro class to not win a race during the season. Results Formula E Notes – Driver was fastest in group qualifying stage and was given one championship point. † – Driver did not finish the race, but was classified as he completed over 90% of the race distance. Jaguar I-Pace eTrophy Notes † – Driver did not finish the race, but was classified as he completed over 90% of the race distance. Footnotes References External links Auto racing teams in China Auto racing teams established in 2016 Formula E teams 2016 establishments in China Sports clubs and teams in Shanghai Formula E Teams' Champions
The Starr Piano Company was an American manufacturer of pianos from the late-1800s to the middle-1900s. Founded by James Starr, the company also made phonographs and records and was the parent company of the jazz label Gennett. History George Trayser and Milo J. Chase started the Trayser Piano Forte Company in a building near the Ohio River in Ripley, Ohio, with Chase the president and manager. In 1872, the company moved to Richmond, Indiana, after receiving financial help from James Starr and Richard Jackson, both residents of Richmond. When Trayser retired six years later, the company was renamed Chase Piano Company, Starr became president, and Jackson secretary-treasurer. In the 1880s Chase moved to Grand Rapids, Michigan, to establish his own piano factory, leaving the Richmond operation to be renamed James Starr and Company, with James Starr as president and his brother Benjamin the manager. One of the retailers that sold Starr pianos was the Jesse French Piano & Organ Company in St. Louis. Two employees of that company, John Lumsden and his son-in-law Henry Gennett, pursued a merger with Starr in 1892 which took place during the following year. Lumsden and Gennett owned half the company after that. After Lumsden died and James Starr retired, Gennett became president. By 1900, control of the company had passed from the Starr family to the Gennett: Henry (president) and his sons Harry (vice president), Clarence (treasurer), and Fred (secretary). In the 1890s, pianos were so popular in America that one hundred companies were making them. Between 1893 and 1949 Starr produced nearly a dozen brands, Trayser, Duchess, Richmond, Remington, and Royal, and bought other piano companies like Krell in 1927. In 1915, 250 companies were making pianos, 75 percent from 25 companies that included Starr, Baldwin, and Wurlitzer. For its craftsmanship, Starr won awards at the St. Louis World's Fair (1904), Tennessee Centennial Exposition (1907), Alaska–Yukon–Pacific Exposition (1909), and the Panama–Pacific International Exposition (1915). Starr sold fifty styles that included a baby grand piano (the Minum), a four-foot tall model designed for apartments (the Princess), and player pianos. Phonographs and records When the major phonograph patents were expiring on the disc phonographs in the mid 1910s, American businesses saw this as an opportunity to invest in a rapidly growing market. Joining with other piano makers making phonographs like Kimball and Aeolian, Starr introduced their own line of phonographs in late 1915. The Starr phonograph had a slight success at first for a minor brand, due in part to winning an award at the 1915 Panama–California Exposition. The Gennett brothers toyed with the idea of getting into the record industry, purchasing the masters to the defunct Phono-Cut Record Company. In 1916 Starr began selling vertical cut records alongside their phonographs called Starr Records. (Due to the Victor and Columbia patents on the lateral recording method, other companies were forced to make vertical cut records, including Paramount, Okeh, and Vocalion.) Wanting to sell their records outside Starr piano dealers, the Gennetts felt the label was too closely tied to Starr phonographs. In late 1917, early 1918, the label's name was changed to Gennett to allow non-Starr piano dealers to sell their records. By 1919, the Victor patents on lateral recording were starting to expire, with the remaining patent held in question. Starr, alongside the General Phonograph Corporation and the Aeolian Company, challenged Victor's patent in court. The judge agreed that Victor was using the patent before Eldridge Johnson filed it, and had the patent invalidated. With the patent invalidation going into full effect in 1921, nearly all record makers abandoned vertical cut records, with the exception of Edison and Pathé. Through the early 1920s, Gennett's new lateral cut records became a popular jazz label, recording artists such as Jelly Roll Morton, Bix Beiderbecke, New Orleans Rhythm Kings, and King Oliver's band, including some of Louis Armstrong earliest commercial recordings. At the height of the Starr's manufacturing, they made 25,000 pianos, 15,000 phonographs, and over 4 million records annually. Through the mid 1920s, Starr introduced their own line of electrical recordings and Isosonic phonographs to compete against Victor's line of Orthophonic Victrolas. However, their early electrically recorded records were plagued with problems, hurting sales. Though they were able to improve the processes quickly, the damage was done, and sales dropped through the late 1920s. By 1929 the Great Depression impacted the record industry greatly. Starr cancelled their line of phonograph that year and the Gennett label the following but kept some of the budget labels through the early 1930s. The remaining Starr record pressing building was leased to Decca Records and later Mercury Records (along with some smaller labels) before being auctioned off in the 1970s. Closure With the stock market crash, Starr was only one of a handful of independent piano makers that wasn't absorbed into the massive Aeolian-American Corporation. The company was able to survive the beginning of the Depression in part by transition into a general manufacturer, making radio cabinets and refrigerator parts alongside their pianos. By 1935 Starr declared bankruptcy. Though they reincorporated as a smaller company soon after, they weren't able build themselves back up. The company went into serious decline after the 1940s. The Gennett family, still having controlling shares, kept the business operating through World War II by manufacturing goods for the war effort. By 1949, Starr's piano production dropped dramatically, with the refrigerator portion of the company breaking off and forming a separate company. Since making refrigerator parts was a serious aspect of keeping Starr afloat, the Gennett family decided to sell Starr along with its assets. In 1952, the Starr name along with its factory was sold to the J. Solotken Company, a scrap metal and paper salvager from Indianapolis. In 1953, the J. Solotken Company auctioned the Starr factory assets, including machinery, office equipment and other company supplies. Most of the buildings except the record pressing building were left abandoned through the 1960s and early 1970s before being sold off. In 1977 most of the factory was demolished. A conservation effort in the 1980s was able to save part of the building as a historic landmark. Today the Starr Piano Company Warehouse and Administration Building is used as a park and event venue along with the Gennett Walk of Fame, noting some of the famous artists who recorded there. References 1893 establishments in Indiana 1952 disestablishments in Indiana American companies disestablished in 1952 Defunct companies based in Indiana Gennett Records artists Manufacturing companies established in 1893 Piano manufacturing companies of the United States Re-established companies Richmond, Indiana
Vincenzo Gioberti was one of four s built for the (Royal Italian Navy) in the mid-1930s and early 1940s. Completed in 1937, she served in World War II. Design and description The Oriani-class destroyers were slightly improved versions of the preceding . They had a length between perpendiculars of and an overall length of . The ships had a beam of and a mean draft of and at deep load. They displaced at normal load, and at deep load. Their complement during wartime was 206 officers and enlisted men. The Orianis were powered by two Parsons geared steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft using steam supplied by three Thornycroft boilers. Designed for a maximum output of and a speed of in service, the ships reached speeds of during their sea trials while lightly loaded. They carried enough fuel oil to give them a range of at a speed of and at a speed of . Their main battery consisted of four 50-caliber guns in two twin-gun turrets, one each fore and aft of the superstructure. Amidships were a pair of 15-caliber 120-millimeter star shell guns. Anti-aircraft (AA) defense for the Oriani-class ships was provided by four machine guns. The ships were equipped with six torpedo tubes in two triple mounts amidships. Although they were not provided with a sonar system for anti-submarine work, they were fitted with a pair of depth charge throwers. The ships could carry 56 mines. Citations Bibliography External links Vincenzo Gioberti Marina Militare website Oriani-class destroyers Ships built in Livorno 1936 ships World War II destroyers of Italy Maritime incidents in August 1943 World War II shipwrecks in the Mediterranean Sea
The cosmology of J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium combines aspects of Christian theology and metaphysics with pre-modern cosmological concepts in the flat Earth paradigm, along with the modern spherical Earth view of the Solar System. The created world, Eä, includes the planet Arda, corresponding to the Earth. It is created flat, with the dwelling of the godlike Valar at its centre. When this is marred by the evil Vala Melkor, the world is reshaped, losing its perfect symmetry, and the Valar move to Valinor, but the Elves can still sail there from Middle-earth. When Men try to go there, hoping for immortality, Valinor and its continent of Aman are removed from Arda, which is reshaped as a round world. Scholars have compared the implied cosmology with that of Tolkien's religion, Roman Catholicism, and of Medieval poetry such as Pearl or Dante's Paradiso, where there are three parts, Earth, Purgatory or the Earthly Paradise, and Heaven or the Celestial Paradise. Scholars have debated the nature of evil in Middle-earth, arguing whether it is the absence of good – the Boethian position, or equally as powerful as good – the Manichaean view. Ontology Creation and destruction Eru is introduced in The Silmarillion as the supreme being of the universe, creator of all existence, including the world, Arda, and its central continent, Middle-earth. In Tolkien's invented Elvish language Quenya, Eru means "The One", or "He that is Alone" and Ilúvatar signifies "Allfather". Eru first created a group of godlike or angelic beings, the Ainur, consisting of the powerful Valar and their assistants, the Maiar. These assisted in the creation of the universe through a holy music and chanting called the Ainulindalë or "Music of the Ainur". Tolkien stated that the "Flame Imperishable" or "Secret Fire" represents the Holy Spirit in Christian theology, the creative activity of Eru, inseparable both from him and from his creation. In the interpretation of Christopher Tolkien, it represents "the mystery of authorship", the author both standing outside of his work and indwelling in it. In the First Age, Eru alone created Elves and Men, the "Children of Ilúvatar". The race of the Dwarves was created by Aulë, and given sapience by Eru. Animals and plants were fashioned by Yavanna during the Music of the Ainur after the themes set out by Eru. Arda ends in the apocalyptic battle of Dagor Dagorath, which Tolkien stated owed something to the Norse myth of Ragnarök. Eru's direct interventions In the Second Age, Eru buried King Ar-Pharazôn of Númenor and his army when they invaded Aman in the Second Age, trying to reach the Undying Lands, which they wrongly supposed would give them immortality. He caused the Earth to take a spherical shape, drowned Númenor, and caused the Undying Lands to be taken "outside the spheres of the earth". When Gandalf died in the fight with the Balrog in The Fellowship of the Ring, it was beyond the power of the Valar to resurrect him; Eru himself intervened to send Gandalf back. Discussing Frodo's failure to destroy the Ring in The Return of the King, Tolkien indicates in a letter that "the One" does intervene actively in the world, pointing to Gandalf's remark to Frodo that "Bilbo was meant to find the Ring, and not by its maker", and to the eventual destruction of the Ring despite Frodo's failure to complete the task. Fëa and hröa Fëa and hröa are the "soul" and "body" of Elves and Men. Their hröa is made out of the matter of Arda; for this reason hröar are marred or as Tolkien wrote, contain a "Melkor ingredient". When an Elf dies, the fëa leaves the hröa, which then dies. The fëa is summoned to the Halls of Mandos in Valinor, where it is judged; however as with death their free-will is not taken away, they could refuse the summons. If allowed by Mandos, the fëa may be re-embodied into a new body identical to the previous hröa. The situation of Men is different: a Mannish fëa is only a visitor to Arda, and when the hröa dies, the fëa, after a brief stay in Mandos, leaves Arda completely. Unseen world In The Lord of the Rings, Tolkien justifies the nature of the Ring by explaining that Elves and other immortal beings dwell in "both worlds" at once (the physical and the spiritual, or Unseen world) and have great power in both, especially those who have dwelt in the light of the Two Trees before the Sun and Moon; and that the powers associated with "magic" were spiritual in nature. The Elves who stayed in Middle-earth where Melkor once was dominant, being in bodies and surrounded by things that are themselves marred and subject to decay by the influence of Melkor, created the Elven Rings out of a desire to preserve the physical world unchanged; as if it were in the Undying Lands of Valinor, home of the Valar. Without the rings they are destined to eventually "fade", eventually becoming shadows in the physical world, prefiguring the concept of Elves as dwelling in a separate and often-underground (or overseas) plane in historical European mythology. Mortals who wear a Ring of Power are destined to "fade" more rapidly, as the rings unnaturally preserve their life-span turning them into wraiths. Invisibility is a side-effect of this, as the wearer is temporarily pulled into the spirit-world. Men, Elves, and Paradise Men live only in the world (Arda), are able to die from it, have souls, and may ultimately go to a kind of Heaven, though this is left vague in the legendarium. The case of Elves is different. They may inhabit the "undying lands" of Valinor, home of the Valar, effectively, according to the Tolkien scholar Tom Shippey, an "Earthly Paradise" as envisaged for Elves in the Middle English South English Legendary. Other Elves are in Middle-earth; the Elf-queen Galadriel indeed is expelled from Valinor, much like the fallen Melkor, though she is clearly good, and much like an angel. Shippey considers whether Elves have souls. He reasons that since they can not leave the world, the answer would have to be no; but given that they do not disappear completely on death, the answer must be yes. In Shippey's view, the Silmarillion resolves the puzzle, letting Elves go not to Heaven but to the halfway house of the Halls of Mandos on Valinor. The problem arises again with apparently wholly evil beings such as Orcs. Since evil cannot make, only mock, Orcs cannot have an equal and opposite morality to that of Men; but since they speak and have a moral sense (though they are unable to keep to it), they cannot be described as wholly evil or lacking sentience. All of this implies, as various scholars have commented, a hierarchy of races comparable with the Medieval great chain of being. Several scholars have likened the implied cosmology of Tolkien's legendarium to that of his religion, Roman Catholicism, and that of Medieval poetry. Evil in Middle-earth Tolkien used the first part of The Silmarillion, the Ainulindalë or creation account, to describe his thoughts on the origin of evil in his fictional world, which he took pains to comport with his own beliefs on the subject, as accounted in his Letters. In the Ainulindalë, evil represents a rebellion against the creative process set in motion by Eru. Evil is defined by its original actor, Melkor, a Luciferian figure who falls from grace in active rebellion against Eru, out of a desire to create and control things of his own. Melkor creates Orcs in mockery of Elves, or by corrupting Elves he had captured in his northern Middle-earth fortress of Udûn. Shippey writes that Tolkien's Middle-earth writings embody the ancient Christian debate on the nature of evil. Shippey notes Elrond's Boethian statement that "nothing is evil in the beginning. Even [the Dark Lord] Sauron was not so", in other words all things were created good; but this is set alongside the Manichean view that good and evil are equally powerful, and battle it out in the world. Tolkien's personal war experience was Manichean: evil seemed at least as powerful as good, and could easily have been victorious, a strand which Shippey notes can also be seen in Middle-earth. Brian Rosebury, a humanities scholar, interprets Elrond's statement as implying an Augustinian universe, created good. The physical universe Flat-earth cosmology Eä is the Quenya name for the material universe as a realisation of the vision of the Ainur. The word comes from the Quenya word for the existential to be in its aorist form. Thus, Eä is 'that which is'. Eä was the word spoken by Eru Ilúvatar by which he brought the universe into actuality. The Void (Kúma, the Outer Dark) is the nothingness outside Arda. From Arda, it is accessible through the Doors of Night. The Valar exiled Melkor to the Void after his defeat in the War of Wrath. Legend foretells that Melkor will return to Arda just before the apocalyptic battle of Dagor Dagorath. The void is not to be confused with the state of non-being that preceded the creation of Eä. When Arda (the Earth) was created, "innumerable stars" were already in existence. To provide greater light, the Valar later created the Two Lamps in Middle-earth, and when these were destroyed they created the Two Trees of Valinor. These gave rise to the Ages of the Lamps and the Years of the Trees, however the Ages of the Stars did not conclude until the creation of the Sun. During the Years of the Trees, shortly before the Awakening of the Elves, Varda created the Great Stars: "new stars and brighter" and constellations. Ilúvatar created Arda (Earth) according to a flat Earth cosmology. This disc-like Arda has continents and the seas, and the moon and the stars revolve around it. Arda was created to be the "Habitation" (Ambar) for Elves and Men. This world was lit by two lamps created by the Valar: Illuin ('Sky-blue') and Ormal ('High-gold'). To support the lamps, Aulë forged two enormous pillars of rock: Helcar in the north of the continent Middle-earth, and Ringil in the south. Illuin was set upon Helcar and Ormal upon Ringil. Between the columns, where the light of the lamps mingled, the Valar dwelt on the island of Almaren in the midst of a Great Lake. When Melkor destroyed the Lamps, two vast inland seas (Helcar and Ringil) and two major seas (Belegaer and the Eastern Sea) were created, but Almaren and its lake were destroyed. The Valar left Middle-earth, and went to the newly formed continent of Aman in the west, where they created their home called Valinor. To discourage Melkor from assailing Aman, they thrust the continent of Middle-earth to the east, thus widening Belegaer at its middle, and raising five major mountain ranges in Middle-earth: the Blue, Red, Grey, and Yellow Mountains, plus the Mountains of the Wind. This act disrupted the symmetrical shapes of the continents and seas. Ekkaia, also called the Enfolding Ocean and the Encircling Sea, is a dark sea that surrounds the world before the cataclysm at the end of the Second Age. During this flat-Earth period, Ekkaia flows completely around Arda, which floats on it like a ship on a sea. Above Ekkaia is a layer of atmosphere. Ulmo the Lord of Waters dwells in Ekkaia, underneath Arda. Ekkaia is extremely cold; where its waters meet the waters of the ocean Belegaer on the northwest of Middle-earth, a chasm of ice is formed: the Helcaraxë. Ekkaia cannot support any ships except the boats of Ulmo. The ships of the Númenóreans that tried to sail on it sank, drowning the sailors. The Sun passes through Ekkaia on its way around the world, warming it as it passes. Ilmen is a region of clean air pervaded by light, before the cataclysm at the end of the Second Age. The stars and other celestial bodies are in this region. The Moon passes through Ilmen on its way around the world, plunging down the Chasm of Ilmen on its return. Spherical-earth cosmology Tolkien's legendarium addresses the spherical Earth paradigm by depicting a catastrophic transition from a flat to a spherical world, in which Aman, the continent where Valinor lay, was removed "from the circles of the world". The only remaining way to reach Aman was the so called Straight Road, a hidden route leaving Middle-earth's curvature through sky and space which was exclusively known and open to the Elves, who were able to navigate it with their ships. This transition from a flat to a spherical Earth is at the center of Tolkien's "Atlantis" legend. The Númenóreans, growing arrogant, tried to reach Valinor, thinking that being there would confer immortality; but Eru destroyed their island and reshaped the world to prevent Men from ever reaching it. Tolkien's unfinished The Lost Road suggests a sketch of the idea of historical continuity connecting the Elvish mythology of the First Age with the classical Atlantis myth, the Germanic migrations, Anglo-Saxon England and the modern period, presenting the Atlantis legend in Plato and other deluge myths as a "confused" account of the story of Númenor. The cataclysmic re-shaping of the world would have left its imprint on the cultural memory and collective unconscious of humanity, and even on the genetic memory of individuals. The "Atlantis" part of the legendarium explores the theme of the memory of a 'straight road' into the West, which now only exists in memory or myth, because the physical world has been changed. The Akallabêth says that the Númenóreans who survived the catastrophe sailed as far west as they could in search of their ancient home, but their travels only brought them around the world back to their starting points. A few years after publishing The Lord of the Rings, in a note associated with the story "Athrabeth Finrod ah Andreth", Tolkien equated Arda with the Solar System; because Arda by this point consisted of more than one heavenly body, with Valinor on another planet, while the Sun and Moon were celestial objects in their own right. Planets and constellations Tolkien developed a list of names and meanings called the Qenya Lexicon. Christopher Tolkien included extracts from this in an appendix to The Book of Lost Tales, with mentions of specific stars, planets, and constellations. The Sun was called Anor or Ur. The Moon was called Ithil or Silmo. Eärendil's Star denotes the light of a Silmaril, set on Eärendil's ship Vingilot as it flew across the sky, identified as the planet Venus. The English use of the word "earendel" in the Old English poem Christ A was found by 19th century philologists to be some sort of bright star, and from 1914 Tolkien took this to mean the morning-star. The line éala éarendel engla beorhtast "Hail, Earendel, brightest of angels" was Tolkien's inspiration. Tolkien created Sindarin names for the other planets in the solar system, as recorded in Morgoth's Ring, but these were not used elsewhere. The names were Silindo for Jupiter, Carnil for Mars, Elemmire for Mercury, Luinil for Uranus, Lumbar for Saturn, and Nenar for Neptune. The Book of Lost Tales lists Morwen as a name for Jupiter. A few individual stars have been identified as names of real stars, whether by Tolkien, his son Christopher, or by scholars. Tolkien indicates in "Three is Company" in The Fellowship of the Ring that Borgil is a red star which appears between Remmirath (the Pleiades) and before Menelvagor (Orion). Larsen and others write that Aldebaran is the only major red star to fit the description. Helluin (also Gil, Nielluin and Nierninwa) is the dog star, Sirius, while Morwinyon is Arcturus. As with the planets, a few major constellations are named in the Legendarium, and can be equated with real constellations seen in the Northern hemisphere. Eksiqilta (also Ekta) is Orion's Belt. Menelvagor (also Daimord, Menelmacar, Mordo, Swordsman of the Sky, Taimavar, Taimondo, Telimbektar, Telimektar, Telumehtar) is Orion the hunter and was meant to represent Túrin Turambar. Remmirath (also Itselokte or Sithaloth), "the Netted Stars", is the Pleiades or Seven Sisters. Valacirca, "the Sickle of the Valar", is Ursa Major (the Plough or Big Dipper) which Varda set in the Northern sky as a warning to Melkor. Wilwarin, meaning "Butterfly", is taken to be Cassiopeia. Analysis In his 2020 book Tolkien's Cosmology, the scholar of English literature Sam McBride suggests a new category, "monotheistic polytheism", for the theological basis of Tolkien's cosmology, insofar as it combines a polytheistic pantheon with the Valar, Maiar, and beings such as Tom Bombadil, alongside an evidently monotheistic cosmos created by one god, Eru Ilúvatar. In his view, the Valar "cannot be reduced either to spirit-beings or earth-forces; they encompass both simultaneously". McBride shows how Eru's actions can be seen in the creation of the world (Eä) and the Valar through which he acts, and more ambiguously in the Third Age where the divine will is at most hinted at. The theologian Catherine Madsen writes that Tolkien found it impossible to make his many drafts and revisions of The Silmarillion consistent with The Lord of the Rings, leaving it unpublished at his death. Its cosmology is glimpsed: she notes that the tale of Earendil is recited, and it serves as background to Frodo and Sam's use of the Phial of Galadriel, which contains some of the light of Earendil's star. In contrast, the creation myth of the Ainulindalë is not even mentioned in The Lord of the Rings, though she notes that it could have been: Beowulf offered a suitable model familiar to Tolkien, in the minstrel's telling of a creation story. By having The Lord of the Rings told from the hobbits' point of view, Madsen writes, cosmology is pushed still further into the background: the hobbits know even less of the Valar than Men do, and Eru is not mentioned at all. Scholars have noted that Tolkien seems in later life to have hesitated and drawn back from the flat earth cosmology of Arda, but that it was so deeply embedded in the entire Legendarium that recasting it in what Deirdre Dawson, writing in Tolkien Studies, calls "a more rational, scientifically plausible, global shape", proved unworkable. The Tolkien scholar Janet Brennan Croft states in Mythlore that the races of Middle-earth, Hobbits, Men, Elves, and Dwarves, are all in no doubt at all that there is "a literal cosmological battle between Good and Evil", all expecting a "final cataclysmic battle". Readers may, she writes, consider interpreting the Ainulindalë metaphorically, so that Melkor's attempts to destroy Arda, "raising the valleys, throwing down the mountains, spilling the seas—could be read as a symbolic representation of geological forces", but there is no suggestion of this in the text. See also Tolkien's maps References Primary Secondary Sources Mythopoeia Fictional philosophies
Frondibacter aureus is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Frondibacter which has been isolated from leaf litter from the Nakama River. References Flavobacteria Bacteria described in 2015
Cristián Warnken (born January 28, 1961) is a Chilean literature professor, columnist, interviewer, radio personality, podcaster, and television presenter. In 2020 he interviewed President Sebastián Piñera. Warnken has been dean of the Faculty of Education and Humanities of Universidad del Desarrollo. He was elected as permanent member of the Academia Chilena de Ciencias Sociales, Políticas y Morales in 2022. References 1961 births Living people Spanish literature academics Chilean television presenters Chilean radio journalists Chilean columnists 21st-century Chilean poets Chilean male poets Members of Amarillos por Chile
Noragyugh () is a historic neighborhood in Kentron District of Yerevan, Armenia. A plan is in place to destroy the historic district and turn it into a business center, known as "New Yerevan". References External links Populated places in Yerevan
Thomas Robb is the name of: Thomas Robb (Ku Klux Klan) (born 1946), white supremacist and Ku Klux Klan leader Tommy Robb (footballer) (born 1899), Scottish footballer Tommy Robb (motorcyclist) (born 1934), British motorcyclist Tom Robb (1948–2006), American musician See also Robb Thomas (born 1966), American football player
Megachile propinqua is a species of bee in the family Megachilidae. It was described by Theodore Dru Alison Cockerell in 1913. References Propinqua Insects described in 1913
Arambegama is a village in Sri Lanka. It is located within Central Province. See also List of towns in Central Province, Sri Lanka External links Populated places in Kandy District
Nils Petter Molvær () also known as NPM (born 18 September 1960) is a Norwegian jazz trumpeter, composer, and record producer. He is considered a pioneer of future jazz, a genre that fuses jazz and electronic music, best showcased on his most commercially successful album, Khmer. Biography Molvær was born and raised on the island of Sula, Møre og Romsdal, Norway, and left at age nineteen to study on the Jazz program at Trondheim Musikkonservatorium (1980–82). He joined the bands Jazzpunkensemblet with Jon Eberson and Masqualero, alongside Arild Andersen, Jon Christensen and Tore Brunborg. Masqualero (named after a Wayne Shorter composition originally recorded by Miles Davis) recorded several albums for ECM Records, and Molvær recorded with other ECM artists before his 1997 debut solo album, Khmer. The record was a fusion of jazz, rock, electronic soundscapes, and hip-hop beats – and quite unlike the delicate "chamber jazz" typically associated with ECM. Molvær's muted trumpet sound, sometimes electronically processed, had an obvious debt to Miles Davis's work of the 1970s and 1980s, but without being a slavish copy. For the first time, ECM released singles: "Song of Sand", backed with three remixes, and "Ligotage". In 2000, a second album followed, Solid Ether, after which Molvær left ECM. He has recorded several albums since, and has also produced film and theater music. He often works with guitarist Eivind Aarset. He has also played with Tabla Beat Science, created by Zakir Hussain and Bill Laswell. Honors 1996: Kongsberg Jazz Award 1997: Spellemannprisen in the Open class 1998: Gammleng-prisen in the class Jazz 1996: Kongsberg Jazz Award 2000: Spellemannprisen in the Open class 2003: Buddyprisen 2005: Spellemannprisen in the Open class Discography In Masqualero 1983: Masqualero 1985: Bande À Part 1987: Aero 1990: Re-Enter Solo 1997: Khmer 1998: Khmer: The Remixes (promo only) 1998: Ligotage (EP) 2000: Solid Ether (feat. Sidsel Endresen and others) 2001: Recoloured (remixes) 2002: NP3 2004: Streamer (2002, live) 2005: Er 2005: Edy (soundtrack to the film by Guérin-Tillié) 2005: Remakes (remixes) 2005: An American Compilation (compilation) 2008: Re-Vision (OST outtakes merged into an album) 2009: Hamada 2011: Baboon Moon 2014: Switch 2016: Buoyancy 2021: Stitches Collaborations 1990: So I Write, with Sidsel Endresen, Django Bates, Jon Christensen 1995: Hastening Westward, with Robyn Schulkowsky 1997: Small Labyrinths (recorded 1994), in Marilyn Mazur's Future Song 2005: Electra, in Arild Andersen Group 2008: Corps Electriques, with Hector Zazou/KatieJane Garside, Bill Rieflin, Lone Kent 2013: 1/1, with Moritz von Oswald 2015: Infolding, in Spin Marvel (Martin France - drums, Tim Harries - bass, Terje Evensen - live electronics, Nils Petter Molvaer - trumpet, Emre Ramazanoglu - production and further drums) 2015: Høst: Autumn Fall (OST), with Mapping Oceans 2018: Nordub, with Sly & Robbie 2019: Music For Paintings, with Terje Evensen, Leo Abrahams, Anna Stereopoulou, Anthony Cox, Manongo Mujica 2023: The Harmony Codex with Steven Wilson As featured artist 1990: Nonsentration - Jon Balke 1992: Night Caller - Rita Marcotulli 1993: Exile - Sidsel Endresen 1997: Brytningstid - Kenneth Sivertsen 1998: Électronique Noire - Eivind Aarset 2001: Radioaxiom: A Dub Transmission - Bill Laswell & Jah Wobble 2003: Digital Prophecy - Dhafer Youssef 2004: Seafarer's Song - Ketil Bjørnstad 2006: Mélange Bleu - Lars Danielsson 2007: A Pure Land - Sienná 2007: Ataraxis - Deeyah 2007: 23 Wheels of Dharma - Somma 2008: Dome - Johannes Enders 2008: Lodge - Fanu & Bill Laswell 2012: Manu Katché - Manu Katché 2015: Deeper Green - Christof May 2017: Hypersomniac - Lef 2019: Hyperuranion - Chat Noir 2021: Roses of Neurosis - Sivert Høyem Also appears on Beginner's Guide to Scandinavia (3CD, Nascente 2011) References External links Nils Petter Molvær Biography by Johs Bergh on Store Norske Leksikon Norwegian jazz composers Male jazz composers Jazz fusion musicians Avant-garde jazz musicians Spellemannprisen winners 20th-century Norwegian trumpeters 21st-century Norwegian trumpeters Norwegian University of Science and Technology alumni 1960 births Living people Musicians from Langevåg Norwegian jazz trumpeters Male trumpeters ECM Records artists 20th-century Norwegian male musicians 21st-century Norwegian male musicians 1300 Oslo members Jazzpunkensemblet members Masqualero members Thirsty Ear Recordings artists
