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Neomysis americana is an "extremely common" species of opossum shrimp along the Atlantic coast of North and South America. The species has a disjunct distribution, being present in an area extending from the Saint Lawrence River to Florida, and separately in parts of Argentina (Blanca Bay, Anegada Bay and Samborombón Bay). There may be a further division within the North American populations between those north of Cape Henry, Virginia (including Georges Bank) and those from North Carolina southwards. N. americana is an important prey item for a number of fish species, including the Atlantic silverside, the bluefish and the windowpane flounder, Scophthalmus aquosus. Adults typically have a carapace length of .
References
Mysida
Crustaceans of the Atlantic Ocean
Crustaceans described in 1873
Taxa named by Sidney Irving Smith |
```python
import pytest
from conftest import assert_complete, partialize
@pytest.mark.bashcomp(pre_cmds=("HOME=$PWD",))
class TestXhost:
@pytest.mark.parametrize("prefix", ["+", "-", ""])
def test_hosts(self, bash, hosts, prefix):
completion = assert_complete(bash, "xhost %s" % prefix)
assert completion == [f"{prefix}{x}" for x in hosts]
@pytest.mark.parametrize("prefix", ["+", "-", ""])
def test_partial_hosts(self, bash, hosts, prefix):
first_char, partial_hosts = partialize(bash, hosts)
completion = assert_complete(bash, f"xhost {prefix}{first_char}")
if len(completion) == 1:
assert completion == partial_hosts[0][1:]
else:
assert completion == sorted(f"{prefix}{x}" for x in partial_hosts)
``` |
Heart to Heart is a solo piano album by Alan Broadbent. It was recorded in 2012 and released by Chilly Bin Records.
Recording and music
The album of solo piano performances by Broadbent was recorded in concert in Portland in 2012. The album Lennie Tristano is an influence on some tracks, for the strict left-hand tempo that they feature. "Cherokee" is played at high speed; "Lonely Woman" "operates in a minor chord fog and goes through several permutations". "Now and Then" is played as a waltz.
Release and reception
Heart to Heart was released by Chilly Bin Records in 2013. DownBeat, in a five-star review, wrote: "Like few other practicing keyboardists, Broadbent's playing on this tour de force truly fulfills the potential of the instrument as an orchestra in a box".
Track listing
"Hello My Lovely" (Charlie Haden)
"Heart to Heart" (Alan Broadbent)
"Alone Together" (Arthur Schwartz)
"Now and Then" (Broadbent)
"Journey Home" (Broadbent)
"Blue in Green" (Bill Evans, Miles Davis)
"Love Is the Thing" (Broadbent)
"Lonely Woman" (Ornette Coleman)
"Cherokee" (Ray Noble)
Personnel
Alan Broadbent – piano
References
2013 albums
Solo piano jazz albums |
Mélanie Couzy (born 19 February 1990) is a French sports shooter. She competed in the women's trap event at the 2020 Summer Olympics.
References
External links
1990 births
Living people
People from Romorantin-Lanthenay
Sportspeople from Loir-et-Cher
French female sport shooters
Olympic shooters for France
Shooters at the 2020 Summer Olympics |
Schwefelbach is a river in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany that flows into the Selke in Alexisbad.
See also
List of rivers of Saxony-Anhalt
Rivers of Saxony-Anhalt
Rivers of Germany |
Elad Ronen (; born September 4, 1976) is an Israeli competitive sailor. He was born in Tiberias, Israel. When Ronen competed in the Olympics he was 6-1.5 (187 cm) tall, and weighed 168 lbs (76 kg).
Sailing career
In 1991 Ronen came in 4th in 420 in the IYRU Youth Sailing World Championships, in Largs, Scotland.
In 1993 he won the gold medal in Laser II in the IYRU Youth Sailing World Championships, in Lake Garda, Italy. In 1995 Ronen won the gold medal in the 470 Open Junior World Championship, in Warnemunde, Germany.
In 1999 Ronen and Eli Zuckerman came in 9th in the Men's / Mixed 470 World Championship, in Melbourne, Australia. They were ranked Number 9 in the world during 1999.
Ronen, at the age of 24, and Eli Zuckerman competed for Israel at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Rushcutters Bay Marina, Rose Bay, New South Wales, Australia, in men's 470 Two-Person Dinghy. They came in 13th out of 29 boats.
References
External links
Jewish sailors (sport)
People from Tiberias
Sailors at the 2000 Summer Olympics – 470
Israeli Jews
Living people
Olympic sailors for Israel
1976 births
Israeli male sailors (sport) |
Ray McHugh (2 July 1938 – 26 November 1983) was an Australian rules footballer who played with St Kilda in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
McHugh was a star player in the Bendigo Football League before joining St Kilda. He topped the league's goal-kicking in 1956 with 71 goals and at the age of just 16 had been signed by Richmond, only to remain in Bendigo. It would instead be St. Kilda that got his signature when he moved to Melbourne in 1960. He was used mostly as a strong marking centre half-back or in the ruck but could also push forward and kicked five goals in a win over Collingwood at Junction Oval in 1962.
He missed out on being part of St. Kilda's premiership triumph in 1966, playing his last game for the club in 1965. Instead, McHugh was the coach of Frankston for their inaugural Victorian Football Association season in 1966.
References
1938 births
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)
St Kilda Football Club players
Sandhurst Football Club players
1983 deaths |
Valeriy Semenovych Porkuyan (, born 4 October 1944 in Kirovohrad, Ukrainian SSR, now Ukraine) is a former Ukrainian footballer of Armenian descent who played for Dynamo Kyiv.
Playing career
Club
Porkuyan began playing for the youth team of Kirovohrad's local club, Zvezda. In 1962 he made the transition to the senior team of Zvezda. After three successful seasons there he was spotted by a former Chernomorets Odesa player and then assistant coach, Matvey Cherkassky, who helped him transfer from the Soviet Second League B to the Soviet Top League club Chernomorets. That season he played alongside Valeri Lobanovsky, who was finishing up his playing career in Odesa. His form there attracted the attention of many top clubs, including Spartak Moscow and Dnipro, but he was eventually moved to Dynamo Kyiv. At 21 years of age he made the first team in his first season with the team. On the strength of that first season, when he scored 7 goals, he was chosen by the head-coach of USSR national football team, Nikolai Morozov to travel to the 1966 FIFA World Cup. Porkuyan won three Soviet Top League championships with Dynamo Kyiv (in 1966, 1967 and 1968), as well as the Soviet Cup in 1966. But despite those triumphs he failed to secure a spot in a very competitive team at the time. In 1970, he made a return to Odesa to once again play with Chornomorets. He had two solid seasons there, despite the club being relegated to the Soviet First League. In 1972, he was invited to move to Dnipro, who were coached by his former teammate Valeri Lobanovsky. He made the majority of his playing appearances with Dnipro in the 4 years he spent there. He retired from playing in 1976.
International
He earned 8 caps and scored 4 goals for the USSR national football team. Incredibly he scored his four goals in his first three international matches during the 1966 FIFA World Cup. He also was selected to play in the 1970 FIFA World Cup, but did not play any matches. He is the only active player of FC Chornomorets Odesa to have featured in a World Cup team.
Coaching career
After retiring from playing he moved into coaching the following year in 1976, becoming assistant coach with SC Tavriya Simferopol. Along the way he had stints coaching amateur teams playing in the lower divisions. But since the 1980s he, almost continuously, has been connected with Chornomorets Odesa in a coaching capacity.
Honours
Club
Dynamo Kyiv
Soviet Top League Champion: 1966, 1967, 1968
Soviet Cup Champion: 1966
Individual
Merited Master of Sports: 1966
FIFA World Cup Bronze Boot: 1966
External links
Russian National Team history page
Statistics at Odesa Football
1944 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Kropyvnytskyi
Footballers from Kirovohrad Oblast
Soviet men's footballers
Ukrainian people of Armenian descent
Ukrainian men's footballers
1966 FIFA World Cup players
1970 FIFA World Cup players
FC Chornomorets Odesa players
FC Dynamo Kyiv players
FC Zirka Kropyvnytskyi players
FC Dnipro players
Soviet Top League players
Soviet Union men's international footballers
FC Chornomorets-2 Odesa managers
FC Ocean Kerch managers
Soviet football managers
Ukrainian football managers
Men's association football forwards
Ethnic Armenian sportspeople
Soviet Armenians |
John Carter (1613–January 10, 1670) was an English merchant who emigrated to the Virginia colony, where he speculated in land, established plantations using indentured and enslaved labor, and served in both houses of the Virginia General Assembly. He founded the more famous branch of the Carter family of Virginia. The immigrant ancestor of the other branch, Thomas Carter of Barford plantation (d. 1700) may have been related since both came from the same English village, and while Thomas Carter initially settled in Northumberland County, both men eventually settled in Lancaster County.
Early life and emigration
Born probably in 1613 to Bridget Benion Carter, the second wife of the London merchant and vintner John Carter, he was christened on December 18, 1614 at Christ Church Parish of Newgate Street in London, near St. Paul's cathedral. He (and his 2-year older brother Thomas), had kinship ties to members of the Virginia Company of London, which financed the first expeditions to Virginia, but whose charter was revoked in 1624. Although some histories portray Carter as an unhappy supporter of King Charles I who fled England after that royal execution, one biographer speculates Carter may have been learning the tobacco trade, and may have been a relation of Edward Carter (d. 1682) who served with him in the House of Burgesses as well as the Virginia Governor's Council.
Career
John Carter, age 22, sailed to the Virginia Colony from England in 1635 aboard the ship Safety with his elder brother Thomas, but returned to England the same year to court Jane Glyn (whose father owned land in Middlesex, England and Llanidloes and Montgomershire in Wales), and also made a business arrangement with his maternal uncle Gabriel Benion (whose son Daniel was in the Virginia colony) and his partner Richard Glover. Carter tried to return to Virginia the next year, but the Spanish plate fleet captured the ship Elizabeth and took it and its passengers to Cadiz. In 1638, Carter managed to return to London, where he testified in the High Court of Admiralty about the value of the goods he was taking to Virginia (which were lost; and records of the claim's payment are likewise lost), and married Jane Glyn. By 1640 John Carter and his wife had returned to the Virginia colony as emigrants, and soon settled in Upper Norfolk County (which is now Nansemond County).
In August 1642 Carter bought 1300 acres on Cossotomen Creak (which became Carters Creek) north of the Rappahannock River in what became Lancaster County from Daniel Gookin, a burgess and Puritan who was preparing to leave Virginia for Maryland and eventually Massachusetts. That land grant would become the core of Carter's Corotoman plantation. In December 1643 Carter patented 300 acres in Nansemond County for transporting six indentured servants to the colony. However, the Powhatan Confederacy under Opecancanough rose up against white settlers in 1644, killing many as well as destroying farms and livestock. Major John Carter led the Lancaster County militia on a retaliatory expedition against the Rappahannock tribe the next year, which led Governor William Berkeley to make a treaty restricting White settlers to lands south of the York River, although Carter's land was considerably north. By 1649 Governor Berkeley withdrew from that provision and again allowed settlements north of the York and even Rappahannock River, which eventually led to the French and Indian War. Meanwhile, in 1663 Carter acquired another 2,160 acres in Lancaster County. In October 1665, Carter received his largest land grant, for 4,000 acres because Captain Samuel Mathews (the Cromwellian governor) had died and abandoned his claim, as well as based on Carter's paying for eighty people to emigrate to Virginia, including 21 of African origin or descent. Carter settled on the Corotoman land by 1652, farmed it using indentured and enslaved labor, and made it his home.
Carter served many terms in the House of Burgesses: representing Upper Norfolk County beginning in 1642 and Lancaster County beginning in 1652, as well as held local offices.
By 1652, Carter was colonel of the Lancaster County militia. The following year Carter was one of the Justices of the Peace for neighboring Northumberland County, together with Richard Lee and Toby Fleet, and the General Assembly also named Carter Commander-in-Chief of the militias of Northumberland, Lancaster and Rappahannock Counties -- all of which continued to face native American raids. In 1654 Carter was among Lancaster County's 117 enumerated households and paid taxes on 33 tithables (indentured and enslaved workers); in 1663 the number of his tithables had increased to 45, but a year later the county was physically reduced to the land which became present day Lancaster and Middlesex Counties. By his death, Carter had 58 tithables. In 1655 Carter also became the tax collector for all major ships entering the Rappahannock River, for which he was paid 4% of the tax levied. In 1655/56, Carter also built the lower courthouse for the county, but ran overbudget. A decade later, when Carter was warden of Christ Church, he began construction of a church, which would be completed a year after his death, but later superseded by the historic church which remains today.
On March 13, 1658, fellow Burgesses elected Carter to the Governor's Council, generally a lifetime appointment, but Carter was a Royalist during this era of the English Civil War, so the Burgesses postponed his re-election on March 19, 1659 until the following year, during which interval news reached Virginia concerning Oliver Cromwell's death and his succession as Lord Protector by his son Richard Cromwell. Carter objected so strenuously that the Cromwellian Governor, Samuel Mathews, issued an arrest warrant for him. When King Charles II was restored to his throne the following year, he confirmed the reappointment of William Berkeley as Virginia's Governor, and Berkeley and Carter also received reparations for their tobacco and trade losses under the Cromwellian regime. Carter won reappointment to the Governor's Council and probably served the rest of his life, although many of those records were lost or destroyed.
Personal life
Carter married five times. He married his first wife, Jane Glynn, in England, and she bore two sons (George and John Jr.) and a daughter (Elizabeth) before she died. While George died at age 18 (before reaching legal adulthood), John Carter Jr. (d. 1690) would also serve in the Virginia House of Burgesses. Their daughter Elizabeth married Nathaniel Utie, a member of the Maryland Governor's Council, and after his death Captain Henry Johnson (also of Maryland). In 1655, Carter married Eleanor Eltonhead Brocas, the widow of Capt. William Brocas (who had also served on the Governor's Council, Carter billed the estate for his services as an appraiser), although no children are known of that marriage, nor of Carter's next marriage, the following year in England, to Anne Carter, daughter of Cleve Carter (she died less than 2 years later, before 1662). Carter's fourth wife was Sarah Ludlow, who bore a daughter (Sarah, who died as an infant) and son (Robert Carter I (1664-1672)). Robert would become known as "King Carter" for his wealth and prominence in Virginia society and politics. On October 24, 1668, Carter signed a marriage contract with Elizabeth Sherley, who survived him. However, as contemplated in his will, she returned to England with their son Charles (b. 1669), who probably died shortly before reaching legal age in 1690.
Death and legacy
Carter died on January 10, 1670 (affected by subsequent calendar changes), survived by his widow, three sons and a daughter. He was buried with four of his wives in Lancaster County in the chancel of the church he helped build, Christ Church, a rebuilt version of which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Carter owned about 2600 acres in Lancaster County at his death. An inventory of his estate listed contracts for 34 named indentured servants, as well as 42 enslaved Africans or people of African descent (with only first names and no ending date listed for their labor). His will and codicil (executed a week before his death) were not recorded until January 9, 1722, by his son Robert Carter.
References
1613 births
1670 deaths
17th-century English merchants
Colonial American merchants
House of Burgesses members
People from Middlesex (before 1889) |
Jacques Cornano (born 18 November 1956, in Saint-Louis, Guadeloupe) is a French politician who was elected to the French Senate on 25 September 2011, representing the Department of Guadeloupe.
Professional career
Before taking up his political offices, Jacques Cornano used to work as a teacher. Professor of Electrical engineering, he used to teach in Guadeloupe (Basse-Terre and Grande-Terre) as well as in the École Normale Nationale de l’Apprentissage (ENNA) of Toulouse. Once back in Guadeloupe, he was elected president of Aigle, a cultural and sporting association. He also succeeded in opening an electro-technical class in the High School of Marie-Galante in 1978.
This was also the time when the population of Saint-Louis de Marie-Galante (his hometown) asked him to return to his native island so he could run for the municipal elections.
Political itinerary
Mayor of Saint-Louis de Marie-Galante
Even though Jacques Cornano was still a teacher in Capesterre-Belle-Eau, the inhabitants of Saint-Louis asked him to run for the municipal elections and to present an opposition list against the outgoing mayor, François PAMÉOLE.
Since then, Jacques Cornano has been elected twice in the first round of voting as Mayor of Saint-Louis. Indeed, during his first mandate he managed to tackle the city’s debt and was then elected again in 2008 as well as in 2014.
Substitute deputy of Éric Jalton and Departement Councillor
On the occasion of the French legislative elections of 2002, Jacques Cornano became the substitute deputy of Éric Jalton (deputy of the first circonscription of Guadeloupe). Since the latter was elected again in 2007, Jacques Cornanohas remained in this position.
Also very involved in local life, he became a councillor for the Canton de Saint Louis after being elected Mayor of Saint-Louis. He occupied this position until his election as Senator in 2011.
Senator of Guadeloupe
In 2011, Jacques Cornano ran for the Senate elections and was elected Senator of Guadeloupe (Miscellaneous Left) with 53.65% of the votes in the second round, along with his colleagues, Mr Jacques GILLOT and Mr Felix DESPLAN.
Because of his roots in Marie-Galante, Jacques Cornano pays particular attention to issues relating to the islanders. The main example of this is probably the issue of fairness in the context of the principle of territorial continuity for "the southern islands" (Marie-Galante, la Désirade and the îles des Saintes), an important topic that he strongly defends.
As part of his senatorial duties, Jacques Cornano is a member of the delegation of Overseas territories and of the Commission on Sustainable Development, infrastructure, equipment and land.
In early 2015, he was also appointed rapporteur of the working group "Les Outre-Mer confrontés au changement climatique" within the context of the preparation of the 21st Conference of Parties (COP21).
External links
Official personal website : www.jacquescornano.com
French Senate website
References
1956 births
Living people
People from Saint-Louis, Guadeloupe
Guadeloupean politicians
Socialist Party (France) politicians
Renaissance (French political party) politicians
French senators of the Fifth Republic
Senators of Guadeloupe |
Evolutionary approaches to depression are attempts by evolutionary psychologists to use the theory of evolution to shed light on the problem of mood disorders within the perspective of evolutionary psychiatry. Depression is generally thought of as dysfunction or a mental disorder, but its prevalence does not increase with age the way dementia and other organic dysfunction commonly does. Some researchers have surmised that the disorder may have evolutionary roots, in the same way that others suggest evolutionary contributions to schizophrenia, sickle cell anemia, psychopathy and other disorders. Psychology and psychiatry have not generally embraced evolutionary explanations for behaviors, and the proposed explanations for the evolution of depression remain controversial.
Background
Major depression (also called "major depressive disorder", "clinical depression" or often simply "depression") is a leading cause of disability worldwide, and in 2000 was the fourth leading contributor to the global burden of disease (measured in DALYs); it is also an important risk factor for suicide. It is understandable, then, that clinical depression is thought to be a pathology—a major dysfunction of the brain.
In most cases, rates of organ dysfunction increase with age, with low rates in adolescents and young adults, and the highest rates in the elderly. These patterns are consistent with evolutionary theories of aging which posit that selection against dysfunctional traits decreases with age (because there is a decreasing probability of surviving to later ages).
In contrast to these patterns, prevalence of clinical depression is high in all age categories, including otherwise healthy adolescents and young adults. In one study of the US population, for example, the 12 month prevalence for a major depression episode was highest in the youngest age category (15- to 24-year-olds). The high prevalence of unipolar depression (excluding depression associated bipolar disorder) is also an outlier when compared to the prevalence of other mental disorders such as major intellectual disability, autism, schizophrenia and even the aforementioned bipolar disorder, all with prevalence rates about one tenth that of depression, or less. , the only mental disorders with a higher prevalence than depression are anxiety disorders.
The common occurrence and persistence of a trait like clinical depression with such negative effects early in life is difficult to explain. (Rates of infectious disease are high in young people, of course, but clinical depression is not thought to be caused by an infection.) Evolutionary psychology and its application in evolutionary medicine suggest how behaviour and mental states, including seemingly harmful states such as depression, may have been beneficial adaptations of human ancestors which improved the fitness of individuals or their relatives. It has been argued, for example, that Abraham Lincoln's lifelong depression was a source of insight and strength. Some even suggest that "we aren't designed to have happiness as our natural default" and so a state of depression is the evolutionary norm.
The following hypotheses attempt to identify a benefit of depression that outweighs its obvious costs.
Such hypotheses are not necessarily incompatible with one another and may explain different aspects, causes, and symptoms of depression.
Psychic pain hypothesis
One reason depression is thought to be a pathology is that it causes so much psychic pain and distress. However, physical pain is also very distressful, yet it has an evolved function: to inform the organism that it is being damaged, to motivate it to withdraw from the source of damage, and to learn to avoid such damage-causing circumstances in the future. Sadness is also distressing, yet is widely believed to be an evolved adaptation. In fact, perhaps the most influential evolutionary view is that most cases of depression are simply particularly intense cases of sadness in response to adversity, such as the loss of a loved one.
According to the psychic pain hypothesis, depression is analogous to physical pain in that it informs them that current circumstances, such as the loss of a friend, are imposing a threat to biological fitness. It motivates them to cease activities that led to the costly situation, if possible, and it causes him or her to learn to avoid similar circumstances in the future. Proponents of this view tend to focus on low mood, and regard clinical depression as a dysfunctional extreme of low mood—and not as a unique set of characteristics that are physiologically distanced from regular depressed mood.
Alongside the absence of pleasure, other noticeable changes include psychomotor retardation, disrupted patterns of sleeping and feeding, a loss of sex drive and motivation—which are all also characteristics of the body's reaction to actual physical pain. In depressed people there is an increased activity in the regions of the cortex involved with the perception of pain, such as the anterior cingulate cortex and the left prefrontal cortex. This activity allows the cortex to manifest an abstract negative thought as a true physical stressor to the rest of the brain.
Behavioral shutdown model
The behavioral shutdown model states that if an organism faces more risk or expenditure than reward from activities, the best evolutionary strategy may be to withdraw from them. This model proposes that emotional pain, like physical pain, serves a useful adaptive purpose. Negative emotions like disappointment, sadness, grief, fear, anxiety, anger, and guilt are described as "evolved strategies that allow for the identification and avoidance of specific problems, especially in the social domain." Depression is characteristically associated with anhedonia and lack of energy, and those experiencing it are risk-aversive and perceive more negative and pessimistic outcomes because they are focused on preventing further loss. Although the model views depression as an adaptive response, it does not suggest that it is beneficial by the standards of current society; but it does suggest that many approaches to depression treat symptoms rather than causes, and underlying social problems need to be addressed.
A related phenomenon to the behavioral shutdown model is learned helplessness. In animal subjects, a loss of control or predictability in the subject's experiences results in a condition similar to clinical depression in humans. That is to say, if uncontrollable and unstoppable stressors are repeated for long enough, a rat subject will adopt a learned helplessness, which shares a number of behavioral and psychological features with human depression. The subject will not attempt to cope with problems, even when placed in a stressor-free novel environment. Should their rare attempts at coping prove successful in a new environment, a long lasting cognitive block prevents them from perceiving their action as useful and their coping strategy does not last long. From an evolutionary perspective, learned helplessness also allows a conservation of energy for an extended period of time should people find themselves in a predicament that is outside of their control, such as an illness or a dry season. However, for today's humans whose depression resembles learned helplessness, this phenomenon usually manifests as a loss of motivation and the distortion of one uncontrollable aspect of a person's life being viewed as representative of all aspects of their life – suggesting a mismatch between ultimate cause and modern manifestation.
Analytical rumination hypothesis
This hypothesis suggests that depression is an adaptation that causes the affected individual to concentrate his or her attention and focus on a complex problem in order to analyze and solve it.
One way depression increases the individual's focus on a problem is by inducing rumination. Depression activates the left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, which increases attention control and maintains problem-related information in an "active, accessible state" referred to as "working memory", or WM. As a result, depressed individuals have been shown to ruminate, reflecting on the reasons for their current problems. Feelings of regret associated with depression also cause individuals to reflect and analyze past events in order to determine why they happened and how they could have been prevented. The rumination hypothesis has come under criticism. Evolutionary fitness is increased by ruminating before rather than after bad outcomes. A situation that resulted in a child being in danger but unharmed should lead the parent to ruminate on how to avoid the dangerous situation in the future. Waiting until the child dies and then ruminating in a state of depression is too late.
Some cognitive psychologists argue that ruminative tendency itself increases the likelihood of the onset of depression.
Another way depression increases an individual's ability to concentrate on a problem is by reducing distraction from the problem. For example, anhedonia, which is often associated with depression, decreases an individual's desire to participate in activities that provide short-term rewards, and instead, allows the individual to concentrate on long-term goals. In addition, "psychomotoric changes", such as solitariness, decreased appetite, and insomnia also reduce distractions. For instance, insomnia enables conscious analysis of the problem to be maintained by preventing sleep from disrupting such processes. Likewise, solitariness, lack of physical activity, and lack of appetite all eliminate sources of distraction, such as social interactions, navigation through the environment, and "oral activity", which disrupt stimuli from being processed.
Possibilities of depression as a dysregulated adaptation
Depression, especially in the modern context, may not necessarily be adaptive. The ability to feel pain and experience depression, are adaptive defense mechanisms, but when they are "too easily triggered, too intense, or long lasting", they can become "dysregulated". In such a case, defense mechanisms, too, can become diseases, such as "chronic pain or dehydration from diarrhea". Depression, which may be a similar kind of defense mechanism, may have become dysregulated as well.
Thus, unlike other evolutionary theories this one sees depression as a maladaptive extreme of something that is beneficial in smaller amounts. In particular, one theory focuses on the personality trait neuroticism. Low amounts of neuroticism may increase a person's fitness through various processes, but too much may reduce fitness by, for example, recurring depressions. Thus, evolution will select for an optimal amount and most people will have neuroticism near this amount. However, genetic variation continually occurs, and some people will have high neuroticism which increases the risk of depressions.
Rank theory
Rank theory is the hypothesis that, if an individual is involved in a lengthy fight for dominance in a social group and is clearly losing, then depression causes the individual to back down and accept the submissive role. In doing so, the individual is protected from unnecessary harm. In this way, depression helps maintain a social hierarchy. This theory is a special case of a more general theory derived from the psychic pain hypothesis: that the cognitive response that produces modern-day depression evolved as a mechanism that allows people to assess whether they are in pursuit of an unreachable goal, and if they are, to motivate them to desist.
Social risk hypothesis
This hypothesis is similar to the social rank hypothesis but focuses more on the importance of avoiding exclusion from social groups, rather than direct dominance contests. The fitness benefits of forming cooperative bonds with others have long been recognised—during the Pleistocene period, for instance, social ties were vital for food foraging and finding protection from predators.
As such, depression is seen to represent an adaptive, risk-averse response to the threat of exclusion from social relationships that would have had a critical impact on the survival and reproductive success of our ancestors. Multiple lines of evidence on the mechanisms and phenomenology of depression suggest that mild to moderate (or "normative") depressed states preserve an individual's inclusion in key social contexts via three intersecting features: a cognitive sensitivity to social risks and situations (e.g., "depressive realism"); it inhibits confident and competitive behaviours that are likely to put the individual at further risk of conflict or exclusion (as indicated by symptoms such as low self-esteem and social withdrawal); and it results in signalling behaviours directed toward significant others to elicit more of their support (e.g., the so-called "cry for help"). According to this view, the severe cases of depression captured by clinical diagnoses reflect the maladaptive, dysregulation of this mechanism, which may partly be due to the uncertainty and competitiveness of the modern, globalised world.
Honest signaling theory
Another reason depression is thought to be a pathology is that key symptoms, such as loss of interest in virtually all activities, are extremely costly to them. Biologists and economists have proposed, however, that signals with inherent costs can credibly signal information when there are conflicts of interest. In the wake of a serious negative life event, such as those that have been implicated in depression (e.g., death, divorce), "cheap" signals of need, such as crying, might not be believed when social partners have conflicts of interest. The symptoms of major depression, such as loss of interest in virtually all activities and suicidality, are inherently costly, but, as costly signaling theory requires, the costs differ for individuals in different states. For individuals who are not genuinely in need, the fitness cost of major depression is very high because it threatens the flow of fitness benefits. For individuals who are in genuine need, however, the fitness cost of major depression is low, because the individual is not generating many fitness benefits. Thus, only an individual in genuine need can afford to have major depression. Major depression therefore serves as an honest, or credible, signal of need.
For example, individuals suffering a severe loss such as the death of a spouse are often in need of help and assistance from others. Such individuals who have few conflicts with their social partners are predicted to experience grief—a means, in part, to signal need to others. Such individuals who have many conflicts with their social partners, in contrast, are predicted to experience depression—a means, in part, to credibly signal need to others who might be skeptical that the need is genuine.
Bargaining theory
Depression is not only costly to the affected person, it also imposes a significant burden on family, friends, and society at large—yet another reason it is thought to be pathological. Yet if people with depression have real but unmet needs, they might have to provide an incentive to others to address those needs.
The bargaining theory of depression is similar to the honest signaling, niche change, and social navigation theories of depression described below. It draws on theories of labor strikes developed by economists to basically add one additional element to honest signaling theory: The fitness of social partners is generally correlated. When a wife has depression and reduces her investment in offspring, for example, the husband's fitness is also put at risk. Thus, not only do the symptoms of major depression serve as costly and therefore honest signals of need, they also compel reluctant social partners to respond to that need in order to prevent their own fitness from being reduced. This explanation for depression has been challenged. Depression decreases the joint product of the family or group as the husband or helper only partially compensates for the loss of productivity by the depressed person. Instead of being depressed the person could break their own leg and gain help from the social group, but this obviously is a counterproductive strategy. And the lack of a sex drive certainly does not improve marital relations or fitness.
Social navigation or niche change theory
The social navigation or niche change hypothesis proposes that depression is a social navigation adaptation of last resort, designed especially to help individuals overcome costly, complex contractual constraints on their social niche. The hypothesis combines the analytical rumination and bargaining hypotheses and suggests that depression, operationally defined as a combination of prolonged anhedonia and psychomotor retardation or agitation, provides a focused sober perspective on socially imposed constraints hindering a person's pursuit of major fitness enhancing projects. Simultaneously, publicly displayed symptoms, which reduce the depressive's ability to conduct basic life activities, serve as a social signal of need; the signal's costliness for the depressive certifies its honesty. Finally, for social partners who find it uneconomical to respond helpfully to an honest signal of need, the same depressive symptoms also have the potential to extort relevant concessions and compromises. Depression's extortionary power comes from the fact that it slows the flow of just those goods and services such partners have come to expect from the depressive under status quo socioeconomic arrangements.
Thus depression may be a social adaptation especially useful in motivating a variety of social partners, all at once, to help the depressive initiate major fitness-enhancing changes in their socioeconomic life. There are diverse circumstances under which this may become necessary in human social life, ranging from loss of rank or a key social ally which makes the current social niche uneconomic to having a set of creative new ideas about how to make a livelihood which begs for a new niche. The social navigation hypothesis emphasizes that an individual can become tightly ensnared in an overly restrictive matrix of social exchange contracts, and that this situation sometimes necessitates a radical contractual upheaval that is beyond conventional methods of negotiation. Regarding the treatment of depression, this hypothesis calls into question any assumptions by the clinician that the typical cause of depression is related to maladaptive perverted thinking processes or other purely endogenous sources. The social navigation hypothesis calls instead for analysis of the depressive's talents and dreams, identification of relevant social constraints (especially those with a relatively diffuse non-point source within the social network of the depressive), and practical social problem-solving therapy designed to relax those constraints enough to allow the depressive to move forward with their life under an improved set of social contracts. This theory has been the subject of criticism.
Depression as an incentive device
This approach argues that being in a depressed state is not adaptive (indeed quite the opposite), but the threat of depression for bad outcomes and the promise of pleasure for good outcomes are adaptive because they motivate the individual toward undertaking effort that increase fitness. The reason for not relying on pleasure alone as an incentive device is because happiness is costly in terms of fitness as the individual becomes less cautious. This is most readily seen when an individual is manic and undertakes very risky behavior. The physiological manifestation of the incentives are most noticeable when an individual is bipolar with bouts of extreme elation and extreme depression as anxiety which is about the (possibly immediate) future is highly correlated with being bipolar. As noted earlier, bipolar disorder and clinical depression, as opposed to event depression, are viewed as dysregulation just as persistently high (or low) blood pressure are viewed as dysregulation even though at times high or low blood pressure is fitness enhancing.
Prevention of infection
It has been hypothesized that depression is an evolutionary adaptation because it helps prevent infection in both the affected individual and his/her kin.
First, the associated symptoms of depression, such as inactivity and lethargy, encourage the affected individual to rest. Energy conserved through such methods is highly crucial, as immune activation against infections is relatively costly; there must be, for instance, a 10% increase in metabolic activity for even a 1°C change in body temperature. Therefore, depression allows one to conserve and allocate energy to the immune system more efficiently.
Depression further prevents infection by discouraging social interactions and activities that may result in exchange of infections. For example, the loss of interest discourages one from engaging in sexual activity, which, in turn, prevents the exchange of sexually transmitted diseases. Similarly, depressed mothers may interact less with their children, reducing the probability of the mother infecting her kin.
Lastly, the lack of appetite associated with depression may also reduce exposure to food-borne parasites.
However, it should also be noted that chronic illness itself may be involved in causing depression. In animal models, the prolonged overreaction of the immune system, in response to the strain of chronic disease, results in an increased production of cytokines (a diverse group of hormonal regulators and signaling molecules). Cytokines interact with neurotransmitter systems—mainly norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin, and induce depressive characteristics. The onset of depression may help an individual recover from their illness by allowing them a more reserved, safe and energetically efficient lifestyle. The overproduction of these cytokines, beyond optimal levels due to the repeated demands of dealing with a chronic disease, may result in clinical depression and its accompanying behavioral manifestations that promote extreme energy reservation.
The third ventricle hypothesis
The third ventricle hypothesis of depression proposes that the behavioural cluster associated with depression (hunched posture, avoidance of eye contact, reduced appetites for food and sex plus social withdrawal and sleep disturbance) serves to reduce an individual's attack-provoking stimuli within the context of a chronically hostile social environment. It further proposes that this response is mediated by the acute release of an unknown inflammatory agent (probably cytokine) into the third ventricular space. In support of this suggestion, imaging studies reveal that the third ventricle is enlarged in depressives.
Reception
Clinical psychology and psychiatry have historically been relatively isolated from the field of evolutionary psychology. Some psychiatrists raise the concern that evolutionary psychologists seek to explain hidden adaptive advantages without engaging the rigorous empirical testing required to back up such claims. While there is strong research to suggest a genetic link to bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, there is significant debate within clinical psychology about the relative influence and the mediating role of cultural or environmental factors. For example, epidemiological research suggests that different cultural groups may have divergent rates of diagnosis, symptomatology, and expression of mental illnesses. There has also been increasing acknowledgment of culture-bound disorders, which may be viewed as an argument for an environmental versus genetic psychological adaptation. While certain mental disorders may have psychological traits that can be explained as 'adaptive' on an evolutionary scale, these disorders cause individuals significant emotional and psychological distress and negatively influence the stability of interpersonal relationships and day-to-day adaptive functioning.
See also
Evolutionary approaches to postpartum depression
General:
Evolutionary psychology
Evolutionary medicine
Videos
TED Talk: Can Depression be Good for You?
References
Depression (mood)
Evolutionary psychology |
The People's Justice Party (, often known simply as KEADILAN or PKR) is a reformist political party in Malaysia formed on 3 August 2003 through a merger of the party's predecessor, the National Justice Party, with the socialist Malaysian People's Party. The party's predecessor was founded by Wan Azizah Wan Ismail during the height of the Reformasi movement on 4 April 1999 after the arrest of her husband, former Deputy Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim. The party is one of main partners of the Pakatan Harapan (PH) coalition.
