text stringlengths 1 22.8M |
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Kona Prabhakara Rao (10 July 1916 – 20 October 1990) was an Indian politician. He was a member of the Indian National Congress party and was elected four times as Member of the Legislative Assembly from the Bapatla Assembly constituency.
Early life and education
Kona Prabhakar Rao was born in Bapatla, Andhra Pradesh, into a wealthy Telugu Niyogi Brahmin family in Bapatla. He did most of his schooling in Bapatla. At the age of 16, Rao conducted a boycott of schools when late Motilal Nehru died. He was a social and political worker and took active part in the Salt Satyagraha movement and Quit India Movement of 1942. In Bapatla he organised a youth league and promoted the use of khadi.
A keen sportsman, Rao was tennis champion of the Bombay University in 1938. He organised the Shivaji Vyayam Mandali at Bapatla and some other places. He was a wrestler and badminton champion during his college days at Pune.
He graduated from the Loyola College, Madras and completed his law degree from the ILS Law College, Pune. He started practice as an Advocate in Bapatla in the composite Madras State in 1940.
Rao was actively associated with a large number of cultural organisations. He had in his earlier days produced, acted and directed many Telugu films, notable among them being Mangalasutra, Niraparadhi (1951), Nirdoshi, Drohi and Soudamini.
Career
He was elected to the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly for the first time in 1967 and later in 1972 and 1978. He was Speaker of the Assembly during 1980-81. He was President of the APCC(I). He was also Minister of Finance and Planning during the Chief Ministership of Bhavanam Venkatarami Reddy and Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy.
Rao was appointed Governor of the union territory of Pondicherry on 2 September 1983 and he continued in that post until June 1984. On 17 June 1984 he assumed the office of the Governor of Sikkim, and then succeeded Air Chief Marshal I. H. Latif, as the Governor of Maharashtra, on 30 May 1985.
In the area of education as the founder of the Bapatla Education Society he ensured several institutions evolved in his home town. He was responsible for bringing Krishna River water to the town of Bapatla, which ensured a lot of progression in the area of agriculture which was a prominent means of living for the town.
He died on 20 October 1990, at National Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad due to cardio-respiratory failure. His son Kona Raghupathi was elected as MLA for Bapatla constituency.
References
1916 births
1990 deaths
Telugu politicians
People from Guntur district
Indian National Congress politicians from Andhra Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1967–1972
Speakers of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly
Governors of Sikkim
Governors of Maharashtra
Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1972–1978
Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1978–1983
2. Mile Sur Mera Tumhara |
```go
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
// +build linux
package ipv6
import (
"unsafe"
"golang.org/x/net/bpf"
"golang.org/x/net/internal/socket"
)
func (so *sockOpt) setAttachFilter(c *socket.Conn, f []bpf.RawInstruction) error {
prog := sockFProg{
Len: uint16(len(f)),
Filter: (*sockFilter)(unsafe.Pointer(&f[0])),
}
b := (*[sizeofSockFprog]byte)(unsafe.Pointer(&prog))[:sizeofSockFprog]
return so.Set(c, b)
}
``` |
Suhl is a river of Hesse and Thuringia, Germany. It flows into the Weihe near Berka/Werra.
See also
List of rivers of Hesse
List of rivers of Thuringia
References
Rivers of Hesse
Rivers of Thuringia
Rivers of Germany |
There are about 1,700 known moth species of Tanzania. The moths (mostly nocturnal) and butterflies (mostly diurnal) together make up the taxonomic order Lepidoptera.
This is a list of moth species which have been recorded from Tanzania.
Alucitidae
Alucita dohertyi (Walsingham, 1909)
Alucita ectomesa (Hering, 1917)
Alucita entoprocta (Hering, 1917)
Alucita hemicyclus (Hering, 1917)
Alucita isodina (Meyrick, 1920)
Anomoeotidae
Staphylinochrous meinickei Hering, 1928
Thermochrous neurophaea Hering, 1928
Arctiinae
Acantharctia aurivillii Bartel, 1903
Acantharctia nigrivena Rothschild, 1935
Acantharctia tenuifasciata Hampson, 1910
Acanthofrontia biannulata (Wichgraf, 1922)
Afrasura amaniensis (Cieslak & Häuser, 2006)
Afrasura neavi (Hampson, 1914)
Afrospilarctia flavida (Bartel, 1903)
Afrospilarctia lucida (Druce, 1898)
Alpenus investigatorum (Karsch, 1898)
Alpenus maculosa (Stoll, 1781)
Alpenus pardalina (Rothschild, 1910)
Alpenus schraderi (Rothschild, 1910)
Amata alicia (Butler, 1876)
Amata burtti (Distant, 1900)
Amata cerbera (Linnaeus, 1764)
Amata ceres (Oberthür, 1878)
Amata chloroscia (Hampson, 1901)
Amata chrysozona (Hampson, 1898)
Amata consimilis (Hampson, 1901)
Amata dilateralis (Hampson, 1898)
Amata discata (Druce, 1898)
Amata janenschi Seitz, 1926
Amata kuhlweini (Lefèbvre, 1832)
Amata miozona (Hampson, 1910)
Amata monticola (Aurivillius, 1910)
Amata nigricilia (Strand, 1912)
Amata phaeozona (Zerny, 1912)
Amata phoenicia (Hampson, 1898)
Amata rubritincta (Hampson, 1903)
Amerila affinis (Rothschild, 1910)
Amerila bipartita (Rothschild, 1910)
Amerila bubo (Walker, 1855)
Amerila carneola (Hampson, 1916)
Amerila fennia (Druce, 1887)
Amerila howardi (Pinhey, 1955)
Amerila lupia (Druce, 1887)
Amerila niveivitrea (Bartel, 1903)
Amerila phaedra Weymer, 1892
Amerila puella (Fabricius, 1793)
Amerila roseomarginata (Rothschild, 1910)
Amerila thermochroa (Hampson, 1916)
Amerila vidua (Cramer, 1780)
Amphicallia bellatrix (Dalman, 1823)
Amphicallia pactolicus (Butler, 1888)
Amphicallia quagga Strand, 1909
Amphicallia solai (Druce, 1907)
Amphicallia thelwalli (Druce, 1882)
Anaphosia astrigata Hampson, 1910
Apisa canescens Walker, 1855
Argina amanda (Boisduval, 1847)
Argina astrea (Drury, 1773)
Argina leonina (Walker, 1865)
Asura doa Kühne, 2007
Asura mutabilis Kühne, 2007
Asura sagenaria (Wallengren, 1860)
Balacra flavimacula Walker, 1856
Balacra nigripennis (Aurivillius, 1904)
Balacra preussi (Aurivillius, 1904)
Binna penicillata Walker, 1865
Caripodia chrysargyria Hampson, 1900
Ceryx hilda (Ehrmann, 1894)
Cragia distigmata (Hampson, 1901)
Creatonotos leucanioides Holland, 1893
Creatonotos punctivitta (Walker, 1854)
Cyana arenbergeri Karisch, 2003
Cyana nemasisha Roesler, 1990
Cyana pretoriae (Distant, 1897)
Cyana rejecta (Walker, 1854)
Dasyarctia grisea Gaede, 1923
Eilema albescens (Aurivillius, 1910)
Eilema bipartita Aurivillius, 1910
Eilema costimacula Aurivillius, 1910
Eilema marwitziana Strand, 1912
Eilema mesosticta Hampson, 1911
Eilema oblitterans (Felder, 1868)
Eilema peperita (Hampson, 1901)
Eilema polioplaga (Hampson, 1901)
Eilema pusilana Strand, 1912
Eilema stevensii (Holland, 1892)
Epilacydes scita (Walker, 1865)
Epitoxis duplicata Gaede, 1926
Estigmene ansorgei Rothschild, 1910
Estigmene ochreomarginata Bethune-Baker, 1909
Estigmene trivitta (Walker, 1855)
Euchromia amoena (Möschler, 1872)
Euchromia folletii (Guérin-Méneville, 1832)
Eyralpenus atricrures (Hampson, 1916)
Eyralpenus diplosticta (Hampson, 1900)
Eyralpenus inconspicua (Rothschild, 1910)
Eyralpenus meinhofi (Bartel, 1903)
Eyralpenus scioana (Oberthür, 1880)
Eyralpenus sublutea (Bartel, 1903)
Eyralpenus trifasciata (Holland, 1892)
Galtara doriae (Oberthür, 1880)
Hypersypnoides heinrichi Laporte, 1979
Ilemodes isogyna Romieux, 1935
Ischnarctia brunnescens Bartel, 1903
Ischnarctia cinerea (Pagenstecher, 1903)
Karschiola holoclera (Karsch, 1894)
Lamprosiella eborella (Boisduval, 1847)
Lepidilema unipectinata Aurivillius, 1910
Lepista pandula (Boisduval, 1847)
Lobilema conspersa Aurivillius, 1910
Macrosia fumeola (Walker, 1854)
Megalonycta forsteri Laporte, 1979
Metarctia atrivenata Kiriakoff, 1956
Metarctia collocalia Kiriakoff, 1957
Metarctia epimela (Kiriakoff, 1979)
Metarctia fulvia Hampson, 1901
Metarctia inconspicua Holland, 1892
Metarctia insignis Kiriakoff, 1959
Metarctia lateritia Herrich-Schäffer, 1855
Metarctia lindemannae Kiriakoff, 1961
Metarctia pavlitzkae (Kiriakoff, 1961)
Metarctia rubripuncta Hampson, 1898
Metarctia rufescens Walker, 1855
Metarctia seydeliana (Kiriakoff, 1953)
Micralarctia punctulatum (Wallengren, 1860)
Micralarctia semipura (Bartel, 1903)
Neuroxena ansorgei Kirby, 1896
Nyctemera apicalis (Walker, 1854)
Nyctemera insulare (Boisduval, 1833)
Nyctemera itokina (Aurivillius, 1904)
Nyctemera leuconoe Hopffer, 1857
Nyctemera rattrayi (Swinhoe, 1904)
Nyctemera restrictum (Butler, 1894)
Nyctemera transitella (Strand, 1909)
Nyctemera usambarae Oberthür, 1893
Ochrota asuraeformis (Strand, 1912)
Owambarctia unipuncta Kiriakoff, 1973
Paralacydes arborifera (Butler, 1875)
Paralacydes bivittata (Bartel, 1903)
Paralacydes decemmaculata (Rothschild, 1916)
Paralacydes fiorii (Berio, 1937)
Paralacydes ramosa (Hampson, 1907)
Paralacydes vocula (Stoll, 1790)
Paralpenus wintgensi (Strand, 1909)
Popoudina brosi Toulgoët, 1986
Pseudonaclia bifasciata Aurivillius, 1910
Pseudonaclia fasciata Gaede, 1926
Pseudothyretes perpusilla (Walker, 1856)
Pusiola elongata (Aurivillius, 1910)
Radiarctia jacksoni (Rothschild, 1910)
Radiarctia rhodesiana (Hampson, 1900)
Rhabdomarctia rubrilineata (Bethune-Baker, 1911)
Secusio sansibarensis Strand, 1909
Secusio strigata Walker, 1854
Seydelia ellioti (Butler, 1895)
Spilosoma affinis Bartel, 1903
Spilosoma albiventre Kiriakoff, 1963
Spilosoma atrivenata Rothschild, 1933
Spilosoma baxteri (Rothschild, 1910)
Spilosoma bipartita Rothschild, 1933
Spilosoma curvilinea Walker, 1855
Spilosoma lineata Walker, 1855
Spilosoma pales (Druce, 1910)
Spilosoma semihyalina Bartel, 1903
Spilosoma sublutescens Kiriakoff, 1958
Spilosoma unipuncta (Hampson, 1905)
Teracotona approximans (Rothschild, 1917)
Teracotona clara Holland, 1892
Teracotona euprepia Hampson, 1900
Teracotona homeyeri Rothschild, 1910
Teracotona latifasciata Carcasson, 1965
Teracotona melanocera (Hampson, 1920)
Teracotona pardalina Bartel, 1903
Teracotona rhodophaea (Walker, 1865)
Teracotona subapproximans Rothschild, 1933
Teracotona subterminata Hampson, 1901
Teracotona translucens (Grünberg, 1907)
Teracotona uhrikmeszarosi Svent-Ivany, 1942
Thumatha africana Kühne, 2007
Thyretes trichaetiformis Zerny, 1912
Utetheisa elata (Fabricius, 1798)
Utetheisa pulchella (Linnaeus, 1758)
Autostichidae
Turatia argillacea Gozmány, 2000
Brachodidae
Phycodes substriata Walsingham, 1891
Brahmaeidae
Dactyloceras catenigera (Karsch, 1895)
Dactyloceras maculata (Conte, 1911)
Dactyloceras neumayeri (Pagenstecher, 1885)
Dactyloceras vingerhoedti Bouyer, 2005
Dactyloceras widenmanni (Karsch, 1895)
Choreutidae
Anthophila flavimaculata (Walsingham, 1891)
Cosmopterigidae
Cosmopterix athesiae Huemer & Koster, 2006
Cossidae
Arctiocossus punctifera Gaede, 1929
Coryphodema ochracea Gaede, 1929
Eulophonotus elegans (Aurivillius, 1910)
Meharia semilactea (Warren & Rothschild, 1905)
Meharia tanganyikae Bradley, 1951
Nomima szunyoghyi (Gozmány, 1965)
Oreocossus kilimanjarensis (Holland, 1892)
Phragmataecia brunni Pagenstecher, 1892
Crambidae
Adelpherupa flavescens Hampson, 1919
Anania metaleuca (Hampson, 1913)
Ancylolomia melanella Hampson, 1919
Ancylolomia melanothoracia Hampson, 1919
Conotalis nigroradians (Mabille, 1900)
Cotachena smaragdina (Butler, 1875)
Crocidolomia pavonana (Fabricius, 1794)
Culladia achroellum (Mabille, 1900)
Euclasta varii Popescu-Gorj & Constantinescu, 1973
Glyphodes basifascialis Hampson, 1898
Heliothela ophideresana (Walker, 1863)
Nomophila brevispinalis Munroe, 1973
Nomophila noctuella ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Parerupa africana (Aurivillius, 1910)
Patissa geminalis Hampson, 1919
Powysia rosealinea Maes, 2006
Prionapteryx alternalis Maes, 2002
Prionapteryx phaeomesa (Hampson, 1919)
Protinopalpa subclathrata Strand, 1911
Psammotis haematidea (Hampson, 1913)
Pyrausta centralis Maes, 2009
Pyrausta microdontaloides Maes, 2009
Pyrausta perparvula Maes, 2009
Pyrausta sanguifusalis Hampson, 1913
Drepanidae
Aethiopsestis mufindiae Watson, 1965
Gonoreta subtilis (Bryk, 1913)
Negera natalensis (Felder, 1874)
Elachistidae
Ethmia ballistis Meyrick, 1908
Ethmia taxiacta Meyrick, 1920
Epipyropidae
Epipyrops cerolestes Tams, 1947
Epipyrops epityraea Scheven, 1974
Eriocottidae
Compsoctena africanella (Strand, 1909)
Eupterotidae
Camerunia albida Aurivillius, 1901
Hibrildes crawshayi Butler, 1896
Hoplojana distincta Rothschild, 1917
Hoplojana indecisa (Aurivillius, 1901)
Hoplojana rhodoptera (Gerstaecker, 1871)
Jana eurymas Herrich-Schäffer, 1854
Janomima mariana (White, 1843)
Phiala alba Aurivillius, 1893
Phiala costipuncta (Herrich-Schäffer, 1855)
Phiala infuscata (Grünberg, 1907)
Stenoglene obtusus (Walker, 1864)
Stenoglene pira Druce, 1896
Gelechiidae
Anarsia agricola Walsingham, 1891
Brachmia septella (Zeller, 1852)
Dichomeris rhodophaea Meyrick, 1920
Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders, 1844)
Ptilothyris crossoceros Meyrick, 1934
Trichotaphe chalybitis (Meyrick, 1920)
Geometridae
Acanthovalva bilineata (Warren, 1895)
Acidaliastis systema D. S. Fletcher, 1978
Adesmobathra ozoloides Prout, 1916
Allochrostes impunctata (Warren, 1897)
Antharmostes papilio Prout, 1912
Aphilopota exterritorialis (Strand, 1909)
Aphilopota foedata (Bastelberger, 1907)
Aphilopota semiusta (Distant, 1898)
Aphilopota triphasia Prout, 1954
Aphilopota viriditincta (Warren, 1905)
Archichlora rectilineata Carcasson, 1971
Ascotis reciprocaria (Walker, 1860)
Asthenotricha anisobapta Prout, 1932
Asthenotricha ansorgei Warren, 1899
Asthenotricha dentatissima Warren, 1899
Asthenotricha inutilis Warren, 1901
Asthenotricha pycnoconia Janse, 1933
Asthenotricha serraticornis Warren, 1902
Asthenotricha straba Prout, 1921
Biston abruptaria (Walker, 1869)
Biston homoclera (Prout, 1938)
Brachytrita cervinaria Swinhoe, 1904
Cacochloris ochrea (Warren, 1897)
Cartaletis libyssa (Hopffer, 1857)
Casilda lucidaria (Swinhoe, 1904)
Celidomphax analiplaga (Warren, 1905)
Chiasmia affinis (Warren, 1902)
Chiasmia assimilis (Warren, 1899)
Chiasmia butaria (Swinhoe, 1904)
Chiasmia costiguttata (Warren, 1899)
Chiasmia geminilinea (Prout, 1932)
Chiasmia inconspicua (Warren, 1897)
Chiasmia kilimanjarensis (Holland, 1892)
Chiasmia maculosa (Warren, 1899)
Chiasmia normata (Walker, 1861)
Chiasmia rectilinea (Warren, 1905)
Chiasmia rectistriaria (Herrich-Schäffer, 1854)
Chiasmia simplicilinea (Warren, 1905)
Chiasmia sororcula (Warren, 1897)
Chiasmia streniata (Guenée, 1858)
Chiasmia subcurvaria (Mabille, 1897)
Chiasmia umbrata (Warren, 1897)
Chiasmia umbratilis (Butler, 1875)
Chlorerythra rubriplaga Warren, 1895
Chlorissa albistrigulata (Warren, 1897)
Chlorissa attenuata (Walker, 1862)
Chloroclystis consocer Prout, 1937
Chloroclystis cryptolopha Prout, 1932
Chloroctenis conspersa Warren, 1909
Cleora munda (Warren, 1899)
Cleora rostella D. S. Fletcher, 1967
Cleora thyris D. S. Fletcher, 1967
Coenina aurivena Butler, 1898
Collix foraminata Guenée, 1858
Comostolopsis simplex Warren, 1902
Comostolopsis stillata (Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875)
Conolophia conscitaria (Walker, 1861)
Cyclophora paratropa (Prout, 1920)
Cyclophora unocula (Warren, 1897)
Derambila niphosphaeras (Prout, 1934)
Disclisioprocta natalata (Walker, 1862)
Dithecodes ornithospila (Prout, 1911)
Drepanogynis johnstonei (Prout, 1938)
Drepanogynis lacuum (Prout, 1938)
Ecpetala obtusa (Warren, 1902)
Ectropis anisa Prout, 1915
Ectropis delosaria (Walker, 1862)
Ectropis gozmanyi D. S. Fletcher, 1978
Ectropis ikonda Herbulot, 1981
Ectropis ocellata Warren, 1902
Epigynopteryx africana (Aurivillius, 1910)
Epigynopteryx maeviaria (Guenée, 1858)
Epirrhoe annulifera (Warren, 1902)
Erastria albosignata (Walker, 1863)
Erastria leucicolor (Butler, 1875)
Erastria madecassaria (Boisduval, 1833)
Ereunetea reussi Gaede, 1914
Eucrostes disparata Walker, 1861
Euexia percnopus Prout, 1915
Eupithecia celatisigna (Warren, 1902)
Eupithecia devestita (Warren, 1899)
Eupithecia dilucida (Warren, 1899)
Eupithecia proflua Prout, 1932
Eupithecia regulosa (Warren, 1902)
Eupithecia rigida Swinhoe, 1892
Eupithecia salti D. S. Fletcher, 1951
Eupithecia semipallida Janse, 1933
Eupithecia tricuspis Prout, 1932
Eupithecia undiculata Prout, 1932
Haplolabida monticolata (Aurivillius, 1910)
Haplolabida sjostedti (Aurivillius, 1910)
Heterorachis dichorda Prout, 1915
Hierochthonia migrata Prout, 1930
Hydrelia ericinella Aurivillius 1910
Hydrelia costalis Aurivillius, 1910
Hypsometra ericinellae Aurivillius, 1910
Idaea auriflua (Warren, 1902)
Idaea heres (Prout, 1932)
Idaea macrostyla (Warren, 1900)
Idaea umbricosta (Prout, 1913)
Idiochlora subrufibasis (Prout, 1930)
Idiodes flexilinea (Warren, 1898)
Isturgia catalaunaria (Guenée, 1858)
Isturgia deerraria (Walker, 1861)
Isturgia triseriata (Prout, 1926)
Lophorrhachia burdoni Townsend, 1958
Microligia dolosa Warren, 1897
Mimoclystia cancellata (Warren, 1899)
Mimoclystia corticearia (Aurivillius, 1910)
Mixocera albistrigata (Pagenstecher, 1893)
Neurotoca notata Warren, 1897
Oaracta maculata (Warren, 1897)
Obolcola petronaria (Guenée, 1858)
Odontopera azelinaria (Swinhoe, 1904)
Omizodes rubrifasciata (Butler, 1896)
Omphalucha brunnea (Warren, 1899)
Omphax plantaria Guenée, 1858
Oreometra vittata Aurivillius, 1910
Orthonama obstipata (Fabricius, 1794)
Pachypalpella subalbata (Warren, 1900)
Paraptychodes kedar (Druce, 1896)
Paraptychodes tenuis (Butler, 1878)
Petovia marginata Walker, 1854
Piercia fumitacta (Warren, 1903)
Piercia prasinaria (Warren, 1901)
Piercia subrufaria (Warren, 1903)
Piercia subterlimbata (Prout, 1917)
Pingasa distensaria (Walker, 1860)
Pitthea trifasciata Dewitz, 1881
Prasinocyma loveridgei Prout, 1926
Prasinocyma permitis Prout, 1932
Problepsis digammata Kirby, 1896
Protosteira spectabilis (Warren, 1899)
Pseudolarentia monosticta (Butler, 1894)
Pseudosoloe thalassina (Warren, 1909)
Racotis apodosima Prout, 1931
Racotis squalida (Butler, 1878)
Racotis zebrina Warren, 1899
Rheumaptera relicta (Herbulot, 1953)
Rhodesia alboviridata (Saalmüller, 1880)
Rhodometra sacraria (Linnaeus, 1767)
Rhodophthitus anamesa (Prout, 1915)
Rhodophthitus commaculata (Warren, 1897)
Rhodophthitus rudicornis (Butler, 1898)
Rhodophthitus tricoloraria (Mabille, 1890)
Scardamia maculata Warren, 1897
Scopula agrapta (Warren, 1902)
Scopula argentidisca (Warren, 1902)
Scopula curvimargo (Warren, 1900)
Scopula erinaria (Swinhoe, 1904)
Scopula internata (Guenée, 1857)
Scopula lactaria (Walker, 1861)
Scopula latitans Prout, 1920
Scopula minorata (Boisduval, 1833)
Scopula natalica (Butler, 1875)
Scopula rufinubes (Warren, 1900)
Scopula sagittilinea (Warren, 1897)
Scopula serena Prout, 1920
Scopula umbratilinea (Warren, 1901)
Scotopteryx nictitaria (Herrich-Schäffer, 1855)
Somatina virginalis Prout, 1917
Thalassodes quadraria Guenée, 1857
Traminda acuta (Warren, 1897)
Traminda neptunaria (Guenée, 1858)
Traminda vividaria (Walker, 1861)
Trimetopia aetheraria Guenée, 1858
Triphosa tritocelidata Aurivillius, 1910
Victoria triplaga Prout, 1915
Xanthisthisa tarsispina (Warren, 1901)
Xanthorhoe albodivisaria (Aurivillius 1910)
Xanthorhoe alluaudi (Prout, 1932)
Xanthorhoe argenteolineata (Aurivillius, 1910)
Xanthorhoe belgarum Herbulot, 1981
Xanthorhoe exorista Prout, 1922
Xanthorhoe heteromorpha (Hampson, 1909)
Xanthorhoe procne (Fawcett, 1916)
Xanthorhoe transcissa (Warren, 1902)
Xanthorhoe transjugata Prout, 1923
Xanthorhoe trientata (Warren, 1901)
Xanthorhoe tuta Herbulot, 1981
Xenochroma candidata Warren, 1902
Zamarada acalantis Herbulot, 2001
Zamarada acosmeta Prout, 1921
Zamarada acrochra Prout, 1928
Zamarada aequilumata D. S. Fletcher, 1974
Zamarada amelga D. S. Fletcher, 1974
Zamarada amicta Prout, 1915
Zamarada ansorgei Warren, 1897
Zamarada arguta D. S. Fletcher, 1974
Zamarada bastelbergeri Gaede, 1915
Zamarada bathyscaphes Prout, 1912
Zamarada calypso Prout, 1926
Zamarada candelabra D. S. Fletcher, 1974
Zamarada chrysopa D. S. Fletcher, 1974
Zamarada cinnamomata D. S. Fletcher, 1978
Zamarada collarti Debauche, 1938
Zamarada crystallophana Mabille, 1900
Zamarada cucharita D. S. Fletcher, 1974
Zamarada cydippe Herbulot, 1954
Zamarada deceptrix Warren, 1914
Zamarada delosis D. S. Fletcher, 1974
Zamarada delta D. S. Fletcher, 1974
Zamarada denticatella Prout, 1922
Zamarada dentigera Warren, 1909
Zamarada differens Bastelberger, 1907
Zamarada dorsiplaga Prout, 1922
Zamarada erugata D. S. Fletcher, 1974
Zamarada euerces Prout, 1928
Zamarada euphrosyne Oberthür, 1912
Zamarada eurygnathus D. S. Fletcher, 1974
Zamarada euterpina Oberthür, 1912
Zamarada excavata Bethune-Baker, 1913
Zamarada fessa Prout, 1912
Zamarada flavicaput Warren, 1901
Zamarada gamma D. S. Fletcher, 1958
Zamarada glareosa Bastelberger, 1909
Zamarada hyalinaria (Guenée, 1857)
Zamarada ignicosta Prout, 1912
Zamarada ilma Prout, 1922
Zamarada iobathra Prout, 1932
Zamarada keraia D. S. Fletcher, 1974
Zamarada kiellandi Aarvik & Bjørnstad, 2007
Zamarada labifera Prout, 1915
Zamarada lequeuxi Herbulot, 1983
Zamarada lima D. S. Fletcher, 1974
Zamarada loleza Aarvik & Bjørnstad, 2007
Zamarada longidens D. S. Fletcher, 1963
Zamarada mashariki Aarvik & Bjørnstad, 2007
Zamarada mckameyi Aarvik & Bjørnstad, 2007
Zamarada melasma D. S. Fletcher, 1974
Zamarada melpomene Oberthür, 1912
Zamarada metrioscaphes Prout, 1912
Zamarada micropomene Aarvik & Bjørnstad, 2007
Zamarada montana Herbulot, 1979
Zamarada musomae Aarvik & Bjørnstad, 2007
Zamarada ndogo Aarvik & Bjørnstad, 2007
Zamarada ochrata Warren, 1902
Zamarada ordinaria Bethune-Baker, 1913
Zamarada paxilla D. S. Fletcher, 1974
Zamarada phaeozona Hampson, 1909
Zamarada phratra D. S. Fletcher, 1978
Zamarada pinheyi D. S. Fletcher, 1956
Zamarada plana Bastelberger, 1909
Zamarada platycephala D. S. Fletcher, 1974
Zamarada polyctemon Prout, 1932
Zamarada pringlei D. S. Fletcher, 1974
Zamarada prolata D. S. Fletcher, 1974
Zamarada psectra D. S. Fletcher, 1974
Zamarada psi D. S. Fletcher, 1974
Zamarada purimargo Prout, 1912
Zamarada reflexaria (Walker, 1863)
Zamarada rhamphis D. S. Fletcher, 1974
Zamarada ruandana Herbulot, 1983
Zamarada rubrifascia Pinhey, 1962
Zamarada rufilinearia Swinhoe, 1904
Zamarada saburra D. S. Fletcher, 1974
Zamarada scintillans Bastelberger, 1909
Zamarada seydeli D. S. Fletcher, 1974
Zamarada torrida D. S. Fletcher, 1974
Zamarada tristriga Aarvik & Bjørnstad, 2007
Zamarada tristrigoides Aarvik & Bjørnstad, 2007
Zamarada unisona D. S. Fletcher, 1974
Zamarada usambarae Aarvik & Bjørnstad, 2007
Zamarada usondo Aarvik & Bjørnstad, 2007
Zamarada uzungwae Aarvik & Bjørnstad, 2007
Zamarada varii D. S. Fletcher, 1974
Zamarada variola D. S. Fletcher, 1974
Zamarada vulpina Warren, 1897
Zygophyxia roseocincta (Warren, 1899)
Gracillariidae
Acrocercops bifasciata (Walsingham, 1891)
Caloptilia ingrata Triberti, 1989
Caloptilia octopunctata (Turner, 1894)
Corythoxestis aletreuta (Meyrick, 1936)
Cremastobombycia morogorene de Prins, 2012
Phodoryctis caerulea (Meyrick, 1912)
Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton, 1856
Phyllonorycter aarviki de Prins, 2012
Phyllonorycter maererei de Prins, 2012
Phyllonorycter mwatawalai de Prins, 2012
Hepialidae
Afrotheora brevivalva Nielsen & Scoble, 1986
Afrotheora thermodes (Meyrick, 1921)
Antihepialus keniae (Holland, 1892)
Eudalaca aequifascia (Gaede, 1930)
Eudalaca zernyi (Viette, 1950)
Gorgopi caffra Walker, 1856
Gorgopi libania (Stoll, 1781)
Gorgopi salti Tams, 1952
Gorgopi tanganyikaensis Viette, 1950
Himantopteridae
Doratopteryx steniptera Hampson, 1920
Semioptila fulveolans (Mabille, 1897)
Semioptila latifulva Hampson, 1920
Lasiocampidae
Anadiasa hartigi Szent-Ivány, 1942
Beralade bistrigata Strand, 1909
Beralade continua Aurivillius, 1905
Beralade niphoessa Strand, 1909
Bombycomorpha bifascia (Walker, 1855)
Bombycopsis nigrovittata Aurivillius, 1927
Bombycopsis venosa (Butler, 1895)
Braura elgonensis (Kruck, 1940)
Braura ligniclusa (Walker, 1865)
Braura truncatum (Walker, 1855)
Catalebeda strandi Hering, 1927
Cheligium choerocampoides (Holland, 1893)
Chionopsyche montana Aurivillius, 1909
Chrysopsyche antennifera Strand, 1912
Chrysopsyche lutulenta Tams, 1923
Cleopatrina bilinea (Walker, 1855)
Cleopatrina phocea (Druce, 1887)
Dinometa maputuana (Wichgraf, 1906)
Dollmania purpurascens (Aurivillius, 1909)
Epicnapteroides lobata Strand, 1912
Epitrabala nyassana (Aurivillius, 1909)
Eucraera koellikerii (Dewitz, 1881)
Eutricha morosa (Walker, 1865)
Euwallengrenia reducta (Walker, 1855)
Gonobombyx angulata Aurivillius, 1893
Gonometa postica Walker, 1855
Gonometa rufobrunnea Aurivillius, 1922
Grammodora nigrolineata (Aurivillius, 1895)
Grellada imitans (Aurivillius, 1893)
Laeliopsis maculigera Strand, 1913
Lechriolepis flavomarginata Aurivillius, 1927
Lechriolepis griseola Aurivillius, 1927
Lechriolepis ochraceola Strand, 1912
Lechriolepis tessmanni Strand, 1912
Leipoxais acharis Hering, 1928
Leipoxais adoxa Hering, 1928
Leipoxais humfreyi Aurivillius, 1915
Leipoxais marginepunctata Holland, 1893
Marmonna gella Zolotuhin & Prozorov, 2010
Marmonna marmorata Zolotuhin & Prozorov, 2010
Marmonna murphyi Zolotuhin & Prozorov, 2010
Metajana kilwicola (Strand, 1912)
Metajana marshalli Aurivillius, 1909
Mimopacha gerstaeckerii (Dewitz, 1881)
Mimopacha tripunctata (Aurivillius, 1905)
Morongea arnoldi (Aurivillius, 1909)
Morongea elfiora Zolotuhin & Prozorov, 2010
Muzunguja rectilineata (Aurivillius, 1900)
Odontocheilopteryx dollmani Tams, 1930
Odontocheilopteryx myxa Wallengren, 1860
Odontocheilopteryx scilla Gurkovich & Zolotuhin, 2009
Odontopacha fenestrata Aurivillius, 1909
Opisthodontia varezhka Zolotuhin & Prozorov, 2010
Pachytrina crestalina Zolotuhin & Gurkovich, 2009
Pachytrina honrathii (Dewitz, 1881)
Pachytrina philargyria (Hering, 1928)
Pachytrina verba Zolotuhin & Gurkovich, 2009
Pachytrina wenigina Zolotuhin & Gurkovich, 2009
Pallastica lateritia (Hering, 1928)
Pallastica litlura Zolotuhin & Gurukovich, 2009
Pallastica meloui (Riel, 1909)
Pallastica pallens (Bethune-Baker, 1908)
Pallastica redissa Zolotuhin & Gurkovich, 2009
Philotherma grisea Aurivillius, 1914
Philotherma rectilinea Strand, 1912
Philotherma rosa (Druce, 1887)
Philotherma rufescens Wichgraf, 1921
Philotherma simplex Wichgraf, 1914
Pseudolyra cervina (Aurivillius, 1905)
Pseudolyra megista Tams, 1931
Pseudometa choba (Druce, 1899)
Pseudometa punctipennis (Strand, 1912)
Rhinobombyx cuneata Aurivillius, 1879
Schausinna affinis Aurivillius, 1910
Sena donaldsoni (Holland, 1901)
Sonitha lila Zolotuhin & Prozorov, 2010
Sophyrita argibasis (Mabille, 1893)
Stenophatna accolita Zolotuhin & Prozorov, 2010
Stenophatna cymographa (Hampson, 1910)
Stenophatna marshalli Aurivillius, 1909
Stenophatna rothschildi (Tams, 1936)
Stoermeriana abyssinicum (Aurivillius, 1908)
Stoermeriana fusca (Aurivillius, 1905)
Stoermeriana graberi (Dewitz, 1881)
Stoermeriana sjostedti (Aurivillius, 1902)
Streblote madibirense (Wichgraf, 1921)
Streblote polydora (Druce, 1887)
Trabala charon Druce, 1910
Trichopisthia igneotincta (Aurivillius, 1909)
Lecithoceridae
Cophomantella bifrenata (Meyrick, 1921)
Cophomantella cyclopodes (Meyrick, 1922)
Odites armilligera Meyrick, 1922
Protolychnis maculata (Walsingham, 1881)
Lemoniidae
Sabalia jacksoni Sharpe, 1890
Sabalia picarina Walker, 1865
Sabalia sericaria (Weymer, 1896)
Sabalia tippelskirchi Karsch, 1898
Limacodidae
Afrobirthama flaccidia (Druce, 1899)
Altha basalis West, 1940
Birthama basibrunnea Swinhoe, 1904
Chrysopoloma isabellina Aurivillius, 1895
Cosuma flavimacula West, 1940
Cosuma radiata Carcasson, 1965
Ctenolita zernyi Hering, 1949
Delorhachis kilosa West, 1940
Halseyia angustilinea (Hering, 1937)
Halseyia incisa (Hering, 1937)
Halseyia lacides (Druce, 1899)
Halseyia rufibasalis (Hering, 1928)
Latoia urda (Druce, 1887)
Latoiola bifascia Janse, 1964
Lepidorytis sulcata Aurivillius, 1900
Natada caliginosa West, 1940
Niphadolepis alianta Karsch, 1899
Niphadolepis elegans Wichgraf, 1921
Omocena songeana West, 1940
Parapluda invitabilis (Wallengren, 1860)
Parasa costalis West, 1940
Parasa lanceolata Hering, 1928
Scotinocerides conspurcata (Aurivillius, 1895)
Scotinocerides fasciata Hering, 1937
Scotinocerides sigma Hering, 1937
Scotinochroa charopocelis Tams, 1929
Taeda aetitis Wallengren, 1863
Taeda prasina Butler, 1896
Trogocrada atmota Janse, 1964
Zinara bilineata Hering, 1928
Lymantriidae
Abynotha meinickei Hering, 1926
Aclonophlebia civilis Hering, 1926
Aclonophlebia lugardi (Swinhoe, 1903)
Aclonophlebia lymantrioides Hering, 1926
Argyrostagma niobe (Weymer, 1896)
Aroa discalis Walker, 1855
Aroa melanoleuca Hampson, 1905
Aroa pampoecila Collenette, 1930
Aroa tomisa Druce, 1896
Barlowia charax (Druce, 1896)
Bracharoa charax (Druce, 1896)
Bracharoa mixta (Snellen, 1872)
Bracharoa reducta Hering, 1926
Cadurca dianeura Hering, 1928
Casama intermissa (Hering, 1926)
Chrysocyma mesopotamia Hampson, 1905
Conigephyra leucoptera (Hering, 1926)
Conigephyra pallidula (Hering, 1926)
Conigephyra splendida (Hering, 1926)
Cropera sericea (Hampson, 1910)
Cropera testacea Walker, 1855
Cropera unipunctata Wichgraf, 1921
Crorema adspersa (Herrich-Schäffer, 1854)
Crorema evanescens (Hampson, 1910)
Crorema fulvinotata (Butler, 1893)
Dasychira albicostata (Holland, 1893)
Dasychira barbara Hering, 1926
Dasychira daphne Hering, 1926
Dasychira daphnoides Hering, 1926
Dasychira hastifera Hering, 1926
Dasychira mkattana Strand, 1912
Dasychira nebulifera Hering, 1926
Dasychira nigerrima Hering, 1926
Dasychira polia Hering, 1926
Dasychira prospera Hering, 1926
Dasychira punctifera (Walker, 1857)
Dasychira scotina Hering, 1926
Dasychira stegmanni Grünberg, 1910
Dasychira subochracea Aurivillius, 1910
Eudasychira amata (Hering, 1926)
Eudasychira bokuma (Collenette, 1960)
Eudasychira georgiana (Fawcett, 1900)
Eudasychira metathermes (Hampson, 1905)
Eudasychira poliotis (Hampson, 1910)
Euproctis areolata Hering, 1928
Euproctis beato Bryk, 1934
Euproctis bigutta Holland, 1893
Euproctis multidentata Hering, 1926
Euproctis pallida (Kirby, 1896)
Euproctis producta (Walker, 1863)
Euproctis sericaria (Tams, 1924)
Euproctoides eddela (Swinhoe, 1903)
Hemerophanes diatoma (Hering, 1926)
Hemerophanes libyra (Druce, 1896)
Hemerophanes litigiosa (Hering, 1926)
Heteronygmia dissimilis Aurivillius, 1910
Homochira rendalli (Distant, 1897)
Knappetra fasciata (Walker, 1855)
Lacipa floridula (Hering, 1926)
Lacipa melanosticta Hampson, 1910
Lacipa pseudolacipa Hering, 1926
Lacipa quadripunctata Dewitz, 1881
Laelia amaura Hering, 1926
Laelia extorta (Distant, 1897)
Laelia extrema Hering, 1926
Laelia fracta Schaus & Clements, 1893
Laelia gephyra (Hering, 1926)
Laelia janenschi Hering, 1926
Laelia mediofasciata (Hering, 1926)
Laelia ordinata (Karsch, 1895)
Laelia phenax (Collenette, 1932)
Laelia rogersi Bethune-Baker, 1913
Laelia subrosea (Walker, 1855)
Leptaroa deleta Hering, 1926
Leptaroa ochricoloria Strand, 1911
Leptaroa paupera Hering, 1926
Leucoma discissa (Grünberg, 1910)
Leucoma maria (Kirby, 1896)
Leucoma parva (Plötz, 1880)
Leucoma vosseleri Grünberg, 1907
Leucoma xanthocephala (Hering, 1926)
Lymantria pruinosa Hering, 1927
Marblepsis tiphia (Swinhoe, 1903)
Ogoa fuscovenata Wichgraf, 1922
Ogoa simplex Walker, 1856
Olapa nigricosta Hampson, 1905
Olapa tavetensis (Holland, 1892)
Otroeda vesperina Walker, 1854
Palasea marwitzi Grünberg, 1907
Palasea miniata Grünberg, 1907
Pirga pellucida Wichgraf, 1922
Pirga weisei Karsch, 1900
Pirgula atrinotata (Butler, 1897)
Polymona inaffinis Hering, 1926
Ruanda aetheria Strand, 1909
Schalidomitra ambages Strand, 1911
Stracena bananae (Butler, 1897)
Stracena pellucida Grünberg, 1907
Stracena tavetensis (Holland, 1892)
Stracilla translucida (Oberthür, 1880)
Metarbelidae
Bjoernstadia kasuluensis Lehmann, 2012
Kroonia murphyi Lehmann, 2010
Kroonia natalica (Hampson, 1910)
Lebedodes ianrobertsoni Lehmann, 2009
Lebedodes jeanneli Le Cerf, 1914
Lebedodes leifaarviki Lehmann, 2009
Lebedodes violascens Gaede, 1929
Lebedodes willihaberlandi Lehmann, 2008
Marshalliana jansei Gaede, 1929
Metarbela abdulrahmani Lehmann, 2008
Metarbela arcifera (Hampson, 1909)
Metarbela chidzingai Lehmann, 2008
Metarbela erecta Gaede, 1929
Metarbela latifasciata Gaede, 1929
Metarbela lornadepewae Lehmann, 2009
Metarbela plagifera Gaede, 1929
Metarbela triangularis Gaede, 1929
Ortharbela cliftoni Lehmann, 2009
Ortharbela guttata Aurivillius, 1910
Ortharbela jurateae Lehmann, 2009
Ortharbela sommerlattei Lehmann, 2008
Paralebedella estherae Lehmann, 2008
Salagena arcys D. S. Fletcher, 1968
Salagena tessellata Distant, 1897
Teragra quadrangula Gaede, 1929
Micronoctuidae
Micronola yemeni Fibiger, 2011
Noctuidae
Achaea catella Guenée, 1852
Achaea catocaloides Guenée, 1852
Achaea chrysopera Druce, 1912
Achaea dasybasis Hampson, 1913
Achaea lienardi (Boisduval, 1833)
Achaea mercatoria (Fabricius, 1775)
Achaea nigristriata Laporte, 1979
Achaea praestans (Guenée, 1852)
Acontia aarviki Hacker, Legrain & Fibiger, 2008
Acontia antica Walker, 1862
Acontia atripars Hampson, 1914
Acontia aurelia Hacker, Legrain & Fibiger, 2008
Acontia basifera Walker, 1857
Acontia bellula Hacker, Legrain & Fibiger, 2010
Acontia binominata (Butler, 1892)
Acontia caeruleopicta Hampson, 1916
Acontia caffraria (Cramer, 1777)
Acontia callima Bethune-Baker, 1911
Acontia carnescens (Hampson, 1910)
Acontia conifrons (Aurivillius, 1879)
Acontia dichroa (Hampson, 1914)
Acontia discoidea Hopffer, 1857
Acontia discoidoides Hacker, Legrain & Fibiger, 2008
Acontia ectorrida (Hampson, 1916)
Acontia florentissima Hacker, Legrain & Fibiger, 2008
Acontia fuscoalba Hacker, Legrain & Fibiger, 2010
Acontia guttifera Felder & Rogenhofer, 1874
Acontia hampsoni Hacker, Legrain & Fibiger, 2008
Acontia hemixanthia (Hampson, 1910)
Acontia imitatrix Wallengren, 1856
Acontia insocia (Walker, 1857)
Acontia karachiensis Swinhoe, 1889
Acontia lanzai (Berio, 1985)
Acontia melaphora (Hampson, 1910)
Acontia miogona (Hampson, 1916)
Acontia natalis (Guenée, 1852)
Acontia nephele Hampson, 1911
Acontia niphogona (Hampson, 1909)
Acontia notha Hacker, Legrain & Fibiger, 2010
Acontia nubila Hampson, 1910
Acontia obliqua Hacker, Legrain & Fibiger, 2010
Acontia opalinoides Guenée, 1852
Acontia paraalba Hacker, Legrain & Fibiger, 2010
Acontia porphyrea (Butler, 1898)
Acontia praealba Hacker, Legrain & Fibiger, 2010
Acontia purpurata Hacker, Legrain & Fibiger, 2010
Acontia schreieri Hacker, Legrain & Fibiger, 2010
Acontia secta Guenée, 1852
Acontia simo Wallengren, 1860
Acontia sublactea Hacker, Legrain & Fibiger, 2008
Acontia subnotha Hacker, Legrain & Fibiger, 2010
Acontia szunyoghyi Hacker, Legrain & Fibiger, 2010
Acontia tanzaniae Hacker, Legrain & Fibiger, 2010
Acontia transfigurata Wallengren, 1856
Acontia trimaculata Aurivillius, 1879
Acontia wahlbergi Wallengren, 1856
Acontia wiltshirei Hacker, Legrain & Fibiger, 2008
Adisura bella Gaede, 1915
Aegocera rectilinea Boisduval, 1836
Aletopus imperialis Jordan, 1926
Amazonides asciodes Berio, 1972
Amazonides bioculata Berio, 1974
Amazonides intermedia Berio, 1972
Andobana multipunctata (Druce, 1899)
Aspidifrontia biarcuata Berio, 1964
Aspidifrontia oblata Berio, 1973
Aspidifrontia semiarcuata Berio, 1973
Aspidifrontia tanganykae Berio, 1964
Athetis pectinifer (Aurivillius, 1910)
Attatha ethiopica Hampson, 1910
Audea zimmeri Berio, 1954
Brevipecten cornuta Hampson, 1902
Brevipecten tessenei Berio, 1939
Calesia nigriannulata Hampson, 1926
Calliodes pretiosissima Holland, 1892
Callopistria latreillei (Duponchel, 1827)
Callopistria maillardi (Guenée, 1862)
Cerynea tetramelanosticta Berio, 1954
Chaetostephana rendalli (Rothschild, 1896)
Chalciope delta (Boisduval, 1833)
Charitosemia geraldi (Kirby, 1896)
Chlumetia cana Hampson, 1912
Chrysodeixis acuta (Walker, [1858])
Colbusa euclidica Walker, 1865
Crameria amabilis (Drury, 1773)
Ctenoplusia limbirena (Guenée, 1852)
Cucullia chrysota Hampson, 1902
Cucullia dallolmoi Berio, 1973
Cucullia ikondae Berio, 1973
Cucullia prolai Berio, 1956
Cuneisigna obstans (Walker, 1858)
Cyligramma conradsi Berio, 1954
Cyligramma latona (Cramer, 1775)
Cyligramma limacina (Guérin-Méneville, 1832)
Cyligramma magus (Guérin-Méneville, [1844])
Digama africana Swinhoe, 1907
Digama daressalamica Strand, 1911
Digama lithosioides Swinhoe, 1907
Dysgonia derogans (Walker, 1858)
Dysgonia torrida (Guenée, 1852)
Egybolis vaillantina (Stoll, 1790)
Entomogramma pardus Guenée, 1852
Erebus walkeri (Butler, 1875)
Ericeia lituraria (Saalmüller, 1880)
Ethiopica inornata Berio, 1975
Eublemma anachoresis (Wallengren, 1863)
Eublemma perobliqua Hampson, 1910
Eublemma rubripuncta (Hampson, 1902)
Eudocima materna (Linnaeus, 1767)
Euneophlebia spatulata Berio, 1972
Eustrotia decissima (Walker, 1865)
Eutelia amatrix Walker, 1858
Eutelia polychorda Hampson, 1902
Feliniopsis africana (Schaus & Clements, 1893)
Feliniopsis annosa (Viette, 1963)
Feliniopsis connivens (Felder & Rogenhofer, 1874)
Feliniopsis consummata (Walker, 1857)
Feliniopsis duponti (Laporte, 1974)
Feliniopsis gueneei (Laporte, 1973)
Feliniopsis hosplitoides (Laporte, 1979)
Feliniopsis kipengerensis Hacker & Fibiger, 2007
Feliniopsis knudlarseni Hacker & Fibiger, 2007
Feliniopsis laportei Hacker & Fibiger, 2007
Feliniopsis nigribarbata (Hampson, 1908)
Feliniopsis rufigiji Hacker & Fibiger, 2007
Feliniopsis satellitis (Berio, 1974)
Feliniopsis subsagula (D. S. Fletcher, 1961)
Feliniopsis talhouki (Wiltshire, 1983)
Gesonia obeditalis Walker, 1859
Grammodes geometrica (Fabricius, 1775)
Grammodes stolida (Fabricius, 1775)
Heliocheilus thomalae (Gaede, 1915)
Heliophisma catocalina Holland, 1894
Heraclia africana (Butler, 1875)
Heraclia limbomaculata (Strand, 1909)
Heraclia mozambica (Mabille, 1890)
Heraclia perdix (Druce, 1887)
Heraclia superba (Butler, 1875)
Heraclia xanthopyga (Mabille, 1890)
Heraclia zenkeri (Karsch, 1895)
Hespagarista caudata (Dewitz, 1879)
Hespagarista eburnea Jordan, 1915
Hespagarista echione (Boisduval, 1847)
Hiccoda roseitincta Hampson, 1920
Honeyia burmeisteri Hacker & Fibiger, 2007
Honeyia clearchus (Fawcett, 1916)
Hypena abyssinialis Guenée, 1854
Hypena striolalis Aurivillius, 1910
Hypocala deflorata (Fabricius, 1794)
Hypopyra africana (Kirby, 1896)
Hypopyra allardi (Oberthür, 1878)
Hypopyra capensis Herrich-Schäffer, 1854
Leucania nebulosa Hampson, 1902
Leucovis alba (Rothschild, 1897)
Lyncestoides unilinea (Swinhoe, 1885)
Marcipa mediana Hampson, 1926
Marcipalina tanzaniensis (Pelletier, 1975)
Masalia albipuncta (Hampson, 1910)
Masalia beatrix (Moore, 1881)
Masalia bimaculata (Moore, 1888)
Masalia disticta (Hampson, 1902)
Masalia flavistrigata (Hampson, 1903)
Masalia galatheae (Wallengren, 1856)
Masalia leucosticta (Hampson, 1902)
Masalia mittoni (Pinhey, 1956)
Masalia transvaalica (Distant, 1902)
Matopo actinophora Hampson, 1909
Medlerana bukobaenensis Laporte, 1979
Mentaxya albifrons (Geyer, 1837)
Mentaxya ignicollis (Walker, 1857)
Mesoligia kettlewelli Wiltshire, 1983
Micraxylia annulus Berio, 1972
Micraxylia gigas Berio, 1972
Mocis frugalis (Fabricius, 1775)
Mocis mayeri (Boisduval, 1833)
Mocis undata (Fabricius, 1775)
Nyodes kilimandjaronis Laporte, 1979
Oediplexia mesophaea Hampson, 1908
Ogovia tavetensis Holland, 1892
Omphaloceps daria (Druce, 1895)
Ophiusa tirhaca (Cramer, 1777)
Oraesia emarginata (Fabricius, 1794)
Oraesia provocans Walker, [1858]
Oraesia wintgensi (Strand, 1909)
Ozarba accincta (Distant, 1898)
Ozarba divisa Gaede, 1916
Ozarba implicata Berio, 1940
Ozarba morstatti Berio, 1938
Pandesma quenavadi Guenée, 1852
Paraegocera confluens (Weymer, 1892)
Pericyma metaleuca Hampson, 1913
Phaegorista bisignibasis Prout, 1918
Phaegorista euryanassa (Druce, 1887)
Phaegorista formosa Butler, 1877
Phaegorista leucomelas (Herrich-Schäffer, 1855)
Plecoptera diplosticha Hampson, 1926
Plecoptera reversa (Walker, 1865)
Plusiopalpa dichora Holland, 1894
Polydesma collusoria (Berio, 1954)
Polydesma umbricola Boisduval, 1833
Procriosis dileuca Hampson, 1910
Pseudopais nigrobasalis Bartel, 1903
Pseudospiris paidiformis Butler, 1895
Rhynchina leucodonta Hampson, 1910
Rothia panganica Karsch, 1898
Schalidomitra ambages Strand, 1911
Schausia coryndoni (Rothschild, 1896)
Sciomesa mesophaena (Aurivillius, 1910)
Simplicia extinctalis (Zeller, 1852)
Soloe plicata Pinhey, 1952
Soloe tripunctata Druce, 1896
Spirama glaucescens (Butler, 1893)
Spodoptera mauritia (Boisduval, 1833)
Stictoptera antemarginata Saalmüller, 1880
Stilbotis ikondae Berio, 1972
Stilbotis nigroides (Berio, 1972)
Stilbotis persitriata (Berio, 1972)
Stilbotis perspicua (Berio, 1974)
Stilbotis pseudasciodes (Berio, 1977)
Tathorhynchus leucobasis Bethune-Baker, 1911
Tathorhynchus plumbea (Distant, 1898)
Thiacidas callipona (Bethune-Baker, 1911)
Thiacidas dukei (Pinhey, 1968)
Thiacidas fasciata (Fawcett, 1917)
Thiacidas leonie Hacker & Zilli, 2007
Thiacidas permutata Hacker & Zilli, 2007
Thiacidas roseotincta (Pinhey, 1962)
Thiacidas senex (Bethune-Baker, 1911)
Thiacidas smythi (Gaede, 1939)
Thyatirina achatina (Weymer, 1896)
Timora crofti Pinhey, 1956
Trigonodes hyppasia (Cramer, 1779)
Tuertella rema (Druce, 1910)
Tycomarptes inferior (Guenée, 1852)
Ulotrichopus eugeniae Saldaitis & Ivinskis, 2010
Weymeria athene (Weymer, 1892)
Xanthodesma aurantiaca Aurivillius, 1910
Xanthodesma aurata Aurivillius, 1910
Nolidae
Acripia kilimandjaronis Strand, 1915
Eligma bettiana Prout, 1923
Meganola reubeni Agassiz, 2009
Neaxestis aviuncis Wiltshire, 1985
Nolatypa phoenicolepia Hampson, 1920
Notodontidae
Anaphe dempwolffi Strand, 1909
Antheua eximia Kiriakoff, 1965
Antheua gallans (Karsch, 1895)
Antheua ornata (Walker, 1865)
Antheua woerdeni (Snellen, 1872)
Atrasana excellens (Strand, 1912)
Desmeocraera annulosa Gaede, 1928
Desmeocraera atribasalis (Hampson, 1910)
Desmeocraera cana (Wichgraf, 1921)
Desmeocraera forsteri Kiriakoff, 1973
Desmeocraera impunctata Gaede, 1928
Desmeocraera malindiana Kiriakoff, 1973
Desmeocraera schevenaria Kiriakoff, 1973
Desmeocraera tanzanica Kiriakoff, 1973
Desmeocraerula angulata Gaede, 1928
Epicerura pergrisea (Hampson, 1910)
Epicerura plumosa Kiriakoff, 1962
Epicerura steniptera (Hampson, 1910)
Euanthia venosa Kiriakoff, 1962
Eurystauridia olivacea (Gaede, 1928)
Eurystauridia picta Kiriakoff, 1973
Fentonina punctum Gaede, 1928
Graphodonta fulva (Kiriakoff, 1962)
Metarctina ochricostata Gaede, 1928
Paracleapa psecas (Druce, 1901)
Paradrallia rhodesi Bethune-Baker, 1908
Phalera atrata (Grünberg, 1907)
Phalera imitata Druce, 1896
Phalera lydenburgi Distant, 1899
Phalera postaurantia Rothschild, 1917
Phalera princei Grünberg, 1909
Plastystaura murina Kiriakoff, 1965
Polienus capillata (Wallengren, 1875)
Polienus fuscatus Janse, 1920