Wapping Dock railway station was on the Liverpool Overhead Railway, adjacent to the dock of the same name. It was primarily used for access to the large warehouses nearby. It was opened on 6 March 1893 by the Marquis of Salisbury. The station received some damage during the Liverpool Blitz. The station closed, along with the rest of the line on 31 December 1956. No evidence of this station remains, save for a small number of supporting columns set into the walls at Wapping. References External links Wapping Dock railway station at Disused Stations Disused railway stations in Liverpool Former Liverpool Overhead Railway stations Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1893 Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1956
Mika Tauriainen (born 5 January 1975 Sweden) is a Finnish vocalist. He is currently a member of gothic metal band Entwine, Frostlit and ex-vocalist of atmospheric rock band ShamRain. Discography With Entwine Chaotic Nation (2015/Spinefarm Records) Rough n' Stripped (2009/Spinefarm Records) Painstained (2009/Spinefarm Records) Fatal Design (2006/Spinefarm Records) Sliver EP (2005/Spinefarm Records) DiEversity (2004/Spinefarm Records) Time of Despair (2002/Spinefarm Records) Gone (2001/Spinefarm Records) Singles With Entwine Plastic World (2015) Strife (2009) Surrender (2005) Break Me (2005) Bitter Sweet (2004) New Dawn (2000) With ShamRain Goodbye To All That (2007) Deeper Into The Night (MCD) (2006) Someplace Else (2005) ShamRain EP (2004) Empty World Excursion (2003) Pieces (MCD) (2002) Guest appearances 2006: feat. Michelle Darkness the song "Hatethings" from the Album Brand new Drug. 2007: Male vocals on the songs "Emotional Man" and "Only for the stars in your eyes" from the album "Salomé - The Seventh Veil" by Xandria 2009: Male Vocals on the song "Kuoleman Suudelma" from the album Julma Satu by Villieläin. 2010: with Herrasmiesliiga on the song "Herrasmiesliiga" from the Album Jare Henrik Tiihonen References External links Discogs Profile ENTWINE (MIKA TAURIAINEN) Interview Face to Face Metalglory Profile To hell with comparisons! Interview 1975 births Living people People from Motala Municipality 21st-century Finnish male singers
Arbër Hoxha (born 6 October 1998) is a Kosovan professional footballer who plays as a left winger for Croatian club Slaven Belupo and the Kosovo national team. Club career Lokomotiva On 5 July 2021, Hoxha joined Croatian First League side Lokomotiva. On 14 August 2021, he made his debut in a 4–0 home win against Istra 1961 after coming on as a substitute at 70th minute in place of Lukas Kačavenda. Slaven Belupo On 8 February 2022, Hoxha signed a three-year contract with Croatian First League club Slaven Belupo. Ten days later, he made his debut in a 0–3 away win against Gorica after coming on as a substitute at 80th minute in place of Hansel Zapata. International career Under-21 On 14 March 2018, Hoxha received a call-up from Kosovo U21 for the 2019 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification matches against Azerbaijan and Germany. His debut came on 15 October 2019 in a 2021 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification match against Albania after coming on as a substitute at 78th minute in place of Ismet Lushaku and assists in his side's only goal during a 2–1 away defeat. Senior On 24 December 2019, Hoxha received a call-up from Kosovo for the friendly match against Sweden, and made his debut after coming on as a substitute at 46th minute in place of Zymer Bytyqi. On 11 June 2021, Hoxha scored his first goal for Kosovo in his third appearance for the country in a 1–0 home minimal win over Gambia. Career statistics Club International \|+ List of international goals scored by Arbër HoxhaScores and results list Kosovo's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Hoxha goal. \|- \|1. \|11 June 2021 \|Arslan Zeki Demirci Sports Complex, Manavgat, Turkey \| \|align="center"\|1–0 \|align="center"\|1–0 \|Friendly \| \|} References External links 1998 births Living people Sportspeople from Peja Kosovan men's footballers Kosovo men's under-21 international footballers Kosovo men's international footballers Men's association football wingers Football Superleague of Kosovo players FC Prishtina players KF Hajvalia players FC Besa Pejë players FC Ballkani players Croatian Football League players NK Lokomotiva Zagreb players NK Slaven Belupo players
Daniel Onyekachi (born 24 August 1985 in Port Harcourt) is a Nigerian former professional footballer who played as a striker. References 1985 births Living people Sportspeople from Port Harcourt Nigerian men's footballers Men's association football forwards GKS Katowice players Zdrój Ciechocinek players Górnik Wieliczka players Kmita Zabierzów players Elana Toruń players LZS Piotrówka players Ekstraklasa players I liga players II liga players III liga players Nigerian expatriate men's footballers Expatriate men's footballers in Poland Nigerian expatriate sportspeople in Poland Expatriate men's footballers in Vietnam Nigerian expatriate sportspeople in Vietnam
Morgan Bayard Wootten (April 21, 1931January 21, 2020) was an American high school basketball coach for 46 seasons at DeMatha Catholic High School in Hyattsville, Maryland. He led the Stags to five national championships and 33 Washington Catholic Athletic Conference (WCAC) titles. In 2000, he was the third high school coach to be inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame and the first high school only coach to be inducted. Early life Wootten was born in Durham, North Carolina on April 21, 1931, the son of a United States Navy officer Charles Thomas Wootten, Jr. and grandson of photographer Bayard Wootten. He grew up in Silver Spring, Maryland and attended Gonzaga College High School and Montgomery Blair High School, from which he graduated in 1950. Wootten enrolled at Montgomery College and in 1951 began coaching baseball, football, and basketball at St. Joseph's Home and School for Boys, an orphanage in Washington, D.C. He transferred to the University of Maryland, College Park in 1953 and became the junior varsity basketball and football coach at St. John's College High School. He graduated from the University of Maryland in 1956 with degrees in physical education and history. Coaching career In 1956, Wootten was hired as a history teacher and the coach of the football and basketball teams at DeMatha Catholic High School in Hyattsville, Maryland. Led by star player John Austin, the basketball team won its first conference title in 1961 and the national high school championship in 1962. In 1965, Wootten made national headlines when his DeMatha team beat Lew Alcindor's Power Memorial Academy and ended its 71-game winning streak. Although his football teams had won three league titles, Wootten decided to focus on basketball after the 1968 season. He continued to teach world history to every DeMatha freshman until reducing his class load in 1980. When he retired in 2002, Wootten's career coaching record stood at 1,274-192. In 46 seasons as the head coach of DeMatha basketball, he won five high school national championships, 22 Washington, D.C. titles, and 33 WCAC championships. Wootten has the second most wins as a head coach in the history of boys high school basketball, behind Robert Hughes. Wootten never had a losing record, with his worst performance coming in the 1957–58 season, when DeMatha went 17–11, the only year his team did not have at least 20 wins. He had two perfect seasons, the first coming in 1977-78 (28-0) and the other in 1990-91 (30-0). More than a dozen of Wootten's players went on to play in the NBA, including Adrian Dantley and Danny Ferry. Mike Brey, head coach of Notre Dame Fighting Irish men's basketball, also played under Wootten. UCLA basketball coach John Wooden (1910–2010) described his admiration for Wootten when he said, "I know of no finer coach at any level – high school, college or pro. I stand in awe of him." In 2000, Wootten became the third high school coach to be inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame, and the first to be admitted solely as a high school coach. His overall record at the time was 1,210 wins and 183 losses. Wootten was one of the founders of the McDonald's All-American Game, whose annual player of the year award is named in his honor. During his coaching career at DeMatha, located just away from his alma mater, he received job offers from North Carolina State, Georgetown, and American, as well as interest from Duke, Wake Forest, and Virginia. Wootten turned down the offers, according to Sports Illustrated, because the Maryland job, which was not forthcoming, was the only college job he wanted. Personal life and family Wootten resided in University Park, Maryland with his wife, Kathy, whom he married in 1964. He had five children, Cathy, Carol, Tricia, Brendan, and Joe. In 1996, Wootten nearly died because of a malfunctioning liver and was quickly rushed to the hospital for a liver transplant. Several years later, aged 75, one of his kidneys failed, and he received a transplant; the donor was his son, Joe. Joe became a basketball coach at Bishop O'Connell High School in Arlington, Virginia. Wootten and his son both led one of the largest camps in the United States , Coach Wootten's Basketball Camp, held in Frostburg, Maryland at Frostburg State University and at Bishop O'Connell High School. Wootten died January 21, 2020, at his home in Maryland, at the age of 88. He was surrounded by his wife Kathy and family. Media Wootten co-authored two biographies with Bill Gilbert: From Orphans to Champions (1979), and A Coach for All Seasons (1997). In 1992, Wootten wrote a manual for coaching, Coaching Basketball Successfully, with co-author Dave Gilbert. As second edition of the book was published in 2003, and a third edition in 2012, co-authored with Joe Wootten. In 2017, the documentary film Morgan Wootten: The Godfather of Basketball was released. The film explores Wootten's coaching journey from a baseball coach at a small orphanage to the first high school basketball coach in the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame, as well as his personal and family life. It was produced and directed by Bill Hayes, and features top coaches, players, and sports journalists, including Coach K, Roy Williams, Mike Brey, James Brown, John Feinstein and more. Wootten appeared in the 2020 documentary Basketball County along DeMatha alums Victor Oladipo and Adrian Dantley. Wootten is one of the individuals memorialized in the ending of the film. Head coaching record References 1931 births 2020 deaths Sportspeople from Durham, North Carolina University of Maryland, College Park alumni Montgomery College alumni Basketball coaches from North Carolina High school basketball coaches in Maryland High school football coaches in Maryland Liver transplant recipients Kidney transplant recipients Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame inductees
Death Panel is a leftist podcast focusing on the political economy of health. It was founded in November 2018 by Artie Vierkant, Beatrice Adler-Bolton, Vince Patti, and Phil Rocco. As of 2021, all of the podcast's founders, except for Patti, remain its co-hosts. Adler-Bolton and Vierkant are both artists, and much of the original inspiration for the podcast came from Adler-Bolton's own experiences interacting with the health care system of the United States as someone with two rare diseases: chronic relapsing inflammatory optic neuropathy and granulomatosis with polyangiitis. In May 2020, Kerry Doran wrote in ARTnews that "...The Death Panel has become a cult hit in the art world. Artists Ed Atkins, Ivana Bašić, Hannah Black, Joshua Citarella, Simon Denny, Devin Kenny, Cole Lu, Jayson Musson, and Andrew Ross are among some of the devoted listeners." The podcast is funded by a Patreon. In October 2022, Verso Books published Health Communism by Adler-Bolton and Vierkant, a book which argues for "a conception of health that is possible to work toward within the capitalist system but which is mutually exclusive with this system’s model of health." References External links 2018 podcast debuts Political podcasts Audio podcasts American podcasts
Hollow Elis (also known as Koile-Elis, or Vale of Elis) was a district of Elis, Greece. The district occupied the basin of the Peneus River. The district extended as far as Cape Araxos. References Geography of ancient Elis
Viktor Nikolayevich Ivanov (, 21 December 1930 – 14 August 2003) was a Russian rower who competed for the Soviet Union in the 1956 Summer Olympics. In 1956 he and his partner Igor Buldakov won the silver medal in the coxless pair event. References 1930 births 2003 deaths Russian male rowers Soviet male rowers Rowers at the 1956 Summer Olympics Olympic rowers for the Soviet Union Medalists at the 1956 Summer Olympics Olympic medalists in rowing Olympic silver medalists for the Soviet Union European Rowing Championships medalists
Piper ornatum, the Celebes pepper, is a species of plant in the family Piperaceae. It is endemic to Indonesia. References ornatum Endemic flora of Sulawesi Taxa named by N. E. Brown
Tomasz Bednarek and Mateusz Kowalczyk were the defending champions but decided not to participate. Blaž Kavčič and Antonio Veić won the title after defeating Javier Martí and Leonardo Tavares 6–3, 6–3 in the final. Seeds Draw Draw References Main Draw Cyclus Open de Tenis - Doubles 2012 Doubles Cyc
Conflict of Interest may refer to: For conflicts of interest generally, see conflict of interest "Conflicts of Interest" (Babylon 5), a 1997 episode of Babylon 5 Conflict of Interest (album), an album by Ghetts Conflict of Interest (EP), an EP by Darkwood "A Conflict of Interest", a 1987 episode of Yes, Prime Minister "A Conflict of Interests" (Life on Mars), an episode of Life on Mars Conflict of Interest (novel), a legal thriller by David Crump Conflict of Interest (film), a 1993 independent film directed by Gary Davis Conflict of interest editing on Wikipedia
Bostegan (, also Romanized as Bostegān) is a village in Jakdan Rural District, in the Central District of Bashagard County, Hormozgan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 34, in 5 families. References Populated places in Bashagard County
40 Leadenhall Street, also known as Stanza London is an office-led development in London that is currently under construction. It is located within the City of London financial district and is one of a number of new building developments for the area. Construction commenced in early 2020 with a target completion date of December 2023. US law firm Kirkland & Ellis will be a major occupier from completion. Site ownership and location The development site, known as the Leadenhall Triangle, was purchased by Henderson Global Investors in June 2011 for around £190 million. It is situated in the Aldgate ward in the eastern portion of the City of London, and is a short distance from the Leadenhall Building and the Lloyd's building. Planning application In October 2013 Vanquish Properties (UK) Limited Partnership applied for planning permission to construct a building comprising 10, 14 and 34 storeys to a maximum height of 170m(AOD) on a site bounded by 19-21 and 22 Billiter Street, 49 Leadenhall Street, 108 and 109-114 Fenchurch Street, 6-8 and 9-13 Fenchurch Buildings. The listed building at 19 - 21 Billiter Street is to be retained whilst all other existing properties on the site will be demolished. Planning permission was granted by the City of London Corporation on 29 May 2014, following a resolution to grant permission by the Planning and Transportation Committee on 25 February 2014, subject to certain planning obligations being met. Following Brexit, the developer announced that construction will only go ahead when a sufficient amount of office space has been pre-let. In October 2019 it was announced M&G and Prudential have bought the site and will fund its construction for £875m with a final development value of £1.4bn. Build started in 2020 after Keltbray completed clearing the Leadenhall Triangle site. This is despite no pre-let. Design The building varies in height by being laid in a series of vertical slices ranging from 7 to 34 stories at the Leadenhall Street end. Gallery References Skyscrapers in the City of London Proposed skyscrapers in London
The Battle of Al-Anbar () was between the Muslim Arab army under the command of Khalid ibn al-Walid and the Sasanian Empire. The battle took place at Anbar which is located approximately 80 miles from the ancient city of Babylon. Khalid besieged the Sassanian Persians in the city fortress, which had strong walls. Scores of Muslim archers were used in the siege. The Persian governor, Shirzad, eventually surrendered and was allowed to retire. The Battle of Al-Anbar is often remembered as the "Action of the Eye" since Muslim archers used in the battle were told to aim at the "eyes" of the Persian garrison. References Sources A.I. Akram, The Sword of Allah: Khalid bin al-Waleed, His Life and Campaigns, Nat. Publishing. House, Rawalpindi (1970) . Battles of Khalid ibn Walid Battles involving the Rashidun Caliphate Battles involving the Sasanian Empire Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia 633 630s in the Rashidun Caliphate
Seaforth is a former unincorporated community in Chatham County, North Carolina, United States located on U.S. Highway 64. It lies at an elevation of 217 feet (66 m). References Unincorporated communities in Chatham County, North Carolina Unincorporated communities in North Carolina
Heinrich Joachim Herterich (May/June 1772, Hamburg - 20 March 1852, Hamburg) was a German lithographer, painter and etcher. Life and work He studied with his father, Johann Andreas Herterich (1725–1794), who was originally from Bayreuth. In 1804, he made a study trip to Paris. Initially, he worked as a portrait painter, in a style influenced by Claude Lorrain. He learned lithography in 1817, from , in Munich. The following year, he returned to Hamburg with a team of specialists, in a joint venture with Johannes Michael Speckter, to establish the first lithography firm in Northern Germany. The company proved to be very successful, although Herterich personally continued to prefer painting to lithography. In 1825, he helped to set up a "Lithographic Institute" in Berlin, modelled after the one in Munich. He remained closely connected to the Speckter family until his death; serving as a teacher for his partner's sons, Erwin and Otto. He was interred at the Ohlsdorf Cemetery, adjacent to the plot belonging to the Speckters. Further reading Sylva van der Heyden: "Herterich, Heinrich Joachim", in: Bénédicte Savoy and France Nerlich (Eds.): Pariser Lehrjahre. Ein Lexikon zur Ausbildung deutscher Maler in der französischen Hauptstadt. Vol.1: 1793-1843, Berlin/Boston 2013, pp. 107–108 External links 1772 births 1852 deaths 18th-century German painters 18th-century German male artists German lithographers German etchers Artists from Hamburg 19th-century German painters 19th-century German male artists
The Provincial Disaster Management Authority (PDMA) is a government agency responsible for disaster management and emergency response in the province of Sindh, Pakistan. PDMA Sindh works to mitigate the impact of natural and man-made disasters, including floods, earthquakes, droughts, and other emergencies. It aims to enhance the resilience of communities, reduce vulnerabilities, and improve disaster preparedness and response. See also National Disaster Management Act, 2010 References Emergency management in Pakistan Government agencies of Sindh
Hisaralan is a village in the Dazkırı District, Afyonkarahisar Province, Turkey. Its population is 81 (2021). References Villages in Dazkırı District
Stephen Gough (born 1959) is a British activist known as "The Naked Rambler" Stephen Gough is also the name of: Stephen Gough (footballer) (born 1981), Irish footballer Stephen Gough (speed skater) (born 1972), Canadian short track speed skater Stephen Gough (politician), Canadian politician
The San Matías–San Carlos Protection Forest (Bosque de Protección San Matías-San Carlos) is a national forest situated in Pasco Region, Peru. It is a forest set aside to preserve the soils and to protect infrastructure, towns, and agricultural grounds against the effects of the water erosion, huaycos, streams or floods. It lies within the Peruvian Yungas and Ucayali moist forests ecoregions. It also allows for the maintenance and development of the cultural values of the native communities, such as the Ashaninkas, and Amueshas. References See also Natural and Cultural Peruvian Heritage National forests of Peru Geography of Pasco Region
Elena Barraquer Compte (born May 30, 1954) is a Spanish ophthalmologist specializing in cataract surgery and corneal transplantation. She is the founder of the Elena Barraquer Fundación. She organises cataract fixing trips to Africa by her surgeons and teams. In 2012 she was recognized with the Medal of Honor of Barcelona and in 2018 she was recognized with the Queen Sophia Spanish Institute award in her category of Excellence Awards. Life Compte was born in Barcelona in 1954 into a family known for medical research. She was part of the fourth generation of ophthalmologists and her brother was expected to follow in the family business. Elena decided that she too wanted to become an eye surgeon even though it was not expected. Her father is Professor Joaquín Barraquer Moner and she is the granddaughter of Ignacio Barraquer known for their advances in cataract surgery and great-granddaughter of José Antonio Barraquer Roviralta, founder in 1903 of the Ophthalmological Society of Barcelona and the first professor of ophthalmology in Spain in 1914. José's brother Rafael Ignacio Barraquer Compte also dedicates himself to eye surgery. Comte graduated in surgery from the Autonomous University of Barcelona in 1977. She completed her internship at the Vall Hebron University Hospital in Barcelona where in 1978 she obtained a scholarship to specialize in the National Eye Institute belonging to the National Institutes of Health of Bethesda, Maryland. There she made her first surgical trip visiting Port au Prince in Haiti. For two years she was working on the investigation of retinal pigment epithelium cultures and their application in various pathologies. She subsequently joined as a Fellow in eye pathology at the Wilmer Eye Institute of the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions in Baltimore . There he was working in the laboratory of Professor W. Richard Green from 1980 to 1983. She had been involved in making up to twelve trips per year to Africa. Her brother who was the director wanted to redirect the family's charitable foundation towards education, research and training. Elena felt that this was the course that her father would have backed. She was no longer able to continue the many trips to Africa, but her foundation attracted young doctors who were keen to continue the work. A visit to Cape Verde involved hundreds of operations and about 500 kg of materials, but the benefit has been estimated to be $20m because the operation not only returns an adult to work but may also release a child carer who can now return to school. Elena and her brother are still co-owners of The Barraquer Clinic. Awards and recognition 2012 Medal of Honor of the City of Barcelona 2017 Codespa Award in Solidarity SME category 2018 Queen Sophia Spanish Institute award. References 1954 births Living people Physicians from Barcelona Women ophthalmologists
Józefin is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Rakoniewice, within Grodzisk Wielkopolski County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately north-west of Rakoniewice, south-west of Grodzisk Wielkopolski, and south-west of the regional capital Poznań. References Villages in Grodzisk Wielkopolski County
Patrick Küng (born 11 January 1984) is a Swiss former World Cup alpine ski racer. He specialised in the speed events of Downhill and Super G and made his World Cup debut at Wengen in 2009. Küng represented Switzerland at the World Championships in 2013 in Schladming, Austria. After placing 18th in the Super G, he produced his best run of the 2013 season in the downhill, finishing in 7th position. Küng's first World Cup win came in Super G in December 2013, at Beaver Creek, USA. His second came a month later at the downhill in Wengen, Switzerland. Through January 2015, he has two World Cup wins and five podiums. Küng won the gold medal in downhill at the 2015 World Championships at Beaver Creek. At the Kitzbühel World Cup meeting in January 2019, Küng announced his immediate retirement from competition, citing a lack of willingness to take the necessary risks following a crash in Wengen which left him concussed. World Cup results Season standings Standings through 28 January 2018 Race podiums 2 wins – (1 DH, 1 SG) 5 podiums – (3 DH, 2 SG) World Championships results Olympic results References External links Patrick Küng World Cup standings at the International Ski Federation Swiss Ski team – official site Salomon Racing.com – team – alpine skiing – Patrick Küng Sochi 2014 – Patrick Kueng Swiss male alpine skiers 1984 births Living people Alpine skiers at the 2014 Winter Olympics Olympic alpine skiers for Switzerland People from Glarus 21st-century Swiss people
2008 F.C. Gifu season Competitions Domestic results J. League 2 Emperor's Cup Player statistics Other pages J. League official site Gifu 2008
Dye-sublimation printing (or dye-sub printing) is a term that covers several distinct digital computer printing techniques that involve using heat to transfer dye onto a substrate. The sublimation name was first applied because the dye was thought to make the transition between the solid and gas states without going through a liquid stage. This understanding of the process was later shown to be incorrect, as there is some liquefication of the dye. Since then, the proper name for the process has become known as dye diffusion, though this technically correct term has not supplanted the original name. Historically, "dye sublimation" referred to page printers that use a thermal printhead to transfer dye from a ribbon directly onto the print media via sublimation. While it originally was used in creating prepress proofs, today this technology survives in ID card printers and dedicated photo printers, often under the name dye diffusion thermal transfer (D2T2). The term was later also applied to the indirect sublimation transfer printing process, which uses a standard printer to deposit sublimation-capable toner or ink onto a transfer sheet. The printed transfer sheet is then pressed with the substrate with heat, transferring the dye to the substrate, such as plastic or fabric, via sublimation. Thus, this process is indirect, since the final substrate does not pass through the printer, and the sublimation step occurs separately. The term direct dye sublimation is sometimes applied to a variant of digital textile printing using dye-sublimation inks printed directly onto fabric, which must then be heated to set the dyes, without the use of a transfer sheet. Dye-sublimation page printing Process Using a mechanism which is a variant of the thermal-transfer printer, the most common direct process lays down one color at a time, the dye being stored on a polyester ribbon that has each color on a separate panel. Each colored panel is the size of the medium that is being printed on; for example, a 4x6 in (10x15cm) dye-sub printer would have four 4x6 in (10x15cm) panels. During the printing cycle, the printer rollers will move the medium and one of the colored panels together under a thermal printing head, which is usually the same width as the shorter dimension of the print medium. Tiny heating elements on the head change temperature rapidly, laying different amounts of dye depending on the amount of heat applied. Some of the dye diffuses into the printing medium. After the printer finishes printing the medium in one color, it advances the ribbon to the next color panel and partially ejects the medium from the printer to prepare for the next cycle. The entire process is repeated four or five times in total: the first three lay the colors onto the medium to form a complete image; there may or may not then be a (wax ink) black thermal transfer process; the last pass lays the laminate over top. This layer protects the dyes from UV light and moisture. For ID card printing, sharp text and bar codes are necessary, and they are printed by means of an additional wax-based black panel on the (YMCKO) ribbon. This extra panel works by thermal transfer printing instead of dye diffusion: a whole layer, instead of just some of the dye in the layer, transfers from the ribbon to the substrate at the pixels defined by the thermal head. Applications Industrial and Commercial Settings Previously, the use of dye-sub printing was limited to industrial or high-end commercial printing. Dye-sub photo printing has been used in medical imaging, graphic arts proofing, security, and broadcast-related applications. Rising Popularity: Dye-Sublimation in Event Photography Today, it is extremely popular in event photography and photo booths or kiosks that require high-speed, on-demand printing. Affordable Dye-Sublimation: Home Consumers and Postcard-Sized Alps Electric produced the first quality dye-sub printers for home consumers in the $500–$1,000 price range, bringing dye-sublimation technology within the reach of a wider audience. (These models were, however, not true page printers, since they used a narrow printhead that swept across the page, like most inkjet printers.) Now there are many dye-sublimation printers on the market starting from as low as $100, especially postcard-sized mobile photo printers. ID Photography and Card Printing The ability to produce instant photo prints inexpensively from a small printer has led to dye sublimation solutions supplanting traditional instant photos in some applications, such as ID photography with a card printer. Desktop and Photo booth Applications Several corporations market desktop-size units as stand-alone printers and for print kiosk and photo booth applications. Some of these units are based on generic printers. Some manufacturers, offer software development kits with their printers, suggesting that these companies hope to attract system integrators as a potential market. Event Photography: Immediate Lab-Quality Prints Desktop-size standalone dye-sub photo printers are also used by photographers in event photography. The technology allows photographers to produce and sell lab-quality prints immediately during the event they are attending, with a minimal amount of hardware. Print speed As dye-sublimation page printers utilize heat to transfer the dye onto the print media, the printing speed is limited by the speed at which the elements on the thermal head can change temperature. Heating the elements is easy, as a strong electric current can raise the temperature of an element very quickly. However, cooling the elements down, when changing from a darker to a lighter color, is harder and usually involves having a fan/heatsink assembly attached to the print head. The use of multiple heads can also speed up this process since one head can cool down while another is printing. Although print times vary among different dye-sublimation printers, a typical consumer dye-sub printer can print a 4x6 in (10x15cm) photo in 45–90 seconds. More heavy-duty printers can print much faster; for example, a Sinfonia Colorstream S2 dye-sublimation printer can print a 4x6 in (10x15cm) photo in as little as 6.8 seconds, and a Mitsubishi CP-D707DW is known to have a faster print of under 6 seconds for similar size. In all cases, the finished print is completely dry once it emerges from the printer. Comparison with inkjet printing Traditionally, the advantage of dye-sublimation printing has been the fact that it is a continuous-tone technology, where each dot can be any color. In contrast, inkjet printers can vary the location and size of ink droplets, a process called dithering, but each drop of ink is