In the first general elections contested by the party in 1999, the party won five seats in the Dewan Rakyat. A resurgence of the ruling Barisan Nasional coalition in the 2004 general elections reduced the party to just one seat. However, an election wave in the 2008 general elections favoring the opposition increased the party's parliamentary representation to 31 seats, as well as allowing them to form the government in 5 states. This triggered the resignation of Prime Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi and a lift on the five-year political ban imposed on Anwar Ibrahim on 14 April 2008.
The Pakatan Harapan coalition defeated Barisan Nasional, which had ruled the country for 60 years since independence, in the 2018 general elections, allowing the coalition to form the government. However, defections from within PKR as well as the withdrawal of the Malaysian United Indigenous Party (BERSATU) from the coalition caused the collapse of the PH government after just 22 months in power, culminating in the 2020 Malaysian political crisis that resulted in the rise of the Perikatan Nasional government with ally-turned-enemy Muhyiddin Yassin at the helm. The PH coalition would return to power once again after the 2022 elections. The elections produced a hung parliament for the first time in the country's history, but an alliance with other parties allowed Anwar Ibrahim to become the 10th Prime Minister of Malaysia through a unity government with his political rivals in Barisan Nasional as well as other political coalitions and parties to achieve a two-thirds majority in the Dewan Rakyat.
The party enjoys strong support from urban states such as Selangor, Penang, Perak, Negeri Sembilan and Johor, as well as the capital city of Kuala Lumpur. It promotes an agenda with a strong emphasis on social justice and anti-corruption, as well as adopting a platform that seeks to abolish the New Economic Policy to replace it with an economic policy that takes a non-ethnic approach in poverty eradication and correcting economic imbalances.
History
Early years
The economy of Malaysia was affected by the 1997 Asian financial crisis. The finance minister at the time, Anwar Ibrahim (also the deputy prime minister), instituted a series of economic reforms and austerity measures in response. These actions were exacerbated when he tabled controversial amendments to the Anti-Corruption Act that sought to increase the powers of the Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission (MACC). Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad disagreed with these measures and ultimately sacked Anwar from all his posts. This incident and the circumstances in which it happened led to a public outcry in what became known as the Reformasi movement, but it also resulted in the arrest and subsequent incarceration of Anwar on what many believed to be politically motivated charges of sexual misconduct and corruption.
The movement, which began while the country hosted the Commonwealth Games, initially demanded the resignation of Malaysia's then-Prime Minister, Mahathir Mohamad, and for the end of alleged corruption and cronyism within the Barisan Nasional-led (BN) government. It would go on to become a reformist movement demanding social equality and social justice in Malaysia. The movement consisted of civil disobedience, demonstrations, sit-ins, rioting, occupations and online activism.
Foundation
Once Anwar had been detained, the Reformasi movement continued to develop, with "Justice for Anwar" remaining a potent rallying call. Before his arrest, Anwar had designated his wife, Wan Azizah Wan Ismail, as the successor of the movement. Wan Azizah developed an enormous following, attracting thousands to her speeches. For a time, these followers held massive weekend street demonstrations, mostly in Kuala Lumpur but also occasionally in Penang and other cities, for "keadilan" (justice) and against Mahathir.
Building on the momentum of Reformasi, a political movement called the Social Justice Movement (), also known as ADIL, was launched on 10 December 1998 and was led by Wan Azizah. However, facing difficulties in registering ADIL as a political party, the Reformasi movement instead merged with the Muslim Community Union of Malaysia (), a minor Islamic political party based in Terengganu, and relaunched it as the National Justice Party (), also known as PKN or KeADILan, on 4 April 1999. The registration was just in time for the new party to take part in the 1999 general elections. The launch of KeADILan put to rest months of speculation about whether Wan Azizah and Anwar would merely remain in ADIL, join PAS, or try to stage a coup against UMNO. Although Keadilan was multiracial, its primary target was middle-class, middle-of-the-road Malays, particularly from UMNO. The party has been noted as having rough similarities with the now-defunct multi-racial social democratic Parti Keadilan Masyarakat Malaysia. The party was joined by the Democratic Action Party (DAP), the Malaysian People's Party (PRM) and the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) in a big tent alliance of liberals, socialists, and Islamists known as Barisan Alternatif to take on the ruling BN coalition in the 1999 general elections.
Arrests
Between 27 and 30 September 1999, seven activists, including Keadilan leaders; Vice-President Tian Chua, N. Gobalakrishnan, Youth leader Mohd Ezam Mohd Nor, Fairus Izuddin and Dr Badrul Amin Baharun; were arrested and as a result prevented from contesting in the elections. Further arrests were made on 10 April 2001 and those arrested were subsequently charged and incarcerated under the Internal Security Act. They became known as the Reformasi 10.
1999 general election
The legislative elections of 29 November 1999 were convened in advance, the pretext being the start of Ramadan. As the outgoing Parliament was dissolved on 11 November, the campaign was very short, drawing strong criticism from the opposition. The party entered the campaign with many of its key leaders under arrest along with many disadvantages, as the short campaign was marked by the distribution of pornographic videocassettes implicating former Deputy Prime Minister Anwar in the villages, as well as the opposition having a lack of access to written and audiovisual media. As a result of the mounting disadvantages, the election saw the party winning only five parliamentary seats in the elections despite gaining 11.67% of the total votes cast. However, Wan Azizah was elected as the Member of Parliament for Permatang Pauh; the seat formerly held by her husband, Anwar Ibrahim, with a majority of 9,077 votes. The Barisan Alternatif as a whole gained 40.21% of the total votes cast with PAS winning 27 seats and DAP winning ten seats. The big opposition winner was PAS, which gained 20 seats as well as a majority in two Assemblies in the northern States of Kelantan and Terangganu. As for the BN coalition of Mahathir Mohamad, it however scored a two-thirds majority with 148 seats (despite losing 14 seats). Nevertheless, the BN coalition lost power in two of the thirteen states, along with four members of Mahathir's Cabinet who also lost their seats. For the first time in Malaysia's history, UMNO, the dominant Malay-based party which had ruled the country for 40 years since independence, received less than half of the total vote of ethnic Malays.
Merger with Parti Rakyat Malaysia
The post election period saw negotiations between KeADILan and Parti Rakyat Malaysia on a possible merger. Despite some opposition in both parties to the move, a 13-point Memorandum of Understanding was eventually signed by the two parties on 5 July 2002. On 3 August 2003, the new merged entity was officially launched and assumed its current name. Somehow, as PRM had yet to be de-registered by the authorities, the remained dissidents convened a National Congress in Johor Bahru and elected a new Executive Committee led by former PRM youth leader, Hassan Abdul Karim to resume political activities on 17 April 2005.
2004 general election
As the new amendments to the party constitution had yet to be approved by the Registrar of Societies, candidates from PRM contested the 2004 general election using the symbol of the old National Justice Party. The party fared poorly in the elections and only managed to retain one parliamentary seat, Permatang Pauh which is held by Dr Wan Azizah, despite winning 9% of the popular vote. The poor showing was later attributed to malapportionment and gerrymandering in the delineation of constituencies, with one estimate suggesting that on average, a vote for the BN government was worth 28 times the vote of a Keadilan supporter.
Anwar Ibrahim freed
On 2 September 2004, in a decision by the Federal Court, Anwar Ibrahim's sodomy conviction was overturned and he was freed. This unexpected turn of events came timely for KEADILAN which was facing flagging morale due to its dismal performance in the elections.
In December 2005 PKR organised its second national congress. Among the motions passed was the New Economic Agenda that envisioned a non-racial economic policy to replace the race-based New Economic Policy. PKR managed a breakthrough into Sarawak politics in May 2006. In Sarawak state elections, Dominique Ng, a lawyer and activist, won in the Padungan constituency in Kuching, a majority Chinese locale. KEADILAN lost narrowly in Saribas, a Malay-Melanau constituency by just 94 votes. Sarawak is a traditional BN stronghold. PKR has also pursued an aggressive strategy of getting key personalities from within and outside politics. In July 2006, Khalid Ibrahim, former CEO of Permodalan Nasional Berhad and Guthrie, was appointed as Treasurer of the PKR.
2008 general election
In the 2008 elections, PKR won 31 seats in Parliament, with the DAP and PAS making substantial gains as well with 28 seats and 23 seats respectively. In total, the taking of 82 seats by the opposition to BN's 140 seats made it the best performance in Malaysian history by the opposition, and denied BN the two-thirds majority required to make constitutional changes in the Dewan Rakyat.
PKR also successfully contested the state legislative elections which saw the loose coalition of PKR, DAP and PAS forming coalition governments in the states of Kelantan, Kedah, Penang, Perak and Selangor. The offices of the Menteri Besar of Selangor and the Deputy Chief Minister of Penang were held by KEADILAN elected representatives, Khalid Ibrahim and Mohd Fairus Khairuddin, respectively.
Anwar's return to politics
On 14 April 2008, Anwar celebrated his official return to the political stage, as his ban from public office expired a decade after he was sacked as deputy prime minister. One of the main reasons the opposition seized a third of parliamentary seats and five states in the worst ever showing for the BN coalition that has ruled for half a century, was due to him leading at the helm. A gathering of more than 10,000 supporters greeted Anwar in a rally welcoming back his return to politics. In the midst of the rally, police interrupted Anwar after he had addressed the rally for nearly half an hour and forced him to stop the gathering.
Malaysia's government intensified its efforts on 6 March to portray opposition figure Anwar Ibrahim as political turncoats, days ahead of Malaysian general election, 2008 on 8 March that would determine whether he posed a legitimate threat to the ruling coalition. Campaigning wrapped up 7 March for general elections that would see gains for Malaysia's opposition amid anger over race and religion among minority Chinese and Indians. Malaysians voted on 8 March 2008 in parliamentary elections. Election results showed that the ruling government suffered a setback when it failed to obtain two-thirds majority in parliament, and five out of 12 state legislatures were won by the opposition parties. Reasons for the setback of the ruling party, which had retained power since the nation declared independence in 1957, were the rising inflation, crime and ethnic tensions.
Permatang Pauh by-election
Malaysia's government and ruling coalition declared defeat in a landslide victory in the by-election by Anwar Ibrahim. Muhammad Muhammad Taib, information chief of the United Malays National Organisation which leads the BN coalition stated: Yes of course we have lost . . . we were the underdogs going into this race. Malaysia's Election Commission officials announced Anwar won by an astounding majority against Arif Shah Omar Shah of National Front coalition and over Prime Minister Abdullah Badawi's UMNO. Reuters reported that according to news website Malaysiakini, Anwar Ibrahim had won with a majority of 16,210 votes. He had won 26,646 votes, while BN's Arif Omar won 10,436 votes. Anwar's People's Justice Party's spokeswoman Ginie Lim told BBC: "We won already. We are far ahead".
On 28 August 2008, Anwar, dressed in a dark blue traditional Malay outfit and black "songkok" hat, took the oath at the main chamber of Parliament house in Kuala Lumpur, as MP for Permatang Pauh at 10.03 am before Speaker Tan Sri Pandikar Amin Mulia. He formally declared Anwar the leader of the 3-party opposition alliance. With his wife Wan Azizah Wan Ismail and his daughter Nurul Izzah Anwar, also a parliamentarian, Anwar announced: "I'm glad to be back after a decade. The prime minister has lost the mandate of the country and the nation". Anwar needed at least 30 government lawmakers especially from Sabah and Sarawak MPs' votes to defect to form a government.
Suara Keadilan publication license suspended
In June 2010, Suara Keadilan's publication was suspended for publishing a report which claimed a government agency is bankrupt. Suara Keadilan is run by opposition leader Anwar Ibrahim's PKR party. The Home Ministry, which oversees Malaysia's newspapers, said it was not satisfied with the paper's explanation for the allegedly inaccurate report.
Kajang Move
In 2014, the Party's Strategy Director then Vice-President-cum-Secretary-General, Rafizi Ramli initiated the failed Kajang Move in a bid to topple the 14th Menteri Besar of Selangor, Abdul Khalid Ibrahim, and install the party's de facto leader Anwar Ibrahim as his replacement. The political manoeuvre resulted in a nine-month political crisis within the state of Selangor and the Pakatan Rakyat coalition, that also involved the palace of Selangor, a by-election costing RM1.6 million in taxpayers’ money, the party losing one seat in Selangor's assembly and Malaysian Parliament. PKR also ended up not getting the Menteri Besar that it wanted. The crisis concluded with the appointment of PKR's Deputy President, Azmin Ali, as the 15th Menteri Besar of Selangor. Most analysts say that the Kajang Move was a great failure.
PD Move
On 12 September 2018 the incumbent Danyal Balagopal Abdullah resigned as Member of Parliament for Port Dickson to allow Anwar Ibrahim, who had been granted a royal pardon by the country's monarch the Yang di-Pertuan Agong to re-enter parliament after a 3-year absence. The resignation caused the Port Dickson by-election, 2018 and was dubbed the 'PD Move'. Anwar won the seat with an increased majority against six other candidates.
Collapse of the Pakatan Harapan government
The 2020 Malaysian political crisis culminated in the collapse of the Pakatan Harapan government. The political crisis began when several political forces, including then PKR deputy president Azmin Ali, attempted to depose the current government led by Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad by forming a new government without going through a general election. This was achieved through backroom deals popularly known as the Sheraton Move, which saw the withdrawal of BERSATU from the coalition as well as the exit of Azmin Ali along with 10 other PKR MPs. This deprived the coalition of its majority and paved the way for Muhyiddin Yassin, the President of BERSATU, to form a backdoor government positioning himself as Prime Minister with the support of the newly formed Perikatan Nasional coalition
During the political crisis, in a Facebook Live broadcast of a night prayer session at Anwar's residence, Anwar said that he had been informed of a "treachery" being committed that involved "former friends from BERSATU and a small group from PKR". Later, Azmin, in a statement, claimed that his action was to protect then Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad, who was forced to choose a date for the transition of power during Pakatan Harapan's presidential meeting on 21 February, and that the statutory declaration presented to the Agong was to cement support for Mahathir, not to elect a new prime minister. He further said that the real traitor was the faction that tried to usurp Mahathir.
On 24 February 2020, PKR held a press conference where its general secretary, Saifuddin Nasution Ismail, announced that Azmin and the Minister of Housing and Local Government, Zuraida Kamaruddin, who was then a vice president of PKR, had been dismissed by the party. Saifuddin explained that they were expelled due to their actions on 23 February which went against the party's official line regarding the position of Prime Minister. Azmin later announced that he would be forming an independent bloc at the parliament along with Zuraida and the other nine MPs who had left the party following his expulsion.
PKR held a meeting at its headquarters on 1 March 2020. While leaving the headquarters after the meeting ended, members who were associated with the former deputy president Azmin Ali, such as vice-president Tian Chua and former youth wing deputy chief Afif Bahardin, were harassed and assaulted by PKR supporters who accused them of being "traitors". Police later revealed that one arrest had been made in relation to the incident involving Chua, with at least two reports were lodged.
A large number of PKR grassroots member who aligned with Azmin's camp had left the party once the political crisis began. This began with three PKR Kelantan branch leaders who announced their immediate departure from the party on 26 February after Azmin and Zuraida Kamaruddin, the party's vice-president, were sacked from their positions and expelled after their betrayal in the Sheraton Move. This continued with around 2,000 members from the Pasir Puteh branch in Kelantan leaving the party on 28 February, followed by 536 members from the Kota Raja branch in Selangor on 1 March. The day after, around 400 PKR members in Perak also left the party. This exodus was continued by the exit of 500 members from the Arau and Padang Besar branches in Perlis on 15 March.
On 4 March 2020, the Penang Exco of Agriculture, Agro-based Industries, Rural Development and Health, Afif Bahardin, resigned from his position in Penang State Executive Council. A known supporter of Azmin Ali back when the latter was the party's deputy president, he claimed to have been pressured by the party's state and central leadership to resign from his post. He was replaced by Norlela Ariffin, the state assemblywoman for Penanti, who was appointed as the new state councillor and sworn in on 12 March in front of the Yang Dipertua Negeri, Abdul Rahman Abbas. On the same day, Chong Fat Full, another Azmin ally representing Pemanis in the Johor assembly, formally announced his exit from the party to become a Perikatan-friendly independent, effectively handling them a majority in the state assembly with a marginal 29 seats against Harapan's 27, thus seizing control of a key state that had previously been won by Harapan.
The collapse of Harapan governments in the state level continued on 12 May when two Azmin allies in the Kedah assembly: Robert Ling Kui Ee and Azman Nasrudin, representing Sidam and Lunas respectively, had both left the party to become independents supporting Perikatan Nasional. This handed a majority for Perikatan to form the Kedah government, seizing yet another state that had previously been won by Harapan, thus leaving the coalition with only 13 of 36 seats. This allowed Kedah state opposition leader Muhammad Sanusi Md Nor to announce the formation of a new government later in the day with the support of 23 state assemblymen, including the two ex-PKR members and four of six BERSATU assemblymen previously aligned with Pakatan Harapan. What followed was another departure on 17 May by the Srikandi Keadilan Chief, Nurainie Haziqah Shafii, claiming to have 'lost confidence in the idealism of the struggle and the direction of PKR'.
The month of June witnessed the departure of more PKR members and representatives, beginning with the Member of Parliament (MP) for Lubok Antu, Jugah Muyang, on 5 June. He had been elected as an independent in the previous election before joining PKR after they had formed the government. However, he left them for BERSATU after the latter deposed the previous government and became the new ruling party. This was followed by another independent MP, Syed Abu Hussin Hafiz, who was MP for Bukit Gantang and had previously been elected under UMNO, who also joined BERSATU alongside Jugah. The departures continued on June 13, when Daroyah Alwi, the Deputy Speaker & Exco of the Selangor state assembly as well as an ally of Azmin Ali, announced that she had quit the party to became an independent in support of Perikatan Nasional. She came out on the grounds that he had "lost confidence in the President (Anwar Ibrahim) and his harpist leadership of the idealism of the struggle".
The exodus of party members in support of Azmin Ali continued on 21 June when 50 Johor Wanita PKR leaders left the party, followed by 25 PKR grassroots leaders in the Saratok branch, that was once led by the traitrous Ali Biju, on 22 June. This was followed by the departure of Afif Bahardin on 24 June. He had been another key Azmin ally, having previously been Deputy Youth Chief of the party before marginally losing the election for the position of Youth Chief in 2018, His departure was followed by Haniza Talha on 29 June, who had been another prominent Azmin ally, being the women's chief of PKR as well as a Selangor Exco. On 11 July, she was sacked as a State Exco member. Haniza Talha has described PKR's decision to sack her from the party as an “act of revenge”. On the same day, she was replaced by the Kuantan MP, Fuziah Salleh, as the party's new Women's Chief
On 30 June 2020, Salleh Said Keruak, a prominent politician who was a former Sabah Chief Minister and Federal Minister from UMNO, cancelled his application to join PKR citing the party's internal turmoil. He said the decision was made last April, and with the cancellation, he remained an independent since leaving UMNO in 2018. Previously, Salleh had applied to join PKR in October of the previous year.
On 1 July 2020, Terengganu PKR women chief, Sharifah Norhayati Syed Omar Alyahya exit PKR along with 131 other members. The decision was made after seeing injustice in the party's top leadership.
The series of departures continued throughout July when PKR's Terengganu women's chief, Sharifah Norhayati Syed Omar Alyahya, left PKR along with 131 other members on 1 July. This was followed by the Penang state assemblyman from Sungai Acheh, Zulkifli Ibrahim, who was sacked from PKR before joining BERSATU on 4 July. On the same day, 250 PKR members from the Ampang branch left the party, along with two councillors, Jess Choy and Shoba Selvarajoo, who was also an Exco in the women's wing. The party's Jempol branch chief, Karip Mohd Salleh, left the party along with 25 other members on 15 July, causing the branch to be temporarily paralysed. On 30 July, Inanam assemblyman & Sabah Assistant Minister of Finance, Kenny Chua Teck Ho, was sacked from PKR for backing UMNO's Musa Aman as Chief Minister of Sabah
On 9 August 2020, BERSATU's Kuala Krau Division Chief, Mohamad Rafidee Hashim, left the party and joined PKR. He stated his action was because "the party was more consistent and principled in its efforts to fight for reform".
The defections of PKR MPs continued when two MPs, Steven Choong and Larry Sng, who represented Tebrau and Julau respectively, became independents on 27 and 28 February 2021. They would both go on to form the Parti Bangsa Malaysia (PBM) and declare their support for the ruling Perikatan Nasional coalition.
The exodus would finally end on 13 March 2021 when PKR vice-president Xavier Jayakumar, another known Azmin ally, announced his resignation as both vice-president and party member, citing his 'frustrations' by the events of the past year. Subsequently, he would become an independent MP while declaring his full support to Perikatan Nasional's leadership.
Ideology
PKR's constitution has as one of their core principles, the establishment of "a society that is just and a nation that is democratic, progressive and united". In practice, the party has primarily focused on promoting social justice, economic justice, eliminating political corruption and human rights issues within a non-ethnic framework.
List of leaders
President
Deputy President
Party Organisational Structure (2022–2025)
Central Leadership Council
President:
Anwar Ibrahim
Deputy President:
Rafizi Ramli
Vice-Presidents (elected):
Amirudin Shari
Chang Lih Kang
Nik Nazmi Nik Ahmad
Aminuddin Harun
Vice-Presidents (appointed):
Nurul Izzah Anwar
Saraswathy Kandasami
Awang Husaini Sahari
Secretary-General:
Saifuddin Nasution Ismail
Treasurer:
William Leong
Information Chief:
Fahmi Fadzil
Chief Organising Secretary:
Zahir Hassan
Director of Communications:
Lee Chean Chung
Director of Strategies:
Akmal Nasir
Director of Election Machinery:
Rafizi Ramli
Central Leadership Council Members (elected):
Dr. Maszlee Malik
Fahmi Zainol
Mohd Yahya Sahri
Nurin Aina Surip
Romli Ishak
Siti Aishah Sheikh Ismail
Syed Ibrahim Syed Noh
Hans Isaac
Simon Ooi Tze Min
Wong Chen
Raiyan Abdul Rahim
Tan Kar Hing
David Cheong Kian Young
Hee Loy Sian
Amidi Abdul Manan
Elizabeth Wong
Muhammad Bakhtiar Wan Chik
Central Leadership Council Members (appointed):
Manivannan Gowindasamy
Christina Liew
Abun Sui Anyit
Rodziah Ismail
Yuneswaran Ramaraj
State Chairpersons:
Federal Territories & Johor: Rafizi Ramli
Penang, Perlis & Kedah: Nurul Izzah Anwar
Kelantan & Terengganu: Nik Nazmi Nik Ahmad
Melaka & Negeri Sembilan: Aminuddin Harun
Pahang & Selangor: Amirudin Shari
Perak: Chang Lih Kang
Sabah: Sangkar Rasam
Sarawak: Roland Engan
Youth Wing (Angkatan Muda Keadilan)
Youth Chief:
Adam Adli
Deputy Youth Chief:
Muhammad Kamil Abdul Munim
Vice-Youth Chiefs (elected):
Atyrah Hanim Razali
Pravin Murali
Pransanth Kumar Brakasam
Vice-Youth Chiefs (appointed):
Chermaine Thoo Suet Mei
Wendey Agung Baruh
Youth Secretary:
Omar Mokhtar A Manap
Youth Organising Secretary:
Muhammad Arshad Hassni
Youth Treasurer:
Mohd Hilmy Yakap
Youth Information Chief:
Muhammad Haziq Azfar Ishak
Youth Communications Director:
Muhammad Syaril Showkat Ali
Youth Strategies Director:
Bryan Ng Yih Miin
Youth Elections Directors:
Muhammad Kamil Abdul Munim
Prabakaran Parameswaran
Central Angkatan Muda Keadilan Leadership Council Members (elected):
Fify Nuriety Harfizy
Syamil Luthfi Samsul Bahrin
Farah Ariana Nurazam
Nanthakumar Poapalan
Sathasivam Manohar
Gavin Way
Arham Rahimin Nasution
Muhammad Husaini Mohd Yunos
Ahmad Umar Khair Zainuddin
Muhd Sallehuddin Nazaruddin
Suria Vengadesh Kerishnan
Ooi Mei Mei
Nurrul Atika Azhar
Siti Nur Qamarina Mohd Ghani
Mohd Fakharuddin Muslim
Central Angkatan Muda Keadilan Leadership Council Members (appointed):
Mohd Nashriq Othaman
Mohd Afiq Ayob
Nadia Fathin Syahira Ahmad Nazri
Wan Muhamad Haikal Wan Ghazali
Ahmad Saifullah Razali
State Youth Chiefs:
Federal Territories: Mohammad Azfar Aza Azhar
Johor: Mohamad Taufiq Ismail
Kedah: Mohammed Taufiq Johari
Kelantan: Mohamad Ezzat Zahrim Mohd Hanuzi
Melaka: Muhammad Ridhuan Abu Samah
Negeri Sembilan: Mohamad Afif Anuar
Pahang: Chan Chun Kuang
Penang: Muhammad Fadzli Roslan
Perak: Za'im Sidqi Zulkifly
Perlis: Raskhairulimran Raszali
Sabah: Zaidi Jatil
Sarawak: Chiew Choon Man
Selangor: Muhammad Izuan Ahmad Kasim
Terengganu: Md Asyraf Zulfadhly Md Zainudin
Women's Wing (Wanita Keadilan)
Women's Chief:
Fadhlina Sidek
Deputy Women's Chief:
Juwairiya Zulkifli
Vice-Women's Chiefs (elected):
Wasanthee Sinnasamy
June Leow Hsiad Hui
Sangetha Jayakumar
Vice-Women's Chiefs (appointed):
Rufinah Pangeran
Faizah Ariffin
Srikandi Keadilan Chief:
Anetha Vallaitham Pillai
Women's Secretary:
Loh Ker Chean
Women's Treasurer:
Sabrina Ahmad
Women's Information Chief:
Suzana Shaharudin
Women's Communications Bureau Chiefs:
Nurhidayah Che Rose
Farzana Hayani Mohd Nasir
Wan Zulaika Abdul Kahar
Women's Elections Director:
Juwairiya Zulkifli
Central Wanita Keadilan Leadership Council Members (elected):
Loo Voon May
Nor Faiza Samsi
Telagapathi A. Marimuthu
Mahani Abdul Moin
Ermeemariana Saadon
Natrah Ismail
Siti Norffinie Mohamed Yassin
Rabiatul Adawiyah Sulaiman
Saribanon Saibon
Noraziah Mohd Razit
Mahani Masban
Rozaliah Mokhtar
Karen Kasturi James
Ruthira K. Surasan
Wan Zulaika Abdul Kahar
Central Wanita Keadilan Leadership Council Members (appointed):
Sandrea Ng Shy Ching
Haryati Abu Nasir
Kartini Madun
Meneng Biris
Anie Amat
Idawatie Pariman
Lim Kim Eng
Noor Amelia Zainabila Zaiffri
Saira Banu
Syafiqa Zakaria
Annur Nadhirah Abdul Halim
State Women's Chiefs:
Federal Territories: Rohani Hussin
Johor: Zuraidah Zainab Md Zain
Kedah: Sabrina Ahmad
Kelantan: Nor Azmiza Mamat
Melaka: Rusnah Aluai
Negeri Sembilan: Noorzunita Begum Mohd Ibrahim
Pahang: Haslindalina Hashim
Penang: Nurhidayah Che Ros
Perak: Norhayati Sani
Perlis: Hashimah Hashim
Sabah: Noriha Yakup
Sarawak: Victoria Musa
Selangor: Rozana Zainal Abidin
Terengganu: Faizah Ariffin
Elected representatives
Dewan Negara (Senate)
Senators
His Majesty's appointee:
Saifuddin Nasution Ismail
Saraswathy Kandasamy
Fuziah Salleh
Abun Sui Anyit
Manolan Mohamad
Isaiah Jacob (Kuala Lumpur)
Negeri Sembilan State Legislative Assembly:
Ahmad Azam Hamzah
Penang State Legislative Assembly:
Amir Md Ghazali
Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives)
Members of Parliament of the 15th Malaysian Parliament
PKR has 31 members in the House of Representatives.
Dewan Undangan Negeri (State Legislative Assembly)
Malaysian State Assembly Representatives
Selangor State Legislative Assembly
Penang State Legislative Assembly
Negeri Sembilan State Legislative Assembly
Kedah State Legislative Assembly
Johor State Legislative Assembly
Perak State Legislative Assembly
Perlis State Legislative Assembly
Pahang State Legislative Assembly
Sabah State Legislative Assembly
Sarawak State Legislative Assembly
Malacca State Legislative Assembly
Kelantan State Legislative Assembly
Terengganu State Legislative Assembly
PKR state governments
General election results
State election results
See also
List of political parties in Malaysia
Malaysian General Election
Politics of Malaysia
Pakatan Rakyat
Pakatan Harapan
References
External links
Suara Keadilan
DemiRakyat
Centrist parties in Asia
Liberal parties in Malaysia
Political parties in Malaysia
Political parties established in 1999
Social liberal parties
1999 establishments in Malaysia |
Piz Serra is a mountain of the Livigno Alps, located on the border between Italy and Switzerland. The northern side of the mountain (Graubünden) is part of the Swiss National Park. The southern side of the mountain (Lombardy) is part of the Stelvio National Park.
References
External links
Piz Serra on Hikr
Mountains of the Alps
Alpine three-thousanders
Mountains of Graubünden
Mountains of Lombardy
Italy–Switzerland border
International mountains of Europe
Mountains of Switzerland
Zernez |
Victor Kros (born 11 September 1981) is a Dutch former football goalkeeper. He made his debut in Dutch professional football on 20 January 2002 for Sparta Rotterdam, replacing Frank Kooiman in a game against AZ Alkmaar.
References
Kros on Ronald Zwiers
VI Profile
Living people
1981 births
Dutch men's footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
Sparta Rotterdam players
Eredivisie players
Eerste Divisie players
Footballers from Rotterdam |
Bailey V5 may refer to:
Bailey V5 engine
Bailey V5 paramotor |
Sons of Gwalia was a Western Australian mining company that mined gold, tantalum, spodumene, lithium and tin. It was Australia's third-largest gold producer and controlled more than half the world's production of tantalum, before entering administration in August 2004 following a financial collapse.
History
First and second incarnations
The original, Sons of Gwalia G. M. Co. was formed in 1897 by George William Hall, major investor William Pritchard Morgan and others to own and operate the Sons of Gwalia mine, which had been discovered in March 1896 by prospectors A. Glendinning, Jack Carlson and Frank White, who had named it after the Welsh homeland of the syndicate funder, Coolgardie storekeeper Thomas Tobias. The mine gave its name to the adjacent town of Gwalia.
In May 1897, Herbert Hoover, manager and inspecting engineer of the London and Western Australian Exploration Company, an associate of the British management firm Bewick, Moreing & Co., inspected the Sons of Gwalia operation and recommended the acquisition of the mine.
The London and West Australian Exploration Company acquired the Sons of Gwalia property on 17 November 1897, and Bewick Moreing & Co launched Sons of Gwalia, Limited on the London Stock Exchange in January 1898.
Hoover was appointed superintendent of the Sons of Gwalia Mine and managed it from May to November 1898 before moving on to China. He was later to become 31st president of the United States (1929–1933).
The mine operated continuously until 1963, when it closed and Sons of Gwalia, Limited was liquidated.
Geology
Gold mineralization occurred in the mine schist, which was up to 150 metres thick. Lenticular ore bodies occurred in this schist, with the eastern limb called the Main Lode dipping 45 degrees to the east, and the western limb called the West Lode dipping 38 degrees to the east, since the surface expression was horseshoe shaped plunging to the south at a 70-degree angle. The Mine schist is bracketed by a hanging wall of basalt and a foot wall of ultramafic rock. Pyrite was the most common of the sulfide minerals in the ore body. The Gwalia lode system was developed down to 1750 m.
Third incarnation
Sons of Gwalia NL was incorporated in August 1981. It issued its initial public prospectus in 1983 to raise $2.5 million on the Perth Stock Exchange (later the Australian Securities Exchange).
In 1998, the company closed its Laverton Gold Mine, which it sold to Focus Technologies Limited (later Focus Minerals Limited) for A$2.68 million in July 2002.
The company appointed Mark Cutifani, well regarded in the mining industry, as managing director on 13 March 2000.
On 4 September 2000, a flight to the Gwalia mine with seven SGW employees failed to land, instead continuing on to Burketown, where it eventually crashed, having run out of fuel. The pilot and the plane's seven passengers were killed.
In February 2001, the company announced it had consolidated its Southern Cross operations, acquiring the remaining 30% of the Yilgarn Star Gold Mine it didn't own and merging the operation with Marvel Loch, closing the Yilgarn Star mill. It also acquired other interests in the region in this transaction.
On 23 August 2001, SGW made a takeover offer for Pacmin Mining, owner of the Carosue Dam Gold Mine and the Tarmoola Gold Mine, valued at A$159 million. At the close of offer on 16 October 2001, SGW held 98.9% of all Pacmin shares and proceeded to compulsory acquisition. In retrospect, the purchase of Pacmin and Tarmoola was seen as very expensive, especially in the light of gold reserve writedowns and operational difficulties at the Tarmoola mine.
In early 2003, the company started to show signs of being troubled. It had to deny reports by UBS Warburg on 13 February 2003, that one of its investment bankers had withdrawn support. The following day, managing director Mark Cutifani, in a surprise move, resigned from his position. In July 2003, the company announced the results of a restructuring, aimed at improving the performance of SGW. In October that year, the company successfully raised A$63 million by issuing new shares.
Almost a year after the resignation of Mark Cutifani, John Leevers was appointed managing director of the company from 27 January 2004. In April 2004, the company's chairman Peter Lalor and his brother Chris, an executive director, having founded the company 22 years earlier, resigned from their positions on the board. John Leevers was appointed managing director and CEO.
Administration
The company entered administration in August 2004 following a financial collapse, with debts exceeding $800 million after suffering from falling gold reserves and hedging losses. Sons of Gwalia was Australia's third-largest gold producer and also controlled more than half the world's production of tantalum.
In March 2005, the company sold its gold mining operations, consisting of the Marvel Loch Gold Mine, the Gwalia Gold Mine, the Carosue Dam Gold Mine and the Tarmoola Gold Mine, to St Barbara Mining Limited for A$38 million. Talison Minerals paid $205 million to buy the Wodgina and Greenbushes tantalum business of Sons of Gwalia but temporarily closed Wodgina because of falling tantalum prices. The mine re-opened, but closed again after less than a year.
In a landmark decision, the shareholders of Sons of Gwalia were awarded the same status as non-shareholding creditors on 27 February 2006 because the company breached continuous disclosure obligations or misled them about its financial status. On 29 August 2006, Sons of Gwalia (SGW) was de-listed from the Australian Securities Exchange.
On 4 September 2009, the former auditors of Sons of Gwalia, Ernst & Young, agreed to a $125 million settlement over their role in the gold miner's collapse. Ferrier Hodgson, the company's administrator, had claimed Ernst & Young was negligent over the accounting of gold and dollar hedging contracts. It is hoped the $178 million of assets will assist in bringing the long-running administration to a close in December 2009.
In addition to the $125 million from E & Y, SoG's former directors the Lalor brothers, agreed to a $53 million settlement over their role in the company's collapse.
Production
Annual production figures of the company:
Gold
Tantalum
Timeline
5 May 1983: Listed on the Perth Stock Exchange.
30 July 1992: Changed name from Sons of Gwalia NL to Sons of Gwalia Limited.
13 March 2000: Mark Cutifani appointed as managing director.
4 September 2000: A flight from Perth to the Gwalia mine fails to land and continues on to North Queensland, where it crashes without survivors.