Scalmicauda molesta (Strand, 1911)
Scrancia danieli Kiriakoff, 1962
Scrancia quinquelineata Kiriakoff, 1965
Stemmatophalera semiflava (Hampson, 1910)
Stenostaura malangae (Bethune-Baker, 1911)
Xanthodonta debilis Gaede, 1928
Xanthodonta unicornis Kiriakoff, 1961
Zamana castanea (Wichgraf, 1922)
Oecophoridae
Stathmopoda daubanella (Legrand, 1958)
Plutellidae
Paraxenistis africana Mey, 2007
Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus, 1758)
Psychidae
Apterona valvata (Gerstaecker, 1871)
Chalia muenzneri Strand, 1911
Eumeta hardenbergeri Bourgogne, 1955
Eumeta ngarukensis Strand, 1909
Melasina bostrychota Meyrick, 1920
Melasina folligera Meyrick, 1920
Melasina siticulosa Meyrick, 1920
Melasina trepidans Meyrick, 1920
Monda nigroapicalis Joicey & Talbot, 1924
Pterophoridae
Agdistis kenyana Arenberger, 1988
Agdistis linnaei Gielis, 2008
Agdistis malitiosa Meyrick, 1909
Agdistis obstinata Meyrick, 1920
Amblyptilia direptalis (Walker, 1864)
Apoxyptilus anthites (Meyrick, 1936)
Bipunctiphorus etiennei Gibeaux, 1994
Emmelina amseli (Bigot, 1969)
Eucapperia bullifera (Meyrick, 1918)
Exelastis atomosa (Walsingham, 1885)
Exelastis montischristi (Walsingham, 1897)
Exelastis phlyctaenias (Meyrick, 1911)
Hellinsia emmelinoida Gielis, 2008
Hepalastis pumilio (Zeller, 1873)
Inferuncus pentheres (Bigot, 1969)
Inferuncus stolzei (Gielis, 1990)
Lantanophaga pusillidactylus (Walker, 1864)
Megalorhipida leptomeres (Meyrick, 1886)
Megalorhipida leucodactylus (Fabricius, 1794)
Ochyrotica bjoernstadti Gielis, 2008
Paulianilus madecasseus Bigot, 1964
Platyptilia farfarellus Zeller, 1867
Platyptilia molopias Meyrick, 1906
Platyptilia rhyncholoba Meyrick, 1924
Platyptilia sabius (Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875)
Platyptilia strictiformis Meyrick, 1932
Pselnophorus jaechi (Arenberger, 1993)
Pterophorus albidus (Zeller, 1852)
Pterophorus bacteriopa (Meyrick, 1922)
Pterophorus candidalis (Walker, 1864)
Pterophorus rhyparias (Meyrick, 1908)
Pterophorus uzungwe Gielis, 1991
Sphenarches anisodactylus (Walker, 1864)
Stenodacma wahlbergi (Zeller, 1852)
Stenoptilia kiitulo Gielis, 2008
Stenoptilodes taprobanes (Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875)
Titanoptilus laniger Bigot, 1969
Pyralidae
Endotricha consobrinalis Zeller, 1852
Pempelia morosalis (Saalmüller, 1880)
Saturniidae
Adafroptilum acuminatum (Darge, 2003)
Adafroptilum bellum (Darge, Naumann & Brosch, 2003)
Adafroptilum coloratum (Darge, Naumann & Brosch, 2003)
Adafroptilum convictum Darge, 2007
Adafroptilum hausmanni Darge, 2007
Adafroptilum incana (Sonthonnax, 1899)
Adafroptilum kalamboensis Darge, 2007
Adafroptilum mikessensis Darge, 2007
Adafroptilum permixtum (Darge, 2003)
Adafroptilum rougerii Darge, 2006
Adafroptilum scheveni (Darge, 2003)
Adafroptilum septiguttata (Weymer, 1903)
Antistathmoptera daltonae Tams, 1935
Antistathmoptera granti Bouyer, 2006
Antistathmoptera rectangulata Pinhey, 1968
Argema besanti Rebel, 1895
Argema kuhnei Pinhey, 1969
Argema mimosae (Boisduval, 1847)
Athletes gigas (Sonthonnax, 1902)
Athletes semialba (Sonthonnax, 1904)
Aurivillius arata (Westwood, 1849)
Aurivillius divaricatus Bouvier, 1927
Aurivillius fusca (Rothschild, 1895)
Aurivillius oberthuri Bouvier, 1927
Aurivillius orientalis Bouyer, 2007
Aurivillius xerophilus Rougeot, 1977
Bunaea alcinoe (Stoll, 1780)
Bunaeopsis aurantiaca (Rothschild, 1895)
Bunaeopsis bomfordi Pinhey, 1962
Bunaeopsis chromata Darge, 2003
Bunaeopsis dido (Maassen & Weymer, 1881)
Bunaeopsis fervida Darge, 2003
Bunaeopsis hersilia (Westwood, 1849)
Bunaeopsis jacksoni (Jordan, 1908)
Bunaeopsis licharbas (Maassen & Weymer, 1885)
Bunaeopsis oubie (Guérin-Méneville, 1849)
Bunaeopsis phidias (Weymer, 1909)
Bunaeopsis rendalli (Rothschild, 1896)
Bunaeopsis scheveniana Lemaire & Rougeot, 1974
Bunaeopsis schoenheiti (Wichgraf, 1914)
Bunaeopsis thyene (Weymer, 1896)
Campimoptilum boulardi (Rougeot, 1974)
Campimoptilum hollandi (Butler, 1898)
Campimoptilum kuntzei (Dewitz, 1881)
Campimoptilum pareensis Darge, 2008
Campimoptilum sparsum Darge, 2008
Carnegia mirabilis (Aurivillius, 1895)
Cinabra hyperbius (Westwood, 1881)
Cirina forda (Westwood, 1849)
Decachorda bouvieri Hering, 1929
Decachorda fulvia (Druce, 1886)
Decachorda pomona (Weymer, 1892)
Eosia insignis Le Cerf, 1911
Eosia minettii Bouyer, 2008
Epiphora albidus (Druce, 1886)
Epiphora bauhiniae (Guérin-Méneville, 1832)
Epiphora bedoci (Bouvier, 1829)
Epiphora boursini (Testout, 1936)
Epiphora brunnea (Bouvier, 1930)
Epiphora congolana (Bouvier, 1929)
Epiphora cotei (Testout, 1935)
Epiphora getula (Maassen & Weymer, 1885)
Epiphora imperator (Stoneham, 1933)
Epiphora kipengerensis Darge, 2007
Epiphora lecerfi (Testout, 1936)
Epiphora lugardi Kirby, 1894
Epiphora magdalena Grünberg, 1909
Epiphora manowensis (Gschwandner, 1923)
Epiphora mythimnia (Westwood, 1849)
Epiphora nubilosa (Testout, 1938)
Epiphora pelosoma Rothschild, 1907
Epiphora pygmaea (Bouvier, 1929)
Epiphora rectifascia Rothschild, 1907
Epiphora rotunda Naumann, 2006
Epiphora werneri Darge, 2007
Gonimbrasia alcestris (Weymer, 1907)
Gonimbrasia anna (Maassen & Weymer, 1885)
Gonimbrasia belina (Westwood, 1849)
Gonimbrasia cocaulti Darge & Terral, 1992
Gonimbrasia conradsi (Rebel, 1906)
Gonimbrasia hoehnelii (Rogenhofer, 1891)
Gonimbrasia miranda Darge, 2005
Gonimbrasia osiris (Druce, 1896)
Gonimbrasia rectilineata (Sonthonnax, 1899)
Gonimbrasia tyrrhea (Cramer, 1775)
Gonimbrasia ufipana Strand, 1911
Gonimbrasia ukerewensis (Rebel, 1922)
Gonimbrasia wahlbergii (Boisduval, 1847)
Gonimbrasia zambesina (Walker, 1865)
Goodia oxytela Jordan, 1922
Goodia unguiculata Bouvier, 1936
Gynanisa albescens Sonthonnax, 1904
Gynanisa ata Strand, 1911
Gynanisa carcassoni Rougeot, 1974
Gynanisa commixta Darge, 2008
Gynanisa jama Rebel, 1915
Gynanisa maja (Klug, 1836)
Gynanisa minettii Darge, 2003
Gynanisa nigra Bouvier, 1927
Gynanisa westwoodi Rothschild, 1895
Heniocha dyops (Maassen, 1872)
Heniocha marnois (Rogenhofer, 1891)
Heniocha puderosa Darge, 2004
Heniocha vingerhoedti Bouyer, 1992
Holocerina agomensis (Karsch, 1896)
Holocerina istsariensis Stoneham, 1962
Holocerina orientalis Bouyer, 2001
Holocerina smilax (Westwood, 1849)
Imbrasia epimethea (Drury, 1772)
Imbrasia ertli Rebel, 1904
Imbrasia orientalis Rougeot, 1962
Leucopteryx ansorgei (Rothschild, 1897)
Leucopteryx mollis (Butler, 1889)
Lobobunaea acetes (Westwood, 1849)
Lobobunaea angasana (Westwood, 1849)
Lobobunaea falcatissima Rougeot, 1962
Lobobunaea phaedusa (Drury, 1782)
Lobobunaea rosea (Sonthonnax, 1899)
Lobobunaea saturnus (Fabricius, 1793)
Lobobunaea tanganyikae (Sonthonnax, 1899)
Ludia delegorguei (Boisduval, 1847)
Ludia dentata (Hampson, 1891)
Ludia goniata Rothschild, 1907
Ludia hansali Felder, 1874
Ludia nyassana Strand, 1911
Ludia orinoptena Karsch, 1892
Ludia pseudovetusta Rougeot, 1978
Melanocera menippe (Westwood, 1849)
Melanocera parva Rothschild, 1907
Melanocera sufferti (Weymer, 1896)
Micragone agathylla (Westwood, 1849)
Micragone amaniana Darge, 2010
Micragone ansorgei (Rothschild, 1907)
Micragone cana (Aurivillius, 1893)
Micragone gaetani Bouyer, 2008
Micragone kalamboensis Darge, 2010
Micragone kitaiensis Darge, 2010
Micragone nyasae Rougeot, 1962
Micragone remota Darge, 2005
Micragone trefurthi (Strand, 1909)
Nudaurelia anthina (Karsch, 1892)
Nudaurelia bicolor Bouvier, 1930
Nudaurelia broschi Darge, 2002
Nudaurelia dargei Bouyer, 2008
Nudaurelia dione (Fabricius, 1793)
Nudaurelia eblis Strecker, 1876
Nudaurelia formosissima Darge, 2009
Nudaurelia hurumai Darge, 2003
Nudaurelia kiliensis Darge, 2009
Nudaurelia kilumilorum Darge, 2002
Nudaurelia kohlli Darge, 2009
Nudaurelia krucki Hering, 1930
Nudaurelia macrops Rebel, 1917
Nudaurelia macrothyris (Rothschild, 1906)
Nudaurelia maranguensis Darge, 2009
Nudaurelia mpalensis Sonthonnax, 1901
Nudaurelia myrtea Rebel, 1917
Nudaurelia nyassana (Rothschild, 1907)
Nudaurelia rectilineata Sonthonnax, 1901
Nudaurelia renvazorum Darge, 2002
Nudaurelia rhodina (Rothschild, 1907)
Nudaurelia richelmanni Weymer, 1908
Nudaurelia rubra Bouvier, 1927
Nudaurelia venus Rebel, 1906
Nudaurelia wahlbergiana Rougeot, 1972
Orthogonioptilum adiegetum Karsch, 1892
Orthogonioptilum fontainei Rougeot, 1962
Orthogonioptilum violascens (Rebel, 1914)
Parusta thelxione Fawcett, 1915
Parusta xanthops Rothschild, 1907
Protogynanisa probsti Bouyer, 2001
Pselaphelia flavivitta (Walker, 1862)
Pselaphelia kitchingi Darge, 2007
Pselaphelia laclosi Darge, 2002
Pselaphelia mariatheresae Darge, 2002
Pseudantheraea discrepans (Butler, 1878)
Pseudaphelia apollinaris (Boisduval, 1847)
Pseudaphelia flava Bouvier, 1930
Pseudaphelia roseibrunnea Gaede, 1927
Pseudimbrasia deyrollei (J. Thomson, 1858)
Pseudobunaea alinda (Sonthonnax, 1899)
Pseudobunaea bjornstadi Bouyer, 2006
Pseudobunaea bondwana Darge, 2009
Pseudobunaea callista (Jordan, 1910)
Pseudobunaea claryi Darge, 2009
Pseudobunaea cleopatra (Aurivillius, 1893)
Pseudobunaea elucida Darge, 2009
Pseudobunaea epithyrena (Maassen & Weymer, 1885)
Pseudobunaea heyeri (Weymer, 1896)
Pseudobunaea irius (Fabricius, 1793)
Pseudobunaea mbiziana Darge, 2009
Pseudobunaea miriakambana Darge, 2009
Pseudobunaea mwangomoi Darge, 2009
Pseudobunaea natalensis (Aurivillius, 1893)
Pseudobunaea pallens (Sonthonnax, 1899)
Pseudobunaea parathyrrena (Bouvier, 1927)
Pseudobunaea santini Darge, 2009
Pseudobunaea tyrrhena (Westwood, 1849)
Pseudoludia suavis (Rothschild, 1907)
Rohaniella pygmaea (Maassen & Weymer, 1885)
Tagoropsiella expansa Darge, 2008
Tagoropsiella ikondae (Rougeot, 1974)
Tagoropsiella kaguruensis Darge, 2008
Tagoropsiella mbiziensis Darge, 2008
Tagoropsiella rungwensis Darge, 2008
Tagoropsis flavinata (Walker, 1865)
Tagoropsis hanningtoni (Butler, 1883)
Tagoropsis rougeoti D. S. Fletcher, 1968
Tagoropsis sabulosa Rothschild, 1907
Ubaena dolabella (Druce, 1886)
Ubaena fuelleborniana Karsch, 1900
Ubaena lequeuxi Darge & Terral, 1988
Ubaena sabunii Darge & Kilumile, 2004
Urota sinope (Westwood, 1849)
Usta alba Terral & Lequeux, 1991
Usta angulata Rothschild, 1895
Usta subangulata Bouvier, 1930
Usta terpsichore (Maassen & Weymer, 1885)
Yatanga smithi (Holland, 1892)
Sesiidae
Aenigmina aenea Le Cerf, 1912
Camaegeria massai Bartsch & Berg, 2012
Euhagena nobilis (Druce, 1910)
Melittia chalconota Hampson, 1910
Melittia endoxantha Hampson, 1919
Melittia oedipus Oberthür, 1878
Melittia usambara Le Cerf, 1917
Pseudomelittia berlandi Le Cerf, 1917
Sura ruficauda (Rothschild, 1911)
Sphingidae
Acanthosphinx guessfeldti (Dewitz, 1879)
Acherontia atropos (Linnaeus, 1758)
Afroclanis calcareus (Rothschild & Jordan, 1907)
Afroclanis neavi (Hampson, 1910)
Afrosphinx amabilis (Jordan, 1911)
Agrius convolvuli (Linnaeus, 1758)
Antinephele lunulata Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
Antinephele maculifera Holland, 1889
Basiothia aureata (Karsch, 1891)
Basiothia medea (Fabricius, 1781)
Callosphingia circe (Fawcett, 1915)
Centroctena rutherfordi (Druce, 1882)
Chaerocina dohertyi Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
Chaerocina livingstonensis Darge, 2006
Chaerocina usambarensis Darge & Basquin, 2008
Chloroclanis virescens (Butler, 1882)
Coelonia fulvinotata (Butler, 1875)
Daphnis nerii (Linnaeus, 1758)
Dovania poecila Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
Euchloron megaera (Linnaeus, 1758)
Falcatula falcata (Rothschild & Jordan, 1903)
Hippotion celerio (Linnaeus, 1758)
Hippotion eson (Cramer, 1779)
Hippotion irregularis (Walker, 1856)
Hippotion moorei Jordan, 1926
Hippotion osiris (Dalman, 1823)
Hippotion rebeli Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
Hippotion roseipennis (Butler, 1882)
Hyles livornica (Esper, 1780)
Leptoclanis pulchra Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
Leucophlebia afra Karsch, 1891
Leucostrophus alterhirundo d'Abrera, 1987
Likoma apicalis Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
Likoma crenata Rothschild & Jordan, 1907
Litosphingia corticea Jordan, 1920
Lophostethus dumolinii (Angas, 1849)
Macropoliana ferax (Rothschild & Jordan, 1916)
Macropoliana natalensis (Butler, 1875)
Macropoliana scheveni Carcasson, 1972
Microclanis erlangeri (Rothschild & Jordan, 1903)
Neoclanis basalis (Walker, 1866)
Neopolyptychus compar (Rothschild & Jordan, 1903)
Neopolyptychus convexus (Rothschild & Jordan, 1903)
Neopolyptychus serrator (Jordan, 1929)
Nephele aequivalens (Walker, 1856)
Nephele bipartita Butler, 1878
Nephele comma Hopffer, 1857
Nephele lannini Jordan, 1926
Nephele monostigma Clark, 1925
Nephele rosae Butler, 1875
Pantophaea favillacea (Walker, 1866)
Phylloxiphia metria (Jordan, 1920)
Phylloxiphia punctum (Rothschild, 1907)
Phylloxiphia vicina (Rothschild & Jordan, 1915)
Platysphinx piabilis (Distant, 1897)
Platysphinx stigmatica (Mabille, 1878)
Poliana wintgensi (Strand, 1910)
Polyptychoides digitatus (Karsch, 1891)
Polyptychoides erosus (Jordan, 1923)
Polyptychoides grayii (Walker, 1856)
Polyptychopsis marshalli (Rothschild & Jordan, 1903)
Polyptychus andosa Walker, 1856
Polyptychus aurora Clark, 1936
Polyptychus baxteri Rothschild & Jordan, 1908
Polyptychus coryndoni Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
Praedora marshalli Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
Praedora plagiata Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
Pseudoclanis kenyae Clark, 1928
Pseudoclanis occidentalis Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
Pseudoclanis postica (Walker, 1856)
Rhadinopasa hornimani (Druce, 1880)
Rhodafra marshalli Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
Rufoclanis fulgurans (Rothschild & Jordan, 1903)
Rufoclanis maccleeryi Carcasson, 1968
Rufoclanis numosae (Wallengren, 1860)
Sphingonaepiopsis nana (Walker, 1856)
Temnora albilinea Rothschild, 1904
Temnora atrofasciata Holland, 1889
Temnora burdoni Carcasson, 1968
Temnora crenulata (Holland, 1893)
Temnora fumosa (Walker, 1856)
Temnora funebris (Holland, 1893)
Temnora griseata Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
Temnora hirsutus Darge, 2004
Temnora masungai Darge, 2009
Temnora natalis Walker, 1856
Temnora plagiata Walker, 1856
Temnora pseudopylas (Rothschild, 1894)
Temnora pylades Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
Temnora robertsoni Carcasson, 1968
Temnora sardanus (Walker, 1856)
Temnora scitula (Holland, 1889)
Temnora zantus (Herrich-Schäffer, 1854)
Theretra capensis (Linnaeus, 1764)
Theretra jugurtha (Boisduval, 1875)
Theretra orpheus (Herrich-Schäffer, 1854)
Xanthopan morganii (Walker, 1856)
Thyrididae
Arniocera amoena Jordan, 1907
Arniocera cyanoxantha (Mabille, 1893)
Arniocera elata Jordan, 1915
Arniocera imperialis Butler, 1898
Arniocera lautuscula (Karsch, 1897)
Arniocera lugubris Gaede, 1926
Arniocera sternecki Rogenhofer, 1891
Cecidothyris pexa (Hampson, 1906)
Chrysotypus dawsoni Distant, 1897
Chrysotypus reticulatus Whalley, 1971
Cornuterus nigropunctula (Pagenstecher, 1892)
Dilophura caudata (Jordan, 1907)
Dysodia amania Whalley, 1968
Dysodia fenestratella Warren, 1900
Dysodia fumida Whalley, 1968
Dysodia hamata Whalley, 1968
Dysodia incognita Whalley, 1968
Dysodia intermedia (Walker, 1865)
Dysodia lutescens Whalley, 1968
Dysodia vitrina (Boisduval, 1829)
Epaena inops (Gaede, 1917)
Epaena xystica Whalley, 1971
Hypolamprus janenschi (Gaede, 1917)
Kuja majuscula (Gaede, 1917)
Marmax smaragdina (Butler, 1888)
Marmax vicaria (Walker, 1854)
Netrocera diffinis Jordan, 1907
Netrocera hemichrysa (Hampson, 1910)
Netrocera setioides Felder, 1874
Rhodoneura disjuncta (Gaede, 1929)
Striglina minutula (Saalmüller, 1880)
Tineidae
Acridotarsa melipecta (Meyrick, 1915)
Amphixystis beverrasella (Legrand, 1966)
Amphixystis roseostrigella (Legrand, 1966)
Ateliotum resurgens (Gozmány, 1969)
Autochthonus chalybiellus Walsingham, 1891
Ceratophaga lichmodes (Meyrick, 1921)
Ceratophaga obnoxia (Meyrick, 1917)
Ceratophaga vastellus (Zeller, 1852)
Ceratophaga xanthastis (Meyrick, 1908)
Cimitra estimata (Gozmány, 1965)
Cimitra horridella (Walker, 1863)
Criticonoma aspergata Gozmány & Vári, 1973
Cylicobathra argocoma (Meyrick, 1914)
Cylicobathra chionarga Meyrick, 1920
Drosica abjectella Walker, 1963
Edosa crassivalva (Gozmány, 1968)
Edosa phlegethon (Gozmány, 1968)
Edosa pyroceps (Gozmány, 1967)
Hapsifera glebata Meyrick, 1908
Hapsifera hastata Gozmány, 1969
Hapsifera hilaris Gozmány, 1965
Hapsifera lecithala Gozmány & Vári, 1973
Hapsifera lithocentra Meyrick, 1920
Hapsifera luteata Gozmány, 1965
Hapsifera revoluta Meyrick, 1914
Hapsifera septica Meyrick, 1908
Hapsiferona glareosa (Meyrick, 1912)
Hyperbola hemispina Gozmány, 1969
Hyperbola hesperis Gozmány, 1967
Hyperbola mellichroa (Gozmány, 1968)
Hyperbola moschias (Meyrick, 1914)
Hyperbola phocina (Meyrick, 1908)
Hyperbola somphota (Meyrick, 1920)
Hyperbola zicsii Gozmány, 1965
Merunympha nipha Gozmány, 1969
Monopis addenda Gozmány, 1965
Monopis anaphracta Gozmány, 1967
Monopis immaculata Gozmány, 1967
Monopis megalodelta Meyrick, 1908
Monopis meyricki Gozmány, 1967
Monopis persimilis Gozmány, 1965
Monopis rejectella (Walker, 1864)
Monopis speculella (Zeller, 1852)
Organodesma merui Gozmány, 1969
Organodesma onomasta Gozmány & Vári, 1975
Pachypsaltis pachystoma (Meyrick, 1920)
Perissomastix christinae Gozmány, 1965
Perissomastix meruicola Gozmány, 1969
Perissomastix mili Gozmány, 1965
Perissomastix praxis Gozmány, 1969
Perissomastix szunyoghyi Gozmány, 1969
Perissomastix titanea Gozmány, 1967
Perissomastix topaz Gozmány, 1967
Phthoropoea pycnosaris (Meyrick, 1932)
Pitharcha atrisecta (Meyrick, 1918)
Pitharcha chalinaea Meyrick, 1908
Pitharcha fasciata (Ghesquière, 1940)
Proterospastis abscisa (Gozmány, 1967)
Rhodobates emorsus Gozmány, 1967
Scalmatica zernyi Gozmány, 1967
Silosca mariae Gozmány, 1965
Sphallestasis cyclivalva (Gozmány, 1969)
Sphallestasis epiforma (Gozmány, 1967)
Sphallestasis exiguens (Gozmány, 1967)
Sphallestasis nagyi (Gozmány, 1969)
Sphallestasis oenopis (Meyrick, 1908)
Sphallestasis pectinigera (Gozmány, 1969)
Sphallestasis saskai (Gozmány, 1969)
Sphallestasis spatulata (Gozmány, 1967)
Sphallestasis szunyoghyi (Gozmány, 1969)
Syngeneta sordida Gozmány, 1967
Tinea nesiastis (Meyrick, 1911)
Tinissa spaniastra Meyrick, 1932
Tiquadra lichenea Walsingham, 1897
Trichophaga cuspidata Gozmány, 1967
Trichophaga mormopis Meyrick, 1935
Tischeriidae
Coptotriche pulverescens (Meyrick, 1936)
Tortricidae
Accra plumbeana Razowski, 1966
Accra tanzanica Razowski, 1990
Actihema hemiacta (Meyrick, 1920)
Afrocostosa flaviapicella Aarvik, 2004
Afroploce karsholti Aarvik, 2004
Afropoecilia kituloensis Aarvik, 2010
Afrothreutes madoffei Aarvik, 2004
Bactra helgei Aarvik, 2008
Bactra jansei Diakonoff, 1963
Bactra magnei Aarvik, 2008
Bactra sinassula Diakonoff, 1963
Bactra tylophora Diakonoff, 1963
Basigonia anisoscia Diakonoff, 1983
Capua pusillana (Walker, 1863)
Cochylimorpha africana Aarvik, 2010
Cochylimorpha exoterica (Meyrick, 1924)
Cosmorrhyncha acrocosma (Meyrick, 1908)
Crimnologa perspicua Meyrick, 1920
Cryptaspasma caryothicta (Meyrick, 1920)
Cryptaspasma kigomana Aarvik, 2005
Cryptaspasma phycitinana Aarvik, 2005
Cryptaspasma subtilis Diakonoff, 1959
Cryptophlebia semilunana (Saalmüller, 1880)
Cydia leptogramma (Meyrick, 1913)
Cydia malesana (Meyrick, 1920)
Eccopsis incultana (Walker, 1863)
Eccopsis morogoro Aarvik, 2004
Eccopsis nebulana Walsingham, 1891
Eccopsis nicicecilie Aarvik, 2004
Eccopsis ochrana Aarvik, 2004
Eccopsis praecedens Walsingham, 1897
Eccopsis wahlbergiana Zeller, 1852
Epiblema riciniata (Meyrick, 1911)
Eucosma ioreas Meyrick, 1920
Eucosma xenarcha Meyrick, 1920
Eugnosta matengana Razowski, 1993
Eugnosta misella Razowski, 1993
Eugnosta percnoptila (Meyrick, 1933)
Eugnosta uganoa Razowski, 1993
Eugnosta unifasciana Aarvik, 2010
Eupoecilia kruegeriana Razowski, 1993
Geita bjoernstadi Aarvik, 2004
Gypsonoma paradelta (Meyrick, 1925)
Leguminovora glycinivorella (Matsumura, 1898)
Megalota archana Aarvik, 2004
Megalota rhopalitis (Meyrick, 1920)
Metamesia elegans (Walsingham, 1881)
Metendothenia balanacma (Meyrick, 1914)
Multiquaestia andersi Aarvik & Karisch, 2009
Multiquaestia fibigeri Aarvik & Karisch, 2009
Multiquaestia iringana Aarvik & Karisch, 2009
Multiquaestia purana Aarvik & Karisch, 2009
Olethreutes metaplecta (Meyrick, 1920)
Pammenopsis critica (Meyrick, 1905)
Paraeccopsis insellata (Meyrick, 1920)
Sambara sinuana Aarvik, 2004
Syntozyga triangulana Aarvik, 2008
Thylacogaster cyanophaea (Meyrick, 1927)
Tortrix dinota Meyrick, 1918
Tortrix platystega Meyrick, 1920
Tortrix triadelpha Meyrick, 1920
Trymalitis scalifera Meyrick, 1912
Uraniidae
Chrysiridia croesus (Gerstaecker, 1871)
Xyloryctidae
Eretmocera derogatella (Walker, 1864)
Eretmocera dorsistrigata Walsingham, 1889
Eretmocera miniata Walsingham, 1889
Yponomeutidae
Yponomeuta fumigatus Zeller, 1852
Yponomeuta morbillosus (Zeller, 1877)
Zygaenidae
Astyloneura difformis (Jordan, 1907)
Astyloneura meridionalis (Hampson, 1920)
Astyloneura nitens Jordan, 1907
Astyloneura ostia (Druce, 1896)
Neobalataea nigriventris Alberti, 1954
Saliunca assimilis Jordan, 1907
Saliunca meruana Aurivillius, 1910
References
External links
Moths
Moths
Tanzania
Tanzania |
Zhao Chongjiu (; born May 1965) is a Chinese politician who is party branch secretary of the State Post Bureau, in office since September 2022.
Biography
Zhao was born in Panshan County (now Panjin), Liaoning, in May 1965. In 1983, he entered Tianjin University, majoring in port and waterway engineering.
He joined the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in June 1986. After graduating in 1990, he was despatched to the Tianjin Water Transport Engineering Research Institute, Ministry of Communications, where he moved up the ranks to become deputy director in November 1997 and director in November 1999. He was party secretary and vice president of China Communications Press in August 2009, and held that office until October 2011. He was assigned to the Ministry of Transport in October 2011 and worked successively as director of the Science and Technology Department (2011–2014), chief engineer (2014–2016), and director of Integrated Planning Department (2016–2017).
In February 2017, he was transferred to northwest China's Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and appointed vice chairman, a position he held until May 2021.
He was appointed vice minister of transport in June 2021, concurrently serving as director of China Maritime Search and Rescue Center.
On 2 September 2022, he was appointed party branch secretary of the State Post Bureau, succeeding Ma Junsheng.
References
1965 births
Living people
People from Panjin
Tianjin University alumni
People's Republic of China politicians from Liaoning
Chinese Communist Party politicians from Liaoning |
The XVI Army Corps () was a corps of the Royal Italian Army between 1916 and 1943.
History
During World War I, Italy had sent a force to Albania in December 1914, even before it had joined the allies. This force was called Corpo di Occupazione di Valona and renamed Corpo Speciale d’Albania in December 1915. After it helped to evacuate the retreating Serbian Army, it also left Albania in March 1916.
On 20 March 1916, the Corpo Speciale d’Albania was renamed XVI Army Corps, and sent to Albania again in May 1916, where it fought against the Central powers until the end of the war. It was disbanded on 31 August 1919.
A new XVI Army Corps was created in Milan on 1 March 1940. On 1 October 1941, the Corps was moved to Sicily.
The Corps was composed of :
4th Infantry Division "Livorno"
54th Infantry Division "Napoli"
206th Coastal Division
213th Coastal Division
XVIII Coastal Brigade
XIX Coastal Brigade
Together with the XII Army Corps, the XVI Corps was engaged in intense fighting during the Allied invasion of Sicily (9 July – 17 August 1943) and suffered heavy casualties.
The remnants of the Corps were withdrawn to La Spezia where they surrendered to the Germans on 9 September 1943.
Commanders
Emilio Bertotti (20 November 1915 – 8 March 1916)
Settimio Piacentini (8 March – 17 June 1916)
Oreste Bandini (18 June – 11 December 1916), was killed in the sinking of the Regina Margherita
Giacinto Ferrero (11 December 1916 - 31 August 1919)
Antero Canale (1 March 1940 – 31 July 1941)
Carlo Rossi (31 July 1941 – 9 September 1943)
References
Army corps of Italy in World War II |
Otto Seidl (11 December 1931 – 10 December 2022) was a German judge. He served as Vice-President of the Federal Constitutional Court from 1995 to 1998.
Seidl died on 10 December 2022, at the age of 80.
References
1941 births
2022 deaths
20th-century German judges
Justices of the Federal Constitutional Court
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni
Grand Crosses with Star and Sash of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Jurists from Bavaria
Lawyers from Munich |
is a Japanese manga artist. He is best known for creating Haikyu!!.
Biography
Haruichi Furudate was born on March 7, 1983, in Karumai, Iwate. After graduating from high school, he attended in Miyagi Prefecture. In 2008, Furudate wrote the one-shot King Kid, which won an honorable mention for the . In 2010, Furudate launched his first full series in Weekly Shōnen Jump, Philosophy School, Yotsuya Sensei's Ghost Stories.
In the next year, Furudate wrote Haikyu!! starting as two one-shots that were published in Jump NEXT! and Weekly Shōnen Jump in January 2011 and April 2011 respectively. The one-shots were later turned into a full series, which started serialization in Weekly Shōnen Jump on February 20, 2012. The series ended in Weekly Shōnen Jump on July 20, 2020. While the series was serializing, it was awarded the 61st Shogakukan Manga Award in the shōnen category and ranked in the top three manga series for the 2015 Sugoi Japan Award. In 2020, the series was in the top five best selling manga in Japan, with over seven million copies sold. The series has also been given numerous adaptations, notably an anime television series and a stage play.
Influences
Furudate was a member of a volleyball club during middle and high school. Furudate often found himself going to school just to participate in the club activities, despite performing below average in classes.
Works
(One-shot) (2008)
(serialized in Weekly Shōnen Jump) (2010)
(serialized in Weekly Shōnen Jump) (2012–2020)
References
External links
1983 births
Living people
Manga artists from Iwate Prefecture |
Craig Robinson may refer to:
Craig Robinson (actor) (born 1971), actor; played Darryl Philbin on NBC's The Office
Craig Robinson (baseball) (born 1948), former Major League baseball player
Craig Robinson (basketball) (born 1962), college coach and brother of Michelle Obama
Craig Robinson (designer) (born 1972), American fashion designer
Craig Robinson (rugby league) (born 1985), rugby league footballer
See also
Greg Robinson (disambiguation) |
Ahmed Hassan or Ahmad Hassan () may refer to: عراق عربي
Ahmad Hassan
Ahmad Hassan (Malaysian politician) (born 1960), Member of Parliament for Papar
Ahmad Hassan (Syrian politician) (born 1947), Syrian diplomat and information minister
Ahmed Hassan (terrorist), (born c. 1999), perpetrator of Parsons Green train bombing
Ahmad al-Hassan
Ahmad al-Hassan (born 1968), leader of the Shia Iraqi movement Ansar of Imam al-Mahdi
Ahmad Y. al-Hassan (1925–2012), Palestinian/Syrian/Canadian historian
Ahmed Hassan
Ahmed Hassan (boxer) (born 1941), Egyptian Olympic boxer
Ahmed Hassan (cricketer) (born 1995), Italian cricketer of Pakistani descent
Ahmed Hassan (footballer, born 1975), Egyptian football midfielder
Ahmed Hassan (footballer, born 1993), Egyptian football striker
Ahmed Hassan (politician), Pakistani Senate politician
Ahmed Ismail Hassan (1990s–2012), Bahraini citizen journalist and videographer
Ahmed Issack Hassan (born 1970), Kenyan lawyer and politician
Ahmed M. Hassan, Somali American businessman and politician
Ahmed Mohamed Hassan (born 1945), Djiboutian politician
Ahmed Mohamed Hassan (pilot) (born 1953), Somali Air Force pilot
Ahmed Osman Hassan, Somali politician
Ahmed Salem Hassan, Egyptian cyclist at the 1924 Summer Olympics
Part of the name: Given and middle name
Ahmad Hassan Abdullah (born 1981), long-distance and cross country runner who at first represented Kenya but then switched to Qatar
Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr (1914–1982), president of Iraq from 1968 to 1979
Ahmed Hassan Barata (born 1960), Nigerian politician
Ahmed Hassan Farag (born 1982), Egyptian football striker
Ahmed Hassan Mahmoud, Egyptian paralympic athlete
Ahmed Hassan Mekky (born 1987), Egyptian football striker
Ahmed Hassan Musa (died 1979), Chadian insurgent
Ahmed Hassan Said (born 1961), Egyptian businessman and first chairman of the Free Egyptians Party
Ahmed Hassan Taleb (born 1980), Bahraini football midfielder |
```objective-c
//===- llvm/ADT/CoalescingBitVector.h - A coalescing bitvector --*- C++ -*-===//
//
// See path_to_url for license information.
//
//===your_sha256_hash------===//
///
/// \file
/// A bitvector that uses an IntervalMap to coalesce adjacent elements
/// into intervals.
///
//===your_sha256_hash------===//
#ifndef LLVM_ADT_COALESCINGBITVECTOR_H
#define LLVM_ADT_COALESCINGBITVECTOR_H
#include "llvm/ADT/IntervalMap.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/STLExtras.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/SmallVector.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/iterator_range.h"
#include "llvm/Support/Debug.h"
#include "llvm/Support/raw_ostream.h"
#include <initializer_list>
namespace llvm {
/// A bitvector that, under the hood, relies on an IntervalMap to coalesce
/// elements into intervals. Good for representing sets which predominantly
/// contain contiguous ranges. Bad for representing sets with lots of gaps
/// between elements.
///
/// Compared to SparseBitVector, CoalescingBitVector offers more predictable
/// performance for non-sequential find() operations.
///
/// \tparam IndexT - The type of the index into the bitvector.
template <typename IndexT> class CoalescingBitVector {
static_assert(std::is_unsigned<IndexT>::value,
"Index must be an unsigned integer.");
using ThisT = CoalescingBitVector<IndexT>;
/// An interval map for closed integer ranges. The mapped values are unused.
using MapT = IntervalMap<IndexT, char>;
using UnderlyingIterator = typename MapT::const_iterator;
using IntervalT = std::pair<IndexT, IndexT>;
public:
using Allocator = typename MapT::Allocator;
/// Construct by passing in a CoalescingBitVector<IndexT>::Allocator
/// reference.
CoalescingBitVector(Allocator &Alloc)
: Alloc(&Alloc), Intervals(Alloc) {}
/// \name Copy/move constructors and assignment operators.
/// @{
CoalescingBitVector(const ThisT &Other)
: Alloc(Other.Alloc), Intervals(*Other.Alloc) {
set(Other);
}
ThisT &operator=(const ThisT &Other) {
clear();
set(Other);
return *this;
}
CoalescingBitVector(ThisT &&Other) = delete;
ThisT &operator=(ThisT &&Other) = delete;
/// @}
/// Clear all the bits.
void clear() { Intervals.clear(); }
/// Check whether no bits are set.
bool empty() const { return Intervals.empty(); }
/// Count the number of set bits.
unsigned count() const {
unsigned Bits = 0;
for (auto It = Intervals.begin(), End = Intervals.end(); It != End; ++It)
Bits += 1 + It.stop() - It.start();
return Bits;
}
/// Set the bit at \p Index.
///
/// This method does /not/ support setting a bit that has already been set,
/// for efficiency reasons. If possible, restructure your code to not set the
/// same bit multiple times, or use \ref test_and_set.
void set(IndexT Index) {
assert(!test(Index) && "Setting already-set bits not supported/efficient, "
"IntervalMap will assert");
insert(Index, Index);
}
/// Set the bits set in \p Other.
///
/// This method does /not/ support setting already-set bits, see \ref set
/// for the rationale. For a safe set union operation, use \ref operator|=.
void set(const ThisT &Other) {
for (auto It = Other.Intervals.begin(), End = Other.Intervals.end();
It != End; ++It)
insert(It.start(), It.stop());
}
/// Set the bits at \p Indices. Used for testing, primarily.
void set(std::initializer_list<IndexT> Indices) {
for (IndexT Index : Indices)
set(Index);
}
/// Check whether the bit at \p Index is set.
bool test(IndexT Index) const {
const auto It = Intervals.find(Index);
if (It == Intervals.end())
return false;
assert(It.stop() >= Index && "Interval must end after Index");
return It.start() <= Index;
}
/// Set the bit at \p Index. Supports setting an already-set bit.
void test_and_set(IndexT Index) {
if (!test(Index))
set(Index);
}
/// Reset the bit at \p Index. Supports resetting an already-unset bit.
void reset(IndexT Index) {
auto It = Intervals.find(Index);
if (It == Intervals.end())
return;
// Split the interval containing Index into up to two parts: one from
// [Start, Index-1] and another from [Index+1, Stop]. If Index is equal to
// either Start or Stop, we create one new interval. If Index is equal to
// both Start and Stop, we simply erase the existing interval.
IndexT Start = It.start();
if (Index < Start)
// The index was not set.
return;
IndexT Stop = It.stop();
assert(Index <= Stop && "Wrong interval for index");
It.erase();
if (Start < Index)
insert(Start, Index - 1);
if (Index < Stop)
insert(Index + 1, Stop);
}
/// Set union. If \p RHS is guaranteed to not overlap with this, \ref set may
/// be a faster alternative.
void operator|=(const ThisT &RHS) {
// Get the overlaps between the two interval maps.
SmallVector<IntervalT, 8> Overlaps;
getOverlaps(RHS, Overlaps);
// Insert the non-overlapping parts of all the intervals from RHS.
for (auto It = RHS.Intervals.begin(), End = RHS.Intervals.end();
It != End; ++It) {
IndexT Start = It.start();
IndexT Stop = It.stop();
SmallVector<IntervalT, 8> NonOverlappingParts;
getNonOverlappingParts(Start, Stop, Overlaps, NonOverlappingParts);
for (IntervalT AdditivePortion : NonOverlappingParts)
insert(AdditivePortion.first, AdditivePortion.second);
}
}
/// Set intersection.
void operator&=(const ThisT &RHS) {
// Get the overlaps between the two interval maps (i.e. the intersection).
SmallVector<IntervalT, 8> Overlaps;
getOverlaps(RHS, Overlaps);
// Rebuild the interval map, including only the overlaps.
clear();
for (IntervalT Overlap : Overlaps)
insert(Overlap.first, Overlap.second);
}
/// Reset all bits present in \p Other.
void intersectWithComplement(const ThisT &Other) {
SmallVector<IntervalT, 8> Overlaps;
if (!getOverlaps(Other, Overlaps)) {
// If there is no overlap with Other, the intersection is empty.
return;
}
// Delete the overlapping intervals. Split up intervals that only partially
// intersect an overlap.
for (IntervalT Overlap : Overlaps) {
IndexT OlapStart, OlapStop;
std::tie(OlapStart, OlapStop) = Overlap;
auto It = Intervals.find(OlapStart);
IndexT CurrStart = It.start();
IndexT CurrStop = It.stop();
assert(CurrStart <= OlapStart && OlapStop <= CurrStop &&
"Expected some intersection!");
// Split the overlap interval into up to two parts: one from [CurrStart,
// OlapStart-1] and another from [OlapStop+1, CurrStop]. If OlapStart is
// equal to CurrStart, the first split interval is unnecessary. Ditto for
// when OlapStop is equal to CurrStop, we omit the second split interval.
It.erase();
if (CurrStart < OlapStart)
insert(CurrStart, OlapStart - 1);
if (OlapStop < CurrStop)
insert(OlapStop + 1, CurrStop);
}
}
bool operator==(const ThisT &RHS) const {
// We cannot just use std::equal because it checks the dereferenced values
// of an iterator pair for equality, not the iterators themselves. In our
// case that results in comparison of the (unused) IntervalMap values.
auto ItL = Intervals.begin();
auto ItR = RHS.Intervals.begin();
while (ItL != Intervals.end() && ItR != RHS.Intervals.end() &&
ItL.start() == ItR.start() && ItL.stop() == ItR.stop()) {
++ItL;
++ItR;
}
return ItL == Intervals.end() && ItR == RHS.Intervals.end();
}
bool operator!=(const ThisT &RHS) const { return !operator==(RHS); }
class const_iterator {
friend class CoalescingBitVector;
public:
using iterator_category = std::forward_iterator_tag;
using value_type = IndexT;
using difference_type = std::ptrdiff_t;
using pointer = value_type *;
using reference = value_type &;
private:
// For performance reasons, make the offset at the end different than the
// one used in \ref begin, to optimize the common `It == end()` pattern.
static constexpr unsigned kIteratorAtTheEndOffset = ~0u;
UnderlyingIterator MapIterator;
unsigned OffsetIntoMapIterator = 0;
// Querying the start/stop of an IntervalMap iterator can be very expensive.
// Cache these values for performance reasons.
IndexT CachedStart = IndexT();
IndexT CachedStop = IndexT();
void setToEnd() {
OffsetIntoMapIterator = kIteratorAtTheEndOffset;
CachedStart = IndexT();
CachedStop = IndexT();
}
/// MapIterator has just changed, reset the cached state to point to the
/// start of the new underlying iterator.
void resetCache() {
if (MapIterator.valid()) {
OffsetIntoMapIterator = 0;
CachedStart = MapIterator.start();
CachedStop = MapIterator.stop();
} else {
setToEnd();
}
}
/// Advance the iterator to \p Index, if it is contained within the current
/// interval. The public-facing method which supports advancing past the
/// current interval is \ref advanceToLowerBound.
void advanceTo(IndexT Index) {
assert(Index <= CachedStop && "Cannot advance to OOB index");
if (Index < CachedStart)
// We're already past this index.
return;
OffsetIntoMapIterator = Index - CachedStart;
}
const_iterator(UnderlyingIterator MapIt) : MapIterator(MapIt) {
resetCache();
}
public:
const_iterator() { setToEnd(); }
bool operator==(const const_iterator &RHS) const {
// Do /not/ compare MapIterator for equality, as this is very expensive.
// The cached start/stop values make that check unnecessary.
return std::tie(OffsetIntoMapIterator, CachedStart, CachedStop) ==
std::tie(RHS.OffsetIntoMapIterator, RHS.CachedStart,
RHS.CachedStop);
}
bool operator!=(const const_iterator &RHS) const {
return !operator==(RHS);
}
IndexT operator*() const { return CachedStart + OffsetIntoMapIterator; }
const_iterator &operator++() { // Pre-increment (++It).
if (CachedStart + OffsetIntoMapIterator < CachedStop) {
// Keep going within the current interval.
++OffsetIntoMapIterator;
} else {
// We reached the end of the current interval: advance.
++MapIterator;
resetCache();
}
return *this;
}
const_iterator operator++(int) { // Post-increment (It++).
const_iterator tmp = *this;
operator++();
return tmp;
}
/// Advance the iterator to the first set bit AT, OR AFTER, \p Index. If
/// no such set bit exists, advance to end(). This is like std::lower_bound.
/// This is useful if \p Index is close to the current iterator position.
/// However, unlike \ref find(), this has worst-case O(n) performance.
void advanceToLowerBound(IndexT Index) {
if (OffsetIntoMapIterator == kIteratorAtTheEndOffset)
return;
// Advance to the first interval containing (or past) Index, or to end().
while (Index > CachedStop) {
++MapIterator;
resetCache();
if (OffsetIntoMapIterator == kIteratorAtTheEndOffset)
return;
}
advanceTo(Index);
}
};
const_iterator begin() const { return const_iterator(Intervals.begin()); }
const_iterator end() const { return const_iterator(); }
/// Return an iterator pointing to the first set bit AT, OR AFTER, \p Index.
/// If no such set bit exists, return end(). This is like std::lower_bound.
/// This has worst-case logarithmic performance (roughly O(log(gaps between
/// contiguous ranges))).
const_iterator find(IndexT Index) const {
auto UnderlyingIt = Intervals.find(Index);
if (UnderlyingIt == Intervals.end())
return end();
auto It = const_iterator(UnderlyingIt);
It.advanceTo(Index);
return It;
}
/// Return a range iterator which iterates over all of the set bits in the
/// half-open range [Start, End).
iterator_range<const_iterator> half_open_range(IndexT Start,
IndexT End) const {
assert(Start < End && "Not a valid range");
auto StartIt = find(Start);
if (StartIt == end() || *StartIt >= End)
return {end(), end()};
auto EndIt = StartIt;
EndIt.advanceToLowerBound(End);
return {StartIt, EndIt};
}
void print(raw_ostream &OS) const {
OS << "{";
for (auto It = Intervals.begin(), End = Intervals.end(); It != End;
++It) {
OS << "[" << It.start();
if (It.start() != It.stop())
OS << ", " << It.stop();
OS << "]";
}
OS << "}";
}
#if !defined(NDEBUG) || defined(LLVM_ENABLE_DUMP)
LLVM_DUMP_METHOD void dump() const {
// LLDB swallows the first line of output after callling dump(). Add
// newlines before/after the braces to work around this.
dbgs() << "\n";
print(dbgs());
dbgs() << "\n";
}
#endif
private:
void insert(IndexT Start, IndexT End) { Intervals.insert(Start, End, 0); }
/// Record the overlaps between \p this and \p Other in \p Overlaps. Return
/// true if there is any overlap.
bool getOverlaps(const ThisT &Other,
SmallVectorImpl<IntervalT> &Overlaps) const {
for (IntervalMapOverlaps<MapT, MapT> I(Intervals, Other.Intervals);
I.valid(); ++I)
Overlaps.emplace_back(I.start(), I.stop());
assert(llvm::is_sorted(Overlaps,
[](IntervalT LHS, IntervalT RHS) {
return LHS.second < RHS.first;
}) &&
"Overlaps must be sorted");
return !Overlaps.empty();
}
/// Given the set of overlaps between this and some other bitvector, and an
/// interval [Start, Stop] from that bitvector, determine the portions of the
/// interval which do not overlap with this.
void getNonOverlappingParts(IndexT Start, IndexT Stop,
const SmallVectorImpl<IntervalT> &Overlaps,
SmallVectorImpl<IntervalT> &NonOverlappingParts) {
IndexT NextUncoveredBit = Start;
for (IntervalT Overlap : Overlaps) {
IndexT OlapStart, OlapStop;
std::tie(OlapStart, OlapStop) = Overlap;
// [Start;Stop] and [OlapStart;OlapStop] overlap iff OlapStart <= Stop
// and Start <= OlapStop.
bool DoesOverlap = OlapStart <= Stop && Start <= OlapStop;
if (!DoesOverlap)
continue;
// Cover the range [NextUncoveredBit, OlapStart). This puts the start of
// the next uncovered range at OlapStop+1.
if (NextUncoveredBit < OlapStart)
NonOverlappingParts.emplace_back(NextUncoveredBit, OlapStart - 1);
NextUncoveredBit = OlapStop + 1;
if (NextUncoveredBit > Stop)
break;
}
if (NextUncoveredBit <= Stop)
NonOverlappingParts.emplace_back(NextUncoveredBit, Stop);
}
Allocator *Alloc;
MapT Intervals;
};
} // namespace llvm
#endif // LLVM_ADT_COALESCINGBITVECTOR_H
``` |
Bilal Town is a wealthy northeastern suburb of Abbottabad, Pakistan. It lies between central Abbottabad and Kakul, where the Pakistan Military Academy is located. The upper-class neighborhood contains some large, sometimes garish houses and open fields and has a high number of retired military officials living in the community.