limited to the colors of the inks installed. Consequently, a dye-sublimation printer produces true continuous tones appearing much like a chemical photograph. An inkjet print is composed of droplets of ink layered and scattered to simulate continuous tones, but under magnification, the individual droplets can be seen. In the early days of inkjet printing, the large droplets and low resolution made inkjet prints significantly inferior to dye-sublimation, but many of today's inkjets produce extremely high-quality prints using microscopic droplets and supplementary ink colors, producing superior color fidelity and sharpness to dye-sublimation. Dye sublimation offers some advantages over inkjet printing. For one, the prints are dry and ready to handle as soon as they exit the printer. Since the thermal head does not have to sweep back and forth over the print media, there are fewer moving parts that can break down. The whole printing cycle is extremely clean as there are no liquid inks to clean up. These factors make dye-sublimation generally a more reliable technology than inkjet printing. Dye-sublimation printers have some drawbacks compared to inkjet printers. Each of the colored panels of the ribbons, and the thermal head itself, must match the size of the media that is being printed on. Furthermore, only especially coated paper or specific plastics can accept the sublimated ink. This means that dye-sublimation printers cannot match the flexibility of inkjet printers in printing on a wide range of media. The dyes diffuse a small amount before being absorbed by the media. Consequently, prints are not razor-sharp. For photographs, this produces very natural prints, but for other uses (such as graphic design) this slight blurriness is a disadvantage. The amount of wasted dye per page is also very high; most of the dye in the four panels may be wasted for a typical print. Once a panel has been used, even to just print a single dot, the remaining dye on that panel cannot be reused for another print without leaving a blank spot where the dye was used previously. Due to the single-roll design of most printers, four panels of colored dye must be used for every print, whether or not a panel is needed for the print. Printing in monochrome saves nothing, and the three unused color panels for that page cannot be recycled for a different single-color print. Inkjet printers also suffer from 'dye wastage' as the ink cartridges are prone to drying up with low usage (without 'heavy use', the cartridge nozzles can become clogged with dried ink). Dye-sublimation media packs, which include both ribbon and paper, are rated for an exact number of prints which yields a fixed cost per print. This is in contrast to inkjet printers where inks are purchased by volume. For environments that print confidential or secret documents, a dye-sublimation printer is a potential security risk that must be handled carefully. Due to the mechanism of printing, a perfect color-separated negative image of the printed page remains on the spent ribbon panels, and the "waste roll" of dye panels can be unrolled to see everything that has been printed with the printer. For such environments, the waste roll should be shredded or incinerated onsite rather than simply being discarded in the trash. Also, for home users, the waste roll from a photo printer can be similarly recovered from the garbage and used to see everything that has been printed. Since the supply roll is plastic, the lifespan of a used roll can be years or decades long, permitting image recovery long after disposal. Also, dye-sublimation papers and ribbons are sensitive to skin oils, which interfere with the dye's ability to sublimate from the ribbon to the paper. They must also be free of dust particles, which can lead to small colored blobs appearing on the prints. Most dye-sublimation printers have filters and/or cleaning rollers to reduce the likelihood of this happening, and a speck of dust can only affect one print as it becomes attached to the print during the printing process. Finally, dye-sublimation printers fall short when producing neutral and toned black-and-white prints with higher density levels and virtually no metamerism or bronzing. Sublimation transfer printing Sublimation transfer printing is a digital printing technology using full-color artwork that works with polyester and polymer-coated substrates. Originally used for printing polyester fabrics, the process is now commonly also used for decorating apparel, signs, and banners, as well as novelty items such as cell phone covers, plaques, coffee mugs, mouse mats, and other items with sublimation-friendly surfaces. The images are first printed onto coated heat-resistant transfer paper as a mirror-image of the final design, which is then transferred from the transfer sheet onto the substrate using a heat press. Early large-format printers used for printing transfer paper were modified electrostatic plotters using toner, but now are generally large-format inkjet printers using special inks. For small-format printing, inkjet has also become the dominant technology, though special dye-sublimation transfer laser printers are also available. In order to transfer the image from the paper to the substrate, it requires a heat press machine process that is a combination of time, temperature, and pressure. Different settings are used depending on the substrate. This application will transfer the sublimation dyes at the molecular level into the substrate. The most common dyes used for sublimation activate at 350 degrees Fahrenheit / 175 degrees Celsius. However, a range of 380 to 420 degrees Fahrenheit / 195 to 215 degrees Celsius is normally recommended for optimal color. The result of the sublimation transfer process is a nearly permanent, high-resolution, full-color print. Because the dyes are infused into the substrate at the molecular level, rather than applied at a topical level (such as with screen printing and direct to garment printing), the prints will not crack, fade or peel from the substrate under normal conditions. The fabric is permanently dyed so it can be washed without damaging the quality of the image. Advantages of dye-sublimation over other methods of textile printing: images are permanent and do not peel or fade, the dye does not build up on the fabric. Colors can be extraordinarily brilliant due to the bonding of the dye to the transparent fibers of the synthetic fabric, truly continuous tones can be achieved that are equivalent to photographs, without the use of special techniques such as half-screen printing, and the image can be printed all over the entire item, with no difficulty in printing all the way to the edges. Piezo inkjet transfer printing There are two types of dye sublimation inks for piezo inkjet transfer printers available in the market. The most popular one is aqueous dye sublimation ink for use in both desktop and large format printers. The other is solvent dye sublimation ink that can be used in XAAR, Spectra, and some Konica printhead-wide format printers. Due to the fast development of digital textile printing, dye sublimation inks are becoming more and more popular in digital inkjet printing on fabrics. Print speeds for large-format piezo inkjet printers using aqueous dye sublimation ink continue to increase. Speeds range from 18 square meters per hour in a smaller 44 in wide printer to over 3,000 square meters per hour in a high-speed industrial textile printer. Direct dye-sublimation fabric printing In this type of digital textile printing, an inkjet printer is used to print dye-sublimation inks directly onto the fabric. The fabric is then heated in an oven or on a calender to diffuse and set the dyes. See also Barcode printer Card printer Daisy wheel printing Dot matrix printing Label printer Label printer applicator Line matrix printer Line printer List of art techniques Thermal transfer printing ID card printer References Computer printers Non-impact printing
Strongyliceps is a genus of East African sheet weavers that was first described by L. Fage & Eugène Louis Simon in 1936. it contains only two species, both found in Uganda and Kenya: S. alluaudi and S. anderseni. See also List of Linyphiidae species (Q–Z) References Araneomorphae genera Linyphiidae Spiders of Africa
Aurach am Hongar is a municipality in the district of Vöcklabruck in the Austrian state of Upper Austria. Population References Cities and towns in Vöcklabruck District
Toombul bus interchange is a bus interchange located on Sandgate Road, Nundah, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It is adjacent to the former Toombul Shopping Centre and Toombul railway station. The interchange is an island, similar to an island platform, made up of six bus stops with an extra two stops on Sandgate Road. Facilities The interchange is made up of eight bus stops including two on Sandgate Road. The interchange is an island, similar to an island platform, located in the former Toombul Shopping Centre car park, the island is split into two sides the east and west with three bus stops on both sides. Located on the interchange is toilets, vending machines, seats, drinking fountains, bike rack and a rest area for bus drivers. Bus routes The following bus routes services Toombul bus interchange: References External links Translink - Toombul station locality map March 2022 Bus stations in Brisbane Nundah, Queensland Toombul, Queensland
Relief Camp Workers' Union was a Canadian Great Depression era relief union in which the workers employed in the Canadian government relief camps organized themselves into in the early 1930s. The RCWU was established by the Workers' Unity League and was associated with the Communist Party of Canada. The creation of the union was a direct response to the conditions of the camps and the lack of financial compensation for the work the men provided. The union is best known for helping to organize the On-to-Ottawa Trek during the Great Depression. Historical context and the origins of relief camps in Canada Initial approaches to relief During the Great Depression in Canada ( 1929 to 1939), a time of economic hardship spanning a decade, many people faced food scarcity, reduction of wages or precarious work, and overall reduction in their quality of life. The Depression operated worldwide - however, the degree to which it affected different countries differed drastically. By 1933 the rapid decline in exports of wheat, manufactured goods, and raw materials had caused a near-complete economic collapse across Canada. Municipal, provincial, and federal governments disputed over how to deal with the growing numbers of the unemployed, and - as a consequence of this - with the growing hostility from the initial lack of action and guidance from the different levels of government. Relief, initially, was the responsibility of municipal governments - but the increasing numbers of unemployed in the early years was already straining the small financial reserves that municipalities had. The Ontario government, for example, introduced public works in urban and isolated areas early on to help ease unemployment, but between 1929 and 1932 employment fell by 32 percent and these early relief systems could no longer cope. In British Columbia, the province's reliance on the exportation of raw materials meant that citizens were hit particularly hard by the Depression - similarly to Ontario, unemployment had reached 30% by 1933. In the prairies, years of droughts and failed crops, in combination with declining commodity prices, caused families with long-standing histories in the region to pack up and move westward in search of employment. Vancouver became a hub for transient workers and their families as, in contrast to smaller communities, it had a pre-established Relief Department. Moreover, British Columbia offered a more temperate climate compared to the rest of Canada, meaning those who were without homes were less likely to freeze overnight or during the winter months. Relief for married vs single men Before the establishment of government camps, single men found it difficult to receive relief. Social attitudes at the time, and the fact that the Depression predated the emergence of the welfare state in Canada, meant that accepting relief came with a certain amount of stigma. At this point in history, Canadians commonly believed that men "should engage in waged work and be individualistic, productive and physically strong". Even during the Depression, Canadian society believed that single men should be responsible for themselves and not burden their families by staying with them if they were not contributing a wage. In Guelph, Ontario, men with dependants were given two days work a week whereas single men with no dependants were given two days work every two weeks. As the Depression worsened, single men were given work two days work every three weeks and were often paid in cash and with relief vouchers. This cultural sentiment towards men and a favouritization of married men or men with dependants caused a mass migration of transient men looking for employment in Canada. The responsibility to then relieve tensions fell on the federal government. Federal relief camps The government of Canada was aware of unrest due to the Depression and feared that lack of economic opportunity might turn the mostly single unemployed men to communism or to communist ideas. These fears, coupled with pre-existing fears that pre-dated the Depression, encouraged the federal government to outlaw the Communist Party of Canada in 1931. Government officials needed a place to put single men and give them something to do in order to curb communist ideas and sentiments. In 1932 Major-General Andrew McNaughton, then the chief of General Staff of the Department of National Defence, toured the country's military districts to examine the unemployment problem. At the time of his national tour one estimate found over “70,000 mostly single, young, unemployed, homeless men in Canada.” McNaughton proposed the idea of relief camps to provide men with work to fill their days, food, clothing, medical attention, and some compensation to ease tensions. McNaughton's relief camps were expected to provide the basic necessities for single men in return for manual labour. This proposed system resembled the English Poor Laws in which the poor received helped in exchange for labour and rehabilitation. In October of 1932 the first federal relief camps opened in Canada. In November of 1932 camps started in eastern Canada and immediately housed over 2000 men. To cut costs, the government set up these camps in or in close proximity to existing military facilities and used the military's personnel and administrative experience to keep the camps running effectively. Each camp worked on "projects"; British Columbia had 53 projects and Ontario 37. The system tended to locate camps in more isolated and rural areas and away from urban "agitators" trying to spread communist ideas. Historians and other scholars continue to debate the effectiveness of the camps, but overall, they did help to ease tensions at the start of the Depression. Origins and Emergence of the Union in Camps Life in the Camps The federal government wanted to run the camps as effectively and as cheaply as possible but were still required to provide clothing, food, medical care, and money for all men employed in the camps. Although these terms were met, the quality of the food, clothing, and housing were repeatedly called into question. The biggest point of contention was the money to which the men were promised. The men worked for twenty cents per day for each day worked but there was much debate about whether the payment was a wage or an allowance. Moreover, there were issues with money being withheld from the workers. Grievances Grievances about the camp system were numerous, from the poor quality food, the lack of leisure facilities (bathrooms and showers), and that the men were only paid twenty cents per day. Complaints came from both internal and external sources. Organized labour outside of the camps criticized the cheap labour as it meant organized union workers from various trades would be less likely to receive work. Internally, workers in these camps recognized that a paradox existed; they knew their work was valuable yet they were simultaneously marginalized by society because of their social and economic status. This paradox caused relief workers to organize. They believed that since their work was valuable as they were constructing roads, airways, and forestry infrastructure, that they should be paid a fair wage. Certainly conditions were a source of grievance but they were tied into the fight for more money and less military control. The federal government tried to maintain individuality among the men as to eliminate or stop the spread of an emerging collective conscious. This did not work as relief workers organized and created the RCWU. During relief camp strikes, workers and the union pressed for forty cents per hour as well as a five day work week, working a total of seven hours per day. RCWU rhetoric painted the relief camps as ‘slave camps’ and workers were engaged in ‘slave wage labour’. These sentiments and the growing discontent consequently caused the RCWU's numbers to quickly swell. The emergence of the RCWU was cause for concern and being associated with or organizing collectively within the camps would result in expulsion from the camps. As a result, RCWU organizers worked covertly in building the union because they faced being blacklisted from the camps. Camp Strikes The RCWU organized its first strike in December 1934. In the four years that the federal relief camps ran, there were "359 recorded strikes, riots, demonstrations, and disturbances in all projects across Canada." Since the union was established by the WUL, they used their experience in organizing the unemployed in urban relief camps. The strikes were short-lived and the strikers returned to the camps with just a promise of a government commission to investigate their complaints. In Ontario and in other areas, the disturbances were not as severe as those in British Columbia because there were far fewer men in these camps and therefore, far fewer 'agitators' making their way to those camps. The RCWU managed to provide lodging and food for its members but by the end of May of 1935, their resources had begun to run dry and the demonstrations became fewer and far between. The RCWU was left with little resources but they did have a growing number of unhappy men. In June of 1935, the men embarked on a long journey which is now known as the On-to-Ottawa Trek. They rode on top of freight trains headed east to present their demands for Prime Minister Bennett in Ottawa but were subsequently stopped in the city of. RCWU Strikes Outside the Camps While in Vancouver, they protested regularly to raise public awareness of their rights. RCWU organizers made it a priority to maintain discipline in the ranks so as not to alienate public opinion. One occasion in particular was an exception to this rule. During one of the RCWU "snake parades", marching in a zig zag through the streets, usually in columns of two, the leader noticed that the entrance to the Hudson's Bay Company department store was unguarded. Other stores all had guards posted and shut their doors because the protesters would parade through the stores to present their case to shoppers. This time, on April 26, the manager of the store telephoned the police, who promptly arrived and attempted to eject the men. A fight ensued, ending with broken display cases and several injuries. One police officer was severely injured. The demonstrators and other proesters converged for a rally at Victory Square, where Mayor McGeer came and read the riot act and the crowd dispersed. Another notable moment during the relief camp strike was when a group of RCWU strikers occupied the city museum for eight hours, coming out only after a promise was given that the city would give them money to feed the strikers for three days. Intransigence of all three levels of government became apparent throughout the strike, with the civic government looking to the provincial and federal governments to take responsibility for the crisis of unemployment. The provincial Liberal government had been elected on the platform of "Work and Wages", a slogan appropriated by the strikers to emphasize that this promise had gone unfulfilled. The federal Conservative government under R.B. "Iron Heel" Bennett, meanwhile, argued that policing and relief were provincial and municipal responsibilities, but if they could not control the situation themselves, a request could be made for federal forces under "aid to civil defense" provisions. This intransigence helped to generate public support for the strikers, even among conservatives who agreed that the "Red Menace" was a real threat to Canadian society and should be dealt a decisive blow. The city, provincial, and federal police were all standing by during the strike, along with several hundred special constables because, the government claimed, it was part of a larger plot on the part of the Communists, on orders from Moscow, to spark a general strike in Vancouver. Another strike was developing amongst longshoremen, whose union was also under WUL leadership, and the government feared that the two might merge into one large strike, which might spread. The relief camp strikers, however, decided that they had accomplished all they could in Vancouver, and voted to take their grievances to Ottawa in what became the more famous On-to-Ottawa Trek. After the Trek The On-to-Ottawa Trek was crushed in Regina, and most of the men returned to the camps, but their efforts instigated the process which would lead to significant reforms and were later considered by historians to be an important turning point paving the way for the post war welfare state in Canada. In 1935, the Communists' abandoned the Third Period doctrine under which the WUL toiled, and many RCWU Communists left to fight fascism in the Spanish Civil War with the Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion. The relief camp issue would once again descend on Vancouver in 1938 when the RCWU's successor, the Relief Project Workers' Union led another walk out and another series of protests. The climax this time came when, on May 20, 1938, a group of protesters occupied a number of buildings including the post office in the Winch Building (now the Sinclair Centre). Over a thousand men continued to occupy the post office for almost a month, until were violently removed by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police on June 18 in what came to be known as "Bloody Sunday." Many were injured (including several police officers) and 28 men were jailed. Protesters in Vancouver and Victoria demanded the release of the prisoners and the resignation of Premier Patullo. Leaders Leaders of the RCWU included Arthur "Slim" Evans Ernest (Smokey) Cumber Matt Shaw Malcolm MacLeod Ronald Liversedge James "Red" Walsh Perry Hilton Lionel Edwards Steve Brody Bob "Doc" Savage Mike McCauley Bill Davis Gerry Winters Jack Cosgrove Steward "Paddy" O'Neil. Sources Lorne Brown, When Freedom was Lost: The Unemployed, the Agitator, and the State, Montreal: Black Rose Books, 1987. Victor Howard, "We Were the Salt of the Earth": A Narrative of the On-to-Ottawa Trek and the Regina Riot. Regina: Canadian Plains Research Centre, University of Regina, 1985. Ronald Liversedge, Recollections of the On To Ottawa Trek, ed. Victor Hoar. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1973. John Manley, "Canadian Communists, Revolutionary Unionism, and the 'Third Period': The Workers' Unity League, 1929–1935," Journal of the Canadian Historical Association, New Series, vol. 5 (1994): 167-194. Bill Waiser, All Hell Can't Stop Us: The On-to-Ottawa Trek and Regina Riot. Calgary: Fifth House, 2003. References 1935 in Canada Communist Party of Canada mass organizations Communism in Canada Great Depression in Canada History of Vancouver Defunct trade unions in Canada Protest marches Social history of Canada Trade unions established in 1934 Workers' Unity League
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Ratusha, Ivano-Frankivsk (, ) is a several stories-tall building in the downtown (Old Town) of the city of Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine. Formerly, it served as the town hall (Rathaus in German and ratusz in Polish, hence the name) and now houses the Ivano-Frankivsk Regional History, Crafts and Culture Museum and an observation deck. It is located in the center, at the city's Market Square (Ploshcha Rynok in Ukrainian). It is the only town hall in Ukraine built in the Art Deco style (part of the Modern Style). The current design was created in the 1920s by Polish architect Stanisław Trela, while the original building was built when the city was founded, in the 17th century. The building is constructed such that from a top view it is reminiscent of the Polish order of Virtuti Militari (Military Valor). History First couple of designs At the beginning the ratusz in Stanisławów was erected in the middle of a fortress which developed into the city of Stanisławów acquiring its city rights from Count Andrzej Potocki in 1662. It is not known exactly when the construction started, but the Ratusz was first mentioned to be built out of wood in 1666. Presumably that was a temporary structure as in 1672 it was replaced by a nine-story tall building made out wood and rock of the late Renaissance style. The building as it planned was used for meeting of the city administration and court as a town hall. The town hall was also used as an observation post. However, already in 1677, after the city withstood the Turkish siege it was simply disassembled. Some twenty years by the request of Józef Potocki a building of new Ratusz was initiated. For that purpose the architect Karol Benoe was invited, who finished the project in 1695. According to Kowalczyk, the architecture of that building was reminiscent with the style of Sebastiano Serlio. The new building was built after a similar Ratusz design in Husiatyn, only higher. In total the new building had nine floors. The Ratusz was topped with a small dome-type roof, on top of which was placed a sculptural ensemble of Archangel Michael who was defeating a serpent. In 1825 Archangel Michael was replaced with an eagle. On the level of a fifth floor on each of its tower four sides were placed clocks that every 15 minutes would engage a system of bells installed underneath the dome. The floor was encircled by an observation balcony. The second and third floors of the Ratusz were designated for the city administration while its first floor was leased for various trade shops (stores) which at some point accounted for up to 24. In the basement of the Ratusz was created a jail. There also was a single entrance from the western side through a gate upon which was placed a family coat of arms of Potocki. At the southern side was installed an iron statue of a Jewish bread salesman with a sign "jeden grosz" to show how cheap bread is in the city. In 1801 the city's magistrate was evacuated from the building, which was passed to the Austrian authorities. Since then the ratusz was used as a jail and a military clothing store. In 1825 a big storm torn away the sculpture of the archangel. On September 28, 1868, a great fire took place in the city. Originating on the southern side it spread throughout the rest of the city burning down the ratusz as well. Out of the town hall was left only its steel framework. After 200 years, the building was destroyed for the first time. Late 19th century The rebuilding of the rathaus, however, started rather quickly, and in 1870 in the city the construction of a new Ratusz by a Lviv construction company was initiated. The architects of the new building were Anasthasius Przybilowski and Filip Pokutyński. On June 6, 1870, a foundation of the new rathaus was installed. Inside of the foundation was placed a capsule with a parchment about the history of the rathaus and old Polish and Austrian coins and medals. The construction was finished the next year, in 1871. The new rathaus was in the form of a massive two-story building with a tall tower (preserved from the previous design). Up to the fifth floor it was covered with a white marble. Over it were placed observation galleries, over which a clock hung on the four sides of the tower. A nearly spherical elongated dome topped the building. The main feature of the rathaus was the session hall of the city's council. In the basement of the building once again were located rooms of preliminary detention (arrest home). During World War I in February 1915 several military engagements took place in the vicinity of Stanisławów, from which the rathaus received numerous cracks. The building itself did not fall; however, it was announced to be in emergency conditions. 20th century After World War I, the war in Eastern Europe continued on until the 1920s as old empires were falling apart, particularly due to change of power in the former Russian Empire. In the first years after the war Poland went through some difficult financial times and it took some time before the government decided to restore the old city hall. In 1929, the Polish government engaged Krash and Company, engineers, to work on the rathaus. That December, the local government accepted a bid on the building and in 1930 accepted a design from architect Stanislaw Trela. During the installation of the foundation of the building's south-eastern wing, workers installed a time capsule containing plans of the new design, photos of the old rathaus, and other documents. Initial plans had the construction finished in 1932, but, due to lack of financing, the construction continued until 1935, while decorative work continued until World War II. The rathaus survived World War II. The building design represents a cross (the Order of Virtuti Militari). At the intersection of the cross rises a tower topped with a dome which is reminiscent of a military helmet. On the fourth floor at each corner were placed bronze eagles that represent the Polish state symbol of the (white eagle). During renovations in 1957 those "ideologically alien" creations were replaced with inexpressive sculptural decorations. The complete height of the rathaus is , a height that at the time of construction made it the tallest structure in the city. Unlike the previous versions of the building, it was not used as a town hall, but rather as a symbolic representation of the past. The space in the building was leased to numerous stores which, after the "Golden September" (the Soviet term for the invasion of Poland in 1939), were closed. During the Nazi occupation Hitler's followers tried to destroy the building. However, they were unable to blow it up as the rathaus was built out of reinforced concrete. The Germans managed, however, to blow up its northwestern wing; they ran out of time to destroy the rest of the building. After the Soviet liberation the building was used as a warehouse. In 1957 the oblast Regional Administration financed a renovation project that continued until 1958. On April 26, 1959 the building reopened as a regional museum, which it still houses today. References External links History of Ivano-Frankivsk City Ratusha at the Market Square (construction) Ratush at Palaces and Temples of Ukraine Buildings and structures in Ivano-Frankivsk Buildings and structures completed in 1928 City and town halls in Ukraine Art Deco architecture Museums in Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast History museums in Ukraine History of Ivano-Frankivsk
Saint-Jouan-de-l'Isle (; ) is a commune in the Côtes-d'Armor département of Brittany in northwestern France. Population Inhabitants of Saint-Jouan-de-l'Isle are called saint-jouannais in French. See also Communes of the Côtes-d'Armor department References External links Communes of Côtes-d'Armor