23 August 2001: SGW makes takeover offer for Pacmin Mining, valued at A$159 million.
16 October 2001: Compulsory acquisition of Pacmin announced, at a cost of A$210 million.
14 February 2003: Managing director Mark Cutifani resigned from his position.
15 October 2003: The company successfully raised A$63 million by issuing new shares.
December 2003: Gwalia Gold Mine closed and placed in care and maintenance.
19 January 2004: John Leevers appointed as managing director. Peter and Chris Lalor to retire from company.
30 August 2004: Administrators appointed for the company.
17 September 2004: Class action filed against company as well as directors, auditors and officers of company by shareholders.
28 January 2005: Five directors, including the chairman, and the company secretary resign.
15 March 2005: Managing director John Leevers resigns.
21 March 2005: Gold operations sold to St Barbara for A$38 million.
15 September 2005: Shareholders awarded equal status to creditors in court.
29 August 2006: Company delisted from the ASX after failing to pay its annual listing fee.
References
External links
Ferrier Hodgson website – Sons of Gwalia announcements
Defunct mining companies of Australia
Companies formerly listed on the Australian Securities Exchange
Gold mining companies of Australia
Companies disestablished in 2006
Companies established in 1981
1981 establishments in Australia
2006 disestablishments in Australia |
Róbert Ragnar Spanó (born 27 August 1972) is an Icelandic jurist, judge, and former president of the European Court of Human Rights. He has been a partner at the multinational law firm of Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher since the end of this tenure as President of the Court in October 2022. He started his tenure as President of the Court on 18 May 2020, succeeding Judge Sicilianos from Greece. Before beginning his service on the court on 1 November 2013, he served provisionally as parliamentary ombudsman of Iceland and Dean of the Faculty of Law, University of Iceland. Spano's mandate as a Judge and President of the Court ended on 31 October 2022 when he was succeeded by Judge Siofra O'Leary.
Early life and education
Spano was born in Reykjavík on 27 August 1972. He graduated with a Candidatus Juris degree from the University of Iceland in 1997 and a Magister Juris degree with distinction in European and comparative law from the University of Oxford (University College) in 2000. At Oxford, he was awarded the Clifford Chance Prize (proxime accessit) and the Civil Procedure Prize for his scholastic achievements.
Professional career
Spano began his legal career as a deputy judge at national level. He then became a legal adviser and special assistant to the parliamentary ombudsman, subsequently a tenured professor of law and dean of the faculty of law, University of Iceland between 2010 and 2013. He was provisionally appointed Parliamentary Ombudsman in 2013 before being elected a judge to the European Court of Human Rights.
European Court of Human Rights
In November 2013 he was elected a judge to the European Court of Human Rights, serving as its vice president from 2019 to 2020 and its president between 2020 and 2022.
Visit to Turkey
After Spano visited Turkey in September 2020 and received an honorary doctorate from the Istanbul University as the president of the European Court of Human Rights, he received criticism that the act would conflict with the court's stance and principles. Others came to Spano's defence, arguing that Spano had used the freedom of speech that his position guarantees to him, in a country that much suffers, to give courage to those who deserve to receive a free and fair message. Thus, the court, through its president, had played its proper role for European liberties and democracy.
Mehmet Altan, a journalist and an academic discharged from Istanbul University by a statutory decree and released after 2 years of imprisonment, addressed an open letter to the ECtHR president, writing, "Those who will give you an honorary doctorate are the very people who dismissed me and many other academics." Başak Demirtaş, the wife of imprisoned Selahattin Demirtaş against the orders of the ECHR, invited Spano to visit also Diyarbakır after he has already met with Justice and Development Party officials in Mardin. To Mardin he travelled together with the Turkish judge of the ECtHR, Saadet Yüksel and posed for photographs together with the state appointed trustee who acts as a mayor instead of the elected but deposed Ahmet Türk of the Peoples' Democratic Party. Mardin is also hometown ECtHR judge Yüksel, who is the sister of Cüneyt Yüksel, a former member of the parliament from Erdogan's ruling Justice and Development Party.
Visit to Slovenia
In June 2021, Róbert Ragnar Spanó was invited by Rajko Knez and Damijan Florjančič the presidents of the Constitutional Court and the Supreme Court to Slovenia. On the 24 June, he also met with president Borut Pahor.
Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher
Spano's mandate as a Judge and President of the Court ended on 31 October 2022. On 2 January 2023, Spano joined the leading US multinational law firm of Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher and is a Partner in the London office practicing in the field of international arbitration, public international law, digital rights and online platform regulation, business and human rights (ESG, environment, social and governance) and governmental affairs and policy.
Writings
Spano has written extrajudicially on the evolution of the Convention system, the principle of subsidiarity and the rule of law, notably developing a theory on its "three-dimensional normative force" under the European Convention on Human Rights and Public International Law, the "organic dimension", the "functional dimension" and the "hybrid dimension". Furthermore, he is an acknowledged expert on international dispute resolution, business and human rights and in the field of digital rights and cyberspace.
Personal life
Spano is married and has four children. Róbert is an avid singer and has won awards for his musical performances on stage. Spano was a promising amateur bowling player before he became a jurist. He won numerous competitions at home and internationally, both in individual and team tournaments. He is currently on a 9-year leave from the all-male choir Fóstbræður.
See also
List of judges of the European Court of Human Rights
References
External links
Interview with Róbert R. Spanó at the University of Bergen
1972 births
Living people
Robert Ragnar Spano
Ombudsmen
Alumni of University College, Oxford
Presidents of the European Court of Human Rights
Robert Ragnar Spano
Robert Ragnar Spano
Icelandic people of Italian descent |
Constantin G. Stere or Constantin Sterea (Romanian; , Konstantin Yegorovich Stere or Константин Георгиевич Стере, Konstantin Georgiyevich Stere; also known under his pen name Șărcăleanu; June 1, 1865 – June 26, 1936) was a Romanian writer, jurist, politician, ideologue of the Poporanist trend, and, in March 1906, co-founder (together with Garabet Ibrăileanu and Paul Bujor — the latter was afterwards replaced by the physician Ioan Cantacuzino) of the literary magazine Viața Românească. One of the central figures of the Bessarabian intelligentsia at the time, Stere was a key actor during the Union of Bessarabia with Romania in 1918, and is associated with its legacy.
Constantin Stere was professor of Administrative and Constitutional law at the University of Iaşi, serving as its rector between 1913 and 1916. He is also remembered for his partly autobiographical novel În preajma revoluției (literal translation: "On the Eve of the Revolution" — in reference to the Russian Revolution of 1917).
Biography
Early life
He was born in Horodiște, Soroca County, to a family of boyar origins from Ciripcău, Bessarabia — which was part of the Russian Empire at the time. Stere was one of the three sons of an ethnic Romanian couple of Russian citizens: Gheorghe or Iorgu Stere (known as Yegor Stepanovich Stere, Егор Степанович Стере in Russian), a landowner whose family was originally from Botoșani County in the Romanian part of Moldavia, and Pulcheria (Пулкерия), a member of the impoverished gentry in Bessarabia. He spent most of his early years, until the age of eight, in Ciripcău, where the family manor was located.
Around 1874, he graduated from a Chișinău private school where classes were taught German, and entered the school for dvoryane in the city, where he became close friends with Alexandru Grosu and Lev Matveyevich Kogan-Bernstein (who were the basis for the characters Sașa Lungu and Moise Roitman in Stere's novel). It was also around this time that he became acquainted with progressive, utopian socialist, and Darwinist ideas (notably reading the works of Nikolai Chernyshevsky, Alexander Herzen, Charles Darwin, Karl Marx, Mikhail Bakunin, Ferdinand Lassalle, and Peter Lavrovich Lavrov). Stere later indicated that, before the late 1870s, he could not spell the Romanian alphabet, which had just been adopted over the border (see Romanian Cyrillic alphabet), and had to rely on a few books smuggled into Bessarabia for getting a sense of literary Romanian.
While still students, Stere and Kogan-Bernstein engaged in revolutionary politics as socialists and Narodniks, initiating a conspirative "self-instruction" cell of six inside their school. The group was affiliated with Narodnaya Volya, and Stere was responsible for multiplying and distributing locally the manifesto issued by the latter after it had assassinated Emperor Alexander II. This was also the first moment when Stere declared his opposition to a Social democratic program, a Narodnik-inspired objection which would later form one of the tenets of his doctrine.
He was first arrested in late 1883, after Okhrana units decapitated the Bessarabian wing of the Narodnaya Volya. Detained in Odessa (during which time he read intensely), Stere was frequently visited by Maria Grosu, the sister of Alexandru, who had fallen in love with him — a Narodnik and a feminist, she asked Stere for a marriage of convenience that was meant to help her become free from parental tutelage (according to the laws of the Russian Empire, unmarried women were under their father's protection). Stere agreed, and they were married in the prison chapel (1885).
Siberia
In 1885, he was deported to Siberia, serving a three-year term. Briefly kept in Tyumen prison awaiting transport further east, he was sent to Kurgan in the custody of two gendarmes (October). He was joined there by Maria, who gave birth to their son Roman in 1886. Moving to Turinsk, the Steres joined a group of revolutionaries in internal exile; Constantin Stere agreed to print copies of a Narodnik magazine, using a hectograph, and was exposed during a raid by authorities. He was swiftly taken to Tobolsk, then shipped down the Irtysh to the place where it met the Ob; he traveled to the village of Sharkala (the northernmost part of Siberia he ever reached) in a Khanty canoe, and was then settled in Beryozovsky District, only to be arrested again and sent back to Tobolsk in the autumn of 1888.
He was tried for his activities in Turinsk, based on evidence collected by the Okhrana. While in prison, Stere, who was beginning to distance himself from socialism and proletarian internationalism, argued in front of authorities that mention of his change in attitude was supposed to be kept by the court when passing the verdict. At the time, a physician who examined him noted that he had suffered a nervous breakdown, and had him moved to a prison hospital. According to most accounts, he had attempted suicide (a gesture caused by either the death of one of his brothers, who had himself committed suicide, or by news that the Narodnik leader Lev Tikhomirov had become a supporter of the political establishment). In hospital, Stere stated that:
"Quite a while ago have I begun to remove myself from the influence of political exiles and their tradition. Recent times, filled with major hardships for me, I have decided firmly and sincerely to break with these traditions, as well as with all things «illegal» in my past."
Instead, he became familiar with neo-Kantian philosophy, expanding on his interest in Immanuel Kant's Critique of Pure Reason (which he was reading in Beryozovsky District). It was at this time that Stere began writing.
In March 1889, the court decided to extend his term of exile by three more years, and relocated him to the village of Serginsk, near Minusinsk. He much later claimed that, while passing through the prison of Krasnoyarsk, he met Vladimir Lenin, the future Bolshevik leader — this is unlikely, as Lenin passed through the city several years after Stere. His other claim to have met and befriended Józef Piłsudski, future head of state of Poland (and, at the time, a prominent member of the Polish Socialist Party), was confirmed by Piłsudski himself in 1927 (Stere's novel, În preajma revoluției, included Piłsudski as a character, under the name Stadnicki).
Datoria and Evenimentul
In late 1891 or early 1892, having been set free, Stere returned to Bessarabia, and eventually sought political refuge inside Romania, crossing the border clandestinely. He studied law at the University of Iași (under Petre Missir, while carrying on as a leftist activist and quickly becoming an influential figure among the youth of Iași, the inspiration behind a left-leaning student society that engaged in a virulent polemic with the nationalist youth, and an acquaintance of socialist leaders such as Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea, Garabet Ibrăileanu, Ioan Nădejde, Sofia Nădejde, Constantin Mille, Theodor Speranția, Vasile Morțun, and Nicolae L. Lupu. Later, a controversy erupted over Stere's academic credentials, as it was never consistently proven that he had passed his baccalaureate between being arrested and applying for law school.
Stere's break with Marxism led him to attempt persuading the newly created Romanian Social Democratic Workers' Party (PSDMR) to amend its proletariat-focused policies, and, in 1893, to found the student society Datoria ("The Duty"), which preserved the Narodnik focus on educating peasants. He and his followers nevertheless continued to rely much of their thesis on Marxist concepts, coupled with an interest taken in the reformist socialist way advocated by Eduard Bernstein.
After debuting as a journalist for the liberal-inspired Evenimentul in 1893 (and engaging in public debates with the socialist press), Stere also sent substantial contribution to , a tribune of various left-wing trends that was being published in Bucharest under the direction of Anton Bacalbașa. Later in 1893, he took part in founding Evenimentul Literar, the literary supplement of Evenimentul.
He joined in the socialists Bacalbașa and Ibrăileanu in a cultural polemic with the poet Alexandru Vlahuță and his magazine Vieața. Vlahuță, who had sided with Dobrogeanu-Gherea during the latter's conflict with Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu, nonetheless clashed with the leftists over the issue of "art for art's sake", arguing that the interest his adversaries took in didacticism was harming literature. This exchange of replies soon involved the former socialist Eduard Dioghenide, who attacked Evenimentul Literar with Antisemitic language, contending that Stere was "an employee of the little kikes" and had "lost his soul to the Jews". At the time, Stere's activity with Datoria also came under attack from various student societies — most of them associates of the Conservative Party.
During the late 1890s, he had begun making use of the Șărcăleanu alias in his polemic articles, which became a particular topic of dispute after his confrontation with Dioghenide (who first speculated that Stere was the author of Șărcăleanu'''s articles). Dioghenide's supporters, editors of the newspaper Naționalul, consequently pressured Stere to indicate who Șărcăleanu was ("We wish to know him, does he wear sidelocks or is he a Judaisized Romanian?"). Similar calls were voiced by Vieața, who alleged that Stere himself was a Russian Jew.
Winning the support of several Conservative politicians, Stere successfully applied for Romanian citizenship in February 1895, obtaining naturalization through a special law, as "a Romanian from Bessarabia".
In 1897, Stere obtained a licensure with a thesis on legal entity and individualism, one which drew criticism from the influential Conservative-inspired group Junimea, on the assumption that it had been partly inspired by Marx. At the time, he also published an incomplete series of philosophical essays centered on the works of Wilhelm Wundt. After graduation, Stere, who was by then the father of four, lived for a while in Ploiești, and afterwards joined the Bar association in Iași as a practicing lawyer. During the period, he met and befriended the influential writer Ion Luca Caragiale.
Birth of Poporanism
By 1898, Stere, who had continued to acquire influence with Iași-based socialists, became involved in disputes over the future of the Romanian Social Democratic Workers' Party (PSDMR) and Vasile Morțun's call for a merger with the National Liberal Party (PNL) — Morțun's camp, which also included Alexandru G. Radovici, became known in time as "the generous ones" (generoșii). According to Constantin Titel Petrescu, Stere, despite his own polemics with Dobrogeanu-Gherea, sided with the latter and against Morțun ("Even Stere [...] declared himself against moving to the Liberals"). Nevertheless, during merger talks between the "generous ones" and the left-wing of the National Liberals, Stere was approached by the latter's Ion I. C. Brătianu; Brătianu and Gheorghe Gh. Mârzescu, who were gathering supporters at a time when the PNL cabinet of Dimitrie Sturdza looked set to lose the general elections of 1899 to a strong coalition of Conservatives and former Liberals such as Petre S. Aurelian, proposed to Stere that he become a city councilor in Iași, and he accepted. During the period, he split with Evenimentul, as the paper became close to Liberal splinter groups and virulently criticized the contacts between the PNL and former PSDMR affiliates.
Eventually, Stere entered the PNL as a left-wing radical and populist, supporting an original tactic that blended a Narodnik focus on the peasantry with a weariness towards capitalism and industrialisation. This was the origin of Poporanism, a theory expanded upon in his influential 1908 essay Poporanism sau social-democrație?, "Poporanism or Social democracy?" (Stere coined the original term in 1894, viewing it the best translation of the word Narodnik).
In essence, Poporanism ceased to view socialism as a goal in countries such as Romania. Stere noted that the group to be defined as industrial proletariat accounted for ca. 1% of the total number of taxpayers (around 1907), and argued instead for a "peasant state", which was to encourage and preserve small agricultural plots as the basis for economic development. Citing the example of Denmark (see Danish cooperative movement), he also proposed that cooperative industries were to be created in the rural sphere, and that initiative agriculture could also rely in cooperative farms:
"The essential role of peasant cooperatives resides in that they, while keeping the small-scale peasant holdings intact, award them the possibility to make use of all the advantages of large-scale production."
Despite its name, Stere understood the "peasant state" not as an actual hegemony of the peasantry, but as an immediate move from the census suffrage in the Kingdom of Romania to a universal one, intended to accurately reflect the country's social realities (see 1866 Constitution of Romania). In an 1898 speech, he also stressed a loyalty for the King of Romania (Carol I at the time).
Stere notably rejected Karl Kautsky's support for capitalization in agriculture, arguing that it was neither necessary nor practical. He was not, however, opposed to modernization, and invested trust in the role of intellectuals as militants and activists, as well as building on Werner Sombart's theory that agrarian economies were facing new and special conditions (as opposed to those that bore the mark of the Industrial Revolution). Stere observed changes occurring in the developed world at the turn of the 19th century, and concluded that industrialization of backward countries was also being blocked by colonialism and the prosperity it had brought to the British Empire and the United States. He argued that a new form of capital was being created at a larger, non-national, scale; he deemed it "vagabond capital", and viewed in it the source for the lack of accuracy in Marxist predictions over proletarian alienation (as it appeared that, in developed countries, the proletariat was growing wealthier).
This was also the start of a polemic between him and the Marxist Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea. Although the two shared skepticism over the possibility of early socialist success in Romania (agreeing with Titu Maiorescu's verdict that it was one of the "forms without substance", and thus an ill-suited effect of Westernization), Dobrogeanu-Gherea argued that Stere's program of basing Romania's economy on cooperatives and small-scale agricultural holdings could only lead to endemic underdevelopment.
Early National Liberal politics
As a city councilor in 1899, Stere soon found himself in an unusual position after Minister of the Interior Mihail Pherekyde ordered a clampdown on the surviving PSDMR. This came after the Conservative opposition voiced allegations that socialist clubs in the countryside were inciting laborers to revolt (an accusation which threatened to decrease the popularity of the Dimitrie Sturdza cabinet). As all former PSDMR members in the PNL came under scrutiny, he was himself the target of attacks in Parliament, and notably criticized by the Constitutional Party's Titu Maiorescu for allegedly using his position to "disturb the elementary order; [...] leading to the only place it could lead: peasant rebellion".
He lost his position in March 1899, following Sturdza's fall from power over a scandal involving relations between Romanian and Austria-Hungary. Consequently, he welcomed the remaining "generous ones" inside the PNL as the PSDMR was dissolved (April 1899); those socialists who remained independent continued to consider Stere the main instigator of the move. At the time, he relied on what he interpreted as Ion I. C. Brătianu's promise that a PNL cabinet was going to enforce both universal suffrage and land reform, and hoped to exercise an influence on the party's Left. With Pherekyde, Petre Poni, Toma Stelian and Spiru Haret, Stere was soon involved in public protests against the successive Conservative cabinets of Gheorghe Grigore Cantacuzino and Petre P. Carp — provoked by the Hallier Affair — involving a French firm which used its government connections to regain a public works contract in the port of Constanța, although it had failed to respect its obligations —, and the "Law on spirits" (or "law on țuica") — which established homebrewing tax, engendering violence in the countryside.
Following a conflict between Cantacuzino and Carp, which caused the latter's cabinet to be invalidated with assistance from Conservative parliamentarians (February 1901) Sturdza returned to power triumphantly. In the 1901 suffrage, he was first elected to Chamber for the 3rd Electoral College in Iaşi. Stere largely owed his 1901 appointment as Deputy Professor at the University of Iași to his political connections: falling short of legal requirements, he asked Brătianu and Spiru Haret to make an exception in his case (in order to avoid breaking the law which prevented state employees from being elected deputies, he asked not to receive a salary for his first course). After he became a full Professor, his assistant at the department was Nicolae Daşcovici.
Stere sided with Brătianu and Vasile Lascăr in 1904, at a time when the two confronted Sturdza and resigned from their government offices, provoking the cabinet's fall (and Gheorghe Grigore Cantacuzino's reinstatement as Premier).
1905 Russian Revolution
In his later years, Stere argued that he had foreseen Japan's victory in the Russo-Japanese War and the string of social problems Russia experienced, and that he had sent the General Staff of the Romanian Army a memorandum on the matter.
Soon after the Russian Revolution of 1905, Stere and a group of his followers returned to Bessarabia in order to encourage local Romanian sentiment during elections for the State Duma and zemstvos — according to Stere, the group had the tacit approval of the Conservative government. In parallel, Stere represented the Chișinău zemstvo as a lawyer in a civil lawsuit. They arrived at a time of conflict, when Black Hundreds activity was gaining momentum and peasant pressures in the countryside were meeting with resistance from reactionary politicians such as Vladimir Purishkevich and Pavel Krushevan. Initially, Stere doubled as a correspondent for PNL French language newspapers, signing them as C. Șercăleano.
He issued a magazine (Basarabia) of which he was editor (together with Ion Inculeț, Teodor Inculeț, Ion Pelivan, Alexei Mateevici, and Pan Halippa), attempting to profit from the political gains in Russia by calling for both in-depth social reforms and decentralization; their influence waned after reactionary politicians made electoral gains and, as the new administration, confiscated most of the magazine's issues (leading to its bankruptcy in 1907). Stere himself first returned to Romania in early 1906, and immediately left on a trip to Austro-Hungarian-ruled Transylvania, where he met with the poet and activist Octavian Goga in Sibiu, as well as with other prominent ethnic Romanians, becoming in time an unofficial envoy of the PNL in the region. His involvement in the zemstvo trial became the topic of a scandal, after the institution accused Stere of having failed to fulfill his obligations as a lawyer, and called on him to return the fees he had received.
Viața Românească
In its first editorial (1906), Viața Românească (a magazine which Stere had planned during his return to Bessarabia) summarized the cultural guidelines of the Poporanist trend, ones which Stere had first theorized in 1899 articles for Evenimentul Literar:
"A 'national' culture with specific characteristics will only be born when the large, truly Romanian, popular masses will partake in creating and assessing cultural values — literary language, literature, ways of living — and this will only be possible when, through culture, enlarged political participation and economical uplifting, the peasantry will be awarded a social value in proportion with its numerical, economical, moral and national values, when we shall be one people, when all the social classes shall be of the same people [...]."
Stere distanced himself from the competing and equally peasant-focused trend of Sămănătorul, which aimed to preserve the peasant way of life in front of modernization rather than enforce the peasant economy advocated by Poporanism. He was notably involved in polemics with Sămănătorul's Octavian Goga and Nicolae Iorga.
As he later admitted, he attempted to divert attention from the Șărcăleanu alias by making use of another one, P. Nicanor & Co. (used before and after him by various Viața Românească contributors to the magazine's closing column), and by writing an article in which he claimed Stere and Șărcăleanu were not one and the same, thus maintaining the relative ambiguity until the early 1930s.
1907 Revolt and aftermath
Alongside other followers of Brătianu (including Garabet Ibrăileanu), Stere began campaigning in favor of dismissing the Conservative cabinet of Premier Gheorghe Grigore Cantacuzino, at a time when the latter also faced Take Ionescu's dissidence. This coincided with the outbreak of the 1907 Peasants' Revolt, which managed to bring down the cabinet after Ionescu agreed to support the Dimitrie Sturdza's return to power, as a means to ensure a response to the troubles. Like many other "generous ones", Stere was integrated in the new administration, and became a prefect of Iași County; instead of calling in the Romanian Army to pacify the area, he interfered in landowner-peasant relations to ensure better conditions for the latter, thus causing alarm in the Conservative camp. Although no violent reprisal against the rebels was recorded in his prefecture, his association with the repressive cabinet was the topic of criticism from many of his former allies, most notably Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea, Paul Bujor, and Constantin Mille. Together with his deputy prefect Gheorghe Gh. Mârzescu, Stere resigned his position in April and was replaced with Gheorghe Kernbach, preparing to run in the legislative election of that year — for the 2nd Electoral College in Iași; he won the seat in late May.
In early June, Premier Sturdza appointed Stere, alongside Take Ionescu, Petre P. Carp, Ion G. Duca, Alexandru Djuvara, Constantin Alimănișteanu, Ion and Alexandru G. Radovici, Dinu and Vintilă Brătianu, and 24 other parliamentarians, to a Committee charged with settling the agricultural issue; ultimately dissolved later in the same month, the Committee did not achieve any clear result, and Stere's radical proposals were repeatedly ignored by his own party. During the same period, a conflict erupted between Stere and the independent Antisemitic politician A. C. Cuza, who had been one of his opponents in the election; after making use of the word "trivial" in reference to Stere's attitudes, Cuza was sued by the latter, and refused a challenge to face him in a duel (an additional aspect of the scandal was the accusation that Stere had purposely failed students who supported Cuza's policies). Following the creation of Take Ionescu's Conservative-Democratic Party (PCD), the PNL launched accusations that the new group was financed by the leaseholder Mochi Fischer (whose property in Flămânzi had seen the outbreak of the 1907 revolt); in reaction, the PCD newspaper Opinia, representing the views of Alexandru Bădărău, accused Stere of having failed to protect the interests of his clients in the Bessarabian zemstvo — Stere challenged the article's author Gheorghe Lascăr, former mayor of Iași, to a duel on Copou Hill, during which Lascăr was defeated and injured (March 11, 1908).
Calling for an amnesty in respect to peasant rebels, Stere was initially silent on the new legislation (which, without questioning traditional landed property, allowed room for communal ownership), and was mostly absent from Chamber sessions. He nevertheless authored several studies in which he condemned the state of affairs in Romanian agriculture, concluding one of them with a Latin verdict, paraphrasing Pliny the Elder, Latifundia perdidere Romaniam ("The great estates have ruined Romania"). He expressed full support for the newly established agricultural bank, Casa Rurală, at a time when the project for its creation was voted in Parliament (February 1908).
First clashes with the PNL
After again siding with Brătianu during the inner-party conflict with Sturdza — culminating in Brătianu's arrival to power after the premier fell victim to a nervous disease —, Stere replaced Petre Poni at the head of the Liberal club in Iași (June 1908), and soon came to be opposed by Mârzescu over his promotion of former socialists to party offices. Following the PCD's rise to the detriment of the PNL, Stere was able to enlist his party's support for his vision of electoral reform (with a single electoral college, and idea also promoted by Take Ionescu), and reported on it in Parliament, being criticized by the Conservative opposition on the basis of suspicions that he was still promoting socialist ideals. By mid-1909, he was the target of a campaign in Evenimentul, which had by then turned Conservative, being again accused of having profited from the zemstvo in Bessarabia without providing the required services.
At the time, Stere and Ibrăileanu began mentioning the Poporanist or "democratic peasantist" trend as a small but representative faction of the PNL. Such attitudes caused further tensions inside his party: Henri Sanielevici, himself a former socialist National Liberal, commented that "[Stere] seeks to strengthen himself through and inside the Liberal Party and break with it only when he will become strong enough"; at a time when Brătianu was thought to be considering Stere for a cabinet position, the right-wing section of the PNL expressed its opposition and took steps to marginalize him (a catalysis for this attitude was the clash between the PNL and România Muncitoare affiliates, caused by the expulsion of the socialist activist Christian Rakovsky, together with promises made by Brătianu that his party would not push for land reform and universal suffrage). Largely absent from the political scene during 1909-1910, Constantin Stere nevertheless aided the PNL, fallen from power in December 1910, to reach an agreement with the Conservative-Democrats over opposition to the Petre P. Carp cabinet, by improving his relations with Alexandru Bădărău.
In his 1910 Neo-Serfdom (A Social and Economic Study of Our Land Issue), Dobrogeanu-Gherea viewed the relation between left-leaning cultural circles in Romania and Stere's Narodnik focus as conjectural, and made mention of competing trends inside Poporanism:
"[There is] the Poporanism established in this country around 15 years after [the Narodnik original] and from the very same source. Lacking the rigorous method of Marxism, [...] Poporanism appears to have being against Social Democracy as its sole attribute [...].[There is also] our national, Romanian, Poporanism, as it has originated from the different and real circumstances of our country. [It] is more practical than theoretical, and does not in fact have its own theory. Mr. Stere's effort to award it one was not at all successful. But this Poporanism has its own views and attitudes and — what's more important — its own praxis. And to this real praxis, influencing the real course of things in this country, all kinds of Poporanists have associated themselves in one way or another, including those who are under the influence of Russian [Narodnik ideas]. But even this national Poporanism is far, very far from being uniform. This can even be seen in those multiple groupings composing it, [...] which many times quarrel with one another."
The apparent heterogeneous character of Poporanism was also criticized by others, who noted that its discourse also featured nationalist rhetoric. Nevertheless, PSDMR members other than Dobrogeanu-Gherea tended to refer to Viața Românească as "engaged in Sterist politics". Constantin Stere had a moderate reaction to the publishing of Neo-Serfdom, briefly criticizing the arguments it brought against Poporanist politics (with Dobrogeanu-Gherea's renewed message that socialism was possible in backward countries); additional replies to the thesis came from Stere's disciple, the engineer Nicolae Profiri (among others who engaged in the debate was Dobrogeanu-Gherea's son, the future Leninist Alexandru Dobrogeanu-Gherea).
Around 1912, while visiting Florence, Italy, Stere began a long extra-marital relationship with Ana Radovici, the widow of Ion Radovici (the latter had committed suicide in 1909). No longer elected to the Chamber in the 1912 suffrage, he returned to his chair at the Iași University. During the electoral campaign, reelected leader of the Liberal club, he was again attacked by Evenimentul, and, having taken part in denouncing A. C. Cuza for plagiarism, clashed with his supporters (who briefly occupied the PNL headquarters in Iași in May).
World War I
In 1916, Stere strongly supported Romania's alliance with the Central Powers, arguing in favor of a policy focused on Bessarabia's recovery and against what he saw as Russian expansionism - ultimately, this led him to split with the pro-Entente PNL upon the outbreak of World War I. The socialist Ioan Nădejde commented on the fact that Stere had become rivals with members of the Romanian Social Democratic Workers' Party who had joined the PNL in 1899, and especially with their leader Vasile Morțun. He joined his voice to a diverse intellectual opposition which also included the Conservative Party's Petre P. Carp and Alexandru Marghiloman, the left-leaning writers Tudor Arghezi, Dimitrie D. Pătrășcanu, and Gala Galaction, as well as the revolutionary socialist Christian Rakovsky.
Following the occupation of Bucharest by the Central Powers, Stere remained in the city, in contrast with the mass the Bucharesters who followed the Romanian authorities' refuge to Iași. With financial support from Alexandru Vaida-Voevod, he began publishing his Lumina, a newspaper that was nevertheless, according to its editor, "supportive of the Romanian point of view" and thus subject to censorship ("a German [censorship], for [views on] external politics [...] and for internal politics [the one] exercised by Petre P. Carp's men, who cut out my articles on expropriation [that is, land reform] and universal suffrage").
In late March 1918, he represented the Alexandru Marghiloman government in Chișinău, during the time after the February and October Revolutions when Bessarabia had proclaimed itself a Moldavian Democratic Republic — he was charged with assisting Ion Inculeț in proposing a union of Bessarabia and Romania in Sfatul Țării, the republic's legislative assembly. After prolonged debates, the vote was carried in favor of union on March 27 (see Greater Romania).
With the change in fortunes brought by the Armistice with Germany, Stere was charged with treason and imprisoned; never facing trial, he was eventually set free.
Creation of the Peasants' Party
In the late 1910s, he became discreetly involved in the movement that led to the creation of the Bessarabian Peasants' Party (founded and led by Pan Halippa and Ion Inculeț). In late 1918, most of it merged into Ion Mihalache's Peasants' Party (PȚ), of which he and Halippa became high-ranking members (Inculeț disagreed with the political union, and led a smaller party that eventually merged into the PNL).
Stere caused a scandal after running and winning elections for the Chamber of Deputies of Romania in Soroca (1921, under the Alexandru Averescu government), when all parties joined Nicolae Iorga in opposition to his appointment in office (Iorga considered Stere's anti-Entente past to be equivalent with treason). Fears of Bolshevik appeal in Bessarabia led to widespread allegations that the former socialist Stere was "Bolshevizing" the region. Speaking from the non-communist Left, Ioan Nădejde expressed concerns that Stere was radicalizing his message:
"[...] Stere aims to scrape together a socialist party, allied with the Peasants' Party, against all other social classes, and thus follows a policy out of which, in the end, we could only get Bolshevism."
In 1919, Stere had shown his awareness of that he and his party were being criticised by various political groups claiming Marxist orthodoxy, far left included. Stating again his belief in the fragile and minority position of industrial proletarians in the landscape of Romanian economy of the period, he indicated that the latter class was destined to adapt its demands to the interests of the peasantry:
"[...] for a country such as Romania, it is obvious that the urban working class' fate is literally in the hands of the rural working class. [...]In these conditions, would it not be an act of suicide from the industrial working class of Romania if it were to adopt a hostile attitude toward the peasantry?And: it is obvious that, no matter what the political and social doctrine preached by the urban proletariat, it would become hostile toward the peasantry if it wanted to impose upon it a form of economic structuring rejected by the peasantry, such as, for one, the immediate and violent socialization of peasant agriculture.A socialist worker expresses, in the pages of [a socialist journal], the fear that the Peasants' Party of Romania will follow the example of the peasant parties in Bulgaria and Serbia [that is, the Bulgarian Agrarian National Union and the Serbian Peasant Party], who, once in power, are said to have oppressed the workers.But can this serve as an argument against the solidarity in interests of the workers in villages and cities?In these murky times, we have also assisted to the spectacle of bloody repression, by a socialist government [formed by the Social Democratic Party of Germany], of the workers' movements in Germany.Does this mean that there is a real conflict of interests between those elements of the German proletariat that are being led by the orthodox Social Democracy, and the elements that follow the banner of the Independent Party?"
Scandal and dissidence
Stere's position in his party's leadership prevented it from entering a close union with the Transylvania-based Romanian National Party (PNR) in 1924, as the PNR's leaders resented his anti-Entente past.
Two years later, however, he was admitted as one of the leaders of the newly created National Peasants' Party, a fusion of the two groups that was partly aided by the attack of National Liberal agents on Pan Halippa and the government's refusal to punish the guilty. Stere was the author of a legislation which aimed at providing for a degree of administrative decentralization and local initiative in government, passed in 1929 by the Iuliu Maniu executive.
He soon clashed with the more conservative politicians who had been members of the PNR. In March 1930, the mention of his name during a public celebration provoked a number of Romanian Army generals to leave in protest; immediately after, the National Liberal group around Vintilă Brătianu began attacking Stere's party for harbouring him, and for causing a split between Army and political establishment. General Henry Cihoschi, the Minister of Defense, was publicly criticized in parliament for not siding with his subordinates, and had to resign on April 4; Maniu appeared to support Stere's ousting.
In reply, Stere again expressed his view that Romania's government had been wrong in 1916, and left to create the minor Democratic Peasants' Party–Stere (not to be confused with the one created later by Nicolae L. Lupu), which he led into a union with Grigore Iunian's Radical Peasants' Party.
Legacy
Despite his dissidence, Stere's ideas remained highly influential inside the National Peasants' Party, and constituted a major influence on the doctrines of Virgil Madgearu. Poporanism, alongside Marxism itself, was a contributing factor in Dimitrie Gusti's original theories on sociology.