History
In May 2011, the house of Osama bin Laden was invaded by the U.S. military in the southeastern outskirts of Bilal Town and he was killed.
References
Populated places in Abbottabad District |
Dmitry Vitalyevich Monakov (Ukrainian: Дмитро Віталійович Монаков, Russian: Дмитрий Витальевич Монаков, 17 February 1963 in Kiev, Soviet Union – 21 November 2007 in Kyiv, Ukraine) was a Soviet and Ukrainian shooter. He was an Olympic champion in 1988 in trap shooting.
Monakov won the Olympic (1988), World (1987, 1994) and European (1988) championships. He participated in the 1996 Olympics on the Ukrainian team but didn't win any medal. Afterwards, he was a coach of the national team.
Monakov died on 21 November 2007 from a thrombus problem.
He was buried at Berkovtsi cemetery.
Notes
References
1963 births
2007 deaths
Shooters at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Shooters at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Olympic shooters for the Soviet Union
Olympic shooters for Ukraine
Sportspeople from Kyiv
Soviet male sport shooters
Ukrainian male sport shooters
Trap and double trap shooters
Olympic medalists in shooting
Honoured Masters of Sport of the USSR
Medalists at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for the Soviet Union |
The Lawrence County School District is a public school district based in Monticello, Mississippi (USA). The district's boundaries parallel that of Lawrence County. The Lawrence County School District is under the administration of Tammy Fairburn.
There were a total of 2,322 students enrolled in the Lawrence County School District during the 2006–2007 school year.
Schools
Lawrence County High School (Grades 9-12)
Tawanna C. Thornton, Principal
Lawrence County IMPACT Center (Grades 5-12)
Carla Bell, Director
Lawrence County Technology & Career Center (Grades 9-12)
Darrel Turner, Director
Rod Paige Middle School (Grades 5-8)
Lenard King, Principal
Monticello Elementary School (Grades K-4)
Cynthia Carr Williamson, Principal
New Hebron Attendance Center (Grades K-8)
Ronnie Morgan, Principal
Topeka Tilton Attendance Center (Grades K-8)
John Bull, Principal
Demographics
2006-07 school year
There were a total of 2,322 students enrolled in the Lawrence County School District during the 2006–2007 school year. The gender makeup of the district was 49% female and 51% male. The racial makeup of the district was 42.33% African American, 56.20% White, 0.95% Hispanic, and 0.52% Asian. 55.7% of the district's students were eligible to receive free lunch.
Previous school years
Accountability statistics
See also
List of school districts in Mississippi
References
External links
Education in Lawrence County, Mississippi
School districts in Mississippi |
Caselle Lurani (Lodigiano: ) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Lodi in the Italian region Lombardy, located about southeast of Milan and about west of Lodi.
Caselle Lurani borders the following municipalities: Bascapè, Casaletto Lodigiano, Salerano sul Lambro, Castiraga Vidardo, Valera Fratta, Marudo.
References
Cities and towns in Lombardy |
Dormagen Chempark station is a station in the town of Dormagen in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. Chemiepark Dormagen is the location of a large Bayer works. The station is on the Lower Left Rhine Railway and it is classified by Deutsche Bahn as a category 6 station. The station was opened briefly during World War I as Hackenbroich. It was reopened in 1948 and was renamed Dormagen Bayerwerk between 1954 and 1957. It was renamed Dormagen Chempark on 15 December 2013.
The station is served by line S 11 of the Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn, running between Düsseldorf Airport and Bergisch Gladbach every 20 minutes during the day.
See also
Leverkusen Chempark station
Krefeld-Hohenbudberg Chempark station
References
Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn stations
S11 (Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn)
Railway stations in Germany opened in 1948
Buildings and structures in Rhein-Kreis Neuss |
Esteban de Aguilar y Zúñiga (13 August 1606 – 1681) was a Spanish theologian and writer. He was born in Escalona del Alberche on 13 August 1606 and died in Madrid some time after 1681. He was the son of writer and humanist Juan de Aguilar Villaquirán.
Education and career
Originally a hidalgo nobleman from both parents, he chose the religious career, was ordained a priest, obtained a doctorate in theology and took up residence in the Villa de Madrid. In October 1656 he participated with a tenth, a sonnet, a lyre, a gloss and some limericks in the Angelic Contest organized for the celebration of the Dedication of the New Temple of Saint Thomas", because the Old Temple of the Convent of St. Thomas Aquinas, formerly known as "El Colegio de Atocha "- burned, by an oversight of the neighbors on 14 August 1652.
In the twilight of his life, from 1678–1679, he was dean of the renowned College of the town of Escalona. At the same time he held the position of censor of books and his name appears on several "Censorships" and "Endorsements", the first dated in 1663 and the last in 1681; from this last fact it is deduced that he reached seventy-five years old and perhaps surpassed it.
Works
While very young, at twenty-two, he wrote Corona de predicadores (Crown of preachers), a sermon on Saint Stephen which was later printed (Madrid: Maria de Quinones, 1636). At thirty six years old he produced Combates de Job con el demonio (Job's Battles with the devil) (Madrid: Carlos Sanchez, 1642).
Other works include la Quaresma (Lent) or Sermones para ella (Sermons for her) (1657), some single poems for the angelic contest (1657) and la Estatua y árbol con voz, política, canónica y soñada (the Statue and the tree with a political, canonical and dreamy voice (1661).
He translated from Latin into Castilian los Tártaros en China (Tartars in China) by father Martí Martinio (1665) and la Corte Divina (the Divine Court) or Palacio Celestial (the Celestial Palace) by Nicolás Causino (1675) and from Portuguese into Castilian, Laurea lusitana (Lusitanian Laurea), first part (s.a.) and Part II (1679 ).
Sources
Theodora Grigoriadu, Doctoral dissertation La obra de Luciano samosatense, orador y filósofo excelente (The work of Luciano, the Samosan, orator and excellent philosopher), Manuscript 55 of the Menéndez y Pelayo library: 2010 edition and study.
17th-century Spanish writers
People from the Province of Toledo
1606 births
1681 deaths |
Ralph Albert Foote (January 22, 1923 – July 16, 2003) was an American attorney who served as the 69th lieutenant governor of Vermont from 1961 to 1965, and a prominent attorney practicing in Middlebury, Vermont.
Early life
Foote was born in Proctor, Vermont, on January 22, 1923. He was the grandson of Lieutenant Governor Abram W. Foote.
Foote graduated from Amherst College in 1943 and served in the United States Marine Corps during World War II, including combat at the Battle of Okinawa. He graduated from Albany Law School in 1949 and became an attorney in Middlebury. He returned to active duty with the Marines during the Korean War.
Career
A Republican, Foote served as Deputy State's Attorney of Addison County and interim state's attorney. He was an unsuccessful candidate for the Republican state's attorney nomination in 1950. Foote ran successfully for the Vermont House of Representatives in 1956 and served two terms, also serving as chairman of the House Judiciary Committee.
Elected Lieutenant Governor in 1960, he served under Republican F. Ray Keyser Jr. When Keyser lost the governorship to Philip H. Hoff in 1962, Foote won re-election. In 1964 Foote challenged Hoff, but lost badly in what turned into a wave election for Democrats nationwide.
Foote spent the rest of his career at the law firm of Conley and Foote in Middlebury. He also served as president of the Addison County and Vermont Bar Associations, was chairman of the Vermont Judicial Conduct Board, and chaired the Middlebury and Addison County Republican Committees.
Personal life
He was married for more than 50 years to Nancy Dickey Foote. They had five sons—Brian, Peter, Cory, Richard, and Anthony.
Death
He died in Middlebury on July 16, 2003. He was cremated, and his remains were interred at Evergreen Cemetery in West Cornwall, Vermont. His wife Nancy died on May 10, 2014.
References
1923 births
2003 deaths
Lieutenant Governors of Vermont
Republican Party members of the Vermont House of Representatives
Military personnel from Vermont
People from Middlebury, Vermont
Amherst College alumni
Albany Law School alumni
United States Marine Corps personnel of World War II
United States Marine Corps personnel of the Korean War
United States Marines
Vermont lawyers
State's attorneys in Vermont
Burials in Vermont
20th-century American politicians
20th-century American lawyers |
Kericho East Constituency - (1963-1988) the now defunct constituency was among the post colonial constituencies in the current Kericho County. It was later changed to Kipkelion Constituency in the General Election of 1988.Kipkelion Constituency was later split into two, that is Kipkelion West and Kipkelion East Constituencies for the General Election of 2013 inline with the New Constitution of Kenya (2010).
Members of Parliament
Related Links
Kipkelion Constituency
Kipkelion East Constituency
Kipkelion West Constituency
References
Former constituencies of Kenya
Kericho County |
Geriley () is a small town in the southwestern Gedo region of Somalia.
Overview
The town originally acquired its name Geriley from the abundant local wildlife; in particular, giraffes ("geri" in the Somali language).
Geriley is situated near Somalia's border with the North Eastern Province, north of Wajir.
Demographics
The town has a diverse population of Somalis, with people from the Somali ethnic group also well represented, especially the [[Marehan [Darod]]].
References
External links
Geriley
Populated places in Gedo |
Barry Daniels (1933–2010) was a British artist, painter, and designer.
Barry Daniels studied at Slade School of Fine Arts in the 1950s with lucien Freud, Henry Moore, graham Sutherland, Phillip Sutton, Paula Rego, Euan Uglow, Michael Andrews and Bernard Cohen, taught by William Coldstream
He won the Wilson Steer prize for Landscape painting in 1953, the Abbey Minor Scholarship 53, Boise Scholarship 54 and French Government Scholarship 58.
Barry Exhibited at the ICA Six Young Painters and London Group Exhibitions in 1956. In 1959 he exhibited in a major abstract Impressionism exhibition along with Nicolas de Staël, Sam Francis, Peter Lanyon, Patrick Heron, Bernard Cohen, André Masson and Helen Frankenthaler. Rowland & Delbance Group Shows 1956-58 and Fulham Gallery in 1968. He also had a joint show with Bridget Riley, David Hockney and Eduardo Paolozzi at the London Art Gallery in Queanbeyan Australia in 1969 https://www.smh.com.au/culture/art-and-design/found-in-the-divorce-tidy-up-forgotten-works-of-an-artists-commune-20210722-p58c3x.html
In 1958 he and Tom Adams started Danad Design, a collective formed with three other artists - Peter Blake, Bernard Cohen, Robyn Denny and Edward Wright. They had one major exhibition in the Portal Gallery in November 1960. Danad Design furniture was sold exclusively through London outlets Liberty's, Heals and Harrods.
Toward the end of the 1960s Barry Daniels started designing textiles for the likes of Mary Quant, Biba and Liberties https://designmcr.com/artists/danad-design and set up the Barry Daniels Studio. As well as selling his own designs he became an agent for designers from the 70's, 80's and 90's, selling globally but mostly in New York. Some of his designs are in the Cooper Hewitt collection in the Smithsonian Museum.
References
1933 births
2010 deaths
British artists |
The Court of Session is the primary court of first instance in criminal cases in Pakistan, and most serious criminal cases are tried in it. The court also has limited civil and appellate jurisdiction.
References
External links
Court Structure of Pakistan
Court system of Pakistan
Judiciary of Pakistan |
Daniel Nicholas Quine (formerly known as Daniel Nicholas Crow) is a computer scientist, currently VP Engineering at AltSchool.
Early career
Quine learned to program on a ZX81 and a BBC Micro in the 1980s.
He received a BSc in Computer Science from the University of Leeds, and earned his PhD in Artificial Intelligence from Leeds in 1995. His thesis work used machine learning algorithms to discover patterns in user interactions.
In the mid-1990s he was Head of Software Development for Art of Memory where he produced the Story of Glass multimedia kiosk and CD-ROM amongst others.
Silicon Valley
In 1996, Quine joined Apple Computer where he initially worked as lead software engineer on the Apple Media Tool. He was also manager of the Hypercard engineering team and the QuickTime applications team. He worked closely with Steve Jobs on the QuickTime Player application and was co-inventor of two software patents with Jobs. In August 2011, Quine was interviewed by the BBC to discuss Steve Jobs' resignation as CEO of Apple.
After leaving Apple in 2000, Quine worked at a number of technology startups. He was Chief Scientist of guru.com where he developed the SmartMatch intelligent search engine. After guru.com was acquired by Unicru, Quine stayed on as Chief Scientist and Chief Architect until 2005.
In 2005, Quine co-founded Blurb.com. As Chief Technology Officer of Blurb he led the development and launch of their first BookSmart product.
Google
In 2006 Quine joined Google as Product Manager for the crawl infrastructure group. In this role he regularly spoke at search engine optimisation conferences and led the company's teams working on the Robots Exclusion Protocol and other crawler technologies; he also represented Google on the proposed ACAP standard.
In February 2008, in an interview with the Technology Review, Quine discussed Google's "alternate views" search interface experiments, and described Google's vision for the future of search: "One thing to remember is that (search is) still the early days. People think that search is a solved problem. I think we're still in the early days of making search work on a universal global scale. We know we can do better."
In 2009, Quine led the engineering team that developed Google Squared, a large scale knowledge extraction technology that is part of the Knowledge Graph technology. He then moved to Google's London office where he led development of Google's mobile search applications and Google Ads Professionals and Rich Media Dynamic Ads projects.
Songkick
In January 2011, Quine left Google to join Songkick. At Songkick he helped create the Silicon Milkroundabout hiring fair. He also led Songkick's transition to a Service Oriented Architecture and helped the company adopt continuous integration.
In May 2014, Quine was interviewed by Silicon Real, and talked about his experience at Songkick, as well as his earlier career and the future of the tech industry. In May 2014, Songkick had more than 10 million monthly unique users and had generated more than $100m of ticket revenue through referrals. In June 2015, Songkick announced its merger with direct ticket vendor CrowdSurge and a $16.6m Series C investment round; Quine remains the CTO of the combined company.
In September 2015, Quine chaired a roundtable discussion with a panel of experts in Artificial Intelligence who talked about the risks and opportunities in the field.
Tech City
In March 2012, Quine was named one of the "jobs ambassadors" for Channel 4 News. He regularly comments on startups in Tech City, including writing for The Guardian, talking at conferences and promoting UK startups for the London Olympics. He is one of the founding members of the Tech London Advocates group. In December 2013, Quine was interviewed on BBC World News by Linda Yueh discussing entrepreneurship.
Leeds University
Quine is a Visiting Professor of Computer Science at the University of Leeds. He lectures at the university on entrepreneurship and startups. He also writes on Computer Science. He is one of the prominent engineering alumni of the University.
Return to Silicon Valley
In July 2016, Quine returned to Silicon Valley, where he joined education startup AltSchool. In 2019, he joined Lever as VP of Engineering, Product and Design. In 2022, Quine was working at Mode Analytics.
Railway historian and author
Quine writes books and articles about narrow-gauge railways, including the Ffestiniog, Corris and Talyllyn Railways in Wales; and the Kettering Ironstone Railway, the Waltham Iron Ore Tramway in England. In 2019, Quine presented a paper at the Social History Conference on the "impact of English industrialists on rural Mid Wales",
In 2022, Quine presented at the Society for Industrial Archeology's conference, on "Rail transport at the Yellow Aster gold mine". He published a related article on the Yellow Aster Mine later that year. In December he published a book on the Hendre-Ddu Tramway.
References
Alumni of the University of Leeds
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
British computer scientists
British technology company founders
Google employees
Apple Inc. employees
Rail transport writers
Social historians
Railway historians |
MV Grey Lady is a high speed catamaran ferry operated by Hy-Line Cruises that travels on a route between Hyannis and Nantucket.
The vessel was designed by Incat Crowther and ordered from Gladding-Hearn Shipbuilding in February 2002. While she was originally to be named Grey Lady III, following two previous ferries of that name, when she was delivered in May 2003 she bore the name Grey Lady. She is the third Incat ferry to be operated by Hy-Line, preceded by Grey Lady II (now Lady Martha) and succeeded by Grey Lady IV.
Grey Lady is long, with a beam of and a draft of . She displaces 142 Long Tons and is 86 Gross Tons. Her speed comes from four KTA50M2 Cummins diesel engines spinning four Hamilton water jets through Reinjtes gearboxes. The engines can propel her at up to , though her normal service speed is . She has a passenger capacity of 300.
References
Ferries of Massachusetts
2003 ships
Ships built in Somerset, Massachusetts |
Rajeshwari Vaidyanathan is a Tamil novelist who writes in the pen-name Arunaa Nandhini She was born into a family where her father, too was a novelist. Her 1st short story Madhumati was published in the magazine Devi and her 1st novel was Nazhai Vaanilla published in Rani Muthu. She has written nearly 50 short stories that have been published in Amuthasurabi, Mangai Malar, Rani, Devi, Savi, and Nandhini. She has been awarded the Kurunovel Award by 'Kalai Magal and the Mini Thodar Award by the publisher Devi. One of her short stories was accepted and included in the Singapore Syllabus during the 1990s.
Arunaa Nandhini's novels are published by Arunodhayam and Arivalayam Publications. Her novels cover family subjects, romance, reality, with some humor added for the readers to enjoy at their leisure.
One of her daughters in law is Chandana Brijesh
Arunaa Nandhini's novels:
Paatha Nyabagam Illayo
Sollathan Ninaikiren
Uyril Kalandha Uyirey
Envasam Nanillai
Vaarayo Vennillavey.
References
Pustaka library
Living people
Tamil writers
Year of birth missing (living people) |
The Museum of Cham Sculpture () is a museum located in Hải Châu District, Đà Nẵng, central Vietnam, near the Han River.
The establishment of a Cham sculpture museum in Da Nang was first proposed in 1902 by the Department of Archaeology of EFEO. Henri Parmentier, a prominent archaeologist of the department, made great contributions to the campaign for its construction. Reportedly founded in 1915 as the Musée Henri Parmentier, its first building opened in 1919 and was designed by two French architects, M. Deleval and M. Auclair, who were inspired by Parmentier to use some traditional Cham elements in the composition. Prior to the establishment of the museum, the site was known as the "garden of sculptures" and many Cham sculptures that had been collected in Da Nang, Quảng Nam and elsewhere had been brought there over the preceding twenty years.
The museum has been expanded twice. The first expansion was in the mid-1930s, with two new galleries providing display space for the objects added in the 1920s and 1930s. Henri Parmentier directed the display based on the areas where sculptures were found. The 1000 meter square of floor space was arranged for the collections of Mỹ Sơn, Trà Kiệu, Đồng Dương, Tháp Mẫm, Quang Tri, Quảng Ngãi, Bình Định and Kon Tum. In 2002, the Museum was again expanded with the two-story building providing an additional 1000 square meters. The new building provides not only space for display, but also for storage, a library, a restoration workshop and offices for staff.
Before 2007, the Museum was managed by Da Nang Museums, an administrative organ in charge of the city's museums and heritage. In 2008 it became affiliated with the city Department of Culture, Sport and Tourism.
The museum houses the world's largest collection of Cham sculpture and is a popular tourist destination.
Sculptures at the Museum
See also
Art of Champa
Literature
External links
Vietnam National Administration of Tourism | Museum of Cham Sculpture
Photo gallery of the museum
Museums in Vietnam
Cham
Buildings and structures in Da Nang
French colonial architecture in Vietnam
Archaeological museums
Tourist attractions in Da Nang |
Guy Clinton McElroy (1946 – May 31, 1990) was an African American art historian and curator. Most notably, McElroy curated the major exhibition titled Facing History: The Black Image in American Art, 1710-1940. He died during the run of the show in 1990.
Early life and education
Born to George and Geraldine Woods, McElroy was born and raised in Fairmont, West Virginia. He earned a Bachelor of Arts from the local Fairmont State College in 1970. McElroy then received two Master of Arts degrees: one from the University of Cincinnati in art history in 1972, and another from Emerson College in communication in 1975. At Cincinnati, he wrote a master's thesis on the artist Robert S. Duncanson, supervised by Gabriel P. Weisberg. While at Emerson, he wrote a thesis on the Roxbury Conglomerate and had a stint as a Rockefeller Fellow in Museum Studies at the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco. Between 1976 and 1980, he pursued a PhD in art history from the University of California, Berkeley, and transferred to the University of Maryland in 1983. McElroy did not complete his doctoral studies before his death in 1990.
Later life and career
McElroy began his curatorial career in 1972 as assistant curator at the Utah Museum of Fine Arts, and then in the same position at the Museum of African American History in Boston, starting in 1974. Four years later, he became curator at the Mary McLeod Bethune Council House National Historic Site and became assistant director from 1982 to 1988. In 1986, he was also hired as adjunct curator at the Brooklyn Museum.
A year later, after an automobile accident in New Mexico, McElroy became a quadriplegic and began using a wheelchair. He continued to work the Brooklyn Museum until 1989 and organized an influential exhibition entitled Facing History: The Black Image in American Art, 1710–1940, which toured in 1990 at the Corcoran Gallery of Art and the Brooklyn Museum. Facing History was the first public exhibition and catalog by a major museum to showcase depictions of African Americans in American art. McElroy died as a result of pulmonary embolism while the exhibition was on view in Brooklyn. Before his death, he had been slated to become assistant professor of art history at the University of Maryland.
The New York Public Library holds an archive of McElroy's papers, dating from 1969 until his death.
Works
Black Women Visual Artists in Washington, D.C., Bethune Museum-Archives, 1986.
African-American Artists, 1880-1987: Selections from the Evans-Tibbs Collection, with Richard J. Powell and Sharon F. Patton, University of Washington Press, 1989.
Facing History: The Black Image in American Art, 1710-1940, Bedford Arts, 1990.
See also
List of Emerson College people
List of gay, lesbian or bisexual people: M
List of people with quadriplegia
List of University of Cincinnati people
References
External links
Dictionary of Art Historians profile
New York Times obituary
1946 births
1990 deaths
People from Fairmont, West Virginia
Fairmont State University alumni
University of Cincinnati alumni
Emerson College alumni
20th-century African-American writers
20th-century American historians
African-American historians
American art curators
American art historians
American gay writers
Brooklyn Museum
People with tetraplegia
Respiratory disease deaths in New York (state)
Deaths from pulmonary embolism |
The 2022 SMP Russian Circuit Racing Series was the ninth season of the Russian Circuit Racing Series, organized by SMP Racing. It's the eighth season with TCR class cars. In 2022, the competition's held in eight classes: Touring, Touring Light, Super Production, S1600, GT4, CN, Historic LADA Cup and Time Attack Unlimited.
Teams and drivers
Yokohama is the official tyre supplier.
Touring / TCR Russian Touring Car Championship
Super Production
All teams and drivers are Russian-registered.
Touring Light
All teams and drivers are Russian-registered.
S1600
All teams and drivers are Russian-registered.
GT4
All teams and drivers are Russian-registered.
Sports prototype CN
SMP LADA Historic Touring Cup
SMP Time Attack Unlim
Calendar and results
The first version of the schedule was announced on January 26, 2022, and included 8 events, 4 of which were to be held in a two-weekend format. On March 23, 2022, a modified schedule is presented that includes 4 events and all events scheduled to be held in Russia. The final version of the calendar is presented on April 15 and includes 5 rounds.
Championship standings
Scoring systems
Touring / TCR Russian Touring Car Championship
† – Drivers did not finish the race, but were classified as they completed over 75% of the race distance.
Touring / TCR Russian Touring Car Championship Team's Standings
Super Production
† – Drivers did not finish the race, but were classified as they completed over 75% of the race distance.
Super Production Team's Standings
Touring Light
† – Drivers did not finish the race, but were classified as they completed over 75% of the race distance.
Touring Light Team's Standings
S1600
† – Drivers did not finish the race, but were classified as they completed over 75% of the race distance.
S1600 Team's Standings
Russian Circuit Racing Series
Russian Circuit Racing Series
Russian Circuit Racing Series |
The Rise and Fall of Wellington Boots is an Australian television sitcom, consisting of six 30-minute episodes, which first screened on the ABC in 1975.
Cast
Serge Lazareff
Julieanne Newbould
Gordon Glenwright
Tony Bonner
Anne Phelan
Colin McEwan
Syd Conabere
Rosie Sturgess
Natalie Mosco
See also
List of Australian television series
References
External links
The Rise and Fall of Wellington Boots at Classic Television Australia
1975 Australian television series debuts
1975 Australian television series endings
Australian television sitcoms
Australian Broadcasting Corporation original programming
English-language television shows |
Gozdno is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Świerzawa, within Złotoryja County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.
It lies approximately north of Świerzawa, south of Złotoryja, and west of the regional capital Wrocław.
Gallery
References
Gozdno |
Colin James Oliver Harrison (18 August 1926 – 17 November 2003) was an English ornithologist.
Harrison was born in London. He got a scholarship to grammar school, and then worked as a librarian and a teacher. He had been interested in birds since childhood, and joined an expedition to study autumn migration in Norway. He became a professional ornithologist at the age of 34 and became responsible for the care of the national collection of birds' nests and eggs in the Bird Room at the Natural History Museum at Tring, Hertfordshire. In 1966 he led the fourth of the series of Harold Hall Australian ornithological collecting expeditions.
Harrison later became interested in biogeography and the museum's avian paleontological collection, on which he published a number of articles with Cyril Walker. He studied and published on different aspects of bird behaviour, on plumage patterns, and on the bone structure of modern and fossil birds. He identified Eostrix vincenti in 1980.
Bibliography (incomplete)
Atlas of the Birds of the Western Palearctic (Collins, 1982)
History of the Birds of Britain (Collins, 1988)
A Field Guide to the Nests, Eggs and Nestlings of British and European Birds (Quadrangle, 1975)
References
Publisher's biography in A Field Guide to Nests, Eggs and Nestlings of British and European Birds
1926 births
2003 deaths
English ornithologists
Scientists from London
20th-century British zoologists |
The 2000 LEN European Championships were held Monday 3 July to Sunday 9 July 2000 in Helsinki, Finland. Competition was swum in the 50 m, long course pool at the Mäkelänrinne Swimming Center. The 25th edition of the event was organised by the LEN less than three months prior to the Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia.
The championships included the aquatic disciplines of Swimming (long course), Open Water Swimming, Diving, and Synchronised swimming.
Medal table
Swimming
Men's events
Women's events
Open water swimming
Men's events
Women's events
Diving
Men's events
Women's events
Synchronized swimming
References
External links
Results
Swim Rankings results
European Aquatics Championships, 2000
S
LEN European Aquatics Championships
S
International sports competitions in Helsinki
Swimming competitions in Finland
July 2000 sports events in Europe
2000s in Helsinki |
Robert Constable (c. 1478 – 1537) was an English nobleman during the Tudor period.
Robert Constable may also refer to:
Robert Constable (14th century MP), for Yorkshire (UK Parliament constituency) in 1388
Robert Constable (died 1558), for Yorkshire in 1553
Robert Constable (died 1591), MP for Nottinghamshire and Nottingham
Robert Constable (fl. 1586), MP in 1586 for Appleby (UK Parliament constituency)
Robert L. Constable (born 1942), American professor of computer science
Bob Constable (footballer) (born 1932), Australian footballer for Melbourne |
Ceralocyna margareteae is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Martins & Galileo in 1994.
References
Ceralocyna
Beetles described in 1994 |
Thomas Downes (12 January 1921 – 24 June 1960) was a New Zealand cricketer. He played in five first-class matches for Wellington from 1940 to 1947.
See also
List of Wellington representative cricketers
References
External links
1921 births
1960 deaths
New Zealand cricketers
Wellington cricketers
Cricketers from Palmerston North |
1834 Palach, provisional designation , is a stony Eoan asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 19 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 22 August 1969 by Czech astronomer Luboš Kohoutek at Bergedorf Observatory in Hamburg, Germany, and named after Czech student Jan Palach.
Orbit and classification
Palach is a member of the Eos family (), the largest asteroid family in the outer main belt consisting of nearly 10,000 asteroids.
It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.8–3.2 AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,922 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.07 and an inclination of 9° with respect to the ecliptic. As no precoveries were taken, and no prior identifications were made, Palachs observation arc begins with its official discovery observation in 1969.
Physical characteristics
Rotation period
In September 2006, a rotational lightcurve for Palach was obtained from photometric observations made by French amateur astronomer Laurent Bernasconi at St. Michel sur Meu. It gave a rotation period of 3.139 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.16 magnitude (). In May 2010, a second lightcurve, obtained by Zachary Pligge at Oakley Southern Sky Observatory, Australia, gave a period of 3.1358 hours with an amplitude of 0.13 ().
Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Palach measures between 17.16 and 20.23 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.109 and 0.151. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for Eoan asteroids of 0.14 and calculates a diameter of 19.52 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.3.
Naming
It was named in memory of Czech student Jan Palach (1948–1969), who burned himself to death, as a protest against the Soviet occupation of Czechoslovakia that followed and ended the national reform movement known as the Prague Spring. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 25 August 1991 ().
References
External links
Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info )
Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books
Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend
Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center
001834
Discoveries by Luboš Kohoutek
Named minor planets
19690822 |
Silikan (, also Romanized as Sīlīkān) is a village in Alamut-e Pain Rural District, Rudbar-e Alamut District, Qazvin County, Qazvin Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 66, in 26 families.
References
Populated places in Qazvin County |
6 is the fourth album by the Norwegian avant-garde free improvisation electronic group Supersilent. The album was recorded live in the studio over the course of five days and has no overdubs. 6 is among the most acclaimed and well-known Supersilent releases.
Track listing
"6.1" – 11:06
"6.2" – 9:57
"6.3" – 13:32
"6.4" – 9:30
"6.5" – 5:03
"6.6" – 8:40
Vinyl track listing
Personnel
Arve Henriksen – vocals, trumpet, percussion
Helge Sten – live electronics, synthesizer, electric guitar
Ståle Storløkken – synthesizer
Jarle Vespestad – drums
Release history
References
External links
Rune Grammofon RLP 3029 – Supersilent: 6
supersilent 6
2003 albums
Supersilent albums |
The National Economic Council () was a body set up to manage the national economy first by Bismarck in Prussia. A subsequent Council was also set up later during the Weimar Republic.
The Economic Council was formed by decree of 17 November 1880. It was modeled on the French Conseil supérieur du commerce et de l'industrie. However, Bismarck faced strong opposition from the Reichstag who refused funds to allow it to be established on 2 December 1881.
References
Defunct organisations based in Germany
1880 establishments in Germany
Organizations established in 1880
Organizations based in Prussia
Economy of Prussia |
Kuczki-Kolonia is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Gózd, within Radom County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately west of Gózd, east of Radom, and south of Warsaw.
References
Kuczki-Kolonia |
Jonas McPhail House and Annie McPhail Store includes two historic buildings located at Rosin, Sampson County, North Carolina. The Jonas McPhail House, is a traditional, one-story, late 19th century farmhouse, with applied Late Victorian decorative elements. The Annie McPhail Store is a two-story, frame, weatherboarded turn of the 20th century structure. The buildings are adjacent to the separately listed Asher W. Bizzell House.
It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.
References
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina
Victorian architecture in North Carolina
Houses in Sampson County, North Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in Sampson County, North Carolina |
Orangemen or Orangewomen can refer to:
Historically, supporters of William of Orange
Members of the modern Orange Order (also known as Orange Institution), a Protestant fraternal organisation
Members or supporters of the Armagh GAA Gaelic football team
The former name of the sports teams of Syracuse University, now called the Syracuse Orange
The elite cheering group of the Seattle Pacific University men's basketball team
See also
Orange People (disambiguation) |
There are multiple humanitarian, medical, economic, and industrial effects of the 2008–2009 Gaza War which started with the Israeli air strikes on 27 December 2008 and ended on 18 January with a cease-fire implemented unilaterally by Israel, and later the same day by Hamas and other Palestinian factions. The cease-fire followed twenty-two days of bombardment by land, sea and air which left over 1,300 Palestinians dead and over 5,000 injured, and the death of 13 Israelis. The United Nations Development Programme warned that there will be long-term consequences of the attacks on Gaza because the livelihoods and assets of tens of thousands of Gaza civilians have been affected.
Gaza humanitarian crisis
The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs states that the Gaza strip humanitarian crisis is significant and should not be understated. The UN stated in 2009 that the situation in the Gaza Strip was a "human dignity crisis," entailing "a massive destruction of livelihoods and a significant deterioration of infrastructure and basic services." Fear and panic were widespread, with 80 percent of the population unable to support themselves and dependent on humanitarian assistance. The International Red Cross said the situation was "intolerable" and a "full blown humanitarian crisis."
On 3 January, prior to the IDF ground operation, Israel's foreign minister Tzipi Livni stated that Israel had taken care to protect the civilian population of Gaza, and that it had kept the humanitarian situation "completely as it should be", maintaining Israel's earlier stance. The head of the Arab League, Amr Moussa, criticised Livni for the statement and further criticised the Security Council for not responding faster to the crisis. On subsequent reports, the UN stated that "only an immediate cease-fire will be able to address the large-scale humanitarian and protection crisis that faces the people of Gaza."
Shelter
Protection and displacement
The UN described the situation as a "critical protection crisis". The entire civilian population in the Gaza strip remains vulnerable, the UN reported, with no safe haven, no bomb shelters and with closed borders, making it one of the rare conflicts where civilians have no place to flee. There is a sense of "panic, fear and distress" throughout the whole strip. Civilians have implemented a self-imposed curfew since no public warning systems or effective shelters exist. People have been evacuating their homes and staying in streets for long hours exposed to further danger, or staying with relatives. Civilians face insecurities while re-stocking basic food items, water and cooking gas. Children, 56% of the population, have no outlets and they remain "dangerously exposed" to the fighting around them.
The Palestinian Red Crescent estimates that thousands of homes have been damaged and it became "increasingly difficult" for their residents to stay in them due to the cold weather. The UNRWA has prepared its schools to act as temporary shelters for displaced persons. As reported by both the Save the Children Alliance and the Al Mezan Center, prior to the IDF ground operation on 3 January, more than 13,000 people (2000 families) have been displaced in the strip. The majority of those families seek shelter with relatives while others are staying at the temporary emergency shelters provided by the UNRWA. As of the thirteenth of day the Israeli military operation, 21,200 displaced Palestinian people were staying at these shelters. By the third week of the attacks, this number has increased by 14,300 refugees, reaching 35,520 Palestinians staying under the UNRWA shelters. In the same period, Al Mezan Center also estimated that a total of 80,000-90,000 Palestinians have been displaced, including up to 50,000 children. As the numbers of displaced refugees constantly increased the UNRWA had to open new emergency shelters throughout the Gaza strip. The shelters were overcrowded and were sheltering double their originally planned capacities.
By 18 January, the number of Palestinians seeking the UNRWA shelters has peaked to around 51,000 displaced people, with only basic level of support due to the unprecedented number of refugees. After the unilateral lull, displaced persons began moving from the emergency centers. As of 23 January, UNRWA was still operating 15 emergency centers while aiming to close those shelters as soon as possible so that they can reopen the schools. As of 9 February, three non-school UNRWA shelters remain open, hosting 388 displaced people. Thousands of Gazans remain homeless.
After the end of the Israeli operation and moving from the emergency shelters, many Palestinians (preliminary assessments shows 10,991 displaced households, or 71,657 people) have been homeless and remain with host families due to the extensive attacks. The host families are overstretched and face shortages of food, non-food items, water and electricity. Priority needs for those families include kitchen sets, hygiene kits, blankets, mattresses and plastic sheeting.
One year after the ceasefire approximately 20,000 people remained displaced.
Buildings destruction
Aid agencies have reported that Gaza "looks like earthquake zone": widespread destruction of houses, infrastructure, roads, greenhouses, cemeteries, mosques and schools are reported in Jabalia, Tal Al Hawa, Beit Hanoun, and Beit Lahia in the northern Gaza Strip. According to the ICRC, "a number of areas, including parts of Beit Lahia looked like the aftermath of a strong earthquake". Meanwhile, Al Mezan Center field workers reported that "entire urban blocks have disappeared" in North Gaza and eastern of Gaza City. The International Red Cross reports that in Jabalia alone, between one and two thousand households are now living in the rubble of their houses. John Holmes, the Under-Secretary General of the United Nations, in his statement to the Security Council, reports that he saw an entire industrial and residential area in East Jabalia which had been "systematically bulldozed", an area of at least one square kilometer and that one of the best schools in Gaza is reduced to rubble 2,000 refugee families had their shelters totally destroyed. UNRWA was ready to provide cash assistance and shelter repair for those families, but has been unable to deliver this assistance to beneficiaries due to a shortage of liquidity and construction material in the Gaza Strip.
An initial survey conducted by the UNDP estimates that 14,000 homes, 68 government buildings, and 31 non-governmental organization offices (NGOs) were either totally or partially damaged. As a result, an estimated 600,000 tonnes of concrete rubble will need to be removed. Since 2007, construction material have not permitted entry into Gaza, adversely affecting UN projects, in particular UNRWA and UNDP which were forced to suspend more than $100 million in construction projects due to lack of materials. Another UNDP rapid damage assessment of 170 out of the 407 government and private schools in the Gaza strip found that ten schools were severely damaged, and that 160 government and ten private schools were partially damaged during the Israeli military operation. Eight kindergartens were severely damaged and 60 were partially damaged. The UN humanitarian office stated that repairing such schools remains an urgent priority. Ten UNICEF tents were brought to Gaza to be used as learning spaces in the most damage-stricken areas. The Israeli Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories has confirmed that there is as yet no intention to revise the policy prohibiting clearance of reconstruction materials which would enable aid agencies working in Gaza to transition to rehabilitation and reconstruction.
A satellite-based damage assessment of the Gaza Strip by the United Nations revealed 2,692 destroyed and severely damaged buildings, 220 impact craters on roads and bridges with an estimated length of of paved and unpaved roads damaged, 714 impact craters on open ground or cultivated land with an estimated land area of , 187 greenhouses completely destroyed or severely damaged with an estimated area of , and of demolished zones targeted by IDF bulldozers, tanks and phosphorus shelling.
Vandalization of Gazan homes by the Israeli defense forces has been reported: plastic bottles of urine and closed bags of excrement were left. There were also houses where excrement was smeared on the walls or in dry piles in corners. In many cases, Haaretz reports, smells indicates that soldiers had urinated on piles of clothing or inside a washing machine. In all the houses, the report continues, the toilets were overflowing and clogged, and there was "filth all around". The Associated Press reported that several homes had graffiti in Hebrew scribbled on the walls including "Death to the Arabs", "The eternal people have no fear", "Long live Jewish people" and other markings. On other incidents, an Israeli commander has reported that he has ordered his soldiers not to deface property and reprimanded anyone who did.
Health
Medical facilities and equipment
Weakened by the eighteen-month Blockade of the Gaza Strip, as of 31 December the central drug store reported that 105 drugs and 255 medical supplies of the essential drug and supplies list are still unavailable, and approximately 20 percent of the ambulances were grounded due to lack of spare parts. Ambulances are experiencing difficulties in reaching the injured because of continuous fire. Hospitals reporting severe gas shortages expect total depletion in the coming days. As a result of shortages, the WFP distributed canned meat and high energy biscuits. The World Health Organization reported that at least 1,000 medical machines were out of order, with shortage of equipment and spare parts. Sources from the Gaza Health Ministry reported that the situation on 2 January, while extremely precarious, has stabilized after the arrival of medical supplies.
From 4 January, all of Gaza City hospitals were without main electricity, depending on back-up generators that were close to collapse. From 4 to 5 January, UNRWA was forced to shut down 19 health centers due to hostilities in the area, and Ministry of Health closed down generators at ambulance stations, vaccine stores, labs and warehouses due to the lack of fuel to run the generators until more was delivered. There existed an urgent need for strong pain killers, body gas, bed sheets for wrapping the dead, and for neuro-, vascular-, orthopedic- and open heart surgeons. Collateral damages to hospitals like broken glass were not being repaired. The Palestinian Red Cross was unable to respond to many calls due to the military operations. Only urgent cases and surgery is being carried out in hospitals and all out-patient clinics have been closed.
Only three out of the 56 primary health care clinics are open; 70% of the chronic disease patients regularly attending those centers had to interrupt their treatment due to the security situation. Chronically ill patients who were accessing care outside of the Gaza strip prior to the conflict urgently needed to resume their treatment. Because of the Israeli closure of the Gaza strip, which has lasted more than a year and a half, hospitals are run down and much of the equipment is unreliable and in need for repair. The UN labeled the importance of spare parts for medical equipment as a priority.
By 2 February, most health facilities have resumed normal operation. Large volumes of medical supplies have been donated, but the most urgently needed equipment identified by the Palestinian Ministry of Health, notably pulse oximeters, defibrillators, infusion pumps, syringe pumps, ventilators, and anesthesia monitors, have still not been received. Psychotropic drugs are still lacking and urgently needed. In a damage assessment by the World Health Organization, 48% of the 122 health facilities assessed were found to be damaged or destroyed. 15 of Gaza's 27 hospitals and 41 primary health care centers has suffered damage. Two centers were destroyed, and 29 ambulances have been partially damaged or destroyed. The only rehabilitation center in Gaza has also suffered severe damage. Palestinian Ministry of Health reports 16 health staff were killed, and 22 injured while on duty.
The policy of the Government of Israel is to condition the access of Palestinians who live in the Palestinian territories to healthcare in Israel upon financial coverage from the Palestinian Authority. In January 2009, following the war, the Palestinian Authority cancelled financial coverage for all medical care for Palestinians in Israeli hospitals, including coverage for chronically ill Palestinian patients, and those in need of complex care that is not available in other tertiary medical centers in the region. This decision was protested by human rights organizations.
Population
The UNFPA warns about serious risks that faces more than 40,000 pregnant women in Gaza. Stress, trauma, and poor nutrition could result in life-threatening complications along with silent death and injuries for such population. Due to the lack of warm clothing or blankets among the increasing number of displaced people, shock and trauma, an alarming number of premature labour and delivery and the exposure of newborn infants to hypothermia are reported. The organization has also voiced concerns about neonatal care post-crisis as many women who delivered their babies in hospitals during the crisis were sent home as early as 30 minutes after giving birth. The World Health Organization warns of the risk of an outbreak of epidemic disease due to unrecovered bodies, many severely decomposed, and due to the sewage flowing in Beit Hanoun and Beit Lahya. With the help of the Unicef, two therapy centers are working at full capacity to provide services for 120 malnutritioned, a medical condition of inadequate diet, children per day. Injured patients needing referral outside Gaza for specialized care were evacuated exclusively through the Egyptian Rafah border crossing. Gaza Ministry of Health reported that between 29 December and 22 January 608 injured were evacuated through Rafah. The Israeli Erez crossing was closed much of the period and only 30 patients were able to exit during the crisis.
Handicap International estimates that up to 50 percent of people injured during the attacks have sustained severe injuries that will require rehabilitation to prevent permanent disability. Of the 1.5 million people living in the Gaza Strip, international and national agencies working in disability and rehabilitation estimate that, even before the military operation, over 10 percent had moderate or severe impairments. They estimate that as many as half of the 5,380 men, women and children injured over the past three weeks of conflict may suffer lifelong impairment, exacerbated by the inability of rehabilitation workers to provide early intervention. These agencies has highlighted the importance of providing early intervention for those newly injured, especially those discharged prematurely from health facilities; re-establishing and strengthening the capacity of rehabilitation services and disabled peoples organizations to respond to the increased need. This is especially critical given that the main provider of specialist rehabilitation services in Gaza sustained severe damage and is not yet fully operational. Even before 27 December, the first day of the attacks, there was already a back-log of people waiting for specialised services including rehabilitation and surgery.
The Unicef and the International Red Cross warn from the dangers proposed by the unexploded ordnance, which killed two children as of 20 January. Gaza is one of the most densely populated areas in the world, which renders the problem much more acute. The unexploded ammunition problem represents a major threat for the population, the rescue teams working in the field and can hold back the pace of humanitarian work. Those unexploded weapons are also considered a major obstacle to the work of organizations removing rubble. On 16 February, one person was killed and four wounded by an unexploded ordnance in Beit Lahia. Pupils also discovered white phosphorus wedges in a school in Tal El Hawa. The UN stated that the inability to identify a suitable area to which ordnance can be demolished remains a major constraint, as also the inability to bring any of the materials and equipment needed to destroy or isolate the ordnance to Gaza.
Psychological effects
Widespread panic was reported among student population, exacerbated by the attack timing during school hours. Classes were in session at the time of the IAF airstrikes, with some students sitting for midyear exams. Other students were either on their way to school for the afternoon shift, or returning home. Parents rushed to schools to collect their children. The United Nations has several times warned from the devastating effects of the attacks on children, who form 56% percent of the population, and who are bearing the brunt of violence and a significant proportion of the injured who are severely maimed. Schools are currently focusing on providing psychological and mental health support to the students, before resuming teaching core subjects. The head of Gaza's mental health program, has said that half of the population will suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder as a result of the crisis. The UN states that according to reports by the consultancy company Near East Consulting, about 96 percent of Gaza residents feel depressed and disheartened. The highest level of depression is in North Gaza and Rafah, where 81 percent of the respondents do not feel secure about their households and family members.
The World Health Organization estimates that 25,000 to 50,000 new people are likely to be in need of psychological intervention for longer term effects of the hostilities. Groups particularly at risk include separated children, people with pre-existing mental disabilities, pre-existing or new physical disabilities, elderly who have lost family support and female-headed households. A UNDP report on the aftermath of the Israeli military operation highlights that over 1 million of 1.4 million, 75% of the Gaza population, feel insecure and that although moust households have suffered from limited access to basics such as food, water, sanitation, and money, their highest need is personal security.
Energy
The only power plant in Gaza is not operational due to the lack of industrial fuel and spare parts. As of 1 January, power outages last 16 hours per day. Due to localised damage following the airstrikes, some electrical lines have been cut, causing some areas to suffer from power cuts lasting 24 hours. In addition, due to the damage caused by the air strikes to 15 electrical transformers, as many as 250,000 people in central and northern Gaza have no electricity supply during the entire day and night. On 1 January, a 5MW line from Egypt to Rafah was damaged, extending the power cuts to Rafah, which usually has a continuous supply. Fuel for heating and cooking are no longer available and most of the 240 gas stations in Gaza City have been closed.
As of 4 January, there is almost total blackout in Gaza City, North Gaza, Middle Area and Khan Yunis. 90% of the telephone network, including both cellular service and land lines, is down, since it depends on backup generators with dwindling fuel stocks. Since the Israeli ground operation, 75% of Gaza's electricity has been cut off and the Palestinian technicians face difficulties reaching damaged lines because of the military attacks. As of 7 January, much of the population of the Gaza Strip continues to live without electricity. By 16 January, the twenty first day of the attacks, most households still do not have any electricity. As of 22 January, twenty five days after the beginnings of the attacks, 40 percent of the 1.5 million population remains without electricity. The remaining 60 percent receive only intermittent supply that can reach only 6 hours per day in the north of the Gaza strip. Spare parts and other equipments are a priority. After 8 days of the ceasefire, a month since the beginning of the attacks, the power plant is working on only one turbine, producing 30 MW instead of the daily full capacity of 80 MW cause of the lack of industrial fuel. By 29 January, the electricity situation has returned to its pre-27 December status, with much of the Gaza strip receiving only intermittent electricity. Certain areas are receiving very little power as a result or some low-voltage lines breakage. In order to meet demand throughout the territory, GEDCO (Gaza Electricity Distribution Co.) has put in place a power cut schedule where Gaza and North Gaza will face power cuts of eight hours three times a week; and the Middle Area and Khan Yunis will face power cuts of 6–8 hours twice per week. Those cuts does include unintentional power cuts.
GEDCO estimates the damage to the electricity network due to the recent hostilities at over $10 million. Even before the conflict, its reserves of spare parts were close to depletion due to the 18-month blockade on Gaza. By 29 January 38 transformers essential for the repair of the electricity system are still waiting permission from the Israelis to be allowed into Gaza. Due to the lack of supplies, GEDCO continues to partially repair the network where possible. The UN warns that those ad-hoc partial repairs will increase technical losses by 25-30 percent, reduce the lifetime of network components, and further expose sections of the network to possible collapse. Since the cease-fire, Israel has allowed approximately 87 tonnes cooking gas per day, which is much less than the estimated need of 300 tonnes per day. No petrol or diesel has been allowed into Gaza since 2 November, except for UNRWA. No petrol, diesel or cooking gas was allowed by Israel into Gaza between 8 and 14 February.
Water
Since 5 November, there has been a shortage of chlorine for water treatment due to Israeli blockades, increasing the risk of outbreak of water diseases. On 27 December, Israeli airstrikes extensively damaged two water wells, rendering a population of 30,000 Palestinians without water. On 2 January, airstrikes in the al-Mughraqa area damaged a main drinking water pipe, cutting off water supplies to 30,000 people in the Nuseirat Camp. The UN sums the situation that as of 2 January, 250,000 people in Gaza City and northern Gaza are without water supply; seven water wells were seriously damaged and cannot be repaired due to bombardments. As of 4 January, and as reported by the Palestinian Coastal Municipality Water Utility (CMWU) throughout the UN reports, 70% of the Gaza strip 1.5 million population have no access to water, in particular in Gaza City and northern Gaza. As of 6 January, 800,000 Palestinians have no access to water, and those who still enjoy water access face problems in purifying such water as well as risking additional danger of contamination due to waste water leakage. This situation lasts in the third week of the attacks where 500,000 Palestinians still have no access to running water, another 500,000 receive water for four to six hours only every five to seven days, and the rest receive water for four to six hours every two or three days. Five days after the unilateral lull, one fifth of the Gaza strip 1.5 million population has no direct access to drinking water and currently depends on water purchased from private suppliers. As of 26, 8 January days after the unilateral ceasefire, at least 70% of the water system is functioning, although this does not mean that everyone is receiving water due to localized damage. By 5 February, a month and 8 days since the beginning of the Israeli attacks, the CMWU reports that 50 percent of Gaza's 1.5 million population receives running water for 6–8 hours every second day; 30 percent of the population receives running water every third day; and ten percent of the population receives water every five days. Ten percent of the population does not receive running water and depends on tankered water. As of 9 February, the CMWU reports that 50,000 people do not have access to water and an additional 150,000-200,000 receive water every 5 or 6 days. According to the World Health Organization guidelines, 80% of drinking water in Gaza is not currently safe for human consumption. In light of the poor quality of water, the Ministry of Health and the UNICEF has stated concerns about the increased risk of diarrhea and other water-borne diseases in infants.
In a damage assessment carried by the CMWU, four water wells in Beit Hanoun, Gaza City, and Jabalia have been totally destroyed. Damage to several water carriers are widely reported. Preliminary findings shows that some Gaza areas like Al Atatra and Izbet Abd Raboo sustained 50 percent of their water networks damaged, while others have sustained a 30 to 35 percent damage to their networks. In total, 5,708 roof-top tanks were completely destroyed, and 2,985 were damaged. 2,204 solar heaters were destroyed and 1,762 were damaged. In some areas, the price of tankered water is as high as 175 Israeli new sheqel per metre cube. Several humanitarian organizations including Action Against Hunger, CARE, ICRC, Oxfam, and Unicef continue to provide drinking water to people in need, and also material and financial support to the CMWU for emergency repairs. Oxfam and Action Against Hunger report a short supply of water tanks for distributing water, which makes it difficult for them to cover all areas in need. The CMWU has created a list of prioritized elements items including pipes, generators, and pumps awaiting clearance by the Israeli authorities for entry into Gaza. The International Red Cross requested approval from the Israeli authorities for the entry of 36 trucks containing such repair material, but only 13 trucks were allowed. The PVC pipes that the Red Cross previously cleared were refused entry by the Israeli authorities. On 9 February, the UN states that the entry of needed spare parts into Gaza remains problematic, and as a consequence major repairs to Gaza's water network can not take place.