Maria DeLuca is a fictional character created by Melinda Metz for the young adults book series Roswell High. The character was also adapted by Jason Katims for the 1999—2002 American science fiction television series Roswell. She was portrayed by actress Majandra Delfino in the television series. In the CW reboot, she is played by Heather Hemmens. Fictional character summary Maria DeLuca is characterised to be high-strung, quirky and sarcastic. She does not excel in academic subjects but she is shown to be a very talented musician with an interest in photography. She lives with her single mother Amy DeLuca in Roswell, New Mexico. Maria's parents broke up when she was a little girl. Although she is the character who struggles most with the aliens' secret, Maria is also shown to keep cool under pressure. Fictional biography Season one-Where Maria Meets The Aliens In season one, Maria reluctantly becomes part of the three aliens' secret. When her best friend Liz Parker gets shot, she is healed by Max Evans. Max turns out to be an alien, along with his sister Isabel Evans and his best friend Michael Guerin. Liz shares this secret with Maria. Although Maria seems terrified of them at first, when Isabel walks into her dream, she comes through when she refuses to tell Sheriff Valenti Isabel's true identity, thus earning the three aliens' trust. Although Maria is intimidated by Isabel, the two become friends, when Isabel helps Maria at the Crashdown Café when she is in a sticky situation. Maria's real storyline begins in "285 South" when Michael abducts Maria and her mother's car. During the ride with Maria, their relationship starts to develop. For the first time she sees the emotional, lonesome and smart guy Michael actually is. They begin to reluctantly fall in love with each other. Over the course of the season, the two engage in a tumultuous on-again, off-again relationship. Maria is first hurt and disappointed that all Michael seems to want is a physical relationship and is constantly comparing his behaviour to Max when the two become an item, and trying to make him treat her better, something that hurts and annoys Michael greatly. Michael tries to change for her but he cannot be like Max. However, it is shown that despite their animosity towards each other, they genuinely care about each other. Maria will be the only person who can comfort Michael after being abused by his foster father. He ends up crying in her arms. Maria constantly worries about Michael, Liz and the rest of the group throughout the season and appears frightened by the situations that they all get into, though she stays surprisingly calm in the middle of them. After the attendance in a holy ritual, Michael falls ill and finds himself in a frightening, hallucination condition. Maria will take care of him while the others are trying to find a solution to rescue him. However, events soon conspire to push Maria and Michael apart. Tess arrives in town and Michael starts getting visions that he might be with Isabel - at one point they think she might even be pregnant with his child through some alien dream connection. This proves incorrect and the ordeal gives Michael the push to become fully committed to Maria. At the end of the season, when Michael and Maria seem to be finally happy together, Michael breaks up with her saying, "I love you too much". He feels that he is too dangerous for her, having just killed Agent Pierce, and walks away, leaving Maria in order to learn about his destiny. Season two — Laurie's Home At the beginning of the second season, it is discovered that Maria has been constantly calling Michael through the summer months although he has not been replying. Although she continues trying to rekindle their relationship, Michael consistently brushes her aside, often coldly and unfeelingly, deeply hurting Maria. As the group is threatened by a race of aliens on earth called the Skins, Michael and Maria banter while investigating one of them, named Courtney, and they discover that she has a shrine to Michael in her cupboard. Michael later has a short fling with Courtney, at which point Maria tells him her love is over. As the danger of the Skins grows stronger, however, Maria finds herself running to Michael when she fears for his safety. When the Skins are back to take revenge, Maria is left to save the day, using her science skills, which are almost non-existent. She succeeds and saves everyone's lives. Michael and Maria unofficially start their relationship again, with Maria becoming just as controlling as in season one. She tells him to get her a "damn present" for Christmas or she'll never speak to him again. In a last minute emergency, Michael gives her some earrings bought by Isabel, which Maria loves. Maria also develops a close friendship with the UFO Center manager, Brody Davis, and gets Max to heal Brody's daughter, who has bone marrow cancer. Michael and Maria go on a mission in mid-season two to help Michael's "sort-of sister", Laurie. They want to reclaim Laurie's home, which is being unrighteously occupied by her aunt and uncle, and to protect her from alien threats along the way. The two are faced with huge danger, in which Michael gets shot in the shoulder. However, he manages to save the day and thanks to Maria, Laurie gets her home back. When the group goes to Las Vegas for a holiday, Michael, in Maria's opinion, does not pay her enough attention. However, as a surprise, he arranges for her to sing in a fancy club, which she told him was her dream, proving that he does listen to her after all. She kisses him in thanks. But later on Michael refuses to go to the school prom. An attitude Maria doesn't understand. She then suspects he is having an affair when he tells her he "has plans" that don't involve her. She spots him with another woman and bursts into tears. It is later discovered when he shows up late to the prom that the woman was his dancing teacher. He was taking lessons because he knew the prom was important to Maria. When Maria and Liz's best friend, Isabel's love interest and a friend of the group, Alex Whitman, dies under suspicious circumstances, Maria suffers greatly. Michael proves to be an emotional rock for her and her mother through the main grieving period, and Maria's mother begins to fully appreciate the sort of guy he is. While Liz attempts to prove that Alex's death was a murder, Maria prefers to try to make tributes to Alex's memory, using her photography skills. However, Liz eventually convinces her that there is something more to his death than meets the eye, and the two travel to Las Cruces to discover what that was. The two girls get help from Michael who wants to protect Maria all the way. Michael eventually confesses to Maria exactly what she means to him and shows his vulnerable side to her, allowing her to see flashes of his tragic past, using his powers. The two spend the night for the first time before he tells her he must leave to go back to his home planet, Antar. Several minutes before he is about to leave, Michael realizes he has finally found home, says farewell to Max and Isabel and decides to stay on Earth with Maria. Season three – Forever Together Maria first appears in season three visiting Liz in jail after Liz and Max got arrested. Liz and Max were holding up a store in search for a spaceship. She brings Liz a slice of "alien lime pie", which rewards her with being called a "goddess". It is revealed that Michael has been attending school and has got an extra part-time job as a security guard to be better for Maria, and to earn more money to pay for their dates. For the first time, he has a group of male friends, which causes Maria to be jealous, as they do something she is unable to do—make Michael laugh. After insisting that he spend more time with her, which causes him to sneak around behind Maria's back, she realizes that having friends is important to him and she tells him she loves him. When Maria's old flame and music partner, Billy, comes to town, he makes her realize that she has been missing out on a normal life. Michael becomes jealous of this new male in Maria's life, causing his powers to go out of control, particularly when he sees Billy and Maria singing together. He believes that Billy still has feelings for Maria, which she strongly denies. His suspicions are proved correct when Billy kisses Maria, and although she does not reciprocate his feelings, it causes her to break up with Michael, on the grounds that although she loves him, she doesn't want the "alien chaos" that comes with him. The breakup leaves Michael hurt and confused. He attempts to win her back, rather than giving her space, when he volunteers as Santa at the same time that she volunteers as an elf. She confesses that she misses him and kisses him, but they are interrupted by a kid. She then holds her resolve and tells him that she doesn't want to be right back where they were. At New Years, the gang is in a search for a legendary party. Michael gets drunk when he sees Maria flirting with other men. He doesn't feel well because alcohol is extra bad for an alien. However, when he hears her complaining to Liz, he tells her that he's fine (although he isn't) and to go on without him, which sparks Maria's emotions. Maria is soon discovered by talent scouts when she sings with the sheriff, and they offer her a deal and a chance to go to New York City. The first person she wants to tell is Michael, and the two sleep together again. Michael thinks this is because they are getting back together, whereas Maria just thought it was a capper to a great night. When she confesses this to Michael, she hurts him once again. Eventually, she realizes that the glamorous lifestyle of a musical artist isn't what it was cracked up to be and she returns to Roswell, only to find a bitter Michael, who in an alien-related rage, angrily tells her that he stayed on the planet for her and she showed her appreciation by dumping him, before throwing her out of the car. Maria does not seem especially hurt by this. Just as the two begin to show slow signs of getting back together, it is discovered that Michael, Isabel, Max and Liz are in danger and must leave Roswell, leaving Maria feeling lost. It seems that she doesn't want out of the alien chaos after all. When Michael stated that he will leave first with no mention of Maria, she shouts at the group and walks off crying, not knowing what to do or what is going to happen. Before Michael leaves, he finally tells Maria that he has loved her ever since the day he stole her car, and that he always knew she was the girl for him. With that he rides off, leaving Maria at the side of the road. When Michael comes back to save Max, Maria announces that she is coming with them and tells Michael that this is her choice and that whatever happens, the two of them are in it together. She finally realizes that she would rather have a chaotic life with her love Michael, than a normal life without him. She rides off in the van towards the unknown future with the rest of the group. References External links Roswell (TV series) characters
Mataura was a parliamentary electorate in the Southland Region of New Zealand, from 1866 to 1946. Population centres In the 1865 electoral redistribution, the House of Representatives focussed its review of electorates to South Island electorates only, as the Central Otago Gold Rush had caused significant population growth, and a redistribution of the existing population. Fifteen additional South Island electorates were created, including Mataura, and the number of Members of Parliament was increased by 13 to 70. Mataura was located in the rural Southland Region. It covered the area around Invercargill (which had its own urban electorate) and settlements included Bluff, Winton, Gore, Mataura, and Edendale. History Mataura was first established for the 1866 general election. The first representative was Dillon Bell from 1866 until when he retired from politics at the dissolution of parliament in December 1875. Bell was succeeded by William Wood, who won the 1876 election. Wood resigned at the end of 1878, as he had been appointed to the Legislative Council. Woods resignation caused the , which was won by James Shanks; he retired at the end of the parliamentary term in 1881. Shanks was succeeded by Francis Wallace Mackenzie, who won the , but who was defeated in 1884 by George Richardson. In the , Richardson was defeated by Robert McNab of the Liberal Party, but Richardson in turn defeated McNab in the . In 1898, Richardson was declared bankrupt, and the resulting was won by McNab, who served until he was defeated again in the . Members of Parliament The electorate was represented by nine Members of Parliament: Key Election results 1931 election 1928 election 1919 election 1899 election 1898 by-election 1890 election 1871 election Notes References Historical electorates of New Zealand Politics of Southland, New Zealand 1865 establishments in New Zealand 1946 disestablishments in New Zealand Mataura
Abdelkader Yaiche (; born 7 September 1953) is an Algerian football manager. References External links 1953 births Living people Algerian football managers CA Bordj Bou Arréridj managers USM Blida managers MC El Eulma managers USM Bel Abbès managers CR Belouizdad managers USM El Harrach managers NA Hussein Dey managers USM Alger managers AS Aïn M'lila managers Algerian Ligue Professionnelle 1 managers 21st-century Algerian people
Stanley McNail (1918? – 1995) was an American poet. Born in Southern Illinois, from 1950 he lived in San Francisco, where he edited and published Nightshade, an occasional broadside of fantasy and the macabre in poetry, and The Galley Sail Review, which the San Francisco Examiner described as "one of San Francisco's most respect poetry magazines." He also directed Galley Sail Publications and The Nine Hostages Press, and was poetry editor for Renaissance magazine. Collections of his poetry include Footsteps in the Attic (Galley Sail Publications, 1958) (1958)), The Black Hawk Country (Hickory Stick Press, 1960; reprinted Nine Hostages Press, 1967), Something Breathing (1965)) and At Tea in the Mortuary (1991)). References 1910s births 1995 deaths 20th-century American poets
Abu Nasr Firuz Kharshadh (; died December 22, 1012), better known by his laqab of Baha al-Dawla () was the Buyid amir of Iraq (988–1012), along with Fars and Kerman (998–1012). His early reign was dominated by struggles with his rival relatives over control of the western Persian provinces, but by 998 he managed to establish his supremacy over the Buyid confederation. His reign nevertheless saw the increasing encroachment of neighbouring powers on Buyid territory, and marks the beginning of the decline of the Buyids' power. He was the third son of 'Adud al-Dawla. Early life In 986, a Dailamite officer named Asfar ibn Kurdawayh rebelled against the ruler of Iraq, Samsam al-Dawla, and changed his allegiance to Sharaf al-Dawla. However, Asfar quickly changed his mind, and declared allegiance to the latter's other brother Abu Nasr Firuz Kharshadh, who was shortly given the honorific epithet of "Baha' al-Dawla." However, Samsam al-Dawla, with the aid of Fuladh ibn Manadhar, suppressed the rebellion, and imprisoned Baha al-Dawla. Samsam al-Dawla shortly made peace with Sharaf al-Dawla, and agreed to release Baha al-Dawla. Sharaf al-Dawla shortly betrayed Samsam al-Dawla, conquered Iraq, and had him imprisoned in a fortress. Reign Upon the death of Sharaf al-Dawla in 988, Baha' al-Dawla succeeded him, whereupon he took the additional title of Diya' al-Milla. Samsam al-Dawla, who managed to flee from prison, prevented Baha' al-Dawla from gaining all of Sharaf al-Dawla's possessions by taking control of Fars, Kerman and Khuzestan. Both Baha' al-Dawla and Samsam al-Dawla, however, were threatened by their granduncle Fakhr al-Dawla, the ruler of Jibal, who invaded Khuzestan in an attempt to drive a wedge between the two brothers' territories. This act prompted the brothers to draw up an alliance. Samsam al-Dawla recognized Baha' al-Dawla as the ruler of Iraq and Khuzestan, while he himself kept Arrajan, Fars and Kerman. Both promised to consider each other as equals, and took the title of king (malik). In 990, Baha' al-Dawla appointed Sabur ibn Ardashir as his vizier. In 991 Baha' al-Dawla attempted to gain supremacy over Samsam al-Dawla's realm. He took the ancient Persian title of Shâhanshâh and invaded the latter's territory. His forces were defeated, however, and Samsam al-Dawla regained Khuzestan and even gained control of the Buyid territories in Oman. He then recognized Fakhr al-Dawla as senior amir, submitting to his authority. Fakhr al-Dawla's death in 997, coupled with Samsam al-Dawla's increasing troubles within his realm, provided Baha' al-Dawla with the opportunity to assert his authority in Persia. He gained the support of the Hasanwayhid ruler Badr ibn Hasanwayh and prepared for the expedition. The invasion began in December 998; scarcely had it commenced when Samsam al-Dawla was killed by one of the sons of 'Izz al-Dawla who had risen in revolt. Baha' al-Dawla then took Shiraz, defeated 'Izz al-Dawla's sons, and was joined by the Dailamites of Fars under Ibn Ustadh-Hurmuz. For the rest of his life Baha' al-Dawla remained in Fars. He also managed to gain indirect control over northern Iran, where Fakr al-Dawla's two sons Majd al-Dawla and Shams al-Dawla recognized him as senior amir by 1009 or 1010. In 1001, Baha' al-Dawla appointed Ibn Ustadh-Hurmuz as the governor of Ahvaz, and one year later, appointed him as the governor of Iraq, where he kept order by solving disputes between different religious sects, and by defeating bandits who had caused chaos in the region. He also managed to defeat the former governor of Iraq, Abu Ja'far al-Hajjaj, who was supported by Kurds and Shayban Arabs. In 1007, Baha' al-Dawla made peace with the Al-Mazeedi ruler Ali ibn Mazyad, who was given the honorific title of "Sanad al-Dawla", and agreed to become a vassal of Baha' al-Dawla in return for recognition of his rule. This treaty was highly in favor of Baha' al-Dawla, who managed to use Ali ibn Mazyad as the keeper of Buyid influence in Iraq and its surrounding regions. In 1011, Ibn Ustadh-Hurmuz died and was succeeded by Baha' al-Dawla's new vizier Fakhr al-Mulk as the governor of Iraq. Baha' al-Dawla's reign coincided with the beginning of the decline of the Buyids. The Kurdish chief Badh laid the foundations for the Marwanid amirate in Diyarbakr, while the initially subservient 'Uqaylids of Mosul expanded into Iraq at the Buyids' expense. By the time Baha' al-Dawla died, Baghdad and Wasit were the only two major Iraqi cities directly under his control. In the north, where Fakhr al-Dawla's sons ruled, the Buyid frontier also fell back, as the Ziyarids of Gorgan and Tabaristan permanently wrested themselves from Buyid control. The Ghaznavids kept putting pressure on the Khurasan border, while the Kakuyids began to set up a state in Isfahan. Death For various reasons, Baha' al-Dawla did not actively defend the borders. Having gained undisputed control of the Buyid state, he seemed content to allow external enemies to seize territories in the west and north. He died in Arrajan in December 1012. Shortly before his death, he named his son Sultan al-Dawla as his successor. References Sources External links 971 births 1012 deaths Buyid emirs of Fars Buyid emirs of Iraq Buyid emirs of Kerman 10th-century monarchs in the Middle East 11th-century monarchs in the Middle East 10th-century Iranian people 11th-century Iranian people Shahanshahs Amir al-umara of the Abbasid Caliphate
John Wales (1783–1863) was a U.S. Senator from Delaware from 1849 to 1851. Senator Wales may also refer to: B. Roger Wales (1879–1929), New York State Senate Nathaniel Wales (American politician) (1819–1901), Massachusetts State Senate
Francis James Barmby (21 December 1863 – 30 September 1936) was an English cricketer. Barmby was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. The son of Rev. James Barmby, he was born at Pittington, County Durham, where his father was the Rector. He was later educated at Charterhouse School. While studying at Magdalen College, Oxford, Barmby made a single first-class appearance for Oxford University Cricket Club against Lancashire at Old Trafford in 1885. During this match, he was dismissed for a duck by Alexander Watson in their first-innings, while in their second-innings he made 6 runs, before being dismissed by Johnny Briggs. This was his only first-class appearance for the university. He later made two Minor Counties Championship appearances for Berkshire; in 1900 against Oxfordshire and in 1909 against Buckinghamshire. In other sports, he won a Blue for Association football in 1886 and was also a good rackets player. He became a schoolmaster and sub-warden at Radley College, the public school near Abingdon, Oxfordshire. He died on 30 September 1936 at Oxford. References External links Francis Barmby at ESPNcricinfo Francis Barmby at CricketArchive 1863 births 1936 deaths People from Pittington Cricketers from County Durham People educated at Charterhouse School Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford English cricketers Oxford University cricketers Berkshire cricketers
Gilbert Yost (died July 10, 1886) was a New York criminal and burglar associated with George Leslie and later the Dutch Mob. He was arrested with Leslie after robbing a jewelry store in Norristown, Pennsylvania in 1870 and, while Leslie was able to use his political connections in Philadelphia to secure his release on bail which he forfeited after fleeing the city, Yost was convicted and sentenced to two years imprisonment. Yost, along with Billy Porter and Johnny Irving, was arrested in Brooklyn on August 11, 1878 while at Porter's Patchen Avenue home and charged with the burglary Martin Ibert's Sons' flour and grain store on Graham Avenue the previous day. He was eventually convicted for the robbery of a jewelry store in La Porte, Indiana on April 25, 1883 and died while serving a fourteen-year prison term in a Northern Indiana State Prison at Michigan City, Indiana on July 10, 1886. References Asbury, Herbert. The Gangs of New York. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1928. Byrnes, Thomas. 1886 Professional Criminals of America. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1969. Year of birth missing 1886 deaths Criminals from New York City
Cardenasiodendron is a monotypic genus of dioecious trees in the subfamily Anacardioideae of the cashew and sumac family Anacardiaceae. It contains the single species Cardenasiodendron brachypterum, which is endemic to Bolivia. References Anacardiaceae Endemic flora of Bolivia Trees of Bolivia Monotypic Sapindales genera Anacardiaceae genera Dioecious plants
Liu Wu (刘武) (–144 BC), posthumously named Prince Xiao of Liang, was a Han prince. He was a son of Emperor Wen and Empress Xiaowen, and a younger brother of Emperor Jing. He played a prominent role in the suppression of the Rebellion of the Seven Princes. He was also responsible for the assassination of the minister Yuan Ang. Life Liu Wu was initially created prince of Dai () in 178 BC. In 176, he became prince of Huaiyang () instead and his brother Liu Can () replaced him as prince of Dai. In 168, this was changed again to Liang. Rebellion of the Seven Princes After Emperor Jing ordered the execution of Chao Cuo at the urging of Yuan Ang, Liu Wu was besieged at his capital Suiyang by the armies of Wu and Chu during the Rebellion of the Seven States. His mother the empress dowager Xiaowen urged the emperor to send the imperial army to relieve him. The general Zhou Yafu succeeded in counselling against a direct assault: instead, his force took advantage of disorder among the rebels to establish a strong camp at Xiayi (, modern Dangshan in Anhui) athwart their line of supply and communication along the Si River. Ignoring Liu Wu's pleas for help and imperial orders to advance to the city, he occupied his time strengthening his defenses and sending Han Tuidang's cavalry raiders to disrupt what little overland supply the rebels could manage from Chu. Having wearied their armies assaulting Suiyang, the rebel princes were forced to fall back for supplies and their assaults on Xiayi were defeated with such prepared ease that Zhou initially refused to be woken from bed. This was effectively the end of the rebellion: the Prince of Chu took his own life and Liu Pi was killed by Yue natives as he fled. Luan Bu followed this by defeating the other rebel princes, who chose either death or execution. The successful strategy earned Zhou Yafu the wrath of the Prince of Liang and his mother, however. They eventually succeeded in poisoning the emperor against him: he was imprisoned on minor issues involving his son's dispute with a supplier and, in the end, chose to fast to death in prison. Patron of the arts For his support during the rebellion, his brother Emperor Jing gave him many honors and privileges. His private gardens rivaled the emperor's and the prince expanded his number of retainers, bringing in Yang Sheng (), Gongsun Gui (), and Zou Yang (). He became a famous patron, particularly of fu poets such as Sima Xiangru. One particularly influential piece was the "Memorial from Prison to the Prince of Liang", whereby Zou Yang successfully pleaded his case against the slander of other courtiers and freed himself from a death sentence not by addressing the charges against him but by multiplying historical examples of the disaster of gossip and libel. Fall from grace When the emperor demoted his eldest son Liu Rong from heir apparent to prince of Linjiang in 150 BC, the empress dowager took the occasion of an imperial feast to demand that Emperor Jing name Liu Wu as his crown prince in preference to his other sons. He immediately agreed, only to be talked out of it by his advisors. Yuan Ang in particular counseled strongly against breaking the laws of succession, as the act would set a highly destabilizing precedent. Acting in support of their patron, Gongsun Gui and Yang Sheng conspired to have the elderly minister stabbed to death outside the walls of the imperial suburb of Anling. They were responsible for nine related murders as well. Upon the emperor's discovering their involvement, Liu Wu ordered them to commit suicide and presented their bodies to the emperor, but he never regained his brother's favor and was only seldom received at court. Instead, following custom, Liu Che, the prince of Jiaodong, was promoted to crown prince and his mother Lady Wang to empress. Afraid for her younger son's life, the empress dowager refused to eat until he was cleared of any charges. The official charged with the investigation reported back to Emperor Jing that, in his view, Liu Wu had been involved and that "sparing the Prince of Liang would break the law of Han"; nonetheless, "killing him would deeply distress the empress dowager and upset the emperor even more". He counseled the emperor to drop the issue. In discussion with the empresses, he blamed the murders solely upon the two courtiers and explained they had already been lawfully punished. Death Liu Wu died at home in 144 BC after a trip to Chang'an. His memorial to his brother asking to extend his stay at the capital was rejected and he took ill soon after returning home. He was around forty years old. His estate at his death was estimated to include 400,000 catties of gold and an equivalent amount of wealth in land — if true, and assuming the gold was pure, this fortune would be equivalent to more than US$30 billion today. His third son was the serial killer Liu Pengli. The other four were (in order) Liu Mai, Liu Ming, Liu Ding, and Liu Bushi. His mother the empress dowager was at first inconsolable, but Emperor Jing placated her by dividing the realm of Liang into five pieces and bestowing them upon Liu Wu's sons. Tomb The tomb of the Prince of Liang and his wife is located within Mount Mangdang in present-day Yongcheng in Henan. It is the site of the oldest known surviving Chinese murals, depicting the four symbols: the blue dragon, white tiger, red bird, and black turtle. The paint was composed of vermillion, mica, and malachite. Because of the tomb's high humidity, the mural was cut into five pieces and transferred to a wooden frame in 1992. It was relocated to the Henan Provincial Museum and displayed in 1998. Within a year, the conditions at the museum had warped and cracked the frame and painting. It was somewhat repaired in 2003. The tombs also included ornate jade burial suits and bi. See also Principality of Liang References 180s BC births 144 BC deaths Prince of Dai Prince of Huaiyang Prince of Liang Han dynasty imperial princes
Jitka Karlíková is a female former international table tennis player from Czechoslovakia. Table tennis career She won a bronze medal at the 1969 World Table Tennis Championships in the women's doubles with Ilona Uhlíková-Voštová. She also won three European Championship medals including a gold medal in 1968. See also List of table tennis players List of World Table Tennis Championships medalists References Czech female table tennis players 1947 births People from Litomyšl Living people World Table Tennis Championships medalists Sportspeople from the Pardubice Region
Eremophila viscimarginata is a flowering plant in the figwort family, Scrophulariaceae and is endemic to Western Australia. It is a small, erect, prickly shrub with hairy stems, small leaves, greenish-pink sepals and mauve petals. Description Eremophila viscimarginata is a shrub which grows to a height of between . Its branches are densely covered with glandular hairs and there are bands of shiny, sticky resin extending down under the leaf bases. The leaves overlap each other and are arranged alternately along the branches, thick, erect, elliptic to egg-shaped, usually with 1 or 2 pairs of large teeth on the edges, each of which has a sharp point. They are long, wide, shiny, sticky, thickened at the edge and have a sticky mid-vein on the lower surface. They are also covered with glandular hairs although these are gradually lost as the leaf ages. The flowers are borne singly in leaf axils on straight stalks long which are covered with simple, wavy hairs. There are 5 overlapping, reddish-purple to greenish-pink, egg-shaped sepals which are long and mostly hairy. The petals are long and are joined at their lower end to form a tube. The petal tube and its lobes are light purple, the outer surface of both is mostly covered with long hairs, the inner surface of the lobes is glabrous and the inside of the tube is filled with long, soft hairs. The 4 stamens are fully enclosed in the petal tube and are hairy near their bases. Flowering mainly occurs between August and September and is followed by fruit which are dry, woody, oval-shaped, 4-sided and about long with a hairy, papery covering. Taxonomy and naming The species was first formally described by Robert Chinnock in 2007 and the description was published in Eremophila and Allied Genera: A Monograph of the Plant Family Myoporaceae. The specific epithet is from the Latin visci-, 'viscid' and marginata, 'margined', referring to the sticky leaf edges of this species. Distribution and habitat This eremophila grows in skeletal soils on the lower slopes of Mount Beadell and the Alfred and Marie Range in the Gibson Desert biogeographic region. Conservation Eremophila viscimarginata is classified as "Priority One" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife, meaning that it is known from only one or a few locations which are potentially at risk. Use in horticulture This eremophila is rarely seen in cultivation but its sepals add to the horticultural potential of the species because they are colourful and remain on the plant after the lilac-coloured petals have fallen. It can be propagated by grafting onto Myoporum rootstock and the shrub prefers to be planted in well-drained soil in a sunny position. It is drought tolerant and moderately tolerant of frost. References Eudicots of Western Australia viscimarginata Endemic flora of Western Australia Plants described in 2007 Taxa named by Robert Chinnock