Stere's original ideas on economic development and Marxist topics were subject to censorship in Communist Romania; although works on him were published after the establishment of Nicolae Ceaușescu's rule, they generally avoided presenting and quoting his writings. Described as a "reactionary" until the 1960s, he was considered by revised official historiography to have taken a "radical-bourgeoisie position". In 2010, the Romanian Academy granted posthumous membership to Constantin Stere.În preajma revoluției first appeared in eight volumes between 1932 and 1936, when it met with popular and critical success, although this was largely due to the fact that its author was cloaked in legend. The Communist regime banned the work for its duration, considering it unpublishable, even after Ceaușescu steered a course away from Soviet tutelage. The book was published between 1990 and 1991 at Chișinău, while Stere's biographer Zigu Ornea put out another edition in 1991-1993. Both editions of the somewhat problematic 2331-page text were flawed, and in 2010, the Iași-based literary historian Victor Durnea began publishing a critical, annotated edition of Stere's works, starting with the novel. The manuscripts no longer exist, Stere's archive in his country house at Bucov having mysteriously disappeared after World War II, so that Durnea's interventions were limited to introducing uniformity into the available text, eliminating arbitrary decisions both by Stere and his editors, and replacing obsolete terms and punctuation that resulted from the author's culturally Russian outlook.
Notes
References
Lucian Boia, History and Myth in Romanian Consciousness, Central European University Press, 2001
Manuela Boatcă, "Peripheral Solutions to Peripheral Development: The Case of Early 20th Century Romania" (PDF file), in Journal of World Systems Research, XI, 1, July 2005, p. 3-26
Ion Coman, "Un pretext, un şantaj, o mostră a politicianismului burghez: cazul Stere" ("A Pretext, a Blackmail, a Sample of Bourgeoisie Petty Politics: the Stere Case"), in Magazin Istoric, June 1972
Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea, Neoiobăgia: Curente de idei și opinii în legătură cu neoiobăgia ("Neo-Serfdom: Schools of Thought and Opinions Dealing with Neo-Serfdom")
Arthur Gorovei, "Între socialiști, la Iași" ("Among the Socialists, in Iași"), in Magazin IstoricKeith Hitchins, România, 1866-1947, Humanitas, Bucharest, 1998 (translation of the English-language edition Rumania, 1866-1947, Oxford University Press, USA, 1994)
Alexandra Ionescu, Chipuri ale binelui comun. Două tentative românești de conciliere între morală și politică ("Faces of the Common Good. Two Romanian Attempts to Reconcile Morals and Politics")
Joseph L. Love, Theorizing underdevelopment: Latin America and Romania, 1860-1950
Vasile Niculae, Ion Ilincioiu, Stelian Neagoe, Doctrina țărănistă în România. Antologie de texte ("Peasant Doctrine in Romania. Collected Texts"), Editura Noua Alternativă, Social Theory Institute of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, 1994
Zigu Ornea, Viața lui C. Stere, Vol. I, Cartea Românească, Bucharest, 1989; Vol. II, Cartea Românească, 1991
Ioan Scurtu, "Prăbușirea unui mit" ("A Myth's Crumbling"), in Magazin IstoricJoseph Slabey Roucek, Contemporary Roumania and Her Problems, Ayer Publishing, Manchester, New Hampshire, 1971
Henri H. Stahl, Gânditori și curente de istorie socială românească ("Thinkers and Trends in Romanian Social History"), Cap.IX, "Curentele antigheriste" ("Anti-Dobrogeanu-Gherea Trends")
Răzvan Voncu, "Lungul drum al recuperării lui C. Stere" , in România Literară, Nr. 32/2010
Constantin Stere, "Cum am devenit director al Vieții Romînești [sic]" ("How I Became an Editor of Viața Românească"), in Viața Românească, 1&2/XXV, January–February 1933
Mircea Vulcănescu, Școala sociologică a lui Dimitrie Gusti. IX: Semnificația generală a învățământului gustian ("The Sociology School of Dimitrie Gusti. IX: The General Significance of Gusti's Teaching")
Gheorghe Zbuchea, Despre problema basarabeană în politica externă a României în anii 1912-1916 ("On the Bessarabian Issue in Romania's External Policy in the Years 1912-1916"
External links
Liliana Corobca, Personajul în romanul românesc interbelic ("Characters in the Interwar Romanian Novel"): 2.0. Lecturile personajului (approx. "What Characters Read") (includes an analysis of Vania Răutu and Smaragda Theodorovna, protagonists of În preajma revoluției'')
Romanian people of Moldovan descent
Romanian activists
Romanian jurists
Romanian literary critics
Romanian philosophers
Romanian political scientists
Romanian essayists
Romanian memoirists
Romanian novelists
Romanian male novelists
Romanian magazine editors
Romanian magazine founders
Romanian newspaper editors
Romanian newspaper founders
Romanian nationalists
Romanian opinion journalists
Romanian socialists
Ethnic Romanian politicians of the Bessarabia Governorate
Prefects of Romania
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Romania)
Members of the Romanian Academy elected posthumously
National Liberal Party (Romania) politicians
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1865 births
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Burials at Bellu Cemetery |
```javascript
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Tian Zhen (born 2 May 1966) is a Chinese rock singer from Beijing.
Early life
On May 2, 1966, Tian Zhen was born in Beijing to Dai Li and Tian Zhenhua. Both of her parents were members of the army — her father as a soldier, and her mother as a solo singer. Tian is the youngest of four children, with three elder brothers.
Tian is an alum of The Affiliated High School of Peking University.
Career
She has described Tina Turner as her favorite singer. Unlike her female Chinese vocalist predecessors, she writes and composes her own songs.
Tian is regarded as one of the three greatest female singers of her generation, along with Mao Amin and Na Ying. Tian's hits include Perseverance (执着), Cheers, Mate (干杯，朋友), What a big tree (好大一棵树), The girl from Ali Mountain (阿里山的姑娘), Night Stand (水姻缘), and Roses in the storms and rainbows (风雨彩虹铿锵玫瑰).
Personal life
Tian married her manager Zhang Weining. They have no children.
Tian suffered from thrombocytopenia, a serious blood disease around 2006.
Discography
1984 Beautiful Bay (美丽的海湾; Měilì de Hǎiwān)
1984 Nameless Little Flower (无名的小花; Wúmíng de Xiǎohuā)
1984 Monica (莫尼卡; Mòníkǎ)
1995 Perseverance (执着; Zhízhuó)
1996 Self-titled Tian Zhen (田震;Tián Zhèn)
1997 Let it Be (顺其自然; Shùn qí Zìrán)
1998 Cheers, Mate (干杯，朋友; GānBēi PéngYǒu)
2000 Shock (震撼; Zhènhàn)
2001 Night Stand (水姻缘; Shuǐ yīnyuán)
2005 38.5 °C
2006 Thanks Tian (干杯，田震; Gānbēi, tiánzhèn)
Related artists/bands
Cui Jian
Dou Wei
Tang Dynasty (band)
References
External links
Official site
|-
! colspan="3" style="background: #DAA520;" | Top Chinese Music Chart Awards
|-
1966 births
Living people
Chinese women singer-songwriters
Chinese rock singers
Chinese Mandopop singers
Singers from Beijing
Writers from Beijing
20th-century Chinese women singers
21st-century Chinese women singers |
Dusinberre is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Edward Dusinberre (born 1968), British classical violinist
Elspeth R. M. Dusinberre (born 1968), American professor of classics
Martin Dusinberre (born 1976), British historian |
Old Town Shamrocks Porvoo Rugby Club, is a Finnish rugby club in Porvoo.
History
The club was founded in 2011.
Seasons 2012 and 2013 the club played in Division 1.
Season 2013 the club lost the final of division 1 but were still promoted since the Finnish championship expanded to 10 teams.
Season 2014 the club finished in 9th place with 2 victories and 7 defeats.
Season 2015 the club finished in 5th place with 4 victories and 4 defeats. Season 2016 the club was eliminated in the semi-final by Helsinki RC and in 2017 after finishing the regular season in 3rd place the club faced Jyväskylä RC in semi final and was defeated 58–19.
External links
Old Town Shamrocks Supporters on Facebook
Official pages
Rugby union teams in Finland
Sport in Porvoo |
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// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and
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// furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
//
// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or
// substantial portions of the Software.
//
// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT
// NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
// NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM,
// DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
// OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
// your_sha256_hash----------------------------------
// Local:
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#include "Logger.h"
#if WIN32
#include "WindowsFrameWriter.h"
#else
#include "PosixFrameWriter.h"
#endif
// STL:
#include <exception>
#include <sstream>
#define LOG_COMPONENT Logger::LOG_VIDEO
namespace malmo
{
VideoFrameWriter::VideoFrameWriter(std::string path, std::string frame_info_filename, short width, short height, int frames_per_second, int channels, bool drop_input_frames)
: path(path)
, width(width)
, height(height)
, frames_per_second(frames_per_second)
, drop_input_frames(drop_input_frames)
, channels(channels)
, is_open(false)
, frame_duration(boost::posix_time::milliseconds(1000) / frames_per_second)
{
boost::filesystem::path fs_path(path);
if (boost::filesystem::is_directory(fs_path)) {
this->frame_info_path = fs_path / frame_info_filename;
}
else {
this->frame_info_path = fs_path.parent_path() / frame_info_filename;
}
}
VideoFrameWriter::~VideoFrameWriter()
{
this->close();
}
void VideoFrameWriter::open()
{
this->close();
// Create helpful script:
boost::filesystem::path fs_path(this->path);
std::string ffmpeg_helpfile = (fs_path.parent_path() / (fs_path.stem().string() + "_to_pngs.sh")).string();
std::ofstream helpfile(ffmpeg_helpfile);
helpfile << "#! To extract individual frames from the mp4\n";
helpfile << "mkdir " << fs_path.stem().string() << "_frames\n";
helpfile << "ffmpeg -i " << fs_path.filename() << " " << fs_path.stem().string() << "_frames/frame_%06d.png\n";
this->frame_info_stream.open(this->frame_info_path.string());
this->frame_info_stream << "width=" << this->width << std::endl;
this->frame_info_stream << "height=" << this->height << std::endl;
this->is_open = true;
this->start_time = boost::posix_time::microsec_clock::universal_time();
this->last_timestamp = this->start_time - this->frame_duration;
this->frame_index = 0;
this->frames_available = false;
this->frame_writer_thread = boost::thread(&VideoFrameWriter::writeFrames, this);
}
bool VideoFrameWriter::isOpen() const
{
return this->is_open;
}
void VideoFrameWriter::close()
{
LOGSECTION(LOG_FINE, "In VideoFrameWriter::close()...");
if (this->is_open) {
this->frame_info_stream.close();
this->is_open = false;
LOGFINE(LT("Set is_open to false"));
{
boost::lock_guard<boost::mutex> frames_available_guard(this->frames_available_mutex);
this->frames_available = true;
}
LOGFINE(LT("Notifying worker thread that frames are available, in order to close."));
this->frames_available_cond.notify_one();
LOGFINE(LT("Waiting for worker thread to join."));
this->frame_writer_thread.join();
LOGFINE(LT("Worker thread joined."));
LOGFINE(LT("Frames received for writing: "), this->frame_index);
LOGFINE(LT("Frames actually written: "), this->frames_actually_written);
}
}
void VideoFrameWriter::writeFrames()
{
this->frames_actually_written = 0;
while (this->is_open) {
{
boost::unique_lock<boost::mutex> lock(this->frames_available_mutex);
while (!this->frames_available) {
this->frames_available_cond.wait(lock);
}
}
while (true) {
TimestampedVideoFrame frame;
{
boost::lock_guard<boost::mutex> buffer_guard(this->frame_buffer_mutex);
if (this->frame_buffer.size() > 0) {
frame = this->frame_buffer.front();
this->frame_buffer.pop();
}
}
if (frame.width == 0) {
boost::lock_guard<boost::mutex> frames_available_guard(this->frames_available_mutex);
this->frames_available = false;
break;
}
try
{
writeSingleFrame(frame, this->frames_actually_written);
this->frames_actually_written++;
}
catch (std::exception& e)
{
LOGERROR(LT("Failed to write frame: "), e.what());
}
}
}
}
void VideoFrameWriter::writeSingleFrame(const TimestampedVideoFrame& frame, int count)
{
LOGTRACE(LT("Writing frame "), count + 1, LT(", "), frame.width, LT("x"), frame.height, LT("x"), frame.channels);
if (frame.channels == 4)
{
if (frame.frametype == TimestampedVideoFrame::DEPTH_MAP)
{
// For making videos out of 32bpp depth maps, what exactly should we display?
// We could reduce to greyscale, but that way we loose a lot of precision.
// Instead, convert to an HSV colour cone, which hopefully gives a greater range
// of colour values to map to.
const float* fPixels = reinterpret_cast<const float*>(&(frame.pixels[0]));
char *out_pixels = new char[frame.width * frame.height * 3];
for (int i = 0; i < frame.width*frame.height; i++)
{
float f = fPixels[i];
float h = 60.0f * f;
while (h >= 360.0)
h -= 360.0;
float s = 1.0;
float v = 1.0f - (f / 200.0f);
if (v < 0)
v = 0;
if (v > 1.0)
v = 1.0;
h = h / 60.0f;
float fract = h - floor(h);
v *= 255.0;
float p = v*(1.0f - s);
float q = v*(1.0f - s*fract);
float t = v*(1.0f - s*(1.0f - fract));
unsigned int out;
if (0. <= h && h < 1.)
out = int(v) + (int(t) << 8) + (int(p) << 16);
else if (1. <= h && h < 2.)
out = int(q) + (int(v) << 8) + (int(p) << 16);
else if (2. <= h && h < 3.)
out = int(p) + (int(v) << 8) + (int(t) << 16);
else if (3. <= h && h < 4.)
out = int(p) + (int(q) << 8) + (int(v) << 16);
else if (4. <= h && h < 5.)
out = int(t) + (int(p) << 8) + (int(v) << 16);
else if (5. <= h && h < 6.)
out = int(v) + (int(p) << 8) + (int(q) << 16);
else
out = 0;
out_pixels[3 * i] = out & 0xff;
out_pixels[3 * i + 1] = (out >> 8) & 0xff;
out_pixels[3 * i + 2] = (out >> 16) & 0xff;
}
this->doWrite(out_pixels, frame.width, frame.height, count);
delete[] out_pixels;
}
else
{
// extract DDD from RGBD
char *out_pixels = new char[frame.width * frame.height * 3];
for (int i = 0; i < frame.width*frame.height; i++)
{
out_pixels[i * 3] = out_pixels[i * 3 + 1] = out_pixels[i * 3 + 2] = frame.pixels[i * 4 + 3];
}
this->doWrite(out_pixels, frame.width, frame.height, count);
delete[] out_pixels;
}
}
else if (frame.channels == 3 || frame.channels == 1)
{
// write the pixel data directly
this->doWrite((char*)&frame.pixels[0], frame.width, frame.height, count);
}
else throw std::runtime_error("Unsupported number of channels");
}
bool VideoFrameWriter::write(TimestampedVideoFrame frame)
{
boost::lock_guard<boost::mutex> write_guard(this->write_mutex);
if (!this->drop_input_frames || frame.timestamp - this->last_timestamp >= this->frame_duration) {
this->last_timestamp = frame.timestamp;
std::stringstream name;
name << "frame_" << std::setfill('0') << std::setw(6) << this->frame_index + 1;
std::stringstream posdata;
posdata << "xyzyp: " << frame.xPos << " " << frame.yPos << " " << frame.zPos << " " << frame.yaw << " " << frame.pitch;
this->frame_info_stream << boost::posix_time::to_iso_string(frame.timestamp) << " " << name.str() << " " << posdata.str() << std::endl;
this->frame_index++;
{
boost::lock_guard<boost::mutex> buffer_guard(this->frame_buffer_mutex);
LOGTRACE(LT("Pushing frame "), this->frame_index, LT(", "), frame.width, LT("x"), frame.height, LT("x"), frame.channels, LT(" to write buffer."));
this->frame_buffer.push(frame);
}
{
boost::lock_guard<boost::mutex> frames_available_guard(this->frames_available_mutex);
this->frames_available = true;
}
this->frames_available_cond.notify_one();
return true;
}
return false;
}
std::unique_ptr<VideoFrameWriter> VideoFrameWriter::create(std::string path, std::string info_filename, short width, short height, int frames_per_second, int64_t bit_rate, int channels, bool drop_input_frames)
{
#if WIN32
std::unique_ptr<VideoFrameWriter> instance( new WindowsFrameWriter(path, info_filename, width, height, frames_per_second, bit_rate, channels, drop_input_frames) );
#else
std::unique_ptr<VideoFrameWriter> instance( new PosixFrameWriter(path, info_filename, width, height, frames_per_second, bit_rate, channels, drop_input_frames) );
#endif
return instance;
}
}
#undef LOG_COMPONENT
``` |
Berlinia hollandii is a species of plant in the family Fabaceae. It is found only in Nigeria. It is threatened by habitat loss.
References
Detarioideae
Flora of Nigeria
Endangered plants
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot |
EveryDoctor is a British grassroots advocacy group made up of doctors. The group was established in 2019, and grew during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom. In May 2021, EveryDoctor and the Good Law Project brought legal action against the British government in relation to COVID-19 PPE contracts during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, accusing the Department of Health and Social Care of unlawful procurement procedures and providing inadequate PPE supplies.
See also
COVID-19 contracts in the United Kingdom
References
External links
EveryDoctor website
COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom
National Health Service
2019 establishments in the United Kingdom
Medical activism
Health advocacy groups
Political organisations based in the United Kingdom |
There are two towns named Saligrama in the Indian state of Karnataka:
Saligrama, Mysore
Saligrama, Udupi |
The Kőszeg Mountains , sometimes called the Guns or Güns Mountains (, ), are a mountain range in the Alpokalja area, the easternmost region of the Alps. The territory of the range is shared between Austria and Hungary. Its highest point is the Írott-kő (literally written stone) with a height of 884 metres.
References
See also
Geography of Hungary
Alpokalja
Güns (disambiguation)
Mountain ranges of Burgenland
Mountain ranges of Hungary
Oberpullendorf District
Oberwart District
Geography of Vas County
Kőszeg
Prealps East of the Mur
Pannonian island mountains |
HMS Gibraltar was the name ship of the Gibraltar Group of 24-gun sixth rates. After commissioning she spent her career in Home waters and North America on trade protection duties. She was rebuilt at Deptford between 1725 and 1727. After her rebuild she served in Home Waters, North America, West Indies and the Mediterranean on trade protection. She was sold in 1749.
Gibraltar was the first vessel in the Royal Navy to be given this name, which commemorated the capture by the Royal Navy of the Rock of Gibraltar in 1704.
Construction
She was ordered on 24 January 1711 from Deptford Dockyard to be built under the guidance of Joseph Allin, Master Shipwright of Portsmouth. She was launched on 18 October 1711.
Commissioned Service
She was commissioned in 1712 under the command of Commander John Shorter, RN (promoted to captain in January 1713) for service in Ireland for 'owling'. She then came under the command of Captain Edward Falkingham, RN, for Newfoundland convoy, and subsequently Captain Beaumont Waldron, RN, for service in the Channel. She was refitted at Deptford from March to July 1720 at a cost of £1,993.19.8d. She was surveyed on 13 November 1724.
Rebuild at Deptford 1725 - 1727
She was dismantled at Deptford in preparation for rebuilding as a 374 tom 20-gun sixth rate. Her rebuild commenced in January 1725 with her launching on 8 August 1727. The dimensions after rebuild were gundeck with a keel length of for tonnage calculation. The breadth would be with a depth of hold of . The tonnage calculation would be 37466/94 tons. The gun armament as established in 1713 would be twenty 6-pounder 19 hundredweight (cwt) guns mounted on wooden trucks. She was completed for sea on 2 September 1727 at a cost of £6,723.16.4d.
Commissioned Service after Rebuild
She was commissioned in 1728 under the command of Captain John Byng, RN In July 1728 she was under the command of Captain John Stanley, RN for Wager's Fleet in the straits, then moved to the Mediterranean. In 1752 Captain Henry Medley was in command for secret service in 1732 then to Maryland in 1733 and then to the Barbary Coast in 1734. She underwent a middling repair and refitted at Sheerness for £1,181.10.4d from March to May 1735. After completion, she was commissioned under Captain John Durell, RN for service in the English Channel. In 1736, Captain Richard Norris took command for Tagus and then to the Mediterranean. Upon her return she underwent a middling repair at Portsmouth for £4,296.5.5d from May thru October 1740. She recommissioned in July 1740 under Captain Purvis, RN. Captain George Cokburne, RN took command in June 1741 and was off Oporto, followed by Captain Thorp Fowke, RN in May 1742 for the North Sea and Captain Philip Durell, RN took command in 1743. She was to have ben fitted for service in the West Indies but this was cancelled. She underwent a small repair at Sheerness costing £2,371.1.5d between December 1743 and January 1744. Captain Richard Chadwick, RN took command in January 1744 for service in the North sea followed by Captain Coningsby Norbury, RN in November 1744 and Captain John Barker in September 1745. November 1746 she was in the Thames approaches under Captain Frederick Hyde, RN. Between October 1747 and February 1748 she underwent a middling repair at Sheerness for £2,167.18.8d. She was paid off in July 1748 and underwent a survey on 13 December 1748.
Disposition
HMS Gibraltar was sold by Admiralty Order (AO) 23 December 1748 for £340 on 16 March 1749.
Notes
Citations
References
Winfield 2009, British Warships in the Age of Sail (1603 – 1714), by Rif Winfield, published by Seaforth Publishing, England © 2009, EPUB , Chapter 6, The Sixth Rates, Vessels acquired from 2 May 1660, Gibraltar Group, Gibraltar
Winfield 2007, British Warships in the Age of Sail (1714 – 1792), by Rif Winfield, published by Seaforth Publishing, England © 2007, EPUB , Chapter 6, Sixth Rates, Sixth Rates of 20 or 24 guns, Vessels in Service at 1 August 1714, Gibraltar Group, Gibraltar
Colledge, Ships of the Royal Navy, by J.J. Colledge, revised and updated by Lt Cdr Ben Warlow and Steve Bush, published by Seaforth Publishing, Barnsley, Great Britain, © 2020, EPUB , (EPUB), Section G (Gibraltar)
1710s ships
Corvettes of the Royal Navy
Ships built in Portsmouth
Naval ships of the United Kingdom |
Panama is competing at the 2013 World Aquatics Championships in Barcelona, Spain between 19 July and 4 August 2013.
Swimming
Panamanian swimmers achieved qualifying standards in the following events (up to a maximum of 2 swimmers in each event at the A-standard entry time, and 1 at the B-standard):
Men
Women
References
External links
Barcelona 2013 Official Site
FPN web site
Nations at the 2013 World Aquatics Championships
2013 in Panamanian sport
Panama at the World Aquatics Championships |
Heinrich Fink (31 March 1935 – 1 July 2020) was a German theologian, university professor and politician (Die Linke). In 1991 Fink was dismissed from Humboldt University of Berlin due to allegations against him being a former informer for the East German state security office, the Stasi. Fink denied the allegations.
Biography
Fink was born in Korntal, Bessarabia, Romania (today Cantemir, part of Nădejdea commune, in Sarata Raion) and came from an impoverished Bessarabian German peasant family. The family was resettled to Poland on the basis of Heinrich Himmler's emigration policy. Heinrich Fink joined the Free German Youth (FDJ). From 1954 to 1960, he studied Protestant theology at Berlin's Humboldt University, where he set out his doctoral thesis on Karl Barth and his master dissertation on Friedrich Schleiermacher.
From 1979 to 1992, Fink was Professor of Practical Theology at Humboldt University, of which he was the principal from 1990 to 1992. He was a member of the Christian Peace Conference wherein he occasionally was East German Regional Committee Chairman, and he was Chairman of the Union of Persecutees of the Nazi Regime (Vereinigung der Verfolgten des Naziregimes – Bund der Antifaschistinnen und Antifaschisten). From 1998 to 2001, Fink was a member of the German Bundestag for the Party of Democratic Socialism.
In November 1991 allegations about his cooperation with the East German state security were leaked to the public. Many academics and artists protested and spoke about a politically motivated procedure. Nevertheless, Fink was summarily fired. The decision to fire him was later upheld in German courts after he had sued Humboldt University and the administration of the city of Berlin, his former employer.
Selected publications
Books
(2013) Wie die Humboldt-Universität gewendet wurde. Erinnerungen des ersten frei gewählten Rektors. Hannover, Ossietzky.
(2011) Einspruch! : antifaschistische Positionen zur Geschichtspolitik, with Cornelia Kerth and VVN-Bund der Antifaschisten VVN-BdA. Köln, PapyRossa.
(1992) Heinrich Fink : sich der Verantwortung stellen, with Bernhard Maleck. Berlin, Dietz.
(1992) Politische Kultur im vereinigten Deutschland : der Streit um Heinrich Fink, Rektor der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. Berlin, Utopie kreativ.
(1991) Universität Leipzig Arbeitskreis Hochschulpolitische Öffentlichkeit. Heinrich Fink und der Umgang mit unserer Vergangenheit "eine ordinäre politische Massnahme", with Rudolf Bahro. Leipzig Arbeitskreis Hochschulpolitische Öffentlichkeit, 1991.
(1987) Dietrich Bonhoeffer--gefährdetes Erbe in bedrohter Welt : Beiträge zur Auseinandersetzung um sein Werk, with Carl-Jürgen Kaltenborn and Dieter Kraft. Berlin, Union Verlag, 1987.
(1985) Zur Geschichte der Theologischen Fakultät Berlins, with Heinrich Fink et al. Berlin, Humboldt-Universität.
(1978) Karl Barth und die Bewegung Freies Deutschland in der Schweiz. [S.l.], 1978. [Doctoral Dissertation.] Karl Barth und die Bewegung Freies Deutschland in der Schweiz : Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades doctor scientiae theologiae (Dr.sc.theol.), vorgelegt dem Senat des Wissenschaftlichen Rates der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. Berlin, H. Fink [Selfpublisher], 1978.
(1969) Von Schleiermacher zu Marx, with Emil Fuchs and Herbert Trebs. Berlin, Union Verlag, 1969.
[(1968)] Stärker als die Angst; den 6 Millionen, die keinen Retter fanden. Berlin, Union Verlag.
1966 Begründung der Funktion der Praktischen Theologie bei Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher Eine Unters. anhand s. prakt.-theol. Vorlesgn. Berlin, [s.n.], 1966. (Berlin, Humboldt-U., Theol. F., Diss. v. 25. Jan. 1966.) [Master Dissertation.]
[(1951)] Première Session du Conseil mondial de la paix. Berlin, with Palamede Borsari and Jessie Street. 21-26 février 1951. Compte rendu et documents II. N.l., n.d.
References
External links
1935 births
2020 deaths
People from Odesa Oblast
20th-century German Protestant theologians
Party of Democratic Socialism (Germany) politicians
Members of the Bundestag for Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania
Members of the Bundestag 1998–2002
Christian Peace Conference members
Union of Persecutees of the Nazi Regime members
Bessarabia-German people
People from Bezirk Potsdam
People of the Stasi
German male non-fiction writers
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
Academic staff of the Humboldt University of Berlin
Presidents of the Humboldt University of Berlin
Members of the Bundestag for The Left |
Mariner was a canceled project to add performance and stability enhancements to the browser engine used in the Netscape Communicator web browser. Mariner became open source in March 1998 when Netscape released its client code and started the Mozilla project.
Mariner added support for page reflow, a feature lacking in previous Netscape releases, making the layout of text and tables much faster. In addition, development work was done on a Document Object Model (level 1) and stability was improved. Enhancements to HTML and CSS were also made but these were not technically part of the Mariner project.
The original intention was to ship Mariner in Netscape Communicator 5.0, with subsequent releases using the newer NGLayout engine (now called Gecko). However, in October 1998, Netscape decided to abandon the old layout engine in favour of NGLayout and work on Mariner ceased. Netscape Communicator 5.0 and Mariner never shipped. The next major Netscape revision (Netscape 6, released in November 2000) was built around Gecko.
External links
Mariner Project Page (no longer updated)
Layout engines
Mozilla
Netscape |
Bashot Rural District was a rural district in the administrative county of Surrey, England from 1933 to 1974, covering an area in the north-west of the county.
History
The district was created in 1933 from the former Windlesham Urban District and part of the Chertsey Rural District, which were both abolished. The new district was named after the village of Bagshot in the parish of Windlesham, which also had the district's only railway station.
The district was abolished under the Local Government Act 1972, merging with neighbouring Frimley and Camberley Urban District to become Surrey Heath on 1 April 1974.
Parishes
When created the district contained the three civil parishes of Bisley, Chobham and Windlesham. A fourth parish of West End was created from part of Chobham parish in 1968.
Premises
In the mid-1960s the council built itself a new headquarters at Bagshot Manor on Guildford Road in Bagshot, on the site of an earlier house of the same name.
Coat of arms
Bagshot Rural District Council was granted a coat of arms on 20 July 1960. The motto for the district was Festina Prudenter.
On the crest, the gold and white background was from the arms of Chertsey Abbey, which owned and is connected with the history of much of the district – Bagshot was included in a grant to the Abbey as early as 933. The stag's head on the crest refers to Bagshot Park, a royal demesne since Norman times and hunting ground of the Stuart kings, and also to the fact that much of the area was formerly part of Windsor Forest. The grenade on the crest refers to the area's military associations, in particular the former military camp at Chobham and the lion recalls the area's royal links. The fir cones and mound of heathland refers to Bagshot Heath, and the falcon is derived from the supporters of the Earls of Onslow.
References
Districts of England abolished by the Local Government Act 1972
Rural districts of England |
Grant Connell and Todd Martin were the defending champions but did not compete that year.
Jan Apell and Brent Haygarth won in the final 3–6, 6–1, 6–3 against Pat Cash and Patrick Rafter.
Seeds
Champion seeds are indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which those seeds were eliminated.
Jan Apell / Brent Haygarth (champions)
Luke Jensen / Murphy Jensen (quarterfinals)
Rikard Bergh / Shelby Cannon (first round)
Javier Frana / Karel Nováček (quarterfinals)
Draw
References
1996 XL Bermuda Open Doubles Draw
XL Bermuda Open
1996 ATP Tour |
Aaron Paul (born Aaron Paul Sturtevant; August 27, 1979) is an American actor and producer. He is best known for portraying Jesse Pinkman in the AMC series Breaking Bad (2008–2013), for which he won several awards, including the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series (2014), Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries, or Television Film (2013), and Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series. This made him one of only two actors to win the latter category three times (2010, 2012, 2014) since its separation into comedy and drama. He has also won the Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor on Television three times (2009, 2011, 2013), more than any other actor in that category. He reprised the role of Jesse Pinkman six years after the end of the series in the 2019 Netflix film El Camino: A Breaking Bad Movie and again during the final season of the spin-off series Better Call Saul in 2022, earning further critical acclaim.
Paul began his career with roles in several music videos, guest roles in television, and minor roles in films. In 2007, he had a recurring role as Scott Quittman on the HBO series Big Love (2006–2011), and in 2009 he starred in the remake of The Last House on the Left. Following Breaking Bad, he starred in films such as Need for Speed (2014), Hellion (2014), Exodus: Gods and Kings (2014), Eye in the Sky (2015), and Central Intelligence (2016). He also voiced Todd Chavez in the Netflix animated series BoJack Horseman (2014–2020), on which he was also an executive producer, and portrayed Eddie Lane in the Hulu drama series The Path (2016–2018) and Caleb Nichols in the HBO science fiction drama series Westworld (2020–2022). In 2023, he starred as Cliff in the season 6 episode of the Netflix anthology series Black Mirror, “Beyond the Sea”, for which he received some praise, although the episode received polarising reviews.
Early life
Aaron Paul was born Aaron Paul Sturtevant, in Emmett, Idaho, on August 27, 1979, the youngest of four children born to Darla (née Haynes) and Baptist minister Robert Sturtevant. He was born a month premature in his parents' bathroom. He grew up participating in church plays. He graduated in 1997 from Centennial High School in Boise, Idaho, after which he drove to Los Angeles in his 1982 Toyota Corolla with his mother and $6,000 in savings. Soon after arriving in Los Angeles, he appeared on an episode of the CBS game show The Price Is Right, which aired on January 3, 2000. Appearing under his birth name, he played and lost his pricing game and overbid on his Showcase. He also worked as a movie theater usher at Universal Studios in Hollywood.
Career
In 1996, Paul went to Los Angeles for the International Modeling and Talent Association competition. He won runner-up and signed with a manager. He starred in the music videos for Korn's song "Thoughtless" and Everlast's song "White Trash Beautiful". He was also featured in television commercials for Juicy Fruit, Corn Pops, and Vanilla Coke. He appeared in the films Whatever It Takes (2000), Help! I'm a Fish (2001), K-PAX (2001), National Lampoon's Van Wilder (2002), Bad Girls From Valley High (2005), Choking Man (2006), Mission: Impossible III (2006), The Last House on the Left (2009), and Need for Speed (2014). He starred as "Weird Al" Yankovic in the Funny or Die short Weird: The Al Yankovic Story (2010), and has guest starred on television shows such as The Guardian, CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, CSI: Miami, ER, Sleeper Cell, Veronica Mars, The X-Files, Ghost Whisperer, Criminal Minds, and Bones.
Paul first became known for his role as Scott Quittman on HBO's Big Love, on which he appeared fourteen times. In 2008, he began playing Jesse Pinkman on the AMC series Breaking Bad. His character was originally meant to die during the first season, but after seeing the chemistry between Paul and the lead actor Bryan Cranston, the series creator Vince Gilligan changed his mind and modified the original plans to include Jesse as a main character. For his role in Breaking Bad, Paul was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series in 2009, 2010, 2012, 2013, and 2014; he won the award in 2010, 2012, and 2014.
Paul starred in the film Smashed, which was one of the official selections for the 2012 Sundance Film Festival. In an October 2012 interview with ESPN, he spoke about his childhood experience as a Boise State Broncos fan and discussed the challenges of portraying a meth addict in Breaking Bad. In 2012 and 2013, he made appearances on Tron: Uprising, voicing a character named Cyrus.
In September 2013, he was featured on Zen Freeman's dance song, "Dance Bitch". He made a surprise appearance on Saturday Night Lives 39th season opener as "meth nephew", a relative of Bobby Moynihan's popular "drunk uncle" character. In 2014, Paul starred in Need for Speed, as a street racer recently released from prison who takes revenge on a wealthy business associate. Paul stars alongside Juliette Lewis in the family drama Hellion, as the drunken father of two young vandals. Also in 2014, he co-starred in the biblical epic Exodus: Gods and Kings, portraying the Hebrew prophet Joshua.
In December 2013, Netflix announced that Paul would be a cast member on the animated series BoJack Horseman. On March 3, 2014, he appeared on WWE Raw to promote Need for Speed, by entering the arena in a sports car with Dolph Ziggler, providing commentary for Ziggler's match against Alberto Del Rio, and helping Ziggler win by distracting Del Rio. On September 23, 2014, it was announced that Paul would play the young Louis Drax's father who becomes the focus of a criminal investigation after his son has a near-fatal fall in an upcoming Miramax film titled The 9th Life of Louis Drax, a supernatural thriller based on a book of the same name.
In 2016, Paul began playing Eddie Lane, a man who in a life crisis joins a cult but subsequently questions his faith, in the Hulu series The Path, which debuted on March 30, 2016. Paul voiced the main protagonist, Nyx Ulric, in Kingsglaive: Final Fantasy XV, released in July 2016.
In June 2018, Paul joined the cast of the Apple TV+ crime drama series Truth Be Told, opposite Octavia Spencer and Lizzy Caplan.
In September 2018, Paul joined the cast of the HBO science fiction western series Westworld for the third season, portraying the character Caleb Nichols.
Paul stars in the sci-fi thriller Dual alongside Karen Gillan and Jesse Eisenberg, which was filmed entirely in Tampere, Finland.
In 2023, Paul starred in a main role in the third episode of the sixth series of Black Mirror, Beyond the Sea.
Other ventures
In 2013, Paul helped organize a contest to raise $1.6 million for his wife's non-profit anti-bullying organization, the Kind Campaign. The winners of the contest won a trip to the Hollywood Forever Cemetery screening of the final episode of Breaking Bad.
In 2019, Paul and Cranston released their own line of mezcal called Dos Hombres.