Sanitation
Since 31 December, sewage and water systems in Beit Hanoun were hit at five locations causing considerable damage to the main sewage pipeline leading to sewage water pouring into the streets. The sanitation system cannot treat the sewage and is dumping 40 million litres of raw sewage into the sea daily. On 3 January, The UN reported emerging fears that continued shelling near the Beit Lahiya sewage lagoon, which contains 3 million cubic metres of waste water, will cause a massive sewage overflow. In addition to agricultural areas, up to 15,000 people are directly at risk. As of 5 January, Gaza sewage system was on the verge of collapse due to the lack of power and fuel; sewage is flooding into Beit Lahya, farmland and the sea. As of 13 January, UNRWA was still unable to deliver fuel to water treatment plants to alleviate pressure on the banks of the Beit Lahiya lagoon. On 16 January, eyewitnesses report that a stream of sewage is flowing up to one kilometer from the Gaza City water treatment plant. Since 31 December and As of 19 January, a day after twenty-three days of the Israeli attacks, sewage continues to flow in the streets of Beit Lahya and Beit Hanoun, 30 cubic meters of sewage are flowing into the streets of Beit Hanoun every hour. By 29 January, following repairs, sewage is no longer leaking in the streets of Beit Lahia and Beit Hanoun.
In the CMWU damage assessment report, waste water networks in Gaza City, Beit Hanoun, Jabalia, and Beit Lahia have sustained severe damage. The Ash Sheikh 'Ijleen sewage plant which treats the raw sewage of an area inhabited by 400,000 people has been out of order since it was struck by a shell in the second week of the conflict. The final report of the damage assessment carried out by the CMWU reveals that repairing the water and wastewater network and facilities will cost approximately 6 million US dollars, including 830,000 dollars to repair the wastewater network. According to the Palestinian Hydrology Group, solid waste is accumulating in most areas affected by the hostilities, with the exception of Gaza city where only two areas face problems with solid waste. The group also reported that on 13 February, 3,000 litres of fuel had leaked into wastewater infiltration basin of the Beit Lahia emergency wastewater treatment plant, posing a risk for chemical contamination of the aquifer by hydrocarbons. Major repairs can not take place without the entry of needed spare parts into Gaza, which remains problematic.
Banknotes
The Israeli shekel is a widely used currency in the Gaza Strip, and the territory needs at least 400 million shekels, or about $100 million each month in new currency to replace aging notes and to pay salaries. Since 24 December, the ban on the entry of banknotes into Gaza has hampered several humanitarian programs run by the UNRWA, the largest humanitarian assistance provider in the Gaza Strip. Cash needs for the UNRWA included banknotes for distribution programs to 94,000 dependent "Special Hardship" families, for suppliers and contractors of critical programs including school feedings, as well as for its "cash for work" program. As of 18 January, the first day following the twenty-two days of attacks, cash has still not entered the strip and was urgently needed, including for the UNRWA activities.
After the operation, cash was still urgently needed to reactivate the private sector and prevent increasing dependence on humanitarian aid. This lack of cash also prevented access to basic supplies including the limited stocks of food in the markets. By 5, 18 February days after the operation, cash still did not enter the strip except for a few international organizations. The UN Humanitarian Affairs office stated that a system must be urgently established that ensures the regular and predictable monthly transfer of the necessary cash. On 6 February, Israel allowed the transfer of 42 million US dollars from banks in the West Bank to the Gaza Strip. According to the Bank of Palestine, this money transfer will enable the Palestinian Authority to pay the salaries of its 70,000 Gaza based employees. Israel last allowed cash in mid-December 2008. Afterwards, the UN reported that more cash is needed for private sector reactivation and to prevent increasing dependence on aid.
Economic infrastructure
Extensive destruction was caused to commercial enterprises and to public infrastructure. According to Palestinian industrialists, 219 factories were destroyed or severely damaged during the Israeli military operation. Of the three per cent of industrial capacity that was still operating after the 18-month Israeli blockade, much has now been destroyed. The biggest Palestinian food-processing plant, Alweyda was devastated, as were both Abu Eida, the largest ready-mixed concrete producer, with four factories demolished, and the Al Badr flour mills, with the biggest storage facilities in the Strip. All three had close and long-standing contact with Israeli partner firms and suppliers. The owners stated that they see this as part of an economic war to make Gaza dependent on Israel.
According to the World Food Programme, between 35-60 percent of the agriculture industry has been damaged by the Israeli military operation. The Food and Agriculture Organization estimates that 13,000 families who depend directly on farming, herding and fishing have suffered significant damage to their livelihoods.
Crossings and aid
There has been an extreme shortage of trucks entering the Gaza strip since the beginning of the conflict. In December 2005, an average of 631 trucks was entering Gaza strip on a daily basis. This figure has dropped to 475 trucks daily by May 2007, and by 27 December 2008, the first day of the attacks, Kerem Shalom has a daily average of 73 trucks entering the Gaza strip. The UN reports that international agencies have faced "unprecedented denial" of access to Gaza since 5 November. Humanitarian access remains unreliable and needs to be granted everyday without restriction. By 5 February, one month and 8 days after the beginning of Israeli attacks, the UN reported that the number of truckloads of aid permitted to enter Gaza daily by the Israeli authorities remains insufficient.
John Holmes, the United Nations Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator has stated in his statement to the Security Council that after the end of the Israeli operation, and on "good days", only 120 truckloads gets into Gaza, instead of the normal daily requirement, including commercial traffic, of 500 trucks at minimum. Essential items such as construction materials, water pipes, electrical wires, and transformers continue to be effectively banned, or only allowed infrequently after "endless haggling", Holmes declared. He also added that commercial goods must be allowed in and out, since Gaza Palestinians "do not want or deserve to be dependent on humanitarian aid" and that the "limited trickle" of items into Gaza continue the effective collective punishment of the civilian population and force the counter-productive reliance on tunnels for daily essentials.
The Gas Station Owners Association in Gaza reported a significant drop in the amount of fuel smuggled through the Gaza-Egyptian border since the beginning of February, largely due to the destruction of tunnels by Israel. The UN reports that sources in Rafah suggest a decrease in amount of merchandise being smuggled into Gaza through the tunnels due to the ongoing Israeli attacks. The UN reports that although the Israeli authorities have informed the humanitarian community that 150 trucks would be allowed into Gaza per day, capacity has not exceeded 120 truckloads. In addition, only a restricted list of items is being allowed into Gaza.
As of the morning of 28 January, approximately 30 International NGO staff members were in Gaza, along with approximately 22 UN international staff members. There are outstanding requests for over 200 people to enter Gaza and this number is growing "by the day". The chair of the Association of International Development Agencies, which includes 75 humanitarian organizations has stated that "it is unacceptable that staff of international aid agencies with expertise in emergency response are still not given full access into Gaza, and that the crossings are not fully operational for humanitarian and commercial goods". Many NGOs have failed to receive a response from the Israeli authorities regarding their applications, while others were requested to provide additional information regarding their specific mandates, activities and funding sources. Others have been denied entry altogether. The UN reports that a key problem has been inconsistency in the application process; some staff members are informed that they have been approved, only to be denied entry when they attempt to cross Erez. In other cases, staff receive conflicting information from Israeli authorities regarding regulations that must be met before entry is allowed. The UN has described the Israeli procedures as inconsistent and unpredictable ones that impedes the ability of organizations to effectively plan their humanitarian response and obstructs efforts to address the humanitarian crisis.
On 2 February, the UN reported that the number of truckloads of aid permitted to enter Gaza daily by the Israeli authorities remains insufficient, and humanitarian organizations continue to face serious restrictions to enter Gaza. On 16 February and on behalf of the humanitarian community, The Logistic Cluster was negotiating with the Israeli authorities regarding transport of goods into Gaza. A list of priority items for transport into the Gaza Strip, which was consolidated based on input from sector leads to reflect humanitarian needs in Gaza, is being used as the basis for negotiations with the Israeli authorities.
On 7 January, Israel agreed to a three-hour humanitarian truce, allowing supplies and fuel into Gaza. The UN welcomed the move, but stated that round the clock assistance was required to meet the population humanitarian needs. The Human Rights Council expressed a similar position. The International Red Cross, United Nations and aid workers have reported intolerable conditions and a deepening humanitarian crisis in Gaza. The Red Cross has accused the Israeli military of failing "to meet its obligation under international humanitarian law."
On 9 January, the UN resumed aid work, after receiving assurances from Israel that its workers will no longer be targeted. As of 14 January 2009, close to 900 trucks (including 20,000 tons of basic foods and medical supplies) have been delivered to Gaza. Addressing the aid situation on 7 January, Save the Children stated that, "The small amount of aid allowed in, while better than nothing, is a pitiful gesture in the face of such an overwhelming humanitarian crisis," noting that insufficient amounts of food, fuel and medical supplies were delivered. The UN has also stated that the aid delivered is insufficient to address the chronic humanitarian crisis given the "scale of the attacks".
On 3 February, blankets and food parcels were confiscated by Hamas police personnel from an UNRWA distribution center, and on 4 February, the UN Emergency Relief Coordinator demanded that the aid be returned immediately. The Hamas government issued a statement stating that the incident was a misunderstanding between the drivers of the trucks and has been resolved through direct contact with the UNRWA. On 9 February, UNRWA lifted the suspension on the movement of its humanitarian supplies into Gaza, after the Hamas authorities returned all of the aid supplies confiscated.
Several countries have pledged aid after the offensive on Gaza began, promising financial support and humanitarian assistance (see map). Aid delivering international organizations include the European Union, UNRWA, the Red Cross, the Red Crescent, the Red Star of David, and the World Food Programme.
Effects on Israel
The Israeli Home Front Command issued detailed emergency instructions to Israeli citizens for preparing for and dealing with rocket attacks from the Gaza Strip. The instructions included orders to stay within a certain distance of bomb shelters based on proximity to the source of the rockets. Residents adjacent to the Gaza border were instructed to remain in fortified rooms. Israelis ascribed their low civilian casualties to an orderly public response to these instructions. Hamas Grad rockets' increased range of 40 km put more than 700,000 Israelis within strike range.
Internal refugees
A large section of the residents of Ashkelon, a southern coastal city put in range of Grad-type rockets since the beginning of the conflict, fled the city for the relative safety of central and northern Israel. On 10–11 January, according to Israeli media, 40 percent of the residents fled the city, despite calls by the Mayor to stay.
Closure of schools
Beginning 27 December, schools and universities in southern Israel closed due to rocket threats. Hamas rockets landed on Israeli educational facilities several times (such as empty schools in Beersheba) from 2008 to 2009, with no casualties as of 15 January, except for cases of shock. Studies resumed starting 11 January, with IDF Home Front Command representatives stationed at schools. Only schools with fortified classrooms and bomb shelters were allowed to bring in children. Israeli Education Minister Yuli Tamir said she hoped a return to school would provide a little structure and routine in a time of great stress and uncertainty for the children. However, students were reluctant to return, with students at Sapir College in Sderot reporting less than 25 percent attendance.
The largest hospital on Israel's southern coast, Ashkelon's Barzilai Hospital, forced its critical treatment facilities into an underground shelter after a Gaza-fired rocket struck beside its helicopter pad on 28 December 2008.
Effects on foreigners
At the start of the conflict, more than a thousand foreigners were living in or near Gaza, including nationals from several Western nations, most of them were Palestinian dual citizens and spouses of Palestinians. As of 8 January, diplomats estimated that some 400 foreign nationals from 22 countries remained in Gaza. Agencies assisting in the evacuation of foreigners, including the Red Cross, stated that their efforts were hampered by the violence, by bureaucratic obstacles and by lack of coordination between Israel, the United Nations and host countries. On 4 January, New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg was rushed into a bomb shelter as warning sirens sounded while he was visiting the Israeli city of Sderot. On 8 January, in Gaza city, a Ukrainian woman and her child were killed, while her other child was injured. One of the militants killed was proven to be Saudi Arabian on 15 January.
International
Antisemitic incidents escalated worldwide in frequency and intensity during the Gaza War, and were widely considered to be a wave of reprisal attacks in response to the conflict.
References
External links
Ongoing news coverage from Aljazeera, BBC News , CNN, Christian Science Monitor, Financial Times, The Guardian, Haaretz, ICRC, Jerusalem Post, Los Angeles Times, Palestine News Network, Radio France International.
Involved parties
IDF Spokesperson's Unit postings on youtube
Hamas War Against Israel reports from the Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Maps
Gaza crisis: key maps and timeline. BBC News.
Gaza War (2008–2009) |
The following is a list of characters from Anne Rice's The Vampire Chronicles, which began with the 1976 novel Interview with the Vampire. The series primarily follows the antihero Lestat de Lioncourt, a French nobleman turned into a vampire in the 18th century, and by extension the many humans and vampires whose lives he has touched in his own long existence. Some characters from Rice's Lives of the Mayfair Witches trilogy cross over to The Vampire Chronicles, specifically in Merrick (2000), Blackwood Farm (2002), and Blood Canticle (2003).
Rice said in a 2008 interview that her vampires were a "metaphor for lost souls". The homoerotic overtones of The Vampire Chronicles are also well documented. As of November 2008, The Vampire Chronicles had sold 80 million copies worldwide.
The first novel in the series, Interview with the Vampire (1976), was made into a 1994 film starring Tom Cruise, Brad Pitt, Antonio Banderas, Christian Slater and Kirsten Dunst. The Queen of the Damned (1988) was adapted into a 2002 film of the same name, starring Stuart Townsend and Aaliyah and using some material from 1985's The Vampire Lestat. An 8-episode television adaptation, Interview with the Vampire, premiered on AMC on October 2, 2022, starring Sam Reid and Jacob Anderson.
Overview
Main
Lestat de Lioncourt
Lestat is a French nobleman born and made a vampire in the 1700s, and the primary antihero of Rice's Vampire Chronicles. He was introduced in Interview with the Vampire (1976), and has been portrayed by Tom Cruise in the 1994 film Interview with the Vampire; Stuart Townsend in the 2002 film Queen of the Damned; and by Sam Reid in the 2022 television series Interview with the Vampire.
Louis de Pointe du Lac
Louis is a Frenchman made a vampire in New Orleans by Lestat, introduced in Interview with the Vampire (1976). Louis is portrayed by Brad Pitt in the 1994 film adaptation and by Jacob Anderson in the 2022 television series Interview with the Vampire.
Armand
Armand is a 500-year-old vampire with the outer appearance of a cherubic adolescent boy, introduced in Interview with the Vampire (1976), When first encountered he is the leader of a coven of vampires living in a cemetery in Paris, with rituals that reflect their belief that they are damned creatures; when the coven breaks up, Armand is left with many existential questions. His previous life in Venice with Marius, and his capture and indoctrination by vampires there who despised Marius's optimistic manner of living, is disclosed in The Vampire Lestat (1985). The character is portrayed by Antonio Banderas in the 1994 film adaptation and by Assad Zaman in the 2022 show.
Claudia
Claudia is a child vampire introduced in Interview with the Vampire (1976). She is created on a whim by Lestat, despite the prohibition against making vampires of the young, and grows up trapped in a child's body. Eventually, she seeks revenge against Lestat and poisons him with tainted blood to immobilize him, before killing him, but she is unsuccessful. Claudia travels with Louis, and when the two are captured by Armand's coven in Paris, she is killed by fire as a creature made against the rules. Claudia is portrayed by Kirsten Dunst in the 1994 film adaptation, by Bailey Bass in season one of the 2022 television series Interview with the Vampire and by Delainey Hayles in season two of the series.
Daniel Molloy
Daniel Molloy is a young reporter introduced in Interview with the Vampire (1976) to whom Louis de Pointe du Lac recounts his life history. The character is portrayed by Christian Slater in the 1994 film adaptation, and portrayed by Eric Bogosian and Luke Brandon Field in the 2022 television series.
Marius de Romanus
Marius is an ancient vampire, originally from Rome in the 1st century BC and introduced in The Vampire Lestat (1985). He is portrayed by Vincent Pérez in the 2002 film Queen of the Damned.
David Talbot
David is the Superior General of the secret organization the Talamasca, which researches and investigates the supernatural. David is introduced in The Queen of the Damned (1988). He meets both Lestat and Louis at the end of the novel. Lestat taunts David, offering to turn him with his powerful vampire blood, which David soundly refuses.
In The Tale of the Body Thief (1992), it seems he and Lestat have become friends. After Lestat tries to end his immortal life by flying into the sun in the Gobi Desert, he visits David. He also seeks advice from David when Raglan James offers to switch bodies with him, though he doesn't listen to what David has to say. David helps Lestat regain his body. In the struggle with Raglan James, David switches into a much younger body, described as that of an Anglo-Indian with dark brown hair, while Lestat returns to his preternatural body. Lestat kills David's old body, which is possessed by James. At the end of the book, Lestat forces the blood upon David, making him his fledgling. David becomes somewhat of a confidant to Armand, and eventually records the story of his life in The Vampire Armand (1998). He is also described as having sexual preferences for young women and men, preferring men in The Tale of the Body Thief.
David also appears in Merrick (2000), where he contacts the title character, who also happens to be part of the Mayfairs. In this book, Merrick raises the spirit of Claudia for Louis. In the end, it is revealed that Merrick has been using Vodou to bring both David and Louis to her so she can attain eternal life. This plan works, as Louis gives her the blood and makes her immortal. After he makes Merrick his fledgling, he tries to commit suicide by placing his coffin in the open where he would be burned to death when the sun rose. He nearly succeeds, but he is too old for the sun to end his life. David, Merrick, and Lestat find him and give him their blood to heal his burned form. Their combined blood makes Louis stronger than he had been before. The four then form a coven in New Orleans, but the Talamasca, enraged that three of their members had taken the blood, threaten the vampires and demand that Merrick, David, and Jesse return to them. Lestat wants to retaliate against the Talamasca, but David talks him out of doing anything rash, and the four leave their home in the Rue Royal.
Jessica "Jesse" Reeves
Jesse is a modern-day descendant of the ancient vampire Maharet, portrayed by Marguerite Moreau in the 2002 film Queen of the Damned.
Bianca Solderini
Introduced in The Vampire Armand (1998), Bianca is an Italian vampire born in Florence, Italy in the late 1470s. She has sharp grey eyes and wavy golden hair, which she often interweaves with pearls, and is often described as a woman painted by Botticelli.
Bianca lives a happy mortal life with her brothers until they die and she is forced to depend financially on her evil kinsmen, who are bankers. They provide amply for her as long as she kills those who they instruct her to kill. She does this by opening her house to virtually all as an amicable and graceful hostess and secretly placing poison in the wine cups of those whom her kinsmen want dead. Bianca is a renowned Venetian courtesan when Marius comes to know her. Marius immediately falls in love with her and becomes obsessed with her, contemplating making her a vampire. A few years after the two meet, Armand arrives on the scene and also falls in love with Bianca. The three form an amiable sort of love triangle before the Children of Darkness, led by Santino, destroy Marius's palazzo, burn Marius, and take away Armand. After the burning, Marius, severely weakened, mentally calls Bianca to him. Marius makes Bianca a vampire so that she can bring him victims so that he can heal.
The two stay together for nearly two hundred years, caring for Those Who Must Be Kept before Bianca leaves Marius in Dresden, when she overhears him telling Pandora that he would leave Bianca if it meant having Pandora with him once more. Marius also does not tell Bianca that rumors of Pandora in Dresden are the only reason they moved there. Armand later sees her in Paris in the early 19th century.
Merrick Mayfair
Introduced as the title character of Merrick (2001), Merrick is a member of the Talamasca and is acquainted with David Talbot. Merrick is suddenly contacted by David Talbot, now a vampire, after his "death". He asks her to raise the spirit of Claudia for Louis de Pointe du Lac. Louis wants to know if Claudia is at peace after her death. Merrick can do this since she is a powerful witch, as are many of the Mayfairs. When her godmother, Great Nannane, died there was no one who could take care of her because her sister (Honey in the Sunshine) and her mother (Cold Sandra) were deceased. There is also a matter of her raising. The Mayfair Family is Louisiana Creole and are of African and European extraction, but all are distanced from Merrick's immediate family. Orphaned, the young Merrick is taken in by David Talbot and Aaron Lightner and the Talamasca. As she grows her power increases and she studies to learn all that she can. She goes to high school and a university. Meantime she bonds with David and Aaron.
When she is an adult she returns to become a full member of the Talamasca. When David suddenly dies, she knows something is not right and Aaron tells her nothing. When she says farewell to David's dead body her suspicions are confirmed. She decides to find papers where information about David has been filed. Merrick finds out that David has helped the famous vampire Lestat de Lioncourt. Lestat's powerful vampire body has been stolen by a former member of the Talamasca, Raglan James. When they got Lestat's body back Raglan stole David's body instead and David ended up in the body of a young man. David's original body is destroyed when Raglan, in David's original body, tries to trick Lestat into giving him "the Dark Gift". When David contacts her, years later, Merrick knows all of this. She agrees to raise the spirit of Claudia.
When Merrick meets Louis, they fall in love, more or less. After the ceremony, Louis and Merrick express a desire to talk and David goes out. The next night he finds that Merrick has been made into a vampire by Louis. Merrick later confesses to David, Louis, and Lestat that it is what she's wanted ever since she found out about what happened to David. She also revealed that her ancestors had visited her dreams with a similar message of her fate. She used magic to bring David and Louis to her. When Louis later is dying after his attempt to burn himself in the sun to join Claudia, Lestat fully awakes from his sleep. He saves Louis by letting him drink from his powerful blood. Merrick is also allowed to drink and joins the little coven. Later a young vampire named Quinn calls upon Lestat and asks for help in Blackwood Farm (2002). The spirit of his dead twin brother (named Goblin) had been haunting him all his life, and now, when he is a vampire, Quinn is the victim of several attacks. Lestat can not help Quinn on his own and asks Merrick for help, and she agrees. She explains the nature of spirits and says that Goblin refuses "to go into The Light". She performs a kind of exorcism, but to make the spirit "go into the Light" she ends her own life and they both "go into the Light" together. It was earlier revealed by Lestat that Merrick was suffering, which all new vampires do due to their new nature.
Rowan Mayfair
Rowan is a Mayfair witch who appears in the novels The Witching Hour (1990), Lasher (1993), Taltos (1994), Blackwood Farm (2002) and Blood Canticle (2003).
Mona Mayfair
Mona is a Mayfair witch who appears in the novels The Witching Hour (1990), Lasher (1993), Taltos (1994), Blackwood Farm (2002) and Blood Canticle (2003). She is made a vampire by Lestat de Lioncourt in Blood Canticle.
Tarquin Blackwood
Tarquin is initially featured in the novel Blackwood Farm (2002) and later in Blood Canticle (2003). An oval face, with features that are almost too delicate. Sharp, intelligent blue eyes and jet black hair, cut short that is slightly curly. He stands at an impressive height of , and is of a slight, handsome build.
Tarquin Anthony Blackwood was born in 1980 to Patsy Blackwood who was only 16 at the time. Quinn is looked after by his grandfather Pops, grandmother "Sweetheart" and Jasmine, a servant, who helps run the house, Blackwood Farm just outside New Orleans. Quinn has spent his entire life accompanied by a spirit named Goblin. The first clear memory Quinn has of Goblin was his birthday party when he was 3 years old which is also the first instance known of Goblin being able to physically touch Quinn by pushing his hand and forcing him to ruin a birthday cake. He is given a harmonica for his birthday by his grandfather, Pops which he loves to play although Goblin hates it because Quinn pays him no attention whilst playing it.
At the age of 7, whilst playing in the old cemetery with Goblin, Quinn sees a group of ghosts huddled together. Quinn is quite interested in these spirits which fade only to come back again, but as they don't move or talk he simply leaves them, much to the relief of Goblin. Quinn becomes a vampire and fledgling of Petronia. Soon after he is made, Arion (maker of Petronia) gives Quinn his blood so that Quinn is stronger. Arion tells Quinn that they must only feed upon people who have committed evil deeds (the "evil-doer" as they are commonly referred to). Quinn accepts this and is then told by Petronia to pick someone from the 3 servants in the house to feed upon. These are the same servants Quinn met when still alive so Quinn is reluctant to feed on any of them even though he can now see they have all committed some very bad deed. Quinn eventually kills one female servant and afterward, Manfred also lets Quinn drink from him. Quinn then sees the ghost of Rebecca but ignores her now as he believes that to be finished now that he has died. Quinn is taken to hunt with Arion, Petronia, and Manfred and here discovers that he can fly. The four of them arrive at a wedding full of "evil-doers" but Quinn mistakenly kills the bride who was not evil at all. Petronia, obviously enraged by this, begins beating Quinn until Arion stops it. The sun rises and Quinn sleeps during the day, dreaming of killing his mother Patsy.
The next night Arion teaches Quinn how to hunt properly and teaches him about what he now is, a vampire. On returning to Petronia and Manfred they explain "the rules" to him: that the Talamasca is now his enemy and also that hunting in New Orleans is forbidden because Lestat de Lioncourt won't allow it. Quinn decides to return to Blackwood Farm. Even though Petronia and Arion ask him not to, he makes preparations to leave straight away. When Quinn arrives at Blackwood Farm, Goblin attacks him and feeds on him, drinking his blood. Goblin attacks Quinn every time Quinn feeds on someone, and his attacks are becoming stronger each time. Petronia visits Quinn at the island in the swamp and leaves him The Vampire Chronicles so he can understand things a bit better. On reading the books, he decides to find Lestat to ask for his help in dealing with Goblin. Quinn writes a letter to Lestat explaining a little about him and Goblin and asking for his help. He also encloses a cameo of himself for Lestat. Quinn takes this letter to Lestat's flat in New Orleans where he finds Stirling Oliver. Stirling can clearly see what Quinn is now and although Quinn tries to fight against it, he feeds on Stirling Oliver until he is pulled away from him. The person who pulled him away was Lestat who quickly deals with Stirling Oliver by warning him not to try it again and also not to make any mention of Quinn in any report he might make to the Talamasca.
Lestat takes Quinn's letter and then takes him to feed and afterward Quinn is attacked by Goblin. Lestat goes with Quinn back to Blackwood Farm where they spend a bit of time talking to Aunt Queen about cameos and their history. When Lestat and Quinn are alone, Goblin returns to feed on Quinn but Lestat burns him as he does so. Quinn then tells Lestat the story of himself and Goblin (and his entire life). After the story is done they hear a noise and Quinn discovers Goblin has killed Aunt Queen. Lestat suggests Merrick can perhaps help get rid of Goblin.
At the wake of Aunt Queen, Quinn is alone as Lestat has gone to find Merrick Mayfair. Quinn notices Petronia there who has left Aunt Queen a cameo. Quinn also witnesses the ghost of Julien Mayfair who warns him against turning Mona into a vampire. Quinn leaves after seeing Rowan and Stirling Oliver arrive. Quinn is accompanied by Lestat and Merrick to the funeral where he speaks about Aunt Queen, as do many people. Also, Quinn, out of habit, goes up to receive communion, and Lestat and Merrick follow him.
After the funeral, Merrick tells Quinn to go home with his family and to keep Patsy in particular at home. When Merrick and Lestat arrive at Blackwood Farm, Quinn is told that Goblin is in fact the ghost of his twin brother who died shortly after they were born. Quinn doesn't believe this until Patsy confirms it and says his name was Gawain and that it was Quinn's fault that his brother died. Quinn hears the same story from Jasmine and her grandmother. Goblin leaves a message on the computer saying he wants Lestat and Merrick gone and that he hates Quinn. Quinn then gives Merrick all the information he can about Goblin so she can get rid of him. Quinn kills Patsy and the ghost of Rebecca appears and is satisfied because he killed her and leaves. Quinn drinks from Lestat so he has enough strength for what is going to happen next. A fire is built and Quinn and Lestat watch as Merrick performs a ritual that involves the remains of Goblin/Gawain. The ritual ends with Merrick jumping into the fire with Goblin and even though Lestat pulls her out and tries to save her, she is dead.
Quinn and Lestat visit Oak Haven and speak to Stirling Oliver telling him about Merrick so that the Talamasca know what happened to her. Stirling Oliver tells Quinn that Mona Mayfair is dying. Quinn and Lestat leave the Talamasca to hunt. They arrive back at Blackwood Farm where they find Mona waiting for Quinn, dying. Quinn tells her what he is and Lestat makes her into a vampire for Quinn.
Supporting
Santiago
Santiago is a vampire and the leading thespian of Theatre des Vampires, introduced in Interview with the Vampire (1976). He is portrayed by Stephen Rea in the 1994 film adaptation and Ben Daniels in the season 2 of the 2022 television series Interview with the Vampire.
Madeleine
Introduced in Interview with the Vampire, Madeleine is a human dollmaker whom Louis turns into a vampire at Claudia's request. She and Claudia become very close, and when Claudia is condemned to death by exposure, Madeleine is destroyed with her. She is portrayed by Domiziana Giordano in the 1994 film adaptation and Roxane Duran in the season two of the 2022 television series Interview with the Vampire.
Gabrielle de Lioncourt
Gabrielle is Lestat's mother, introduced in The Vampire Lestat (1985). She is Lestat's first fledgling, and the second to leave him after Nicolas de Lenfent. She has yellow-blond hair like her son's and cobalt-blue eyes with "too small, too kittenish" features, as Lestat described them, that "made her look like a girl".
Gabrielle comes from a prosperous Italian family. She was educated and had traveled to and lived in many cities in Europe. Then she was married at a young age to Lestat's father, Marquis d'Auvergne. Gabrielle gave birth to eight children, but only 3 survived. Out of these sons, the youngest (Lestat), was to become her favorite. She and Lestat shared a special bond: they both were trapped in a place they hated and struggling endlessly to escape. Gabrielle was cold and uncaring to everyone. She was the only person who was educated in her family and read her books every day, yet lacked the patience to teach her sons to read or write anything.
Over the years she sold two of her heirloom jewels from an Italian grandmother to aid Lestat, the only person she loved and cared for. She lived life through him; he was the male part of her. She suffered a rapidly declining health due to bad winters and multiple childbirths. It eventually developed into tuberculosis. She funded Lestat's trip to Paris with Nicolas by giving him gold coins and advising him to hitch a ride on the postal carriage. Lestat became an actor there and was far happier than he ever was back home. He was grateful and loved his mother for all that she had done for him over the years so he sent letters to her telling her about his life in Paris. She encouraged his acting career, which gave him a lot of strength. She carefully hid her rapidly declining health to keep him strong.
Lestat was made into a vampire by Magnus, and inherited near-inexhaustible wealth when Magnus killed himself in a bonfire. He repaid those who helped him with gold and indulged in his new-found wealth. To hide the truth from Gabrielle, Lestat told her tales of going to the Bahamas, marrying a rich woman, and coming into vast wealth. Intrigued, she went to Paris to see her son before she died. Lestat went to see his mother the second night she was in Paris and tried to hide the truth from her, but she found out upon closer inspection of Lestat's changed appearance that he had become a vampire. When Gabrielle began dying right in front of him, a desperate Lestat made her a vampire. Lestat was now the maker, parent, and teacher, while Gabrielle became the fledgling, the child, and the student. Lestat took her to his tower where they lived happily for months. Things changed, however, when Lestat destroyed the Satanic cult headed by Armand, founded a theatre, and made Nicolas into a vampire. After this, Lestat and Gabrielle went traveling around the world. Gabrielle became increasingly distant and cold to her son. They finally parted in Egypt just after the French Revolution.
Gabrielle went into the deep jungles of Africa and Lestat went underground to sleep. Gabrielle was off exploring the world on her own for the next 200 years. She did not reappear until 1985 (during 1988's The Queen of the Damned.) She was there to help her son fight against Akasha and help save the world. During this time, she developed a slight bond with Marius, but nothing became of it and she drifted away from everyone again. Gabrielle resurfaced for the last time after Memnoch the Devil, in The Vampire Armand (1998) while Lestat was in his catatonic sleep.
In the 2006 musical, Lestat, Gabrielle was portrayed by Carolee Carmello who was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical for her role.
Akasha
Introduced in The Vampire Lestat, Akasha is the progenitor of all vampires. The queen of Kemet (Egypt) circa 5000 BC, Akasha and her husband Enkil are plagued by the evil spirit Amel. During an assassination attempt on Akasha and Enkil, Amel enters a dying Akasha's body, making her the first vampire. She in turn makes Enkil a vampire by drawing out nearly all of his blood and then allowing him to drink nearly all of hers. After millennia, they become living statues and sleep upright in their thrones. What befalls Akasha and Enkil also befalls all vampires; if they are injured, so are their children, if they die, so do all vampires. Called Those Who Must Be Kept, Akasha and Enkil are hidden and cared for by a series of ancient vampires in locations around the world. In the late 1800s, Lestat discovers them and drinks from Akasha, acquiring her supreme powers. Over a century later, Lestat's music awakens Akasha in The Queen of the Damned.
Akasha is portrayed by Aaliyah in the 2002 film Queen of the Damned.
Nicolas de Lenfent
Nicolas "Nicki" de Lenfent is Lestat's closest friend and lover in Paris, introduced in The Vampire Lestat (1985). Lestat is abducted from their bed and made a vampire by Magnus. Lestat later makes Nicki a vampire as well, which only amplifies Nicki's depression. Nicki was portrayed by Roderick Hill in the 2006 musical Lestat.
Magnus
Magnus is the vampire who turned Lestat into a vampire in The Vampire Lestat (1985). Magnus is characterized by black hair and eyes of the same color. As a mortal, he was an alchemist. He was an old man when he trapped the vampire Benedict in chains and stole the Dark Gift/Blood for himself. That happened at some point during the Middle Ages. According to the "Old Queen" (Allesandra) of Armand's coven in Paris, Magnus was 300 years old when he made Lestat, which would put his year of birth in the late 15th century. Over time, he was driven mad by his vampiric nature and his immortality. Before killing himself, he sought an heir to inherit the immense wealth that he had accumulated over the years. Magnus searched for years for an heir, with no success. In his dungeon, he had hundreds of decomposing bodies stored in a room, the discarded remains of his search for a suitable heir. Every one of these candidates had blond hair and blue eyes, just as Lestat does. After choosing Lestat as his heir and giving him explicit instructions to scatter his ashes after he had burned up, Magnus leaped into a pyre that he had made for himself. He left Lestat to struggle and learn for himself of his new vampiric nature and its powers. Lestat would later lament that he learned "absolutely nothing" from the one who made him.
Antoine
Introduced in The Vampire Lestat, Antoine is a French musician, exiled to Louisiana and made a vampire by Lestat. He returns in Prince Lestat (2014).
Antoinette, a gender swapped version of the character, appears in the 2022 television series Interview with the Vampire, portrayed by Maura Grace Athari. In the story, she is a blues singer taken as a lover by Lestat. Eventually, Louis and Claudia insist that Lestat kill her as a condition of reuniting their family. Lestat pretends to, presenting her severed finger as proof, but instead makes her a vampire to spy on Louis and Claudia. They ultimately destroy her in their incinerator.
Aaron Lightner
Aaron is a member of the Talamasca who possesses a particular interest in the Mayfair Witches. Introduced in The Queen of the Damned (1988), the character appears in the entire Lives of the Mayfair Witches trilogy (1990–1994) as well as the 2000 crossover novel Merrick.
Pandora
Pandora is an ancient Roman woman, previously named Lydia, whom Marius de Romanus is forced to make a vampire, and who helps him care for Those Who Must Be Kept for centuries.
Maharet and Mekare
Maharet and Mekare are six-thousand-year-old twins from ancient Kemet who inadvertently began the cycle of vampirism in the world by summoning the demon spirit Amel, who possesses a dying Akasha and turns her into a vampire.
Mael
Mael is mentioned briefly in The Vampire Lestat. Along with Marius de Romanus and Pandora, he is one of the legendary ancient vampires. When Marius tells the young Lestat the story of his life, he says that Mael was the druid priest who abducted him to become the new "God of the Grove". Marius escaped. Mael later returns in The Queen of the Damned (1988). He is a companion to Maharet and also seeks to protect her mortal descendant Jesse Reeves. Mael is present when Maharet tells Jesse her story when they later try to reason with Akasha, and when Mekare kills her.
The third appearance by Mael is at the end of Memnoch the Devil. Lestat goes to Heaven and Hell with the Devil, Memnoch, and he brought back Veronica's Veil, causing chaos among mortals and bringing out many of the ancients. Mael tells David Talbot and Lestat that he is going to burn himself in the sun for God. Mael is ancient and thereby too strong for the sunlight to kill him ordinarily, but he believes that the presence of the Veil negates his supernatural powers (but not his vulnerabilities). The final implication is that Mael dies as the novel ends, but it's revealed by Marius in Blood and Gold (2001) that Mael's suicide attempt is unsuccessful, "He was badly burnt and brought low, as can happen with us who are very old, and after one day in the sun, he hadn't the courage for more suffering. Back to his companions, he went and there he remains."
He appears in Blood and Gold when Marius tells Thorne about his life, in which Mael is included. Marius has just left Pandora when he meets Mael and his maker Avicus in Rome, the city he moved to. When Marius had escaped and the old god had been killed (because they had Marius), Mael is chosen to become the new "God of the Grove". The druids find out about Avicus in England and they travel there. When they get there Avicus uses "the Mind Gift" on Mael and learns about Marius's escape. To give Mael "the Dark Gift" Avicus wants a victim and freedom, but it all ends up with that Mael is turned into a vampire and they escape together. Mael and Avicus become companions and eventually meet Marius in Rome, where they reveal all this. There is a lot of anger between Mael and Marius while Avicus tries to keep them from fighting. They come to peace where they all live in the city.
Mael and Avicus keep the city clean from The Children of Darkness, but one night Mael is injured and Marius agrees to help. Marius must give Mael blood so he can heal and then Mael sees visions of Those Who Must Be Kept. Gradually they get to know more and more, and Avicus seems to have been made by Akasha before becoming "A God of the Grove". Mael is furious that Marius kept such an important secret to himself, about that Marius destroyed his belief and about the connection between Avicus and Marius. Marius eventually takes them to Those Who Must Be Kept and Mael tries to drink from Akasha. Enkil does not like it and Marius saves Mael in the last minute from being killed by Enkil. Later when Rome is falling Marius goes to sleep and they try to wake him but do not succeed. A hundred years later they decide to leave for Constantinople and finally successfully awaken Marius. In Constantinople, they separate, and then Mael becomes Maharet's companion.
Santino
Santino is the leader of a coven of Satanic vampires, the members of which hold a common belief that they are meant to be the scourge of humankind. He approaches Marius in Rome, some 500 years before Marius meets Lestat, and confronts him about Those Who Must Be Kept, whom Marius has been thinking of. This startles Marius greatly, as he is much older than Santino, so reading his mind should be impossible. He decides to scare the young Santino, by setting his cloak on fire and telling him to leave. Marius does not hear of Santino again until sometime later, when Mael tells Marius of his meeting with Santino. Santino and his satanic coven ultimately attack Marius's Venetian home, his followers burning his house and killing some of the boys he harbors. Marius is badly burned from this incident and his fledgling Armand is taken, along with a number of Marius's boys. The coven burns the boys alive in a giant fire. Santino rescues Armand, claiming to his followers that the young fledgling has a heart for God. Armand does not come over to the darker life of the coven so easily though. With the help of his follower Allesandra, they keep Armand locked up in their crypt, starving him for days before allowing him to feed. Eventually, Armand gives in and is accepted as Santino's apprentice. After some time Armand is chosen to become the leader of the Paris coven, whose former leader went into the fire. Allesandra picks the name Armand for him as a new name and goes with him to Paris.
Santino is not heard of again until in the novel The Queen of the Damned (1988) where he comes with Eric to Maharet's place, meeting Jesse who is still human at that time and where he accompanies Pandora to rescue Marius from the icy wall in which Akasha has entrapped Marius, possibly hoping to redeem himself in his eyes for the wrongs he had done to the elder. After the events of Queen of the Damned, he stays for a time on Armand's Night Island, occasionally playing chess with Armand.
He is also mentioned in The Vampire Armand (1998), when Armand, after going into the sun sees both his old master and his old coven master destroying evidence the humans had of vampires existing. Marius never takes his revenge against Santino for destroying his life in Venice and taking his Armand from him (at first because he doesn't have the opportunity and later because the new vampire queen forbids vampires from killing each other, as their numbers are low). Marius harbors a deep hatred for Santino, and centuries later tells his story to a vampire companion named Thorne. When Marius and Thorne met Santino, Thorne slays Santino with the Fire Gift so that Marius's heart will be at rest. This results in Thorne's confinement.
Khayman
Khayman is a powerful and ancient vampire introduced in The Queen of the Damned (1988). He was the third vampire in existence, after Akasha and her consort, Enkil.
Azim
Azim is the ancient "blood god" who has ruled in a Himalayan temple for a thousand years. He collects worshippers into his temple using his vampiric gift and drains their blood during the frenzied ceremonies. Azim is described by Pandora as plump, bronze-skinned, and wrapped in a lavish robe and a silk turban. Despite being "as old as Marius" and therefore powerful, Akasha invades his temple and kills him with a flick of her hand, his skull detonated and his body incinerated by her primal power.
Eric
Eric is mentioned only in The Queen of the Damned (1988) and The Tale of the Body Thief (1992). Eric is made a vampire by Maharet around 1000 BC at the mortal age of twenty-nine. His origin and past life are unknown. He survives Akasha's worldwide slaughter due to his immortal age of three thousand years and is one of the immortals who gathered at Sonoma to stand against Akasha. His first and only appearance is in Queen of the Damned where he came to Maharet, Jesse, and Mael with his Italian companion, Santino, who argued with Maharet via telepathy. As they leave, Santino is furious and Eric confused because he did not understand their argument; being Maharet's fledgling, he couldn't read Maharet's mind. It was also stated that there were times that he came to visit Maharet, Mael, and Jesse while bringing with him films from other countries and sometimes joining the three in their singing. Being a vampire of 3,000 years of age, he is very powerful, his skin is hard and as white as marble and therefore couldn't easily burn under the sun. He is also described as having a youthful appearance and soft brown eyes. His brief conversations make him out to have a deceptively fragile personality. His cowardice in particular makes him stand out.
Memnoch
Memnoch is an incarnation of the fallen angel Satan, the devil. He is referenced in The Tale of the Body Thief (1992), and is a central character in the eponymous Memnoch the Devil, in which he hunts and abducts the vampire Lestat, to convince the latter of his ideology and to enlist him into his cause.
Avicus
Avicus is an ancient vampire who appears in Blood and Gold (2001). Avicus is far older than Marius, but he does not know his own strength, although it is implied in Blood and Gold that his powers are second to those of Marius. Avicus is from Egypt, and some statements in Blood and Gold indicate that he was created by Akasha herself. The powerful blood he supposedly received and his age give him his strength. If he was not created by Akasha, then his powers have most certainly increased with age, as he was a "God of the Grove" for hundreds of years.
When the druid priest Mael needs a new "God of the Grove" (due to Marius's escape and the destruction of the old "God of the Grove") it's decided that Mael is to become the new "God of the Grove". The Druids learn about Avicus, who can be found in England, though the book indicates the forests to the north. This is most likely Scotland which, at the time when the book is set, had a large druid presence and was completely covered by the Caledonian forest. They travel there to get Avicus, but Mael and he make an arrangement—Avicus will give Mael "the Dark Gift" if he is given a victim and freedom. After becoming the God Of The Grove and learning (from using "the Mind Gift" on Mael) that Marius had successfully escaped, Avicus also wants to escape. Ultimately, Avicus and Mael escape together and thus become companions. They eventually meet up with Marius and the three live together for a time.
In Constantinople, Marius, Avicus, and Mael discover Zenobia, a vampire fledgling of the ancient Eudoxia. Mael, Avicus, and Zenobia are left behind by Marius when he takes Those Who Must Be Kept out of Constantinople. Over 1,000 years later, Marius learns from Mael that Avicus was in love with Zenobia and persuaded her to leave with him, abandoning Mael. Mael blames Marius for this, as he blamed Marius for all his misfortunes in ancient times.
Eudoxia
Eudoxia is a vampire who appears in Blood and Gold (2001). After the Fall of Rome, Marius de Romanus, Avicus and Mael move to Constantinople with Those Who Must Be Kept. Shortly after their arrival, they are contacted by the young vampires Asphar and Rashid. They ask them to come to Eudoxia, "the vampire empress" in the city. When her guests arrive she tells them her story. She was around fifteen and about to get married when she was abducted by a vampire. She was then also made one. Her maker she never names, but they stayed together for several years.
Eudoxia's maker was very cold and uncaring. After a few years, she is taken to "Those Who Must Be Kept" to drink their blood and is directly after left by her maker. She decides to make copies of different texts for mortals in order to know the world. While she's at this she opens her house to mortals, and an unnamed young man falls in love with her. He offers to leave his life for her and Eudoxia makes him into a vampire. They spend a few years together until "the Great Fire". The power of all vampires resides in "Those Who Must Be Kept" and one of "the Elders" of their temple has put it to the test. All young vampires are burnt to death as they are in the sun, including Eudoxia's lover.
She travels to Egypt and finds out that "Those Who Must Be Kept" are in the custody of Marius. She spends her life trying to find him. She does not succeed and forms a coven in Constantinople. Her companions are Rashid, Asphar, and Eudoxia's vampire lover Zenobia. All of them are young when made because Eudoxia thinks they are better off without a connection to their mortal life. When Marius finally comes to the city, she confronts him. She demands to get possession of "Those Who Must Be Kept", but Marius cannot allow this. He doesn't know if he can trust Eudoxia or what "Those Who Must Be Kept" want. The meeting ends in a fight where Eudoxia is defeated, despite being the elder of the pair, as Marius had drunk more of the blood of Akasha. In the fight, Marius discovers that he has "the Fire Gift" when he uses it to burn Rashid to ashes.
The next night Eudoxia shows up at Marius's house and he agrees to let her see the shrine. As she talks to Akasha and Enkil, Akasha takes her and drinks her blood but Eudoxia is saved by Marius. To heal, Eudoxia needs a victim for feeding. They find a real nobleman, but they let the people know that he has been murdered. The blame falls on Marius and they destroy his house. In his anger, he destroys Asphar and all other vampires before he throws Eudoxia to Akasha, where she meets her destruction.
Thorne
Thorne is a vampire who appears in the novel Blood and Gold (2001), which details the life of the vampire Marius de Romanus. Thorne is a Viking warrior originally called Thornevald that is sent to slay a vampire-witch that has been killing villagers and stealing their eyes. Thorne finds the vampire and learns that she has no eyes of her own, and must take eyes from her victims to see. After a time, the mortal eyes wear out in her immortal body and she must take another pair from one of her victims. This vampire is Maharet, one of the most ancient vampires, and the story of how she lost her eyes is recounted in The Queen of the Damned (1988).
Maharet does not slay Thorne but turns him into a vampire and keeps him as her companion. Soon the pair are joined by other vampires, including the druid vampire Mael, who shares an uneasy friendship with Marius. Jealous of Maharet's attention to the other vampires, Thorne eventually leaves her. He lies asleep for centuries in the ice of the far north, his jealousy gradually growing into a mad obsession. He is awakened by the events of the novel The Queen of the Damned. Marius makes contact with him using the Mind Gift, a form of telepathy. Thorne journeys south and finds Marius in a large city near the Arctic Circle. Marius enjoys it here as the noonday darkness allows him to live more like a normal person. Marius takes him to his home and discovers that Thorne still harbors a jealous rage for Maharet.
Knowing that Maharet could easily destroy Thorne in a battle, Marius tries to dissuade him from his suicidal obsession and begins to recount his life story to Thorne. Marius's story accounts for the bulk of the novel. Thorne politely listens to Marius's account of his life and what he has learned as a vampire. Thorne is particularly interested in the story of the brutal attack on Marius by the vampire Santino and his Satanic cult of followers, who burn Marius in his house and kidnap his apprentice Armand. At the end of the tale, Thorne questions Marius why he has not taken revenge on Santino and offers to help kill him. Marius explains that Maharet now rules the vampires as regent for her mute sister, Mekare, and Maharet forbids it. Marius pleads with Thorne to forget the past and talk of revenge, but Thorne still insists on Marius taking him to see Maharet. Marius reluctantly agrees and the pair are mysteriously whisked away. They awaken in a jungle location, where Maharet lives in seclusion with her sister, the new Queen of the Damned. Several other vampires are present, including Pandora, Marius's long-lost love; Armand; and Santino.
After a brief, bitter discussion, Marius admits that he still wishes to kill Santino. However, he will not because Maharet forbids it, and Marius believes that for Maharet's rule over the vampires to be valid, all vampires must obey her. Thorne abruptly kills Santino himself and then attacks Maharet in a jealous rage. Mekare comes to her sister's aid and easily pulls Thorne away. Thorne, knowing he is undone, whispers a request to the mute Queen as they struggle and she complies. Mekare removes Thorne's eyes from their sockets and hands them to Maharet. Maharet accepts the gift and binds Thorne with ropes made of her hair, the only material strong enough to hold a vampire.
Thorne ends the novel as Maharet's eternal prisoner, but he is happy knowing that the object of his obsession will always be near him and that her new eyes will last her forever.
Teskhamen
Teskhamen is the "Blood God" from the grove, maker of Marius de Romanus, elder and founder of Talamasca.
Rhoshamandes
Rhoshamandes is a peace-loving vampire, part of the Queen's Blood contingent of vampires. Made directly by Akasha. One thousand years after the Blood Genesis or 1,000 after Akasha herself was made. To be more precise, 3000 BC. His fledglings include Allesandra—the old vampire that Lestat has met during his descent to the catacombs beneath Les Innocents cemetery in Paris, Benedict—a monk turned vampire from whom Magnus stole the Dark Gift, Eleni and Eugénie de Landen—made in the early Middle Ages, as well as Everard de Landen, also made in the Middle Ages. Eleni is the female fledgling who informed Lestat of their progress in the new Theatre Coven led by Armand in The Queen of the Damned. She was presumed dead due to Armand trying to extinguish the coven, as he was the leader.
Seth
Seth is the mortal son of Akasha. He was turned into a vampire by his mother and was initially part of her army, before rebelling and going off on his own. He is the protector of Fareed, the doctor turned vampire. He first appears in the novel Prince Lestat (2014)
References
Vampire Chronicles |
Chanler is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Robert Winthrop Chanler (1872–1930), American artist.
Lewis Stuyvesant Chanler (1869–1942), New York lawyer
John Winthrop Chanler (1826–1877), New York lawyer and a U.S. Representative from New York
William A. Chanler (1867–1934), U.S. Representative from New York, son of John Winthrop Chanler
Beatrice Chanler (1881–1946), American actress, sculptor and Cleopatra's Daughter biographer
Theodore Ward Chanler (1902–1961), American composer
Julia Lynch Olin, American author and Bahá'í
Elizabeth Astor Winthrop Chanler, American heiress and socialite, daughter of John Winthrop Chanler. and wife of John Jay Chapman
See also
Chandler (surname) |
```php
<?php
/*
*
* File ini bagian dari:
*
* OpenSID
*
* Sistem informasi desa sumber terbuka untuk memajukan desa
*
* Aplikasi dan source code ini dirilis berdasarkan lisensi GPL V3
*
* Hak Cipta 2009 - 2015 Combine Resource Institution (path_to_url
* Hak Cipta 2016 - 2024 Perkumpulan Desa Digital Terbuka (path_to_url
*
* Dengan ini diberikan izin, secara gratis, kepada siapa pun yang mendapatkan salinan
* dari perangkat lunak ini dan file dokumentasi terkait ("Aplikasi Ini"), untuk diperlakukan
* tanpa batasan, termasuk hak untuk menggunakan, menyalin, mengubah dan/atau mendistribusikan,
* asal tunduk pada syarat berikut:
*
* Pemberitahuan hak cipta di atas dan pemberitahuan izin ini harus disertakan dalam
* setiap salinan atau bagian penting Aplikasi Ini. Barang siapa yang menghapus atau menghilangkan
* pemberitahuan ini melanggar ketentuan lisensi Aplikasi Ini.
*
* PERANGKAT LUNAK INI DISEDIAKAN "SEBAGAIMANA ADANYA", TANPA JAMINAN APA PUN, BAIK TERSURAT MAUPUN
* TERSIRAT. PENULIS ATAU PEMEGANG HAK CIPTA SAMA SEKALI TIDAK BERTANGGUNG JAWAB ATAS KLAIM, KERUSAKAN ATAU
* KEWAJIBAN APAPUN ATAS PENGGUNAAN ATAU LAINNYA TERKAIT APLIKASI INI.
*
* @package OpenSID
* @author Tim Pengembang OpenDesa
* @copyright Hak Cipta 2009 - 2015 Combine Resource Institution (path_to_url
* @copyright Hak Cipta 2016 - 2024 Perkumpulan Desa Digital Terbuka (path_to_url
* @license path_to_url GPL V3
* @link path_to_url
*
*/
use Illuminate\Database\Migrations\Migration;
use Illuminate\Database\Schema\Blueprint;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Schema;
return new class () extends Migration {
/**
* Run the migrations.
*
* @return void
*/
public function up()
{
Schema::table('analisis_respon_bukti', static function (Blueprint $table) {
$table->foreign(['config_id'], 'analisis_respon_bukti_config_fk')->references(['id'])->on('config')->onUpdate('CASCADE')->onDelete('CASCADE');
});
}
/**
* Reverse the migrations.
*
* @return void
*/
public function down()
{
Schema::table('analisis_respon_bukti', static function (Blueprint $table) {
$table->dropForeign('analisis_respon_bukti_config_fk');
});
}
};
``` |
David Armand (born David Robert Whitehead in September 1977) is an English comedian, actor and writer who has performed on stage, film, radio and most notably, television, where the shows he has appeared in include Fast and Loose, Episodes, How Not to Live Your Life, Pulling, The Armstrong & Miller Show, Swinging, and Peep Show.