Mbula (also known as Mangap-Mbula, Mangaaba, Mangaawa, Mangaava, Kaimanga) is an Austronesian language spoken by around 2,500 people on Umboi Island and Sakar Island in the Morobe Province of Papua New Guinea. Its basic word order is subject–verb–object; it has a nominative–accusative case-marking strategy. Name Mbula speakers generally display difficulty expressing a name for their language. Historically it has been referenced as Mangap or Kaimanga but Kaimanga is considered an offensive term along the lines of "unsophisticated bush person". Mangap is not in known use; however, Mangaaba is the name given to Mbula speakers by Siassi Islanders. Mbula is the only name known to have been used by Mbula speakers themselves, though many of them are unfamiliar with this. Language family and origin Mbula is a member of the Oceanic group of Austronesian languages. It was originally proposed as a member of the Siassi language group which is a set of languages extending from Karkar Island in the Madang Province of Papua New Guinea, along the coast of Finschafen and across New Britain. However, more recent evidence suggests that it is a descendant of the Vitiaz Dialect Linkage. Its nearest genetic relations are the Kilenge and Maleu languages; its nearest geographic neighbour is the Papuan Kovai language. Location Mbula speakers are generally located in seven villages: Gaura, Yangla, Birik, Marile, Kampalap, Kabi and Sakar. These villages are located on Sakar Island and the eastern half of Umboi Island. Both islands are inactive volcanoes and both are rich in game, timber and fish. Location has influenced the language in that there are many specific vocabulary items for species of fish, shells, canoes, nets, spears and a pair of motion verbs 'to go out, appear, happen' and 'to enter' which specifically describe paths of motion which are radially outward toward the sea or radially inward from the sea. People and culture Colonialism has had a fair impact on the culture of Mbula speakers. Missionization began in 1884 and the vast majority of Mbula speakers now identify themselves as Christian. Some traditions are retained from tribal religions; foremost among them are those concerning sorcery, white magic and divination. Two general types of magic are identified among speakers, , a beneficial love magic used by many young men in their pursuit of young ladies and , a kind of mildly destructive magic used to curse and hurt others. A third kind, , is considered the most evil, used only to kill or disable people. Language contact The Mangap-Mbula are part of a previously extensive trading network with bordering language groups, especially those in the Ngero language group of the Siassi islands which formed the hub of the trading network. As a result, approximately 65% of Mbula speakers are at least somewhat bilingual in Tok Pisin and some 30% speak and understand some Ngero. Due to missionization and other factors, 35% can speak and write English. Phonology Consonants The consonant phonemes of Mbula are as shown in the following table: The consonant is realised as intervocalically. Prenasalised stops, while requiring two phonetic units, exist as a single phonemic unit. The palatal glide is treated as being underlyingly vocalic in morphophonemic analysis while the labio-velar glide is analysed consonantally. All voiceless plosives, , are optionally pronounced with a voiceless nasal release word finally. All velars are fronted or backed, depending on the vowel immediately contiguous to them within the same syllable. is palatalized to a voiceless, laminal, post-alveolar plosive when followed by a morpheme boundary and . Vowels Mbula has five vowel phonemes as shown in the following table. Phonetically front vowels are unrounded and back vowels are rounded. and can be lax or tense and can be half close tense and half open lax. All vowels can be short or long, though this is interpreted in the phonology as a sequence of two vowels rather than as the existence of long vowel phonemes. The two high vowels and are lowered slightly when followed by , , or . Vowels are subject to two rules: penultimate lengthening, which means that external realisations may be long vowels while the underlying form is a short vowel, and epenthesis, which means the insertion of a vowel where the underlying form of the morpheme does not contain one. Epenthesis is regressive, which means that epenthetic vowels take on the quality of the first vowel in the rest of the form. Vowel length is contrastive as can be seen in the following examples: – 'long' – a type of ant – 'domestic animal' – 'new shoot of a plant' – 3SG 'be heavy' – 3SG 'reads' Suprasegmentals The placement of stress is predictable. In most words, primary stress falls on the penultimate syllable. Syllable patterns Syllable structure is generally (C)V(C). VV can sometimes form a syllable in the case of a diphthong or long vowel and syllable structure can be analysed as CCV when or is analysed as a C. Orthography As stated above, vowel length is contrastive. What would be written phonetically as a: is represented by aa. All long vowels are written this way. All alveolars () are dental-alveolars. They are represented in the orthography by t, d, n and nd. The sound is represented by y. The complete orthography of Mbula is as follows: Syntax and word classes In an ideal grammar each classificatory word type would belong only to one category and in Mbula that is mostly the case. However, in the following three areas, word forms exist which are hard to nail down as one or the other: verbs and prepositions verbs and adverbs verbs and instrumental nouns The occurrence of a form in a wide range of conversational environments can result in the gradual loss of morphological features which are not appropriate to some particular conversational environments as well as the morphological gain of features which are appropriate to other conversational environments. This can mean ultimately either category shift of a word class or even just the general greying of the word classes as iron-clad categories. Verbs and prepositions Prototypical verbs and prototypical prepositions exist along a cline with verbs at the start, prepositions at the end, and multicategoried word types in the middle: forms inflected with the subject prefixes which function syntactically only as predicates in sentences forms not inflected with the subject prefixes which syntactically function only as predicates in sentences (the uninflected verbs discussed below in verbs) forms potentially exhibiting subject agreement inflection which function syntactically as both predicates in sentences and in serial constructions (the prepositional verbs discussed below) forms never exhibiting inflection and which function syntactically only as prepositions Verbs and adverbs Prototypical verbs and adverbs exist along a cline with verbs at the start, adverbs at the end and multicategoried word types in the middle: inflected verbs which never occur as modifiers within the predicate phrase and never occur in cosubordinate adverbial predications inflected verbs which never occur as modifiers within the predicate phrase, and can occur in either a preceding or following cosubordinate adverbial predication uninflected verbs which never occur as modifiers within the predicate phrase, but which can occur in either a preceding or following cosubordinate adverbial predication forms which can occur as modifiers in the predicate phrase after the object or occur as uninflected verbs in an adjacent cosubordinate adverbial predication forms which occur immediately after the object and never function as predicates in an adjacent cosubordinate adverbial construction forms which can occur immediately after the predicate and never function as a predicate in an adjacent cosubordinate adverbial construction Verbs and instrumental nouns Verbs and instrumental nouns crossover in that verbs theoretically derived from these nouns appear in an identical form. I.e., there is no overt morphological derivation which might indicate what direction the derivation has occurred in. Examples include: – 'wall' – 'to wall in' – 'paddle' – 'to paddle' – implement for sweeping – 'to sweep up' using this implement – 'a line' – 'to draw a line' Nouns There is no syntactic distinction between nouns and adjectives in Mbula. Nouns are syntactically distinguished by the following three characteristics: They may function 'in isolation' (i.e. without any further syntactic modification) as arguments in a predication, a property that distinguishes them from non-inflecting stative verbs. When functioning as the heads of noun phrases, nouns occur phrase initially with all modifiers following. A subclass of nouns is morphologically distinguished by being obligatorily inflected with a set of genitive suffixes. There are eight semantic features of noun referents which are especially important for characterising the morphosyntactic behaviour of Mbula nouns: human referent animate referent potent (the referent of the noun can be viewed as the ultimate cause of some process which affects another entity) concrete (the noun can potentially refer to a physical location to which, at which, or from which an event takes place) temporal (the noun may be used to delineate the time at which an event takes place) potentially consumable (the referent of the noun can be eaten or drunk) individuated/count (the referent of the noun may be easily separated from its environment and may not be divided without changing its essential nature/character) inalienable genitive (the referent of the item is inherently associated with some other entity) Pronouns Pronouns make the following person/number distinctions. 1 singular 1 dual exclusive 1 dual inclusive 1 plural exclusive 1 plural inclusive 2 singular 2 dual 2 plural 3 singular 3 dual 3 plural Pronouns also inflect for nominative, accusative, referent and locative cases. Most pronouns are composed of an initial case marker plus a person-number marker. The nominative series of pronouns is generally used to encode animate participants which function as subjects. There are three demonstrative pronouns: ('this one, these ones'), ('that one, those ones') and ('that one over there, those ones over there'). Accusative pronouns encode animate participants which function as objects. The referent pronouns encode virtually any animate oblique argument. Locative pronouns indicate an animate location toward which an action is taking place in dynamic predications, or at which an item is located. The locative form is also used to encode possession. Interrogative pronouns such as who, when, where, operate in a replacement fashion. That is, the interrogative pronoun is used in place of the normal syntactic position of the item being questioned. Verbs The characteristic syntactic function of verbs is to act as the heads of predications in which they occur. They are defined by a number of properties: They typically index the person and number of the subject of the sentence. They may contain transitivity-altering prefixes. They may not function as noun-phrase modifiers in certain frames. Uninflected verbs There are several categories of non-inflecting verbs in Mbula: stative experiential verbs stative verbs encoding properties verbs of manner aspectual verbs All of these non-inflecting verbs function only as predicates in clauses. Thus they cannot function as heads of noun phrases and they cannot function as restrictive modifiers of nouns unless they are relativised or nominalised. Syntactically, they resemble inflected verbs. They are only distinguished from other verbs morphologically. Adverbials This class is called adverbials and not adverbs because Mbula contains a large collection of words which are defined as modifiers of constituents other than nouns. Semantically, such forms typically encode notions of time, aspect, manner and modality. Quantifiers Quantifiers are uninflected forms which always occur in noun phrases following nouns, locative/alienable genitive pronouns, and attributive stative nouns, but before determiners, locative/alienable genitive prepositional phrases, relative clauses and demonstratives. The Mbula counting system is based upon the notions of five and twenty. Prepositions Prepositions are generally uninflected forms which govern a single noun phrase complement and relate it to a head or predicate. Mbula employs five categories of prepositions: the referent preposition used for oblique arguments the locative preposition used for animate goals towards which some entity moves, sites at which some entity is located and body parts which perceive something the preposition used to express resemblance, similarity or approximate equality (i.e., like, as) the comitative and manner prepositions used for accompaniment and manner prepositional verbs discussed below Prepositional verbs These forms are a set of optionally inflected verbs which occur in serialisations functioning as case markers. As they may potentially contain inflection for third person singular in these serialisations, they depart from the typical uninflected preposition. However, they retain the prepositional function of relating a dependent noun phrase to a verbal head. Demonstratives Historical demonstratives and deictic expressions Regarding the deictic term for 'that, there', there does not seem to be a major change in the pronunciation of the term in Mangap-Mbula () from Proto-Malayo Polynesian (PMP; ). However, the context in which is used has narrowed, as it is used anaphorically to mean 'that'. Morpho-syntactic features Demonstrative pronouns and spatial deictic expressions Mangap-Mbula has three different free demonstrative pronouns which do not differentiate between singular and plural: In Example 1, is a free demonstrative used situationally and functions as a modifier of a singular noun phrase, as it is introducing the 'younger brother'. Additionally, also has two other functions. The first is as the modal adverb meaning 'this is true now', and the second as a morphological part of the demonstratives and . functions similarly to the third person pronouns and . It is frequently being used to refer to non-humans, and its main function is to reestablish a participant, who has already been introduced, as a topic or to single them out. In Example 2, is referring to two non-human, singular entities: the wallaby and the tree kangaroo. As the direct translation for each of these entities were not mentioned here, it can be inferred that they are both used anaphorically. In Example 3, is a free demonstrative used situationally and conveys two pieces of information: (1) the entity to which it is referring to, and (2) its location in reference to the speaker (i.e. a place adverb). Locative adverbial forms In Mangap-Mbula, there are no differences between deictic expressions that denote noun phrases and ones that denote location in sentences. Thus, they are considered as being a single form class. In Examples 4 and 5, is used situationally as a place adverb for where a group of people work and where in relation to the speaker, is the house located, respectively. Problems with prepositions Examples 6, 7, and 8 demonstrate that the demonstrative and the adverbial are semantically and positionally similar to the preposition phrase . This resemblance suggests that both could potentially fall under the same category of prepositional phrases, which further suggests that prepositions could be split into a transitive (location adverbs and demonstratives) and intransitive (true prepositions) sub-category. However, viewing things this way could have two issues: (1) the adverbial would have to be left as being noun phrase modifiers, but this could be due to the semantics; (2) the noun phrase shows the demonstrative occurring after the 'true' prepositiona' phrase with the noun phrase complement. But if both are deemed as coming from the syntactic group, why then would there be an ordering restriction? As a result of these problems, a demonstrative form class is recognised. Noun phrases In the examples given above, is used situationally as a determiner for either the chicken (Example 9), the woman (Example 10) or the tree (Example 11). refers to the specific entity (i.e. 'that'), and refers to the entity that has already been revealed in the sentence. In Example 10 however, the woman is not present situationally, but is referred to hypothetically. There are two functions of : (1) as a demonstrative, or (2) to convey reason-result sequences. They are homophones. The demonstrative denotes (1) entities that are accessible or nearby the speaker and (2) textually revealed participants. Motion verbs Similar to many other Oceanic languages, Mangap-Mbula makes a three-way distinction depending on relative space: near speaker, near hearer or near neither. This sense of deictic orientation can be conveyed in motion verbs through the use of suffixes. These verbs often compound the root (which states the spatial positioning of motion) and the deictic orientation of motion in regards to the speaker and listener. This is shown in Table 2. These are some examples: These are all examples of bound deictic morphemes. Aerial comparison Other Oceanic languages which share the same pronunciation for the term (meaning 'that, there') have a slightly different meaning, such as Suau and Motu, where means 'this', and Chuukese, where means 'there it is (by you)'. There are also other Oceanic languages with a closer meaning to Mangap-Mbula's , but have an additional sound at the beginning. They are Dobuan (where means 'that') and Nakanamanga (where means 'that (distant)'). Mangap-Mbula is a noun-demonstrative order language. This order is usual for neighbouring languages in the Morobe Province, such as Sio and Selepet, as well as in West New Britain, such as Maleu and Amara. Examples 9, 10 and 11 demonstrate this lexical ordering. Complementizers Complementisers are uninflected forms which only govern a following sentence. The combination of a complementiser and a following sentence becomes the constituent in a noun or predicate phrase. Mbula contains seven types of complementiser: – lest (I don't want this to happen) ~ nothing – non-presupposition of factuality (I do not say this is something which has happened) – like (I think like this) nothing – asserted factuality (I say this is something which has happened or is happening) ~ nothing – presupposed factuality (I know that this is something which has happened and I think you know about it too) – presupposed non-factuality (I know that this is something which has not happened and I think you know about it) – habitual event (This is the kind of thing that is always happening) Conjunctions There are a great deal of conjunctions in Mbula that each encode their own subtly different meaning. However, all conjunctions fall broadly into four categories: temporal conjunctions, conditional conjunctions, causal conjunctions and disjunctions. Interjections There are a number of interjections in Mbula, all of which play no role in the grammar of the language, but which function to convey the speaker's attitudes and intentions. They always occur sentence initially and include the following examples: – I want to say something – I want something – I hear something, I don't know what it is – I don't know – I want to ask you something – I do not agree with you – I say you did something good – I think you are bad Morphology Word structure in the Mbula language is not complex. There is little inflection of both nouns and verbs and few derivational processes. Most words in Mbula are mono-morphemic. Multi-morphemic words can be formed via the following processes: indexing on verbs for the person and number of the Subject inflection of inalienable nouns for the person and number of their genitives reduplication derivation of predicates to increase or decrease their transitivity compounding nominalisation These processes will be discussed below. Inflectional morphology The only types of inflectional processes in the language are on verbs for the person and number of the subject, inflection of inalienable nouns for the person and number of their genitives as well as pronoun person/number distinctions. Verbal inflection Verbs typically index the person and number of the subject of the sentence with the following set of subject prefixes: 1sg – 2sg – nothing ~ 3sg – 1pl.inc – 1pl.exc – 2pl – 3pl – Inflection of inalienable nouns Mbula contains a class of nouns which are obligatorily inflected with genitive suffixes. Inalienable describes the semantic nature of the nouns. That is, they are semantically considered in speakers’ minds to be inalienable or inseparable from something. Examples include body parts and family members – concepts which exist in relation to something else, just the way an edge cannot exist without being the edge of something. Following is a list of the genitive suffixes: gen.1sg – gen.2sg – gen.3sg – VnV gen.1pl.inc – ndV gen.1pl.inc – gen.2pl – gen.3pl – Pronoun inflection Pronouns in Mbula inflect for first, second and third person as well as singular, dual and plural, as well as inclusive and exclusive in the first person. They also change depending on whether they are in the nominative, accusative, referent or locative case. The following table details the paradigm: Derivational morphology The following types of derivation occur in Mbula: compounding of nouns and verbs, creation of nouns by means other than compounding, derivational devices which alter the transitivity of verbs, reduplication and some other minor processes. Compounding is not a very productive process in Mbula though is far more common in verbs than in nouns. Verbs can compound with adverbs, nouns and other verbs to create verbs. Nouns are more likely to be derived by the nominalising suffix . When combined with adverbs it yields stative nouns; with nouns it can either signal an intensification of meaning or a slight change in meaning (with no intensification); it turns stative verbs into stative nouns and dynamic verbs into nouns. Semantically, derivations tend to convey the idea of generic, habitual or characteristic actions. A further nominalisation suffix exists but is far less productive than . Transitivity of predicates can be altered by the addition of one or more of the following prefixes: , , and , and these are extremely productive processes. Finally, reduplication can result in any one of the following meanings: plurality, distribution, intensification, diminution or habitual-durative action (action that is somehow extended). References Sources External links Ngero–Vitiaz languages Subject–verb–object languages Languages of Morobe Province
The Center for Automotive Research (CAR) is a nonprofit research organization based in Ann Arbor, Michigan that conducts research, forecasts trends, develops new methodologies, and advises on public policy. History Office for the Study of Automotive Transportation Before its current status as an independent nonprofit research organization, CAR was part of the University of Michigan, under the name "Office for the Study of Automotive Transportation" which was a unit of the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. Center for Automotive Research In 2003, the Center for Automotive Research (CAR) was established as an independent non-profit research organization. CAR creates economic and systems modeling research, develops new manufacturing methodologies, forecasts industry futures, advises on public policy, and conducts industry conferences and forums. The institute is sometimes quoted by media for comments on industry issues. As an example of its economic research, CAR chairman emeritus David Cole has in relation to the Tesla Michigan dealership dispute said: "The value of Tesla is all based on hype and not substance". Research Groups CAR research is divided into three distinct research groups: Industry, Labor & Economics; Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology; and Transportation Systems Analysis. Industry, Labor, & Economics The Industry, Labor, & Economics Group researches the intersection of the automotive industry, technology, economy, society, and public policy, and is home to CAR's Automotive Communities Partnership. Their research encompasses a wide spectrum of automotive analysis, from employment, talent, skills, and labor issues to automotive trade, global competitiveness, and development in North America and in emerging economies, to quantifying the industry's economic contribution and industry trends. The group's research areas include automotive business, markets, economic contributions, investments, plants, products, people, and communities. Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology The Manufacturing, Engineering & Technology Group focuses on evolving technologies and manufacturing engineering systems, primarily in the automotive industry. Technology and product planning are combined with manufacturing to provide a comprehensive and strategic perspective. A significant effort continues to support improving the performance of vehicle development through research in manufacturing systems, tooling, and new technologies of car and light-truck bodies. Research is directed at reducing new vehicle development costs and lead time while improving product quality. Recent efforts have been aimed at technology assessment to support improved fuel economy through advanced powertrains and vehicle mass reduction. This group oversees several industry-led coalitions involving the automotive, utility, tooling, and materials industries. Transportation Systems Analysis The Transportation Systems Analysis group is concerned with the broad context within which motor vehicles are operated. Much of this effort focuses on the planning and operation of transportation infrastructure, as well as on interactions between infrastructure, vehicles, and vehicle operators. Increasingly, this research includes communications technology as a key component of these interactions. In this area, the group is heavily involved in connected vehicle and intelligent transportation systems work. Ultimately, the goals of these efforts are to help both the automotive and transportation industries deploy technologies that enhance safety, improve mobility, contribute to economic vitality, and reduce the environmental consequences of transportation. Events Breakfast Briefing Series The CAR Breakfast Briefings are an educational series, smaller than the flagship Management Briefing Seminars, with the same intent of educating industry participants, media and the general public, on a wide variety of emerging industry topics. References External links Automotive industry in the United States Research organizations in the United States
Kouhyar Goudarzi () is an Iranian human rights activist, journalist and blogger who was imprisoned several times by the government of Iran. He previously served as an editor of Radio Zamane. He is a member of Committee of Human Rights Reporters (CHRR), serving as the head from 2005-2009. Life Goudarzi was an aerospace engineering student at Sharif University of Technology before being expelled in November 2009 by order of government authorities and barred from continuing his education. He was detained twice in 2006 during peaceful rallies and three times after the events following the disputed presidential election results of 2009. Goudarzi was first arrested in March 2006 on International Women's Day as he was taking pictures during a rally with Shiva Nazarahari and they were released soon after. He was detained again in May 2006 on International Workers' Day while attending a Tehran Bus Company rally. He had disclosed to the Associated Press that a political prisoner, Akbar Mohammadi had died in prison after going on hunger strike to protest the lack of proper medical care. 2009 arrest Goudarzi was detained a third time in the summer of 2009 during the street protests after the disputed presidential election results, and was released after a short period. He continued to take an active part in the 2009–2010 Iranian election protests, in which he joined other student activists in protesting the disputed victory of Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad over opposition candidates Mir-Hossein Mousavi and Mehdi Karroubi. On December 20, 2009 Goudarzi was among a group that was detained by regime forces as they were travelling to the city of Qom to attend the funeral services of the senior dissident cleric Ayatollah Montazeri. Goudarzi had reportedly angered Iranian authorities due to his human rights work and contents in his blog specifically asking for the release of jailed members of Committee of Human Rights Reporters (CHRR). Goudarzi and other members of Committee of Human Rights Reporters were put under heavy pressure through physical and psychological intimidation while in custody, to shut down the group's website. Goudarzi was denied access to his lawyer or his case file and was further harassed by being barred from visitation or phone calls, denied books and clothes, and being switched from cell to cell. His relatives revealed that he had sustained injuries during harsh interrogations requiring his head to be bandaged. Goudarzi told relatives that he was under immense pressure to accept false accusations made by intelligence personnel demanding that he "confess" to alliances with banned organizations. In August 2010, Goudarzi joined Majid Tavakoli and other imprisoned activists in a hunger strike to protest conditions in Evin prison, where they were detained. In retaliation Goudarzi, Tavakoli and other journalists who had launched a hunger strike were transferred to solitary confinement. Goudarzi and Tavakoli were among 17 political prisoners who went on hunger strike. After his transfer to solitary confinement in May 2010, Goudarzi's mother said that she was no longer allowed to see him. US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton in a statement on June 12, 2010 demanded the release of Goudarzi and other incarcerated activists in Iran stating, “The Iranian authorities responded to their citizens’ call for accountability and transparency with violence, arbitrary detentions, dubious trials, and intimidation.” She called for "the immediate release of all imprisoned human rights defenders," naming Goudarzi and six other jailed activists. Initially charged with the capital crime of moharebeh (waging war against God), Goudarzi was later charged instead with "spreading propaganda against the regime" and was handed a one-year prison sentence. He was released in December of the same year after serving his sentence. Joe Stork, deputy Middle East director at Human Rights Watch said about the charges against Goudarzi, “The authorities should be working to ensure the rights and safety of citizens exercising their rights to gather peacefully. Instead, they are preparing the groundwork to impose the harshest of punishments.” Goudarzi spent 10 months in Tehran's Evin Prison with periods in solitary confinement, and was transferred to Rajai Shahr Prison in Karaj, where he served the remainder of his prison term before being released upon serving his one-year sentence on December 14, 2010. During his prison term, Goudarzi was awarded the John Aubuchon Freedom of the Press Award from the US-based National Press Club. 2011 arrest On July 31, 2011 Goudarzi was violently arrested without warning by plainclothes officials. His flatmate and fellow blogger Behnam Ganji Khaibari was arrested as well. Goudarzi's mother Parvin Mokhtareh was arbitrarily detained as well the following day in the city of Kerman, for reasons said to stem from her advocacy on her son's behalf. Ganji was released a few weeks after the initial arrests. Friends described him as a "broken man" and stated that he and Goudarzi had been severely tortured. Following their release, Ganji and another friend of Goudarzi, Nahal Sahabi committed suicide on September 1, 2011 and September 28, 2011 respectively. The UK newspaper The Guardian reported following the suicides that "speculation is rife that the pair had been pressured while in jail to testify against Goudarzi". Amnesty International also reported that Ganji had been pressured to make a confession incriminating Goudarzi. It was reported that in the days following his detainment, a number of Kouhyar Goudarzi's friends and colleagues were summoned to present themselves at the offices of the Ministry of Intelligence for interrogation. For months, Iranian officials refused to acknowledge Goudarzi's arrest, and his whereabouts remained unknown. Authorities were reported to be attempting to fabricate evidence linking Goudarzi to the militant Islamic group People's Mujahedin of Iran. When they finally acknowledged his arrest, authorities denied Goudarzi's lawyer's requests to meet with him. They provided no information as to why he was arrested while deprived of his basic rights or why his mother was simultaneously detained in Kerman. Goudarzi's mother was said to be used as an example to the family members of other incarcerated activists. She had been very active in discussing the plight of her son during his previous incarceration. Goudarzi later said in an interview that his mother had "in a way become a model for the families of other political prisoners on how to inform others about their [loved ones] and not allow their rights to be violated." In December 2011, after being held in the Kerman detention center of the Information Ministry and spending 8 months behind bars in Kerman prison, Goudarzi's mother Parvin Mokhtare was handed a 23-month prison sentence by the Kerman Revolutionary Court on the charges of “acting against national security” and “interviewing with foreign media.” On March 18, 2012, she was released from Kerman Prison, in the south- eastern province of Kerman after the Court of Appeals suspended her 23-month prison sentence. She also paid a fine for the charge of "insulting the martyrs" before being released on bail. There was speculation that Goudarzi's arrest stemmed from an interview he conducted with Spiegel International. Goudarzi had launched a hunger strike in solidarity with his friends in prison. In the interview Goudarzi said, “I've been out for the last seven months, but you always have one foot in prison if you campaign for human rights and are politically involved.” Following Goudarzi's arrest ensued an international outcry from various individuals, states, and human rights organizations demanding his immediate release. Amnesty International expressed fears for his safety, named Goudarzi and his mother prisoners of conscience, and called for their immediate and unconditional release. The National Press Club expressed "outrage" over his detention, the Committee to Protect Journalists issued a statement on his behalf, and Reporters Without Borders condemned the arrest. Reporters Without Borders said that “arbitrarily arresting and holding a political