Personal life
Paul met actress and director Lauren Parsekian at the Coachella Festival, and they became engaged in Paris on January 1, 2012. They were married in a 1920s Parisian carnival-themed wedding in Malibu on May 26, 2013, with musicians Foster the People and John Mayer performing. Paul emailed the song "Beauty" by The Shivers to everyone on the guest list and asked them to learn the lyrics so they could sing along during the ceremony. They currently live in the Los Feliz neighborhood of Los Angeles, having sold their previous home in West Hollywood, and have a second cabin-style home near McCall, Idaho. They have a daughter named Story Annabelle (b. February 2018) and a son named Ryden Caspian (b. April 2022).
In April 2013, to commemorate the final episode of Breaking Bad, Paul and his co-star Bryan Cranston got Breaking Bad tattoos on the last day of filming; Paul had the phrase "no half measures" tattooed onto his biceps, while Cranston had the show's logo tattooed onto one of his fingers. In October that year, during a ceremony at the Egyptian Theatre in Boise, Governor Butch Otter declared October 1 "Aaron Paul Sturtevant Day".
In November 2022, Paul legally dropped Sturtevant from his full name.
Awards and nominations
Filmography
Notes
References
External links
1979 births
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
American male film actors
American male television actors
American male voice actors
American people of English descent
American people of German descent
American people of Scottish descent
Contestants on American game shows
Living people
Male actors from Idaho
Outstanding Performance by a Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Primetime Emmy Award winners
People from Emmett, Idaho
People from Los Feliz, Los Angeles
Shorty Award winners |
"Every Little Thing" is a song recorded by American country music singer Russell Dickerson. It is the third single from his 2018 debut album Yours. Dickerson wrote the song with Parker Welling and Casey Brown, the latter of whom also produced it.
Content
Dickerson's wife, Kailey, was the inspiration for the song. He told the blog Pop Culture that "I love every little thing about her, and that's what the song's about. Because when I wrote the album, we were newlyweds." Christina Foster of The Country Note indicated Dickerson's "polished and smooth voice" along with the "clapping beat" and "sweet" lyrics.
Music video
The video was directed by Ben Skipworth, and intersperses concert footage with footage of Russell and Kailey, and shots of him touring Chinatown in Chicago and various places in Grand Rapids, Michigan including The Pyramid Scheme (pinball), the Skywalk, and 20 Monroe (concert).
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
References
2018 songs
2018 singles
Russell Dickerson songs
Songs written by Russell Dickerson
Thirty Tigers singles |
Regiment Louw Wepener was an infantry battalion of the South African Army. As a reserve force unit, it had a status roughly equivalent to that of a British Army Reserve or United States Army National Guard unit.
History
Union Defence Force Origins
Regiment Louw Wepener was one of six Afrikaans-speaking Citizen Force regiments established in 1934 as part of the expansion of the then Union Defence Force of South Africa.
The regiment was named after the Free State commandant, Louw Wepener, who was killed in 1865 during the 2nd Orange Free State—Basuto War at Thaba Bosiu, the former mountain stronghold of Moshoeshoe, founder of the Basuto nation.
The regiment's headquarters was located originally in Ladybrand while recruits were enlisted from the entire Orange Free State province. The regiment was initially detached to the 4th SA Infantry Brigade.
World War II
During the Second World War, Regiments Louw Wepener and De Wet were absorbed into Regiment President Steyn at the start of the war, all three emanated from the Orange Free State.
This regiment then served as a machine gun battalion with the 1st South African Division in North Africa from 1941 to 1942. A Major J J W Swanepoel of Regiment Louw Wepener served as this unit's second-in-command and by 1943, a Lt Col Nel took command of a further amalgamated Regiment Botha/ President Steyn when it was converted to a tank regiment and redeployed to Italy.
Post War Citizen Force Regiment Development
By 1946, Regiment Louw Wepener was resuscitated as a Citizen Force unit and converted again to mechanised infantry. At this stage, the regiments HQ had moved to Bethlehem.
Name change
In 1960, it became Regiment Oos-Vrystaat (Regiment East Free State), but the original designation, Regiment Louw Wepener, was again re-adopted by 1966. The regiment at this stage had become motorised infantry. The regiment served under this name until well into the 1990s, when it was absorbed, together with Regiment Dan Pienaar, into Regiment Bloemspruit.
Battle honours
The regiment took part in the battles of Gazala line and the defence of El Alamein.
The regiment also served in numerous deployments in the Border War in SWA/Namibia
Freedom of the City
Leadership
Regimental emblems
An image of Thaba Bosiu forms the background of the regimental badge. A Vickers machine gun is superimposed on the mountain and the name 'Thaba Bosigo' appears below— this being the original Afrikaans spelling of the name of the mountain. Below the name is a shield with crossed spears above a scroll bearing the words 'Reg Louw Wepener Reg'.
Dress Insignia
Roll of Honour
References
Tylden, G. The Armed Forces of South Africa, Johannesburg, Frank Connock, 1954.
South African Museum of Military History Library and Archives, File 355.31(68) Regt Louw Wepener.
1934 establishments in South Africa
Infantry regiments of South Africa
Military units and formations of South Africa in the Border War
Military units and formations established in 1934
South African Army |
Natatolana debrae is a species of crustacean in the family Cirolanidae, and was first described by Stephen John Keable in 2006. The species epithet, debrae, honours Keable's wife, Debra.
It is a dimorphic, benthic species, found on tidal and subtidal flats, and known only from Gulf Saint Vincent. It is a scavenger.
References
External links
Natatolana debrae occurrence data from GBIF
Cymothoida
Crustaceans of Australia
Crustaceans described in 2006
Taxa named by Stephen John Keable |
The 2012 UCLA Bruins men's soccer team played the college's 77th season of organized men's college soccer. 2012 was the team's third full season in the Pac-12 Conference; it had previously played as an independent team. The team won the Pac-12 Conference championship, but fell to the University of San Diego in the NCAA Tournament.
Competitions
Preseason
Regular season
Results summary
Results by round
Match reports
NCAA Tournament
See also
References
Ucla Bruins
UCLA Bruins men's soccer seasons
Ucla Bruins
UCLA Bruins
UCLA Bruins |
The 1980 Ipswich Borough Council election was the second election to the Ipswich Borough Council under the system of electing by thirds, whereby a third of the councillors were to stand for election, each time. These new arrangements had been determined by the Local Government Boundary Commission as laid out in their Report 280.
It took place as part of the 1982 United Kingdom local elections.
There were 16 wards each returning one councillor. The Labour Party retained control of the Council.
References
Ipswich Borough Council elections
Ipswich |
KB Hallen station is an S-train station in Copenhagen, Denmark, served by the ring line.
See also
List of railway stations in Denmark
S-train (Copenhagen) stations
Railway stations opened in 2005
Railway stations in Denmark opened in the 2000s |
Morpho peleides, the Peleides blue morpho, common morpho or the emperor is an iridescent tropical butterfly found in Mexico, Central America, northern South America, Paraguay and Trinidad.
Most authorities believe that peleides is a subspecies of Morpho helenor.
The brilliant blue color in the butterfly's wings is caused by the diffraction of the light from millions of tiny scales on its wings. It uses this to frighten away predators, by flashing its wings rapidly. The wingspan of the blue morpho butterfly ranges from . The entire blue morpho butterfly life cycle, from egg to adult is only 115 days. This butterfly undergoes metamorphosis from larva to butterfly. The larva eats plant leaves before spinning a chrysalis. Flower nectar, which is available later in the year, is used by the butterfly. A recent study also discovered that during transformation, the butterfly substantially reduces its body weight and body fat. Known larval food plants are Leguminosae (Arachis hypogaea, Dioclea wilsonii, Inga species, Lonchocarpus, Machaerium cobanense, Machaerium salvadorense, Machaerium seemannii, Medicago sativa, Mucuna mutisiana, Pithecellobium, Pterocarpus rohrii, Mucuna urens) and Bignoniaceae (Paragonia pyramidata).
Morpho peleides drinks the juices from rotting fruits for food. Its favorites in captivity are mango, kiwi, and lychee. Morpho peleides butterflies live in the rainforests of South America, and can be found in Mexico and Central America.
The larvae of Morpho peleides butterflies are occasional cannibals. These caterpillars are red brown with patches of bright green.
Photographs
See also
Morpho helenor
Morpho menelaus, Menelaus blue morpho
References
External links
Butterflies of America Images of type and other specimens of Morpho helenor peleides
Morpho peleides, Blue Morpho at Flickr, showing the spectacular iridescence
Time lapse video of newly emerged imago expanding its wings
NSG Specimen. Photograph of underside.
Morpho
Nymphalidae of South America
Butterflies described in 1850 |
Dinenympha is a genus of Excavata.
It includes the species Dinenympha exilis.
References
Excavata genera
Metamonads |
Following ships of the Indian Navy have been named Brahmaputra:
INS Brahmaputra (F31) (1957) was a Type 41, ordered for the Royal Navy as HMS Panther but transferred to India and renamed Brahmaputra before launching in 1957, commissioned in 1958. She was scrapped in 1986
INS Brahmaputra (F31) (1994) is a commissioned in 2000
Indian Navy ship names |
The 2004 WNBA season was the eighth season for the New York Liberty.
Dispersal Draft
Based on the Liberty's 2003 record, they would pick 4th in the Cleveland Rockers dispersal draft. The Liberty picked Ann Wauters.
WNBA draft
Regular season
Heading into its eighth WNBA season, the club acquired veteran Ann Wauters in the dispersal draft and Shameka Christon in the college draft. The Liberty opened the season with a 6-1 record. Despite the strong start, Pat Coyle replaced Richie Adubato as head coach. Under Coyle’s guidance, the team registered an 11-6 mark and secured their sixth playoff appearance.
There were injuries to starters Ann Wauters and Tari Phillips. The Liberty played to a sellout crowd for six games at the historic Radio City Music Hall. At Radio City Music Hall, the Liberty posted a 5-1 record. The reason for the relocation was that Madison Square Garden was hosting the 2004 Republican National Convention. In addition, the Liberty hosted another unique game: The Game at Radio City, which featured the USA Women’s Olympic team vs. a WNBA Select Team.
Season standings
Season Schedule
All six home games held between July 24 and September 16 were held at the Radio City Music Hall, due to the Garden being used for the Republican National Convention.
Player stats
Note: GP= Games played; REB= Rebounds; AST= Assists; STL = Steals; BLK = Blocks; PTS = Points
Playoffs
References
New York Liberty seasons
New York
New York Liberty |
Rambert Dumarest (17 September 1750, Saint-Étienne - 4 April 1806, Paris) was a French engraver and medallist.
Life and work
He was the son of an arquebusier. After starting as a draftsman, he became a gun engraver at the Manufacture d'armes de Saint-Étienne, where he engraved crossguards and flintlocks. He also spent two years at the new Soho Manufactory, in England.
Upon returning to Paris, he devoted himself to goldsmithing and jewellery, although he is best remembered for his medals. In 1800, he was elected to the Institut de France. Three years later, as a member of the Académie des Beaux-Arts, he became the first occupant of Seat #3 for engraving.
In 1795, he won the grand prize in a medal competition, for his profile of Jean-Jacques Rousseau. He also created notable medals for the Banque de France, the Sénat conservateur, and the Institut de France.
Some of his original medals may be seen at the .
References
Further reading
Charles Paul Landon, "Rambert Dumarest", In: Salon de 1808. Recueil de pièces choisies parmi les ouvrages de peinture…, 1808 (Online).
External links
Biographical data and references from the Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques @ La France Savante
1750 births
1806 deaths
French engravers
French medallists
Members of the Académie des beaux-arts
Artists from Saint-Étienne |
Tambar () is an offshore oil field located in the southern Norwegian section of North Sea along with Ula and Gyda fields making up the UGT area, usually attributed to DONG Energy's main areas of exploration and production activity. The Ula field was discovered in 1983 and came online in 2001. Tambar was discovered in 1983 and became operational in July 2001. It contains confirmed 46.9 million m3 of oil.
Ownership
Aker BP is the operator of the field with 55% of interest in the project. DNO holds 45% of interest.
Production
The sea depth at Tambar is approximately . The main reservoir stands at in the Upper Jurassic Ula Formation. Tambar has 4 production wells and 6 slots. The field has one unmanned wellhead facility without the processing equipment. It is remotely controlled from the facility at the Ula field which is located southeast of Tambar. However, the facility does have conditions to accommodate 12 people. Current production at Tambar field is . Gas injection is used at Tambar and the produced oil is pumped to Ula facilities via Tambar-Ula pipeline which came online in 2007 and is then transported by a pipeline to Ekofisk oil field and on to Teesside for refining. The gas produced at Tambar field is injected into Ula field to increase oil production. The field is expected to produce until 2021.
Tambar WHP Platform
Tambar WHP Platform was designed by Aker Solutions Engineering in 2000-2001.
Tambar Øst
Tambar Øst (East) is located just a few kilometers away from Tambar. It was discovered in 2007 and lies deep in the Late Jurassic Formation. It has been developed with a production well from Tambar's main facility. Production started on October 2, 2007. The produced oil is pumped to Tambar and then onto Ula field.
Ownership
Tambar Øst is also operated by BP. BP holds 46.2%, while DONG Energyholds 43.24%, Talisman Energy - 9.76%, Norske AEDC AS (NAEDC) - 0.8%.
See also
Ula oil field
Gyda oil field
Oselvar oil field
Ekofisk oil field
Norpipe
North Sea oil
Economy of Norway
References
External links
BP official website
Image of the Tambar's unmanned remotely controlled facility from Offshore Magazine
BP oil and gas fields
Former Ørsted (company) oil and gas fields
North Sea oil fields
Oil fields in Norway |
A disc cutting lathe is a device used to transfer an audio signal to the modulated spiral groove of a blank master disc for the production of phonograph records. Disc cutting lathes were also used to produce broadcast transcription discs and for direct-to-disc recording.
Overview
Disc cutting lathes utilize an audio signal, sent through a cutting amplifier to the cutter head, which controls the cutting stylus. The cutting stylus engraves a modulated spiral groove corresponding to the audio signal into the lacquer coating of the master disc. The direct metal mastering (DMM) process uses a copper-coated rather than lacquer-coated disc. Before lacquer discs, master recordings were cut into blank wax discs.
Once complete, this master disc is used to produce matrices from which the record is pressed. For all intents and purposes, the finished record is a facsimile of this master disc.
History
Prior to the success of Western Electric's "Westrex" system, master discs were produced acoustically and without electricity. In 1921, John J. Scully, a former Columbia Phonograph Company employee, designed and built a weight-driven lathe specifically designed for use by phonograph manufacturers. The first Scully lathe was sold to Cameo Records. John's son, Lawrence, founded Scully Recording Instruments.
In 1924, Western Electric purchased a Scully weight-driven lathe to demonstrate their "Westrex" cutter head and electronics for both the Columbia Phonograph Company and Victor Talking Machine Company. Both companies began using the Westrex system for recording sessions in 1925 after agreeing to license the system from Western Electric.
In 1931, German manufacturer Georg Neumann & Co. introduced the AM31 disc-cutting lathe, which employed a direct-drive design. Two years later, Neumann introduced a portable lathe capable of making recordings on location. Imports of Neumann lathes into the United States were restricted, however, and Neumann lathes were not imported to the United States until the 1960s. Scully dominated the U.S. marketplace for professional recording lathes from the 1930s to the 1960s, and almost all American lacquer masters were cut using a Scully lathe, often fitted with the Westrex cutter head and electronics.
In 1947, the Presto 1D, Fairchild 542, and Cook feedback cutters represented major improvements in disc-cutting technology. In 1950 Scully Recording Instruments introduced a disc cutting lathe with variable pitch, which made it possible to vary the width of the grooves (i.e. the pitch) of a master disc, simultaneously conserving the available recording space of the disc while preserving the dynamics and fidelity of the recorded material. Five years later, the company introduced automation for this variable pitch feature.
In 1957, Westrex demonstrated the first commercial "45/45" stereo cutter head.
In 1966, Neumann introduced the VMS66, followed by the VMS70 (1970) and the VMS80 (1980), which introduced variable pitch to Neumann's offerings, reducing speed fluctuations to achieve smoother sound and extended dynamic range. Unlike other systems, Neumann's disc cutting system was complete and included the lathe, cutter head, and electronics.
References
External links
Audio Record Magazine: Quick Facts On Disc Recorders (October 1952)
Sound recording technology |
Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector Routing (DSDV) is a table-driven routing scheme for ad hoc mobile networks based on the Bellman–Ford algorithm. It was developed by C. Perkins and P. Bhagwat in 1994. The main contribution of the algorithm was to solve the routing loop problem. Each entry in the routing table contains a sequence number, the sequence numbers are generally even if a link is present; else, an odd number is used. The number is generated by the destination, and the emitter needs to send out the next update with this number. Routing information is distributed between nodes by sending full dumps infrequently and smaller incremental updates more frequently.
For example, the routing table of Node A in this network is
Naturally the table contains description of all possible paths reachable by node A, along with the next hop, number of hops and sequence number.
Selection of Route
If a router receives new information, then it uses the latest sequence number. If the sequence number is the same as the one already in the table, the route with the better metric is used. Stale entries are those entries that have not been updated for a while. Such entries as well as the routes using those nodes as next hops are deleted.
Advantages
The availability of paths to all destinations in network always shows that less delay is required in the path set up process.
The method of incremental update with sequence number labels, marks the existing wired network protocols adaptable to Ad-hoc wireless networks. Therefore, all available wired network protocol can be useful to ad hoc wireless networks with less modification.
Disadvantages
DSDV requires a regular update of its routing tables, which uses up battery power and a small amount of bandwidth even when the network is idle.
Whenever the topology of the network changes, a new sequence number is necessary before the network re-converges; thus, DSDV is not suitable for highly dynamic or large scale networks. (As in all distance-vector protocols, this does not perturb traffic in regions of the network that are not concerned by the topology change.)
Influence
While DSDV itself does not appear to be much used today, other protocols have used similar techniques. The best-known sequenced distance vector protocol is AODV, which, by virtue of being a reactive protocol, can use simpler sequencing heuristics. Babel is an attempt at making DSDV more robust, more efficient and more widely applicable while staying within the framework of proactive protocols.
References
Ad hoc routing protocols |
Lower Silesia (; ; ; ; ; ; Silesian German: Niederschläsing; ) is a historical and geographical region mostly located in Poland with small portions in the Czech Republic and Germany. It is the western part of the region of Silesia.
In the Middle Ages Lower Silesia was part of Piast-ruled Poland. It was one of the leading regions of Poland, and its capital Wrocław was one of the main cities of the Polish Kingdom. Lower Silesia emerged as a distinctive region during the fragmentation of Poland, in 1172, when the Duchies of Opole and Racibórz, considered Upper Silesia since, were formed of the eastern part of the Duchy of Silesia, and the remaining, western part was since considered Lower Silesia. During the Ostsiedlung, German settlers were invited to settle in the region, which until then had a Polish majority. As a result, the region became largely Germanised in the following centuries. Nonetheless, it remained a pioneering center of Polish culture, where the oldest Polish writing and first Polish print were created, and the first town rights were granted.
In the late Middle Ages the region fell under the overlordship of the Bohemian Crown, however large parts remained under the rule of local Polish dukes of the Piast dynasty, some up to the 16th and 17th century. Briefly, under the suzerainty of the Kingdom of Hungary, it fell to the Austrian Habsburg monarchy in 1526.
In 1742, Austria ceded nearly all of Lower Silesia to the Kingdom of Prussia in the Treaty of Berlin, except for the southern part of the Duchy of Nysa. Within the Prussian kingdom, the region became part of the Province of Silesia. In 1871, the Prussian-controlled portion of Lower Silesia was integrated into the German Empire. After World War I, Lower Silesia was divided, as small parts were reintegrated with Poland and Czechoslovakia, which both regained independence.
After Germany's defeat in World War II in 1945, most of the region returned to Poland, while a smaller part west of the Oder-Neisse line became part of East Germany and Czech Lower Silesia (Jesenicko, Opavsko regions) remained as a part of Czechoslovakia. By 1949, almost the entire pre-war German population was expelled in accordance with the Potsdam Agreement. Poles displaced from the former Polish lands incorporated into the USSR settled in Lower Silesia after the war, as well as Polish settlers from other parts of Poland.
The region is known for an abundance of historic architecture of various styles, including many castles and palaces, well preserved or reconstructed old towns, numerous spa towns, and historic burial sites of Polish monarchs and consorts (in Wrocław, Legnica and Trzebnica).
Geography
Lower Silesia is located mostly in the basin of the middle Oder River with its historic capital in Wrocław.
The southern border of Lower Silesia is mapped by the mountain ridge of the Western and Central Sudetes, which since the High Middle Ages formed the border between Polish Silesia and the historic Bohemian region of the present-day Czech Republic. The Bóbr and Kwisa rivers are considered being the original western border with the Lusatias, however, the Silesian Duchy of Żagań reached up to the Neisse river, including two villages (Pechern and Neudorf) on the western shore, which became Silesian in 1413.
The later Silesian Province of Prussia further comprised the adjacent lands of historic Upper Lusatia ceded by the Kingdom of Saxony after the Napoleonic Wars in 1815, its westernmost point could be found as far west as the small village of Lindenau (now belonging to the German state of Brandenburg). To the north, Lower Silesia originally stretched up to Świebodzin and Krosno Odrzańskie, which was acquired by the Margraves of Brandenburg in 1482. The Barycz river forms the border with historic Greater Poland in the northeast, the Upper Silesian lands lie to the southeast.
Administratively Polish Lower Silesia is shared between Lower Silesian Voivodeship (except for the Upper Lusatian counties of Lubań and Zgorzelec, and former Bohemian Kłodzko), the southern part of Lubusz Voivodeship (i.e. the counties of Krosno Odrzańskie, Nowa Sól, Świebodzin, Żagań and Zielona Góra with the city of Zielona Góra, as well as western Opole Voivodeship (the counties of Brzeg, Namysłów and Nysa).
The tiny part of the former Duchy of Żagań on the western shore of the Neisse is today part of the Krauschwitz municipality in the Görlitz district of Saxony, the larger Upper Lusatian parts of Prussian Silesia ("Silesian Upper Lusatia") west of the Neisse comprised the town of Görlitz and the former district of Hoyerswerda, which today forms the northern part of the Saxon Görlitz and Bautzen districts as well as the southern part of the Oberspreewald-Lausitz district in Brandenburg. The southern part of the former Duchy of Nysa, which fell to Austrian Silesia in 1742, namely the Jeseník District and Heřmanovice, Mnichov and Železná, as well as parts of Vrbno pod Pradědem in the Bruntál District, today belongs to the Czech Republic.
Sudetes
The Sudetes are a geologically diverse mountain range that stretches for from the Lusatian Highlands in the west and to the Moravian Gate in the east. They are topographically divided into Western, Central and Eastern Sudetes.
The Lower Silesian section of the Sudetes comprises the Jizera Mountains (highest peak: Wysoka Kopa, ), where the tripoint with Upper Lusatia and Bohemia is located near the Smrk summit, along with the adjacent Giant Mountains (highest: border peak of Sněžka Śnieżka – highest mountain of Czech Republic, ); Rudawy Janowickie (Skalnik, ); Owl Mountains (Wielka Sowa, ); Stone Mountains (Waligóra ); Wałbrzych Mountains (Borowa ) and the Kaczawskie Mountains (Skopiec, ) with Ostrzyca, - they surround the Jelenia Góra valley, ; Ślęża Massif (Mount Ślęża ), massive of Orlické hory, Králický Sněžník south of Kłodzko, Rychlebské hory and Jeseníky (; Praděd, ).
Silesian Lowland
The adjacent Silesian Lowland includes the Silesian Lowlands and the Silesian-Lusatian Lowlands. These two lowlands are separated with each other by Dolina Kaczawy, and from the Sudetes by a steep morphological edge located along the Sudeten Marginal Fault, extended from Bolesławiec (the Northwest) to Złoty Stok (the Southeast). The southern part of the Lowland includes The Sudeten Foreland, consisting of quite low Wzgórze Strzegomskie, , Grupa Ślęży (Mount Ślęża, ), and Wzgórza Niemczańsko-Strzelińskie (Gromnik Mountain, ). Lower hills occur also in areas of Obniżenie Sudeckie, Świdnik, and Kotlina Dzierżoniowska. The eastern part of Silesian Lowland consists of the wide Silesian Lowlands, located along banks of the Oder River. The eastern part includes also Równina Wrocławska with its surrounding lands: Równina Oleśnicka, Wysoczyzna Średzka, Równina Grodkowska and Niemodlińska. Dolina Dolnej Kaczawy (Kotlina Legnicka) separates the Silesian Lowlands from the Silesian-Lusatian Lowlands, which includes Wysoczyzna Lubińsko-Chocianowska, Dolina Szprotawy, and wide areas of Bory Dolnośląskie, located to the north from the Bolesławiec-Zgorzelec road. From the North, the lowlands are delimited by Wał Trzebnicki, consisting of hills that are long and over high, in comparison to neighboring lowlands, Kobyla Mountain, . The range of hills includes Wzgórza Dalkowskie, Wzgórza Trzebnickie, Wzgórza Twardogórskie, and Wzgórza Ostrzeszowskie. Obniżenie Milicko-Głogowskie, with Kotlina Żmigrodzka and Milicka, is located in the northern part, within the hills.
The region of the lowlands is coated with a thick layer of glacial elements (sand, gravel, clay) that covers more diverse relief of the older ground. Generally flat and wide bottoms of the valleys are padded with river settlements. Slopes of the hills over are coated with fertile clays and therefore, to begin with, the Paleozoic era, they became the lands for people to settle and cultivate intensively. The later form of the economy caused almost complete deforestation of the slopes. Not only fertile grounds, but also the mild climate is conductive to the development of agriculture and market gardening. The annual average temperature of the Wrocław area is . The average temperature of the hottest month (July) is , and of the coldest month (January). The average amount of rainfall is , with its maximum in July and minimum in February. The snow layer disappears after 45 days. The winds, similar to those appearing in the West side of Poland, are West and Southwest.
Sudeten rivers are characterized by changeable water rates, and high pollution resulting from large industrialization of the area. The greatest rivers are Nysa Kłodzka, which is the source of drinking water for Wrocław (the water is drawn by special channel); Stobrawa, Oława, Ślęza, Bystrzyca with its tributaries—Strzegomka and Piława; Widawa, Średzka Woda, Kaczawa with Nysa Szalona and Czarna Woda. There is also the largest right-bank tributary of the area, Barycz. The other quite large rivers, Bóbr, Kwisa, and Lusatian Neisse, flow into the Oder River beyond Lower Silesian borders. The majority of the rivers is regulated and their basins are improved, which is conductive to the proper water economy. The characteristic feature of the landscape of the lowland is the lack of lakes. The region of Legnica is the only place where a dozen or so of small lakes survived, but the majority of them is already disappearing. The largest one is Jezioro Kunickie (), Jezioro Koskowickie (), Jezioro Jaśkowickie () and Tatarak (). In contrast to the number of lakes, there are large groups of artificial ponds founded in the Barycz basin, in the Middle Ages. Their total area amounts around , and the largest ponds (Stary Staw, Łosiowy Staw, Staw Niezgoda, Staw Mewi Duży, and Grabownica) come to .
The primeval flora has been transformed significantly as a result of deforestation and cultivation. The largest forest complexes are Bory Dolnośląskie (), Bory Stobrawskie in Stobrawa and Widawa areas, and smaller fragments of forests in Barycz and Oder River valleys. These forests are kind of multi-species deciduous forests, occurring in fertile grounds. The Oder River valley is reach in groups of mixed forests (beech, oak, hornbeam, sycamore maple, and pine). These forests, with protected status, are: Zwierzyniec, Kanigóra near Oława, Dublany, Kępa Opatowicka near Wrocław, Zabór near Przedmoście, and Lubiąż. The other forest areas are The Natural Park in Orsk, the areas of Jodłowice, Wzgórze Joanny near Milicz, and Gola near Twardogóra. Such types of forest like those which are the mainstay for wild game or nurseries, are inaccessible because of permanent fire hazard. Territories partly accessible (marked specially) are located in areas of Góra Śląska, Oborniki Śląskie, Wołowa, in the Oder River valley, and in Wzgórza Niemczańsko-Strzelińskie.
Flora
The flora of Lower Silesia is specific and different for each zone. From the bottoms to the top, plants form groups that are arranged in wide or narrow belts, called floral zones. Subsequently, these zones are divided into narrower belts, called vegetation belts.
The zone of mountain forest is divided into two belts: subalpine and lower subalpine forest. Above, there is a forestless zone divided into the subalpine belt with dwarf pine, and the alpine belt without shrubs. This vegetation is glacial; the former vegetation—from the Tertiary—was destroyed by the climate of the Ice Age. Along with glaciation from the North, some tundra plants appeared, for example downy willow (Salix lapponum) and cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus). The flora of Lower Silesia is strongly influenced by geological and climatic history. The vegetation is formed by species deriving from various geographic regions. Particular regions are represented by:
Central European species: fir (Abies alba), beech (Fagus silvatica), oak (Quercus petraea), maple (Acer pseudoplatanus)
European Syberian species: European spindle-tree (Evonymus europaea), alder (Alnus glutinosa), wicker (Salix purpurea)
Boreal-Sub arctic species: cress (Cardamine pratensis), yellow marsh marigold (Caltha palustris), liverleaf (Hepatica nobilis)
Boreal-Arctic species: bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi), dwarf willow (Salix herbacea), black crowberry (Empetrum nigrum), Sudetic Lousewort (Pedicularis sudetica), alpine saxifrage (Micranthes nivalis), cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus), lake quillwort (Isoëtes lacustris)
Alpine species: Alpine bastard toadflax (Thesium alpinium), Alpine coltsfoot (Homogyne alpina), mountain avens (Geum montanum), mountain pine (Pinus mugo)
Sudetic and Sudetic-Carpathian species: mossy saxifrage (Saxifraga moschata ssp. Basaltica), Sudetic lousewort (Pedicularis sudetica)
Lower subalpine forest
Lower subalpine forest (), , is characterized by deciduous or mixed forest. The fragments of forests similar to natural complexes of pine-fir-beech with admixture of larch, sycamore maple and lime occur near the Szklarski waterfall, in the Jagniątkowski complex, and Chojnik Mountain. Particular species of trees have different climatic requirements. The lowest parts are covered with oak and ash, up to . On the level of 500– occurs pine; in the higher parts, up to , there occurs European larch; and above 800 m, fir and beech.
Despite transformation of the basic tree vegetation, the same form of undergrowth survived. There occurs: daphne mezereum, red elderberry, hazel, platanthera bifolia, sweet woodruff, Herb Paris, cranberry, wood sorrel, chickweed wintergreen, Common Cow-wheat and lily of the valley. The parts over 800 m are mainly covered with grasses, purple small-reeds, cranberries, and willow gentian.
In highlighted places, on meadows, and along roads, there occurs: spotted orchid, bugleweed, yellow archangel, arnica montana, sword-leaved helleborine, rosebay willowherb, groundsel, and foxglove. Along riversides, there occurs white butterbur.
Pine forests are rich in spruces, which are permanently weakened by atmospheric factors. Frayed roots are easily infected by harmful fungus and insects. The most damaging is honey mushroom, with edible specimen, which grows in pulp, between the bark and timber, causing the death of tree. The other damaging fungus is bracket fungus, which destroys roots and trunks from the inside. The honey mushroom devastates the tree within a few months, and the bracket fungus, within a few years, as a result of mechanic changes in wood structure.
History
Ancient history
At the close of the Ice Age, the first man appeared at the Silesian Lowland. In the Mesolithic (7,000 years ago), the first nomadic people settled in Lower Silesia, living in caves and primitive chalets. They were collectors, hunters, and fishers, and used weapons and other tools made of stone and wood. In the Upper Paleolithic, the oldest human remains of the nomadic people, which were 40,000 years old, were found in a tomb in Tyniec on the river Ślęża.
In the Neolithic (4000–1700 BC), began the process of transformation into a settled way of life. The first rural settlements were made, as people began to farm and breed animals. Mining, pottery, and weaving are dated to this period. Serpentinite quarries came into existence, of which Silesian hatchets were made, and near Jordanów Śląski, people extracted nephrite that was transformed into diverse tools. In the Bronze Age (1700–1500 BC), the evolution of different cultures developed to the existence of Unetice culture that affected the existence of Trzciniec culture. In the next periods since , it encompasses all of Europe.
Early history
In the La Tène culture period, Lower Silesia was inhabited by the Celts, who had their main place of cult on the Mount Ślęża. Their stony statues situated on and around this hill were later worshipped by the Slavic tribes that came here around the sixth century AD. Magna Germania (second century) records that between the Celtic and the Slavic period, Lower Silesia was inhabited by a number of Germanic tribes. Among them, are the Vandals, the Lugii, and the Silingi, who might have given the Silesia region its name, though it is unclear and thus disputed. With the Germanic tribes leaving westward during the Migration Period, a number of new peoples arrived in Silesia from Sarmatia, Asia Minor, and the Asian steppes from the beginning of the sixth century.
The Bavarian Geographer () referred to the West Slavic Ślężanie (the other possible source of the region's Śląsk and later Silesia name), centered on Niemcza, and Dziadoszanie tribes, while a 1086 document issued by Bishop Jaromir of Prague listed the Zlasane, Trebovane, Poborane, and Dedositze. At the same time, Upper Silesia was inhabited by the Opolanie, Lupiglaa, and Golenshitse tribes. In the late 9th century, the territory was subject to the Great Moravian realm of Prince Svatopluk I and from about 906 came under the rule of the Přemyslid duke Spytihnev I of Bohemia and his successors Vratislaus I, the alleged founder of Wrocław (), and Boleslaus the Cruel.
Piast Kingdom of Poland
Meanwhile, the West Slavic Polans had established the first duchy under the Piast dynasty in the adjacent Greater Polish lands in the north. About 990 Silesia was conquered and incorporated into the first Polish state by the Piast duke Mieszko I, who had gained the support of Emperor Otto II against the Bohemian duke Boleslaus II.
In 1000 his son and successor Bolesław I Chrobry founded the Diocese of Wrocław, which, together with the Bishoprics of Kraków and Kołobrzeg, was placed under the Archbishopric of Gniezno in Greater Poland, founded by Emperor Otto III at the Congress of Gniezno in the same year. The ecclesial suzerainty of Gniezno over Wrocław lasted until 1821. After a temporary shift to Bohemia in the first half of the 11th century, Lower Silesia continued to be an integral part of the Polish state until the end of its fragmentation period when all Polish claims on this land were finally renounced in favor of the Bohemian kingdom in 1348.
Various Polish defensive battles against the invading Germans took place in the region in the Middle Ages, including the victorious battles of Niemcza in 1017 and Głogów and Psie Pole in 1109. In the early 12th century, Wrocław was named one of the three major cities of the Polish Kingdom alongside Kraków and Sandomierz in the oldest Polish chronicle, Gesta principum Polonorum. One of the largest battles of medieval Poland, the Battle of Legnica, during the first Mongol invasion of Poland was fought in the region 1241.
Also a leading region of medieval Poland. The first-ever granting of town privileges in Polish history, happened there, when Złotoryja was granted such rights in 1211 by Henry the Bearded, and in the 13th century the Book of Henryków, a chronicle containing the oldest known text in Polish, was created in the region.