He is one of the writers and stars of the hit CBBC comedy shows Sorry, I've Got No Head, and its sister show, Pixelface. He has also written for shows such as The Peter Serafinowicz Show and Katy Brand's Big Ass Show.
Early life and career
Born in the Northamptonshire town of Kettering, Armand was educated at Latimer Community Arts College, St Catharine's College, Cambridge and the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art. As a member of the sketch comedy troupe The Hollow Men, he appeared at the Edinburgh Fringe four times between 1999 and 2002, travelled to America as a participant at the 2003 US Comedy Arts Festival in the Colorado mountain resort of Aspen, and to Canada for a performance at Montreal's 2005 Just for Laughs festival. The troupe wrote and starred in their self-titled TV series for the American network Comedy Central as well as two series for BBC Radio 4.
He is well known for his mime style interpretive dance of Natalie Imbruglia's "Torn" (in character as "Austrian interpretive dance artist Johann Lippowitz"). A 2005 performance was broadcast by HBO Comedy and subsequently spread through the Internet. The performance is often incorrectly labelled as "Karaoke for the Deaf". He performed his famous dance on stage live with Natalie Imbruglia at the 2006 Secret Policeman's Ball for Amnesty International. The performance started with Armand dancing with Imbruglia singing live vocals backstage, then on-stage, and concluded with Imbruglia performing Armand's dance moves alongside him.
Utilizing the "Johann Lippowitz" alter ego, he has performed several other songs, including Paul Young's "Wherever I Lay My Hat". and "Don't Look Back in Anger" by Oasis.
Armand starred in BBC Three sitcom, How Not to Live Your Life as Eddie Singh, the over-enthusiastic caregiver for the late grandmother of the show's leading character, Don Danbury (Dan Clark). He has also appeared in several online BBC comedy sketches under the title This is Wondervision.
In 2011 he appeared on BBC2's improv show Fast and Loose, where he performed an interpretive dance routine to a different song each week. Two cast members had to guess the song title based on his routine.
In February 2012 Armand appeared as John in Alan Ayckbourn's Absent Friends at the Harold Pinter Theatre, London, receiving a positive review from Michael Billington.
In July 2012, he made regular appearances on the American TV show Trust Us with Your Life on ABC, performing interpretive dance to a popular song related to some aspect of the guest celebrity on that week's show, which the celebrity (wearing noise-cancelling headphones) was challenged to guess.
He appeared in Comedy at the Hippodrome with Ardal O'Hanlon and Adam Kay in 2017.
He has a 13 year old son named Henry and a 14 year old adopted son called Gabriel Sachdev
Filmography
Film
Television
References
External links
1977 births
Living people
Alumni of St Catharine's College, Cambridge
Date of birth missing (living people)
English male television actors
English male comedians
English comedy writers
People from Kettering
20th-century English comedians
21st-century English comedians
Comedians from Northamptonshire |
Eladio Zorrilla Jiménez (born 13 July 1990), commonly known as Elady, is a Spanish footballer who plays for CD Tenerife. Mainly a left winger, he can also play as a forward.
Club career
Born in La Puerta de Segura, Jaén, Andalusia, Elady made his senior debut with Orcera CF in the regional leagues. In 2008 he moved to La Puerta CD; initially assigned to the youth setup, he became a first-team regular during his two-season spell.
In 2010 Elady signed for Villacarrillo CF, still in the lower levels. On 10 July 2012, after helping the side in their promotion to Tercera División, he moved straight to Segunda División B after agreeing to a contract with Real Jaén.
On 15 July 2013, after being rarely used, Elady returned to Villacarrillo, now in the fourth tier. The following 1 July he signed for La Hoya Lorca CF, but cut ties with the club on 26 August and subsequently returned to his previous club.
On 3 October 2014, Elady joined fellow fourth division side Écija Balompié, but left the club the following January and signed for Linares Deportivo in the same category. On 14 July 2015 he moved to Atlético Mancha Real, scoring a career-best 21 goals during his first campaign, which ended in promotion.
On 18 January 2017, after scoring ten goals in only 20 matches, Elady signed a 18-month contract with Real Murcia in the third division. On 17 July 2018, after contributing with 12 goals as his side missed out promotion in the play-offs, he moved abroad and joined KS Cracovia on a two-year deal.
Elady made his professional debut on 29 July 2018, playing the entire second half in a 0–2 away loss against KKS Lech Poznań for the Ekstraklasa championship. After only one more match, he returned to his home country and agreed to a deal with FC Cartagena on 9 August.
Elady was a regular starter for the Efesé during his first campaigns, scoring a career-best 19 goals in his first season and adding a further seven in his second, as the club achieved promotion to Segunda División. He scored his first professional goal on 4 October 2020 at the age of 30, netting the opener in a 2–1 home win over CD Lugo.
On 14 July 2021, Elady signed a two-year deal with fellow second division side CD Tenerife.
References
External links
1990 births
Living people
Sportspeople from the Province of Jaén (Spain)
Spanish men's footballers
Footballers from Andalusia
Men's association football wingers
Men's association football forwards
Segunda División B players
Tercera División players
Divisiones Regionales de Fútbol players
Real Jaén footballers
Écija Balompié players
Linares Deportivo footballers
Lorca FC players
Real Murcia CF players
FC Cartagena footballers
CD Tenerife players
Ekstraklasa players
MKS Cracovia players
Spanish expatriate men's footballers
Spanish expatriate sportspeople in Poland
Expatriate men's footballers in Poland |
The Palazzo Cenami is a Renaissance-style palace located on Via Santa Croce in central Lucca, region of Tuscany, Italy. The palace was designed in 1530 by Nicolao Civitali. Some attribute the palace's Florentine style of architecture to Agostino Marti in 1501.
References
Palaces in Lucca
Renaissance architecture in Lucca |
Androka is a rural municipality in southwestern Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Ampanihy, which is a part of Atsimo-Andrefana Region. It has a population of 39168 inhabitants in 2018.
Primary and junior level secondary education are available in town. The majority 80% of the population of the commune are farmers, while an additional 5% receives their livelihood from raising livestock. The most important crop is maize, while other important products are cassava and sweet potatoes. Services provide employment for 5% of the population. Additionally fishing employs 10% of the population.
Geography
The municipality is situated in the Bay of Langarano by the Linta River. In the south the municipality is bordered by the Menarandra River.
It borders south of Tsimanampetsotsa National Park and the Nosy Ve-Androka National Park.
Notable people
Efiaimbalo, sculptor
References and notes
Populated places in Atsimo-Andrefana |
The Fifth Ward is a community of Houston, Texas, United States, derived from a historical political district (ward), about northeast of Downtown. Its boundaries are Buffalo Bayou on the south, Jensen Drive on the west, Collingsworth Rd on the north, and Lockwood Drive on the east.
The Fifth Ward, one of the six wards of Houston, was created partly from two other wards, the First Ward, which ceded the area to the north and east of White Oak Bayou and Little White Oak Bayou, and the Second Ward, which ceded all land within the Houston city limits to the north of Buffalo Bayou.
History
Early history
In its initial history the Fifth Ward had many ethnic groups. Large numbers of the residents were Irish and Jews; the latter had fled pogroms in Russia and Eastern Europe, and lived mostly in the eastern parts, while the former lived mainly in the north. Richard West of the Texas Monthly characterized the early Fifth Ward as being "prosperous".
After the American Civil War, newly freed slaves began settling in the sparsely settled area. In 1866, it became the Fifth Ward and an alderman from the ward was elected to Houston's City Council. By the mid-1880s, it was virtually all black, home to working-class people who made their livings in Houston's eastside ship channel and industrial areas or as domestics for wealthy Houstonians. Mount Vernon United Methodist Church, founded in 1865 by a former slave, is the oldest church in the ward. Five other churches are over a hundred years old. Also home to the famous "Island of Hope (Anderson Memorial Temple) COGIC" the oldest Pentecostal church in Fifth Ward. Over the years it had been home to the city's minority and immigrant population. Additional waves of Irish people, as well as Germans and Italians settled the Fifth Ward.
In the late 1800s the Fifth Ward community threatened to secede from the city of Houston twice, in 1875 and 1883. Complaints about inadequate municipal services, including fire and police services, lighting, sanitation, and drainage, occurred during this time period. The 1875 secession complaint asked for the paving of streets and upgrades to the utility system. The city government ameliorated the 1883 complaints by establishing a drawbridge at San Jacinto Street that crossed the Buffalo Bayou. It paved parts of Odin Avenue, now known as Lyons Avenue, in brick in the 1890s. The pavement ended two blocks after the residence of Mayor of Houston John T. Browne.
On February 21, 1912, with stiff Northern winds blowing in, the largest fire in Houston's history began. This fire became known as the "Great Fifth Ward Fire". The strong winds spread the fire as embers set wood-shingled roofs on fire. It consumed a church, school, 13 industrial plants, eight stores, and 119 homes, mostly located in the Fifth Ward. There were no deaths, but there was over $3 million in property damage.
Post-World War I to the mid-20th century
In the post-World War I period the neighborhood makeup changed as a wave of African-Americans settled the Fifth Ward. The housing density increased as families put more people in each building in order to pay their rent. The buildings, occupied by too many people, began to deteriorate. Some Jewish people remained as landlords, but most of them moved away, with many of them going to New York City, including The Bronx; and Long Island.
Before desegregation the community housed African-Americans of all occupations and income levels. The community was known as the "bloody Fifth" because of some highly publicized violent incidents in the neighborhood; Michael Berryhill of the Houston Press stated that the Fifth Ward was not as blighted in the 1940s as it was during the 1990s. Robb Walsh of the Houston Press described the 1930s era Fifth Ward as "one of the proudest black neighborhoods" in the US; more than 40 black-owned businesses were along Lyons Avenue in the Fifth Ward at that time.
In the post-World War II period a large number of black migrants, many of them from Louisiana and some from East Texas and other areas in the Deep South, settled the Fifth Ward. The community became characterized by poverty since many of these migrants were unable to get non-menial jobs.
In 1949 Brown & Root began buying land in the Fifth Ward for its headquarters.
When Interstate 10 was built, it went through the Fifth Ward, dividing the community.
The city government established some pocket parks and added pavement, gutters, and curbing to several streets in the southernmost part of the Fifth Ward in the period 1964-1974, during the term of Mayor of Houston Louie Welch.
1970s and 1980s
Desegregation led middle class African-Americans to move to the suburbs. By the 1970s the Fifth Ward lost a significant part of its population, and many houses were boarded-up. Many area businesses were vacant and the area had many vacant lots with overgrown plants. In 1974 Whit described the neighborhood as "one of Houston's poorest ghettos". In the 1970s and 1980s the Fifth Ward became notorious throughout Houston for the violence perpetrated in the community. Ernest McMillan, a community activist and contributor to the Fifth Ward Enrichment Program, said in a 1987 Houston Chronicle article that "One of the differences between this neighborhood and one like River Oaks is that they have lots of support and all kinds of resources available. Here in the Fifth Ward it's the exact opposite: These people have no resources at all. There's one clinic, one library, no YMCA, very few activities, and the community is very fragmented. It's not the kind of environment that helps a child excel."
As of 1979 the median income in the Fifth Ward was $5,030 ($ adjusted for inflation), 25% of Fifth Ward residents had high school diplomas, and 34% of Fifth Ward residents lived below the poverty line. The respective citywide averages were a median income of $9,876 ($ adjusted for inflation), a percentage of those with high school diplomas of 52%, and a poverty line percentage of 10%. By 1979 only a few Italian American families remained in the Fifth Ward. By that year, black flight from the Fifth Ward to Kashmere Gardens, South Park, Sunnyside, and Trinity Gardens had occurred.
West wrote in 1979 that about 90% of the Fifth Ward was characterized by "physical ugliness" and "poverty" while there are some middle class "pockets of affluence" that do not have physical indications of troubled neighborhoods. At the time the Fifth Ward was more dense in terms of population than most Houston neighborhoods. The average Fifth Ward housing density was 9.14 and there were 30.5 persons per residential acre, while Houston's citywide average density and persons per residential acre were 4.98 and 14.4, respectively. In addition, 21% of city blocks had no drainage systems, while 39% had open ditches and 40% had storm sewers. West stated that the Fifth Ward's physical character was not like that of Harlem in New York City or Roxbury in Boston. In 1974 Whit Canning of Texas Monthly stated that the Fifth Ward was characterized by a "project-type apartment complex", "narrow streets" and "small stores". West wrote that the Fifth Ward had its environment "out in the open, on the street" and that it had "more barbershops, pawnshops, churches, loose dogs, abandoned buildings, bars, broken windows" while there were "fewer sidewalks, streetlights, fire hydrants, culverts, curbs, parks, jewelers, museums, libraries, garbage trucks."
In 1970 metal manufacturer Moncrief-Lenoir Manufacturing Company planned an urban renewal project, spending $10 million to buy of land along Lyons Avenue's western end, but nothing was built by 1979. It was scheduled to be one of the largest urban renewal projects in the United States.
1990s and onward
Between 1990 and 2000 the Hispanic population of the Fifth Ward increased from around 19% of the population to around 31% as Hispanics in the Houston area moved into majority black neighborhoods. In the same period, the black population of the Fifth Ward declined by 3,286 as majority African-American neighborhoods in Houston had declines in their black populations.
In 2000 the median annual income was $8,900. 62% of its residents lived below the poverty line. 9 of 10 school-aged children qualified for free or reduced lunches. The commercial streets had several empty buildings and vacant lots. Lisa Gray, a journalist in the Houston Press, stated in a 2000 article that the existing businesses "run mostly to dingy mom-and-pop operations, grim little grocery stores and cheerless liquor stores. There's no McDonald's, no Fiesta, no Target, no Wal-Mart. It's turf where national chains fear to tread." Gray added that the words "new" and "nice" were not often associated with the Fifth Ward, while "at-risk," "crime," and "poverty," were. Walsh said that the Fifth Ward in 2002 was "in much better shape" than it was in the 1970s; he added that while the Fifth Ward is "hardly a garden spot," the Fifth Ward Community Redevelopment Corporation took many steps to improve the community including assisting low income borrowers in finding loans, encouraging architects to develop "innovative designs" for low income housing, and bringing commercial building projects into the Fifth Ward.
Japhet, a section of the Fifth Ward at Emile Street at Clinton Drive (two blocks east of Hirsch Road/Waco Street), was the Houston Press 2004 "Best Hidden Neighborhood." The article stated "Say the words "Fifth Ward" to most Houstonians, and they'll think crime, poverty and desperation." The article added that Japhet is "more like a village than anything else -- fragrant organic gardens are everywhere, bursting with vegetables, fruits and flowers, and the whole neighborhood comes together for a big party every full moon."
In 2007 the Fifth Ward was one of several Houston neighborhoods with a high concentration of felons. During that year a debate regarding the ownership of the historic Evergreen Negro Cemetery in the Fifth Ward continued. Some Hurricane Katrina evacuees also moved from Southwest Houston and lived in other parts of Houston such as the Fifth Ward.
In 2020 a survey concluded that 43% of area families had at least one member diagnosed with cancer.
Demographics
In 2015 the Greater Fifth Ward Super Neighborhood had 19,687 residents. 48% were non-Hispanic Black, 46% were Hispanic, 4% were non-Hispanic white, and 1% each was non-Hispanic Asian and non-Hispanic other. In 2000 the super neighborhood had 22,211 residents. 63% were non-Hispanic black, 35% were Hispanic, and 1% were non-Hispanic white; the percentages of non-Hispanic Asians and others were zero.
In 1870 16% of the African Americans in Houston lived in the Fifth Ward, and in 1910 21% of the African Americans in Houston lived in the Fifth Ward.
Government and infrastructure
Fifth Ward is currently located in City Council District B. As of 2015 Jerry Davis represents the district.
The community is served by the Houston Police Department Northeast Patrol Division, headquartered at 8301 Ley Road. The Fifth Ward Storefront is located in Suite 200 at 4300 Lyons Avenue.
The Houston Fire Department operates Station 19 Fifth Ward, a part of Fire District 19, on 1811 Gregg Street. The station first opened in 1925 at the corner of Gregg and New Orleans. The current location opened in 1979 at the opposite side of the intersection. In 1979 it had the highest number of fire and ambulance, beating, cutting, dead on arrival, emergency birth and other obstetric, false alarm, sickness and shooting calls of any Houston fire station.
The Harris Health System (formerly Harris County Hospital District) designated the Ripley Health Center for the ZIP code 77020. The designated public hospital is Ben Taub General Hospital in the Texas Medical Center.
The Houston Housing Authority (HHA) operates several public housing properties in the Fifth Ward. The include Kelly Village and Kennedy Place. Kennedy Place first opened as a 60 unit development in 1982. The HHA used $7.8 million, including some federal stimulus funds, to redevelop the housing. The demolition of the old Kennedy Place began on December 28, 2009. In January 2011 the new Kennedy Place opened, with 108 units (20 one bedroom, 58 two bedroom, 23 three bedroom, and 4 four bedroom). It also once had Kelly Court, which was the second-ever Houston housing project that admitted African-Americans.
In 2002, open ditches were the predominant form of drainage of water in the Fifth Ward.
The Fifth Ward is in Texas's 18th congressional district. Its representative as of 2021 is Sheila Jackson Lee.
Multi-service center and senior center
The city operates the Fifth Ward Multi-Service Center at 4014 Market Street, The city multi-service centers provide several services such as child care, programs for elderly residents, and rental space. in proximity to Interstate 10. The center, operated by the Houston Department of Health and Human Services, houses ten agencies, including the Fifth Ward Branch Library, American Red Cross, Harris County Juvenile Probation Program, Mayor's Citizens' Assistance Office, Neighborhood Centers Inc., and Fifth Ward Head Start. The center opened in 1977 so that various social services supporting the Fifth Ward would be located in one place. It was built for $1 million (equivalent to $ in ), and by 1979 it had a day care, a juvenile probation center, a housing counseling center, an employment center, a health clinic, a library, a senior citizen service center, and other services, provided by nine agencies. In 2005 the multi-service center served 65,000 people.
In a 2001 bond election voters approved an expansion and renovation of the multi-service center. On October 12, 2006 the city of Houston began the first phase of a renovation and expansion project for the center. The first phase, $3.4 million, included an addition of of space to the center; the expansion would include a classroom with computers for information technology purposes, a community food pantry, a demonstration kitchen used for holding cooking classes, community meeting conference space, a community event multi-purpose room, and community program administration offices. The city scheduled completion for September 2007. The city scheduled the start of the second phase, a $2 million renovation project of the original structure, after the end of the first phase.
The Department of Health and Human Services also operates the John Wesley Peavy Sr. Senior Citizens Center, adjacent to the Multi-Service Center. It was named after John Wesley Peavy Sr., an East Texas native who served as a precinct judge in the area.
Economy
West stated that possible reasons why the business climate in the Fifth Ward was poor, according to different people in the Fifth Ward, include a lack of effort to get investment from White people, the construction of freeways that cut off parts of the Fifth Ward, a lack of investment in the appearance of businesses, white persons leaving the Fifth Ward and taking capital, and the closing of the Lyons Avenue exit off of the Eastex Freeway, the eastern portion of U.S. Route 59 in Houston. West also stated that black flight contributed to the decline in Fifth Ward businesses.
As of 1979 most businesses in the Fifth Ward were personal service affairs common to other low income neighborhoods in the United States, such as pawnshops, funeral parlors, bars, barbershops, cleaners, cafes, and liquor stores. As of 1979 Mack Hanna, a black man from Houston, owned the Standard Savings Association, the only financial institution in the Fifth Ward.
In 2011 Jarvis Johnson, a member of the Houston City Council, said "The Fifth Ward is void of jobs. There aren't any commercial grocery stores. There aren't any places where young people can get a job."
Corporate presence
KBR maintained offices in a campus on Clinton Drive, within the boundaries of the East End and the Fifth Ward. This property was along the Buffalo Bayou. As of December 2010 KBR no longer operates this office.
The KBR office complex was the former headquarters of Brown & Root. Brown and Root began buying land in the Fifth Ward in 1949. It initially acquired , then it acquired an additional .
By 2001 Halliburton owned the Clinton Drive campus. In August of that year Halliburton announced that it would consolidate 8,000 local employees to office space in Westchase. Halliburton planned to relocate around 2,000 employees from Clinton Drive and the industrial facilities would have been relocated to a location that was, in that month, undetermined. Sanford Criner, a principal at real estate brokerage Trione & Gordon, suggested that gentrification would turn what would have been the former Clinton Drive facility into entertainment, residential, or retail use, and that the facility would not have been redeveloped for office space usage. In December 2001 Halliburton canceled its plans to relocate employees to Westchase. Nancy Sarnoff of the Houston Business Journal said that it made more sense for the company to lease existing space instead of constructing new office space in times of economic downturns.
In 2010 KBR announced that it will vacate the Clinton Drive campus and move the 1,600 employees who work at the Clinton Drive office to the KBR offices in Downtown Houston. The company will then conduct an environmental cleanup of the Clinton Drive site.
Geography
Two majority-Hispanic (as of 2001) communities, Denver Harbor and Northside, are on either end of the Fifth Ward.
"Big Tree," a tree in an area where Interstate 10 and U.S. Route 59 (Eastex Freeway) now intersect, historically has been the center of activity in the Fifth Ward and was in proximity to the terminus of the streetcar line.
Lyons Avenue serves as a primary road in the Fifth Ward. In 1979 West wrote that Lyons Avenue, named after saloon owner John Lyons, served as the "Soul Street" of Houston, declaring it equivalent to 125th Street in Harlem, 47th Street in Chicago, South Street in Philadelphia, Seventh and T in Washington, D.C., Tremont Street in Boston, and Springfield Avenue in Newark, New Jersey. In the 1920s the Lyons family owned many businesses along the street, originally named Odin Avenue after the first bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston, John Mary Odin. The street received its current name in 1927. In pre-desegregation Fifth Ward, Lyons and Jensen were primary commercial avenues.
As of 1979 the intersection of Lyons Avenue and Jensen Drive was called "Pearl Harbor" due to many violent incidents occurring there.
The southern edge of the Fifth Ward, along the Buffalo Bayou, housed farms in its early history before becoming a host of slums and the city dump by the 1920s. Cleanup of this area began when Brown and Root began establishing its headquarters in the late 1940s.
The Englewood Rail Yard, located in the eastern end of the Fifth Ward, is long. The railyard, owned by Southern Pacific, includes a wood preservation plant. This plant, as of 1979, gives a distinct odor that caused area Mexican Americans to name it el Creosote. In 1979 Englewood Radar Yard was the largest railyard in the Southern United States.
In 2019 the Texas Department of State Health Services conducted of a study of an area in the Fifth Ward around Lavender Street, near a creosote facility of a former rail yard, where cancer rates were higher than normal.
Frenchtown
In 1922, a group of Louisiana Creoles organized the Fifth Ward community of "Frenchtown," which contained a largely Roman Catholic and Creole culture. The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 forced many Creoles to leave Louisiana, and they settled the Frenchtown area. When new residents no longer moved to Frenchtown, the neighborhood culturally merged with the greater Fifth Ward.
Culture
Lisa Gray, a journalist for the Houston Press, stated in a 2000 article that the Fifth Ward has an overall sense of history and a "small-scale, deep-rooted personal history, the way that, in the middle of the city, lives are intertwined in a small-town way." Many families from the area had lived in the Fifth Ward for several generations.
In previous eras, African-Americans of all social classes lived in the Fifth Ward; African-American professionals patronized businesses. After the end of segregation, African-American professionals began to patronize other neighborhoods, and members of the African-American middle class moved out of the Fifth Ward.
The north-south Southern Pacific Transportation Company railroad tracks separate the Fifth Ward from Denver Harbor. David Benson, an assistant to Harris County Commissioner El Franco Lee, described the railroad line as "a semi-permeable membrane." In the 1990s many Fifth Ward African-Americans went into Denver Harbor to shop at the area supermarket and stores, while the Denver Harbor Hispanics rarely entered the Fifth Ward.
Richard West of the Texas Monthly wrote in 1979 that within the Fifth Ward one's personal status "is determined less by what you have than by personal qualities of wit and style and by what you know of the power structure of the street".
Religion
Mount Vernon United Methodist Church, founded in 1865, is the community's oldest church, and the Fifth Ward has six churches that, as of 2011, are over 100 years old. Kate Shellnutt of the Houston Chronicle said that the historic church facilities "have been community strongholds."
In 1979 the largest church in the Fifth Ward was the Pleasant Grove Baptist Church, with 5,600 members.
The Our Mother of Mercy Catholic Church, completed in 1930 by Creoles for Creoles, serves as a social center for the Frenchtown neighborhood.
Education
Primary and secondary schools
Public schools
Area students attend schools in the Houston Independent School District. even though most of the Fifth Ward and the adjacent Denver Harbor neighborhood are zoned to the same high school, the areas are represented by different board members.
Elementary schools in the Fifth Ward and serving sections of the Fifth Ward include Charles H. Atherton, Blanche Kelso Bruce, Dogan, and Nathaniel Q. "Nat" Henderson. Sherman Elementary School, outside of the Fifth Ward, serves a portion. due to the proximity of Interstate 45, Bruce Elementary experienced noise pollution and twice the amount of asthma compared to the HISD average. About 99% of the students were black or Hispanic.
Some areas are zoned to John L. McReynolds Middle School in Denver Harbor, and some areas are zoned to Lamar Fleming Middle School, north of the Fifth Ward. Phillis Wheatley High School in the Fifth Ward serves almost all of the Fifth Ward, while Northside High School (formerly Jefferson Davis High School) serves a small portion of the Fifth Ward. Young Men's College Preparatory Academy, an all-boys middle and high school, is in the Fifth Ward.
YES Prep Fifth Ward, a state charter school, is in the Fifth Ward. It was founded in 2011. Northwest Preparatory Academy, a state charter school, is in the Fifth Ward.
Private schools
A Kindergarten through 8 Roman Catholic school called Our Mother of Mercy School, the school of the Our Mother of Mercy Catholic Church of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston, was in the area. It closed in Spring 2009. The school was consolidated with St. Francis of Assisi School in Kashmere Gardens, which closed in 2020.
Histories of schools
Smith Education Center first opened in 1913. Crawford opened in 1917. Bruce opened at 713 Bringurst in 1920. Davis opened in 1926. On January 31, 1927 Wheatley first opened in the former McGowan Elementary School building. A school which was originally a county school was relocated to 2011 Solo Street in 1927; in 1929 it was renamed after Charles H. Atherton. The building later known as Carter Career Center opened in 1929. Wheatley received a new facility in 1949. A school was named after Nathaniel Q. Henderson in 1956. McReynolds opened in 1957. Fleming opened in 1968. In 2006 much of Wheatley High School had been rebuilt. Bruce moved to a new facility at 510 Jensen Drive in 2007.
By Spring 2011 Atherton Elementary School and E.O. Smith Education Center (K-8) were consolidated with a new K-5 campus in the Atherton site. By Spring 2011 Crawford Elementary School, a campus in the Fifth Ward, and Sherman Elementary School, a campus outside of the Fifth Ward, were consolidated, with a new campus in the Sherman site. As of Spring 2011 Atherton is located in the previous Concord Elementary School/North District office building. Fifth Ward middle school students previously zoned to Smith were rezoned to Fleming and McReynolds.
By 2011, Young Men's College Preparatory Academy was to open in the current Smith location. By 2015 it moved to the former Crawford Elementary School. Its permanent campus is on the site of the former Carter Career Center.
The Fifth Ward included the DeVry Advantage Academy, a DeVry University-affiliated HISD high school housed in a building that was formerly housing Carter Career Center, an HISD vocational school and pregnant girls' school. DeVry opened in 2011 and closed in 2012.
Benji's Special Educational Academy, a state charter school near the Fifth Ward, merged into Victory Preparatory Academy in 2011; that northern campus of V Prep closed in February 2018.
Public libraries
The Fifth Ward is served by the Houston Public Library Fifth Ward Neighborhood Library.
Community services
Fifth Ward Community Redevelopment Corporation is a nonprofit community-based agency located in Houston’s historic Fifth Ward community. Kathy Payton is the President and CEO of Fifth Ward CRC which was founded in direct response to a period of negative migration – when businesses were fleeing the community, public schools were closing, school dropout rates and teen pregnancies were increasing and the community as a whole was being decimated by the prevalence of multiple social and economic ills. In 1989, the community responded to the devastation in the Fifth Ward when civic leaders, business owners, ministers and educators came together to establish a point of positive systemic change and Fifth Ward CRC was formed. Since its inception, the organization has operated under the same name, without change.
The Fifth Ward Enrichment Program (FWEP), a social service for sons of single mothers, was developed by Ernest McMillan in the mid-1980s. It operates afterschool programs.
Community Partners operated community services in the Fifth Ward.
The Human Organizational Political and Economic Development, Inc. (HOPE), the second-ever antipoverty agency in Houston, was based out of three buildings on Lyons Avenue as of 1979. It operated a Black Arts Center and the Roxy Theater, and published the Voice of Hope. Methodist minister Reverend Earl Allen worked to establish the agency, funded with $27,000 ($ adjusted for inflation), was established in the summer of 1967. John de Menil was instrumental in providing funding, and HOPE encountered financial difficulty's after de Menil's 1973 death. The Emergency School Aid act provided $164,000 ($ adjusted for inflation) in September 1978, and the National Endowment of the Arts stated that it was going to give a grant of $15,000 ($ adjusted for inflation) one month later.
Habitat for Humanity built Fifth Ward houses beginning in 1991, with the first on Rowley Street.
Parks and recreation
Finnigan Park and Community Center, operated by Harris County Precinct One, is located at 4900 Providence. The park has a lighted sports field, a swimming pool, lighted tennis courts, a .65 mile hike and bicycle trail, and a playground. The community center has an indoor gymnasium, a weight room a kitchen and a computer room. It was named after the person who donated the land for the park in 1939, Annette Finnigan. In May 2011 the city announced that it is closing Finnigan Pool.
The Swiney Community Center, operated by the City of Houston is located at 2812 Cline. The center has a playground and an outdoor basketball pavilion.
The city will establish the Fifth Ward Future Park at 4700 Clinton, 77020.
The Julia C. Hester House serves as a settlement house and community center. As of 1979 it offers youth activities and community services, and it is a part of the United Fund. It was originally known as Houston Negro Community Center of the Fifth Ward, but it received its current name before its opening. A biracial committee established the center in 1943 to improve the education, health, and welfare of Fifth Ward residents. It originally used rented facilities on Lyons Avenue, before moving into a $150,000 building on Solo Street in 1949; the center has occupied the Solo Street building since then. West wrote that in the Fifth Ward the Hester House "is as much an institution as Wheatley High."
The Northeast Family YMCA serves residents of the Fifth Ward.
Transportation
Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County, Texas (METRO) operates bus routes. The agency operates the Fifth Ward/Denver Harbor Transit Center on Lockwood Street.
Prior to 1952 electric streetcar services were available on Lyons Avenue. Buses with steel wheels used these tracks during the late 1950s.
In media
Greg Carter created the 1997 film Fifth Ward, financed from borrowed money from his mother and an insurance claim, and later made a derivative television show also called Fifth Ward.
Fifth Ward is where the rap group “The Geto Boys” originated from.
Notable people
5th Ward Boyz
John T. Browne, (Mayor of Houston) - As of 1979 his residence was used as an Italian American-owned grocery store, Orlando's Grocery
Arnett Cobb, saxophonist
Carl Crawford, professional baseball player
Alfred C. Finn, architect
George Foreman - professional boxer and heavyweight champion
Geto Boys
Willie D
Bushwick Bill
Scarface_(rapper)
Illinois Jacquet, jazz musician
Barbara Jordan, US congressperson and civil rights leader
As of 1979 Jordan's parents continued to live in the Fifth Ward.
Milton Larkin, saxophonist
Mickey Leland, US Congressperson and community leader
As of 1979 Leland's parents continued to live in the Fifth Ward.
Ruth McClendon, state legislator representing a district in San Antonio
James Prince
Joe Sample
Ruth Simmons, president of Prairie View A&M University and former President of Brown University
Lonnie Smith, plaintiff of Smith v. Allwright
Selvin Young
Fruits of the Fifth Ward, a mural depicting 21 notable individuals who are natives of the Fifth Ward or have connections to the Fifth Ward, was created by Wheatley High School students. Reginald Adams, the executive director of the Museum of Cultural Arts Houston (MOCAH), oversaw the creation of the mural. The project began after the History Channel gave MOCAH a $10,000 grant to create a mural depicting the history of the Fifth Ward. The mural was constructed from February 15 to October 21, 2006. The mural was dedicated on Saturday October 21, 2006. The mural is adjacent to Crawford Elementary School.
See also
History of the African-Americans in Houston
References
Notes
External links
Neighborhoods in Houston |
Innocent Udeme Udofot (born 2 May), better known as MC Galaxy, is a Nigerian singer and songwriter. He rose to fame after winning the Davido dance competition in 2012. He released a single (ALIONA) on his BIRTHDAY 2 May 2019. He has worked with Tspize, Swizz Beatz, Uhuru and Shizzi.
Music career
MC Galaxy currently runs his own record label, MCG Entertainment.
On 19 March 2014 he released his first single, "Sekem", under his label MCG Entertainment. A music video for the song, directed by Patrick Ellis, was released on 23 June 2014. The video went on to achieve over 4 million views on YouTube and a remix was released 2 years later featuring Swizz Beatz.
Discography
Albums
''Breakthrough ft Eke- abasi (2017)
Awards and nominations
See also
List of Nigerian musicians
References
External links
Living people
21st-century Nigerian male singers
Musicians from Calabar
Year of birth missing (living people) |
CultureMap is a British think tank that specialises in understanding SMEs or small businesses and entrepreneurs.
History
CultureMap was founded in 2002. The organisation partnered with BMRB and the Durham Business School to develop the Business Culture Index (BCI).
References
Political and economic think tanks based in the United Kingdom
Think tanks established in 2002
2002 establishments in the United Kingdom |
Vincent van Gogh lived during the Impressionist era. With the development of photography, painters and artists turned to conveying the feeling and ideas behind people, places, and things rather than trying to imitate their physical forms. Impressionist artists did this by emphasizing certain hues, using vigorous brushstrokes, and paying attention to highlighting. Vincent van Gogh implemented this ideology to pursue his goal of depicting his own feelings toward and involvement with his subjects. Van Gogh's portraiture focuses on color and brushstrokes to demonstrate their inner qualities and Van Gogh's own relationship with them.
Vincent van Gogh painted portraits throughout his career from 1881 through 1890.
The Netherlands and Brussels (1881–1886)
Van Gogh was fascinated with making portraits early in his artistic career. He wrote to his brother, Theo while studying in The Hague, "I want to do a drawing that not quite everybody will understand, the figure simplified to the essentials, with a deliberate disregard of those details that do not belong to the actual character and are merely accidental." As an example, he discussed having their parents pose for a painting, but that, in capturing the character of a "poor village clergyman" or "a couple who have grown old together in love and fidelity", they may not appreciate the work, because in doing so the painting would not be an exact likeness. Even so, he considered it a "serious matter" to focus on their character, one where his approach should be trusted.
Joseph Blok
Van Gogh wrote to his brother Theo in November 1882 that he had drawn a portrait of Jozef Blok (F993), a street bookseller who was sometimes called "Binnenhof's outdoor librarian". Unlike the character studies, the work was detailed in pencil with watercolor and chalk. At this time it was rare for Van Gogh to use color, as he found it difficult to work with (see early works of Vincent van Gogh).
Peasant character studies
In November 1882, Van Gogh began drawings of individuals to depict a range of character types from the working class. The "peasant genre" that greatly influenced Van Gogh began in the 1840s with the works of Jean-François Millet, Jules Breton, and others. In 1885, Van Gogh described the painting of peasants as the most essential contribution to modern art.
Van Gogh held laborers up to a high standard of how dedicatedly he should approach painting, "One must undertake with confidence, with a certain assurance that one is doing a reasonable thing, like the farmer who drives his plow... (one who) drags the harrow behind himself. If one hasn't a horse, one is one's own horse."
To depicting the essence of the life of the peasant and their spirit, Van Gogh lived as they lived, he was in the fields as they were, enduring the weather or long hours as they were. To do so was not something taught in schools, he noted, and became frustrated by traditionalists who focused on technique more so than the nature of the people being captured. So thoroughly engaged in living the peasant lifestyle, his appearance and manner of speech began to separate himself from others, but this was a cost he believed he needed to bear for his artistic development.
Portrait of a Woman in Blue
Portrait of a Woman with Red Ribbon
Portrait of an Old Man with Beard
Van Gogh described his sitter for this painting a "wonderful old man." It was made in Antwerp where Van Gogh hoped to bring in money to support himself by painting portraits.
Sien
Van Gogh made a series of paintings of Sien Hoornik, a prostitute whom he met and took in when he lived at The Hague. Included in the series are works of Sien's daughter, Maria, her newborn son and her mother.
Paris (1886–1888)
Alexander Reid
Agostina Segatori
Van Gogh occasionally visited Café du Tambourin run by Agostina Segatori, the subject of this painting. Previously an artist's model to Manet and Corot and others, the Naples-born Agostina saved the money she earned working as a model and opened the Italian themed Café du Tambourin in 1885, which particularly catered to artists.
The Italian Woman also called La Italienne is "without doubt" Agostina Segatori, per the Musée d'Orsay. Van Gogh introduced elements of Japanese woodcut prints in this portrait. Van Gogh creates his own style of brushstroke from Impressionism and Pointillism, in this case a "criss-cross of overlapping nervous hatching. He uses red and green in her face which he later described as a technique "to be able to express the terrible passions of humanity by means of red and green".
Etienne-Lucien Martin
The Portrait of Etienne-Lucien Martin was made of the owner of a restaurant in Paris. He allowed artists to exhibit their work. In November 1887 Van Gogh and his friends showed their works; Van Gogh did not sell a painting. Van Gogh made the painting of Martin with care and precision.
Leonie Rose Davy-Charbuy
Art dealer Pierre Firmin-Martin, a friend of Van Gogh's brother Theo, displayed some of Van Gogh's paintings. Mother by a Cradle, Portrait of Leonie Rose Davy-Charbuy was made of Martin's niece who lived with her uncle. Reflective of the family's interest in art, paintings hang in the background. In the year the painting was made Theo commented that Van Gogh done a good job painting portraits but had never asked for payment.
Nude study of a Little Girl
Père Tanguy
Portrait of Père Tanguy, painted by Vincent van Gogh in 1887, is one of three paintings of Julien Tanguy. The three works demonstrate a progression in Van Gogh's artistic style since arriving in Paris. The first painting is somber and the composition is simple. In the second painting Van Gogh introduces his Japanese prints. The last and most advanced in style, skill and color reflects integration of Japanese, Impressionist, and other influences of the Parisian artist community. The painting conveys a sense of serenity that Van Gogh seeks for himself. This last painting of Tanguy is in the Musée Rodin, Paris.
Père Tanguy was a Breton who was exiled and pardoned after taking part in the Paris Commune. When Vincent van Gogh knew him, he owned a small artist's supply shop. The shop was an important to the painters of the era. Impressionist painters in Paris were commonly found in Père Tanguy's shop. Painters like Cézanne, Pissarro, and Gauguin, as well as their paintings, frequented the shop. Van Gogh painted a few portraits of Père Tanguy. This specific portrait was painted in the winter of 1887-88.
Portrait of a Man
Portrait of a Man with a Moustache
Portrait of a Woman
Portrait of a Woman, Facing Right
The Smoker
Woman Sitting in the Grass
Arles (1888–1889)
Van Gogh went to Arles for the sun, color and country lifestyle but more than anything else "what I really hope to do is paint a good portrait."
Doctor Rey
According to Doiteau and Leroy, one day Van Gogh wanted to present a painting he had just finished to Dr. Rey. But the doctor refused the gift, so Van Gogh offered the painting to the pharmacist of the hospital just passing by, a Mr Rousseau. He, too, refused and so the next passer-by, the administrator of the hospital, was offered the painting – and he, a certain Mr Neuvière, is said to have accepted.
Rey later reminisced: "When I saw that he outlined my head entirely in green (he had only two main colors, red and green), that he painted my hair and my mustache--I really did not have red hair--in a blazing red on a biting green background, I was simply horrified ..."
The Ginoux Family
Marie Ginoux, born Jullian (or Julien) in Arles (June 8, 1848 - August 2, 1911), and her husband Joseph (1835–1906) married February 2, 1866, and ran the Café de la Gare, at 30 Place Lamartine.
La Mousmé
La Mousmé was painted by Vincent van Gogh in 1888 while living in Arles, which Van Gogh dubbed "the Japan of the south". Retreating from the city, he hoped that his time in Arles would evoke in his work the simple, yet dramatic expression of Japanese art. Inspired by Pierre Loti's novel Madame Chrysanthème and Japanese artwork, Vincent painted La Mousmé, a well-dressed Japanese girl.
The Zouave
Van Gogh, excited to have a model for a portrait, worked on the portraits of a Zouave in June 1888 in Arles. Van Gogh described him as a boy, with a small face, large neck and intense eyes. A half-length portrait was made of the tanned man with bright colors he called a "savage combination of incongruous tones". The Zouave's uniform was blue with red-orange braids, a red cap and two yellow stars on his chest, all placed against the background of a green door and orange bricks. Unsatisfied with the painting, he called it "ugly and unsuccessful", but thought the challenge might expand his artistic skill. Van Gogh also made a drawing, of which he was not particularly pleased, and a painting of the Zouave against a white wall.
Head of a Girl
This portrait, and The Zouave, was one of the two portraits by van Gogh in 1888 of anonymous subjects, that he sent to his Australian artist friend John Russell. Like The Zouave, Van Gogh compared his subject to an animal. He called the girl "a dirty mudlark".
The Lover: Paul-Eugène Milliet
Paul-Eugène Milliet was a 2nd Lieutenant at the 3rd Zouave Regiment which had quarters at the Caserne Calvin located on Boulevard des Lices in Arles. Vincent van Gogh gave him drawing lessons, and in return Milliet took a roll of paintings by Van Gogh to Paris, when in mid August he was passing the French capital on his way to the North, where Milliet spent his holidays. On his return to Arles, at the end of September 1888, Milliet handed over a batch of Ukiyo-e woodcuts and other prints selected by Vincent's brother Theo from their collection. In the days that followed Vincent executed this portrait of Milliet.
In the first version of Van Gogh's Bedroom in Arles, executed in October 1888, Milliet's portrait is shown hanging to the right of the portrait of Eugène Boch.
Decades later, when Milliet had retired to the 7th arrondissement in Paris, his memories of Van Gogh were recorded by Pierre Weiller, at this time living on lease in a building owned by Milliet, and published in 1955, after Milliet's death.
The Mudlark
Girl with Ruffled Hair (The Mudlark) was painted by Van Gogh when he lived in Arles. The work resides at Musée des Beaux-Arts, La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland (F535). See also Paintings of Children (Van Gogh series).
Old Woman of Arles
Van Gogh's Old woman of Arles was made soon after he arrived in Arles. He wrote to his brother Theo, "I believe that there are real opportunities for portraiture here. While people here are enormously ignorant of painting in general, when it comes to their own appearance and their own lives, they are much more artistic than in the North."
One-eyed Man
The One-eyed Man is a portrait of a patient at the Saint-Paul asylum in Saint-Rémy. Van Gogh used sweeping brushstrokes in the painting made with green in the background, the man's coat and touches in his face. In the hospital Van Gogh found that in the presence of other patients he became more calm about his mental state. In a letter to his mother he wrote, "At the moment I am working on a portrait of one of the patients here. It is odd that if one is with them for a time, and has grown used to them, one no longer thinks them mad."
Since Van Gogh was not in Saint-Paul's until 1889, possibly the patient and artwork that Van Gogh referred to in the letter to his mother was about Portrait of a Patient.
Paul Gauguin
The Poet: Eugène Boch
Eugène Boch (1855–1941) was a Belgian painter, born in Saint-Vaast, Hainaut, who was the younger brother of Anna Boch, a founding member of Les XX. Born into a wealthy dynasty of manufacturers of fine china and ceramics, still active today under the firm of Villeroy & Boch, Eugène Boch enrolled in the private atelier of Léon Bonnat in Paris, in 1879. Since 1882, when Bonnat closed his atelier, he studied at the atelier of Fernand Cormon. Paintings of him were admitted to the Salon in 1882, 1883 and 1885. In June 1888, he was introduced by Dodge MacKnight to Vincent van Gogh.
The portrait was executed in the first days of September 1888, a few days before Boch's departure. In the first version of Van Gogh's Bedroom, executed in October 1888, this portrait is shown hanging to the left of the portrait of Paul-Eugène Milliet. Arranged this way, both portraits may have formed part of the Décoration for the Yellow House.
When Eugène Boch died in 1941, he bequeathed The Poet (that is Van Gogh's title for his portrait of Eugène Boch, which Boch received from Johanna van Gogh-Bonger as a present in July 1891) to the Louvre.
Portrait of the Artist's Mother
Portrait of the Artist's Mother is a painting Vincent van Gogh made in 1888 of his mother, Anna Carbentus van Gogh, from a black-and-white photograph. In September 1888, Van Gogh, answering to a letter of his sister Wil who had told him of a recent photograph of their mother, asked for a print. About a week later he received it, but "troubled by the black," sat down to paint a copy based on this likeness: Van Gogh's initial introduction to art was through his mother, an amateur artist. After years of strained relationship with family members, Van Gogh excitedly shared some of his works his mother would cherish most, those of flowers and natural settings. In this painting of his mother, Van Gogh captures her dignified, proud nature.
Van Gogh made the painting, Memory of the Garden at Etten, to depict an older woman who he envisioned as his mother and a younger woman in a plaid shawl to represent his sister Wil and the lovely gardens of the Netherlands. In a letter to his sister Wil, Van Gogh said he had "an impression of you like those in Dicken's novels."
The Roulin Family
The Roulin Family is group of portrait paintings that Vincent van Gogh executed in Arles in 1888 and 1889 of Joseph, his wife Augustine and their three children: Armand, Camille and Marcelle. This series is unique in many ways. Although Van Gogh loved to paint portraits, it was difficult for financial and other reasons for him to find models. So, finding an entire family that agreed to sit for paintings, in fact for several sittings each was a bounty. Joseph Roulin became a particularly good, loyal and supporting friend to Van Gogh during his stay in Arles. To represent a man he truly admired was important to him. The family, with children ranging in age from four months to seventeen years, also gave him the opportunity to produces works of individuals in several different stages of life. Rather than making photographic-like works, Van Gogh used his imagination, colors and themes artistically and creatively to evoke desired emotions from the audience.
Le Facteur: Joseph Roulin
While Van Gogh was living in Arles, Joseph Roulin was working at the railway station, both places close to their lodgings: Roulin and his family in a dead-end street, and Van Gogh just around the corner, at 2 Place Lamartine - and both frequented the Café run by the Ginoux couple, some footsteps further; there Van Gogh had lodged, before he moved to the Yellow House. Roulin was married to Augustine. They had three children: Armand, Camille and Marcelle. Van Gogh painted each of Roulin's family members several times between 1888 and 1889.
While in Arles, Vincent van Gogh became friends with the postman. Van Gogh painted several portraits of Roulin and his family. Roulin's “silent gravity and tenderness,” and his “strangely pure and touching” voice inspired Van Gogh to paint him, commemorating their friendship.
Augustine
Augustine Roulin was born on 9 October 1851 in Lambesc and died on 5 April 1930. After her husband had posed for several works with Van Gogh, Augustine sat for Van Gogh and Paul Gauguin in the Yellow House the two men shared. During the sitting, she kept her gaze on Gauguin, possibly for reassurance because, according to her daughter, she was not comfortable in the presence of Van Gogh.
La Berceuse (Augustine)
In addition to the mother-daughter works where Marcelle is visible, Van Gogh also created several La Berceuse works where Augustine rocked her unseen cradle by a string.
Van Gogh labeled the group of work La Berceuse meaning "our lullaby or the woman rocking the cradle."
Armand
Armand Roulin, the eldest son, was born on 5 May 1871 in Lambesc, and died on 14 November 1945. He was 17 years of age when portrayed by Van Gogh.
Camille
Camille Roulin, the middle child, was born in Lambesc in southern France, on 10 July 1877, and died on 4 June 1922. When his portrait was painted, Camille was eleven years of age. The Van Gogh Museum painting shows Camille's head and shoulders. Yellow brush strokes behind him are evocative of the sun.
Marcelle
Marcelle Roulin, the youngest child, was born on 31 July 1888, and four months old, when Van Gogh made her portraits. She was painted three times by herself and twice on her mother's lap.
Madame Roulin's husband, the postman, was good friends with Vincent van Gogh while they were both in Arles. The portrait of Madame Roulin and her baby was painted through November and December 1888.
Vieux Paysan: Patience Escalier
Patience Escalier was a gardener and a shephard by trade, and his portrait the result of Van Gogh's desire to paint an older peasant who resembled his father in features.
There are two versions of this portrait. One held by the Norton Simon Museum in Pasadena, California, and the other in the private collection of Philip Niarchos.
Saint-Rémy-en-Provence (1889–1890)
The Trabuc Family
François Trabuc, who was the chief orderly at Saint-Paul, and his wife, Jeanne both sat for van Gogh. François Trabuc had a look of "contemplative calm" which van Gogh found interesting in spite of the misery he had witness at Saint-Paul and a Marseilles hospital during outbreaks of cholera. He wrote to Theo of Trabuc's character, a military presence and "small keen black eyes". If it were not for his intelligence and kindness, his eyes could seem like that of a bird of prey.
Portrait of a Patient
While in Saint-Paul, Van Gogh wrote of other patients and their support for one another, "Though here there are some patients very seriously ill, the fear and horror of madness that I used to have has already lessened a great deal. And though here you continually hear terrible cries and howls like beasts in a menagerie, in spite of that people get to know each other very well and help each other when their attacks come on."
Auvers-sur-Oise (1890)
The Gachet Family
Portrait of Dr. Gachet is one of the most famous paintings by Dutch artist Vincent van Gogh of Dr. Paul Gachet, who cared for the artist in his last months. In 1990, it fetched a record price at auction, selling for $82.5 million ($75 million, plus a 10 percent buyer's commission).
Dr. Gachet was an amateur painter and engraver. Vincent van Gogh went to the doctor for medical care. Van Gogh saw himself in the doctor; like himself, he saw in Dr. Gachet “the heart-broken expression of our time.” Similar to many of van Gogh's portraits, the painting is a study not of the physical features of the man, but of the inner qualities of the doctor's personality.
Adeline Ravoux
Portrait of Adeline Ravoux was painted by Vincent van Gogh in 1890.
The twelve-year-old Adeline Ravoux was the daughter of Arthur-Gustave Ravoux, whose inn is where Van Gogh lodged in Auvers-sur-Oise. She later wrote a memoir of Van Gogh's stay with them. She witnessed Van Gogh's return to the inn after the fatal incident where he shot himself: "Vincent walked bent, holding his stomach, again exaggerating his habit of holding one shoulder higher than the other. Mother asked him: " M. Vincent, we were anxious, we are happy to see you to return; have you had a problem?" He replied in a suffering voice: "No, but I have…" he did not finish, crossed the hall, took the staircase and climbed to his bedroom. I was witness to this scene. Vincent made on us such a strange impression that Father got up and went to the staircase to see if he could hear anything." See also Paintings of Children (Van Gogh series).
A sheet of figure studies F1652r has at its upper left the profile of a young girl recognizably Adeline Ravoux. The young girl seen from behind to the left is assumed to be her as well. She is thought to appear in a number of other paintings, including especially F819 Two Ladies Walking in a Landscape. The sheet fetched $480,000 at a Christie's sale in 2007.
Child with Orange
See also Paintings of Children (Van Gogh series).
Girl in White
Girl in White also known as Young Girl Standing Against a Background of Wheat and Woman in a Cornfield was painted by Vincent van Gogh in 1890 in Auvers-sur-Oise, France, during the last months of his life. Girl in White has been part of the Chester Dale Collection in the National Gallery of Art, Washington D.C. since 1963.
Little Arlesienne
The Little Arlesienne (Head of a Girl) is found at the Kröller-Müller Museum. See also Paintings of Children (Van Gogh series).
Young Peasant Woman with Straw Hat
Peasant Woman Against a Background of Wheat is an 1890 painting by Vincent van Gogh. Van Gogh went on to paint several versions of this painting. The painting has changed hands several times. In 1997, Stephen Wynn paid $47.5 million for the painting. On October 7, 2005, it was announced that Stephen Wynn had sold the painting along with Gauguin's Bathers to Steven A. Cohen for more than $100 million.
Two Children
Two Young Girls, also called Two Children is owned by Musée d'Orsay, Paris. Another version of Two Children is part of a private collection (F784). See also Paintings of Children (Van Gogh series).