prisoner incommunicado is regarded as enforced disappearance by the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance. Article 2 of this convention bans “the arrest, detention, abduction or any other form of deprivation of liberty by agents of the state or by persons or groups of persons acting with the authorization, support or acquiescence of the state, followed by a refusal to acknowledge the deprivation of liberty or by concealment of the fate or whereabouts of the disappeared person, which place such a person outside the protection of the law. The National Press Club called on Iran's government to set free the jailed Kouhyar Goudarzi his mother and all journalists and other citizens who have suffered retaliation merely for exercising the basic human right of self-expression. Front Line Defenders said it “believes that Kouhyar Goudarzi arrest and incommunicado detention, as well as the arrest and detention of his mother Parvin Mokhtareh, is directly linked to Kouhyar Goudarzi's work as a human rights defender, in particular his work with CHRR.” Human Rights Watch said “Disappearing an Iranian citizen for more than six weeks without any semblance of legal process violates both Iranian and international laws which Iran's government pretends to respect.” Lawyers’ Rights Watch of Canada (LRWC) demanded, “The Iranian government immediately cease the continued and unlawful harassment of Kouhyar Goudarzi,” and said “Harassment of Kouhyar Goudarzi is an attempt to silence his legitimate human rights activities and that his sentence of “imprisonment in internal exile” is not provided for in Iranian legislation.” The Observatory for the Protection of Human Rights Defenders said it, "denounces this new arbitrary verdict against Mr. Kouhyar Goudarzi since it seems to merely aim at sanctioning his legitimate human rights activities, amid the continuing repression of the Iranian civil society." On April 12, 2012 after spending about 9 months behind bars, 3 months incommunicado with his whereabouts unknown, 2 months in solitary confinement under intense interrogations and torture, Goudarzi was released on bail pending his appeal. Prison sentence On March 7, 2012 while in prison, the courts informed Goudarzi he had received a 5-year prison sentence in exile at the remote city of Zabol, handed down to him on charges of “spreading propaganda against the system” and “gathering and colluding against national security.” With the insistence of the security apparatus, the sentence was upheld in September 2012 by Branch 54 of the Revolutionary Court. Awards In 2010 Goudarzi was presented the John Aubuchon Freedom of the Press Award from the National Press Club while he was behind bars. Alan Bjerga, the president of the club said at the award ceremony, “This award is meant to honor those who have done their utmost to advance the cause of press freedom and open government.” He said Goudarzi reminded "us of the importance of working for a free press in the United States and abroad." Kouhyar Goudarzi's mother Parvin Mokhtare, received the award on his behalf while he was still incarcerated. During the award ceremony, National Press Club president Mark Hamick, a broadcast journalist with the Associated Press expressed his outrage. “The imprisonment of Kouhyar Goudarzi and his mother is a slap in the face to the world community." The National Press Club called upon Iran to free all incarcerated journalists and political prisoners. In a letter to the National Press Club, Goudarzi's mother Parvin Mokhtare said in part, “On behalf of Kouhyar and myself I dedicate this award to the Green and great nation of Iran… Since my son remains in prison at this time I hope someday he will be able to receive his prize in person. With greetings to all free people of the world.” Exile In March 2013, faced with a 5-year prison sentence in exile in the remote city of Zabol, constant pressures, harassment and threats from the authorities, Kouhyar Goudarzi fled Iran to ensure his safety. He continues his human rights work from outside the country. Several news outlets associated with the Iranian government have since published critical and hostile reports about Goudarzi, asking that he be brought back to Iran and be punished. One outlet, Bultan News which serves as a regime mouthpiece, referred to journalist and human rights activist Kouhyar Goudarzi as a "fugitive criminal who has fled the country" and demanded that "responsible agencies make the necessary arrangements to catch this fugitive and bring him to his punishment." External links http://kouhyar.wordpress.com https://web.archive.org/web/20130102002222/http://www.chrr.biz/index-en.php https://www.facebook.com/Humanrightsreporters https://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150136419907564&id=127801922136 http://persian.iranhumanrights.org/1392/01/hosseini_goudarzi/ http://www.euronews.com/2013/06/07/iranian-voices-from-turkey/ References Amnesty International prisoners of conscience held by Iran Iranian dissidents Iranian human rights activists Iranian journalists Iranian prisoners and detainees Living people Iranian bloggers 1986 births Inmates of Evin Prison Recipients of John Aubuchon Press Freedom Award
Epropetes latifascia is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by White in 1855. References Tillomorphini Beetles described in 1855
Gerald David "Jerry" Jennings (born July 31, 1948) is an American former politician from the state of New York who was the 74th mayor of Albany. A Democrat, Jennings won five terms as mayor of Albany and served in that capacity for 20 years. At the time of his retirement in 2013, Jennings was the second longest tenured mayor in the city's history. Background and early career Born in North Albany, Gerald "Jerry" Jennings began his career in the Albany City School District after graduating with a bachelor's degree from SUNY Brockport in 1970 and a Master of Science degree from the University at Albany in 1976. Jennings served for 13 years on the Albany Common Council representing the 11th Ward. Mayor of Albany Jennings won an upset in the 1993 Democratic mayoral primary—the real contest in this heavily Democratic city—over Harold Joyce, who had the Democratic Party’s formal endorsement and had only recently been its chairman. He went on to win the general election, becoming the 74th mayor of Albany. Jennings was re-elected four times and retired as mayor at the end of 2013. In a break from his party, Jennings endorsed George Pataki, a Republican, in the 2002 New York gubernatorial race. The mayor has also supported now-former U.S. Representative John E. Sweeney (R-Clifton Park). Jennings has been a strong proponent of the plan to build a convention center in downtown Albany. He hosted a call-in radio show on WGDJ every Friday from 9 a.m. to 10 a.m. In 2006, Jennings was voted out of his position on the New York State Democratic Committee by state Assemblyman John McEneny. The mayor had served on the committee since 2002. This race was a rematch of the 1997 primary, when McEneny unsuccessfully challenged Jennings for the Democratic mayoral nomination. The Albany Times Union reported on November 25, 2008 that Jennings would seek re-election for a fifth term in 2009. The story noted that "Safety in the city, with its youth violence and gun crimes, continues to mar Jennings' leadership and Albany's image." Jennings's opponent for the Democratic primary, Albany Common Council member Corey Ellis, announced his candidacy on March 2, 2009. (Common Council President Shawn Morris was originally also a candidate, but she dropped out over the summer.) Jennings won the primary, held on September 15, 2009, and went on to defeat Republican Nathan Lebron on November 3 in the general election. Illegal guns Jennings served as a member of the Mayors Against Illegal Guns Coalition, a bi-partisan group with a stated goal of "making the public safer by getting illegal guns off the streets." The Coalition was co-chaired by former Boston mayor Tom Menino and former New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg. Beginning in 2002, the Albany Police Department endured a scandal regarding illicitly purchased machine guns. Parking ticket scandal In November 2008, local media reported that for 15 years the Albany Police Department has engaged in an unapproved effort to avoid parking fines. It was alleged that an unofficial, secret system resulted in "zero fine" tickets being issued to an unknown number of local drivers who either had special windshield decals or were on VIP lists. Both the New York State Comptroller's Office and the Albany Common Council investigated the practice, and the Albany Times Union made a request under the Freedom of Information Law to obtain more information about it. New York State Comptroller Thomas DiNapoli's audit faulted the city for "lax oversight that allowed at least two informal systems for skirting parking fines to flourish." In November 2009, Jennings denied that he knew of any abuses in regard to parking tickets, and also directed that the issuance of no-fine tickets be ceased. Electoral history 2005 election for Mayor of Albany Gerald D. Jennings (D) (inc.), 68.6% Alice Green (G), 24.8% Joseph P. Sullivan (R), 6.5% 2006 election for New York State Democratic Committee John McEneny, 6,346 Gerald D. Jennings, 5,589 2009 Democratic Primary for Mayor of Albany Gerald D. Jennings, 7,615 Corey Ellis, 5,971 2009 election for Mayor of Albany. Gerald D. Jennings, 10,466 Corey Ellis, 4,801 Nathan LeBron 1,178 References External links Mayor Gerald D. Jennings Biography at albanyny.org City of Albany home page 1948 births Living people Mayors of Albany, New York New York (state) Democrats State University of New York at Brockport alumni University at Albany, SUNY alumni Albany, New York Common Council members 2012 United States presidential electors
"The Box" is the second episode of the third season of the American science fiction drama television series Fringe. The episode was co-written by Josh Singer and Graham Roland, and directed by Jeffrey Hunt. The third season spent its time alternating between the prime and parallel universes, and "The Box" was set in the former. It followed a mysterious box that when opened, killed whoever heard it. The fringe team of Fauxlivia (a doppelgänger of Olivia Dunham), Peter, and Walter investigate, with unknown consequences to the creation of a doomsday device. It first aired on September 30, 2010, in the United States to an estimated 5.24 million viewers, helping the Fox network finish in fourth place for the night. The episode received generally positive reviews, and it was described as a "strong start" and "chock full of good stuff" by various critics. "The Box" was nominated by Motion Picture Sound Editors for the 2011 Golden Reel Awards but lost to an episode of Boardwalk Empire. Plot In the prime universe (aka "Our Side"), the parallel universe's Olivia — "Fauxlivia" — (Anna Torv); meets with Thomas Jerome Newton (Sebastian Roché), who provides Fauxlivia several dossiers and books to help her acclimate herself to the prime universe's version of the Fringe team. Through them, she is able to successfully impersonate the prime universe's Olivia to Walter (John Noble) and Peter (Joshua Jackson), and joins the ranks of the Fringe division. Her first case on the team is at a house in Milton, Massachusetts. At first it appears to have been a robbery, with the family tied up and two thieves having dug a hole in the basement; however, all of the people are dead due to being placed into a vegetative state. Walter believes that a third thief took whatever was uncovered in the hole, but is somehow unaffected by its presence. On examining the corpses, Walter determines that the people were exposed to an ultrasound signal, likely generated by the object that was stolen. Meanwhile, they discover the identity of one of the dead robbers, Blake, and learn of his abandoned apartment. Fauxlivia goes to the apartment alone without alerting Peter, but Peter soon joins her. The two find that Blake had a roommate, likely the third man, but he is nowhere to be seen. That night, while at Olivia's apartment, Fauxlivia studies Olivia's case files, and comments of her prime counterpart, "You have a photographic memory. How am I gonna do that?" indicating that she does not possess this ability. A moment later she is visited by the third man, Joe (Russell Harvard), who had seen Fauxlivia at Blake's apartment and, believing her to be a cop, brought the item stolen from the Milton home - a small box. Fauxlivia finds Joe is deaf, and thus was unaffected by the ultrasonics of the box. Fauxlivia contacts Newton, who collects the box — having originally hired the men to collect it for him — and offers to kill the deaf man. Fauxlivia tells him she will take care of things herself and shoots the deaf man. While hiding the body, Peter arrives to talk to her. To distract him and prevent him from noticing a pool of blood seeping under the bathroom door, Fauxlivia engages in romantic actions with Peter. Newton takes the box to a crowded subway station, and entices a homeless man (Eric Lynch) to watch the box for a short while, expecting the person to steal it after he leaves. The Fringe team is soon on the scene having discovered the ultrasound signal, and find all of the passengers at the station are dead. They find no evidence of the box, and fear that someone took it into the tunnels and may still be active; the ultrasound would kill everyone on any train that passed. Peter offers to go find the box, and Walter has the idea to make Peter momentarily deaf by having Fauxlivia fire her gun next to Peter's ears. He finds the box, its lid cracked, in the dead hands of the homeless man (whose head promptly explodes). Without a way to seal the lid, Peter is forced to try to defuse the box. He does so in time before his hearing returns, but cannot hear the warning of an errant train bearing down on him; Fauxlivia enters the tunnels to save Peter. After recovering, Peter and Walter surmise the box is part of the machine, and Peter begins studying it. On her own, Fauxlivia contacts the parallel world through the typewriter shop, informing them that Peter "has the first piece" and is now "engaged". In a side plot, William Bell is officially declared dead, and his will is read to Nina (Blair Brown) and Walter. Walter is hesitant about opening the envelope left for him, but Astrid (Jasika Nicole) assures him of William's friendship. Ultimately, Walter finds the envelope contains a typewritten note reading "Don't be afraid to cross the line," and a key to a safe deposit box, containing the entirety of the shares of Bell's multi-billion dollar biomedical technology corporation Massive Dynamic, making Walter the sole owner. Production "The Box" was co-written by co-executive producer Josh Singer and executive story editor Graham Roland, while being directed by CSI: Crime Scene Investigation veteran Jeffrey Hunt. The episode was shot in the second half of July 2010. Hunt later tweeted on-set photos in January 2011. At San Diego Comic-Con International during the summer leading up to the season premiere, actress Jasika Nicole told the audience they would finally be able to see her character's apartment, which has previously been only alluded to in an early season two episode. She explained, "It's really neat! There's all these tiny little things that give you insight into how things are. I know the color of (Astrid's) walls, so watch out!" In early August 2010, Entertainment Weekly reported that Eric the Actor, from The Howard Stern Show, had been cast for a small role in the new season's second episode. Deaf actor Russell Harvard portrayed Joe, a man who is able to survive the box being opened only to be killed by Fauxlivia. Harvard later commented in an interview, "Fringe was so much fun and not even stressful compared to [professional fighting film] Hamill. It was very fast and rapid. Playing the dead guy was very easy. Working with Anna Torv was so much fun, she is a great, great actress and very sweet. I did not think she would be that kind of person." He continued, "There was a stunt which she did not want to do herself, but I told her 'You want to be authentic so I want you to pull me,' so she obliged. It was a great experience and so much fun and I wish I could have stayed on the show for a long time." As with other Fringe episodes, Fox released a science lesson plan in collaboration with Science Olympiad for grade school children focusing on the science seen in "The Box", with the intention of having "students learn about the different characteristics of music and how it can have physiological effects on the listener." Cultural references When researching popular culture in the prime universe, Fauxlivia says "Who's Bono?" (pronouncing it "bone-oh"), implying Irish rock band U2 and its lead singer Bono either do not exist in the parallel universe, or are not well known. Fauxlivia also mentions liking a song by country music singer Patsy Cline when she and Peter hear it playing in a bar, suggesting either that Cline is famous in both universes, or that Fauxlivia had further studied pop culture of the prime universe before her conversation with Peter. Peter tells Fauxlivia that living with Walter is like a bad buddy cop movie, referring to a genre of movies that have two men of very different and conflicting personalities forced to work together. Reception Ratings "The Box" first aired on September 30, 2010, in the United States on the Fox network. According to the Nielsen ratings system, it was watched by an estimated 5.24 million viewers and earned a 1.9/5 ratings share among adults 18 to 49. Fox finished in fourth place for the night, though time shifted viewings increased the episode's ratings by 42 percent in the adult demographic, from 1.9 to a 2.7 rating. Reviews "The Box" received mostly positive reviews. Salon.com gave the episode an A−, explaining "this week's episode was chock full of good stuff. We get some more fun nuggets about how Earth 2 differs from Earth 1... Your Bose headphones cannot protect you from the awesome sonic power of "The Box". UGO Networks' Alex Zalben wrote "Two weeks in, Fringe is still the best damn show currently on TV". Zalben loved the serial aspects of the plot, praised Anna Torv's performance, but disliked how no one has realized Fauxlivia's true identity. Josh Wigler from MTV enjoyed the episode particularly because although he found the parallel universe a "compelling world, sometimes it's nice to just kick your feet up on the table and know that you're home... Two episodes down, and it's safe to say that the third season of "Fringe" is off to a very strong start". Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly thought it was a terrific episode, with "a tremendously clever game-changer of an ending...This Fringe was a good example of how far the series has come since its first season, dominated by pre-credits scare-scenarios for Fringe Division to investigate, some of which spilled over into the show's mythology. Now, Fringe is a seamless whole". The A.V. Club's Noel Murray graded it with a B+. SFScope contributor Sarah Stegall wrote, "Tightly written, well acted, and directed with a sure hand, this second episode of the season bears out my original prediction: this year is going to rock." Andrew Hanson from the Los Angeles Times praised the episode's use of a "Harold", in which three separate plots working off a central theme converge together. He also loved the climactic scene involving a gunshot-induced deaf Peter and the subway. "I hope more people were watching this episode for so many reasons: To see how good "Fringe" has become, to get addicted to the show and, most important, to see that they quoted my blog in the promo for next week. Thursday night has become "Fringe" night". Awards and nominations "The Box" was nominated for Best Sound Editing: TV Short Form Music by the Motion Picture Sound Editors for the 2011 Golden Reel Awards. The crew included Supervising Music Editor Paul Apelgren, composers Chris Tilton and Michael Giacchino, and re-recording mixer Rick Norman. "Brown Betty", a season two Fringe episode, was also nominated for Best Sound Editing: TV Short Form Music in a Musical. "The Box" lost to the Boardwalk Empire episode "Anastasia". References External links "The Box" at Fox Fringe (season 3) episodes 2010 American television episodes
Gorłówko is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Stare Juchy, within Ełk County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately north-east of Stare Juchy, north-west of Ełk, and east of the regional capital Olsztyn. References Villages in Ełk County
The Denza N8 and the original Denza X is a mid-size crossover SUV. The original Denza X was first launched in Guangzhou Auto Show 2019 by Denza, originally a joint venture between Chinese automaker BYD Auto and German luxury car brand Mercedes-Benz. The Denza X was sold from 2019 to 2021 as a restyled second generation BYD Tang and after Mercedes-Benz withdrew from the joint venture, the Denza X was replaced by the Denza N8 as a major facelift. According to Denza, the "N" from the N8 means "New era of intelligence" and "unlimited driving control". Indicating that the N7 and N8 will have an advanced driving assist system. The updated Denza product series consisted of five product types named with D, E, N, Z, and A, forming the name DENZA. The D series is the MPV line with the Denza D9 MPV being the first to be introduced to the market, and the N series is the crossover SUV line, while the other series will include sedans and coupes. Denza X (2019–2021, first generation) The Denza X was originally introduced at the Guangzhou Auto Show as the Denza Concept X. The concept version is 7-seat crossover SUV based on the second generation BYD Tang. The Denza X will be available from early 2020 in two versions including an all-electric variant and a plug-in hybrid version. The all-electric Denza X is set to have a range of and acceleration from could be done in less than 5 seconds. The production Denza X was launched in two versions just as planned, including an all-electric and a plug-in hybrid (PHEV). According to the plan, the PHEV version will cost 319,800 Chinese yuan and the all-electric one will cost 289,800 Chinese yuan when starting production and sales. It was announced that the designing was done by the Mercedes-Benz design team. Denza N8 (2023 - present, second generation) The Denza N8 is essentially the facelift version of the previous Denza X, and is reintroduced as a five- to seven-seater large crossover SUV expected to unveil in 2023. It is said that the Denza N8 would adopt the DM-p hybrid technology plus the e-platform 3.0 structure. References External links Denza Automobile Official Website N8 Cars introduced in 2019 Mid-size crossover sport utility vehicles crossover sport utility vehicles Hybrid sport utility vehicles Plug-in hybrid vehicles Partial zero-emissions vehicles Production electric cars
Michael Barry Lenard (born May 20, 1955 in Chicago) is an American former handball player who competed in the 1984 Summer Olympics. Lenard is the vice president of the International Council of Arbitration for Sport, having joined the organisation in 1994. In 2017 the US Olympic Committee (USOC) bestowed their highest honour on him, an Olympic Torch Award. Lenard has served for the USOC a member and then Vice-Chair of the USOC Athletes’ Advisory Committee, as the Vice-President of the organisation. References 1955 births Living people Sportspeople from Chicago American male handball players Olympic handball players for the United States Handball players at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Micromonospora oryzae is a bacterium from the genus Micromonospora which has been isolated from the roots of upland rice (Oryza sativa). References Micromonosporaceae Bacteria described in 2015
Banwari Trace, an Archaic (pre-ceramic) site in southwestern Trinidad, is the oldest archaeological site in the Caribbean. The site has revealed two separate periods of occupation; one between 7200 and 6100 BP (Strata I and II) and the other between 6100 BP and 5500 BP. Origins Dated to about 5000 BCE or 7000 B.P (years Before Present), the archaeological site at Banwari Trace in southwestern Trinidad is the oldest pre-Columbian site in the West Indies. At this time, Trinidad was still part of South America. Archaeological research of the site has also shed light on the patterns of migration of Archaic (pre-ceramic) peoples from mainland South America to the Lesser Antilles via Trinidad between 5000 and 2000 BCE. Discovery In November 1969, the Trinidad and Tobago Historical Society discovered the remains of a human skeleton at Banwari Trace. Lying on its left-hand side, in a typical Amerindian “crouched” burial position along a northwest axis, Banwari Man (as it is now commonly called) was found 20-cm below the surface. Only two items were associated with the burial, a round pebble by the skull and a needlepoint by the hip. Banwari Man was apparently interred in a shell midden and subsequently covered by shell refuse. Based on its stratigraphic location in the site’s archaeological deposits, the burial can be dated to the period shortly before the end of occupation, approximately 3,400 BC or 5,400 years old. This skeleton is considered to be the oldest one found in the Caribbean. This demonstrates the presence of the Caribbean's first inhabitants. Artefacts found The Banwarian preceramic assemblage is highly distinctive, typically consisting of artifacts made of stone and bone. Objects associated with hunting and fishing include bone projectile points, most likely used for tipping arrows and fish spears, beveled peccary teeth used as fishhooks, and bipointed pencil hooks of bone which were intended to be attached in the middle of a fishing-line. A variety of ground stone tools were manufactured for the processing of vegetable foods, including blunt or pointed conical pestles, large grinding stones and round to oval manos. It should not be confused with the Ortoiran assemblage, which was ca BC 1000 and located in southeast Trinidad. Recognition In 2004, Banwari Trace was included in the 2004 World Monuments Watch, by the World Monuments Fund, a private international organization. It was hoped that listing would help garner the financial and technical support necessary to properly survey, document, preserve, interpret, and protect the site. See also Ortoiroid people Ortoire (archaeological site) History of Trinidad and Tobago External links Banwari Trace in Trinidad - the Oldest Site in the West Indies!, from the Archaeology Centre, University of the West Indies, Trinidad and Tobago Banwari Trace, from triniview.com References Archaeological sites in Trinidad and Tobago
The No. 14 Squadron, nicknamed Tail Choppers, is an air superiority squadron of the Pakistan Air Force's Central Air Command. It is one of PAF's most decorated squadrons which earned its nickname after a daring strike mission on the Kalaikunda Air Force Station during the 1965 War. Currently, the Squadron is deployed at PAF Base Rafiqui and operates the PAC JF-17 Thunder multirole aircraft. History The No. 14 Squadron was the PAF's first fighter-bomber squadron, which was raised on 1 November 1948, at RPAF Base Peshawar and operated the Hawker Tempest fighters which were inherited from the RIAF but were later re-equipped with newly acquired Hawker Fury fighter-bombers after being number-plated for some months. In 1956, the squadron was transferred to PAF Base Mauripur and re-equipped with F-86 Sabres. They participated extensively in various inter-squadron competitions and exercises. North Waziristan operations After the independence of Pakistan, several armed militant groups in the North-West Frontier Province which were previously engaged in an armed conflict with the British Raj turned against Pakistan. This time backed by the Kingdom of Afghanistan, the armed groups started a rebellion against the Dominion of Pakistan. Resultantly, the No. 14 squadron was deployed at Miranshah airfield at North Waziristan for counter insurgency operations during which it bombed several rebel targets. In 1953–54, the Squadron also launched a bombing operation on Faqir of Ipi's strongholds at Gurwek. 1965 Indo-Pakistani war During the 1965 war, the No. 14 Squadron was deployed at Tejgaon Air Base and initially operated 12 North American F-86F Sabres but one was lost to a bird strike on 4 September so it operated 11 units throughout the war. The Squadron didn't participate in any offensive operations during the rise in hostilities over the disputed Indian Administered Kashmir region but it had been on high alert since the Rann of Kutch conflict before the invasion. In retaliation for the Indian invasion, the PAF launched an aggressive airstrike campaign on several IAF bases. Airstrikes on Kalaikunda Airbase The No. 14 Squadron was ordered to launch airstrikes on the Kalaikunda Air Force Station. Thus on the morning of 7 September 1965, under the command of Squadron Leader Shabbir, the squadron's F-86 Sabres took off from Tejgaon with two 200-gallon and two 120-gallon drop tanks while armed with nothing more than 50 cal gun ammunition. The squadron's strike team eventually reached the enemy base without being intercepted by enemy fighters and started strafing the Canberra bombers and Hawker Hunter fighters parked on the tarmac. The No. 14 Squadron's pilots managed to destroy 10 out of the 14 Canberra bombers along with two other types at the IAF base after which they safely returned to base at 07:44am. Some hours later at 10:30am, the squadron received an order to execute another airstrike on the same base to ensure the complete destruction of Kalaikunda. Thus, a formation of four Sabres under the command of Flight Lieutenant Haleem was scrambled. Due to low visibility, the formation wasn't intercepted by enemy fighters on their way but upon reaching Kalaikunda, Indian Anti-Aircraft Guns which were on alert started firing at them. As the Sabres started their airstrikes, the formation was attacked by 9 Indian Hawker Hunters. The formation then split into two groups, one of which continued the airstrikes while the other group, which consisted of Flying Officer Afzal Khan (Wingman) and Flight Lieutenant Tariq Habib (Leader), engaged the enemy Hunters. Tariq decided to jettison their fuel tanks, but Afzal was shot down before he could do so while one of Tariq's 4 fuel tanks got stuck. Despite that, he engaged 3 Indian Hunters in a 10-minute dogfight during which his Sabre got severely damaged. He eventually managed to shake off the enemy fighters and made it back to East Pakistan though his F-86 was scrapped since it was beyond repair. In the second strike on Kalaikunda, the squadron managed to destroy 4 to 8 Indian Canberra bombers. Airstrikes on other IAF bases On 10 September, four Sabres from the No. 14 Squadron launched an airstrike on the IAF base of Baghdogra, four days later on 14 September, the squadron struck the IAF bases of Barrakpore and Agartala but since the IAF had retreated most of its aircraft from the eastern frontline, the squadron destroyed few aircraft in these strikes which included one Canberra, two fighters, five transport aircraft, and one helicopter. Pakistani civil conflict and subsequent Indo-Pakistani war of 1971 The No. 14 squadron carried out numerous CAS missions all around then East Pakistan during the civil uprising in 1971. After India intervened in the Conflict, the Squadron was the sole squadron of Pakistan defending East Pakistani airspace from the numerically superior Indian forces. It fought until the final days of the war until subsequently the Dhaka Airbase was destroyed by Indian Bombers and overrun by the invading Indian forces alongside Bengali rebels. By the end of the war, the squadron along with the Dhaka Airbase's ack-ack guns had destroyed 23 IAF warplanes. Aerial Engagements with Soviet & Afghan Jets During the Soviet-Afghan war, Soviet and Afghan jets would bomb Afghan refugee camps and Mujahideen camps in the then North West Frontier Province (presently Khyber Pakhtunkhwa). Resultantly, the No. 14 Squadron, while operating the F-16 Fighting Falcon, was deployed at PAF Base Minhas at Kamra from where they carried out Combat Air Patrol missions on the Western Borders where they would eventually dogfight with Soviet and Afghan jets. On 16 April 1987, Squadron Leader Badar Islam from the Tail Choppers shot down an Afghan Su-22 with an AIM-9L Sidewinder. On 4 August 1987, Squadron Leader Athar Bukhari shot down a Soviet Su-25 near Miranshah, the Soviet pilot, Colonel Alexander Rutskoy, safely ejected and was arrested by Pakistani authorities. He was later handed back to the Soviets on 16 August 1988. Later, on 12 September 1988, Flight Lieutenant Khalid shot down two Mig-23. The squadron scored its last kill on 3 November 1988, when Flight Lieutenant Khalid Mehmood shot down an Afghan Su-22. War on Terror During Operation Black Thunderstorm, an F-7P of the Tail Choppers performed a Sonic boom over the Peochar valley before Pakistani forces were inserted into the area. This was to create fear amongst the militants occupying the area. Aircraft flown See also List of Pakistan Air Force squadrons No. 9 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force) No. 16 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force) No. 26 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force) Notes References Pakistan Air Force squadrons