The Duchy of Silesia was first split into lower and upper parts in 1172 during the period of Poland's feudal fragmentation, when the land was divided between two sons of former High Duke Władysław II. The elder Bolesław the Tall ruled over Lower Silesia with his capital in Wrocław, and younger Mieszko Tanglefoot ruled over Upper Silesia with his capital at first in Racibórz, from 1202 in Opole. Later Silesia was divided into as many as 17 duchies. Main duchies of Lower Silesia:
Silesia–Wrocław
Legnica, split off in 1248
Brzeg, split off from Legnica in 1311
Świdnica-Jawor, split off from Legnica in 1274
Lwówek, split off from Świdnica in 1281
Ziębice, split off from Świdnica in 1321
Głogów, split off from Legnica in 1251
Żagań, split off from Głogów in 1274/1278
Oleśnica, split off from Głogów in 1313
Bierutów, split off from Oleśnica in 1412
Krosno-Ścinawa
Nysa, established in 1290
Polish duchies, Bohemian Crown, Hungary, Austria, and Prussia
With the 1335 Treaty of Trentschin (Trenčín) and the 1348 Treaty of Namysłów, most of the Silesian duchies were ruled by the Silesian Piast dukes under the feudal overlordship of the Bohemian kings, and thus became part of the Crown of Bohemia within the Holy Roman Empire. Many duchies remained Polish-ruled under the houses of Piast, Jagiellon and Sobieski, some up to the 17th and 18th century. In 1469, Lower Silesia passed to Hungary, and in 1490 it fell back to Bohemia, then ruled by the Jagiellonian dynasty. In 1476, the Duchy of Krosno (Crossen) became part of the Margraviate of Brandenburg, when the widow of the Piast ruler, Barbara von Brandenburg, daughter of Elector Albert Achilles, inherited Crossen. This made the area around Schwiebus (Świebodzin) an exclave separated from the rest of Silesia. Crossen remained an important center of Polish culture. In 1475 Głogów-born Polish printer founded the (Holy Cross Printing House) in Wrocław, which published the , the first incunable in Lower Silesia, which also contains the first-ever text printed in the Polish language.
In 1526 Silesia became part of the Habsburg monarchy when Archduke Ferdinand I of Austria succeeded King Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia. Brandenburg contested the inheritance, citing a treaty made with Frederick II of Legnica, but Silesia largely remained under Habsburg control until 1742. In 1675 Duke George William of Legnica died at the Brzeg Castle, as the last male member of the Piast dynasty, which founded the Polish state in the 10th century. He was buried in Legnica.
Two main routes connecting Warsaw and Dresden ran through the region in the 18th century and Kings Augustus II the Strong and Augustus III of Poland often traveled that route.
Most of Lower Silesia, except for the southern part of the Duchy of Nysa, became part of the Kingdom of Prussia after the First Silesian War by the 1742 Treaty of Breslau. In 1815, it became part of the Prussian Silesia Province, which was divided into the three Lower Silesian administrative regions () of Liegnitz, Breslau and , and Upper Silesian Oppeln (including the Lower Silesian districts of Neisse and Grottkau). Reichenbach, which covered the southern part of Lower Silesia, was dissolved and its territories split between Liegnitz and Breslau in 1820; Breslau, which thereafter covered the central part of Silesia is sometimes also referred to as Middle Silesia. The western Liegnitz region was enlarged by the incorporation of the Upper Lusatian (districts) of (Lubań), , Rothenburg and, after 1825, , all seized from the Kingdom of Saxony after the Napoleonic Wars, as well as some small areas transferred from Crossen (Rothenburg an der Oder, Polnisch Nettkow, Drehnow); the exclave of Schwiebus in the north, as well as few other small exclaves in the west, were transferred to Brandenburg Province. The formerly Bohemian County of Kladsko, which had been annexed along with Silesia in 1742, was attached to the Reichenbach region in 1818, becoming part of the central Breslau region upon Reichenbach dissolution in 1820.
The Polish secret resistance movement was active in the region in the 19th century. On 5 May 1848, a convention of Polish activists from the Prussian and Austrian partitions of Poland was held in Wrocław. Wrocław was the seat of a Polish uprising committee before and during the January Uprising of 1863–1864 in the Russian Partition of Poland. Local Poles took part in Polish national mourning after the Russian massacre of Polish protesters in Warsaw in February 1861, and also organized several patriotic Polish church services throughout 1861. Secret Polish correspondence, weapons, gunpowder and insurgents were transported through the region. In June 1863 Wrocław was officially confirmed as the seat of secret Polish insurgent authorities. The Prussian police arrested a number of members of the Polish insurgent movement.
From 1871, Lower Silesia was part of the German Empire. As a result of long lasting German colonization and Germanisation, by the beginning of the 20th century Lower Silesia had a majority German-speaking population, with the exception of a small Polish-speaking area in the northeastern part of the district of Namslau (Namysłów), Groß Wartenberg (Syców) and Militsch (Milicz) and a Czech-speaking minority in the rural area around Strehlen (Strzelin). There were also Polish communities in large cities such as Breslau (Wrocław) and Grünberg (Zielona Góra). During World War I, the Germans operated at least 24 forced labour camps for Allied prisoners of war in the region.
After the war, the bulk of Lower Silesia remained within Germany, the Bohemian part was included within Czechoslovakia, and a small part with Rychtal was reintegrated with Poland, which just regained independence. The German part was re-organized into the Province of Lower Silesia of the Free State of Prussia consisting of the Breslau and Liegnitz regions. In the interwar period, there were multiple instances of anti-Polish violence in the German part, and already in 1920 a Polish consulate in Wrocław was attacked and demolished by German nationalists. In the 1930s Poles and Jews were increasingly persecuted in the German-controlled part of the region. Many place names were Germanized in order to erase traces of Polish origin, even streets, squares, buildings and enterprises with the name Piast were forced to change their names (including the Piast castles in Brzeg and Wołów).
World War II
During World War II the Germans established the Gross-Rosen concentration camp with around 100 subcamps in the region, in which around 125,000 people of various nationalities, among them mostly Jews, Poles and citizens of the Soviet Union, were imprisoned, and around 40,000 died. Also several German prisoner-of-war camps, including Stalag VIII-A, Stalag VIII-C, Stalag VIII-E, Stalag Luft III, Oflag VIII-A, Oflag VIII-B, Oflag VIII-C, Oflag VIII-F, with numerous forced labour subcamps were located in the region, as well as various subcamps of the Stalag VIII-B/344 POW camp. POWs of various nationalities were held in those camps, including Poles, Frenchmen, Belgians, Britons, Italians, Canadians, Americans, Greeks, Yugoslavians, Russians, Australians, New Zealanders, South Africans, Norwegians, Lithuanians, Slovaks, etc. There were also several Nazi prisons, other forced labour camps and a camp for kidnapped Polish children up to 5 years of age, who were deemed "racially worthless" in Wąsosz, where many died. The Project Riese construction project, which cost the lives of many forced laborers of various nationalities, was conducted by Germany in the region.
The Polish resistance movement was active in the region, including the Home Army and Olimp organization.
In the final stages of the war it was the site of several death marches perpetrated by Nazi Germany.
In view of Polish claims to the area, a memorandum prepared by the United States Department of State in May 1945 recommended that the area stay with Germany because there was "no historic or ethnic justification" for granting this land to Poland.
However, according to Soviet insistence at the Potsdam Agreement, in which the Soviet Union annexed eastern Poland, Lower Silesia went to the Republic of Poland. These border shifts were agreed on pending a final peace conference with Germany which eventually never took place. Germany retained the small portion of the former Prussian Province of Lower Silesia to the west of the Oder-Neisse line.
Modern Poland
The remaining German population was expelled from the bulk of Lower Silesia east of the Neisse in accordance with the Potsdam Agreement. Poles from Central Poland and the Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union came to the region.
From 1945 to 1975 Lower Silesia was administered within the Wrocław Voivodeship. As a result of the Local Government Reorganisation Act (1975), Poland's administration was reorganized into 49 voivodeships, four of them in Lower Silesia: Jelenia Góra, Legnica, Wałbrzych, and Wrocław Voivodeships (1975–1998). As a result of the Local Government Reorganisation Act of 1998, these four provinces were joined into the Lower Silesian Voivodeship (effective 1 January 1999), whose capital is Wrocław.
Following the Korean War, in 1953–1959, Poland admitted 1,000 North Korean orphans in the region.
Population
At the close of the classical period the region was inhabited by Germanic Tribes, who during the Migration Period moved westward to the lands of modern Germany and France and were replaced in Lower Silesia by Lechitic tribes. Centuries later, German settlers came to Lower Silesia during the Late Middle Ages, attracted by newly founded towns to develop the region. Over time, the autochthonous Polish population became partly Germanised and took up the German language as well, however, notable Polish communities survived, especially in northern Lower Silesia, and in larger cities. In year 1819, the Breslau Regency had 833,253 inhabitants, the majority of whom—755,553 (90%)—were German-speakers; with a Polish-speaking minority numbering 66,500 (8%); as well as 3,900 Czechs (1%) and 7,300 Jews (1%). U.S. Immigration Commission in 1911 classified Polish-speaking Silesians as ethnic Poles. After World War II, German inhabitants that had not fled the area due to the war, were expelled in accordance with the Potsdam Agreement, and the region was resettled by Poles from former eastern Poland, which was annexed by the Soviet Union, as well as from other regions, making Polish minority majority again. In 1948–1954 Greeks and Macedonians, refugees of the Greek Civil War, came to Lower Silesia. They were temporarily admitted in five towns and villages in the region and afterwards finally settled in various cities and counties, although in the next decades some returned to Greece, and some emigrated to other countries. The largest Greek-Macedonian communities were located in Zgorzelec, Wrocław, Świdnica and Wałbrzych.
Cities and towns
Towns with over 20,000 inhabitants:
Wrocław
Zielona Góra
Wałbrzych
Legnica
Jelenia Góra
Lubin
Głogów
Świdnica
Bolesławiec
Nowa Sól
Oleśnica
Brzeg
Dzierżoniów
Oława
Bielawa
Żagań
Jawor
Świebodzice
Polkowice
Nowa Ruda
Świebodzin
Jelcz-Laskowice
Silesian traditions in Upper Lusatia
Eastern parts of Upper Lusatia also formed part of Silesia in the early 14th century, as part of the Duchy of Jawor of fragmented Poland, and again from 1815 to 1945, when the area was annexed from Saxony by Prussia and included within the Province of Silesia and later of Lower Silesia. During this time Silesian culture and the Silesian German dialect spread into this region with its centre Görlitz. The expulsion of the Germans from the east of the Oder-Neisse line led to an additional settlement of German Silesians in this region.
Due to these facts, some of the inhabitants of this region still consider themselves Silesian and cultivate Silesian customs. One of their special privileges is the right to use the Lower Silesian flag and coat of arms which is guaranteed to them by the Saxon Constitution of 1992. The Evangelical Church of Silesia in Upper Lusatia, meanwhile, merged with the one of Berlin and Brandenburg to form the Evangelical Church of Berlin-Brandenburg-Silesian Upper Lusatia.
Towns
The main cities within the former province of Lower Silesia west of the Oder-Neisse line are (Upper Sorbian names in italics):
Görlitz (Zhorjelc)
Hoyerswerda (Wojerecy)
Weißwasser/O.L. (Běła Woda)
Niesky (Niska)
The main Lusatian cities within the former Duchy of Jawor and province of Lower Silesia east of Lusatian Neisse, now within Lower Silesian Voivodship are:
Zgorzelec
Lubań
Bogatynia
Tourism
The international airport is located in Wrocław – Wrocław – Copernicus Airport.
The A4 motorway, A18 motorway and S3 expressway run through Lower Silesia.
Lower Silesia is one of the most visited regions in Poland. It is famous for a large number of castles and palaces (more than 100), inter alia: Książ Castle, Czocha Castle, Grodziec Castle, Gola Dzierżoniowska Castle, Oleśnica Castle, Kamieniec Ząbkowicki Palace. There is also a lot in the Jelenia Góra valley.
The most widely visited city is Wrocław where the Festival of Good Beer is held every year on the second weekend of June.
Lower Silesia boasts three World Heritage Sites and 18 Historic Monuments of Poland:
Churches of Peace in Jawor and Świdnica (listed as both)
Centennial Hall (Wrocław) (listed as both)
Piast Castle and Gothic St. Jadwiga's Church in Brzeg, one of the burial sites of the Piast dynasty
Museum of Papermaking in Duszniki-Zdrój
Palace and landscape parks of the Jelenia Góra Valley
Church of the Visitation of Mary in Klępsk
Baroque Krzeszów Abbey, which hosts the Icon of Our Lady of Grace, the oldest Marian icon in Poland and one of the oldest in Europe; one of the burial sites of the Piast dynasty
Baroque Benedictine Abbey and St. Jadwiga's Basilica, Legnickie Pole
Gothic Saint James church in Małujowice
Gothic Basilica of St. James and St. Agnes, Nysa, one of the burial sites of the Piast dynasty
Old Town and medieval fortifications of Paczków
Fort Srebrna Góra
Gothic Saints Peter and Paul Basilica, Strzegom
Gothic Świdnica Cathedral
Former Cistercian Abbey and Sanctuary of St. Jadwiga, Trzebnica, one of the burial sites of the Piast dynasty
Old Town of Wrocław
Former Augustinian Abbey and Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary Church, Żagań, one of the burial sites of the Piast dynasty
Other landmarks include:
Kłodzko Fortress, Wambierzyce, Oleśnica Mała, Lubiąż Abbey, Henryków, Vang Stave Church, Mount Ślęża, Table Mountains, Owl Mountains, Karkonosze, Main Sudetes Trail (440 km from Świeradów Zdrój to Prudnik), Barycz Valley Landscape Park.
Sport
Among the most accomplished sports clubs in Lower Silesia are football clubs Śląsk Wrocław and Zagłębie Lubin, speedway clubs Falubaz Zielona Góra and Sparta Wrocław, basketball clubs Śląsk Wrocław, Basket Zielona Góra, Górnik Wałbrzych and handball club Śląsk Wrocław.
Every year in September, Wrocław Marathon is organized.
See also
Koleje Dolnośląskie
Izera railway
Silesia Walls
Chrobry fortified village in Szprotawa
Project Riese
References
Sources
Urbanek M., (2003), Dolny Śląsk. Siedem stron świata., MAK publishing, Wrocław, p. 240 + CD-ROM
Śląsk na weekend – touristic guide, Pascal publishing
External links
Lower Silesian Voivodeship Website
Lower Silesian official website for tourist information
Czech geographic history
Historical regions in Poland |
Siv Heim Sæbøe (born 25 March 1973) is a Norwegian team handball player who played for the club Bækkelagets SK and on the Norway women's national handball team. She became European champion in 1998.
Sæbøe made her debut on the national team in 1998, and her position was pivot/line player.
References
External links
1973 births
Living people
Norwegian female handball players |
Mary Pickford (1892–1979) was a Canadian-American motion picture actress, producer, and writer. During the silent film era she became one of the first great celebrities of the cinema and a popular icon known to the public as "America's Sweetheart".
Pickford was born Gladys Louise Smith in Toronto and began acting on stage in 1900. She started her film career in the United States in 1909. Initially with the Biograph film company, she moved to the Independent Motion Picture Company (IMP) in 1911, then briefly to the Majestic Film Company later that same year, followed by a return to Biograph in 1912. After appearing in over 150 short films during her years with these studios she began working in features with Zukor's Famous Players Film Company, a studio which eventually became part of Paramount Pictures. By 1916 Pickford's popularity had climbed to the point that she was awarded a contract that made her a partner with Zukor and allowed her to produce her own films. In 1919 Pickford teamed with D.W. Griffith, Charlie Chaplin, and Douglas Fairbanks to create United Artists, an organization designed to distribute their own films. Following the release of Secrets (1933) Pickford retired from acting in motion pictures. However, she remained active as a producer for several years afterwards. She sold her stock in United Artists in 1956.
Pickford won two Academy Awards in her lifetime. The first was in 1929 when she won the award for Best Actress for her performance in Coquette. The second was in 1975 when she was presented with an Honorary Academy Award "in recognition of her unique contributions to the film industry and the development of film as an artistic medium". As of 2009 two of Pickford's films have been added to the National Film Registry: Tess of the Storm Country (1914) and The Poor Little Rich Girl (1917). For her work in motion pictures Pickford received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame located at 6280 Hollywood Boulevard.
Unless otherwise referenced, the information presented here is derived from the web site of the American Film Institute, the filmography prepared by Library of Congress historian Christel Schmidt, and the books Mary Pickford Rediscovered by Kevin Brownlow, Mary Pickford: From Here to Hollywood by Scott Eyman, and Pickford: The Woman Who Made Hollywood by Eileen Whitfield.
Short films
Biograph (1909)
Mary Pickford began working for the American Mutoscope and Biograph Company in April 1909 and remained with the company until the end of 1910. During this period Pickford made 43 films released in 1909, plus a 44th film that was not released. Most of these films are one-reelers while the remaining films are split-reelers (i.e. one of two films released on the same reel).
Biograph (1910)
Pickford appeared in 34 Biograph films released in 1910. All of these films are one-reelers.
Biograph (1911)
Pickford left the Biograph Company at the end of 1910. The last films that she made for them before her departure were released in early 1911. All of these five films are one-reelers.
Selig (1911)
In a 1913 interview Pickford claimed to have written two screenplays for the Selig Polyscope Company. Neither film is known to survive.
IMP (1911–1912)
In December 1910 Carl Laemmle signed Pickford to his Independent Motion Picture Company (IMP). All of her IMP titles are one-reelers. The names of Pickford's characters are given if known. Only 13 of Pickford's 41 IMP films are known to survive complete, while fragments of two others exist.
Majestic (1911–1912)
After leaving IMP, Pickford signed with Harry H. Aiken's Majestic Film Company. During her brief time with this studio she made five one-reelers. Only one of these films is known to survive.
Biograph (1912–1913)
Pickford returned to the Biograph Company in January 1912, where she remained until the end of the year. Except where noted all 26 films from this period are one-reelers.
Features
State rights (1913–1914)
After leaving Biograph at the end of 1912, Pickford returned to stage acting in the Broadway production of David Belasco's play A Good Little Devil. In May 1913 she resumed acting in motion pictures when she signed with Adolph Zukor's Famous Players Film Company. The first five features she made for Zukor were released in the United States on a state rights basis, where regional organizations in each state handled the distribution of each film. Only one of these films is known to survive complete.
Paramount (1914–1916)
In 1914 Paramount Pictures began handling the release of Zukor's Famous Players Film Company. Pickford made 17 features prior to beginning with Artcraft. Ten of these films survive complete while six are lost and one survives incomplete.
Artcraft (1916–1918)
Pickford signed a new contract with Adolph Zukor in June 1916. Among the agreements in the contract was that she would now be producing her own films and they would be distributed through a special division of Paramount Pictures called Artcraft. Pickford made 13 films for Artcraft of which 11 survive complete.
War propaganda (1917–1918)
During World War I Pickford appeared in four short propaganda films.
First National (1918–1920)
In November 1918 Pickford ended her contractual obligations with Adolph Zukor and Paramount. She then signed a three-picture deal with First National to distribute her productions.
United Artists (silent films, 1920–1927)
In 1919 Pickford co-founded United Artists with Charlie Chaplin, D.W. Griffith, and Douglas Fairbanks. Pickford starred in 11 silent films for United Artists release and co-produced three films starring her brother, Jack Pickford, and one with their sister, Lottie Pickford. Mary Pickford also made unbilled cameo appearances in three other films during this time.
United Artists (sound films, 1929–1949)
Pickford starred in four sound films (excluding the uncompleted Forever Yours). After Secrets, her final film as an actress, she continued working as a producer, including two films in collaboration with Jesse L. Lasky. In 1945, she and her third husband, Charles "Buddy" Rogers, co-founded Comet Productions to produce "B" pictures for United Artists. Her role as producer in these later films was generally uncredited.
Cameos and erroneous credits
Cameo appearances in short films
Pickford made cameo appearances as herself in the following short films:
Erroneous credits
Three Biograph titles, The Usurer (August 15, 1910), The Affair of an Egg (September 1, 1910), and Examination Day at School (September 2, 1910), and two IMP titles, At the Duke's Command (February 6, 1911) and From the Bottom of the Sea (October 20, 1911), have been erroneously listed in Mary Pickford filmographies. Pickford historian Christel Schmidt has confirmed that the actress does not appear in these films. The Internet Movie Database lists Pickford as appearing in the Biograph shorts entitled Mrs. Jones Entertains (January 9, 1909), The Fascinating Mrs. Francis (January 21, 1909) and The Deception (March 22, 1909). However, Pickford did not begin with Biograph until the end of April 1909. Mary Pickford is credited with appearing in the movie Pictureland in 1911 but a recently discovered copy shows that she is not in the film. The stars are Isabel Rae and King Baggot and the film was likely directed by Thomas Ince.
See also
Timeline of Mary Pickford
Footnotes
References
Main sources
(Originally titled Mary Pickford – America's Sweetheart)
Petersen, Anne Helen (2014). Pickford&Fairbanks: American Royalty. Penguin.
Further reading
External links
Note: Type "Mary Pickford" into Nominee category.
Actress filmographies
American filmographies
Canadian filmographies |
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Ladduram Kori is an Indian politician from Ashoknagar district in Madhya Pradesh state of Republic of India. He is member of Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly during 2008-2013 and elected from Ashoknagar constituency. He is member of Bhartiya Janata Party. He is a resident of Village Belsara Post Rahatha, District Umaria M.P.
References
Living people
People from Ashoknagar
Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2008–2013
Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh
Year of birth missing (living people) |
Newdigate is a village and civil parish in Surrey, England.
Newdigate or Newdegate may also refer to:
Newdigate (surname), for people with that name (both spellings)
Newdigate Prize, a prize for English verse awarded to University of Oxford students
Newdigate baronets, a Baronetage of England
Newdegate, Western Australia, a town
Electoral division of Newdegate, an electoral division in the Tasmanian Legislative Council of Australia
See also
Newdigate-Reed House, near Maysville, Kentucky |
Cetacean intelligence is the overall intelligence and derived cognitive ability of aquatic mammals belonging in the infraorder Cetacea (cetaceans), including baleen whales, porpoises, and dolphins.
Brain
Size
Brain size was previously considered a major indicator of the intelligence of an animal. However, many other factors also affect intelligence, and recent discoveries concerning bird intelligence have called into question the influence of brain size. Since most of the brain is used for maintaining bodily functions, greater ratios of brain to body mass may increase the amount of brain mass available for more complex cognitive tasks. Allometric analysis indicates that in general, mammalian brain size scales at approximately the or exponent of body mass. Comparison of actual brain size with the size expected from allometry provides an encephalization quotient (EQ) that can be used as a more accurate indicator of an animal's intelligence.
Sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) have the largest known brain mass of any extant animal, averaging 7.8 kg in mature males.
Orcas (Orcinus orca) have the second largest known brain mass of any extant animal. (5.4-6.8 kg)
Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) have an absolute brain mass of 1,500–1,700 grams. This is slightly greater than that of humans (1,300–1,400 grams) and about four times that of chimpanzees (400 grams).
The brain to body mass ratio (not the encephalization quotient) in some members of the odontocete superfamily Delphinoidea (dolphins, porpoises, belugas, and narwhals) is greater than modern humans, and greater than all other mammals (there is debate whether that of the treeshrew might be second in place of humans). In some dolphins, it is less than half that of humans: 0.9% versus 2.1%. However, this comparison is complicated by the large amount of insulating blubber Delphinoidea brains have (15-20% of mass).
The encephalization quotient varies widely between species. The La Plata dolphin has an EQ of approximately 1.67; the Ganges river dolphin of 1.55; the orca of 2.57; the bottlenose dolphin of 4.14; and the tucuxi dolphin of 4.56; In comparison to other animals, elephants have an EQ ranging from 1.13 to 2.36; chimpanzees of approximately 2.49; dogs of 1.17; cats of 1.00; and mice of 0.50.
The majority of mammals are born with a brain close to 90% of the adult brain weight. Humans are born with 28% of the adult brain weight, chimpanzees with 54%, bottlenose dolphins with 42.5%, and elephants with 35%.
Spindle cells (neurons without extensive branching) have been discovered in the brains of the humpback whale, fin whale, sperm whale, orca, bottlenose dolphins, Risso's dolphins, and beluga whales. Humans, great apes, and elephants, species all well known for their high intelligence, are the only others known to have spindle cells. Spindle neurons appear to play a central role in the development of intelligent behavior. Such a discovery may suggest a convergent evolution of these species.
Structure
Elephant brains also show a complexity similar to dolphin brains, and are also more convoluted than that of humans, and with a cortex thicker than that of cetaceans. It is generally agreed that the growth of the neocortex, both absolutely and relative to the rest of the brain, during human evolution, has been responsible for the evolution of human intelligence, however defined. While a complex neocortex usually indicates high intelligence, there are exceptions. For example, the echidna has a highly developed brain, yet is not widely considered very intelligent, though preliminary investigations into their intelligence suggest that echidnas are capable of more advanced cognitive tasks than were previously assumed.
In 2014, it was shown for the first time that a species of dolphin, the long-finned pilot whale, has more neocortical neurons than any mammal studied to date including humans.
Unlike terrestrial mammals, dolphin brains contain a paralimbic lobe, which may possibly be used for sensory processing. The dolphin is a voluntary breather, even during sleep, with the result that veterinary anaesthesia of dolphins would result in asphyxiation. Ridgway reports that EEGs show alternating hemispheric asymmetry in slow waves during sleep, with occasional sleep-like waves from both hemispheres. This result has been interpreted to mean that dolphins sleep only one hemisphere of their brain at a time, possibly to control their voluntary respiration system or to be vigilant for predators.
The dolphin's greater dependence on sound processing is evident in the structure of its brain: its neural area devoted to visual imaging is only about one-tenth that of the human brain, while the area devoted to acoustical imaging is about 10 times as large. Sensory experiments suggest a great degree of cross-modal integration in the processing of shapes between echolocative and visual areas of the brain.
Brain evolution
The evolution of encephalization in cetaceans is similar to that in primates. Though the general trend in their evolutionary history increased brain mass, body mass, and encephalization quotient, a few lineages actually underwent decephalization, although the selective pressures that caused this are still under debate. Among cetaceans, Odontoceti tend to have higher encephalization quotients than Mysticeti, which is at least partially due to the fact that Mysticeti have much larger body masses without a compensating increase in brain mass. As far as which selective pressures drove the encephalization (or decephalization) of cetacean brains, current research espouses a few main theories. The most promising suggests that cetacean brain size and complexity increased to support complex social relations. It could also have been driven by changes in diet, the emergence of echolocation, or an increase in territorial range.
Problem-solving ability
Some research shows that dolphins, among other animals, understand concepts such as numerical continuity, though not necessarily counting. Dolphins may be able to discriminate between numbers.
Several researchers observing animals' ability to learn set formation tend to rank dolphins at about the level of elephants in intelligence, and show that dolphins do not surpass other highly intelligent animals in problem solving. A 1982 survey of other studies showed that in the learning of "set formation", dolphins rank highly, but not as high as some other animals.
Behavior
Pod characteristics
Dolphin group sizes vary quite dramatically. River dolphins usually congregate in fairly small groups from 6 to 12 in number or, in some species, singly or in pairs. The individuals in these small groups know and recognize one another. Other species such as the oceanic pantropical spotted dolphin, common dolphin and spinner dolphin travel in large groups of hundreds of individuals. It is unknown whether every member of the group is acquainted with every other. However, large packs can act as a single cohesive unitobservations show that if an unexpected disturbance, such as a shark approach, occurs from the flank or from beneath the group, the group moves in near-unison to avoid the threat. This means that the dolphins must be aware not only of their near neighbors but also of other individuals nearby in a similar manner to which humans perform "audience waves". This is achieved by sight, and possibly also echolocation. One hypothesis proposed by Jerison (1986) is that members of a pod of dolphins are able to share echolocation results with each other to create a better understanding of their surroundings.
Resident orcas living in British Columbia, Canada, and Washington, United States, live in extremely stable family groups. The basis of this social structure is the matriline, consisting of a mother and her offspring, who travel with her for life. Male orcas never leave their mothers' pods, while female offspring may branch off to form their own matriline if they have many offspring of their own. Males have a particularly strong bond with their mother, and travel with them their entire lives, which can exceed 50 years.
Relationships in the orca population can be discovered through their vocalizations. Matrilines who share a common ancestor from only a few generations back share mostly the same dialect, comprising a pod. Pods who share some calls indicate a common ancestor from many generations back, and make up a clan. The orcas use these dialects to avoid inbreeding. They mate outside the clan, which is determined by the different vocalizations. There is evidence that other species of dolphins may also have dialects.
In bottlenose dolphin studies by Wells in Sarasota, Florida, and Smolker in Shark Bay, Australia, females of a community are all linked either directly or through a mutual association in an overall social structure known as fission-fusion. Groups of the strongest association are known as "bands", and their composition can remain stable over years. There is some genetic evidence that band members may be related, but these bands are not necessarily limited to a single matrilineal line. There is no evidence that bands compete with each other. In the same research areas, as well as in Moray Firth, Scotland, males form strong associations of two to three individuals, with a coefficient of association between 70 and 100. These groups of males are known as "alliances", and members often display synchronous behaviors such as respiration, jumping, and breaching. Alliance composition is stable on the order of tens of years, and may provide a benefit for the acquisition of females for mating.
The complex social strategies of marine mammals such as bottlenose dolphins, "provide interesting parallels" with the social strategies of elephants and chimpanzees.
Complex play
Dolphins are known to engage in complex play behavior, which includes such things as producing stable underwater toroidal air-core vortex rings or "bubble rings". There are two main methods of bubble ring production: rapid puffing of a burst of air into the water and allowing it to rise to the surface, forming a ring; or swimming repeatedly in a circle and then stopping to inject air into the helical vortex currents thus formed. The dolphin will often then examine its creation visually and with sonar. They also appear to enjoy biting the vortex-rings they have created, so that they burst into many separate normal bubbles and then rise quickly to the surface. Certain whales are also known to produce bubble rings or bubble nets for the purpose of foraging. Many dolphin species also play by riding in waves, whether natural waves near the shoreline in a method akin to human "body-surfing", or within the waves induced by the bow of a moving boat in a behavior known as bow riding.
Cross-species cooperation
There have been instances in captivity of various species of dolphin and porpoise helping and interacting across species, including helping beached whales. Also they have been known to live alongside resident (fish eating) orca whales for limited amounts of time.
Dolphins have also been known to aid human swimmers in need, and in at least one instance a distressed dolphin approached human divers seeking assistance.
Creative behavior
Aside from having exhibited the ability to learn complex tricks, dolphins have also demonstrated the ability to produce creative responses. This was studied by Karen Pryor during the mid-1960s at Sea Life Park in Hawaii, and was published as The Creative Porpoise: Training for Novel Behavior in 1969. The two test subjects were two rough-toothed dolphins (Steno bredanensis), named Malia (a regular show performer at Sea Life Park) and Hou (a research subject at adjacent Oceanic Institute). The experiment tested when and whether the dolphins would identify that they were being rewarded (with fish) for originality in behavior and was very successful. However, since only two dolphins were involved in the experiment, the study is difficult to generalize.
Starting with the dolphin named Malia, the method of the experiment was to choose a particular behavior exhibited by her each day and reward each display of that behavior throughout the day's session. At the start of each new day Malia would present the prior day's behavior, but only when a new behavior was exhibited was a reward given. All behaviors exhibited were, at least for a time, known behaviors of dolphins. After approximately two weeks Malia apparently exhausted "normal" behaviors and began to repeat performances. This was not rewarded.
According to Pryor, the dolphin became almost despondent. However, at the sixteenth session without novel behavior, the researchers were presented with a flip they had never seen before. This was reinforced. As related by Pryor, after the new display: "instead of offering that again she offered a tail swipe we'd never seen; we reinforced that. She began offering us all kinds of behavior that we hadn't seen in such a mad flurry that finally we could hardly choose what to throw fish at".
The second test subject, Hou, took thirty-three sessions to reach the same stage. On each occasion the experiment was stopped when the variability of dolphin behavior became too complex to make further positive reinforcement meaningful.
The same experiment was repeated with humans, and it took the volunteers about the same length of time to figure out what was being asked of them. After an initial period of frustration or anger, the humans realised they were being rewarded for novel behavior. In dolphins this realisation produced excitement and more and more novel behaviorsin humans it mostly just produced relief.
Captive orcas have displayed responses indicating they get bored with activities. For instance, when Paul Spong worked with the orca Skana, he researched her visual skills. However, after performing favorably in the 72 trials per day, Skana suddenly began consistently getting every answer wrong. Spong concluded that a few fish were not enough motivation. He began playing music, which seemed to provide Skana with much more motivation.
At the Institute for Marine Mammal Studies in Mississippi, it has also been observed that the resident dolphins seem to show an awareness of the future. The dolphins are trained to keep their own tank clean by retrieving rubbish and bringing it to a keeper, to be rewarded with a fish. However, one dolphin, named Kelly, has apparently learned a way to get more fish, by hoarding the rubbish under a rock at the bottom of the pool and bringing it up one small piece at a time.
Use of tools
, scientists have observed wild bottlenose dolphins in Shark Bay, Western Australia using a basic tool. When searching for food on the sea floor, many of these dolphins were seen tearing off pieces of sponge and wrapping them around their rostra, presumably to prevent abrasions and facilitate digging.
Communication
Whale song is the sounds made by whales and which is used for different kinds of communication.
Dolphins emit two distinct kinds of acoustic signals, which are called whistles and clicks:
Clicksquick broadband burst pulsesare used for echolocation, although some lower-frequency broadband vocalizations may serve a non-echolocative purpose such as communication (for example, the pulsed calls of orcas). Pulses in a click train are emitted at intervals of ≈35–50 milliseconds, and in general these inter-click intervals are slightly greater than the round-trip time of sound to the target.
Whistlesnarrow-band frequency modulated (FM) signalsare used for communicative purposes, such as contact calls, the pod-specific dialects of resident orcas, or the signature whistle of bottlenose dolphins.
There is strong evidence that some specific whistles, called signature whistles, are used by dolphins to identify and/or call each other; dolphins have been observed emitting both other specimens' signature whistles, and their own. A unique signature whistle develops quite early in a dolphin's life, and it appears to be created in imitation of the signature whistle of the dolphin's mother. Imitation of the signature whistle seems to occur only among the mother and its young, and among befriended adult males.
Xitco reported the ability of dolphins to eavesdrop passively on the active echolocative inspection of an object by another dolphin. Herman calls this effect the "acoustic flashlight" hypothesis, and may be related to findings by both Herman and Xitco on the comprehension of variations on the pointing gesture, including human pointing, dolphin postural pointing, and human gaze, in the sense of a redirection of another individual's attention, an ability which may require theory of mind.
The environment where dolphins live makes experiments much more expensive and complicated than for many other species; additionally, the fact that cetaceans can emit and hear sounds (which are believed to be their main means of communication) in a range of frequencies much wider than humans can means that sophisticated equipment, which was scarcely available in the past, is needed to record and analyse them. For example, clicks can contain significant energy in frequencies greater than 110 kHz (for comparison, it is unusual for a human to be able to hear sounds above 20 kHz), requiring that equipment have a sampling rates of at least 220 kHz; MHz-capable hardware is often used.
In addition to the acoustic communication channel, the visual modality is also significant. The contrasting pigmentation of the body may be used, for example with "flashes" of the hypopigmented ventral area of some species, as can the production of bubble streams during signature whistling. Also, much of the synchronous and cooperative behaviors, as described in the Behavior section of this entry, as well as cooperative foraging methods, likely are managed at least partly by visual means.
Experiments have shown that they can learn human sign language and can use whistles for 2-way human–animal communication. Phoenix and Akeakamai, bottlenose dolphins, understood individual words and basic sentences like "touch the frisbee with your tail and then jump over it". Phoenix learned whistles, and Akeakamai learned sign language. Both dolphins understood the significance of the ordering of tasks in a sentence.
A study conducted by Jason Bruck of the University of Chicago showed that bottlenose dolphins can remember whistles of other dolphins they had lived with after 20 years of separation. Each dolphin has a unique whistle that functions like a name, allowing the marine mammals to keep close social bonds.