Young Man with Cornflower
The Young Man with Cornflower was made in June 1890 in Auvers. See also Paintings of Children (Van Gogh series).
See also
List of works by Vincent van Gogh
Resources
Notes
References
Van Gogh Face to Face: The Portraits, with contributions by Roland Dorn, George S. Keyes, Joseph J. Rishel with Katherine Sachs, George T. M. Shackelford, Lauren Soth, Judy Sund, and a chronology by Katherine Sachs, Detroit Institute of Arts & Thames and Hudson, 2000
See also
List of works by Vincent van Gogh
Self-portraits by Vincent van Gogh
Paintings of Children (Van Gogh series)
External links
Père Tanguy, Vincent van Gogh, on the official website of the Musée Rodin.
The Harvesters , Vincent van Gogh, on the official website of the Musée Rodin.
Eugene Boch.com - website on Van Gogh´s friend painted as the poet
Van Gogh, paintings and drawings: a special loan exhibition, a fully digitized exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries, which contains material on these portraits (see index)
Series of paintings by Vincent van Gogh
1880s paintings
van Gogh
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Haliplus connexus is a species of crawling water beetle in the family Haliplidae. It is found in North America.
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The Visigothic Kingdom, Visigothic Spain or Kingdom of the Goths () occupied what is now southwestern France and the Iberian Peninsula from the 5th to the 8th centuries. One of the Germanic successor states to the Western Roman Empire, it was originally created by the settlement of the Visigoths under King Wallia in the province of Gallia Aquitania in southwest Gaul by the Roman government and then extended by conquest over all of Hispania. The Kingdom maintained independence from the Eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire, whose attempts to re-establish Roman authority in Hispania were only partially successful and short-lived.
The Visigoths were romanized central Europeans who had moved west from the Danube Valley. They became foederati of Rome, and wanted to restore the Roman order against the hordes of Vandals, Alans and Suebi. The Western Roman Empire fell in 476 AD; therefore, the Visigoths believed they had the right to take the territories that Rome had promised in Hispania in exchange for restoring the Roman order. Under King Euric—who eliminated the status of foederati—a triumphal advance of the Visigoths began. Alarmed at Visigoth expansion from Aquitania after victory over the Gallo-Roman and Breton armies at Déols in 469, Western Emperor Anthemius sent a fresh army across the Alps against Euric, who was besieging Arles. The Roman army was crushed in the Battle of Arles nearby and Euric then captured Arles and secured much of southern Gaul.
Sometimes referred to as the Regnum Tolosae or Kingdom of Toulouse after its capital Toulouse in modern historiography, the kingdom lost much of its territory in Gaul to the Franks in the early 6th century, save the narrow coastal strip of Septimania. The kingdom of the 6th and 7th centuries is sometimes called the Regnum Toletanum or Kingdom of Toledo after the new capital of Toledo in Hispania. A civil war starting in 549 resulted in an invitation from the Visigoth Athanagild, who had usurped the kingship, to the Byzantine emperor Justinian I to send soldiers to his assistance. Athanagild won his war, but the Byzantines took over Cartagena and a good deal of southern Hispania, until 624 when Swinthila expelled the last Byzantine garrisons from the peninsula, occupying Orcelis, which the Visigoths called Aurariola (today Orihuela in the Province of Alicante). Starting in the 570s Athanagild's brother Liuvigild compensated for this loss by conquering the Kingdom of the Suebi in Gallaecia (corresponding roughly to present-day Galicia and the northern part of Portugal) and annexing it, and by repeated campaigns against the Basques.
The ethnic distinction between the Hispano-Roman population and the Visigoths had largely disappeared by this time (the Gothic language lost its last and probably already declining function as a church language when the Visigoths renounced Arianism in 589). This newfound unity found expression in increasingly severe persecution of outsiders, especially the Jews. The Visigothic Code, completed in 654, abolished the old tradition of having different laws for Hispano-Romans and for Visigoths. The 7th century saw many civil wars between factions of the aristocracy. Despite good records left by contemporary bishops, such as Isidore and Leander of Seville, it becomes increasingly difficult to distinguish Goths from Hispano-Romans, as the two became inextricably intertwined. Despite these civil wars, by 625 AD the Visigoths had succeeded in expelling the Byzantines from Hispania and had established a foothold at the port of Ceuta in Africa. Most of the Visigothic Kingdom was conquered by Umayyad troops from North Africa in 711 AD, with only the northern reaches of Hispania remaining in Christian hands. These gave birth to the medieval Kingdom of Asturias when a Visigothic nobleman called Pelagius was elected princeps by the Astures, of Celtic origin, who lived in the mountains, and by the Visigothic population, who had fled from the Muslims and took refuge in Asturias, where they joined Pelagius.
The Visigoths and their early kings were Arians and came into conflict with the Catholic Church, but after they converted to Nicene Christianity, the Church exerted an enormous influence on secular affairs through the Councils of Toledo. The Visigoths also developed the highly influential legal code known in Western Europe as the Visigothic Code (), which would become the basis for Spanish law throughout the Middle Ages.
History
Federate kingdom
From 407 to 409 AD, an alliance of Germanic Vandals, Iranian Alans and Germanic Suebi crossed the frozen Rhine and swept across modern France and into the Iberian peninsula. For their part, the Visigoths under Alaric famously sacked Rome in 410, capturing Galla Placidia, the sister of Western Roman emperor Honorius.
Athaulf (King of the Visigoths from 410 to 415) spent the next few years operating in the Gallic and Hispanic countrysides, diplomatically playing competing factions of Germanic and Roman commanders against one another to skillful effect, and taking over cities such as Narbonne and Toulouse (in 413). After he married Placidia, the Emperor Honorius enlisted him to provide Visigothic assistance in regaining nominal Roman control of Hispania from the Vandals, Alans and Suebi.
In 418, Honorius rewarded his Visigothic federates under King Wallia (reigned 415–418) by giving them land in the Garonne valley of Gallia Aquitania on which to settle. This probably took place under the system of . It seems likely that at first the Visigoths were not given a large amount of land estates in the region (as previously believed), but that they acquired the taxes of the region, with the local Gallic aristocrats now paying their taxes to the Visigoths instead of to the Roman government.
The Visigoths with their capital at Toulouse, remained de facto independent, and soon began expanding into Roman territory at the expense of the feeble Western empire. Under Theodoric I (418–451), the Visigoths attacked Arles (in 425 and 430) and Narbonne (in 436), but were checked by Litorius using Hunnic mercenaries. This resulted at first in Theodoric's defeat at the Battle of Narbonne in 436, but then in 439 at the Battle of Toulouse the Visigoths defeated the allied forces of Romans and Huns. By 451, the situation had reversed and the Huns had invaded Gaul; now Theodoric fought under Flavius Aetius against Attila the Hun in the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains. Attila was driven back, but Theodoric was killed in the battle.
The Vandals completed the conquest of North Africa when they took Carthage on October 19, 439, and the Suebi had taken most of Hispania. The Roman emperor Avitus now sent the Visigoths into Hispania. Theodoric II (453–466) invaded and defeated the King of the Suebi, Rechiarius, at the battle on the river Órbigo in 456 near Asturica Augusta (Astorga) and then sacked Bracara Augusta (Braga), the Suebi capital. The Goths sacked the cities in Gallaecia, part of the Suebi Kingdom quite brutally: they massacred a portion of the population and even attacked some holy places, probably due to the clergy's support of the Suebi. Theodoric took control over Hispania Baetica, Carthaginiensis and southern Lusitania. In 461, the Goths received the city of Narbonne from the emperor Libius Severus in exchange for their support. This led to a revolt by the army and by Gallo-Romans under Aegidius; as a result, Romans under Severus and the Visigoths fought other Roman troops, and the revolt ended only in 465.
Kingdom of Toulouse
In 466, Euric, who was the youngest son of Theodoric I, came to the Visigothic throne. He is infamous for murdering his elder brother Theodoric II who had himself become king by murdering his elder brother Thorismund. Under Euric (466–484), the Visigoths began expanding in Gaul and consolidating their presence in the Iberian peninsula. Euric fought a series of wars with the Suebi who retained some influence in Lusitania, and brought most of this region under Visigothic power, taking Emerita Augusta (Mérida) in 469. Euric also attacked the Western Roman Empire, capturing Hispania Tarraconensis in 472, the last bastion of (Western) Roman rule in Spain. By 476, he had extended his rule to the Rhone and the Loire rivers which comprised most of southern Gaul. He also occupied the key Roman cities of Arles and Marseilles. In his campaigns, Euric had counted on a portion of the Gallo-Roman and Hispano-Roman aristocracy who served under him as generals and governors. The Visigothic Kingdom was formally recognized as an independent kingdom in former Roman territory instead of having the status of foederati when the Western emperor Julius Nepos (474–475) signed in 475 an alliance with Euric, granting him the lands south of the Loire and west of the Rhone in exchange for military service and the lands in Provence (including Arles and Marseilles). The lands in Hispania remained under de facto Visigothic control. After Odoacer deposed the last Roman emperor in the West, Romulus Augustulus, Euric quickly recaptured Provence, a fact which Odoacer formally accepted in a treaty.
By 500, the Visigothic Kingdom, centered at Toulouse, controlled Gallia Aquitania and Gallia Narbonensis and most of Hispania with the exception of the Suebic Kingdom of Galicia in the northwest and small areas controlled by independent Iberian peoples, such as the Basques and the Cantabrians. Euric's son Alaric II (484–507) issued a new body of laws, the , and held a church council at Agde.
The Visigoths now came into conflict with the Franks under their King Clovis I, who had conquered northern Gaul. Following a brief war with the Franks, Alaric was forced to put down a rebellion in Tarraconensis, probably caused by recent Visigoth immigration to Hispania due to pressure from the Franks. In 507, the Franks attacked again, this time allied with the Burgundians. Alaric II was killed at the Battle of Campus Vogladensis (Vouillé) near Poitiers, and Toulouse was sacked. By 508, the Visigoths had lost most of their Gallic holdings save Septimania in the south.
Arian Kingdom of Hispania
After Alaric II's death, his illegitimate son Gesalec took power until he was deposed by Theodoric the Great, ruler of the Ostrogothic Kingdom, who invaded and defeated him at Barcelona. Gesalec fled and regrouped, but was defeated again at Barcelona, and was captured and killed. Theodoric then installed his grandson Amalaric (511–531), the son of Alaric II, as king. Amalaric, however, was still a child and power in Spain remained under the Ostrogothic general and regent, Theudis. Only after Theodoric's death (526) did Amalaric obtain control of his kingdom. His rule did not last long, as in 531, Amalaric was defeated by the Frankish king Childebert I and then murdered at Barcelona.
Afterwards, Theudis (531–548) became king. He expanded Visigothic control over the southern regions, but he was also murdered after a failed invasion of Africa. Visigothic Spain suffered a civil war under King Agila I (549–554), which prompted the Roman/Byzantine emperor Justinian I to send an army and carve out the small province of Spania for the Byzantine Empire along the coast of southern Spain. Agila was eventually killed, and his enemy Athanagild (552–568) became the new king. He attacked the Byzantines, but he was unable to dislodge them from southern Spain, and was obliged to formally acknowledge the suzerainty of the Empire.
The next Visigothic king was Liuvigild (569 – April 21, 586). He was an effective military leader and consolidated Visigothic power in Spain. Liuvigild campaigned against the Eastern Romans in the south in the 570s and he took back Cordova after another revolt. He also fought in the north against the Galician Kingdom of the Suebi and various small independent states, including the Basques and the Cantabrians. He pacified northern Spain, but was unable to completely conquer these peoples. When Liuvigild established his son Hermenegild as joint ruler, a civil war ensued between them. Hermenegild became the first Visigothic king to convert to Nicene Christianity due to his ties with the Romans, but he was defeated in 584 and killed in 585. By the end of his reign, Liuvigild had united the entire Iberian peninsula, including the Suebic Kingdom which he conquered in 585 during a Suebi civil war that ensued after the death of King Miro. Liuvigild established amicable terms with the Franks through royal marriages, and they remained at peace throughout most of his reign. Liuvigild also founded new cities, such as Reccopolis and Victoriacum (Vitoria), the first barbarian king to do so.
Catholic Kingdom of Toledo
On becoming King, Liuvigild's son Reccared I (586–601) converted from Arian to Chalcedonian Christianity. This led to some unrest in the kingdom, notably a revolt by the Arian bishop of Mérida which was put down; he also beat back another Frankish offensive in the north. Reccared then oversaw the Third Council of Toledo in 589, where he announced his faith in the Nicene creed and denounced Arian. He adopted the name Flavius, the family name of the Constantinian dynasty, and styled himself as the successor to the Roman emperors. Reccared also fought the Byzantines in Hispania Baetica after they had begun a new offensive.
Reccared's son Liuva II became king in 601, but was deposed by the Visigothic noble Witteric (603–610), ending the short-lived dynasty. There were various Visigothic Kings between 610 and 631, and this period saw constant regicide. This period also saw the definitive conquest of the Byzantine territories in the south. War continued in the north against the Basques and Asturians, as indeed it would continue for the rest of the Visigothic Kingdom's existence. These Kings also worked on religious legislature, especially King Sisebut (612–621), who passed several harsh laws against Jews and forced many Jews to convert to Christianity. Sisebut was also successful against the Byzantines, taking several of their cities, including Málaga. The Byzantines were finally defeated by Swinthila (621–631), who had captured all of their Spanish holdings by 625. Suinthila was deposed by the Franks and replaced by Sisinand.
The instability of this period can be attributed to the power struggle between the kings and the nobility. Religious unification strengthened the political power of the church, which it exercised through church councils at Toledo along with the nobles. The fourth council, held during the brief reign of Sisinand in 633, excommunicated and exiled the king, replacing him with Chintila (636–639). The church councils were now the most powerful institution in the Visigothic state; they took the role of regulating the process of succession to the kingship by election of the king by Gothic noble 'senators' and the church officials. They also decided to meet on a regular basis to discuss ecclesiastical and political matters affecting the Church. Finally, they decided the kings should die in peace, and declared their persons sacred, seeking to end the violence and regicides of the past. Despite all this, another coup took place and Chintila was deposed in 639, and King Tulga took his place; he was also deposed in the third year of his reign and the council elected the noble Chindaswinth as king.
The reigns of Chindaswinth and his son Recceswinth saw the compilation of the most important Visigothic law book, the (Spanish: , English: Book of Judgements), also called or the Visigothic Code promulgated by king Chindaswinth (642–653 AD), and completed in 654 by his son, king Recceswinth (649–672), abolished the old tradition of having different laws for Hispano-Romans and Visigoths. The new laws applied to both Gothic and Hispano-Roman populations who had been under different laws in the past, and it replaced all older codes of law. The code included old laws by past kings, such as Alaric II in his , and Leovigild, but many were also new laws. The code was based almost wholly on Roman law, with some influence of Germanic law in rare cases. Among the eliminated old laws were the harsh laws against Jews. The showed the old system of military and civil divisions in administration was changing, and dukes () and counts () had begun taking more responsibilities outside their original military and civil duties. The servants or slaves of the king became very prominent in the bureaucracy and exercised wide administrative powers. With the Visigoth law codes, women could inherit land and title and manage it independently from their husbands or male relations, dispose of their property in legal wills if they had no heirs, and could represent themselves and bear witness in court by age 14 and arrange for their own marriages by age 20. Chindaswinth (642–653) strengthened the monarchy at the expense of the nobility; he executed some 700 nobles, forced dignitaries to swear oaths, and in the seventh council of Toledo laid down his right to excommunicate clergy who acted against the government. He was also able to maneuver his son Recceswinth on the throne, sparking a rebellion by a Gothic noble who allied with the Basques, but was put down. Recceswinth (653–672) held another council of Toledo, which reduced sentences for treason and affirmed the power of the councils to elect kings.
Following Recceswinth, King Wamba (672–680) was elected king. He had to deal with Flavius Paulus' revolts in Tarraconensis and Hilderic of Nimes, and because of this, he felt a need to reform the army. He passed a law declaring all dukes, counts and other military leaders, as well as bishops, had to come to the aid of the kingdom once danger became known or risk harsh punishment. Wamba was eventually deposed in a bloodless coup. King Ervig (680–687) held further church councils and repealed the previous harsh laws of Wamba, though he still made provisions for the army. Ervig had his son-in-law Egica made king. Despite a rebellion by the bishop of Toledo, the 16th council, held in 693, denounced the bishop's revolt. The 17th council in 694 passed harsh laws against the Jews, citing a conspiracy, and many were enslaved, especially those who had converted from Christianity. Egica also raised his son Wittiza as coruler in 698. Not much is known about his reign, but a period of civil war quickly ensued between his sons (Achila and Ardo) and King Roderic, who had seized Toledo.
Muslim conquest
In 711, Tariq ibn Ziyad, a Muslim Berber client of Musa bin Nusair, the governor of Islamic Africa, invaded Spain with about 7,000 Berber men, while Roderic was in the north fighting the Basques. The tale that Julian, Count of Ceuta, facilitated the invasion because one of his daughters had been dishonored by Roderic is possibly mythical. By late July, a battle took place at the Guadalete River in the province of Cádiz. Roderic was betrayed by his troops, who sided with his enemies, and the king was killed in battle. The Muslims then took much of southern Spain with little resistance, and went on to capture Toledo, where they executed several Visigothic nobles. In 712, Musa, the governor of Ifriqiya, arrived with another army of 18,000, with large Arab contingents. He took Mérida in 713 and invaded the north, taking Saragossa and León, which were still under King Ardo, in 714. After being recalled by the Caliph, Musa left his son Abd al-‘Aziz in command. By 716, most of the Iberian Peninsula was under Islamic rule, with Septimania taken between 721 and 725. The only effective resistance was in Asturias, where a Visigothic nobleman named Pelagius revolted in 718, and defeated the Muslims at the battle of Covadonga; this was the beginning of the Reconquest.
According to Joseph F. O'Callaghan, the remnants of the Hispano-Gothic aristocracy still played an important role in the society of Hispania. At the end of Visigothic rule, the assimilation of Hispano-Romans and Visigoths was occurring at a fast pace. Their nobility had begun to think of themselves as constituting one people, the or the . An unknown number of them fled and took refuge in Asturias or Septimania. In Asturias they supported Pelagius's uprising, and joining with the indigenous leaders, formed a new aristocracy. The population of the mountain region consisted of native Astures, Galicians, Cantabri, Basques and other groups unassimilated into Hispano-Gothic society.
Resistance also continued in the regions around the Pyrenees with the establishment of the Marca Hispanica from 760 to 785. The Berbers settled in the south and the Meseta Central in Castile. Initially, the Muslims generally left the Christians alone to practise their religion, although non-Muslims were subject to Islamic law and treated as second-class citizens.
Settlements
Visigothic settlements were concentrated along the Garonne River between Bordeaux and Toulouse in Aquitaine during the 5th century, according to contemporary sources under the terms of the late Roman Empire as , or allies, and assigned billeting obligations to provide lodging for Roman soldiers, more or less as the imperial military had done in other provinces.
Later in the century, following annexations made by King Euric in Gaul and Hispania once the Roman Empire of the West had collapsed, specially after the Battle of Vouille, many Goths and their federated peoples, such as the Vandals, Ostrogoths and Sarmatians, moved to settle more freely under their kindred clans' rulers, the reiks, who received dukedom territories or comital offices as counts over smaller territories or key urban locations within the provinces of Hispania and in southwestern Gaul and its Mediterranean coast. Their settlements were made around the Roman cities of (Mérida), (Barcelona), (Seville), (Toledo) and Septimanian Narbonne, which would be the main bases of Gothic power politically as well as militarily during the rest of the kingdom's history, as well as other settlements that were dispersed in rural farming areas between the upper reaches of the Douro, Ebro and Tagus rivers, in an area between Tierra de Campos, also known as , around Central Castile and León and Rioja, and Toledo to the east and south. After the fall of the Galician Kingdom of the Suebi, some further settlements were made along the Tagus river north of Lisbon, by Oporto and Astorga former strongholds of the Suebi. Little Visigothic settlement occurred elsewhere in the kingdom.
Founding of cities
The Visigoths founded the only new cities in Western Europe between the fifth and eighth centuries. It is certain (through contemporary Spanish accounts) that they founded four, and a possible fifth city is ascribed to them by a later Arabic source. All of these cities were founded for military purposes and three of them in celebration of victory.
The first, Reccopolis, was founded by Liuvigild in 578 after his victory over the Franks, near what is today the tiny village of Zorita de los Canes. He named it after his son Reccared and built it with Byzantine imitations, containing a palace complex and mint, but it lay in ruins by the 9th century (after the Arab conquest).
At a slightly later date, Liuvigild founded a city he named Victoriacum after his victory over the Basques. Though it is often supposed to survive as the city of Vitoria, contemporary 12th-century sources refer to the latter city's foundation by Sancho VI of Navarre.
Liuvigild's son and namesake of the first Visigothic city founded his own sometime around 600. It is referred to by Isidore of Seville as in the Asturias, built after a victory over the Asturians or Cantabri.
The fourth and possibly final city of the Goths was Ologicus (perhaps Ologitis), founded using Basque labour in 621 by Swinthila as a fortification against the recently subjected Basques. It is to be identified with modern Olite.
The possible fifth Visigothic foundation is Baiyara (perhaps modern Montoro), mentioned as founded by Reccared in the Geography of Kitab al-Rawd al-Mitar.
Culture and classical heritage
The Visigothic rule has often been attributed to be a part of the so-called Dark Ages, a time of cultural and scientific decay reversed only by Muslim Andalusia. Through the course of their existence the Visigoths supposedly remained "men of the woods never strayed too far from there," as Thomas F. Glick puts it.
However, in fact, the Visigoths were preservers of the classical culture. The bathing culture of Andalusia, for example, often said to be a Muslim invention, is a direct continuation of Romano-Visigothic traditions. Visigothic Mérida housed baths supplied with water by aqueducts, and such aqueducts are also attested in Cordoba, Cadiz and Recopolis. Excavations confirm that Recopolis and Toledo, the Visigothic capital, were heavily influenced by the contemporary Byzantine architecture. When the Muslims looted Spain during their conquest they were amazed by the fine and innumerable Visigothic treasures. A few of these treasures were preserved as they were buried during the invasion – e.g., the votive crowns from the treasure of Guarrazar.
While only the senior monks were allowed to read books of non-Christian or heretic authors this did not prevent the rise of intellectuals such as, most prominently: Isidore of Seville, one of the most quoted scholars of the Middle Ages, known for the breadth of his literary output, highlighted by his Etymologies, an encyclopedia of the knowledge of the epoch that was known and translated throughout medieval Europe; Eugenius I of Toledo, an expert in mathematics and astronomy; or Theodulf of Orléans, a theologian and poet who, after he had fled to the Frankish kingdom, participated in the Carolingian Renaissance. A Muslim source referred to Visigothic Seville as the "abode of the sciences". The from the mid seventh/early eight century confirms that Visigothic nobles were not only taught in reading and writing, but also in medicine, law and philosophy. An example of a highly educated nobleman was king Sisebut, who was a patron of learning and writer of poems, one of them about astronomy.
List of kings
Terving kings
These kings and leaders – with the exception of Fritigern and possibly Alavivus – were pagans.
Ariaric
Aoric
Athanaric (369–381)
Rothesteus, sub-king
Winguric, sub-king
Alavivus (c. 376), rebel against Valens
Fritigern (c. 376–c. 380), rebel against Athanaric and Valens
Balti dynasty
These kings were Arians (followers of the theological teaching of Arius). They tended to succeed their fathers or close relatives on the throne and thus constitute a dynasty, the Balti.
Alaric I (395–410)
Athaulf (410–415)
Sigeric (415)
Wallia (415–418)
Theodoric I (418–451)
Thorismund (451–453)
Theodoric II (453–466)
Euric (466–484)
Alaric II (484–507)
Gesalec (507–511)
Theodoric the Great (511–526), regent
Amalaric (511–531)
Post-Balti kings
The Visigothic monarchy took on a completely elective character with the fall of the Balti, but the monarchy remained Arian until Reccared I converted in 587 (Hermenegild had also converted earlier). Only a few sons succeeded their fathers to the throne in this period.
Theudis (531–548)
Theudigisel (548–549)
Agila I (549–554)
Athanagild (554–568)
Liuva I (568–572), only ruled in Narbonensis from 569
Liuvigild (569–586), ruled only south of the Pyrenees until 572
Hermenegild (580–585), sub-king in Baetica
Reccared I (580–601), son, sub-king in Narbonensis until 586, first Catholic king
Segga (586–587), rebel
Argimund (589–590), rebel
Liuva II (601–603), son
Witteric (603–610)
Gundemar (610–612)
Sisebut (612–621)
Reccared II (621), son
Swinthila (621–631)
Reccimer (626–631), son and associate
Sisenand (631–636)
Iudila (632–633), rebel
Chintila (636–640)
Tulga (640–641)
Chindaswinth (641–653)
Recceswinth (649–672), son, initially co-king
Froia (653), rebel
Wamba (672–680)
Hilderic (672), rebel
Paul (672–673), rebel
Erwig (680–687)
Egica (687–702)
Suniefred (693), rebel
Wittiza (694–710), son, initially co-king or sub-king in Gallaecia
Roderic (710–711), only in Lusitania and Carthaginiensis
Agila II (711–714), only in Tarraconensis and Narbonensis
Oppas (712), perhaps in opposition to Roderic and Agila II
Ardo (714–721), only in Narbonensis
Family tree
See also
Spanish surnames of Goth origin
Romano-Germanic culture
For evidence of Visigothic taxation, see De fisco Barcinonensi
Councils of Toledo
Germanic peoples
Arianism
Protofeudalism
Notes
Sources
Bachrach, Bernard S. "A Reassessment of Visigothic Jewish Policy, 589–711." American Historical Review 78, no. 1 (1973): 11–34.
Collins, Roger. The Arab Conquest of Spain, 710–797. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1989. Reprinted 1998.
Collins, Roger. Law, Culture, and Regionalism in Early Medieval Spain. Great Yarmouth: Variorum, 1992. .
Collins, Roger. Visigothic Spain, 409–711. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2004. .
Heather, Peter. The Goths. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1996.
James, Edward, ed. Visigothic Spain: New Approaches. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980. .
Lacarra, José María. Estudios de alta edad media española. Valencia: 1975.
1475
Martínez Jiménez, Javier; Isaac Sastre de Diego; Carlos Tejerizo García. (2018) The Iberian Peninsula between 300 and 850. An Archaeological Perspective. Late Antique and Early Medieval Iberia 6. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
Sivan, Hagith. "On Foederati, Hospitalitas, and the Settlement of the Goths in A.D. 418." American Journal of Philology 108, no. 4 (1987): 759–772.
Thompson, E. A. "The Barbarian Kingdoms in Gaul and Spain", Nottingham Mediaeval Studies, 7 (1963:4n11).
Thompson, E. A. The Goths in Spain. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969.
Wallace-Hadrill, John Michael. The Barbarian West, 400–1000. 3rd ed. London: Hutchison, 1967.
States and territories established in the 410s
States and territories disestablished in the 8th century
Former countries on the Iberian Peninsula
Former monarchies of Europe
Medieval France
Medieval Portugal
Medieval Spain
History of Portugal by polity
418 establishments
5th-century establishments in sub-Roman Gaul
721 disestablishments
8th-century disestablishments in Portugal
8th-century disestablishments in Spain
Barbarian kingdoms
Former kingdoms |
9 Story USA (formerly Out of the Blue Enterprises) is an American children's television production company based in New York City, founded by the co-creator of the Nickelodeon preschool live action/animated series Blue's Clues (hence the company's name) Angela C. Santomero and fellow ex-Nickelodeon executive Samantha Freeman Alpert. The company served as the producers (with DHX Media's Decode Entertainment unit) of the computer-animated children's television series Super Why! that airs on most PBS stations and on CBC Kids in Canada and Blue's Room which formerly aired on Nick Jr. Out of the Blue, along with WQED, Fred Rogers Productions, and 9 Story Media Group, also produces a Flash-animated spin-off of Mister Rogers' Neighborhood, entitled Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood, which debuted on PBS Kids affiliates on September 3, 2012. It also produced Wishenpoof! and Creative Galaxy with Amazon Studios for Amazon Video.
On January 12, 2018, 9 Story Media Group bought Out of the Blue Enterprises. It is now a wholly owned subsidiary.
Filmography
References
External links
Television production companies of the United States
American companies established in 2005
Entertainment companies established in 2005
Mass media companies established in 2005
2018 mergers and acquisitions |
Uglichsky (masculine), Uglichskaya (feminine), or Uglichskoye (neuter) may refer to:
Uglichsky District, a district of Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia
Uglichsky (cheese), a Russian hard cheese made of cow's milk |
Hynobius katoi is a species of salamander in the family Hynobiidae, endemic to Japan. Its natural habitats are temperate forests and rivers.
References
katoi
Amphibians described in 2004
Endemic amphibians of Japan
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
Taxa named by Masafumi Matsui
Taxa named by Yasuhiro Kokuryo
Taxa named by Yasuchika Misawa
Taxa named by Kanto Nishikawa |
The Secret of Nikola Tesla (), is a 1980 Yugoslav biographical film which dramatizes events in the life of the Serbian-American engineer and inventor Nikola Tesla. This somewhat fictionalized portrayal of Tesla's life has him contending with Thomas Edison and J.P. Morgan in his attempts to develop alternating current and then "free" wireless power.
Plot
Tesla in a hotel room in 1943 talks to a reporter. He then reminisces about how things would be different if J. P Morgan had listened to him.
Tesla arrives in the US in the 1880s. He tries to convince his new employer, Thomas Edison, to adopt his newly invented electric induction motor running on an alternating current (AC) system but Edison claims direct current (DC) is better and turns him down. Robert Underwood Johnson and his wife Katharine, who were at the meeting, later find Tesla digging a ditch, having quit his job at Edison. Tesla strikes a business deal with two investors to finance development of his motor. He shows off his AC system at meeting of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers but Edison, in the audience, claims it is impractical. After the reporters, and even Tesla's own investors, turn away from him George Westinghouse convinces Tesla to sell him his AC patents and offers a contract to pay Tesla a royalty on his motor design. They end up in a public battle trying to demonstrate the their system is not unsafe (as Edison claims) and is actually better than DC. J.P. Morgan, pulling the strings in the background, calls Tesla and Edison into a meeting and, unhappy with Edison's progress electrifying his factories, tells Tesla he can try to prove AC would work better.
At a banquet celebrating the building of an alternating current power plant at Niagara Falls Tesla confuses the audience with his futuristic ideas about his high frequency wireless AC transmission system and then tells someone he is off to Europe to see his family (who he has been having flashbacks about). On that trip he visits his bed-ridden mother who dies in his arms. He then wanders out in the country side having flash backs about his childhood and the death of his brother, all punctuated by visions of falling water and lightning. Westinghouse and Katharine visit Tesla back at his New York lab where the inventor tears up his royalty contract to save Westinghouse from financial ruin. Tesla goes on to develop his wireless power system, making several reports to Morgan on his progress. Morgan tells Tesla he is unhappy with wild stories about the inventor but keeps backing him.
Westinghouse warns Tesla (who is now building his Morgan financed Wardenclyffe wireless power station) to watch out for Morgan's motives and Katharine tells the inventor how she wished they could have had more of a relationship together. Tesla learns from Morgan that Guglielmo Marconi has stolen his wireless patents and that Albert Einstein has new theories about matter and energy. Tesla tells Morgan these new theories are a "crime against nature" and tries to get Morgan to back his free wireless power system before it is too late. After Tesla leaves Morgan says he won't back a system that would put him out of business and orders all further interaction with Tesla cut off. Tesla looks over his demolished Wardenclyffe station and complains, at the end of his life in a world choked with smog, that he wished Morgan had listened to him.
Cast
Petar Božović as Nikola Tesla
Strother Martin as George Westinghouse
Orson Welles as J. P. Morgan
Dennis Patrick as Thomas Edison
Oja Kodar as Katharine Johnson
Boris Buzančić as Robert Underwood Johnson
Charles Millot as "Adams" (Edward Dean Adams)
Igor Galo as Guglielmo Marconi
Vanja Drach as Mark Twain
Production
The film was shot in the former Yugoslavia. Besides lead Yugoslavian actor Petar Božović, director Krsto Papić assembled a cast which includes three American actors playing iconic personalities of 19th and early 20th century America, Orson Welles as Morgan, Strother Martin (who died six weeks before the film's premiere) as Westinghouse, and Dennis Patrick as Edison. Croatian actress Oja Kodar, playing Katharine, had been Welles' companion for almost two decades at the time of filming.
The film was written by Ivo Brešan, Ivan Kušan, and Krsto Papic. Two American writers contributed to the screenplay and are cited with on-screen credits. They are John W. English, University of Georgia journalism professor, and Dee Brown, author of Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee. They were commissioned by Zagreb Film Studio director and pre-production coordinator Zelimir Matko.
Release
The film was premiered in Yugoslavia on Tesla Day, July 10, 1980. The film had a further September 12, 1980 English-language premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival and had a small US theatrical run in 1985.
Critical reception
Online reviewers note the accurate portrayal of period settings and costumes and thought the major interest for most audiences would be the portrayal of Morgan by Orson Welles. The low production values, continual switching between Serbo-Croatian and poorly dubbed English, and flashbacks burred within further flashbacks were found distracting. It is noted to play like a history lesson instead of a study of Nikola Tesla's character. A 3 Quarks Daily commentator thought the conspiracy plot of a "messianic wizard" vs the "capitalist baddies" was campy.
Awards
Yugoslav Feature Film Festival in Pula, 1980 – Grand Silver
References
External links
as "Tajna Nikole Tesle" at Filmski-Programi.hr
1980 films
Serbo-Croatian-language films
English-language Croatian films
English-language Yugoslav films
Yugoslav drama films
Films directed by Krsto Papić
Works about Nikola Tesla
Croatian biographical films
Films set in the United States
1980s English-language films |
The Canadian Youth Climate Coalition (CYCC) is a nonprofit youth organisation in Canada. The coalition consists of various youth organisations, which includes the Canadian Federation of Students, the Canadian Labour Congress, Sierra Youth Coalition, and others. The charity aims to prioritize climate change as a societal issue. Internationally, the coalition is part of the Global Youth Climate Movement.
History
In September 2006, 48 youth organizations from across Canada met to discuss climate change and formed the Canadian Youth Climate Coalition. The coalition acts as a pressure group, to encourage politicians to act on the issue of climate change. Two months after its foundation, all Members of Parliament from the New Democratic Party signed onto the Canadian Youth Climate Coalition Declaration, which is a petition to the Canadian government to act on climate change.
Campaigns
Canadian Youth Delegation
From 2007 to 2011, the Canadian Youth Climate has organised a youth delegation to the United Nations Climate Change Conferences to deliver the voice of the Canadian youth climate movement. At the event in 2007, a member of the Canadian youth delegation delivered a speech on behalf of Greenpeace Solar Generation, Environnement Jeunesse, SustainUS, the Australian Youth Climate Coalition as well as the Canadian Youth Climate Coalition, to representatives from over 150 nations. A group of 20 young Canadians was selected to go to COP17 in Durban.
Power Shift
The Canadian Youth Climate Coalition also organized the Canadian PowerShift conference in 2009 and 2011 and delivered Power Summer training camps across the country in 2010.
Power Summer
Each camp includes training in popular education, action & strategy, communications, messaging, campaign planning, and other quintessential organizing skills, while building our understanding of climate justice and how we build a movement to get it. These three-day, weekend long camps will use participatory, direct education to train the next generation of climate advocates.
Our Demands
The CYCC is inviting all Canadians to join in supporting our demands and demanding responsible action from our politicians. The demands are simple; justice across generations and peoples, youth participation in government decision making, just transition to a green economy and energy for today, tomorrow and the future.
All 306 members of parliament have been formally invited to endorse the document; at present time Elizabeth May(Green Party of Canada), Megan Leslie (New Democratic Party), Justin Trudeau (Liberal Party of Canada) among others have pledged their support and commitment. These politicians join famous Canadians and organizations like David Suzuki, Brigette DePape, Maude Barlow, the Council of Canadians, Polaris Institute, Canadian Auto Workers and many others. The 'Our Demands' document is also featured in the Meet Your Member Campaign.
Meet Your Member
The CYCC has organized a campaign encouraging youth to meet with their members of parliament to make sure that our government knows that youth are engaged, and are taking a stand for a just, sustainable future.
See also
Australian Youth Climate Coalition
Community youth development
Energy Action Coalition
Indian Youth Climate Network
UK Youth Climate Coalition
Youth Climate Movement
References
External links
Canadian Youth Climate Coalition
Environmental organizations based in Canada
Youth empowerment organizations
Climate change in Canada
Climate change organizations |
Lorenzo patient record systems are a type of Electronic health record provided by DXC Technology, originally as part of the United Kingdom government’s National Programme for IT (NHS Connecting for Health) in the NHS.
There is a long history of negotiations between the NHS and the company.
On 4 September 2012, the UK Department of Health announced that whilst it was "dismantling" the National Programme for IT, Lorenzo would be supplied under a new legally binding agreement with DXC.
University Hospitals of Morecambe Bay NHS Foundation Trust was the first to deploy the technology. It implemented electronic patient record system Lorenzo Release 1.9 in June 2010. Humber NHS Foundation Trust was the first mental health organisation to use the DXC Lorenzo patient record systems in June 2012. Lorenzo systems were introduced to Warrington & Halton Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust during 2015. In June 2015 Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust and Norfolk and Suffolk NHS Foundation Trust went live with Lorenzo. In July 2015, Digital Health Intelligence reported DXC as stating that 19 NHS Trusts had contracted to take the Lorenzo system.
George Eliot Hospital NHS Trust, Ipswich Hospital NHS Trust, Tameside Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust are also implementing Lorenzo under a financial support package which has been described as controversial.
Deployments of Lorenzo have not been without reported teething troubles. Delays in the provision of data to NHS England's waiting list system were linked to Lorenzo implementations in an HSJ article in May 2014.
North Bristol NHS Trust went live with Lorenzo in November 2015, replacing a Cerner system. North Bristol was the first NHS trust in the South of England to take the system as part of an open procurement exercise outside of DXC's central relationship with the NHS.
Mid Essex Hospital Services NHS Trust installed a Lorenzo system in May 2017.
In 2018 the company was given about £10 million for a national “digital exemplar” programme for the National Programme for IT. Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust, North Staffordshire Combined Healthcare NHS Trust and Warrington and Halton Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust are to be the examplars maximising the potential benefits of using electronic patient records.
Barnsley Hospital NHS Foundation Trust switched its electronic patient record from the Lorenzo system to System C’s Careflow in July 2020. Walsall Healthcare NHS Trust will do the same shortly. Others of the 20 trusts which installed Lorenzo systems as part of the National Programme for IT are in the process of launching procurements for new systems.
Sheffield Teaching Hospitals uses Lorenzo, and it has sometimes been problematic.
References
Electronic health records
National Health Service (England) |
Pa, also known as Pare or Akium-Pare, is a Papuan language of Western (Fly) Province, Papua New Guinea.
References
Awin–Pa languages
Languages of Western Province (Papua New Guinea) |
Ferenc Dávid (also rendered as Francis David or Francis Davidis; born as Franz David Hertel, – 15 November 1579) was a Protestant preacher and theologian from Transylvania, the founder of the Unitarian Church of Transylvania, and the leading figure of the Nontrinitarian Christian movements during the Protestant Reformation. He disputed the mainstream Christian doctrine of the Trinity, believing God to be one and indivisible.
Studying Catholic theology in Wittenberg and in Frankfurt an der Oder, he was first ordained as a Roman Catholic priest, later he became a Lutheran minister and then a Calvinist bishop in the Principality of Transylvania. Dávid learnt the teachings and practices of the Roman Catholic and Protestant churches, but later rejected several of them and came to embrace Unitarianism.
Life
Early life
Ferenc Dávid was born in Kolozsvár, Hungary (present-day Cluj-Napoca, Romania), to a Transylvanian Saxon father (David Hertel, who worked as a tanner) and to a Hungarian mother. The Hertel/Herthel family was an old Transylvanian Saxon aristocratic family of Kolozsvár. In Latin and Hungarian he used his name as Francis Davidis or Dávid Ferenc after his father's forename David. He had at least three brothers: Gregor, Peter and Nikolaus. Peter and Gregor inherited the job of their father in the guild. Gáspár Heltai, the father of Peter's wife Borbála, was a Protestant Reformer, Lutheran and later Unitarian minister, translator, outstanding author of the Hungarian late Renaissance era. He owned the paper mill and the press of Kolozsvár where several religious and scientific books were made in Hungarian and German.
Ferenc Dávid was raised Catholic. After finishing his studies in the High School of Kolozsvár (today Cluj Napoca, Romania) he went to the Holy Roman Empire to study Catholic theology first at the University of Wittenberg and then later at the Alma Mater Viadrina (University of Frankfurt an der Oder) where he became a Catholic parson.
Lutheranism
In 1542 the Lutheran reformator, Johannes Honterus introduced the Lutheran doctrines to the citizens of Kolozsvár. After arriving back in Transylvania Ferenc Dávid joined the Lutheran wing of the Reformation where he became a minister and then a Lutheran bishop. He worked as headmaster of the Gymnasium of Beszterce (today Bistrița, Romania), then as Lutheran pastor in Petres (today Cetate, Romania), later headmaster of the Gymnasium of Kolozsvár and from 1555 chief pastor of Kolozsvár (today Cluj Napoca, Romania).
On 1 June 1557 the Diet of Torda (National Assembly) stated that 'everybody should live in a belief that he or she wants if it is done without the distrust of another' which meant for the population of the Principality of Transylvania that it became allowed to practise not just the Roman Catholic, but the Lutheran religion.
Calvinism
In 1559 he entered the Reformed Church where he was elected bishop of the Hungarian churches in Transylvania and he was also the appointed court preacher to János Zsigmond Zápolya, Prince of Transylvania. The prince allowed him to research in the royal library and to work in the royal court on his theological theses.
Unitarianism
After the Battle of Mohács the political instability, the weakening of the Roman Catholic denomination (continuous expansion of the Ottoman Empire, heretic movements in Transylvania especially of Arianism, Bogumilism etc.) prepared the way for the new ideas of the Reformation. A well known Italian antitrinitarian, Giorgio Biandrata moved to Transylvania in 1563 into the royal court of John II Sigismund Zápolya and became his own doctor. Biandrata co-operated with Ferenc Dávid on theological works.
Dávid's discussion of the Holy Trinity began in 1565, with doubts of the personality of the Holy Spirit, because he could find no scriptural basis for the doctrine of the Trinity. One of his main points against the existence of the Holy Trinity was that which the Arians during the early ages of Christianity liked to refer to-- it does not come up in the Bible. He was influenced by the antitrinitarian and humanist views of Michael Servetus and Giovanni Valentino Gentile.
Together with Giorgio Biandrata he published polemical writings against Trinitarian belief, particularly De falsa et vera unius Dei Patris, Filii et Spiritus Sancti cognitione which is largely a summarized version of Servetus's Christianismi Restitutio. But in 1578 the collaboration broke up as Biandrata was charged with immorality. An important difference between the views of the two theologians was that Ferenc Dávid became a nonadorant which meant that he renounced the necessity of invoking Christ in prayers.
Working in the royal court, he convinced the prince about his point of view on religion, so that John II Sigismund Zápolya accepted his theses and became the first Unitarian ruler. In 1567 John II Sigismund Zápolya allowed him to use his press in Gyulafehérvár (today Alba Iulia, Romania) to propagate the religion.
Edict of Torda (1568)
The aim of his life as Ferenc Dávid wrote was 'the restoration of the pure Christianity of Jesus' which meant for him the search for the truth in the whole freedom of thought. So he sought to persuade the prince, John II Sigismund Zápolya and several people in important positions to reach an agreement between the opposite sides of the religious debate. His attempts were successful.
Between 6 and 13 January 1568 on the Diet of Torda the assembled representatives of the Hungarian nobility, the Szeklers, the Transylvanian Saxons and the royal court of the Principality of Transylvania proclaimed the Edict of Torda which included - as first in Europe - the practising and propagation of the recepta religios (allowed religions) which were the Roman Catholic, the Lutheran, the Calvinist and the Unitarian. This order can be seen as the first law for the 'freedom of religion'. Thanks to that beside the three lawful nations of Transylvania the four lawful allowed religions could have an ecclesiastical, political and public law system in the Constitution of the Principality of Transylvania. From that moment on the constitution based on the equal rights of the three nations and the four religions.
Prison and death
In 1571, John II Sigismund Zápolya was succeeded by István Báthory, a Roman Catholic, and the policy shifted toward persecution of the new religious institutions. In the same year the new ruler took the press of Gyulafehérvár back from the Unitarians. On the Diet of 1572 in Marosvásárhely (today Târgu Mureș, Romania) the religious laws were strengthened, but it declared the prohibition of the changing of religion. When, under the influence of Johannes Sommer, rector of the Gymnasium of Kolozsvár, Dávid denied the necessity of invoking Jesus Christ in prayer (about 1572), the attempted mediation of Faustus Socinus, upon Blandrata's request, was unsuccessful. Ferenc Dávid was sentenced to life imprisonment in Déva, Principality of Transylvania (today Deva, Romania), and died there in 1579. The ruins of the prison site in the city now hold a memorial for him.
Lukas Trauzner
After the death of Ferenc David, Lukas Trauzner, his son-in-law, wrote together with Miklós Bogáti Fazekas, Bernard Jacobinus (father of János Jacobinus) and the sons of Ferenc Dávid the Defensio Francisci Davidis in negotio de non invocando Jesu Christo in precibus (Basel, 1581) and were part of the inner opposition of the moderate Unitarianism movement of Demeter Hunyadi. Lukas Trauzner was sentenced to jail in 1579 because of his Sabbatarian-Unitarian beliefs. But after 1582 the political pressure eased. Lukas Trauzner and Gabriel Haller went to Vienna in 1598 in legation. The imperial commissioners described Trauzner as Sabbatarian and Haller as Arianist. Later he was active in the political negotiations between Transylvania and Austria. In 1603 he was a dedicated follower of the prince, Mózes Székely. He as a Unitarian undertook in the name of the prince to get the citizens of Beszterce into submission. After the defeat of Mózes Székely started the reign of Giorgio Basta in Kolozsvár who captured the royal judge, Mihály Tótházi and without a sentence beheaded him. Lukas Trauzner had to go to jail for two months, but by leaving the Unitarian Church and by apostasy he could get free. He lived from then on as a Catholic and but stayed as an active member of the mostly Unitarian Transylvanian Saxon community in Kolozsvár until his death.
Beliefs
Christology
Scholars still have to address fully Ferenc Dávid's Hungarian works for a satisfactory assessment of his beliefs.
Invocation controversy
In his early years as a Nontrinitarian, Dávid supported prayer to Christ, as can be seen in his answer to Péter Melius Juhász, the Refutatio scripti Petri Melii ('Refutation of the writings of Péter Méliusz', Alba Iulia, 1567). In his later years Dávid adopted the radical, nonadorant view of Jacob Palaeologus, that Christ should not be invoked in prayer, but that prayer should be directed only to God the Father. According to Ferenc David, Jesus is understood as a human being.
Virgin birth
After leaving Calvinism, Dávid adopted the view of Laelio Sozzini that the existence of Christ began when he was conceived by the Virgin Mary through the operation of the Holy Spirit. By 1578, it would appear that Dávid had come to adopt the view that Jesus was the literal son of Joseph. However some historians dispute this and argue that he believed in the virgin birth until the day of his death. Certainly these skeptical views were not held by the Unitarian Church of Transylvania in his lifetime, nor included in the later Hungarian Unitarian statement of faith of David's successor Mihály Lombard de Szentábrahám. Such views were, however, held by sympathizers of the Polish Symon Budny.
Controversy
His main antagonists in public disputations were the Calvinist leader Péter Melius Juhász and Antitrinitarian Giorgio Blandrata.
Personal life
He married twice. The name of his first wife is unknown, she died in 1570 in Kolozsvár. His second wife was Kata Barát, the daughter of István Barát (Stephan Münich), melodist and the chief judge of Kolozsvár. This marriage lasted from 1572 just two years.
He had four children:
Käthe (1557/1560-?), the wife of Lukas Trauzner, the treasurer of the furrier guild of Kolozsvár (today Cluj Napoca, Romania)
David (1560 - 27 March 1582), theologian, Unitarian minister who studied at the University of Basel in Basel, Switzerland between 1578 and 1580
Sophia, wife of Johann Sommer (1542-1572) theologian, Unitarian minister, humanist writer (according to Johann Seivert)
Johannes, doctor in Kolozsvár (today Cluj Napoca, Romania) (ca. 1565 - ?)
Influence
Influence in Hungary and Transylvania
After his death Dávid came to be counted as, and honoured as, the first in the line of Hungarian Unitarian bishops based in Kolozsvár (Cluj). His writings continued to be published, and other recollections written down and collected, up to the time of Mihály Lombard de Szentábrahám.
Influence of Ferenc Dávid in England and America
English-speaking Unitarianism was largely unaware of Dávid. Most of the Unitarian writings which came via Amsterdam to England were of authors of the Polish Brethren, not Hungarians, as in the Bibliotheca Fratrum Polonorum quos Unitarios vocant (or "Library of the Polish Brethren called Unitarians") of which Locke, Voltaire and Newton owned copies. The works of Dávid and György Enyedi's were not reprinted in the 17th century. It was the visit of Sándor Bölöni Farkas to Britain and America from 1830 to 1832, which made English speaking Unitarians aware of the continued existence of Hungarian Unitarians - and following that, of the legacy of Ferenc Dávid.
The Unitarian Universalist author John A. Buehrens (1989) attributes to Ferenc Dávid the statement, "We need not think alike to love alike". The phrase is cited also in Our Historic Faith by Mark W. Harris and in the 1993 Unitarian Universalist Hymnal Singing the Living Tradition in reading #566, which is a compilation of quotes by David, compiled by Rev. Richard Fewekes, but the source for this is not given in either case. The phrase is given in no source prior to Buehren's book. In an article published by UU World, "Who Really Said That?" Peter Hughes claims that there is no evidence that Dávid actually said this. He attributes the quote to Methodist founder John Wesley, who asked in a sermon on “Catholic Spirit,” “Though we cannot think alike, may we not love alike?”
Works
Works of Dávid, and of the Unitarian Church.
1550 Elegia, Scripta ad Eximium D. Franciscum, I. V. Doctorem, ac Vicarium Ecclesiae Albensis in Transsylvania… Maecenatem suum semper colendum.
1555 Dialysis Scripti Stancari Contra Primum Articulum Synodi Szekiensis, qui de doctrina controvertitur, conscripta. Cluj-Napoca, 1555.
1556 Responsum ministrorum Ecclesiae Colosvariensis ad scripta varia Martini a Calmancha in Causa Coena Domini edita Colosvarini. Anno 1556. die 25. Julii.
1557 Consensus Doctrinae De Sacramentis Christi Claudiopoli, 1557.
1558 Acta Synodi Pastorum Ecclesiae Nationis Hungaricae in Transylvania… Anno 1558. in oppido Thorda celebratae. U. ott, 1558.
1559 Az Vrnac Vaczoraiarol Valo közenséges keresztyéni vallas. Colosvarot, 1559.
1559 Defensio Orthodoxae Sententiae de Coena Domini (Kolozsvár), 1559.
1556 Scriptum Francisci Davidis anno Domini 1566. (Lampe, Hist. Eccl. Hungar. 152–154. l.)
Ejudem Francisci Davidis Responsio ad Argumenta, quibus Hypostasin Spiritus Sancti Petrus Caroli stabilivit. (Lampe, Hist. Eccl. Hungar. 154–158. l.)
1566 Propositiones in Disputatione Albensi coram Regia Maiestate a D. Georgio Blandrata et Francisco Davidis propositae Limitationi Ministrorum, qui ex Ecclesiis Hungaricis Disputationi interfuerunt. Kolozsvár, 1566.
1566 Catechismus Ecclesiarum Dei in natione Hungarica per Transilvaniam. Claudiopoli, 1566.
1566 Disputatio prima Albana seu Albensis, habita 1566. 24. Febr. U. ott, 1566.
1567 De Falsa et Vera Vnius Dei Patris, Filii, et Spiritvs Sancti Cognitione Libri Dvo. Albae Juliae, 1567.
1567 Rövid Magyarazat mikeppen az Antichristvs, az igaz Istenről valo tudomant meg homalositotta… Albae Juliae, 1567.
Rövid Utmutatás az Istennec igeienec igaz ertelmere, mostani szent Haromsagrol tamadot vetélkedesnec meg feytesere es itelesere hasznos es szükseges, Albae Juliae, 1567
Refvtatio Scripti Petri Melii, quo nomine Synodi Debrecinae docet Johoualitatem, et trinitarium Deum Patriarchis, Prophetis, et Apostolis incognitum. Albae Juliae, 1567.