Anaxippus () was an Athenian comic poet of the New Comedy, who was contemporary with Antigonus and Demetrius Poliorcetes, and flourished about 303 BC. We have the titles of four of his plays, and perhaps of one more. Notes New Comic poets 4th-century BC Athenians
The repertory grid is an interviewing technique which uses nonparametric factor analysis to determine an idiographic measure of personality. It was devised by George Kelly in around 1955 and is based on his personal construct theory of personality. Introduction The repertory grid is a technique for identifying the ways that a person construes (interprets or gives meaning to) his or her experience. It provides information from which inferences about personality can be made, but it is not a personality test in the conventional sense. It is underpinned by the personal construct theory developed by George Kelly, first published in 1955. A grid consists of four parts: A topic: it is about some part of the person's experience A set of elements, which are examples or instances of the topic. Working as a clinical psychologist, Kelly was interested in how his clients construed people in the roles they adopted towards the client, and so, originally, such terms as "my father", "my mother", "an admired friend" and so forth were used. Since then, the grid has been used in much wider settings (educational, occupational, organisational) and so any well-defined set of words, phrases, or even brief behavioral vignettes can be used as elements. For example, to see how a person construes the purchase of a car, a list of vehicles within that person's price range could be a set of elements. A set of constructs. These are the basic terms that the client uses to make sense of the elements, and are always expressed as a contrast. Thus the meaning of "good" depends on whether you intend to say "good versus poor", as if you were construing a theatrical performance, or "good versus evil", as if you were construing the moral or ontological status of some more fundamental experience. A set of ratings of elements on constructs. Each element is positioned between the two extremes of the construct using a 5- or 7-point rating scale system; this is done repeatedly for all the constructs that apply; and thus its meaning to the client is modeled, and statistical analysis varying from simple counting, to more complex multivariate analysis of meaning, is made possible. Constructs are regarded as personal to the client, who is psychologically similar to other people depending on the extent to which s/he would tend to use similar constructs, and similar ratings, in relating to a particular set of elements. The client is asked to consider the elements three at a time, and to identify a way in which two of the elements might be seen as alike, but distinct from, contrasted to, the third. For example, in considering a set of people as part of a topic dealing with personal relationships, a client might say that the element "my father" and the element "my boss" are similar because they are both fairly tense individuals, whereas the element "my wife" is different because she is "relaxed". And so we identify one construct that the individual uses when thinking about people: whether they are "tense as distinct from relaxed". In practice, good grid interview technique would delve a little deeper and identify some more behaviorally explicit description of "tense versus relaxed". All the elements are rated on the construct, further triads of elements are compared and further constructs elicited, and the interview would continue until no further constructs are obtained. Using the repertory grid Careful interviewing to identify what the individual means by the words initially proposed, using a 5-point rating system could be used to characterize the way in which a group of fellow-employees are viewed on the construct "keen and committed versus energies elsewhere", a 1 indicating that the left pole of the construct applies ("keen and committed") and a 5 indicating that the right pole of the construct applies ("energies elsewhere"). On being asked to rate all of the elements, our interviewee might reply that Tom merits a 2 (fairly keen and committed), Mary a 1 (very keen and committed), and Peter a 5 (his energies are very much outside the place of employment). The remaining elements (another five people, for example) are then rated on this construct. Typically (and depending on the topic) people have a limited number of genuinely different constructs for any one topic: 6 to 16 are common when they talk about their job or their occupation, for example. The richness of people's meaning structures comes from the many different ways in which a limited number of constructs can be applied to individual elements. A person may indicate that Tom is fairly keen, very experienced, lacks social skills, is a good technical supervisor, can be trusted to follow complex instructions accurately, has no sense of humour, will always return a favour but only sometimes help his co-workers, while Mary is very keen, fairly experienced, has good social and technical supervisory skills, needs complex instructions explained to her, appreciates a joke, always returns favours, and is very helpful to her co-workers: these are two very different and complex pictures, using just 8 constructs about a person's co-workers. Important information can be obtained by including self-elements such as "Myself as I am now"; "Myself as I would like to be" among other elements, where the topic permits. Analysis of results A single grid can be analysed for both content (eyeball inspection) and structure (cluster analysis, principal component analysis, and a variety of structural indices relating to the complexity and range of the ratings being the chief techniques used). Sets of grids are dealt with using one or other of a variety of content analysis techniques. A range of associated techniques can be used to provide precise, operationally defined expressions of an interviewee's constructs, or a detailed expression of the interviewee's personal values, and all of these techniques are used in a collaborative way. The repertory grid is emphatically not a standardized "psychological test"; it is an exercise in the mutual negotiation of a person's meanings. The repertory grid has found favour among both academics and practitioners in a great variety of fields because it provides a way of describing people's construct systems (loosely, understanding people's perceptions) without prejudging the terms of reference—a kind of personalized grounded theory. Unlike a conventional rating-scale questionnaire, it is not the investigator but the interviewee who provides the constructs on which a topic is rated. Market researchers, trainers, teachers, guidance counsellors, new product developers, sports scientists, and knowledge capture specialists are among the users who find the technique (originally developed for use in clinical psychology) helpful. Relationship to other tools In the book Personal Construct Methodology, researchers Brian R. Gaines and Mildred L.G. Shaw noted that they "have also found concept mapping and semantic network tools to be complementary to repertory grid tools and generally use both in most studies" but that they "see less use of network representations in PCP [personal construct psychology] studies than is appropriate". They encouraged practitioners to use semantic network techniques in addition to the repertory grid. See also Graph (abstract data type) Idea networking Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure Knowledge representation and reasoning Q methodology Tree (data structure) Notes Further reading External links Software OpenRepGrid – An R package for the analysis of repertory grids Repertory Grid Tool – An open source web tool for repertory grids rep:grid – repertory grid software, 3D Grid Analysis WebGrid 5 nextexpertizer – computer supported repertory grid interview and analysis tool Idiogrid – Idiographic Analysis with Repertory Grids Gridsuite – Repertory Grid Software Culturetools – Repertory Grid for Organizational Development and Brands Constructivism (psychological school) Factor analysis Knowledge representation Psychological testing
Ropes Crossing is a suburb of Blacktown, Sydney in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Ropes Crossing is located west of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the City of Blacktown and is part of the Greater Western Sydney region. History Ropes Crossing was originally part of the suburb of St Marys. The suburb is named as a crossing of Ropes Creek, a watercourse which is approximately long rising near Devils Back Tunnel and flowing north into South Creek. The creek itself was named for Anthony Rope, a First Fleet convict who it is assumed was granted land fronting the creek. The area was the site of a World War II munitions area, now formerly known as Australian Defence Industries or (ADI). The area had its own railway line which was electrified in 1957. When the line first opened on 1 May 1942, it only ran from St Marys to Dunheved at a distance of 50.350 rail kilometres from Central railway station and on 29 June 1942 the line opened from Dunheved to Ropes Creek at 53.010 rail kilometres from Sydney. When electrification was extended on the western line in the late 1950s a new station was built and called Cochrane and was located 52.480 rail kilometres from Sydney. The station opened on 2 September 1957. The line was mainly munitions traffic with morning and afternoon passenger services for munitions workers. Towards the end of the line being open, the only traffic seen on the line was the occasional scrap metal trains that visited Sims Metal which was located off the Up line just south of Dunheved. Working of these trains meant that the trains worked to Dunheved where the locomotive ran around the train and proceeded back to the Sims Metal Siding to shunt loaded cars in and empties out as required. Suburb facilities Housing , the suburb is being developed for housing by Lend Lease with up to 2,200 homes and will contain a regional park in the centre. Housing is divided up into five villages – Aurora, Barinya, Brookwood, Talloway and Woodlands. Rochford Place is allocated as "Over 55's Living". School Ropes Crossing Public School was opened in 2008. Population In the , Ropes Crossing recorded a population of 6171 people. References External links NSWRail.net For dates and kilometre reference points. Google Earth for reference points. Ropes Crossing Housing estate Suburbs of Sydney City of Blacktown
The Lent Bumps 2003 were a series of rowing races held at Cambridge University from Tuesday 25 February 2003 until Saturday 1 March 2003. The event was run as a bumps race and has been held annually in late-February or early March since 1887. See Lent Bumps for the format of the races. In 2003, a total of 121 crews took part (69 men's crews and 52 women's crews), with nearly 1100 participants. Head of the River crews Caius men rowed-over in 1st position, retaining the headship. Caius women bumped Lady Margaret, Jesus and Emmanuel to take their first ever women's headship of the Lent Bumps. Caius also held both the double headship in the May Bumps 2002, meaning that all four headships were held by the same club simultaneously – the first time this has ever happened in bumps history. Highest 2nd VIIIs The highest men's 2nd VIII for the 4th consecutive year was Caius II. The highest women's 2nd VIII for the 3rd consecutive year was Jesus II. Links to races in other years Bumps Charts Below are the bumps charts for the 1st and 2nd divisions, with the men's event on the left and women's event on the right. The bumps chart represents the progress of every crew over all four days of the racing. To follow the progress of any particular crew, simply find the crew's name on the left side of the chart and follow the line to the end-of-the-week finishing position on the right of the chart. References CUCBC – the organisation that runs the bumps First and Third Trinity Boat Club Cambridge University Radio (CUR1350) downloadable MP3s of race commentary Lent Bumps results 2003 in rowing 2003 in English sport
Prince Philipp of Liechtenstein (Philipp Erasmus Alois Ferdinand Maria Sebaldus; born 19 August 1946) is a member of the princely family of Liechtenstein. He is a son of the late Franz Joseph II and the younger brother of current reigning prince Hans-Adam II. Biography Prince Philipp was born in Zürich as the second son of Franz Joseph II, Prince of Liechtenstein and his wife, Countess Georgina of Wilczek. Prince Philipp studied history and sociology at the University of Bonn and the University of Basel. He has been a member of the board of directors of the LGT group since 1981, and the chairman of that organisation since 2001. Marriage and family He married Isabelle de l'Arbre de Malander (b. 24 November 1949 in Ronse, Belgium) on 11 September 1971, daughter of Jean-Baptiste de l'Arbre de Malander and wife Guillemette Grassal. They have three sons and have had four grandchildren: Prince Alexander Wilhelm Hans Adam of Liechtenstein (born on 19 May 1972 in Basel, Canton of Basel-Stadt, Switzerland). Married civilly in Vaduz on 24 January 2003 and religiously in Salzburg on 8 February 2003 to Astrid Barbara Kohl (born on 13 September 1968 in Regensburg, Germany), daughter of Theodor Kohl and wife Ingrid Schlechta. They have one daughter: Princess Theodora Alexandra Isabella Antonia Nora Marie of Liechtenstein (born on 20 November 2004 in Chêne-Bougeries, Canton of Geneva, Switzerland). Raised in Italy, she read architecture at St John's College, University of Cambridge. She founded in 2014, at only 10, the Green Teen Team Foundation, an environmental foundation. Princess Theodora is an ambassador for Project 0, a charity focuses on protecting the ocean from plastic pollution. She won the first place of both individual and team test at the 2022 Junior Grand Prix Dressage competition. She also visited Romania and Seychelles on behalf of her foundation. Prince Wenzeslaus of Liechtenstein (born on 12 May 1974 in Uccle, Brussels, Belgium). From 2003 to 2006, he dated Brazilian model Adriana Lima. Prince Rudolf Ferdinand of Liechtenstein (born on 7 September 1975 in Uccle, Brussels, Belgium). Married in Istanbul on 20 April 2012 to İlhan Tılsım Tanberk, a Turkish businesswoman and heiress of the Sinter Metal company. She was born on 20 July 1974 in Istanbul, Turkey as a daughter of Olgun Tanberk, founder of the family-owned engineering group Sinter Metal, and wife Melek Kampulat. They have three children: Princess Alienor Faye of Liechtenstein (in Turkish: Alya Nur, 29 September 2014 – 13 December 2015). Princess Laetitia of Liechtenstein (born on 21 July 2016 in Zurich, Canton of Zürich, Switzerland). Twin of Prince Karl Ludwig. Prince Karl Ludwig of Liechtenstein (born on 21 July 2016 in Zurich, Canton of Zürich, Switzerland). Twin of Princess Laetitia. Honours National honours : Grand Star of the Order of Merit of the Principality of Liechtenstein, 1st Class : Recipient of the 70th Birthday Medal of Prince Franz Joseph II References Liechtenstein bankers Princes of Liechtenstein 1946 births Living people Liechtenstein Roman Catholics Sons of monarchs
Enolmis seeboldiella is a moth of the family Scythrididae. It was described by Ramon Agenjo Cecilia in 1951. It is found in Spain. References Scythrididae Moths described in 1951
Exocarpos sparteus is an Australian endemic plant species, commonly known as the broom ballart, slender cherry, or native cherry. The species is found in all states of mainland Australia. Description A shrub, four metres tall, erect, with drooping branchlets, almost leafless. The species bears flowering branchlets, which may have small, greenish-yellow, and stalkless leaves. The flowers are just 1 mm across and of a similar colour, occasionally white. The fruit of this species is egg-shaped, pink or red, and between 4 and 5 mm long. The habit of this plant is upright, becoming slightly curved, combining with the many regular branches to form a rounded aspect. The smooth and spherical appearance of the species is given by the droop of the branchlets, the similar colour and size of the leaves and flowers, and upcurving of the outward branches. Naming The specific name is derived from the Latin word esparto, referring to a kind of Spanish grass that was used for its fibre. It was first described by Robert Brown, in 1810, having collected the plants on his visit to King George Sound in 1802. One of the species' common names, native cherry, is given to another congener with an edible fruit, Exocarpos cupressiformis; both of these species are known as sorts of Ballart. The Noongar peoples know the plant as Chukk, Dtulya or Merrin. Ecology The fruit of E. sparteus is eaten by Australian ringnecks (Barnardius zonarius) and, presumably, other birds. It is also thought to be the Exocarpos species eaten by people in Australia, especially prior to colonisation. The species is a hemi-parasite, gaining nutrients from other plant's roots, a process undertaken by many in the Santalaceae family. References Australian Encyclopaedia Volume 2, p 175, Angus and Robertson Limited, 1926 sparteus Eudicots of Western Australia Flora of the Northern Territory Flora of South Australia Flora of Queensland Flora of New South Wales Flora of Victoria (state)
Glasgow Gaels Gaelic Football Club or Glasgow Gaels GFC (Irish: Cumann Peile Ghaeil Ghlaschú, ) is a Gaelic Athletic Association club based in Glasgow. The team is a member of the Scottish GAA and are one of the most successful Scottish teams of all time. They currently cater for both Men's Gaelic football, junior and senior levels, Ladies' Gaelic football, and Juvenile Gaelic Football. The teams have competed in the All Britain championships, reaching the Men's All-British semi-finals in 2006. After defeating Dunedin Connollys in the 2022 Scottish Senior Championship Final, they marched on to achieve a historic first for the club winning the All-British Championship before losing out narrowly to Stewartstown Gaels from Tyrone in the Junior All Ireland Quarter Final. In 2016, the ladies won the All-British Junior Final after being runners-up in 2015. The ladies made history in 2016 by winning their first ever Scottish Senior League Title. In 2016, the ladies were also victorious against the European Champions, Belgium GAA, and advanced to the All-Ireland Quarter Final against Dublin's St. Maurs. The Junior Men made history with their first ever league and championship titles in 2016, defeating Dunedin Connollys on both occasions. The following year the juniors achieved a double winning the League and Championship in 2017, defeating Connollys and Dalriada respectively. They retained the junior championship in 2022. They are currently associated with Glasgow University GAA and Stirling University GAA. They have also been featured on Joe.ie's "80 clubs around the World" in 2016. Home matches are currently played in Clydebank Sports Hub, which is a state-of-the-art 4G sports facility one of the first in Scotland for GAA. The club has a thriving social scene and can be seen on weekends in many of the hot spots around Glasgow. Origins Glaschu Gaels GFC was formed in 1999 after the amalgamation of two local sides, Glencovitt Rovers and Paisley Gaels. Honours Ladies Junior All-Ireland Series: quarter-finalists - 2016 Ladies Junior European Championship: winners - 2016 Men's All British Championship winners - 2022 Men's All-British Championship: finalists - 2019 Ladies All-British Junior Championship: finalists - 2015, winners - 2016 Men's Scottish Senior Championship: winners - 2002, 2006, 2019, 2022 finalists - 2004, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2015, 2016, 2017,2019, 2020, 2021 Ladies Scottish Senior Championship: winners - 2006, finalists - 2007 Men's Scottish Junior Championship: winners - 2016, 2017, 2022 Ladies Scottish Junior Championship: winners - 2015, 2016 Men's Scottish Senior League: winners - 2003, 2005, 2008, 2019 finalists - 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 Men's Scottish Junior League: winners - 2016, 2017 Men's Senior North of Britain League: winners - 2019 Ladies Scottish League: finalists - 2015, 2017 winners - 2016 U14 Scottish Championship: shield finalists - 2015, 2016 U12 Scottish Championship: shield finalists - 2016, 2017 winners - 2015 Men's Scottish Seven-a-side: winners - 2005, 2007, 2009 Ladies Scottish Seven-a-side: winners - 2015, 2017 Pearse Cup (now the Morkan cup) - winners - 2002, 2003, 2004 O'Fiach Cup - winners - 2003 Michael Davitt Shield winners - 2000, 2001, 2002, 2005 Glasgow Women's Celtic Sports Festival - 2006, 2009 References External links Gaelic football clubs in Scotland Sports clubs and teams in Glasgow 1999 establishments in Scotland Gaelic Athletic Association clubs established in 1999
"Love's the Only House" is a song written by Buzz Cason and Tom Douglas, and recorded by American country music artist Martina McBride. It was released in November 1999 as the second single from her album Emotion. Content This up-tempo song that describes how a woman sees various people (such as woman in grocery store and a previous lover) and notices the problems that they have developed. The woman describes to the people she sees in each situation that love is the only place where they can release their pain and emotions. McBride said of the song's topic, "I love what it says and I love the fact that it urges us to take responsibility for our fellow human beings. Sometimes we all get so jaded (myself included) that we forget what compassion feels like." McBride said that she came to record the song after discussing Collin Raye's single "Little Rock" with producer Paul Worley, who also produced that song. Worley called the publisher of "Love's the Only House", co-written by "Little Rock" writer Tom Douglas, and Worley requested that the publisher bring over the song despite the publisher saying that it was "more of a guy's song". McBride then got together with Douglas and changed some of the lines to fit a female perspective better. Critical reception Deborah Evans Price of Billboard gave the song a positive review, saying that it was "set against a spiky harmonica, snappy percussion, and a nice medley of guitars" and "another grade-A success story from country's brightest female presence." Chart performance "Love's the Only House" debuted at number 62 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week of November 20, 1999. "Love's the Only House" was the second track released from McBride's album, Emotion. Like the album's previous single, "I Love You, " the song was a major hit, reaching number 3 on the Hot Country Songs chart, as well as number 42 on the Billboard Hot 100. In addition, it also peaked at number 2 on the Canadian RPM Tracks chart that same year. Year-end charts References 1999 singles 1999 songs Martina McBride songs Songs written by Buzz Cason Songs written by Tom Douglas (songwriter) Song recordings produced by Paul Worley RCA Records singles
Walking with... is a palaeontology media franchise produced and broadcast by the BBC Natural History Unit. The franchise began with the critically acclaimed series Walking with Dinosaurs (1999), created by Tim Haines. By far the most watched science programme in British television history, Walking with Dinosaurs spawned numerous companion material and four sequel series: Walking with Beasts (2001), Walking with Cavemen (2003), Sea Monsters (2003) and Walking with Monsters (2005). Each series uses a combination of computer-generated imagery and animatronics, incorporated with live action footage shot at various locations, to portray prehistoric animals in the style of a traditional nature documentary. The Walking with... programmes were praised for their special effects and for their science communication. Though largely praised by scientists for the effort to adhere to science and for portraying prehistoric life as animals rather than movie monsters, some academic criticism has been leveled at the series for not making clear through their narration what is speculative and what is based in fact. In addition to the five main series, the success of Walking with... also led to the production of the Walking with Dinosaurs special episodes The Ballad of Big Al, The Giant Claw and Land of Giants. The franchise has also been accompanied by several books, merchandise, video games and the live theatrical show Walking with Dinosaurs − The Arena Spectacular. In 2013, a movie based on Walking with Dinosaurs, with the same name, was directed by Neil Nightingale and Barry Cook. Development Walking with Dinosaurs was devised by the then BBC-employed science television producer Tim Haines in 1996. Inspired by the 1993 film Jurassic Park, Haines envisioned a more science-based documentary programme using the same techniques as Jurassic Park to bring dinosaurs to life. Though such a series was initially feared to be far too expensive to produce, particularly considering the production costs of Jurassic Park, Haines managed to bring down the costs through working with the award-winning UK-based graphics company Framestore. It was only after the production of a six-minute pilot episode in 1997 that Haines managed to secure funding for the series; Walking with Dinosaurs was funded by the BBC, BBC Worldwide and the Discovery Channel, alongside major investments from TV Asahi in Japan and ProSieben in Germany. At a cost of £6.1 million ($9.9 million), Walking with Dinosaurs cost over £37,654 ($61,112) per minute to produce, making it the most expensive documentary series per minute ever made. The visual effects of Walking with Dinosaurs were done by Framestore and the puppets and animatronics were done by the special effects company Crawley Creatures. The success of Walking with Dinosaurs led to the rapid creation of Walking with... as a brand of documentary series. In the aftermath of Walking with Dinosaurs, Haines founded the production company Impossible Pictures together with Jasper James, one of the producers on Walking with Dinosaurs. 2000 saw the release of a special episode of Dinosaurs, The Ballad of Big Al, focusing on a single Allosaurus specimen. The first entire sequel series released in 2001: Walking with Beasts, which explored the life of the Cenozoic, after the age of the dinosaurs. Like Walking with Dinosaurs before it, Beasts was the idea of Haines. Haines wished to introduce the general public to the assortment of animals of the Cenozoic, typically less represented in popular culture than the dinosaurs. Haines served as executive producer on the series, with James and Nigel Paterson producing and directing. Beasts was in terms of effects more challenging to produce than Dinosaurs, owing to mammals having features such as fur, whiskers, eyebrows and various floppy parts absent in dinosaurs, and to audiences being more familiar with how mammals move and act and thus better at spotting mistakes. In late 2002 and early 2003, further special episodes of Dinosaurs were broadcast: Land of Giants and The Giant Claw. These specials starred wildlife presenter Nigel Marven as a "time-traveling zoologist". Marven's inclusion was mainly so that audiences would have a better understanding of the scale of the animals shown. While Haines, James and Impossible Pictures worked on Land of Giants and The Giant Claw, the BBC produced a further series without their involvement: Walking with Cavemen, also broadcast in 2003. Cavemen acted as a sequel to Beasts, exploring human evolution. The series was created by Richard Dale and Peter Georgi, both of whom had previously worked together on documentaries such as The Human Body, and starred Robert Winston as a presenter. The success of Land of Giants and The Giant Claw led to the creation of Sea Monsters, broadcast in 2003, a miniseries exploring the "seven deadliest seas of all time", once again starring Marven. The series Space Odyssey (2004), produced by Haines and James at Impossible Pictures together with BBC Worldwide, the Discovery Channel and ProSieben, was originally going to be titled Walking with Spacemen. Both executives of the BBC and ProSieben heralded Walking with Spacemen as the logical next step in the series, following on from the journey began with Walking with Dinosaurs, Beasts and Cavemen. Space Odyssey used special effects and techniques from the Walking with... documentaries to speculate how astronauts may explore the various planets in the Solar System on crewed missions. Despite the title change, Space Odyssey has at times been referred to as Walking with Spacemen also after its release and the old title was used in some of the companion material, including as the title of the earliest editions of the companion book, co-authored by Haines and Christopher Riley. Instead of a futuristic series, Haines and Impossible Pictures decided to round off the Walking with... series by making a programme on the before then largely underutilized Paleozoic era, set before the dinosaurs. Walking with Monsters, broadcast in 2005, utilized the most sophisticated effects of the entire franchise, owing to advancements in technology by the time of its production. Framestore and Crawley Creatures returned to do the computer graphics and animatronics, respectively, for every successor series, with the sole exception of Walking with Cavemen, which involved Framestore but not Crawley Creatures. The practical effects of Walking with Cavemen were done by several companies, including Altered States FX, Animated Extras and BGFX. After the release of Monsters, Impossible Pictures, Framestore and the others involved were effectively forced to move on from documentary filmmaking and produce other series like Primeval (2007–2011) due to companies and executives losing interest in funding fact-based documentaries on prehistoric life. Television series Walking with Dinosaurs (1999) Envisioned as the first "Natural History of Dinosaurs" and a series that would provide viewers with "a window into a lost world", Walking with Dinosaurs explores life in the Mesozoic era, particularly dinosaurs, in the format of a traditional nature documentary. Specials (2000–2003) The first special episode of Walking with Dinosaurs to be released was The Ballad of Big Al (2000). Big Al follows a single Allosaurus specimen nicknamed "Big Al" whose life story has been reconstructed based on a well-preserved fossil of the same name. The two later specials, The Giant Claw (2002) and Land of Giants (2003), star "time-travelling zoologist" Nigel Marven as he travels back in time to encounter and interact with prehistoric life. Walking with Beasts (2001) Walking with Beasts follows Walking with Dinosaurs in showcasing prehistoric life in a nature documentary style. Beasts tracks animal life, particularly the rise of the mammals to dominance, in the Cenozoic era. The series also gives some insight into human evolution, with an episode devoted to Australopithecus and appearances by both Neanderthals and anatomically modern humans. Walking with Cavemen (2003) Walking with Cavemen follows Walking with Dinosaurs and Walking with Beasts in adopting the same nature documentary style, though this time involving presenter Robert Winston. Cavemen follows the story of human evolution through exploring key developments on the path from Australopithecus afarensis to modern humans. The programme often focuses on particular characters and their relationships to each other in order to be more accessible to viewers. Sea Monsters (2003) Sea Monsters once again stars Nigel Marven as a "time-traveling zoologist" who this time travels to seven different periods of time in prehistory, diving in the "seven deadliest seas of all time" and encountering and interacting with the prehistoric creatures who inhabit them. Walking with Monsters (2005) Serving as a prequel series to Walking with Dinosaurs, Walking with Monsters explores the prehistoric life of the Paleozoic era. The series focuses on "the struggle for the survival of the fittest", using stories of individual animals to cast the Palaeozoic as a long "war" between various animal groups for dominance, some of which are described within the context of the series as being distantly related to humans. Reception Accolades Viewership Walking with Dinosaurs was broadcast to record audiences in 1999 and is sometimes considered the biggest science documentary series ever created. With 15 million viewers viewing the first episode on 4 October 1999 and another 3.91 million viewing it on its repeat the Sunday afterwards, Walking with Dinosaurs is by far the most watched science programme in British television history. Viewership figuers steadily declined for later series; the first airing of the first episode of Walking with Beasts in 2001 had around 8 million viewers and the first airing of the first episode of Walking with Monsters in 2005 attracted 4.57 million viewers. The ratings shown below are 7-day data, including both the original airings of the episodes and their repeats some days later. There is only data for the top 30 programmes in terms of viewers; episodes labeled N/A failed to reach the top 30 programmes during their airings. Prehistoric Planet Prehistoric Planet is a revision of Walking with Dinosaurs and Walking with Beasts, done by Discovery Channel and NBC for the Discovery Kids network in 2002–2003. Though the producers kept most of the original animation, David Bock and Peter Sherman wrote new text for a younger target audience, narrated by Ben Stiller (in Season 1) and Christian Slater (in Season 2), and interspersed the scenes with occasional quizzes to act as bumpers around the commercial breaks. New music was incorporated as well. Most marketing and advertising for the series focused on the dinosaur episodes. In addition, the final episode, Prehistoric Planet Top 10, focused solely on the creatures from Walking with Dinosaurs. Books Companion books The first four Walking with... series were accompanied with companion books. These books were coffee table books exploring the settings from each series in detail, with scientific information, facts and narratives similar to those shown on screen. All of the books were lavishly illustrated with stills from the episodes. All of the Walking with... companion books were well received. Walking with Dinosaurs: A Natural History (1999), by Tim Haines Walking with Beasts: A Prehistoric Safari (2001), by Tim Haines Walking with Cavemen: Stand Eye-to-Eye with your Ancestors (2003), by John Lynch and Louise Barrett Sea Monsters: Prehistoric Predators of the Deep (2003), by Nigel Marven and Jasper James Other books Walking with Monsters was not accompanied by a companion book, instead the series was in 2006 accompanied by the book The Complete Guide to Prehistoric Life, an encyclopedia and reference work with images from the entire franchise, co-authored by Haines and Paul Chambers. In addition to the companion books and The Complete Guide to Prehistoric Life, several other books have been released to accompany the different series. Walking with Dinosaurs was in addition to its companion book also accompanied by Walking with Dinosaurs: The Evidence (2000) by David Martill and Darren Naish and Walking with Dinosaurs: The Facts (2000) by Michael Benton, both books serving to corroborate the science behind the series. Among the various children's books that have been released alongside the Walking with... documentaries is a children's book adaptation of The Ballad of Big Al by Stephen Cole, titled Allosaurus! The Life and Death of Big Al, as well as 3D albums, sticker albums and photo journals for both Walking with Dinosaurs and Walking with Beasts. Electronic media With the exception of Walking with Monsters, all of the Walking with... series launched with accompanying websites. The original 1999 Walking with Dinosaurs website was considered innovative for the time and included scientific information, fact files, glossaries, as well as games and puzzles. The content of the websites of following series was similar, offering both accompanying scientific information and games. In addition to the games on the website, full Walking with... games have also been developed. The first such game was the freeware video game Dinosaur World, developed by Asylum Entertainment and published by the BBC Imagineering in June 2001. Dinosaur World is an adaptation of The Ballad of Big Al where players try to find various animals and plants. The game was never finished but could be downloaded from the BBC website in its alpha form. There was also a video game adaptation of Walking with Beasts, Walking with Beasts: Operation Salvage, developed by Absolute Studios and published by BBC Worldwide Ltd. in 2001. Operation Salvage is a top-down shooter where players travel back in time to observe animals and fight time-traveling enemies. Another Walking with Dinosaurs game was released in 2013, titled simply Walking with Dinosaurs, to accompany the film adaptation of the series released that year. Walking with Dinosaurs is an augmented reality game developed by Supermassive Games in collaboration with the BBC. Notes References Television franchises Documentary films about prehistoric life Documentary films about science Documentary television shows about evolution