The new research shows that dolphins have the longest memory yet known in any species other than humans.
Self-awareness
Self-awareness, though not well defined scientifically, is believed to be the precursor to more advanced processes like meta-cognitive reasoning (thinking about thinking) that are typical of humans. Scientific research in this field has suggested that bottlenose dolphins, alongside elephants and great apes, possess self-awareness.
The most widely used test for self-awareness in animals is the mirror test, developed by Gordon Gallup in the 1970s, in which a temporary dye is placed on an animal's body, and the animal is then presented with a mirror.
In 1995, Marten and Psarakos used television to test dolphin self-awareness. They showed dolphins real-time footage of themselves, recorded footage, and another dolphin. They concluded that their evidence suggested self-awareness rather than social behavior. While this particular study has not been repeated since then, dolphins have since passed the mirror test. However, some researchers have argued that evidence for self-awareness has not been convincingly demonstrated.
See also
Animal cognition
Animal consciousness
Morgan's Canon
John C. Lillypioneer researcher in human–dolphin communication.
Louis Hermanscientist in dolphin cognition and sensory abilities
Animal language
Vocal learning
Spindle neuron
Military dolphin
U.S. Navy Marine Mammal Program
So Long, and Thanks for All the Fishfiction novel which derives its title from the idea of dolphins leaving the Earth.
Uplift Universea series of novels, involving genetically-enhanced ("uplifted") intelligent dolphins
References
Further reading
Dolphin Communication and Cognition: Past, Present, and Future, edited by Denise L. Herzing and Christine M. Johnson, 2015, MIT Press
External links
Brain facts and figures.
Neuroanatomy of the Common Dolphin (Delphinus delphis) as Revealed by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).
"The Dolphin Brain Atlas" – A collection of stained brain sections and MRI images.
Animal intelligence
Cetaceans
Mammal behavior |
Mount Hebron Cemetery is a cemetery in Montclair, in Essex County, New Jersey, United States. Founded in February 1863 by citizens of Cranetown and Speertown (now Montclair and Upper Montclair), the Mount Hebron Cemetery features 30 acres of landscaped grounds. There are numerous entombment areas including a vintage receiving vault that is no longer in use. The Chime Tower near the main entrance can be used at any service to provide appropriate mood.
Notable interments
Shirley Booth (1898–1992), Academy Award-winning actress for the film Come Back, Little Sheba
Allen B. Du Mont (1901–1965), scientist and inventor best known for improvements to the cathode ray tube in 1931 for use in television receivers, manufacture of the first commercially successful electronic televisions and founder of the first licensed TV network, DuMont Television Network
Olympia Dukakis (1931–2021), actress
Edward Sylvester Ellis (1840–1916), author
Bayard Hilton Faulkner (1894–1983), mayor of Montclair
Albert W. Hawkes (1878–1971), US Senator from New Jersey from 1943–1949
Herman Hupfeld (1894–1951), songwriter whose most notable composition was "As Time Goes By" in the film Casablanca
Charles Henry Ingersoll (1865–1948), Ingersoll Watch Company co-founder
Vincent La Selva (1929–2017), conductor
Reggie Lucas (1953–2018), musician, songwriter, record producer
John Raleigh Mott (1865-1955), Nobel Peace Price winner (cenotaph)
William Staub (1915–2012), inventor and developer
Louis Zorich (1924–2018), actor
References
External links
Montclair, New Jersey
Upper Montclair, New Jersey
Cemeteries in Essex County, New Jersey |
Ruth Harrison (; 24 June 1920 – 13 June 2000) was an English animal welfare activist and writer.
Biography
Harrison was born in London, the daughter of the author Stephen Winsten and the artist Clara Birnberg. She was educated at Bedford College, London. As a Quaker and as a conscientious objector during the Second World War (thereby following the stand of her father in the First World War), she served in the Friends Ambulance Unit, first in Hackney, London, and then with displaced persons in Schleswig-Holstein and Bochum in Germany. Ruth married architect Dex Harrison in 1954. She served on the Farm Animal Welfare Committee.
In 1964, Harrison published Animal Machines, which describes intensive poultry and livestock farming. The book was said to have exposed the suffering inflicted on farm animals by industrialised agriculture. The book prompted the British government to appoint a committee chaired by Francis Brambell to investigate the welfare of farm animals. In 1965, the "Brambell Report" was published which outlined five freedoms. Harrison's book was published in seven countries and was the inspiration for the European Convention for the Protection of Animals Kept for Farming Purposes. In 1986 she was awarded an OBE.
Harrison died of cancer in 2000, shortly before her eightieth birthday.
Legacy
The Australian ethicist Peter Singer has said that reading Animal Machines was important in his becoming a vegetarian and adopting the views that he sets out in Animal Liberation.
People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) president and co-founder Ingrid Newkirk, also credits Harrison's book, Animal Machines, with changing her life.
Selected publications
Animal Machines: the New Factory Farming Industry. Vincent Stuart Publishers. (1964)
Case Study: Farm Animals. In R. J. Berry. (1992). Environmental Dilemmas: Ethics and Decisions. Chapman & Hall.
References
Further reading
Kirchhelle, C. (2021). Bearing Witness: Ruth Harrison and British Farm Animal Welfare (1920-2000). Palgrave Macmillan.
External links
Animal Welfare Quarterly - ''A Tribute to Ruth Harrison
1920 births
2000 deaths
20th-century Quakers
20th-century English women writers
Alumni of Bedford College, London
British animal welfare scholars
British animal welfare workers
Deaths from cancer in England
English conscientious objectors
English people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent
English Quakers
English women non-fiction writers
Members of the Order of the British Empire
People associated with the Friends' Ambulance Unit
People associated with the Oxford Group (animal rights)
Writers from London |
In neuroanatomy, thalamocortical radiations also known as thalamocortical fibres, are the efferent fibres that project from the thalamus to distinct areas of the cerebral cortex. They form fibre bundles that emerge from the lateral surface of the thalamus.
Structure
Thalamocortical fibers (TC fibres) have been referred to as one of the two constituents of the isothalamus, the other being microneurons. Thalamocortical fibers have a bush or tree-like appearance as they extend into the internal capsule and project to the layers of the cortex. The main thalamocortical fibers extend from different nuclei of the thalamus and project to the visual cortex, somatosensory (and associated sensori-motor) cortex, and the auditory cortex in the brain. Thalamocortical radiations also innervate gustatory and olfactory pathways, as well as pre-frontal motor areas. Visual input from the optic tract is processed by the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus, auditory input in the medial geniculate nucleus, and somatosensory input in the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus. Thalamic nuclei project to cortical areas of distinct architectural organization and relay the processed information back to the area of original activity in the thalamus via corticothalamic fibers (CT fibres). The thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) receives incoming signals via corticothalamic pathways and regulates activity within the thalamus accordingly. Cortico-thalamic feedback neurons are mostly found in layer VI of the cortex. Reciprocal CT projections to the thalamus are of a higher order than, and synapse with, the TRN in much greater number than do thalamocortical projections to cortex. This suggests that the cortex has a much bigger role in top down processing and regulation of thalamic activity than do the processes originating in thalamic interneurons. Large-scale frequency oscillations and electrical rhythms have also been shown to regulate TC activity for long periods of time, as is evident during the sleep cycle. Other evidence suggests CT modulation of TC rhythms can occur over different time scales, adding even more complexity to their function.
Relay cells
Thalamic interneurons process sensory information and signal different regions of the thalamic nuclei. These nuclei extend to relay cells, which in turn innervate distinct areas of the cortex via thalamocortical fibers. Either specifically or nonspecifically, TC relay cells project specifically to organized areas of the cortex directly and nonspecifically project to large areas of cortex through the innervation of many interconnected collateral axons.
According to Jones (2001) there are two primary types of relay neurons in the thalamus of primates–core cells and matrix cells–each creating distinct pathways to various parts and layers throughout the cerebral cortex. Matrix cells of the thalamus, or calbindin-immuno-reactive neurons (CIR neurons), are widely distributed and diffusely dispersed in each of the nuclei of the dorsal thalamus. In comparison, parvalbumin immuno-reactive neurons (PIR neurons) can be found only in principal sensory and motor relay nuclei, and in the pulvinar nuclei as well as the intralaminar nuclei. The PIR neurons cluster together creating "densely terminating afferent fibers…forming a core imposed on a diffuse background matrix of PIR cells" (Jones 2001). PIR cells tend to project upon the cerebral cortex and terminate in an organized topographic manner in specifically localized zones (in deep layer III and in the middle layer IV). In contrast, CIR cells have dispersed projections wherein various adjacent cells connect to non-specific different cortical areas. CIR axons seem to terminate primarily in the superficial layers of the cortex: layers I, II, and upper III.
Function
Thalamocortical signaling is primarily excitatory, causing the activation of corresponding areas of the cortex, but is mainly regulated by inhibitory mechanisms. The specific excitatory signaling is based upon glutamatergic signaling, and is dependent on the nature of the sensory information being processed. Recurrent oscillations in thalamocortical circuits also provide large-scale regulatory feedback inputs to the thalamus via GABAergic neurons that synapse in the TRN.
In a study done by Gibbs, Zhang, Shumate, and Coulter (1998) it was found that endogenously released zinc blocked GABA responses within the TC system specifically by interrupting communication between the thalamus and the connected TRN. Computational neuroscientists are particularly interested in thalamocortical circuits because they represent a structure that is disproportionally larger and more complex in humans than other mammals (when body size is taken into account), which may contribute to humans' special cognitive abilities. Evidence from one study (Arcelli et al. 1996) offers partial support to this claim by suggesting that thalamic GABAergic local circuit neurons in mammalian brains relate more to processing ability compared to sensorimotor ability, as they reflect an increasing complexity of local information processing in the thalamus. It is proposed that core relay cells and matrix cells projecting from the dorsal thalamus allow for synchronization of cortical and thalamic cells during "high-frequency oscillations that underlie discrete conscious events", though this is a heavily debated area of research.
Projections
The majority of thalamocortical fibers project to layer IV of the cortex, wherein sensory information is directed to other layers where they either terminate or connect with axons collaterally depending on type of projection and type of initial activation. Activation of the thalamocortical neurons relies heavily on the direct and indirect effects of glutamate, which causes excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) at terminal branches in the primary sensory cortices.
Somatosensory areas
Primarily, thalamocortical somatosensory radiation from the VPL, VPM and LP nuclei extends to the primary and secondary somatosensory areas, terminating in cortical layers of the lateral postcentral gyrus. S1 receives parallel thalamocortical radiations from the posterior medial nucleus and the VPN. Projections from the VPN to the postcentral gyrus account for the transfer of sensory information concerning touch and pain. Several studies indicate that parallel innervations to S1 and also S2 via thalamocortical pathways result in the processing of nociceptive and non-nociceptive information. Non-specific projections to sensori-motor areas of the cortex may in part have to do with the relationship between non-noci-receptive processing and motor functions. Past research shows a link between S1 and M1, creating a thalamocortical sensori-motor circuit. When this circuit becomes disrupted symptoms are produced similar to those that accompany Multiple sclerosis, suggesting thalamocortical rhythms are involved in regulating sensori-motor pathways in a highly specialized manner. TC-CT rhythms evident during sleep act to inhibit these thalamocortical fibers so as to maintain the tonic cycling of low frequency waves and the subsequent suppression of motor activity.
Visual areas
The lateral geniculate nucleus and the pulvinar nuclei project to and terminate in V1, and carry motor information from the brain stem as well as other sensory input from the optic tract. The visual cortex connects with other sensory areas which allows for the integration of cognitive tasks such as selective and directed attention, and pre-motor planning, in relation to the processing of incoming visual stimuli. Models of the pulvinar projections to the visual cortex have been proposed by several imaging studies, though their mapping has been difficult due to the fact that pulvinar subdivisions are not conventionally organized and have been difficult to visualize using structural MRI. Evidence from several studies supports the idea that the pulvinar nuclei and superior colliculus receive descending projections from CT fibers while TC fibers extending from the LGN carry visual information to the various areas of the visual cortex near the calcarine fissure.
Auditory areas
Thalamocortical axons project primarily from the medial geniculate nucleus via the sublenticular region of the internal capsule, and terminate in an organized topographic manner in the transverse temporal gyri. MMGN radiations terminate in specific locations while thalamocortical fibers from the VMGN terminate in nonspecific clusters of cells and form collateral connections to neighboring cells. Research done by staining the brains of macaque monkeys reveals projections from the ventral nucleus mainly terminating in layers IV and IIIB, with some nonspecific clusters of PIR cells terminating in layers I, II, IIIA, and VI. Fibers from the dorsal nuclei were found to project more directly to the primary auditory area, with most axons terminating in layer IIIB. The magnocellular nucleus projected a small amount of PIR cells with axons mainly terminating in layer 1, though large regions of the middle cortical layers were innervated through collaterally connected CIR neurons. Past research suggests that the thalamocortical-auditory pathway may be the only neural correlate that can explain a direct translation of frequency information to the cortex via specific pathways.
Motor areas
The primary motor cortex receives terminating thalamocortical fibers from the VL nucleus of the thalamus. This is the primary pathway involved in the transference of cerebellar input to the primary motor cortex. The VA projects widely across the inferior parietal and premotor cortex. Other Non-specific thalamocortical projections, those that originate in the dorsal-medial nuclei of the thalamus, terminate in the prefrontal cortex and have subsequent projections to associative premotor areas via collateral connections. The cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop has been traditionally associated with reward-learning and though has also been noted by some researchers to have a modulatory effect on thalamocortical network functioning–this is due to inherent activation of the premotor areas connecting the VA nucleus with the cortex.
Clinical significance
Absence seizures
Thalamocortical radiations have been researched extensively in the past due to their relationship with attention, wakefulness, and arousal. Past research has shown how an increase in spike-and-wave activity within the TC network can disrupt normal rhythms involved with the sleep-wakefulness cycle, ultimately causing absence seizures and other forms of epileptic behavior. Burst firing within a part of the TC network stimulates GABA receptors within the thalamus causing moments of increased inhibition, leading to frequency spikes, which offset oscillation patterns. Another study done on rats suggests during spike-and-wave seizures, thalamic rhythms are mediated by local thalamic connections, while the cortex controls the synchronization of these rhythms over extended periods of time. Thalamocortical dysrhythmia is a term associated with spontaneously reoccurring low frequency spike-and-wave activity in the thalamus, which causes symptoms normally associated with impulse control disorders such as obsessive compulsive disorder, Parkinson's disease, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and other forms of chronic psychosis. Other evidence has shown how reductions in the distribution of connections of nonspecific thalamocortical systems is heavily associated with loss of consciousness, as can be seen with individuals in a vegetative state, or coma.
Prefrontal lobotomy
The bilateral interruption or severing of the connection between thalamocortical radiations the medial and anterior thalamic nuclei results in a prefrontal lobotomy, which causes a drastic personality change and a subdued behavioral disposition without cortical injury.
Research
Evolutionary theories of consciousness
Theories of consciousness have been linked to thalamocortical rhythm oscillations in TC-CT pathway activity. One such theory, the dynamic core theory of conscious experience, proposes four main pillars in support of conscious awareness as a consequence of dorsal thalamic activity:
the results of cortical computations underlay consciousness
vegetative states and general anesthetics work primarily to disrupt normal thalamic functioning
the anatomy and physiology of the thalamus implies consciousness
neural synchronization accounts for the neural basis of consciousness.
This area of research is still developing, and most current theories are either partial or incomplete.
References
Thalamus
Cerebral cortex |
Roy Lake may refer to:
Roy Lake, Minnesota, an unincorporated community
Roy Lake State Park, a state park in South Dakota
Lac de Roy, a lake in France |
LAE may refer to:
Local area emergency, by Specific Area Message Encoding
Least absolute errors, an alternate name for least absolute deviations in statistics
Loterías y Apuestas del Estado, Spanish lottery
Popular Unity (Greece) (, Laïkí Enótita), a left-wing political party in Greece
Lae, the capital of Morobe Province and the second-largest city in Papua New Guinea
Lae Atoll, atoll in the Marshall Islands
HMAS Lae, two Australian warships
LAE-32 (D-Lysergic acid ethylamide), a derivative of ergine
Lae language, also known as Aribwatsa, an extinct member of the Busu subgroup of Lower Markham languages in the area of Lae, Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea
Left atrial enlargement, enlargement of the left atrium (LA) of the heart and a form of cardiomegaly
See also |
Michael Joseph Grimm (born December 30, 1978) is an American singer-songwriter and winner of the fifth season of America's Got Talent.
Personal life
Grimm was born in Colorado on the Fort Carson base, moved to Slidell, Louisiana, but later raised in Waveland, Mississippi by his grandparents.
During the AGT finals, he revealed that his girlfriend of nearly three years, Lucie Zolcerova, was the inspiration for his performance of "When a Man Loves a Woman". "She's been there for me," Grimm told DeGeneres during a taping of The Ellen DeGeneres Show which was aired on September 17, 2010. "Once you find that good woman you hang on to her." While interviewing him, DeGeneres called Lucie down from the audience, and Grimm got on one knee to propose. Her answer was a swift "Yes".
Grimm, a Mississippi Southern Soul singer who won the $1 million AGT first prize in its 5th season, used some of his winnings to build his grandparents a new house.
As of 2016, he resides in Henderson, Nevada.
As of June 2023, Grimm was hospitalized due to a "mysterious illness" according to People Magazine 6/8/23 edition and confirmed by Billboard online on June 7, 2023. People Magazine quoted his wife: On Tuesday, the America’s Got Talent winner’s wife Lucie Zolcerva-Grimm appeared on his Instagram and revealed the singer-guitarist was “sedated” and on a ventilator in the ICU.
America's Got Talent
Grimm auditioned in Los Angeles for the fifth season of America's Got Talent aired on June 1, 2010. His audition received praise from all three judges, advancing him to Vegas Week. During Vegas week, his performance of "Try a Little Tenderness" was criticized by Piers Morgan for being way over 90 seconds and could have gotten him disqualified. He still advanced to the quarterfinals. His quarterfinal performance, "Tired of Being Alone," was once again praised, and he advanced to the semifinals. Earlier in the show, Sharon Osbourne commented that her husband Ozzy Osbourne was rooting for Grimm. Grimm performed "You Can Leave Your Hat On" during semifinals while recovering from a dehydration related illness. Despite the illness, he managed to deliver a performance that was once again praised by the judges, and he advanced to the finals. After performing "Let's Stay Together" in the Top 10 without his guitar, he advanced to the Top 4. In the finale on September 14, 2010, he performed "When a Man Loves a Woman" pointing to his girlfriend, Lucie, in the audience. The following day, it was revealed that Grimm won the show, beating child singer Jackie Evancho. Grimm went to America's Got Talent: The Champions in 2020 eliminated at Preliminary.
Performances and results
Post-AGT
Grimm's winnings included one million dollars (before taxes and reduction for lump sum payment) and the opportunity to headline the AGT Tour Show, including one show at Caesar's Palace in Las Vegas on October 8, 2010. In September 2010, Grimm appeared on The Ellen DeGeneres Show and proposed to his girlfriend of nearly three years, Lucie Zolcerova. The AGT Tour Show stopped in 25 cities, beginning October 1 and ending November 7, 2010, where Grimm performed with other top ten contestants of the fifth season of AGT.
On June 1, 2011, Grimm married his fiancée, Lucie Zolcerova, in a small private ceremony in Maui, Hawaii. The ceremony was held on the beach at the Makena Beach & Golf Resort in front of about 30 family members. Andres Delos Santos and Nate Martin from "Ten Feet" along with Kevin and Dawn Okimoto and Alex Pula entertained the party, backing the newlyweds as they serenaded each other with their favorite song, "Islands in The Stream." Bill Medley of The Righteous Brothers was in attendance.
Career
Grimm performed at Las Vegas, Nevada, casinos for eleven years prior to his AGT success.
2010
On September 29, 2010, Michael signed a record deal with Epic Records. The album was released on May 17, 2011.
Grimm performed at the 2010 Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade. On December 3, 2010, Grimm and Smokey Robinson raised over $1 million during the 37th Annual Candlelight Concert.
2011–present
On March 24, 2011, Grimm returned to The Ellen DeGeneres Show to promote his upcoming self-titled album and perform his newly released single (March 22, 2011) "Fallin'" written and recorded by Alicia Keys in 2002. The album debuted at #13 on US Pop Music Charts on May 26, 2011, selling 23,000 copies. According to the Billboard Top 200, his album was #13 the week of June 4, 2011.
Grimm performed on the Top Ten show of the sixth season of America's Got Talent on September 6, 2011. Also in the summer an autumn of 2011, Grimm opened for Stevie Nicks.
Discography
Albums
Singles
Music videos
References
External links
Video interview with Michael Grimm on Talktails (Vegas Video Network)
September 2012 feature about Grimm in Las Vegas Weekly
21st-century American singers
20th-century American singers
20th-century American male singers
21st-century American male singers
1978 births
America's Got Talent winners
American blues singers
Epic Records artists
Living people
Singers from Mississippi
People from El Paso County, Colorado
People from Waveland, Mississippi |
Charles Shere (August 20, 1935 — December 15, 2020) was an American composer. He studied composition briefly with Robert Erickson and Luciano Berio but was largely self-taught. His music was primarily in unconventional notations and open form through the 1970s and early 1980s, but turned to more conventional forms (though not expression) thereafter. He was Music Director of radio KPFA in Berkeley in the late 1960s, a producer at KQED-TV in San Francisco from 1967 to 1971, and music critic of the Oakland (California) Tribune from 1971 to his retirement in 1988, and taught music history (and occasionally composition) at Mills College (Oakland, California) from 1971 to 1986.
Principal work includes the opera The Bride stripped bare by her bachelors, even (1964–1986), after the painting by Marcel Duchamp, a Symphony in three movements (1989), concerti for piano and for violin (1964; 1989), a number of songs, the piano sonatas Bachelor machine (1985) and Compositio ut explicatio (2006), and various pieces for chamber ensembles.
His books include Thinking sound music: the life and work of Robert Erickson, "How I Read Stein," "How I Saw Duchamp," and (as co-editor) Everbest ever: correspondence [by Virgil Thomson] with Bay Area friends, and he has written numerous reviews and biographical notices for periodicals and reference books.
He was the recipient of two fellowships from the National Endowment for the Arts (as an art critic and an opera composer), and is the subject of an article in the New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians.
External links
Charles Shere Returns to KPFA Former Music Director talks with his successor, Charles Amirkhanian, 1982
Charles Shere Interviews composer Morton Feldman, 1967
Charles Shere's blog "The Eastside View"
R.I.P. Charles Shere, Bay Area Music Presence for Six Decades
Charles Shere collections at Online Archive of California
1935 births
2020 deaths
American male classical composers
American classical composers
American opera composers
Male opera composers
Mills College faculty
Pupils of Robert Erickson
Musicians from Berkeley, California |
Bišumuiža () is a neighbourhood of Zemgale Suburb in Riga, the capital of Latvia.
External links
Neighbourhoods in Riga |
Callum Chick (born 25 November 1996) is an English professional rugby union player who plays as a Number 8 for Newcastle Falcons in Premiership Rugby.
Career
Club
Chick joined Newcastle Falcons academy at just 12 years old, also playing youth rugby for amateur side Ponteland RFC. Chick signed his first professional contract with Newcastle Falcons at the conclusion of the 2014-2015 season. From there he went on to captain the Falcon's Rugby Sevens side. Chick made his Aviva Premiership debut on 28 October 2016, against Wasps, going on to make 15 starts in all competitions in the 2016-2017 season. On 24 February 2018, Chick scored his first Premiership try after coming off the bench, in an away win at Harlequins.
International
Chick played for England's under-16 and under-18 sides. He captained the England under-20 team during the 2016 Six Nations Under 20s Championship. He was a member of the side that won the 2016 World Rugby Under 20 Championship and scored a try in the final against Ireland.
In June 2021 he was selected by Eddie Jones for the senior England squad and on 4 July 2021 made his debut against the United States at Twickenham.
References
External links
Newcastle Falcons Profile
1996 births
Living people
English rugby union players
England international rugby union players
Newcastle Falcons players
Rugby union number eights
Rugby union players from Newcastle upon Tyne
People educated at Gosforth Academy |
Jordan Williams (born October 11, 1990) is an American former professional basketball player. He played two seasons of college basketball for the Maryland Terrapins.
High school career
Williams played high school basketball for Torrington High School in Torrington, Connecticut. He averaged 36 points a game as a senior in high school. Due to questions about the level of his competition, Williams did not receive heavy publicity or recruiting attention in high school.
College career
Williams committed to Maryland on October 21, 2008.
Freshman
Williams started 31 games as a freshman for the 2009–10 Maryland Terrapins men's basketball team. He was an All-ACC rookie team selection. Williams finished second in rebounding in the ACC. Maryland coach Gary Williams complimented Williams' growth as a player as the season progressed.
Sophomore
Before his sophomore season, Williams was named to the preseason watch list for the Wooden Award and Naismith Award watchlists. In a January 22, 2011 victory over Clemson, Williams recorded his thirteenth straight Double-double, which set a Maryland record. He broke a streak previously held by Len Elmore. He was picked to the Third Team All-America by Fox Sports.
After the season, Williams submitted his name to the NBA draft. Initially, he did not sign with an agent, which left open the possibility of staying in college. He later hired an agent, which precluded a return to collegiate basketball.
Professional career
On June 23, 2011, the New Jersey Nets drafted Williams with the 36th overall pick in the 2011 NBA draft. During the 2011 NBA lockout, he agreed to play for the Polish team Zastal Zielona Góra. However, the lockout ended before he played a game for them.
Williams was assigned to the Springfield Armor in January 2012. Later that month, Williams was recalled by the Nets.
On July 11, 2012, the Nets traded Williams, Johan Petro, Jordan Farmar, Anthony Morrow, and Deshawn Stevenson to the Atlanta Hawks for Joe Johnson. The Hawks requested waivers on Williams on September 17, 2012.
On August 28, 2013, he signed a one-year deal with Bilbao Basket. However, on September 8, he parted ways with the club.
NBA career statistics
Regular season
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2011-12
| style="text-align:left;"| New Jersey
| 43 || 5 || 14.8 || .507 || .000 || .652 || 3.6 || .3 || .5 || .3 || 4.6
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Career
| style="text-align:left;"|
| 43 || 5 || 14.8 || .507 || .000 || .652 || 3.6 || .3 || .5 || .3 || 4.6
References
External links
Maryland Terrapins bio
Scout.com profile
Rivals.com profile
1990 births
Living people
American men's basketball players
Basketball players from Connecticut
Centers (basketball)
Maryland Terrapins men's basketball players
New Jersey Nets draft picks
New Jersey Nets players
People from Torrington, Connecticut
Sportspeople from Litchfield County, Connecticut
Power forwards (basketball)
Springfield Armor players |
The Jenkintown School District is an American public school district that is located in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. The school district serves the borough of Jenkintown, a suburb of roughly 4,500 people that is located three miles from Philadelphia.
Schools
The district features one elementary (K-6), and one middle/high school (7-12), both connected by a "link" and all on the same street. The public school is one of the smallest in Pennsylvania but usually has good scores.
Jenkintown is a very small district that is located in between the Abington and Cheltenham school districts. The link between the schools contains the administrator offices, community room, cafeteria, and band room.
Color Day
The Jenkintown School District has an annual event known as Color Day on the Friday before Memorial Day. From 8:00 A.M. to 11:30 A.M., students participate in a small parade and then compete in events including tug-o-war (high school only), grade level events, and track. Whichever team (Reds or Blues) gets the most points at the end of the day wins Color Day. Every student is assigned to either Red or Blue team when they first enroll and keep that designation throughout their time at the school. Each year, two seniors, two eighth-graders, and two sixth-graders from each team are appointed Color Leader for that day.
See also
List of school districts in Pennsylvania
References
External links
School districts in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania
School District |
Inta Kļimoviča (born 14 December 1951) is a Soviet Latvian athlete who competed mainly in the 400 metres.
Born Inta Drēviņa, Kļimoviča trained at VSS Varpa in Riga. She competed for the USSR in the 1976 Summer Olympics held in Montreal, Quebec, Canada in the 4 x 400 metres where she won the bronze medal with her teammates Lyudmila Aksyonova, Natalya Sokolova and Nadezhda Ilyina.
References
1951 births
Latvian female sprinters
Soviet female sprinters
Olympic bronze medalists for the Soviet Union
Athletes (track and field) at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for the Soviet Union
Living people
European Athletics Championships medalists
Medalists at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists in athletics (track and field)
Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field)
Latvian Academy of Sport Education alumni
Universiade silver medalists for the Soviet Union
Medalists at the 1975 Summer Universiade
Olympic female sprinters |
Skipalong Rosenbloom is a 1951 American Western film directed by Sam Newfield and written by Eddie Forman and Dean Riesner. Starring Max Rosenbloom, Max Baer, Jackie Coogan, Fuzzy Knight, Hillary Brooke and Jacqueline Fontaine, it was released on April 30, 1951, by United Artists.
Synopsis
A western town is terrorized by a gang of outlaws and trick a newcomer into becoming sheriff.
Cast
Max Rosenbloom as Skipalong Rosenbloom
Max Baer as Butcher Baer
Jackie Coogan as Buck Lovelace
Fuzzy Knight as Sneaky Pete
Hillary Brooke as Square Deal Sal
Jacqueline Fontaine as Caroline Witherspoon
Raymond Hatton as Granpappy Tex Rosenbloom
Ray Walker as TV Announcer
Al Shaw as Al
Sam Lee as Sam
Joseph J. Greene as Judge Bean
Dewey Robinson as Honest John
Whitey Haupt as The Pecos Kid
Carl Mathews as Fake Indian
Artie Ortego as Henchman Artie
References
External links
1951 films
1951 Western (genre) films
American Western (genre) films
American black-and-white films
1950s English-language films
Films directed by Sam Newfield
United Artists films
1950s American films |
Diana Chang (; 1924 – February 19, 2009) was a Chinese American novelist and poet. She is best known for her novel The Frontiers of Love, one of the earliest novels by an Asian American woman. She is considered to be the first American-born Chinese to publish a novel in the United States.
Early life
Chang was born in New York City to a Chinese father, Kuang Chi Chang, and Eurasian mother, Eva Mary Lee Wah Chang, but spent her youngest years in China, including Beijing, Nanjing, and Shanghai. She attended high school in New York, and graduated cum laude from Barnard College in 1949 where she majored in English, focusing on British and American Poets. While an undergraduate at Barnard, Chang had 3 of her poems published by Poetry Magazine, including her work "At The Window."
Career
After graduation, Chang worked as a book editor at three reputable publishing houses: Avon Books, Bobbs-Merrill, A. A. Wyn). She also worked as the editor for the PEN-sponsored journal American Pen and as a creative writing teacher at Barnard College.
Literary work
Chang's best known work is The Frontiers of Love. Her work has more recently been read in terms of postmodernity and hybridity. Although critical work on Chang has increased since the republication of Frontiers, critics have preferred to examine her Asian-themed works; her "white" novels are only recently getting attention.
While at Barnard College, Chang published her poem, Mood in Modern Poetry Association's Poetry.
Personal life
Chang lived in Water Mill, NY with her husband David Hermann.
She died on February 19, 2009.
Published works
Novels
The Frontiers of Love, (1956, reissued 1974)
A Woman of Thirty (1959)
A Passion for Life (1961)
The Only Game in Town (1963)
Eye to Eye (1974)
A Perfect Love (1978)
Poetry
Saying Yes (Unknown)
The Horizon is Definitely Speaking (1982)
What Matisse is After (1984)
Earth Water Light (1991)
Awards
Fulbright
John Hay Whitney Opportunity Fellowship
Mademoiselle Magazine Woman-of-the-Year
See also
List of Asian American writers
References
Further reading
Baringer, Sandra. "'The Hybrids and the Cosmopolitans': Race, Gender, and Masochism in Diana Chang's The Frontiers of Love" pp. 107–21 IN: Brennan, Jonathan (ed. and introd.); Mixed Race Literature. Stanford, CA: Stanford UP; 2002.
Fink, Thomas; "Chang's 'Plunging into View'" Explicator, 1997 Spring; 55 (3): 175–77.
Grice, Helena. "Diana Chang" pp. 30–35 IN: Madsen, Deborah L. (ed. and introd.); Asian American Writers. Detroit, MI: Gale; 2005.
Grice, Helena. "Face-ing/De-Face-ing Racism: Physiognomy as Ethnic Marker in Early Eurasian/Amerasian Women's Texts" pp. 255–70 IN: Lee, Josephine (ed.); Lim, Imogene L. (ed.); Matsukawa, Yuko (ed.); Re/Collecting Early Asian America: Essays in Cultural History. Philadelphia, PA: Temple UP; 2002.
Ling, Amy; "Writer in the Hyphenated Condition: Diana Chang" MELUS, 1980 Winter; 7 (4): 69–83.
Spaulding, Carol Vivian; Blue-Eyed Asians: Eurasianism in the Work of Edith Eaton/Sui Sin Far, Winnifred Eaton/Onoto Watanna, and Diana Chang. Dissertation Abstracts International, Section A: The Humanities and Social Sciences, 1997 Jan; 57 (7): 3024–25. U of Iowa, 1996.
Wu, Wei-hsiung Kitty; Cultural Ideology and Aesthetic Choices: A Study of Three Works by Chinese-American Women—Diana Chang, Bette Bao Lord, and Maxine H. Kingston.' Dissertation Abstracts International, 1990 June; 50 (12): 3956A.
20th-century American novelists
American writers of Chinese descent
American women writers of Chinese descent
1934 births
2009 deaths
Barnard College alumni
American novelists of Chinese descent
American women poets
American women novelists
20th-century American women writers
20th-century American poets
21st-century American women |
Don't Look Down may refer to:
Films and TV
Don't Look Down (1998 film), television movie produced by Wes Craven
Don't Look Down (2008 film), Argentine film directed by Eliseo Subiela
Don't Look Down (TV series), a TV series starring Kevin McCloud
Music
The original name of Much the Same, a punk rock band from Chicago
Albums
Don't Look Down (Cerys Matthews album), 2009
Don't Look Down (Ozark Mountain Daredevils album), 1977
Don't Look Down (Skylar Grey album), 2013
Don't Look Down (Mr. Lif album), 2016
An EP by Danny Sage, formerly of D Generation
Songs
"Don't Look Down" (Go West song), 1985
"Don't Look Down" (Bring Me the Horizon song), 2014
"Don't Look Down" (Martin Garrix song), 2015
"Don't Look Down", a song by Iggy Pop from the album New Values
"Don't Look Down", a song by Jennifer Hudson from the album I Remember Me
"Don't Look Down", a song by Cryoshell from the album Next to Machines
"Don't Look Down", a song by OneRepublic from the 2013 album Native
Other
Don't Look Down, a 2020 novel by Hilary Davidson |
Kanubhai Mathurambhai Baraiya is an Indian politician from the state of Gujarat. Kanubhai Mathurambhai Baraiya is MLA from Talaja, Bhavnagar. He belongs to Indian National Congress party.
References
1964 births
Living people
Indian National Congress politicians from Gujarat |
Thomas George Lanphier may refer to:
Thomas George Lanphier Sr. (1890–1972), early aviator
Thomas George Lanphier Jr. (1915–1987), World War II pilot |
American History Tellers is a podcast by Wondery, hosted by Lindsay Graham. The show premiered at #1 on the Apple Podcast charts.
Format
The show is known to use POV narration, telling stories through perspectives of average and notable people.
Seasons to date
The show has covered the following topics to date:
Season One | The Cold War. January 2018.
Season Two | Prohibition. February 2018.
Season Three | The Age of Jackson. March 2018.
Season Four | The Space Race. May 2018.
Season Five | Revolution. June 2018.