Demonstratio Falsitatis Doctrinae Petri Melii, et reliquorum Sophistarum per Antitheses una cum refutatione Antitheseon veri et Turcici Christi, nunc primum Debrecini impressarum… Albae Juliae (1568.)
Refutatio Propositionum Petri Melii non inquirendae Veritatis ergo sed ad contendendum propositarum, ad indictam Synodum Varadinam 22. Augusti Anno 1568.
Theses Thordae Disputandae ad XIII Diem Nouembris, et in Synodo Varadina die 22. Augusti publicatae. U. ott. (Névtelenűl.)
Literae convocatoriae ad Seniores Ecclesiarum Svperioris et Inferioris Pannoniae ad indictam Synodum Thordanam ad tertium Marty diem, additis Thesibus ibidem disputandis. U. ott, 1568.
Aequipollentes ex Scriptura Phrases de Christo Filio Dei ex Maria Nato Figuratae... U. ott, 1568.
Antithesis Pseudochristi cum vero illo ex Maria Nato. U. ott, 1568.
Az Szent Irasnac Fvndamentamabol vött Magyarazat az Jesus Cristusrol es az ő igaz istensegeről. U. ott, 1568.
De Mediatoris Jesv Christi hominis Divinitate, Aequalitateque libellus. U. ott, 1568.
Brevis Enarratio Dispvtationis Albanae de Deo Trino, et Christo Dvplici coram Serenissimo Principe, et tota Ecclesia decem diebus habita. U. ott, 1568.
De Regno Christi Liber primus. De Regno Antichristi Liber secundus. Accessit Tractatus de Paedobaptismo, et Circumcisione. U. ott, 1569.
Propositiones Francisci Davidis ex Ungarico Sermone in Latinum conversae et in eadem Synodo Varadiensi (Ao 1569.) exhibitae.
Az Váradi Disputacionac avagy vetelkedesnec, az egy Attya Istenről es annac Fiaról, az Jesus Cristusról és a szent Lélekről igazán valo elő számlalássa. Kolozsvár, 1569.
Első Resze az szent irasnac külön külön reszeiből vöt predicaciocnac az atya istenről, ennek kedig az ő fiaról az Ihesvs Christvsrol, es az mi öröcseguncnec peczetiről az szent lelekről. Gyula-Fehérvár, 1569.
Refutatio Scripti Georgii Maioris, in quo Devm trinvm in personis, et vnvm in Essentia: Vnicvm deinde eius Filium in persona, et duplicem in naturis, ex lacunis Antichristi probate conatus est. (Kolozsvár), 1569.
Könyvetske Az igaz Kerestyéni Keresztségről, es a Pápa Antichristusnac Maymozássaról... Kolozsvár, 1570.
Responsio Pastorum ac Ministrorum Ecclesiarum in Transsylvania, quae vnvm Deum Patrem Christi Jesum Christum filium Dei crucifixum vnvmqu. amborum spiritum confitentur. U. ott, 1570.
Az Egy ő magatol való Felséges Istenről, es az ő igaz Fiarol, a Nazareti Jesusrol, az igaz Messiasrol, A szent irásból vöt vallástéttel. U. ott, 1571.
Az egy Attya Istennec, es az ő aldot szent fianac, az Jesus Christusnac Istenségekről igaz vallastéttel... U. ott, 1571.
Literae Convocatoriae, una cum Propositionibus in Synodo Vasarhellyina disputandis ad diem XX. Mensis Septembris, hujus Anni 1571. U. ott.
Libellus Parvus, XXX Thesibus Blandratae oppositus, in quo disseritur Jesum Christum vocari nunc non posse Deum, cum non sit verus Deus... U. ott, 1578.
Confessio Francisci Davidis de Jesu Christo quam ex carcere exhibuit. Regnicolis, paulo ante mortem Thordae, in Transylvania, in conuentu regni 17. April. Anno 1570.
Isteni dicsiretek, imádságos és vigasztaló énekek. (1575)
Literature
KERESZTÉNY MAGVETÕ - ÚJABB ADATOK DÁVID FERENC CSALÁDJÁRÓL ÉS NEMZETISÉGÉRŐL - Series 78 /Part 1 (1972.)
Dr. György Boros - Dávid Ferenc theológiája.
References
External links
Major dates from the History of the Transylvanian Unitarian Church
Principles for Survival of Unitarianism in György Enyedi’s Sermons.
Unitarian Universalist Origins: Our Historic Faith by Mark W. Harris
A Brief History of Unitarian Christianity
"The Transylvania Journey" by Rev. Michael McGee (25 July 2004)
1520s births
1579 deaths
16th-century Calvinist and Reformed theologians
16th-century Lutheran theologians
Antitrinitarians
Converts to Calvinism from Lutheranism
Converts to Calvinism from Roman Catholicism
Converts to Lutheranism from Roman Catholicism
Converts to Unitarianism from Catholicism
Eastern Hungarian Kingdom
Founders of new religious movements
History of Christianity in Hungary
History of Christianity in Romania
Hungarian nobility
Hungarian people who died in prison custody
Hungarian Protestant ministers and clergy
Hungarian Unitarians
People from Cluj-Napoca
People from the Principality of Transylvania
Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)
Protestant Reformers
Unitarian Church of Transylvania
Unitarian clergy |
```haskell
{-# LANGUAGE AllowAmbiguousTypes #-}
{-# LANGUAGE DataKinds #-}
{-# LANGUAGE DeriveAnyClass #-}
{-# LANGUAGE DeriveDataTypeable #-}
{-# LANGUAGE DerivingStrategies #-}
{-# LANGUAGE DuplicateRecordFields #-}
{-# LANGUAGE LambdaCase #-}
{-# LANGUAGE NamedFieldPuns #-}
{-# LANGUAGE OverloadedStrings #-}
{-# LANGUAGE PolyKinds #-}
{-# LANGUAGE RecordWildCards #-}
{-# LANGUAGE TypeFamilies #-}
{-# LANGUAGE UndecidableInstances #-}
module PlutusTx.Blueprint.Schema where
import Control.Lens.Plated (Plated)
import Data.Aeson (ToJSON (..), (.=))
import Data.Aeson qualified as Aeson
import Data.Aeson.Extra (optionalField, requiredField)
import Data.Aeson.KeyMap qualified as KeyMap
import Data.ByteString (ByteString)
import Data.ByteString.Base16 qualified as Base16
import Data.Data (Data, Typeable)
import Data.Function ((&))
import Data.Kind (Type)
import Data.List.NonEmpty (NonEmpty, nonEmpty)
import Data.Text (Text)
import Data.Text.Encoding qualified as Text
import GHC.Generics (Generic)
import Numeric.Natural (Natural)
import PlutusTx.Blueprint.Definition.Id (DefinitionId, definitionIdToText)
import PlutusTx.Blueprint.Schema.Annotation (SchemaInfo, comment, description, title)
import Prelude hiding (max, maximum, min, minimum)
{- | Blueprint schema definition, as defined by the CIP-0057:
path_to_url#core-vocabulary
The 'referencedTypes' phantom type parameter is used to track the types used in the contract
making sure their schemas are included in the blueprint and that they are referenced
in a type-safe way.
-}
data Schema (referencedTypes :: [Type])
= SchemaInteger SchemaInfo IntegerSchema
| SchemaBytes SchemaInfo BytesSchema
| SchemaList SchemaInfo (ListSchema referencedTypes)
| SchemaMap SchemaInfo (MapSchema referencedTypes)
| SchemaConstructor SchemaInfo (ConstructorSchema referencedTypes)
| SchemaBuiltInData SchemaInfo
| SchemaBuiltInUnit SchemaInfo
| SchemaBuiltInBoolean SchemaInfo
| SchemaBuiltInInteger SchemaInfo
| SchemaBuiltInBytes SchemaInfo
| SchemaBuiltInString SchemaInfo
| SchemaBuiltInPair SchemaInfo (PairSchema referencedTypes)
| SchemaBuiltInList SchemaInfo (Schema referencedTypes)
| SchemaOneOf (NonEmpty (Schema referencedTypes))
| SchemaAnyOf (NonEmpty (Schema referencedTypes))
| SchemaAllOf (NonEmpty (Schema referencedTypes))
| SchemaNot (Schema referencedTypes)
| SchemaDefinitionRef DefinitionId
deriving stock (Eq, Ord, Show, Generic, Data)
deriving anyclass instance (Typeable referencedTypes) => Plated (Schema referencedTypes)
instance ToJSON (Schema referencedTypes) where
toJSON = \case
SchemaInteger info MkIntegerSchema{..} ->
dataType info "integer"
& optionalField "multipleOf" multipleOf
& optionalField "minimum" minimum
& optionalField "maximum" maximum
& optionalField "exclusiveMinimum" exclusiveMinimum
& optionalField "exclusiveMaximum" exclusiveMaximum
& Aeson.Object
SchemaBytes info MkBytesSchema{..} ->
dataType info "bytes"
& optionalField "enum" (fmap toHex <$> nonEmpty enum)
& optionalField "maxLength" maxLength
& optionalField "minLength" minLength
& Aeson.Object
where
toHex :: ByteString -> Text
toHex = Text.decodeUtf8 . Base16.encode
SchemaList info MkListSchema{..} ->
dataType info "list"
& requiredField "items" itemSchema
& optionalField "minItems" minItems
& optionalField "maxItems" maxItems
& optionalField "uniqueItems" uniqueItems
& Aeson.Object
SchemaMap info MkMapSchema{..} ->
dataType info "map"
& requiredField "keys" keySchema
& requiredField "values" valueSchema
& optionalField "minItems" minItems
& optionalField "maxItems" maxItems
& Aeson.Object
SchemaConstructor info MkConstructorSchema{..} ->
dataType info "constructor"
& requiredField "index" index
& requiredField "fields" fieldSchemas
& Aeson.Object
SchemaBuiltInData info ->
Aeson.Object $ infoFields info
SchemaBuiltInUnit info ->
Aeson.Object $ dataType info "#unit"
SchemaBuiltInBoolean info ->
Aeson.Object $ dataType info "#boolean"
SchemaBuiltInInteger info ->
Aeson.Object $ dataType info "#integer"
SchemaBuiltInBytes info ->
Aeson.Object $ dataType info "#bytes"
SchemaBuiltInString info ->
Aeson.Object $ dataType info "#string"
SchemaBuiltInPair info MkPairSchema{left, right} ->
dataType info "#pair"
& requiredField "left" left
& requiredField "right" right
& Aeson.Object
SchemaBuiltInList info schema ->
dataType info "#list"
& requiredField "items" schema
& Aeson.Object
SchemaOneOf schemas ->
Aeson.object ["oneOf" .= schemas]
SchemaAnyOf schemas ->
Aeson.object ["anyOf" .= schemas]
SchemaAllOf schemas ->
Aeson.object ["allOf" .= schemas]
SchemaNot schema ->
Aeson.object ["not" .= schema]
SchemaDefinitionRef definitionId ->
Aeson.object ["$ref" .= ("#/definitions/" <> definitionIdToText definitionId)]
where
dataType :: SchemaInfo -> String -> Aeson.Object
dataType info ty = requiredField "dataType" ty (infoFields info)
infoFields :: SchemaInfo -> Aeson.Object
infoFields info =
KeyMap.empty
& optionalField "title" (title info)
& optionalField "description" (description info)
& optionalField "$comment" (comment info)
data IntegerSchema = MkIntegerSchema
{ multipleOf :: Maybe Integer
-- ^ An instance is valid if division by this value results in an integer.
, minimum :: Maybe Integer
-- ^ An instance is valid only if it is greater than or exactly equal to "minimum".
, maximum :: Maybe Integer
-- ^ An instance is valid only if it is less than or exactly equal to "maximum".
, exclusiveMinimum :: Maybe Integer
-- ^ An instance is valid only if it is strictly greater than "exclusiveMinimum".
, exclusiveMaximum :: Maybe Integer
-- ^ An instance is valid only if it is strictly less than "exclusiveMaximum".
}
deriving stock (Eq, Ord, Show, Generic, Data)
emptyIntegerSchema :: IntegerSchema
emptyIntegerSchema =
MkIntegerSchema
{ multipleOf = Nothing
, minimum = Nothing
, maximum = Nothing
, exclusiveMinimum = Nothing
, exclusiveMaximum = Nothing
}
data BytesSchema = MkBytesSchema
{ enum :: [ByteString]
-- ^ An instance validates successfully if once hex-encoded,
-- its value matches one of the specified values.
, minLength :: Maybe Natural
-- ^ An instance is valid if its length is greater than, or equal to, this value.
, maxLength :: Maybe Natural
-- ^ An instance is valid if its length is less than, or equal to, this value.
}
deriving stock (Eq, Ord, Show, Generic, Data)
emptyBytesSchema :: BytesSchema
emptyBytesSchema = MkBytesSchema{enum = [], minLength = Nothing, maxLength = Nothing}
data ListSchema (referencedTypes :: [Type]) = MkListSchema
{ itemSchema :: Schema referencedTypes
-- ^ Element schema
, minItems :: Maybe Natural
-- ^ An array instance is valid if its size is greater than, or equal to, this value.
, maxItems :: Maybe Natural
-- ^ An array instance is valid if its size is less than, or equal to, this value.
, uniqueItems :: Maybe Bool
-- ^ If this value is false, the instance validates successfully.
-- If it is set to True, the instance validates successfully if all of its elements are unique.
}
deriving stock (Eq, Ord, Show, Generic, Data)
mkListSchema :: Schema referencedTypes -> ListSchema referencedTypes
mkListSchema itemSchema =
MkListSchema
{ itemSchema
, minItems = Nothing
, maxItems = Nothing
, uniqueItems = Nothing
}
data MapSchema (referencedTypes :: [Type]) = MkMapSchema
{ keySchema :: Schema referencedTypes
-- ^ Key schema
, valueSchema :: Schema referencedTypes
-- ^ Value schema
, minItems :: Maybe Natural
-- ^ A map instance is valid if its size is greater than, or equal to, this value.
, maxItems :: Maybe Natural
-- ^ A map instance is valid if its size is less than, or equal to, this value.
}
deriving stock (Eq, Ord, Show, Generic, Data)
data ConstructorSchema (referencedTypes :: [Type]) = MkConstructorSchema
{ index :: Natural
-- ^ Constructor index
, fieldSchemas :: [Schema referencedTypes]
-- ^ Field schemas
}
deriving stock (Eq, Ord, Show, Generic, Data)
data PairSchema (referencedTypes :: [Type]) = MkPairSchema
{ left :: Schema referencedTypes
-- ^ Schema of the first element
, right :: Schema referencedTypes
-- ^ Schema of the second element
}
deriving stock (Eq, Ord, Show, Generic, Data)
``` |
Mount Archer National Park is a national park in Central Queensland, Australia, northwest of Brisbane. It makes up the backdrop to the city of Rockhampton which marks the start of Tropical Queensland.
It comprises of open forests and woodland and its highest peak is Mount Archer which stands at above sea level. The Darumbal tribe Raki-warra clan considers the park as a part of its traditional country. It was explored by the Archer brothers in 1853 and was later named after them. In 1898, the site of the park was set aside as a water reserve and a timber reserve in 1940. The grazing went on until 1985 and later the area came under the supervision of the Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service. It became an environmental park in 1987 and was declared a national park in 1994.
The vegetation is mostly open eucalypt woodland with patches of vine scrub. The rufous shrikethrush, white-browed scrubwren, powerful owl and glossy black cockatoo are some of the bird species found in the park.
A road leads to the summit of Mount Archer, where there are a few bushwalking and rock climbing opportunities.
See also
Protected areas of Queensland
References
External links
Mount Archer National Park - Queensland Holidays
National parks of Central Queensland
Rockhampton
Protected areas established in 1994
1994 establishments in Australia |
New Moon was a Parisian nightclub, located at 66 Rue Pigalle (now Rue Jean-Baptiste Pigalle) in the Place Pigalle, that started in the late 19th-century as a headquarters for Impressionist artists. In the 20th century, it became a jazz club and then a lesbian cabaret, before converting to a well-known alternative rock club in the 1980s. It closed in 1995.
Pre-history
In the 1860s, the building where the New Moon was later located was a cafe frequented by French Impressionist painters called La Nouvelle Athènes. In the early 20th century, the cafe added a cabaret to become first Monico, then the New Monico.
Between World War I and World War II, it became Ada "Bricktop" Smith's Chez Bricktop, famous for its jazz and frequented by luminaries like Pablo Picasso, John Steinbeck, Ernest Hemingway. Performers included Marlene Dietrich, Ethel Waters, Duke Ellington and Louis Armstrong. In the 1950s, the club became a striptease cabaret called The Sphinx, then the Narcisse.
History
By the 1960s, it had become the New Moon, and was a lesbian cabaret through the 1960s and 1970s. It closed in the early 1980s, and reopened again in 1987 as an alternative and punk rock club.
From 1987 to 1995 the club was known as one of the most important venues in Paris for punk and alternative rock. Noir Désir, the French Lovers, Mano Negra, the Naked Apes of Reason were a few of the many groups who performed. French photographer Raphaël Rinaldi published the book Paris New Moon, Paris (2016) focused on photography of the venue in the 1980s and 1990s.
After briefly operating as a nightclub called Le Temple, the building was torn down to create office buildings in 2004.
See also
List of lesbian bars
References
External links
The New Monico in 1925
Destruction of the New Moon
Cabarets in Paris
Lesbian culture in France
Punk rock venues
Demolished buildings and structures in Paris
Buildings and structures demolished in 2004 |
New Falcon is a census-designated place (CDP) in Zapata County, Texas, United States. The population was 191 at the 2010 census.
Geography
New Falcon is located at (26.638508, -99.095450).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 0.2 square miles (0.5 km2), all of it land.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 184 people, 62 households, and 49 families residing in the CDP. The population density was . There were 85 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the CDP was 81.52% White, 2.17% Native American, 13.04% from other races, and 3.26% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 100.00% of the population.
There were 62 households, out of which 45.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.5% were married couples living together, 11.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.4% were non-families. 17.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.97 and the average family size was 3.36.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 31.0% under the age of 18, 10.9% from 18 to 24, 23.9% from 25 to 44, 16.8% from 45 to 64, and 17.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.1 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $14,688, and the median income for a family was $14,688. Males had a median income of $10,625 versus $36,250 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $8,971. About 34.0% of families and 42.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 47.6% of those under the age of eighteen and 16.2% of those 65 or over.
Education
All of Zapata County is a part of the Zapata County Independent School District.
References
Census-designated places in Texas
Census-designated places in Zapata County, Texas |
```java
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
*/
package org.flowable.engine.delegate;
import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
import org.flowable.common.engine.api.async.AsyncTaskInvoker;
/**
* Convenience class which always uses the {@link AsyncTaskInvoker} to execute the async data.
* Provides intermediate methods to prepare the execution data before executing and do the
* actual execution without the need to work with futures.
*
* @param <Input> the input of the execution
* @param <Output> the output of the execution
* @author Filip Hrisafov
* @see MapBasedFlowableFutureJavaDelegate
* @see FutureJavaDelegate
*/
public interface FlowableFutureJavaDelegate<Input, Output> extends FutureJavaDelegate<Output> {
@Override
default CompletableFuture<Output> execute(DelegateExecution execution, AsyncTaskInvoker taskInvoker) {
Input inputData = prepareExecutionData(execution);
return taskInvoker.submit(() -> execute(inputData));
}
/**
* Method invoked before doing the execution to extract needed that from the execution
* on the main thread.
* This should be used to prepare and extract data from the execution before doing the execution in a different thread.
*
* @param execution the execution from which to extract data
* @return the data for the delegate
*/
Input prepareExecutionData(DelegateExecution execution);
/**
* Perform the actual execution of the delegate in another thread.
* This uses {@link #prepareExecutionData(DelegateExecution)} to get the needed data
* from the {@link DelegateExecution} and returns the output data that can is passed to {@link #afterExecution(DelegateExecution, Object)}.
*
* <b>IMPORTANT:</b> This is a completely new thread which does not participate in the transaction of the process.
*
* @param inputData the input data for the execution created via {@link #prepareExecutionData(DelegateExecution)}
* @return the output data of the execution
* @see #execute(DelegateExecution, AsyncTaskInvoker)
*/
Output execute(Input inputData);
/**
* Method invoked with the result from {@link #execute(Object)}.
* This should be used to set data on the {@link DelegateExecution}.
* This is on the same thread as {@link #prepareExecutionData(DelegateExecution)} and participates in the process transaction.
*
* @param execution the execution to which data can be set
* @param executionData the execution data
*/
@Override
void afterExecution(DelegateExecution execution, Output executionData);
}
``` |
```scala
/*
*/
package akka.stream.alpakka.googlecloud.bigquery.scaladsl.spray
import akka.util.ByteString
import spray.json.{deserializationError, JsBoolean, JsFalse, JsNumber, JsString, JsTrue, JsValue}
/**
* Provides the BigQueryJsonFormats for BigQuery table cells of the most important Scala types.
*/
trait BigQueryBasicFormats {
implicit object IntJsonFormat extends BigQueryJsonFormat[Int] {
def write(x: Int) = JsNumber(x)
def read(value: JsValue) = value match {
case JsNumber(x) if x.isValidInt => x.intValue
case BigQueryNumber(x) if x.isValidInt => x.intValue
case x => deserializationError("Expected Int as JsNumber or JsString, but got " + x)
}
}
implicit object LongJsonFormat extends BigQueryJsonFormat[Long] {
def write(x: Long) =
if (-9007199254740991L <= x & x <= 9007199254740991L)
JsNumber(x)
else
JsString(x.toString)
def read(value: JsValue) = value match {
case JsNumber(x) if x.isValidLong => x.longValue
case BigQueryNumber(x) if x.isValidLong => x.longValue
case x => deserializationError("Expected Long as JsNumber or JsString, but got " + x)
}
}
implicit object FloatJsonFormat extends BigQueryJsonFormat[Float] {
def write(x: Float) = JsNumber(x)
def read(value: JsValue) = value match {
case JsNumber(x) => x.floatValue
case BigQueryNumber(x) => x.floatValue
case x => deserializationError("Expected Float as JsNumber or JsString, but got " + x)
}
}
implicit object DoubleJsonFormat extends BigQueryJsonFormat[Double] {
def write(x: Double) = JsNumber(x)
def read(value: JsValue) = value match {
case JsNumber(x) => x.doubleValue
case BigQueryNumber(x) => x.doubleValue
case x => deserializationError("Expected Double as JsNumber or JsString, but got " + x)
}
}
implicit object ByteJsonFormat extends BigQueryJsonFormat[Byte] {
def write(x: Byte) = JsNumber(x)
def read(value: JsValue) = value match {
case JsNumber(x) if x.isValidByte => x.byteValue
case BigQueryNumber(x) if x.isValidByte => x.byteValue
case x => deserializationError("Expected Byte as JsNumber or JsString, but got " + x)
}
}
implicit object ShortJsonFormat extends BigQueryJsonFormat[Short] {
def write(x: Short) = JsNumber(x)
def read(value: JsValue) = value match {
case JsNumber(x) if x.isValidShort => x.shortValue
case BigQueryNumber(x) if x.isValidShort => x.shortValue
case x => deserializationError("Expected Short as JsNumber or JsString, but got " + x)
}
}
implicit object BigDecimalJsonFormat extends BigQueryJsonFormat[BigDecimal] {
def write(x: BigDecimal) = {
require(x ne null)
JsString(x.toString)
}
def read(value: JsValue) = value match {
case JsNumber(x) => x
case BigQueryNumber(x) => x
case x => deserializationError("Expected BigDecimal as JsNumber or JsString, but got " + x)
}
}
implicit object BigIntJsonFormat extends BigQueryJsonFormat[BigInt] {
def write(x: BigInt) = {
require(x ne null)
JsString(x.toString)
}
def read(value: JsValue) = value match {
case JsNumber(x) => x.toBigInt
case BigQueryNumber(x) => x.toBigInt
case x => deserializationError("Expected BigInt as JsNumber or JsString, but got " + x)
}
}
implicit object UnitJsonFormat extends BigQueryJsonFormat[Unit] {
def write(x: Unit) = JsNumber(1)
def read(value: JsValue): Unit = {}
}
implicit object BooleanJsonFormat extends BigQueryJsonFormat[Boolean] {
def write(x: Boolean) = JsBoolean(x)
def read(value: JsValue) = value match {
case JsTrue | JsString("true") => true
case JsFalse | JsString("false") => false
case x => deserializationError("Expected Boolean as JsBoolean or JsString, but got " + x)
}
}
implicit object CharJsonFormat extends BigQueryJsonFormat[Char] {
def write(x: Char) = JsString(String.valueOf(x))
def read(value: JsValue) = value match {
case JsString(x) if x.length == 1 => x.charAt(0)
case x => deserializationError("Expected Char as single-character JsString, but got " + x)
}
}
implicit object StringJsonFormat extends BigQueryJsonFormat[String] {
def write(x: String) = {
require(x ne null)
JsString(x)
}
def read(value: JsValue) = value match {
case JsString(x) => x
case x => deserializationError("Expected String as JsString, but got " + x)
}
}
implicit object SymbolJsonFormat extends BigQueryJsonFormat[Symbol] {
def write(x: Symbol) = JsString(x.name)
def read(value: JsValue) = value match {
case JsString(x) => Symbol(x)
case x => deserializationError("Expected Symbol as JsString, but got " + x)
}
}
implicit object ByteStringJsonFormat extends BigQueryJsonFormat[ByteString] {
import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets.US_ASCII
def write(x: ByteString) = JsString(x.encodeBase64.decodeString(US_ASCII))
def read(value: JsValue) = value match {
case BigQueryBytes(x) => x
case x => deserializationError("Expected ByteString as JsString, but got " + x)
}
}
}
``` |
Hear Me. Love Me. is an Amazon prime video series. It premiered on Amazon Video on 28 September 2018. Hosted by actress Shilpa Shetty, where she plays the Cupid and mentors to these young participants.
Plot
The show follows a girl going on 3 dates with 3 men. The girl spends time with the men but is unable to see them as they have a camera strapped around the chest. The show has women aged 21–30 who go on virtual dates to find their suitor. At the end of the day, the girl has to pick the person she likes on the basis of their personality and then the 3 men's faces are revealed. The chosen person and the girl then have a choice of going ahead with a date. Shilpa Shetty will be seen helping the girl navigate her emotions while tapping into her personal anecdotes and experience.
Cast
Shilpa Shetty as Show Host
References
External links
Hear Me Love Me - Official Trailer on Amazon Prime Video
Amazon Prime Video original programming
Hindi-language television shows
2018 Indian television series debuts
Television shows set in Mumbai
Dating and relationship reality television series
Indian reality television series |
Round Mountain is a mountain in northwestern British Columbia, Canada, located east of Dease Lake.
Round Mountain is a volcanic feature of the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province that formed in the past 1.6 million years of the Pleistocene
See also
List of volcanoes in Canada
List of Northern Cordilleran volcanoes
Volcanism of Canada
Volcanism of Western Canada
References
External links
Two-thousanders of British Columbia
Volcanoes of British Columbia
Pleistocene volcanoes
Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province
Subglacial mounds of Canada
Cassiar Land District
Pleistocene British Columbia |
Villers-la-Faye () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
Population
See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department
References
Communes of Côte-d'Or |
Sakarcaören is a village in the Orta District of Çankırı Province in Turkey. Its population is 116 (2021).
References
Villages in Orta District |
Thomas Partridge Clish (born 19 October 1932) is an English former footballer who made 52 appearances in the Football League playing as a goalkeeper for Darlington. He was also on the books of West Ham United, without playing for them in the League.
References
1932 births
Living people
People from Wheatley Hill
Footballers from County Durham
English men's footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
West Ham United F.C. players
Darlington F.C. players
English Football League players |
Saint-Cyr () is a commune in the Saône-et-Loire department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.
Geography
The Grosne forms most of the commune's northwestern border.
See also
Communes of the Saône-et-Loire department
References
Communes of Saône-et-Loire |
The 360th Bombardment Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit. It last was assigned to the 303d Bombardment Wing, stationed at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, Arizona. It was inactivated on 15 June 1964.
History
World War II
The 360th Bombardment Squadron was established in February 1942 as a Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress heavy bomber squadron at Pendleton Field, Oregon and assigned to the 303d Bombardment Group. It moved to Gowen Field, Idaho, where it trained under Second Air Force. The squadron deployed to Southern California to fly antisubmarine patrols over the Pacific. The 360th completed training in southwest by August 1942. The ground echelon departed Biggs Field, Texas in August 1942, arriving at Fort Dix on 24 August. It sailed aboard the and arrived in Great Britain on 10 September. The air echelon flew through Kellogg Field, Michigan and Dow Field, Maine before ferrying its planes across the Atlantic.
Combat in the European Theater
Due to the haste to move heavy bombers to Europe, the squadron was insufficiently trained for combat and it continued to train in England until it entered combat on 17 November 1942 in a strike against Saint-Nazaire, but returned without striking, having been unable to locate its target. It attacked Saint-Nazaire the following day, although its intended target was La Pallice. Its initial raids were on airfields, railroads and submarine pens in France. As a unit of one of only four Flying Fortress groups in VIII Bomber Command during late 1942 and early 1943, the squadron participated in the development of the tactics that would be used throughout the air campaign against Germany.
In 1943, the squadron began flying missions to Germany, participating in the first attack by American heavy bombers on a target in Germany, a raid on the submarine yards at Wilhelmshaven on 27 January 1943. From that time, it concentrated primarily on strategic bombardment of German industry, marshalling yards, and other strategic targets, including the ball bearing plants at Schweinfurt, shipyards at Bremen and an aircraft engine factory at Hamburg.
The 360th received a Distinguished Unit Citation when adverse weather on 11 January 1944 prevented its fighter cover from joining the group, exposing it to continuous attacks by Luftwaffe fighters. Despite this opposition, the unit successfully struck an aircraft assembly plant at Oschersleben.
Although a strategic bombing unit, the squadron was diverted on occasion to close air support and interdiction for ground forces. It attacked gun emplacements and bridges in the Pas-de-Calais during Operation Overlord, the invasion of Normandy, in June 1944; bombed enemy troops during Operation Cobra, the breakout at Saint Lo, and during the Battle of the Bulge. It bombed military installations near Wesel during Operation Lumberjack, the Allied assault across the Rhine. Its last combat mission was an attack on 25 April 1945 against an armament factory at Pilsen (now Plzeň).
Following VE Day in May 1945 the 303d Group was reassigned to the North African Division, Air Transport Command and moved to Casablanca Airfield, French Morocco to use its B-17 bombers as transports, ferrying personnel from France to Morocco. However, the two B-17 groups moved to Casablanca proved surplus to Air Transport Command's needs and the squadron was inactivated in late July 1945 and its planes ferried back to the United States.
Strategic Air Command
The squadron was again activated in the postwar Strategic Air Command in 1947 at Andrews Field, Maryland, but not Manned or equipped and inactivated in September 1948.
It was reactivated in 1951 as a Boeing B-47 Stratojet medium bomber squadron. Its aircraft were not received until April 1953 when squadron received first production block of Boeing B-47E Stratojets. It conducted routine deployments and training during the 1950s and early 1960s. The 360th was inactivated in 1964 with the phaseout of the B-47.
Lineage
Constituted as the 360th Bombardment Squadron (Heavy) on 28 January 1942
Activated on 3 February 1942
Redesignated 360th Bombardment Squadron, Heavy on 20 August 1943
Inactivated on 25 July 1945
Redesignated 360th Bombardment Squadron, Very Heavy on 11 June 1947
Activated on 1 July 1947
Inactivated on 6 September 1948
Redesignated 360th Bombardment Squadron, Medium on 27 August 1951
Activated on 4 September 1951
Inactivated on 15 June 1964
Assignments
303d Bombardment Group, 3 February 1942 – 25 July 1945
303d Bombardment Group, 1 July 1947 – 6 September 1948
303d Bombardment Group, 4 September 1951
303d Bombardment Wing, 16 June 1952- 15 June 1964
Stations
Pendleton Field, Oregon, 3 February 1942
Gowen Field, Idaho, March 13, 1942
Operated from Muroc Army Air Field, California, May 28 – c. June 14, 1942)
Alamogordo Army Air Field, New Mexico, June 18, 1942
Biggs Field, Texas, August 7–22, 1942
RAF Molesworth (AAF-107), England, September 12, 1942
Casablanca Airfield, French Morocco, c. May 31 – July 25, 1945
Andrews Field (later Andrews Air Force Base), Maryland, 1 July 1947 – 6 September 1948
Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, Arizona, 4 September 1951 – 15 June 1964
Aircraft
Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress, 1942–1945
Boeing B-29 Superfortress, 1951–1953
Boeing B-47 Stratojet, 1953–1964
Awards and campaigns
See also
B-17 Flying Fortress units of the United States Army Air Forces
List of B-47 units of the United States Air Force
References
Notes
Bibliography
Military units and formations established in 1942
Bombardment squadrons of the United States Air Force
Bombardment squadrons of the United States Army Air Forces |
Olkkonen is a Finnish surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Aate Olkkonen (1877–1949), Finnish politician
Joonas Olkkonen (born 1976), Finnish sport shooter
See also
Marjatta Muttilainen-Olkkonen (born 1946), Finnish cross-country skier
Finnish-language surnames |
```php
<?php
$x = require $x;
$y = require $x &&
require $y;
if (require $x) {
return (require $x);
}
/* false-positives */
require_once $x;
return (require __DIR__ . 'semicolons.php');
``` |
The Saga of Recluce is a series of fantasy novels written by L. E. Modesitt Jr. The initial novel in the series, The Magic of Recluce, was published in 1991. The series is still in publication with the latest, Fairhaven Rising, published in February 2021. In 2015 Modesitt stated that the 20 novels in the Recluce series had sold nearly three million copies.
The 22 books of the series describe the changing, often confrontational, relationship between the descendants of two technologically advanced cultures, representatives of whom have been marooned on a sparsely inhabited world and regressed to the level of the existing inhabitants' primitive technology. Themes of gender stereotyping, sexism, ageism, racism, ethics, economics, environmentalism and politics are explored in the course of the series, which examines the world through the eyes of its protagonists.
The series is published outside of internal chronological order. The first book published in the series occurs near the end of the overall story, with subsequent books jumping further into the past to expand on elements of history. The author recommends reading the books in publication order. As of the eighteenth novel, Heritage of Cyador, the saga covers eight different time periods and eleven major story lines. The stories demonstrate the progression of real-life events into myth and legend over the progression of centuries, as the characters in one book will be known as heroes or mythical figures in other, chronologically later books. Additionally, certain characters appear in multiple books, the protagonists in one novel, appearing as a supporting characters in others.
Within the Recluce universe, all matter has inherent properties called "order" and "chaos". Magic manifests as a person's ability to manipulate these properties through thought. The feats which are feasible depend on the user's (genetically limited) potential, on developing those abilities, and on the laws that govern the interaction and balance between the two forces in nature. Generally, those who manipulate order are called (black) mages. Those who manipulate chaos are called (white) wizards. Rare individuals (grays) can manipulate both. There are personal costs to using magic, both immediate and long term.
Publishing history
The novels were not published in the order in which events occurred in-universe. This table provides both the publication order and the in-universe chronological order (Recluce Year). The author has stated that publication order is the appropriate reading order.
Collections
Recluce Tales (3 January 2017)
Plot
Setting
All of the novels take place in the same fantasy universe, spanning a time period of over two thousand years.
Within this universe, all matter is aligned with two competing forces: order and chaos. In their natural state, these forces are equally matched, in a condition called Balance. These two forces can be seen as fantasy representations of the natural entropy (chaos) that occurs in matter, balanced by the various molecular forces (order) that bind matter into structured forms. These forces are understood, at a basic level, by all inhabitants of the world. The colour white is identified with chaos; black with order. The first published novel explains it this way: white is the chaotic combination of all wavelengths of visible light, while black is the absence of this light. The extreme of either is undesirable...for a human, perfect chaos is destruction, perfect order is death.
Rare individuals within the universe possess the inborn ability to manipulate these forces. White wizards can draw chaos from a surrounding area and focus it into bolts of flame. Black mages can concentrate order into matter, making it unnaturally strong.
A more limited "subclass" of black mage which is generally acceptable, even highly desirable, even in white chaos dominated societies is the healer. Both forces can be used to kill or to shield. Both types of wielders can, to a degree, detect the presence of both forces. People who are being deceptive, infections, and toxins emanate chaos of differing types discernible by a trained wielder.
Openly gray mages are extremely rare. They manipulate both order and chaos. They are among the most powerful characters in the series. They can prolong their lives and perform awesome magical feats. It is hinted that some black mages could have become gray if they had decided to, and many of the white wizards are implied to be secretly gray, and they may not even be aware of this. "Grays" can choose the lifestyle of a Druid. Druids live in seclusion and are far less known, most in the Great Forest of Naclos. They exercise magic differently.
Part of the plot in each novel involves protagonists discovering novel ways to wield chaos and order. Individuals vary significantly in innate magical strength and in skill at wielding it. They improve through exerting themselves through practice, developing new techniques via personal experimentation, and by studying written lore (which is scant and cryptic).
The manipulation of chaos comes at a price: over time, it can permeate a wizard, accelerating the deterioration of everything around him or her (example: wine turning to vinegar almost before the wizard can drink it). Those wizards who channel chaos through their bodies (nearly all of them) have short lifespans, inversely proportional to the amount of chaos they raise. Some have found ways to reduce this effect. Additionally, any living being that is exposed to much chaos (such as the inhabitants of Fairhaven) experiences a burning sensation upon touching an ordered object, akin to touching an extremely cold object. The effect's severity is proportional to the accumulated chaos. For White Wizards, the result is often death.
The manipulation of order has costs too. Wielding it carelessly can drain a mage of the order needed to sustain life (example: absent-mindedly stroking one's wooden staff). Exceptional mages in the series discover ways to use order to funnel chaos, working around their inability to manipulate chaos directly. This is effective in combat but these actions backlash on the wielder because death itself releases chaos. The unleashed chaos harms the mage. It can cause disorientation, even sensory deprivation, for timespans proportional to the amount of destruction.
The original wielders of magic were marooned on the world of Recluce from another universe, where they were space-farers engaged in a protracted war, and most of the novels take place long after these arrivals, however, Fall of Angels does provide a brief glimpse into that other universe. The reader first discovers this through quotes and legends peppered throughout the series. The preexisting native population had developed something approximating medieval technology. The new arrivals could not keep their technology operational, but found the same skill with which they interfaced with their ship, allowed them to manipulate latent forces within the new world.
The ancestors of the people who would rule empires powered and dominated by white chaos were stranded first, they were the Rationalists (aka "Rats", or "Demons"). They would found an empire, Cyador, that would destroy the majority of the Great Forest, what they call The Accursed Forest, enclosing the remainder inside a great wall, and dominated the East of the continent of Candar. This empire would be patriarchal and could be oppressive to women in varying degrees through its history, but a genteel and paternal sort of oppression, in contrast to the "native" misogynists, who are more predatory and crude.
The ancestors of those who would predominantly wield black order known as Angels, were marooned 600 years later, and would found two authoritarian, militaristic, matriarchal, vaguely misandrist states on Candar and generally fought native opponents rather than their Rationalist counterparts. The series is named for a black order-based island state which was founded by two powerful individuals from those states, abandoning the matriarchy and vague misandry in favor of a more modern (but not fully) outlook. However it does evolve an intolerance for anything that threatens its highly successful order-based homogeneity, banishing anyone they believe to be undesirable, chaos wielders and those unwilling or unable to fit in to Recluce society alike.
The technology, weaponry, and ideology of each culture is reflected in the magical abilities, hair colour, and world views of their descendants in the Recluce universe. Offspring can usually inherit magical abilities, and talent for both black order and white chaos appeared in the descendants of both groups, although one was generally favored over the other, if the other wasn't oppressed or shunned.
The arrival of the Angels is described in Fall of Angels: a space warship, the Winterlance, is part of an Angel fleet attacking a Rationalist blockade. The Angels are losing. During the battle, an exceptional event occurs: energy weapons of opposite types align and focus on the Winterlance. The result is surprising: instead of being destroyed, the ship materializes elsewhere. From various evidence, the crew concludes that they are in an alternate universe, ruled by different physical laws. The ship no longer functions but it is close to a habitable planet, and the crew crash lands there. Soon, individuals discover strange talents and physical changes (such as hair colour) that will ultimately become linked to order magic. Upon contacting the planet's locals, they discover that Rationalists are also present on the planet.
Chronology
Chronologically, the series spans 2,255 years. The story actually begins well before even the earliest novel, with the arrival of the "demons of light" from another universe. Using their manifest chaos powers as well as their advanced technology, these people create an empire called Cyador, on the continent of Candar. While the series is named after Recluce, that island is uninhabited for the first millennium of the story.
The first two books as of 2023, chronologically, are Magi'i of Cyador and Scion of Cyador, which describe the operation of the Cyador army and its battles against the natives of Candar. These novels primarily serve to flesh out a formerly unknown part of the history of the universe. The story does establish one key element in the history of Cyador: the ultimate decline of the advanced technology of the Rationalists. Initially, upon landing on a mostly-uninhabited part of one of the world's continents, the Rationalists (later known as Demons) managed to create a number of advanced mechanical devices, powered by chaos. They also erected a number of collection towers that were used to focus chaos into these devices. By the time of the first novel, these towers are failing, and the empire is losing the ability to maintain its advanced technology. The opening of Magi'i of Cyador was once considered "Year 1" in the history of Recluce, as no years are given in the text of the book, but was later made year 410 by the author, with the founding of Cyad given as the start of the calendar.
The Fall of Angels, 400 years later, details the arrival of the Angels and the founding of the female-dominated city of Westwind. Unlike the Demons, the Angels manipulate order. Of note are two specific angels, Nylan and Ryba, who would become legendary figures in coming novels. Ryba develops a talent for prophecy. Her extensive writings are quoted by future generations as The Book of Ryba, while Nylan develops the foundations of order magic. Nylan also fathers the child Weryl. In The Chaos Balance, Nylan leaves Westwind for a more direct confrontation with Cyador. By this time, the fire-wagons and fire-lances that were once central to the empire have vanished, and the empire is fully dependent on its chaos wizards. The ultimate result of this confrontation is the founding of the Druids, which take up residence in a magically active forest called The Accursed Forest by the natives, but The Great Forest of Naclos in later generations.
Set ten years after the events in The Chaos Balance, Arms-Commander follows the story of Saryn, the head of the guards of Westwind. She tries to protect Westwind, as political and military problems build in the surrounding countries of Gallos, Lornth, and Suthya. In this novel, characters indicate that almost 10 generations have passed since the reign of Lorn in Cyador.
Decades after the fall of Cyador, Cyador's Heirs finds its survivors have reestablished themselves in Cigoerne, a fertile country coveted by hostile neighbors in less hospitable lands. Young Lerial, the second son of Duke Kiedron, lives in the shadow of his older brother Lephi, the heir to their father's realm. Lerial's future seems preordained: He will one day command his brother's forces in defense of Cigoerne, serving at his older sibling's pleasure and no more. But when Lerial is sent abroad to be fostered by Major Altyrn to learn the skills and wisdom he will need to fulfill his future duties, he begins a journey into a much larger world that brings out his true potential. Lerial has talents that few, as yet, suspect: he is one of those rare beings who can harness both Order and Chaos, the competing natural forces that shape the world and define the magic that exists within it. And as war finally engulfs the fringes of Cigoerne, Lerial's growing mastery of Order and Chaos is tested to its limits
and his own.
Generations after the Angels reshaped the political climate in central Candar, the Prefect of Gallos seeks for an excuse to start another war with Westwind in the opening of The Mongrel Mage. The Prefect sends three white mages with an escort to investigate 'raids' in the bordering plains between the two powers. Those mages are Beltur, his prominent white mage uncle, and his uncle's apprentice. After their findings displease the Prefect and his high mages, Beltur's uncle sacrifices himself so the young man can flee. With the aid of Jessyla, a young healer, Beltur travels to Elparta in Spidlar alongside a black mage named Athaal. Beltur, always considered weak as a white mage, is revealed to be a black, or possibly gray, mage. In Elparta he increases his skills in order magic, finds works serving in the city patrol and helping a coppersmith forge cupridium, and strives to recover from the turmoil of Gallos. Soon, however, he discovers he cannot escape his past, as the Prefect and his white mages decide to conquer Elparta with their powerful army. Recruited into Elparta's defense, Beltur excels as an arms-mage, bolstered by his desire to defend his new home and its people which now includes Jessyla, her mother, and many other recent friends. The victory of Elparta is marred by the loss of Athaal who Beltur was unable to save in battle. In Outcasts of Order Beltur attempts to return to his daily routine immediately after the war with Gallos but intrigue among the Trader's Council and the local group of black mages removes any chance he has to make Elparta his permanent home. He begins to train the young daughter of a black mage who is destined to be a powerful chaos wielder. Forced to flee after defending himself and his coppersmith partner from two murderous black mages, Beltur travels to Axalt as the request of the smith and with Jessyla as his new consort. Adjusting to a new life in Axalt grows increasingly complicated as once again the powerful are threatened by his presence. When his white mage apprentice and her family are exiled from Elparta they seek refuge with Beltur in Axalt. Despite assistance from the coppersmith's family Beltur, Jessyla and their guests are barely able to secure permission to stay. When he is unable to prevent a murder, Beltur tries to enact some justice for it, but ultimately is forced out of another city. Remembering an invitation from a mysterious trader in Montgren, Beltur and Jessyla travel with the young white mage and her family to the small duchy to seek a better life. Surviving bandit raids and surveying local power structures along the way, Beltur's followers arrive in Montgren to find themselves not only welcome, but expected. The Duchess offers them an enticing prospect - they can become the new council for a practically abandoned town, making it a home shaped in their own image. Beltur accepts and pledges to manage the town, Haven, as a place where mages of both chaos and order will be welcome.
500 years after the arrival of the Angels, in The Towers of Sunset, Cyador is long gone. But, half-way across the continent of Candar, towards the East, is Fairhaven: a city-state ruled by an oligarchy of white wizards. Their prejudices and their written history imply that Fairhaven was founded by descendants of Cyador. Westwind is the bulwark of the matriarchal societies of Western Candar which hold to the Legend of Ryba. Westwind is under threat from the white wizards of the city of Fairhaven, which exerts a great deal of influence over the male-dominated lands of Eastern Candar. A very strong order mage, Creslin, who is suggested to be the son of Weryl and grandson of the first "black mage" Nylan, flees female-dominated Westwind prior to an arranged marriage, only to be pursued by the white wizards who fear his strength. He ultimately escapes Candar, having married a chaos wizard in the process, and sails to the uninhabited island of Recluce. Here, Creslin begins a society based entirely on order magic. We also begin to learn the dangers of widespread order or chaos magic, as Creslin's unskilled efforts to make Recluce habitable cause severe weather elsewhere in the world, including massive storms, hurricanes, floods and droughts.
Several hundred years later, the chaos wizards in Candar have managed to conquer almost the entire continent. Beginning in the year 1590, The White Order and Colors of Chaos depict the progress of a young chaos wizard named Cerryl as he rises in the ranks of the white wizards. He is constantly fending off attempts on his life from the extremely powerful wizard Jeslek, who has begun to literally raise mountains from the ground to protect the paved highways the chaos wizards have been creating across Candar. At the same time, in the year 1600, The Magic Engineer details the journey of Dorrin, an order mage from Recluce. This is the point, both chronologically and to the reader, where the importance of balance between chaos and order starts to become apparent. (There are some hints in this regard in the first novel, but here the underlying causes are explained more fully.) Creslin's attempts to focus order around Recluce have led to an abundance of "free chaos" elsewhere in the world. This has led to increasingly stronger chaos wizards, ultimately leading to the formation of a 'chaos-focus' in the wizard Jeslek, granting him extraordinary strength. This, in turn, is allowing more order to be focused in Recluce, until something catastrophic happens to reset the balance.
Dorrin begins using order magic with his innate engineering talent to create steam-powered machines from order-infused wood and metal. These are capable of containing large amounts of chaos energy. Of particular note are the extremely fast and powerful warships that Recluce begins to build, after Dorrin demonstrates their usefulness. The vast amount of order concentrated in these ships will accelerate the growth of chaos in the world. Dorrin spends some time in Candar fighting off the white wizards, then returns to Recluce to become the first "order engineer" and founds what later becomes the major city on Recluce, named after Nylan from "The Fall of Angels". Meanwhile, Jeslek is ultimately destroyed in his confrontation with Dorrin, leading to Cerryl becoming High Wizard and attempting some measure of truce with Recluce.
In 1900, the story continues with Natural Ordermage and Mage-Guard of Hamor. It deals with the familiar motif of exile for a budding mage as yet unable and/or unwilling to control his newfound powers, this time on the continent-country of Hamor. The switch (which is a Modesitt trademark) from a pro-Recluce viewpoint to one inside the heretofore vilified Hamorian empire provides a probing look at prejudice, and also lays bare the conflict and corruption within the Recluce society and organizations at that time. Rahl, an apprentice scrivener with no taste for responsibility or accountability, is discovered by the magisters of Recluce to have an inordinately strong grasp of certain order abilities. As their methods are not suited to instruct one such as him he is exiled to Hamor. Caught in the middle of a conspiracy immediately after his arrival, Rahl soon finds himself in the infamous penal ironworks of Luba only to escape them when his abilities surface. As a mage-guard of the Empire he finds himself forced to become more than he was in order to survive first as a patroller and then as an officer in an army during a civil war.
After centuries of relative peace, in 2050, The Order War depicts the progress of two order mages from Recluce, Justen and Gunnar, as they attempt to defend the last free country in Candar from the white wizards, who have begun to use order-based soldiers to add to their own defense while simultaneously increasing their own chaos powers by increasing the amount of order in the world, as according to the plans of Cerryl from The White Order and Colors of Chaos. During their journey, Justen transitions himself into a gray mage, and is ultimately driven into the forest of Naclos, where he becomes a Druid. We also meet several legendary figures, including Ayrlyn (the wife of Nylan and one of the original angels) and the still alive Weryl, and learn how the Druids' mastery of both order and chaos has enabled them to keep their bodies alive for thousands of years. Justen leaves the forest and returns to fight the chaos wizards, and uses his newfound knowledge of order and chaos balance mastery to
form a tremendous weapon. This weapon unleashes the apocalyptic event that has been building for centuries, drawing on vast amounts of both order and chaos to utterly destroy the chaos wizards' capital city and kill nearly all of the powerful chaos wizards in the process. The result of this is a dramatic reduction in both free order and free chaos in the world.
Another diversionary storyline begins in 2110, with Wellspring of Chaos and Ordermaster depicting the life of an unlikely mage named Kharl. This storyline (which spans the continents of Nordla and Austra) tells the story of Kharl's transition from cooper to order-mage. Kharl becomes a powerful self-taught order-mage, an unlikely hero, and reputedly the most powerful black mage outside of Recluce during this time period. The two books flesh out the resistance of Nordla and Austra to the Empire of Hamor's attempts to expand their influence on the two continents. Notable characters from previous books of the series make brief appearances, including the gray wizard Justen. The two books flesh out two of the areas of the world that were mostly ignored in earlier novels and provides insight into the evolution of the Empire of Hamor, which plays a prominent part at the end of the series.
The final part of the saga occurs in the year 2250 and begins with The Magic of Recluce. Gunnar, who has kept himself and his family alive using druidic techniques taught by his brother Justen, sends his son Lerris (who is unaware of his father's history and his own magical potential) to Candar to undertake a rite of passage commonly administered to dissatisfied individuals living in Recluce, especially those who have an affinity or ability for either order or chaos. While exiled to Candar, Lerris meets his uncle Justen, and comes to understand his father's ulterior motives for sending him off. Centuries of dominance by Recluce and their order engineers has once again led to increasingly more powerful chaos wizards in Candar, with one in particular threatening to cause trouble on the scale of the white council. Gunnar has sent Lerris to Candar with the suspicion that a strong order mage and strong chaos wizard will ultimately be drawn into direct conflict, and that Lerris would take care of the
problem without Recluce being directly involved. Lerris ultimately defeats the white wizard and settles down in Candar to live as a woodworker.
The climax of the story, 5 years later, in The Death of Chaos sees the powerful Empire of Hamor, the oldest inhabited continent in the world, has been using the relative instability of the rest of the world to build weapons using bound order, building an enormous fleet of steel warships armed with powerful canons. In the final climactic battle on the shores of Recluce, Lerris and his family use their mastery of order and chaos to forcibly impose a balance on the world, unleashing vast amounts of subterranean lava directly into the ocean beneath the invading Hamorian forces. In the end, Lerris uses the vast amounts of order in Recluce to bind all of the free chaos into small, balanced units (again, strongly reminiscent of particle physics). The result is the destruction of nearly all of the order and chaos magic in the world, including Lerris's family (which was being kept alive by magic) and even parts of the continent of Recluce itself.