Prince Frederick Louis Christian "Ferdinand" of Prussia (; 18 November 1772 – 10 October 1806), was a Prussian prince, soldier, composer and pianist. Prince Louis Ferdinand fought in the Napoleonic Wars. The 1927 German film Prinz Louis Ferdinand was a biopic of his life. Early life Louis Ferdinand was born on 18 November 1772 in Friedrichsfelde Palace, near Berlin. He was a son of Prince August Ferdinand of Prussia and Elisabeth Louise of Brandenburg-Schwedt, and was a nephew of King Frederick the Great. He was given the baptismal name Friedrich Ludwig Christian, but was known as Louis and was soon given the nickname Ferdinand (after his father), so that he could be distinguished from his second degree nephew, also named Louis, Prince Friedrich Ludwig Karl of Prussia (1773–1796). Military career Louis Ferdinand participated in the French Revolutionary Wars, fighting in the War of the First Coalition in 1792 to 1794 near Longwy and Verdun, took part in the Valmy cannonade and was wounded during the Siege of Mainz. Newly promoted to major general, he took part in the Battle of Kaiserslautern in November 1793. On 23 February 1795 Louis Ferdinand was appointed chief of the “von Baden” infantry regiment. From the end of May 1796, he served as a brigadier to the corps of his nephew, which was intended to cover the demarcation line in Westphalia. On the occasion of the military review at Petershagen, Louis Ferdinand was promoted to lieutenant general on 2 June 1799, with a patent from 20 May 1799. In 1806, he was one of the principal advocates of resuming the war against Napoleon and the First French Empire, triggering the War of the Fourth Coalition. He died during the opening engagement of the war, at the Battle of Saalfeld. Louis Ferdinand was in command of 8,300 men when he advanced against marshall Jean Lannes' V Corps as they attempted to break out from the passes of Thuringian Forest. In that battle, he engaged a much larger French force (12,800 men), led by Lannes himself. The French held the high ground, while the Prussians had the Saale River behind their backs, which would make a retreat difficult. When he saw his forces beginning to rout, Louis Ferdinand charged the French cavalry. He was killed in combat by Jean-Baptiste Guindey, quartermaster of the French 10th Hussars, after Louis Ferdinand refused an offer to surrender and wounded the French NCO. As a prominent leader of the Prussian court, his death was deeply felt. Musical activities Apart from being a soldier, Louis Ferdinand was also a gifted musician and composer. Johann Friedrich Reichardt, Kapellmeister to Frederick II and Frederick William II, considered him a great pianist. Early on Louis Ferdinand also started to compose music, but he was not recognized for his compositional activities until later. His early pieces were performed by the orchestra of Prince Henry, the brother of Fredrick the Great. Later on, Prince Louis Ferdinand joined several salons in Berlin, where he frequently improvised on the piano. Among his circle of acquaintances were figures such as Schlegel, Wackenroder, and Tieck, all of whom were highly interested in music. Ludwig van Beethoven dedicated his Third Piano Concerto to him, a sign of high esteem for his piano playing. Anton Reicha's massive variation cycle, L'art de varier, was also written for Louis Ferdinand. Due to his early death, there are only 13 published musical compositions by Louis Ferdinand with opus number. Most are chamber works, with the exception of the two rondos for piano and orchestra (Op. 9 and 13). Like Chopin, all of his surviving works feature the piano. Despite his limited oeuvre, Louis Ferdinand's music was innovative for his time, in a style that was more expressive and individualistic than the prevailing Classical mode, and he is widely considered to be a pioneering composer of the Romantic movement; Robert Schumann, for example, called him "that most Romantic of all princes". His close friendships with Tieck, Schlegel, and Wackenroder, all founding figures of German Romanticism, may have had an influence on his worldview and consequently his music. In 1842, Franz Liszt wrote an Élégie sur des motifs du Prince Louis Ferdinand de Prusse, S. 168, for piano solo. Musical works The following is a complete list of compositions by Prince Louis Ferdinand with opus numbers: Opus 1: Piano Quintet in C minor (published 1803) Opus 2: Piano Trio No. 1 in A-flat major (published 1806) Opus 3: Piano Trio No. 2 in E-flat major (published 1806) Opus 4: Andante with Variations in B-flat major for piano quartet (published 1806) Opus 5: Piano Quartet No. 1 in E-flat major (published 1806) Opus 6: Piano Quartet No. 2 in F minor (published 1806) Opus 7: Fugue in G minor for piano (published 1807) Opus 8: Notturno in F major for flute, 2 horns and piano quartet (published 1808) Opus 9: Rondo No. 1 in B-flat major for piano and orchestra (published 1808) Opus 10: Piano Trio No. 3 in E-flat major (published 1806) Opus 11: Larghetto with Variations in G major for piano quintet (published 1806) Opus 12: Octet in F minor for clarinet, 2 horns, 2 violins, 2 cellos and piano (published 1808) Opus 13: Rondo No. 2 in E-flat major for piano and orchestra (published 1823) Family Ludwig von Wildenbruch was the elder of two illegitimate children born to Henriette Fromme. Ancestry References B. Nadolny: Louis Ferdinand. Düsseldorf, 1967 E. Klessmann: Louis Ferdinand von Preussen, 1772–1806. Munich, 1972 B.H. McMurtry: The Music of Prince Louis Ferdinand. diss., University of Illinois, 1972 N. Miller: "Ein höchst poetische Natur...": Prinz Louis Ferdinand und der Klassizismus in der preussischen Musik, Mendelssohn-Studien, v (1982): 79–98 Elisabeth Wintzer: Prinz Louis Ferdinand von Preussen als Mensch und Musiker. (Prince Louis Ferdinand from Prussia as a Person and Musician) Leipzig 1915 External links https://web.archive.org/web/20060218033530/http://www.fortunecity.com/victorian/riley/787/Napoleon/Prussia/Commanders/Princelouis.html 1772 births 1806 deaths Prussian commanders of the Napoleonic Wars Composers from Berlin People from the Margraviate of Brandenburg Prussian princes German Classical-period composers German Romantic composers House of Hohenzollern German male classical composers 19th-century German male musicians Burials at Berlin Cathedral Military personnel killed in the Napoleonic Wars Military personnel from Berlin People from Lichtenberg People of the War of the First Coalition
The Ubud Palace, officially Puri Saren Agung, is a historical building complex situated in Ubud, Gianyar Regency of Bali, Indonesia. The palace was the official residence of the royal family of Ubud. It was on his travels that Rsi Markandya received a divine revelation that in Bali he was to bury five precious metals on a mountain slope where the mother temple of Besakih now stands today. Along with a group of followers, Rsi Markandya was magnetically attracted to a destination located in the central foothills of the island that radiated light and energy. This place was Campuhan in Ubud at a junction in the Wos River and it was here that he felt compelled to build a temple by the name of Pura Gunung Lebah. On subsequent expeditions around Bali, Rsi Markandya built a number of other significant temples and created a shared irrigation system for the terraced landscape that is still practiced by farmers today. The formation of the banjar, which is a village council responsible for community and religious affairs, was also inspired by Rsi Markandya. In essence, it can be said that Rsi Markandya is responsible for the foundation of Balinese Hinduism in its purest form referred to as Agama Tirtha or the religion of holy water. Since being discovered back in the 8th century, the area of Campuhan has always been highly regarded by the Balinese for its immense spiritual powers. Even the term Ubud is derived from the term ubad, meaning medicine in reference to the traditional healing properties of the array of plants that randomly grow here. Generations of Hindu worshippers have made special pilgrimages to the fork in the Wos River to mediate, bathe and collect holy water for temple ceremonies and cleansing rituals. There had always been ties between Java and Bali, but it was the disintegration of the once mighty Majapahit Empire in the 15th century that saw a mass exodus of nobles to Bali. A new kingdom on the island's east coast called Gelgel was consequently established and gave sanctuary to many important ruling families. They brought with them an artistic legacy and the principles of the caste system. By the 17th century Bali invariably experienced a rapid emergence of new kingdoms, including the founding of several royal houses in Ubud. However, this period also saw much conflict between the royal clans with supremacy as the ultimate goal. A prince from Klungkung was sent to create a palace in Sukawati as a centre of great power and aesthetic beauty. Artisans came from all over Bali to help in its construction and once completed many of them chose to stay. Sukawati today is a community that strongly supports all forms of artistry as well as dance and music. With the successful establishment of a reigning authority in Sukawati, palace retainers were then sent in the late 1700s to secure the area of Ubud. A pair of cousins formed rival communities in Padang Tegal and further north in the area of Taman. Following subsequent fighting between these neighbouring villages the king of Sukawati sent his brothers Tjokorde Ngurah Tabanan to Peliatan and Tjokorde Tangkeban to Sambahan to establish palaces with the notion to control these troubled areas. See also Klungkung Palace External links Ubud Palace official website Tourist attractions in Bali Precolonial states of Indonesia Palaces in Bali Ubud
Lawrence M. Baskir (born January 10, 1938) is a senior judge of the United States Court of Federal Claims serving since 1997. He was chief judge from 2000 to 2002 and a judge on the court from 1998 to 2013 before assuming senior status in 2013. Early life, education, and career Lawrence M. Baskir was born in Brooklyn, New York, receiving a Bachelor of Arts, magna cum laude, from the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University in 1959 followed by an Bachelor of Laws from Harvard Law School in 1962. He was a United States Army Reserve first lieutenant in the JAG Corps from 1963 to 1968. Baskir than joined the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary in 1965 and served till 1967 and then resumed service from 1969 to 1974 while becoming chief counsel and staff director from 1969 to 1974. He then was chief executive officer of the Presidential Clemency Board for The White House from 1974 to 1975. Baskir joined the Vietnam Project as a research professor and director at the university of Notre Dame Law School from 1975 to 1977. He was the Principal Deputy General Counsel for the United States Army from 1994 to 1998. Federal judicial service On January 7, 1997, Baskir was nominated by U.S. President Bill Clinton to a seat on the United States Court of Federal Claims vacated by Reginald W. Gibson. Baskir was confirmed by the United States Senate on October 21, 1998, and received his commission on October 22, 1998. He served as chief judge from 2000 to 2002. He assumed senior status on April 2, 2013. Personal life Baskir is married to Marna Tucker and has two children. References External links \|- Judges of the United States Court of Federal Claims Lawyers from Brooklyn United States Article I federal judges appointed by Bill Clinton Princeton School of Public and International Affairs alumni Harvard Law School alumni Living people 1938 births Military personnel from New York (state)
Started in 2006, the American College & University Presidents' Climate Commitment (ACUPCC) was a “high-visibility effort” to address global warming (global climate disruption) by creating a network of colleges and universities that had committed to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions and accelerate the research and educational efforts of higher education to equip society to re-stabilize the earth's climate. This work reflects global sustainable development efforts. In October 2006, planning sessions were held at Arizona State University with the twelve founding signatory Presidents, Second Nature, ecoAmerica, and AASHE. ACUPCC was launched in December 2006, when the founding Presidents sent a letter to nearly 400 of their peers to invite them to join in the initiate. In June 2007, with a signatory group of 284, the ACUPCC was launched to the public at the first Climate Leadership Summit. Part of ACUPCC's goals were to encourage higher education institutions to give their students tools to think with a sustainable perspective for the future. Today, Second Nature is the primary organization responsible for managing what is now known as the "Presidents' Climate Leadership Commitments". Second Nature is a nonprofit organization that "has worked with over 4,000 faculty and administrators at hundreds of colleges and universities to help make the principles of sustainability fundamental to every aspect of higher education.". This work continues under Second Nature's Climate Leadership Network. Mission The ACUPCC sought (and the Presidents' Climate Leadership Commitments continue to seek)sought to create connections with higher educational institutions in order to carry out two goals: Have colleges and universities sign an agreement committing to eliminate their net greenhouse gas emissions from specified campus operations. Focus on education and the higher education institutions’ ability to promote research from sustainability programs and empower the higher education sector to educate students, create solutions, and provide leadership-by-example for the rest of society. The Climate Commitments provide a framework and support for America's colleges and universities pursuing carbon neutrality and resilience. The program and collaboration relies on institutions of higher education to be role models for their communities as well as students, and to educate people who will contribute to fighting to reverse global warming and create a sustainable society. ACUPCC Agreement ACUPCC institutions agreed to: Complete a greenhouse gas emissions inventory. Set a target date and interim milestones for becoming climate neutral (within two years of commitment). Take immediate steps to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by choosing from a list of short-term actions. Integrate sustainability into the curriculum and make it part of the educational experience. Make the action plan, inventory, and progress reports publicly available. Second Nature's Presidential Climate Commitments have these same commitments in addition to: Complete annual greenhouse gas emissions inventories Creating internal university structures to implement commitments Update university climate action plans every five years. 12 founding ACUPCC signatories Loren Anderson, president, Pacific Lutheran University Michael Crow, president, Arizona State University Nancy Dye, president, Oberlin College Jo Ann Gora, president, Ball State University David Hales, president, College of the Atlantic Bernard Machen, president, University of Florida Gifford Pinchot III, president, Bainbridge Graduate Institute Kathleen Schatzberg, president, Cape Cod Community College Mary Spilde, former president, Lane Community College Douglas Treadway, president, Ohlone College Darroch Young, chancellor, Los Angeles Community College District Paul Zingg, president, California State University, Chico Evolution By 2010, a total of 697 universities and colleges in all 50 states and the District of Columbia, representing a student population of over 5.6 million as signatories. Current and reporting signatories are accessible via Second Nature's reporting platform. External links Second Nature Association for the Advancement of Sustainability in Higher Education (AASHE) References www.secondnature.org www.aashe.org www.fastcompany.com/blog/tony-cortese/green-u/higher-education-s-purpose-healthy-just-and-sustainable-society Climate change organizations based in the United States
The India national ice hockey team is the national men's ice hockey team of India. They are controlled by the Ice Hockey Association of India and a member of the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF). India is currently not ranked in the IIHF World Ranking and has not entered in any World Championship tournaments or at the Olympic Games, but they have only participated in the Challenge Cup of Asia, a regional tournament for lower-tier hockey nations in Asia. History Background of ice hockey in Ladakh The history of ice hockey in India dates back almost 100 years, when ice hockey was a favourite pastime for the British Raj in Shimla. The Shimla Ice Skating Club is still very active in promoting ice sports in India. In the early 1970s, the Ladakh Scouts, a battalion of the Indian Army posted in the high border regions, took up the game. The high Changthang Plateau's frozen streams and high altitude lakes make the region an ideal place to play ice hockey, and as a result, the game spread amongst the army. The game gained more widespread popularity exhibition matches began taking place in Leh in the winter. With little to do during the region's harsh winters, locals began to play on a small irrigation pond in Karzoo, Leh. Ice hockey gear was not and is still not available to buy in Ladakh. The few locals who have contacts outside Ladakh have requested friends to get ice hockey skates. The Ladakh Scouts are well equipped as they get their gear through the army. The Jammu & Kashmir department of tourism also had a full set of equipment, but was reluctant to spare any. The only place in India where ice sports equipment is readily available is Shimla, a small hill station in the northwestern part of India, where two Chinese brothers began making skates that are still used today. Due to the lack of accessible equipment, Ladakhis began to improvise, with the first teams obtaining ice skating blades from Shimla and nailing them to army ammunition boots. Roller skates and ground hockey sticks were also used. To create pucks, locals cut the thick, rubber heels of army boots into a rounded shape. Goalkeepers wore ground hockey pads but lacked helmets; neither helmets nor knee and elbow pads were used by other players. Despite injuries, due to this lack of protective gear, the game has continued to grow in popularity in the region. National team India made its international debut in 2009 at the IIHF Challenge Cup of Asia in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, finishing eighth and thus last. In their first game, they were shutout by Thailand 14–0. After two more losses, a 10–0 loss to Mongolia and a 10–1 loss to Malaysia, India, bottom of their group with a goal difference of minus 33, in which they again lost both games. First, they lost to Singapore 5–0, and finally lost to Macau 8–0 in the seventh place game. Two years later, they suffered their biggest international defeat to date at 2–39 against Kuwait at the 2011 IIHF Challenge Cup of Asia. On 21 March 2012, the national team notched its first international victory at the 2012 IIHF Challenge Cup of Asia, they defeated Macau 5–1. India has participated in the IIHF Challenge Cup of Asia from 2009 to 2018, with the exception of 2010. From 2014 to 2018, they played in Division I of the IIHF Challenge Cup of Asia. In 2017, India finished second of four teams in Division I tournament (seventh overall). First, they narrowly defeated Oman 3–2, then lost to Kuwait 8–5, and finally won 7–3 over Macau. Despite the lack of accessible ice hockey equipment and money, India has not been active, nor played an official game against other national team, since 2018. Tournament record Challenge Cup of Asia All-time record against other national teams Last match update: 29 March 2018 See also India men's national junior ice hockey team India men's national under-18 ice hockey team Indian Ice Hockey Championship References External links Ice Hockey Association of India IIHF profile National National ice hockey teams in Asia Ice hockey
Trail of Hope: The Anders Army, An Odyssey across Three Continents is a history book about the World War II-era Polish Anders Army, written by the English historian Norman Davies. It was published by Osprey Publishing in 2015. The book was published in English and Polish same year. References External links Trail of Hope at Osprey Publishing 21st-century history books Books by Norman Davies English-language books 2015 non-fiction books History books about Poland Books about World War II
Berwyn Heights is a town in Prince George's County, Maryland, United States. Per the 2020 census, the population was 3,345. It is bordered by College Park to the west, Greenbelt to the northeast, and Riverdale Park to the south. History Beginning in the 1870s, the area northeast of Washington, D.C. was the scene of active and continuous development as the population of the city increased and railroad suburbs such as Berwyn Heights, originally platted as Charlton Heights, gradually grew and expanded around it. The O'Dea House, listed on the National Register of Historic Places, is one of the homes that was erected in 1888 by the Charlton Heights Improvement Company to spur development in the new subdivision. In 1896, it became the seventh incorporated municipality in Prince George's County. In 1967, it adopted its town seal, which contains three acorns. In 1986, it was awarded the Tree City USA title. Historic sites A group of the remaining original houses is located around Ruatan Street. Four of the houses were built from mail-order plans made by R. W. Shoppell's Cooperative Building Plan Association of New York City. The following is a partial list of historic sites in Berwyn Heights identified by the Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission: Geography Berwyn Heights is located at (38.993810, -76.912344). According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , all land. Demographics 2020 census 2010 census At the 2010 census there were 3,123 people, 1,002 households, and 681 families in the town. The population density was . There were 1,051 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 56.0% White, 15.1% African American, 0.8% Native American, 8.4% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 14.4% from other races, and 5.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 27.1%. Of the 1,002 households 34.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.1% were married couples living together, 11.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 32.0% were non-families. 20.1% of households were one person and 7.6% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 3.10 and the average family size was 3.42. The median age in the town was 34.9 years. 21.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 12.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 31.1% were from 25 to 44; 24.3% were from 45 to 64; and 10.8% were 65 or older. The gender makeup of the town was 52.4% male and 47.6% female. 2000 census At the 2000 census there were 2,942 people, 1,022 households, and 713 families in the town. The population density was . There were 1,047 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 71.79% White, 12.00% African American, 0.54% Native American, 8.57% Asian, 8.23% Hispanic or Latino, 4.38% from other races, and 2.72% from two or more races. of the population. Of the 1,022 households 27.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.8% were married couples living together, 10.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.2% were non-families. 19.3% of households were one person and 7.7% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.86 and the average family size was 3.19. The age distribution was 20.9% under the age of 18, 10.7% from 18 to 24, 33.1% from 25 to 44, 22.5% from 45 to 64, and 12.9% 65 or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 103.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.2 males. The median household income was $65,744 and the median family income was $69,013. Males had a median income of $42,525 versus $34,831 for females. The per capita income for the town was $25,793. About 0.9% of families and 5.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 0.5% of those under age 18 and 1.6% of those age 65 or over. Education Berwyn Heights is served by the Prince George's County Public Schools: Berwyn Heights Elementary School, which is located in Berwyn Heights, Greenbelt Middle School (Greenbelt), and Parkdale High School (Riverdale Park). Transportation The only state highway providing direct access to Berwyn Heights is Maryland Route 193 (Greenbelt Road). MD 193 connects eastward to Greenbelt and westward to College Park. Just east of the town limits, MD 193 has a junction with Maryland Route 201 (Kenilworth Avenue), which provides access to Interstate 95/Interstate 495 (the Capital Beltway), D.C. Route 295 (the Kenilworth Avenue Freeway), and U.S. Route 50 (John Hanson Highway). Government The town council consists of five members, who are elected every two years on an at-large plurality voting basis, to govern the town of Berwyn Heights. The member of the council who received the most votes during the election becomes mayor. The mayor serves as the head of the government and presides at all council meetings, but in other respects is an equal member of the Council. The mayor pro tempore assumes the mayoral duties in the absence of the mayor. The current mayor is Jodie Kulpa-Eddy. The town manager is Laura Allen. The town has a police department, a public works department, a code enforcement department, and an administration department. Past Mayors 1948–1952 Robert F. Burnette 1952–1954 Charles G. Durbin 1954–1956 Robert F. Burnette 1956–1958 John P. Wintermoyer 1958–1960 H. Dale Smith 1960–1962 Clinton D. Walker 1962–1966 George E. Lauterbach 1966–1968 Kenneth C. Styers 1968–1972 Harry L. Ballew 1972–1974 George E. Lauterbach 1974–1976 Jadie B. Mc Dougald, first elected mayor after change from commissioner government to mayor and council form of government. 1976–1978 Harry L. Ballew 1978–1980 Jadie B. Mc Dougald 1980–1982 Howard G. Wood 1982–1992 William T. Armistead, Jr. 1992–1998 Thomas J. Love 1998–2000 William T. Armistead, Jr. 2000–2001 Tawanna P. Gaines 2001–2002 Ronald M. Shane 2002–2003 Bradley S. Jewitt 2003–2004 Patricia D. Dennison 2004–2015 Cheye M. Calvo 2015–2016 Jodie Kulpa-Eddy 2016–2018 Cheryl Jewitt 2018 Christopher J. Rasmussen (May 9 to July 16, 2018, resigned) 2018 Lynn White (July 16, 2018 to Dec. 6, 2018, resigned) 2018–2020 Stephen Isler 2020–2022 Amanda Dewey 2022–Present Jodie Kulpa-Eddy Taxation At 53 cents per $100 per assessed value, Berwyn Heights has one of the lower real property tax rates in Prince George's County. In 2005, the town became the first municipality in Maryland to establish a public safety taxing district, after it was authorized by the general assembly. The district imposes a special tax on businesses to fund the cost of one full-time officer and helps maintain around the clock police coverage. County government Prince George's County Police Department District 1 Station in Hyattsville serves Berwyn Heights. Civic activities The town also benefits from numerous town committees and organizations. The town, as of October 2008, has joined a State Retirement Pension, for its employees, and police officers. This was done in order to try to compete and to retain the police officers. Sports Park, which is the home of a Berwyn Heights civic group, is located by Indian Creek. Berwyn Heights Day is a yearly event that celebrates the founding of the town. References External links Town of Berwyn Heights at the Maryland State Archives Berwyn Heights Elementary School Parent-Teacher Association (PTA) records at the University of Maryland libraries. Records of an elementary school association in Berwyn Heights. See also Berwyn Heights, Maryland mayor's residence drug raid Towns in Prince George's County, Maryland Towns in Maryland Washington metropolitan area

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