Aside from the titanic magical battles, the book introduces the unique character of Lerris - wielder of enormous, literally earth-shaking magical power, yet whose true passion and vocation is woodworking and creating exquisite pieces of furniture by completely material tools and with no use of magic. At the concluding scene of the book - and so far, of the entire series - Lerris, deeply scarred from the final cataclysmic battle, is happy to leave magic behind him and settle into the life of a skilled craftsman.
Notes
References
External links
About the Saga of Recluce series at the publisher's official website
Listing at SciFan
Interactive Map of the series
Fantasy novel series
High fantasy novels
Novels by L. E. Modesitt Jr.
American fantasy novels
Social science fiction |
Unorganized South West Cochrane District is an unorganized area in the Canadian province of Ontario, encompassing the small portion of the Cochrane District, between Black River-Matheson and Timmins, which is not part of either municipality.
The division had a population of zero in the Canada 2011 Census, and a land area of 553.71 square kilometres.
Demographics
Population:
Population in 2011: 0
Population in 2006: 0
Population in 2001: 0
Population in 1996: 2
Population in 1991: 0
See also
List of townships in Ontario
References
External links
Map of area
Cochrane South West
Geography of Cochrane District |
John Jordan is an Irish judge who has been a judge of the High Court since February 2019. He was previously a barrister.
Early life
Jordan is from Castlebar where he attended secondary school at St Gerald's College, Castlebar. He studied law at University College Dublin and at the King's Inns.
Legal career
He was called to the Bar in 1985 and became a senior counsel in 2011. His practice encompassed criminal law and private law, including in the areas of contract law, tort law, and property law. In criminal trials, he acted for both the defence and on behalf of the Director of Public Prosecutions in matters involving sexual offences, road traffic offences, fraud, and homicide.
He acted for the DPP in the prosecution of Pádraig Nally and subsequent appeal arising out of the death of John Ward.
Judicial career
Jordan became a judge of the High Court in February 2019. He has been the presiding judge in cases involving injunctions, company law, and family and child law.
He is the judge in charge of the Family List of the High Court.
References
Living people
People from Castlebar
People educated at St Gerald's College, Castlebar
High Court judges (Ireland)
Irish Senior Counsel
Alumni of University College Dublin
Alumni of King's Inns
Year of birth missing (living people)
Lawyers from County Mayo
20th-century Irish lawyers
21st-century Irish judges |
The Aarhus School of Architecture (Arkitektskolen Aarhus) was founded in 1965 in Aarhus, Denmark. Along with the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts, School of Architecture in Copenhagen, it is responsible for the education of architects in Denmark. The school has approximately 750 students.
Educational structure and content
Teaching at the Aarhus School of Architecture is studio-based, emphasising group work and project work. The school places an emphasis on practice-based teaching, while maintaining an artistic approach to architecture. Teaching is organised around a number of research labs, based on on-going and close dialogue with teachers. Workshop facilities allow students to explore their ideas in 3D and in 1:1. Other resources include a specialised library, a materials shop and a robot lab.
In 2016 the school's research was restructured as three research labs:
Research Lab 1: Territories, Architecture, and Transformation
Research Lab 2: Technology and Building Cultures
Research Lab 3: Radical Sustainable Architecture
Research is carried out within the school’s three focus areas: habitation, transformation, and sustainability – as well as in the field of research by design.
Besides Bachelor’s, Master’s and PhD programmes the school offers supplementary education for architects and similar professional groups at various levels. Research at the school is also to a high degree practice-based, i.e. based on cooperation with architectural practices located internationally and locally. The high concentration of architectural practices in Aarhus provides a sound basis for this cooperation.
The Aarhus School of Architecture is an educational institution under the Danish Ministry for Science, Innovation and Higher Education.
School buildings
The school is situated in the Nørre Stenbro neighborhood on Nørreport. The campus comprises the listed building known as Raae's House () from 1798 and a newer building from 1997 with auditorium and an exhibition hall.
Raae's House is a brick building in Neoclassical style built by Hans Fridrich Raae, one of the foremost merchants in the city during the 18th century. It was originally built on the northern edge of the city by the city walls on what was at the time Studsgade. It is one of the best examples of Neoclassical architecture in Aarhus and one of the last remaining brick built merchant's houses of that time. The building is in 4 wings with a courtyard in the middle but only the house facing the street is constructed in brick with the remaining being half-timbered structures with Baroque elements. The building was listed in 1919.
In 1997 the architects firm Kjaer & Richter built an addition on an adjacent plot of land. It was designed in a modernistic style of concrete with glass facade. It is structured as a rectangular, black box with a dominating glass facade facing the street, intentionally contrasting the old building next to it. The design is modelled as a house-in-house with the auditorium appearing like an interior island that divides the building in an exhibition hall and foyer.
Notable faculty members
Some notable rectors and teachers include:
Christian Frederik Møller, the schools first rector (1965–69).
Arne Karlsen, teacher in furniture design from 1965, rector (1968–72) and professor (1984–93).
Johannes Exner, teacher in architectural restoration from 1965 and professor (1984–92).
Sven Hansen, teacher in landscape architecture and gardening from 1965 and professor (1976–80).
Johan Richter, teacher from 1965.
Ray Okamoto, teacher in urban planning from 1965.
Peter Kjær, rector (1999–2005)
Kristine Jensen, teacher (1996–2002)
Adrian Carter, teacher (2000–?)
Michael Sorkin professor (unknown)
Chris Thurlbourne, teacher and head of the Master's Program (?).
Notable alumni
Helle Juul (grad. 1981)
Kim Herforth Nielsen (grad. 1981)
Kristine Jensen, landscape architect (grad. 1983)
Michael Christensen (grad. 1989)
Lone Wiggers (grad. 1989)
Ellen Braae, landscape architect (grad. 1991)
Lene Dammand Lund (grad. 1991)
Dorte Mandrup (grad. 1991)
References
External links
Architecture schools
Higher education in Aarhus
1966 establishments in Denmark |
Milan Kujundžić (; born 27 April 1957) is a Croatian physician and politician who held the position of Minister of Health in the Cabinet of Andrej Plenković between 2016 and 2020.
Career
Kujundžić was born in the village of Ivanbegovina near Imotski, Croatia. He graduated from the University of Zagreb School of Medicine in 1982 and obtained his Ph.D. in medicine in 1992.
Since 2005, Kujundžić serves as a head-master of Clinical Hospital Dubrava.
Political career
From 2004 to 2005, Kujundžić served as assistant of the Minister of Health and Social Welfare.
A longtime member of Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ), he resigned from the party following his defeat in party chairmanship election in May 2012, which was won by Tomislav Karamarko. Kujundžić then founded a right-wing political party Croatian Dawn, established in July 2013 but returned to HDZ in 2016.
In 2012, Kujundžić was a candidate for the president of the Croatian Democratic Union, and in the 20 May 2012 election he came in second after Tomislav Karamarko. In the presidential election in 2014, he was a candidate for the president, but was defeated with conquered 6.3 percent of the vote.
See also
Cabinet of Andrej Plenković
References
External links
1957 births
Living people
People from Imotski
Croatian Democratic Union politicians
Croatian physicians
Croatian Democratic Party politicians
Candidates for President of Croatia
Croatian Dawn – Party of the People politicians
Health ministers of Croatia |
The Caudron C.21 was a French twin engine biplane built just after World War I, able to carry three passengers in an open cockpit.
Design and development
In 1917 Paul Deville was developing a twin engine observation aircraft when it became clear it would be underpowered and it was therefore not built during World War I. After the war the design, now called the C.21, was completed as a four-seat passenger aircraft.
It was a three bay biplane, with fabric covered, constant chord, unswept wings ending at angled tips. The upper wing, which carried the ailerons, had an 8% greater span and a smaller chord. There was no stagger, so the sets of parallel interplane struts were vertical; flying wires braced each bay. Pairs of V-form engine struts, supporting the two Le Rhône 9C rotary engines above the lower wing, defined the inner two bays. There were short, parallel cabane struts from the upper fuselage.
The C.21's fuselage was almost flat sided, with a vertical knife edge at the short nose. It had an open cockpit starting in the extreme nose and seating the three passengers in tandem; the pilot's cockpit was under the trailing edge, with a deep cut-out for better upward vision. At the rear a straight edged, long and low fin carried a straight edged, balanced rudder that extended down to the keel. An angled tailplane mounted on top of the fuselage had elevators with a cut-out for rudder movement and it had a tailskid undercarriage, with pairs of mainwheels on axles attached to longitudinal bars fixed under the engines on N-form struts.
Operational history
The date of the C.21's first flight is uncertain but it was before February 1919. On 10–11 February it gained publicity with four flights between Paris and Brussels, a distance of covered in about 140 minutes. They were flown by Chanteloup, accompanied by designer Deville, to retrieve the passengers from a Caudron C.23, modified into a passenger transport, which had broken a tailskid at Brussels. The C.21 was advertised in the Caudron catalogue at a price of FF 30,000. It seems only one example was built but its layout was repeated in Caudron's successively larger and more powerful C.22 and C.23 night bombers.
Specifications
References
C.021
1910s French civil aircraft
Biplanes
Rotary-engined aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1919 |
The cantiñas () is a group of flamenco palos (musical forms), originated in the area of Cádiz in Andalusia (although some styles of cantiña have developed in the province of Seville). They share the same compás or rhythmic pattern with the soleá and are usually sung in a lively rhythm (between 120 and 160 beats per minute). They are normally sung in a major mode and have a festive mood.
The usual chord positions for the tonic chord in the guitar are those of E major, C major and, occasionally, A major, the latter usually reserved for solo guitar pieces. The chord progression is normally of the simple tonic-dominant type, although modern guitar players introduce other transitional chords.
The palos classified under this group are:
Alegrías
Romeras
Caracoles
Mirabrás
Other cantiñas, including the "cantiñas de Pinini" (or "cantiñas de Utrera), "cantiña del contrabandista", "cantes de las Mirris" or "alegrías de Córdoba".
The main verse has four eight-syllable lines. They frequently also include a small refrain with three five-syllable lines.
Their popularity increased at the time of the flamenco cafés cantante that became the centre of professional flamenco performances from the mid 19th century to the 1920s. Originally, this songs were intended as support for dance.
Reference recordings for this palos are those by Chano Lobato, Aurelio Sellé, Manolo Vargas and La Perla de Cádiz for the Cádiz styles; Bernarda de Utrera and Fernanda de Utrera for the Pinini styles; Curro de Utrera for the "alegrías de Córdoba" or Antonio Chacón for the "caracoles". La Niña de los Peines is also an important reference for all these styles. Some modern singers who have recorded excellent versions of this styles are Camarón de la Isla, Carmen Linares or Mayte Martín.
External links
Sources
MARTÍN SALAZAR, Jorge: Los cantes flamencos, Diputación Provincial de Granada
ÁLVAREZ CABALLERO, Ángel: La discoteca ideal del flamenco, Planeta, 1995
Flamenco styles
Spanish music
Andalusian music
Vocal music |
Dorothy Lee may refer to:
Dorothy Lee (actress) (1911–1999), 1930s actress/comedian
Dorothy Lee (theologian) (born 1953), Australian New Testament scholar
Dorothy D. Lee (1905–1975), author and philosopher of cultural anthropology
Dorothy McCullough Lee (1901–1981), first female mayor of Portland, Oregon
pseudonym for composer John Stepan Zamecnik |
The Portable Aqua Unit for Lifesaving (short PAUL), also known as Water Backpack is a portable membrane water filter developed at the University of Kassel for humanitarian aid. It allows the decentralized supply of clean water in emergency and disaster situations.
Technology
Prerequisites
The filter only needs water (e.g. from wells or rivers), to function. There are neither chemicals nor energy nor trained personnel required. The entire operation is shown in four pictograms, so that it can be operated without any prior knowledge, as a test with different population groups in India has shown.
Operation
The core of the device is a membrane filter unit. After it is set up at its destination, it is filled with about 100 litres of raw water from surface waters. After a waiting period of one to two minutes the filtered water flows out of the drain hose. During filtering raw water must be replenished continuously .
Performance
At about 1.15 metres of water pressure, the water is filtered through the membrane with a pore size of 20 to 100 nm. The device removes bacteria with an efficiency of 99.999% (measurement Institut Fresenius, E. coli and Coliform) and viruses to 99.9% (measured Bonn University, coliphages).
A system based on ultrafiltration system (unlike Reverse osmosis based units) is not able to filter out solutes like salts or liquids like mineral oils. They pass through the membrane. Water contaminated with such substances therefore can not be cleaned.
A device with an average supply of 1200 litres of raw water can, according to the Sphere standards (2011), supply clean, drinkable water for 400 people per day.
Use and dissemination
The water filter is designed for use in emergency and disaster situations. As a backpack it can, if necessary, be brought by walking to the locations. It first came in March 2010 to use in Chile. Since September 2010, the spread increased significantly so that in April 2012, about 700 copies in over 30 countries worldwide.
As the lifespan of the membrane is around ten years, aid agencies can leave the device after a disaster on site. Regular servicing or cleaning of the filter every few months is recommended, and depending on the degree of contamination of the raw water necessary. To clean it the backpack is to be filled once completely and then emptied through the bottom outlet to flush the sediments out.
PAUL is beside the German Foreign Office used by many organizations in humanitarian relief.
Development
The device was developed in the Department of Urban Water Management in the Department of Civil Engineering at the University of Kassel under the "German Federal Environmental Foundation" funded projects. The current optimization project will run until mid-2013 in a research project.
Awards
The project "PAUL - Potable water at disasters" in 2011 at the German competition "365 Landmarks in the Land of Ideas" as the national winner in the Category Society Competition.
See also
LifeSaver bottle
Tata Swach
Slingshot (water vapor distillation system)
LifeStraw
Literature
HDL – Hundertmal Hilfe für sauberes Wasser auf Haiti – Hundert PAULs erfolgreich im Einsatz (German)
Global Care – PAUL-Wasserrucksack auf dem Weg nach Haiti: Global-Care startet Hilfsaktion (German)
Humanity Care Foundation, Robert Hoßfeld: PAUL der Lebensretter, Januar 2011, in: Humanity Care Stiftung/Rotary-Magazin 01/2011 (German)
Experience report : Nighat Aziz: PAUL – Systeme, 2011, in: Humanity Care Stiftung (German)
External links
Homepage of PAUL (German)
Description of the development (German) (PDF; 28,0 MB)
References
Water filters
Membrane technology
Disaster preparedness
University of Kassel
Appropriate technology |
Coline Keriven (born 28 August 2000) is a retired French pair skater. With her former skating partner, Noël-Antoine Pierre, she is a four-time French national medalist (2018, 2020–22) and the 2018 Volvo Open Cup bronze medalist. They competed in the final segment at the 2020 European Championships.
Programs
Competitive highlights
GP: Grand Prix; CS: Challenger Series
With Bouvart
With Pierre
Ladies' singles
References
External links
2000 births
French female pair skaters
Living people |
Theo Baker (born 2004 or 2005) is an American investigative journalist for The Stanford Daily, the student newspaper of Stanford University. In 2023, he became the youngest recipient of the George Polk Award for his reporting that led to the resignation of Stanford president Marc Tessier-Lavigne.
Reporting
As a freshman reporter at The Stanford Daily, Baker began publishing stories in November 2022 about accusations of image manipulation against Stanford president Marc Tessier-Lavigne, leading to a formal investigation from the university. Baker learned about the accusations through the scientific review website PubPeer and brought them to scientific integrity expert Elisabeth Bik. A lawyer representing Tessier-Lavigne sent what has been described as 'legal threats' to Baker, describing his reporting as "replete with falsehoods".
In July 2023, the final university report found that Tessier-Lavigne's research "fell below customary standards of scientific rigor and process" but did not constitute fraud. Baker subsequently published another story that the investigating panel did not grant some witnesses anonymity, so they were unable to testify because of active non-disclosure agreements. Tessier-Lavigne announced his resignation as Stanford's president on July 19, 2023, with multiple major news outlets, including The New York Times and The Washington Post, attributing it as a direct result of The Stanford Daily stories.
Awards
In February 2023, The Stanford Daily received a 2022 George Polk Award for its reporting on Tessier-Lavigne, the first time an independent, student-run newspaper has won the award. The Polk Awards gave Baker a "Special Award", making him the youngest ever to win it. He has also received a James Madison Freedom of Information Award from the Northern California Chapter of the Society of Professional Journalists.
Personal life
Baker is from the Washington, D.C., area and is the son of journalists Peter Baker and Susan Glasser. In response to criticism that he is a "nepo baby", Baker said that he was fortunate to have good role models, but that he keeps his parents "entirely separate" from his reporting. Baker told Teen Vogue that he had previously said he would never become a journalist, but changed his mind to "feel connected to [his] late grandfather, who passed just two weeks before [he] started at Stanford, and who would always sit down and talk about his time doing student journalism."
References
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth uncertain
21st-century American journalists
George Polk Award recipients
2000s births
Stanford University alumni |
Al-Masmiyah (, also spelled Musmiyeh, Mesmiyeh, Mismiya and Musmeih) is a town in southern Syria, administratively part of the Daraa Governorate, located northeast of Daraa in the al-Sanamayn District. Nearby localities include Jabab and Muthabin to the west, Ghabaghib to the northeast, Jubb al-Safa to the north, Burraq to the northeast, Khalkhalah and al-Surah al-Saghirah to the southeast and Dama to the south.
History
Roman and Byzantine era
Al-Masmiyah is identified with the Roman-era town of Phaena. Phaena was the capital of the Trachonitis district of Roman Syria, as confirmed by a Greek inscription on the Roman temple which reads "Julius Saturninus to the people of Phaena, capital of Trachon." The ruins of a Roman era house built in the Batanean architectural style is believed to have possibly served as the home of the Roman governor of Trachonitis. One of the rooms on the ground-level floor was supported by an 18-foot arch and had a cornice-decorated ceiling. The town contains the ruins of a Roman-era pagan temple, called the Praetorium, that was constructed by the commander of the Third Gallic Legion between 160–169 CE during the reign of the Roman emperors Aurelius Antoninus and Lucius Aurelius Verus.
In the early 3rd century CE, Phaena was still an important village known as a metrocomia. The Praetorium was transformed into a church during the Byzantine era and the structural plan makes it one of the oldest examples of Byzantine church architecture. The ancient city of Phaena had a radius of roughly three miles, making it as large as the ancient walled area of Damascus and larger than the Old City of Jerusalem. During the Byzantine era it became an episcopal see.
Ottoman era
In 1810, Swiss explorer Johann Burckhardt was the first contemporary scholar to visit al-Masmiyah and he was later followed by Bankes and Barry, who sketched a precise plan of the Praetorium, in 1819. In 1838, Biblical scholar Eli Smith reported that Kurds inhabited the village. By the late 1860s a few impoverished Arab families from the Sulut tribe reportedly lived inside the ruins of al-Masmiyah. Apparently, the village was abandoned most of the time, but was occasionally occupied by nomadic Arab families seeking shelter in its ruins.
In the 1870s, al-Masmiyah was an uninhabited village. However, it was later settled when the Ottoman sultan Abdul Hamid II (1876–1909) acquired al-Masmiyah and six other nearby Hauran villages in the late 19th century as a personal estate. The farmers he employed in the village were afforded security, giving them protection from nomadic raiders. They were also exempt from conscription, protected from monetary collections from local notables and at times were loaned money without interest. These factors resulted in the prosperity of al-Masmiyah and the larger estate. In 1875, before Abdul Hamid's reign, the Ottoman army took apart the Praetorium for the construction material used to build a nearby army barracks at Burraq. The temple had earlier been photographed by Tancrède Dumas. It still remained the subject of study by scholars in Greco-Roman architecture after its dismantlement.
In 1886, al-Masmiyah was briefly occupied by the Druze clans of Atrash and Halabi during a quarrel with the Sulut tribe. Following the Young Turk Revolution in 1908, the sultan ceded estate to the treasury department of the Damascus government and consequently, the inhabitants, who were both tenants of the government and permanent residents of the villages, had to pay 20–22% of their agricultural products to the authorities. Nonetheless, the conditions of the inhabitants of the government estate were better than the estates of the notables. In 1915 the population of al-Masmiyah was estimated as 300 Melkites (Greek Catholics) and 20 Sunni Muslims.
Archaeological remains
According to Western traveler Josias Leslie Porter who visited the region in the late 1850s, the ruins of al-Masmiyah "are among the interesting and beautiful in the Hauran." The majority of the village's ancient homes were in rubble, but a number of public buildings were relatively well-preserved. Porter further remarked that except for the Roman temple "there are several other buildings ... but they are not remarkable either for their size or architecture.
Roman temple
Along with the Roman temple dedicated to Tyche in nearby al-Sanamayn, the Praetorium of al-Masmiyah is the only Roman temple in the Levant that contains niches for statues in the cella. This unique feature in Roman architecture was likely inspired by pre-Roman architecture, particularly the temple of Baal-Shamin in the Syrian Desert town of Palmyra or in various Arabian cities. The Praetorium was situated atop a podium in a temenos surrounded by colonnades.
It was relatively small, measuring 24.8 x 16.4 meters. It has a rectangular ground plan with a semi-circular apse that projects onto one side of the building opposite of the doorway. Both sides of the doorway contained niches reserved for statues. The interior space consisted of a single room, which was the naos, and measured 15.09 x 13.78 meters.
The Praetorium was formerly topped by a square domed roof, likely a cloister vault, which had since collapsed. The roof is supported by four free-standing columns fixed at the inner angles of cross-vaulted arches, which together form a Greek cross. On the opposite end of each columns stood a half-column, making for a total of four main columns, eight half-columns, and four quarter columns (situated at each corner) inside the naos. The arches sit on lintels that span the space between the outer wall and the columns supporting the roof.
There were six niches against the walls that were reserved for the placement of statues and in the center of them was the main space, the adyton, used to hold the main statue of the pagan cult. The adyton was topped by a conch-shaped falf-dome. The building had two windows, a rare feature in Classical pagan temples, and a total of three entryways. Of the entry ways, there was a principal central doorway that was higher and broader than the two side-doors.
The church ruins contained a partially destroyed portico with six columns. The material used for the building was dry stone. Other than the dome and the portico, the building had been well preserved in the 19th century.
Demographics
According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), al-Masmiyah had a population of 1,498 in the 2004 census. It is the administrative center of the al-Masmiyah nahiyah ("subdistrict") which consists of 16 localities with a collective population of 8,773 in 2004. As of the early 20th century, its inhabitants were largely Melkite Christians, though there was a small Muslim community as well. In 2004, the village still had a significant Melkite Christian population.
References
Bibliography
External links
Map of town, Google Maps
Mesmiye-map; 19M
Towns in Syria
Populated places in Al-Sanamayn District
Roman towns and cities in Syria
Melkite Christian communities in Syria |
Ascarza is a hamlet and minor local entity located in the municipality of Condado de Treviño, in Burgos province, Castile and León, Spain. As of 2020, it has a population of 6.
Geography
Ascarza is located 106km east-northeast of Burgos.
References
Populated places in the Province of Burgos |
Inside the Walls of Folsom Prison is a 1951 American film noir crime film directed by Crane Wilbur and starring Steve Cochran and David Brian. Set in Folsom State Prison in California, the film was seen both in the United States and Europe.
Country singer Johnny Cash saw this movie while serving in the United States Air Force in West Germany in October 1951, and used it as an inspiration for his hit song "Folsom Prison Blues," which he recorded numerous times between 1955 and his death in 2003.
The film was featured in the 2005 biographical film Walk the Line, in which Cash (played by Joaquin Phoenix) and other Air Force personnel are depicted seeing the film.
Plot
During the 1920s, before the 1944 California prison reform, Warden Ben Rickey rules Folsom Prison with a ruthless hand. He believes that prisons should be used for punishment, rather than rehabilitation to reduce the incidence of repeated returns to jail (recidivism). His methods are violent, torturous, and intended to beat the prisoners into submission.
Chuck Daniels, one of the toughest inmates, and his group of followers are intent on escaping. However, after an attempt which is thwarted by Rickey, a riot ensues resulting in the deaths of two officers and a few prisoners. Rickey, with his iron fist, doles out severe and cruel punishments to all prisoners connected to the incident.
In response to increasing violence, and the warden's inhumane treatment, the prison's board of directors hire an assistant, Mark Benson, as captain of the guards. He believes that the inmates, despite their serious crimes, deserve to be treated better and given an opportunity to change by being educated on how to live on the outside, prior to release, in order to increase their chances of becoming productive members of society. Benson makes many changes to the regimen including serving meat, allowing inmates to talk during meal times, and promoting rehabilitation programs such as employment help. He also changes the way the guards do their jobs as well, by expecting them to come to work clean, behave in a professional way, and discontinue the senseless beatings that cause trouble.
These changes go against the wishes of the warden and Benson eventually leaves his post as captain of the guards. With Benson gone, Warden Rickey reverts all of the reforms and the inmates retaliate with yet another escape attempt. A riot erupts in which many are fatally wounded.
Cast
Steve Cochran as Chuck Daniels
David Brian as Mark Benson
Philip Carey as Red Pardue
Ted de Corsia as Warden Ben Rickey (as Ted De Corsia)
Scott Forbes as Jim Frazier
Michael Tolan as Leo Daly (as Lawrence Tolan)
Dick Wesson as Tinker
Paul Picerni as Jeff Riordan
William Campbell as Nick Ferretti
Edward Norris as Sgt. Cliff Hart (as Eddie Norris)
References
External links
1951 films
1951 crime drama films
1950s prison films
Film noir
American black-and-white films
American crime drama films
American prison drama films
Films directed by Crane Wilbur
Films scored by William Lava
Films set in California
Films set in the 1920s
Warner Bros. films
1950s English-language films
1950s American films
English-language crime drama films |
Edwin Earle Myers (December 18, 1896 – August 31, 1978) was an American athlete who competed in the men's pole vault. He competed at the 1920 Summer Olympics and won bronze, behind Danish pole vaulter Henry Petersen who won silver. He attended Dartmouth College. He was born in Hinsdale, Illinois and died in Evanston, Illinois.
References
External links
databaseOlympics profile
1896 births
1978 deaths
American male pole vaulters
Athletes (track and field) at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in track and field
Dartmouth College alumni
Sportspeople from Hinsdale, Illinois
Medalists at the 1920 Summer Olympics |
Archie Moore (born Archibald Lee Wright; December 13, 1913 – December 9, 1998) was an American professional boxer and the longest reigning World Light Heavyweight Champion of all time (1952 – 1962). He had one of the longest professional careers in the history of the sport, competing from 1935 to 1963. Nicknamed "The Mongoose", and then "The Old Mongoose" in the latter half of his career, Moore was a highly strategic and defensive boxer. As of December 2020, BoxRec ranks Moore as the third greatest pound-for-pound boxer of all time. He also ranks fourth on The Rings list of "100 greatest punchers of all time". Moore was also a trainer for a short time after retirement, training Muhammad Ali, George Foreman, Bob Foster, Eddie Mustafa Muhammad, Earnie Shavers and James Tillis.
A native of Benoit, Mississippi, Moore was raised in St. Louis, Missouri, and grew up in poverty. Moore was denied a shot at the world title for 15 years, and spent many of those years fighting on the road with little to show for it. An important figure in the American Black community, he became involved in African American causes once his days as a fighter were over. He also established himself as a successful character actor in television and film. Moore died in his adopted home of San Diego, California; he was 84 years old.
Early life
Born Archibald Lee Wright, the son of Thomas Wright, a farm laborer and drifter, and Lorena Wright. He always insisted that he was born in 1916 in Collinsville, Illinois, his mother told reporters that he was actually born in 1913 in Benoit, Mississippi. His father abandoned the family when Archie was an infant. Unable to provide for him and his older sister, his mother gave them into the care of an uncle and aunt, Cleveland and Willie Pearl Moore, who lived in St. Louis. Archie later explained why he was given their surname: "It was less questions to be called Moore."
He attended segregated all-Black schools in St. Louis, including Lincoln High School, although he never graduated. His uncle and aunt provided him with a stable upbringing, but after his uncle died in a freak accident around 1928, Moore began running with a street gang. One of his first thefts was a pair of oil lamps from his home, which he sold so that he would have money to buy boxing gloves. He later recalled of his stealing: "It was inevitable that I would be caught. I think I knew this even before I started, but somehow the urge to have a few cents in my pocket made me overlook this eventuality". After he was arrested for attempting to steal change from a motorman's box on a streetcar, he was sentenced to a three-year term at a reform school in Booneville, Missouri. He was released early from the school for good behavior after serving twenty-two months.
Around 1933 Moore joined the Civilian Conservation Corps, working for the forestry division at a camp in Poplar Bluff, Missouri. Determined to become a boxer, he decided to make his work at the camp a form of training. He later recalled that the other boys constantly kidded him about one daily exercise—standing upright in the bed of a truck as it drove along primitive forest roads, waiting until the last possible moment before ducking or weaving away from tree branches.
Boxing career
The captain of the camp permitted him to organize a boxing team, which competed in Golden Gloves tournaments in southern Missouri and Illinois. Many of his fights occurred in a racially charged atmosphere; he later described one of them, against a white boxer named Bill Richardson in Poplar Bluff:I knocked him down with a volley of head punches about one minute into round one. His brother ... was the referee. He was furious at me and told me to keep my punches up. Since I had been hitting Bill in the head I would have missed him altogether if I threw my punches any higher. But the referee said I had fouled him. ... I got steamed at this and offered to fight [the referee], too. I resolved not to hit Bill any place but his head. ... In the second round I dropped him with a left hook that spun his head like a top. ... I heard a man at ringside say, "For two cents I'd shoot that nigger."
First retirement and comeback
Moore had four fights in 1941, during which he went 2–1–1, with the draw against Eddie Booker. By then, however, he had suffered through several stomach ulcers and the resulting operations, and had announced his retirement from boxing.
His retirement was brief. By 1942 he was back in the ring. He won his first six bouts that year, including a second-round knockout of Hogue in a rematch, and a ten-round decision over Jack Chase. He met Booker in a rematch, and reached the same conclusion as their first meeting had: another 10-round draw.
In 1943, Moore fought seven bouts, winning five and losing two. He won and then lost the California State Middleweight title against Chase, both by 15-round decisions, and beat Chase again in his last bout of that year, in a ten-round decision. He also lost a decision to Aaron Wade that year.
The Atlantic Coast
In 1944, he had nine bouts, going 7–2. His last bout that year marked his debut on the Atlantic Coast, and the level of his opposition began to improve. He beat Jimmy Hayden by a knockout in five, lost to future Hall of Famer Charlie Burley by a decision, and to Booker by a knockout in eight.
He won his first eight bouts of 1945, impressing Atlantic coast boxing experts and earning a fight with light heavyweight Jimmy Bivins, a boxer that was not considered a hard puncher, who defeated Moore by a knockout in six at Cleveland. He returned to the Eastern Seaboard to fight five more times before that year was over. He met, among others, light heavyweight Holman Williams during that span, losing a ten-round decision, and knocking him out in eleven in the rematch.
By 1946, Moore had moved to the light heavyweight division and he went 5–2–1 that year, beating contender Curtis Sheppard, but losing to future World Heavyweight Champion and Hall of Famer Ezzard Charles by a decision in ten, and drawing with old nemesis Chase. By then, Moore began complaining publicly that, according to him, none of boxing's world champions would risk their titles fighting him. 1947 was essentially a year of rematches for Moore. He went 7–1 that year, his one loss being to Charles. He beat Chase by a knockout in nine, Sheppard by a decision in ten and Bivins by a knockout in nine. He also defeated Burt Lytell, by a decision in ten.
On June 2, 1948, Leonard Morrow (12–2–1) KO’d Archie Moore (92–14–7) in the first round to win the California light heavyweight championship.
Years later when asked about the fight with Morrow, Archie would claim he had accidentally fouled Morrow and reached out his hand as a sign of an apology, but this wasn't what happened. He had also forgotten he had told the newspapers what had really happened while he was in California before his fight with Bob Dunlap, saying, “I never dreamed this kid could hurt me. I thought I’d spar a bit and see what he had. He hit me hard. I got up and he swarmed all over me. Never was I so humiliated.”
He fought a solid 14 fights in 1948, losing again to Charles by a knockout in nine, losing to Henry Hall by a decision in ten and to Lloyd Gibson by a disqualification in four. But he also beat Ted Lowry, by a decision in ten, and Hall in a rematch, also by decision.
In 1949, he had 13 bouts, going 12–1. He defeated the Alabama Kid twice; by knockout in four and by knockout in three, Bob Satterfield by a knockout in three, Bivins by a knockout in eight, future World Light Heavyweight Champion and IBHOF inductee Harold Johnson by a decision, Bob Sikes by a knockout in three and Phil Muscato by a decision. He lost to Clinton Bacon by a disqualification in six. By Moore's standards, 1950 was a vacation year for him: he only had two fights, winning both, including a 10-round decision in a rematch with Lydell.
In 1951, Moore boxed 18 times, winning 16, losing one, and drawing one. He went on an Argentinian tour, fighting seven times there, winning six and drawing one. In between those seven fights, he found time for a trip to Montevideo, Uruguay, where he defeated Vicente Quiroz by a knockout in six. He knocked out Bivins in nine and split two decisions with Johnson.
World Light Heavyweight Champion
1952 was one of the most important years in Moore's life. After beating Johnson, heavyweight contenders Jimmy Slade, Bob Dunlap, and Clarence Henry and light heavyweight Clinton Bacon (knocked out in four in a rematch), Moore was finally given an opportunity at age 36 (he later learned he was actually nearly 39, his mother confirming he had been born in 1913, not 1916) to fight for the title of World Light Heavyweight Champion against future IBHOF honoree Joey Maxim. Maxim had just defeated the great Sugar Ray Robinson by a technical knockout in 14 rounds, forcing Robinson to quit in his corner due to heat exhaustion. Against Maxim, Moore consistently landed powerful right hands, hurting him several times en route to a fifteen-round decision. After sixteen long years, he had finally achieved his dream. The next year, Moore won all nine of his bouts, including a 10-round, non-title win against then fringe heavyweight contender Nino Valdez of Cuba and a 15-round decision over Maxim in a rematch to retain the belt. He made two more bouts in Argentina before the end of the year.
In 1954, he had only four fights, retaining the title in a third fight with Maxim, who once again went the 15 round distance, and versus Johnson, whom he knocked out in 14. He also beat highly ranked heavyweight Bob Baker. In 1955, Moore again beat Valdez, who by that time was the no. 1 heavyweight contender, and defended against Bobo Olson, the World Middleweight Champion and future Hall of Famer who was coming off a decision victory over Joey Maxim, by a knockout in three.
"The Mongoose" received two cracks at the heavyweight championship of the world. On September 21, 1955, Moore faced future Hall of Famer Rocky Marciano at New York's Yankee Stadium. The fight was originally scheduled for September 20, according to Trilogy Book. It was in this fight Archie came closest to wearing the belt. A Moore surprise right hand in the 2nd round sent Marciano down for the second and final time in his career, setting the stage for a legendary battle, but also creating controversy as far as shared memory. In subsequent years Moore made much of Referee Harry Kessler's handling of the pivotal moment. A half-decade on, in Archie's autobiography, The Archie Moore Story (1960), he describes in detail the referee, though Rocky arose at "two", continuing a superfluous mandatory eight-count: "...Kessler went on, three, four. The mandatory count does not apply in championship bouts (1955)...My seconds were screaming for me to finish him and I moved to do so, but Kessler...carefully wiped off Rocky's gloves, giving him another few seconds...he gave him a sort of stiff jerk, which may have helped Rocky clear his head." Moore admits to being angry enough at what he saw as interference, he went recklessly, "blind and stupid with rage", going for the knockout, toe-to-toe. This resentment toward referee Kessler appears only to have grown more entrenched. By the time of a recorded interview with Peter Heller, in October, 1970, Archie had this to say: "(Kessler) had no business refereeing that match because he was too excitable. He didn't know what to do...He grabbed Marciano's gloves and began to wipe Marciano's gloves and look over his shoulder...I'll never forget it. It cost me the heavyweight title."
This grudge, however, was not mutual. In his own autobiography, Harry Kessler indeed recounts Marciano-Moore with a great excitement, frequently employing exclamation marks in his punctuation, going so far as a direct comparison to the donnybrook between Jack Dempsey and Luis Firpo. Yet, the third man is evenhanded in his praise, taking time over most of a chapter on the bout, to laud Moore. His praise for Moore include the following quotes:
"Archie had exuded a stalwart confidence from his training camp..."
"Archie Moore had more punches in his arsenal than Robin Hood and all his Merry Men had arrows in their quivers..."
"Archie Moore was probably as sure a fighter as ever set foot in the ring..."
"No one ever questioned Archie Moore's courage...".
As for the knockdown, described here also in detail, Kessler offers a perspective directly contradicting Moore's, saying "I didn't bother to wipe Marciano's gloves on my shirt before I waved them back to combat; that early in the drama, there was no resin on the canvas." As opposed to any blind rage, Kessler states that "Archie hesitated a couple of seconds before he came in." With humor and without malice, Kessler even recounts the 38-year-old Moore poo-pooing any talk of retirement at the postfight press conference, then sitting in on bass fiddle at a hotspot in Greenwich Village until 5 a.m.!
Examination of the original, uncut closed circuit broadcast from 1955, shows no excesses in referee involvement. Marciano arises at "two", but the voice of Al Berl, assigned the counting for knockdowns, continues to "four". In harmony with Archie's further 1960 description, Marciano has moved to the ropes and rests an elbow. Moore is already moving toward him. Kessler flashes onscreen quickly, then away again, as though he had meant to separate the fighters. He is perpendicular to Marciano's chest, and his right hand waves rapidly near Rocky's left glove. Kessler reverses out as fast as he has come into frame, with no wiping of Marciano's gloves, and the action resumes. Marciano recovered, and went on to knock Moore down five times, finally knocking him out in the ninth to retain the belt. It was Marciano's sixth and last title defense, before retiring in 1956.
In 1956, Moore fought mostly as a heavyweight but did retain his Light Heavyweight title with a ten-round knockout over Yolande Pompey in London. He won 11 bouts in a row before challenging again for the World Heavyweight Championship. The title was left vacant by Marciano, but Moore lost to Floyd Patterson by a knockout in five (Patterson, yet another future Hall of Famer, himself made history that night, becoming, at the age of 21, the youngest World Heavyweight Champion yet, a record he would hold until 1986).
Moore won all six of his bouts during 1957. Among those wins was an easy 10-round decision over heavyweight contender Hans Kalbfell in Germany, a knockout in 7 rounds over highly ranked Tony Anthony to retain the light heavyweight title, a one-sided 10-round decision over light heavyweight contender Eddie Cotton in a non-title bout and a 4th-round knockout of future top ten heavyweight contender Roger Rischer.
In 1958, Moore had 10 fights, going 9–0–1 during that span. His fight with Yvon Durelle in particular was of note: defending his world light heavyweight title in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, he was felled three times in round one, and once again in round five, but then dropped Durelle in round 10 and won by a knockout in the 11th. 1959, his last full year as uncontested champion, was another rare low-profile year; in his two fights, he beat Sterling Davis by a knockout in three, and then Durelle again, also by a knockout in three, to once again retain his World Light Heavyweight title.
In 1960, Moore was stripped of his World Light Heavyweight title by the National Boxing Association (NBA), but continued to be recognized by most major boxing authorities including the New York State Athletic Commission and The Ring Magazine. Moore won three of his four bouts in 1960, one by decision against Buddy Turman in Dallas, his lone loss coming in a ten-round decision versus Giulio Rinaldi in Rome. In 1961, he defeated Turman again by decision in Manila, Philippines before defending his Lineal World Light Heavyweight Championship for what would be the last time, beating Rinaldi by a 15-round decision to retain the belt. In his last fight that year, he once again ventured into the heavyweights, and met Pete Rademacher, a man who had made history earlier in his career by becoming the first man ever to challenge for a world title in his first professional bout (when he lost to Patterson by a knockout in six). Moore beat Rademacher by a knockout in nine.
In 1962, the remaining boxing commissions that had continued to back Moore as the World Light Heavyweight Champion withdrew their recognition. He campaigned exclusively as a heavyweight from then on, and beat Alejandro Lavorante by a knockout in 10 and Howard King by a knockout in one round in Tijuana. He then drew against future World Light Heavyweight Champion Willie Pastrano in a 10-round heavyweight contest. On the posters advertising that fight, Moore was billed as the "World Light Heavyweight Champion." The bout took place in California, which had not yet withdrawn recognition from Moore at the time the Moore-Pastrano fight was signed. By the time the bout took place, the California commission, like New York, Massachusetts, the EBU and Ring Magazine, had recognized Harold Johnson, who had beaten Doug Jones 16 days earlier, as the new Light Heavyweight Champion. Johnson had reigned as the NBA (WBA) Champion since February 7, 1961.
Then, in his last fight of note, Moore faced a young heavyweight out of Louisville named Cassius Clay (Muhammad Ali). Moore had been Clay's trainer for a time, but Clay became dissatisfied and left Moore because of Moore's attempts to change his style and his insistence that Clay do dishes and help clean gym floors. In the days before the fight, Clay had rhymed that "Archie Moore...Must fall in four." Moore replied that he had perfected a new punch for the match: The Lip-Buttoner. Nonetheless, as Clay predicted, Moore was beaten by a knockout in four rounds. Moore is the only man to have faced both Rocky Marciano and Muhammad Ali. After one more fight in 1963, a third-round knockout win over Mike DiBiase in Phoenix, Moore announced his retirement from boxing, for good.
Final retirement
Despite retiring, Moore couldn't escape the limelight, and received numerous awards and dedications. In 1965, he was given the key to the city of San Diego, California. In 1970, he was named "Man of The Year" by Listen Magazine, and received the key to the city of Sandpoint, Idaho. He was elected in 1985 to the St. Louis city Boxing Hall of Fame and he received the Rocky Marciano Memorial Award in the city of New York in 1988. In 1990, he became a member of the International Boxing Hall of Fame in Canastota, New York, being one of the original members of that institution.
At one point the oldest boxer to win the World's Light Heavyweight Championship, he is believed to have been the only boxer who boxed professionally in the eras of Joe Louis, Rocky Marciano and Muhammad Ali. He is one of only a handful of boxers whose careers spanned four decades, retiring with a final record of 185 wins, 23 losses, 11 draws and 1 no contest, with 131 official knockouts.
However, at least three of Moore's 131 knockouts came in less-than-competitive matches against pro wrestlers: "Professor" Roy Shire in 1956, Sterling Davis in 1959 and Mike DiBiase in 1963 (Moore's 131st and final knockout). All three matches are officially listed as third-round TKO stoppages. The second-highest amount of knockouts in boxing history is 128, which belongs to Sam Langford .
During the 1960s he founded an organization called Any Boy Can, which taught boxing to underprivileged youth in the San Diego area. In 1974 he helped train heavyweight boxer George Foreman for his famous "Rumble in the Jungle" title bout in Zaire against Muhammad Ali. In 1976 he served as an assistant coach for the Nigerian Olympic boxing team. Actively involved in efforts to teach children about the dangers of drug abuse, he worked during the 1980s as a youth boxing instructor for the federal Department of Housing and Urban Development, assigned largely to ghettos in San Diego and Los Angeles. "I try to pass on the arts I know: self-control, self-reliance, self-defense," he told a reporter. In the early 1990s he again worked as a trainer for George Foreman.
Acting career
In 1960, Moore was chosen to play the role of the runaway slave Jim in Michael Curtiz's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, based on the Mark Twain novel, opposite Eddie Hodges as Huck. Moore garnered positive reviews for his sympathetic portrayal of Jim, which some viewers still consider the best interpretation of this much-filmed role.
Moore did not choose to pursue a full-time career as an actor, but he did appear in films such as The Carpetbaggers (1964), The Hanged Man (1964) and The Fortune Cookie (1966), and on television in episodes of Family Affair, Perry Mason, Wagon Train, The Reporter, Batman (episode 35) and the soap opera One Life to Live. He also appeared in the critically acclaimed TV movie My Sweet Charlie. His later film appearances included the crime film The Outfit (1973), as a chef in Breakheart Pass (1975) with Charles Bronson, and a cameo role as himself in the 1982 film Penitentiary II, along with Leon Isaac Kennedy and Mr. T.
Humanitarian
Boxing took Moore all over the world as a fighter, a civil rights activist, and a leader in the fight to influence the minds of the nation's youth. He arrived in Argentina in June 1951 for a rematch with the champion Abel Cestac. Moore's victory made headlines and caught the attention of the Argentinian President Juan Perón and his wife Eva for his selfless act helping children, buying them shoes, clothing, and building their confidence. Moore was invited to stay in Argentina and accept an appointment as the Minister of Welfare of Children. He declined the offer to continue his road to winning title fights.
In 1957, Moore founded Any Boy Can, a non-profit organization based in San Diego, California. ABC, as it was known, provides services to all who seek help regardless of age, race, creed, religion or national origin. Moore stated that the mission of ABC is to help the youth to "step off in life with their best foot forward." The students were taught good sportsmanship, respect, and confidence. They were instructed to look a person in the eye and give them a firm handshake. They addressed him as Instructor Moore.
Word traveled fast about Moore's ABC program. He was invited to Jamaica and sponsored by the Jamaican Boxing Board of Control to train boys for the Olympics. He trained 600 boys using his ABC methods.
In 1968, the ABC Foundation received the Freedom Foundation's Patriotism Award, a special citation for providing a challenge for youth to become contributing members of their communities and upholding the ideals and ideas that were present at the founding of our great nation. This recognition is one of many.
Based on his work with the youth, in 1981, Moore became the Presidential Appointee of Ronald Reagan to work under Samuel R. Pierce, Secretary of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). Under the national heading, Project Build, Moore taught boxing to underprivileged youth in and around the housing projects in California.
Moore applied the philosophy and mechanics of his ABC program and until his death, he believed that "Any Body Can."
Personal life
Archie Moore had three daughters, Reena, J'Marie and Elizabeth Moore-Stump, and four sons, Archie Jr., Hardy, Anthony and D'Angelo. The marriage of Archie Moore and Elizabeth Thorton produced Archie Jr. and Elizabeth. In 1956, he married Joan Hardy and had five children: Reena, J'Marie, Hardy, Anthony and D'Angelo. They were married until his death in 1998.
Moore joined the Seventh-day Adventist Church later in life.
In 1997, J'Marie Moore became the first daughter of a famous boxer to herself become a professional boxer.
Death
Archie Moore died of heart failure in 1998. He was cremated and is interred in a niche at Cypress View Mausoleum and Crematory, in San Diego.
Filmography
Accolades
In 1965, Moore was also inducted by the San Diego Hall of Champions into the Breitbard Hall of Fame.
In 1980, he was inducted into the World Boxing Hall of Fame.
In 1990, he was inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame.
In 2002, Archie Moore was inducted into the St. Louis Walk of Fame.
In 2006, Moore was inducted into the California Boxing Hall of Fame.
The Ring ranked Moore #4 on its "Best Punchers of all time" list in 2003 and #14 on its list of the "80 Best Fighters of the Last 80 Years."
Moore was ranked as the #1 light heavyweight of all time by the International Boxing Research Organization in 2005.
Moore was voted as the #1 light heavyweight of the 20th century by the Associated Press in 1999.
Moore is rated the number sixth pound for pound fighter of all time by Boxrec.
Professional boxing record
See also
List of light heavyweight boxing champions
References
Further reading
External links
Archie Moore – CBZ Profile
1913 births
1998 deaths
African-American boxers
American Seventh-day Adventists
Boxers from San Diego
Boxers from Mississippi
Converts to Adventism
International Boxing Hall of Fame inductees
Light-heavyweight boxers
People from Benoit, Mississippi |
Mandiala is a village in Nakodar in Jalandhar district of Punjab State, India. It is located from sub district headquarter and from district headquarter. The village is administrated by Sarpanch an elected representative of the village.
Demography
, The village has a total number of 296 houses and the population of 1,538 of which 777 are males while 761 are females. According to the report published by Census India in 2011, out of the total population of the village 578 people are from Schedule Caste and the village does not have any Schedule Tribe population so far.
See also
List of villages in India
References
External links
Tourism of Punjab
Census of Punjab
Villages in Jalandhar district
Villages in Nakodar tehsil |
Karuvaki was the "second empress" of the third Mauryan emperor, Ashoka. She was also the mother of Ashoka's son, Prince Tivala.
Life
Karuvaki is mentioned in the Queen Edict wherein her religious and charitable donations were recorded as per her wishes. This gives an image of her being a self-possessed and strong-willed consort, who wanted an act of philanthropy recorded as specifically hers.
The edict also identifies her as mother to their son, Prince Tivala (also referred to as Tivara), who is the only son of Ashoka mentioned by name in his inscriptions.
Despite the fact that Ashoka had many queens, Karuvaki is the only queen of Ashoka, who was named in his inscriptions and edicts.
Queen's Edict
The Queen's Edict on the Allahabad Pillar refers to the charitable deeds of Karuvaki:
In popular culture
Karuvaki was portrayed by Kareena Kapoor in the 2001 Bollywood film, Aśoka.
Saumya Seth portrays Karuvaki in Colors TV's 2015 historical drama, Chakravartin Ashoka Samrat while Reem Sheikh portrays the young Karuvaki.
She is the main character of The Ashoka Trilogy, The Prince of Pataliputra by Shreyas Bhave.
Kalinga Karubaki Award established by Kalinga Literary Festival to honour the great warrior princess of Kalinga
References
Sources
*
3rd-century BC women
Women from Odisha
Kalinga (India)
History of Odisha
Indian Buddhists
Converts to Buddhism from Hinduism
Wives of Ashoka
3rd-century BC Indian people |
Trauma is a ITV television drama series that was first broadcast on 12 February 2018. Created and written by Mike Bartlett, the series is about a father grappling with losing his son and blaming the trauma consultant.
Cast
Adrian Lester as Jon Allerton
John Simm as Dan Bowker
Lyndsey Marshal as Susie Bowker
Jemima Rooper as Nora Barker
Jade Anouka as Alana Allerton
Albie Marber as Alex Bowker
Rowena King as Lisa Allerton
Raffiella Chapman as Catherine Bowker
James Gasson as Mark Bowker
Episode list
Reception
Rotten Tomatoes reports an approval rating of 100% based on 10 reviews, with an average rating of 6.8/10. The site's critics' consensus reads: 'What Trauma lacks in originality it more than makes up for in gripping performances from well-matched leads Adrian Lester and John Simm.'
The Guardian found the first episode intriguing and praised the execution. The Times gave it four out five stars.
References
External links
2018 British television series debuts
2018 British television series endings
2010s British drama television series
English-language television shows
ITV television dramas
Television shows set in England |
Josiah Crudup (January 13, 1791 – May 20, 1872) was a U.S. Congressman from North Carolina between 1821 and 1823.
Crudup was born in Wakelon, North Carolina in Wake County, the son of Elizabeth (Battle) and Josiah Crudup, a Baptist minister. Crudup attended a private school in Louisburg, North Carolina, and then Columbian College (now George Washington University) in Washington, DC. He studied theology and was ordained as a Baptist minister, which was his profession his entire life.
Also a farmer and slave owner, Crudup was elected to the North Carolina Senate from Wake County in 1820, but was forced to vacate his office because the state constitution at the time forbade "a minister of the Gospel, while exercising his ministerial functions, to hold a public office." In the 1850 US Federal Census Slave Schedule, Crudup is listed as enslaving 52 men, women and children; by 1860, according to the US Federal Census Slave Schedule, that number had increased to 64.
In 1821, he was elected to the 17th United States Congress and served for one term, from March 4, 1821 to March 3, 1823. Although he ran for re-election in 1822, he was narrowly defeated by Willie P. Mangum and returned to farming and the ministry. Crudup was a delegate from Granville County to the 1835 North Carolina Constitutional Convention, and died in Kittrell, North Carolina in 1872; he is buried in his family cemetery near Kittrell. Among his descendants is actor Billy Crudup.
References
External links
OurCampaigns.com
1791 births
1872 deaths
People from Wake County, North Carolina
Members of the North Carolina House of Representatives
North Carolina state senators
Democratic-Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from North Carolina
Columbian College of Arts and Sciences alumni
19th-century American politicians
Farmers from North Carolina
19th-century Baptist ministers from the United States
People from Kittrell, North Carolina
Baptists from North Carolina |
The 1996 Danamon Open was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at the Gelora Senayan Stadium in Jakarta in Indonesia and was part of Tier III of the 1996 WTA Tour. It was the fourth edition of the tournament and ran from 9 April through 14 April 1996. Fifth-seeded Linda Wild won the singles title.
Finals
Singles
Linda Wild defeated Yayuk Basuki by walkover
It was Wild's only singles title of the year and the 5th and last of her career.
Doubles
Rika Hiraki / Naoko Kijimuta defeated Laurence Courtois / Nancy Feber 7–6(7–2), 7–5
It was Hiraki's only title of the year and the 3rd of her career. It was Kijimuta's 1st title of the year and the 1st of her career.
References
External links
ITF tournament edition details
Tournament draws
Danamon Open
Danamon Open
Danamon Open
Danamon Open |
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