Season Six | National Parks August 2018.
Season Seven | Civil Rights October 2018.
Season Eight | Political Parties November 2018.
Season Nine | The 1968 Chicago Protests January 2019
Season Ten | Great Depression February 2019
Season Eleven | J. Edgar Hoover's FBI April 2019
Season Twelve| Tulsa Race Massacre May 2019
Season Thirteen | The Bastard Brigade July 2019
Season Fourteen | Dutch Manhattan September 2019
Season Fifteen | The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire October 2019
Season Sixteen | Kentucky Blood Feud December 2019
Season Seventeen | California Water Wars January 2020
Season Eighteen | Rebellion in the Early Republic March 2020
Season Nineteen | The WWII Home Front May 2020
Season Twenty | Stonewall June 2020
Season Twenty-One | The Gilded Age July 2020
Season Twenty-Two | Supreme Court Landmarks October 2020
Season Twenty-Three | Coal Wars December 2020
Season Twenty-Four | Great Chicago Fire January 2021
Season Twenty-Five | America's Monuments February 2021
Season Twenty-Six | Bleeding Kansas April 2021
Season Twenty-Seven | The Mystery of D.B. Cooper May 2021
Season Twenty-Eight | Lost Colony of Roanoke June 2021
Season Twenty-Nine | The Walker Affair June 2021
Season Thirty | The Fight For the First U.S. Olympics July 2021
Season Thirty-One | Roaring Twenties September 2021
Season Thirty-Two | Traitors November 2021
Season Thirty-Three | Philippine-American War December 2021
Season Thirty-Four | Billy the Kid January 2022
Season Thirty-Five | The Plot to Steal Lincoln's Body February 2022
Season Thirty-Six | The Fight for Women's Suffrage March 2022
Season Thirty-Seven | Lewis and Clark April 2022
Season Thirty-Eight | The Great Mississippi Flood May 2022
Season Thirty-Nine | The Manson Murders June 2022
Season Forty | The Civil War July 2022
Season Forty-One | The Walker Affair September 2022
Season Forty-Two | The Age of Pirates October 2022
Season Forty-Three | Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1793 November 2022
Season Forty-Four | Presidential Assassinations December 2022
Season Forty-Five | California Gold Rush January 2023
Season Forty-Six | Insurrection of Aaron Burr February 2023
Season Forty-Seven | Hawai'i's Journey to Statehood March 2023
Season Forty-Eight | Boston Molasses Disaster April 2023
Season Forty-Nine | United Farm Workers May 2023
Seasons Listed in Rough Chronological Order/Topical Seasons
Reception
The podcast has received mostly positive reviews. Many have noted the podcast's ability to go deeper into history, beyond what is taught in traditional US History classrooms.
See also
List of history podcasts
1865
References
External links
History podcasts
Audio podcasts
2018 podcast debuts
American podcasts |
Barbara Olmsted (born August 17, 1959) is a Canadian sprint kayaker who competed in the 1980s. Competing in two Summer Olympics (1984 Los Angeles and 1988 Seoul), she won a bronze medal in the K-4 500 m event at Los Angeles in 1984. Olmsted was born in North Bay, Ontario. She received her Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Physical Education and Bachelor of Education degrees from Queen's University, Master of Arts degree from the University of Western Ontario, and Doctor of Education degree from West Virginia University.
References
Barbara Olmsted's profile at Sports Reference.com
1959 births
Living people
Canadian female canoeists
Canoeists at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Canoeists at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Olympic canoeists for Canada
Olympic bronze medalists for Canada
Sportspeople from North Bay, Ontario
Academic staff of Nipissing University
Queen's University at Kingston alumni
University of Western Ontario alumni
West Virginia University alumni
Olympic medalists in canoeing
Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics |
Eaglesham South Aerodrome is located south southwest of Eaglesham, Alberta, Canada.
See also
Eaglesham/Bice Farm Aerodrome
Eaglesham/Codesa South Aerodrome
References
External links
Page about this airport on COPA's Places to Fly airport directory
Registered aerodromes in Alberta
Birch Hills County |
Yarygino () is the name of several rural localities (selos and villages) in Russia:
Yarygino, Kursk Oblast, a selo in Yaryginsky Selsoviet of Pristensky District of Kursk Oblast
Yarygino, Moscow Oblast, a village in Vasilyevskoye Rural Settlement of Sergiyevo-Posadsky District of Moscow Oblast
Yarygino, Oryol Oblast, a village in Otradinsky Selsoviet of Mtsensky District of Oryol Oblast
Yarygino, Perm Krai, a village in Kungursky District of Perm Krai
Yarygino, Ryazan Oblast, a village in Bulgakovsky Rural Okrug of Kasimovsky District of Ryazan Oblast
Yarygino, Smolensk Oblast, a village in Subbotnikovskoye Rural Settlement of Sychyovsky District of Smolensk Oblast
Yarygino, Syamzhensky District, Vologda Oblast, a village in Zhityevsky Selsoviet of Syamzhensky District of Vologda Oblast
Yarygino, Tarnogsky District, Vologda Oblast, a village in Shebengsky Selsoviet of Tarnogsky District of Vologda Oblast
Yarygino, Velikoustyugsky District, Vologda Oblast, a village in Pokrovsky Selsoviet of Velikoustyugsky District of Vologda Oblast
Yarygino, Vologodsky District, Vologda Oblast, a village in Semenkovsky Selsoviet of Vologodsky District of Vologda Oblast
Yarygino, Yaroslavl Oblast, a village in Lyubimsky Rural Okrug of Lyubimsky District of Yaroslavl Oblast |
The Progressive Librarians Guild (PLG) was founded in New York City in January 1990 by librarians concerned with the library profession's "rapid drift into dubious alliances with business and the information industry, and into complacent acceptance of service to an unquestioned political, economic and cultural status quo," according to the organization's statement of purpose. The initial three organizers were Elaine Harger, Mark Rosenzweig and Elliot Shore. The PLG addresses issues especially relating to librarianship and human rights.
Progressive Librarian
The Progressive Librarians Guild publishes the journal The Progressive Librarian, a forum for critical perspectives in librarianship and information studies. The journal features articles, book reviews, bibliographies, reports, and documents. The first issue of Progressive Librarian was published in the summer of 1990 on the heels of the founding of PLG and was given its title by Sanford Berman, who exclaimed that the journal of PLG could have no other title than Progressive Librarian (the subtitle, A Journal of Critical Studies and Progressive Politics in Librarianship, came later in 1998 with issue #14). The first issue was to be a contribution to the debate taking place within the American Library Association (ALA) in which the upper ranks of power in ALA were attempting to overturn the association's official support of the cultural boycott against apartheid institutions in South Africa. An index for 1990-1999 was published in 2007. Elaine Harger was managing editor during the journal's years of publication.
Miriam Braverman Memorial Prize
The Guild annually bestows the Miriam Braverman Memorial Prize to library and information science students attending a graduate level program in the United States or Canada who submit a paper based on an aspect of the social responsibilities of librarians, libraries, or librarianship. Papers related to archivists, archives, and archival work are also eligible.
Union Library Workers
The Guild sponsors the blog Union Library Workers and publishes an annual review of librarians and labor in its journal. The Progressive Librarian article, "Collective Bargaining is a Human Right", summarized librarian involvement in 2011 public sector union protests to defend collective bargaining in Wisconsin. Progressive Librarian features annual reviews of librarian labor activities.
PLG Discussion List
The Guild sponsors a discussion list, PLGnet.
Statements and resolutions
The Guild has issued statements and resolutions such as:
"PLG Resolution on Divestment of Holdings in Fossil Fuel Companies and Libraries’ Role in a Peaceful Transition to a Fossil-Fuel-Free Economy." June 30, 2013.
"Statement on Censorship and the Tucson Unified School District." January 21, 2012.
"On Wikileaks and the Library of Congress: A Statement by the Progressive Librarians Guild." (2010).
"Calls for Elsevier to End Corrupt Publishing Practices and for Library Associations to Take Advocacy Role on Behalf of Scientific Integrity." (2009)
"Endorsed the Iraq Moratorium." (2007)
"Resolution Against Anti-Immigrant Legislation." (2006).
Joint Conference of Librarians of Color
The Progressive Librarians Guild was represented at the 2006 Joint Conference of Librarians of Color (JCLC) with a panel on Librarians and Social Movements. For the 2012 JCLC the Progressive Librarian #38/39 included a feature on the conference and the five caucus associations of color.
United States Social Forum 2007
In 2007 members of the Progressive Librarians Guild participated in the United States Social Forum (USSF) in Atlanta. In homage to the USSF's statement on language accessibility, PLG's new banner read "Library" on one side and "Biblioteca" on the other for the Opening March that launched the first ever regional social forum in the United States. The Librarians program was held at the Auburn Avenue Research Library, the second largest collection of African-American materials in the U.S., located on the very street that is home to the Ebenezer Baptist Church and the gravesites of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Mrs. Coretta Scott King. PLG members collected materials from the USSF for the Labadie Collection at the University of Michigan.
Chapters
As of May 2017, the Progressive Librarians Guild has three active chapters:
London (Ontario) PLG Chapter
St. Kate's PLG Chapter (the College of St. Catherine)
Toronto PLG Chapter
The following chapters are no longer active:
Dalhousie University PLG Chapter
Drexel PLG Chapter
Emporia State University PLG Chapter
Indiana University PLG Chapter
Piedmont (SC) PLG Chapter
Vancouver PLG Chapter
SILS PLG Chapter
St. John's University PLG Chapter
Simmons GSLIS PLG Chapter
University of Arizona PLG Chapter
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign PLG Chapter
University of Missouri PLG Chapter
Wayne State University (Detroit) PLG Chapter
References
External links
Official website
American Library Association Archives, Progressive Librarians Guild papers
Union Library Workers
Library associations in the United States
Library associations
Organizations established in 1990
Progressive organizations in the United States
American librarianship and human rights
Library-related professional associations
Library-related organizations |
Club Atlético Rosario Central Women's is the women's football section of the homonymous sports club. The squad currently plays in the Campeonato de Fútbol Femenino, the first division of the Argentine league system.
Since 2017, Las Canallas (The Rabbels), achieved a string of titles from Casildense, Apertura y Clausura de la Asociación Rosarina de Fútbol and being runners-up in the first edition of the Copa Santa Fe Femenino. In addition, Rosario Central was the first team from the interior to participate in the women's first division.
In 2018, Rosario Central played a preliminary friendly against Estudiantes de La Plata, winning 3 to 0 with goals from Virginia Gómez at the 22nd minutes of the first half, Erica Lonigro at the 55th minute, scoring the team's second goal, and in the 67th minute, Maira Sánchez scored the last goal of the match. The friendly was developed thanks to #ProyectoNovlermoCARC for the fight for equality.
References
External links
Rosario Central
Women's football clubs in Argentina
2019 establishments in Argentina
Football clubs in Rosario, Santa Fe |
Lepanthes acuminata is a species of orchid that occurs from Mexico to northern Venezuela.
References
External links
acuminata
Orchids of Mexico
Orchids of Venezuela |
"You Always Hurt the One You Love" is a pop standard with lyrics by Allan Roberts and music by Doris Fisher. First recorded by the Mills Brothers, whose recording reached the top of the Billboard charts in 1944, it was also a hit for Sammy Kaye (vocal by Billy Williams) in 1945.
It has been performed by many other artists over the years, including Moon Mullican with Cliff Bruner, Connie Francis (number 13 on the UK Singles Chart in 1959, where it had been released as a special "A" side to cater for huge demand for her product), Fats Domino, The Impressions, Molly Nilsson, George Maharis, Frankie Laine, Richard Chamberlain (as the B-side of his single "Rome Will Never Leave You"), Peggy Lee, Maureen Evans, Michael Bublé, Kay Starr, Hank Thompson, Ringo Starr (in his 1970 album Sentimental Journey), and Clarence "Frogman" Henry, whose version became a top 20 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1961. It was also popular in a parody version by Spike Jones. The song was performed by actor Ryan Gosling and featured prominently in the 2010 film Blue Valentine.
A partial list of singers who have recorded this song
The Mills Brothers, 1944 number 1
Spike Jones (parody), 1945
Eddy Arnold, 1953
Fontaine Sisters 1956
Connie Francis, 1958
The Lennon Sisters, 1958
Kay Starr, 1960
Fats Domino, 1960
Pat Boone, 1960
Clarence "Frogman" Henry, 1961, Argo Records
Ada Lee, 1961
Brenda Lee, 1962
Al Martino, 1963
Paul Anka, 1963
Hank Thompson, 1964
Richard Chamberlain, 1964
The Impressions, 1964
The Ink Spots, 1964
George Maharis, 1965
Peggy Lee, 1965
Ringo Starr, 1970
Frankie Laine, 1968
Ray Price, 1985
Willie Nelson, 1993
Michael Bublé, 2002
Ryan Gosling, 2010
The Mills Brothers' version
The recording by The Mills Brothers was released by Decca Records as catalog number 18599. It first reached the Billboard Best Seller chart on June 22, 1944, and lasted 20 weeks on the chart, peaking at number one. The Mills Brothers version also reached number five on the Harlem Hit Parade.
The flip side, "Till Then", also charted in the top 10, making the record a two-sided hit.
It was heard twice in the Angel episode "Rm w/a Vu" in two scenes: one where Maude haunts Cordelia and another in a flashback scene in Los Angeles, where Dennis is entombed in the wall of his apartment by the former, his mother, in 1946.
Spike Jones version
Spike Jones' parody of the song is essentially the straight song with most of the parody being in the way the song is presented, in three parts:
A slow, deliberate rendering of the first half of the song, with vocal by Carl Grayson, in a style imitating The Ink Spots.
A spoken rendering of the second half of the song, by Red Ingle, with elaborations ("honey child, honey doll, honey lamb, honey pie") in a style reminiscent of The Ink Spots's bass singer Orville "Hoppy" Jones.
A frantically paced reiteration of the full song, in "Dixieland" style, with vocal again by Carl Grayson, accompanied by shotguns and other typical Jonesian sound effects.
Harry Mills of the Mills Brothers reported not being bothered by the parody, since they were under the same management as Jones and were good friends.
Some artists have covered this version of the song (albeit fewer than have recorded the original standard). Those artists include:
Stanford Fleet Street Singers on their album 50-Minute Fun Break (1992)
References
1944 songs
1944 singles
1961 singles
Clarence "Frogman" Henry songs
Richard Chamberlain songs
Number-one singles in the United States
Songs written by Doris Fisher (songwriter)
Songs written by Allan Roberts (songwriter)
Argo Records singles |
William Matthew Timothy Stephen Sieghart (born 1960) is a British entrepreneur, publisher and philanthropist and the founder of the Forward Prizes for Poetry. He is former chairman of the Somerset House Trust.
Education and career
Born in 1960, son of barrister Paul Sieghart, a human rights lawyer, and Felicity Ann Sieghart, chair of the National Association for Gifted Children, magistrate and later managing director of the Aldeburgh Cinema, William is the older brother of Mary Ann Sieghart. He was educated at St Anne's College, Oxford.
In 1986, he founded Forward Publishing with a business partner Neil Mendoza, an independent contract publisher, publishing magazines, children's books and poetry books. He is the author of The Poetry Pharmacy and The Poetry Pharmacy Returns, as well as various other poetry anthologies and a book on golf, The Swing Factory. Sieghart presented a weekly TV programme for Bloomberg for three years. His interests include foreign travel and cricket. In addition to his work in poetry and the Middle East, Sieghart also founded Big Arts Week and Street Smart, the initiative whereby diners give a percentage of their restaurant bill to the homeless. He was a member of Arts Council England 2000–06, and was chair of its Lottery Panel. From 2015 to 2021, Sieghart was Chair of Somerset House Trust.
Work
In 1992, Sieghart established The Forward Prizes for Poetry to help raise the profile of contemporary poetry by new and established poets.
In 1994, he founded National Poetry Day, a day of celebration of verse on the first Thursday of October, which has become an established fixture in the cultural calendar. Events take place in schools, pubs, arts centres, bookshops, libraries, buses, trains and Women's Institutes, and the day is the focus for media attention for poetry.
The Forward Arts Foundation (a registered charity) was established in 1995 to administer the Forward Prizes and National Poetry Day.
His initiative Winning Words was a public art project during the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games. It aimed to enable everyone to experience poetry in exciting ways and to create a legacy of inspiring words for the nation to enjoy. Winning Words comprised both permanent and temporary poems throughout the Park, made up of site-specific poems commissioned from local poets, as well as poems suggested by the public and chosen by a panel.
He is founder and Chair of Forward Thinking, a charity that seeks to mediate conflict in the Middle East and to improve relations between the Islamic and Western worlds. He is Vice-President of the Hay Festival of Literature, Chair of CIVIC Libraries Initiative, founder and Chair of Street Smart, Action for the Homeless, Founding Trustee of the Forward Arts Foundation and Trustee of the Grenfell Foundation. He is a former Council Member of the Arts Council England and Chair of its Lottery Panel. He has been a Trustee of the Esmée Fairbairn Foundation, The Arts Foundation, the RSA, the British Human Rights and Reprieve, among other voluntary posts.
Sieghart chaired and authored An Independent Review of E-Lending in Public Libraries in England published by Department Culture, Media and Sport, 2013 and was subsequently jointly commissioned by Ed Vaizey, Minister for Culture, DCMS, and Brandon Lewis, Minister for Communities & Local Government, DCLG, to consider and report on Public Library services in England. The "Independent Library report for England" was published by DCMS in December 2014. In September 2015, Sieghart was appointed Chairman of Somerset House Trust.
He was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2016 New Year Honours for services to public libraries.
Sieghart has published many books and is a regular broadcaster. His most recent books are The Poetry Pharmacy, published in September 2017 by Penguin, and 100 Prized Poems – 25 Years of the Forward Books, published by Forward in association with Faber & Faber 2016. In September 2019, Vol. II, The Poetry Pharmacy Returns was published in the UK and Vol III The Poetry Remedy published in the USA by Penguin Random House in October 2019.
Sieghart founded Forward Publishing in 1986, with Neil Mendoza, and turned it into one of the largest publishing agencies in the world. Forward published magazines in 131 countries for some of the world's largest corporations. The business was sold to WPP in 2001.
References
External links
"We must adjust our distorted image of Hamas" The Times, December 2008.
"Me and my partner: William Sieghart and Neil Mendoza" The Independent, June 1999.
"The Progress 1000: London's most influential people 2015 - Artists & Curators", Evening Standard, 16 September 2015.
"The Power of Poetry", Intelligence Squared.
Fiona Macdonald, "The words that can make us calmer", Culture, BBC, 27 September 2017.
"From Publishing To Promotion 3: William Sieghart", poets.org, via YouTube.
1960 births
Living people
Alumni of St Anne's College, Oxford
British philanthropists
British publishers (people)
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
People educated at Eton College
Place of birth missing (living people) |
Port Amherst is an unincorporated community in Kanawha County, West Virginia, United States. Port Amherst is located on the Kanawha River southeast of Charleston. It is the northern terminus of the West Virginia Turnpike and is also served by U.S. Route 60. It was also known as Reed.
References
Unincorporated communities in Kanawha County, West Virginia
Unincorporated communities in West Virginia
Coal towns in West Virginia
Populated places on the Kanawha River |
The Okse Bay Group is a geologic group in Northwest Territories. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.
See also
List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Northwest Territories
References
Devonian Northwest Territories |
Petra Kamínková (née Drajzajtlová; born 19 January 1973) is a Czech long distance runner. She won nine consecutive races in the annual 10 km Běchovice – Prague Race. She is a 17-time national champion.
Kamínková won the women's 2005 Zwolle Half Marathon. She was the first Czech woman to finish the 2015 Olomouc Half Marathon.
References
External links
1973 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Olomouc
Czech female long-distance runners
Czech female marathon runners |
Hirnyk (, ) is an urban-type settlement in Chervonohrad Raion, Lviv Oblast (region) of Ukraine. It belongs to Chervonohrad urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. Population: .
Until 18 July 2020, Hirnyk belonged to Chervonohrad Municipality. As part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Lviv Oblast to seven, Chervonohrad Municipality was merged into newly established Chervonohrad Raion.
References
Urban-type settlements in Chervonohrad Raion
Populated places established in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
Chervonohrad |
Ba Phnum (, ), sometime spelled as Ba Phnom, is a district located in Prey Veng Province, in south eastern Cambodia. The hills surrounding the town are the highest elevation points in Prey Veng province. In Khmer, Ba means "ancestor" and Phnum means "hill." When combined, the town is known as "Hill of the Ancestors."
Ba Phnum is a relatively remote location and has been attractive to ascenti monks (loak dhutang) for centuries. It has also been an occasional center from which millennial movements have radiated throughout Khmer history.
Ba Phnum is a site of interest for Cambodian historians. According to some accounts, the area is the birthplace of the Khmer people. An inscription on Wat Jaan, the pre-Angkorian temple at the base of the mountain (ca. 629 AD), associates Ba Phnum with Shiva and refers to it as "the holy mountain."
Ba Phnum was prominently featured in many of the rural scenes in the 2016 documentary Angkor Awakens.
Human sacrifices were made here until 1872. Khmer Kings made pilgrimage here.
Funan's capital city
Ba Phnum has purportedly been the location of Vyadhapura, capital of the kingdom of Funan.
References
Districts of Prey Veng province |
The 2017 FIA Formula One Esports Series was the inaugural season of the Formula One Esports Series. It started on September 4, 2017, and ended on November 25, 2017. It was held on Formula One's official 2017 game.
Qualification
Qualification was held over two stages. These stages were:
Stage One: Players were required to score a podium finish in a Force India VJM10 at Monza, starting in 6th position with 5 laps remaining. It is a points based event, with players awarded a score based on skill, speed and difficulty/assist settings. Players also earned points to their score by driving cleanly. This challenge was available from 4–12 September 2017.
Stage Two: Players were required to win a race in a Red Bull RB13 at Suzuka, starting in 5th position with 5 laps remaining. Players scored points in the same manner as in the first stage. This challenge was available from 18 to 26 September 2017.
A total of 63,827 drivers took part in the qualifying stages, with 40 progressing to the semi-finals. 10 came from each of the platforms (Xbox One, PlayStation 4 and PC), 9 came from F1 affiliated leagues, and 1 was a specially-selected wildcard.
Semi-final
The semi-final was held at the Gfinity Arena in London, the United Kingdom on 10 October 2017. Drivers were split into 4 groups of 10, and competed in two heat races - one at the Silverstone Circuit and the other at the Autódromo José Carlos Pace. The top 5 drivers on points in each heat after these two races progressed to the final.
Results
Heat 1
Heat 2
Heat 3
Heat 4
Final
The final was held as a support category to the 2017 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix, over 24–25 November 2017. Races were held at the Circuit Gilles Villeneuve, Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps and Yas Marina Circuit. Drivers scored points in the same structure as the regular Formula One season for the first two races, and scored points in a 45-38-34-29-24-20-18-16-14-12-10-9-8-7-6-5-4-3-2-1 structure in the third.
Results
References
External links
Formula One Esports Series
Formula One |
Alexia Landeau (born February 12, 1975) is a French actress. She has appeared in films such as Moonlight Mile, Marie Antoinette, 2 Days in Paris, and 2 Days in New York. She starred in Zoe Cassavetes' Day Out of Days, which premiered at the 2015 Los Angeles Film Festival.
She is the daughter of French financier Marc Landeau and Israeli luxury hotel heiress Irith Federmann-Landeau. After growing up in Paris, she moved to the United States at age 16. In 2007 she married Guilhem de Castelbajac, the artist son of French designer Jean-Charles de Castelbajac. She lives in Brooklyn.
Filmography
Feature films
Intern (2000)
Moonlight Mile (2002)
Marie Antoinette (2006)
2 Days in Paris (2007)
2 Days in New York (2012)
Day Out of Days (2015)
References
External links
1975 births
Living people
Actresses from Paris
21st-century French actresses
French film actresses
French expatriate actresses in the United States
French people of Israeli descent
French people of Jewish descent |
```objective-c
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
the Free Software Foundation
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA. */
// Animation names
#define DEVIL_ANIM_DEFAULT_ANIMATION 0
#define DEVIL_ANIM_FROMSTANDTOATTACK01POSITION 1
#define DEVIL_ANIM_ATTACK01LOOPMINIGUN 2
#define DEVIL_ANIM_FROMATTACK01TOSTANDPOSITION 3
#define DEVIL_ANIM_ATTACK02LOOPCLAWS 4
#define DEVIL_ANIM_ATTACK03 5
#define DEVIL_ANIM_DEATH 6
#define DEVIL_ANIM_DEATHREST 7
#define DEVIL_ANIM_FROMSTANDTODEFENDPOSITION 8
#define DEVIL_ANIM_DEFENDLOOP 9
#define DEVIL_ANIM_FROMDEFENDTOSTANDPOSITION 10
#define DEVIL_ANIM_RUN 11
#define DEVIL_ANIM_STANDLOOP 12
#define DEVIL_ANIM_WALK 13
#define DEVIL_ANIM_WOUND01SLIGHTFRONT 14
#define DEVIL_ANIM_WOUND02SLIGHTBACK 15
#define DEVIL_ANIM_WOUND03CRITICALFRONT 16
// Color names
// Patch names
// Names of collision boxes
#define DEVIL_COLLISION_BOX_DEAFULT 0
#define DEVIL_COLLISION_BOX_DEATH 1
// Attaching position names
#define DEVIL_ATTACHMENT_MINIGUN 0
#define DEVIL_ATTACHMENT_STICK 1
#define DEVIL_ATTACHMENT_SHIELD 2
// Sound names
``` |
Dennis Powers (born 1953) is an American politician. He serves as a Republican member of the Tennessee House of Representatives for the 36th District, encompassing Campbell County and parts of Union and Anderson Counties.
Early life and education
He was born on September 14, 1953, in LaFollette, Tennessee. He graduated from LaFollette High School and received a Bachelor of Business Administration from the University of Tennessee in Knoxville, Tennessee.
Career
He started his career at the Baird Supply Company as a salesman, followed by the Furtex Corporation as a machinist, and later at the LaFollette Hardware and Lumber Co., a construction company. He then worked as an electronic data processing technician for Union Carbide (a subsidiary of Dow Chemical) in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, with a Security Q clearance. He also worked in the Energy Department Manager of the East Tennessee Human Resource Agency (ETHRA) for Campbell, Union and surrounding counties. He now works as an insurance agent.
He is former president of the Campbell County Young Republicans. From 1992 to 1996, he was a Republican nominee for the 36th district of Tennessee. Since 2010, he has served two terms for this district as a state congressman.
He is a member of the Tennessee Tea Party, The Heritage Foundation, the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC), the National Right to Life, the National Rifle Association, the National Federation of Independent Business, the Tennessee Farm Bureau Federation, and the National Conference of State Legislators.
He is a member of Friends of Cove Lake State Park, committee chair of the Boy Scouts of America, and serves on the Campbell County Board of Habitat for Humanity. He volunteers at LaFollette Medical Center. Other philanthropic endeavors include the Wounded Warrior Project, the American Cancer Society and Relay for Life.
In 2023, Powers supported a resolution to expel three Democratic lawmakers from the legislature for violating decorum rules. The expulsion was widely characterized as racist and unprecedented.
Personal life
He is married to Tracy (Adkins) Powers, and they attend the First Baptist Church of Jacksboro, Tennessee.
Political stances
Stated on February 21, 2023, in a debate regarding HB 327 which would make the Tennessee Office of Faith-Based Initiatives funded by the state, that he believes the decisions made by the Supreme Court including Brown vs. Board of Education, Dred Scott, and Plessy vs Ferguson, were wrong decisions.
In March 2023, Powers introduced a bill to expand the methods of execution in Tennessee to include electrocution and later added an amendment to also include firing squads, claiming that it would be beneficial for the families of victims and that firing squad was the preferred method by death row inmates. Democrats criticized the bill as supporting "cruel and unusual punishment" that increased the pain of execution and a "step backward".
References
1953 births
Living people
21st-century American politicians
People from Jacksboro, Tennessee
People from LaFollette, Tennessee
Republican Party members of the Tennessee House of Representatives |
Paul Kagame (; born 23 October 1957) is a Rwandan politician and former military officer who is the fourth and current president of Rwanda since 2000. He previously served as a commander of the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), a rebel armed force which invaded Rwanda in 1990. The RPF was one of the parties of the conflict during the Rwandan Civil War and the armed force which ended the Rwandan genocide. He was considered Rwanda's de facto leader when he served as Vice President and Minister of Defence under President Pasteur Bizimungu from 1994 to 2000 after which the vice-presidential post was abolished.
Born to a Tutsi family in southern Rwanda that fled to Uganda when he was two years old, he would spend the rest of his childhood there during the Rwandan Revolution, which ended centuries of Tutsi political dominance. In the 1980s, Kagame fought in Yoweri Museveni's rebel army, becoming a senior Ugandan army officer after many military victories led Museveni to the Ugandan presidency. Kagame joined the RPF, taking control of the group when previous leader Fred Rwigyema died on the second day of the 1990 invasion. By 1993, the RPF controlled significant territory in Rwanda and a ceasefire was negotiated. The assassination of Rwandan President Juvénal Habyarimana set off the genocide, in which Hutu extremists killed an estimated 500,000 to 800,000 Tutsi and moderate Hutu. Kagame resumed the civil war and ended the genocide with a military victory.
During his vice presidency, Kagame controlled the national army and was responsible for maintaining the government's power, while other officials began rebuilding the country. Many RPF soldiers carried out retribution killings. Kagame said he did not support these killings but failed to stop them. Hutu refugee camps formed in Zaire and other countries and the RPF attacked the camps in 1996, but insurgents continued to attack Rwanda. As part of the invasion, Kagame sponsored two rebel wars in Zaire. Rwandan- and Ugandan-backed rebels won the first war (1996–97), installing Laurent-Désiré Kabila as president in place of dictator Mobutu and returning Zaire to its former pre-Mobutu name, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). The second war was launched in 1998 against Kabila, and later his son Joseph, following the DRC government's expulsion of Rwandan and Ugandan military forces from the country. The war escalated into a conflict that lasted until a 2003 peace deal and ceasefire.
Bizimungu resigned in 2000, most likely having been forced to do so, following a falling out with the RPF. He was replaced by Kagame. Bizimungu was later imprisoned for corruption and inciting ethnic violence, charges that human rights groups described as politically motivated. Kagame's rule is considered authoritarian, and human rights groups accuse him of political repression. Overall opinion on the regime by foreign observers is mixed, and as president, Kagame has prioritized national development, launching programmes which have led to development on key indicators including healthcare, education and economic growth. Kagame has had mostly good relations with the East African Community and the United States; his relations with France were poor until 2009. Relations with the DRC remain tense despite the 2003 ceasefire; human rights groups and a leaked United Nations report allege Rwandan support for two insurgencies in the country, a charge Kagame denies. Several countries suspended aid payments in 2012 following these allegations. Since coming to power, Kagame has won three presidential elections, but none of these have been rated free or fair by international observers. His role in the assassination of exiled political opponents has been controversial.
Early life
Kagame was born on 23 October 1957, the youngest of six children, in Tambwe, Ruanda-Urundi, a village located in what is now the Southern Province of Rwanda. His father, Deogratias Rutagambwa, was a member of the Tutsi ethnic group, from which the royal family had been derived since the 18th century or earlier. A member of the Bega clan, Deogratias Rutagambwa had family ties to King Mutara III, but he pursued an independent business career rather than maintain a close connection to the royal court. Kagame's mother, Asteria Bisinda, descended from the family of the last Rwandan queen, Rosalie Gicanda, that is from the Hebera branch of the royal Nyiginya clan.
At the time of Kagame's birth, Rwanda was a United Nations Trust Territory which had been ruled, in various forms, by Belgium since 1916 under a mandate to oversee eventual independence. Rwandans were made up of three distinct groups: the minority Tutsi were the traditional ruling class, and the Belgian colonialists had long promoted Tutsi supremacy, whilst the majority Hutu were agriculturalists. The third group, the Twa, were a forest-dwelling pygmy people descended from Rwanda's earliest inhabitants, who formed less than of the population.
Tensions between Tutsi and Hutu had been escalating during the 1950s, and culminated in the 1959 Rwandan Revolution. Hutu activists began killing Tutsi, forcing more than 100,000 Tutsis to seek refuge in neighbouring countries. Kagame's family abandoned their home and lived for two years in the far northeast of Rwanda and eventually crossing the border into Uganda. They moved gradually north, and settled in the Nshungerezi refugee camp in the Toro sub-region in 1962. It was around this time that Kagame first met Fred Rwigyema, the future leader of the Rwandan Patriotic Front.
Kagame began his primary education in a school near the refugee camp, where he and other Rwandan refugees learned how to speak English and began to integrate into Ugandan culture. At the age of nine, he moved to the respected Rwengoro Primary School, around 16 kilometres (10 mi) away. He subsequently attended Ntare School, one of the best schools in Uganda, which was also the alma mater of future Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni. According to Kagame, the death of his father in the early-1970s, and the departure of Rwigyema to an unknown location, led to a decline in his academic performance and an increased tendency to fight those who belittled the Rwandan population. He was eventually suspended from Ntare and completed his studies at Old Kampala Secondary School.
After completing his education, Kagame made two visits to Rwanda, in 1977 and 1978. He was initially hosted by family members of his former classmates, but upon arrival in Kigali; he made contact with members of his own family. He kept a low profile on these visits, believing that his status as a well-connected Tutsi exile could lead to arrest. On his second visit, he entered the country through Zaire rather than Uganda to avoid suspicion. Kagame used his time in Rwanda to explore the country, familiarise himself with the political and social situation, and make connections that would prove useful to him in his later activities.
Military career, 1979–1994
Ugandan Bush War
In 1978, Fred Rwigyema returned to western Uganda and reunited with Kagame. During his absence, Rwigyema had joined the rebel army of Yoweri Museveni. Based in Tanzania, it aimed to overthrow the Ugandan government of Idi Amin. Rwigyema returned to Tanzania and fought in the 1979 war during which Museveni's rebel group, FRONASA, allied with the Tanzanian army and other Ugandan exiles, defeated Amin. After Amin's defeat Kagame and other Rwandan refugees pledged allegiance to Museveni, who had become a cabinet member in the transition government. Kagame received training at the United States Army Command and General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.
Former incumbent Milton Obote won the 1980 Ugandan general election. Museveni disputed the result, and he and his followers withdrew from the new government in protest. In 1981, Museveni formed the rebel Popular Resistance Army (PRA); Kagame and Rwigyema joined as founding soldiers, along with 38 Ugandans. The army's goal was to overthrow Obote's government, in what became known as the Ugandan Bush War. Kagame took part in the Battle of Kabamba, the PRA's first operation, in February 1981.
Kagame and Rwigema joined the PRA primarily to ease conditions for Rwandan refugees persecuted by Obote. They also had a long-term goal of returning with other Tutsi refugees to Rwanda; military experience would enable them to fight the Hutu-dominated Rwandan army. The PRA merged with another rebel group in June 1981, forming the National Resistance Army (NRA). In the NRA, Kagame specialized in intelligence-gathering, and he rose to a position close to Museveni's. The NRA, based in the Luwero Triangle, fought the Ugandan army for the next five years, even after Obote was deposed in a 1985 coup d'état and the start of peace talks.
In 1986, the NRA captured Kampala with a force of 14,000 soldiers, including 500 Rwandans, and formed a new government. After Museveni's inauguration as president he appointed Kagame and Rwigyema as senior officers in the new Ugandan army; Kagame was the head of military intelligence. In a 2018 paper, Canadian scholar and Rwanda expert Gerald Caplan described this appointment as a remarkable achievement for a foreigner and a refugee. Caplan noted Museveni's reputation for toughness, and said that Kagame would have had to be similarly tough to earn such a position. He also commented on the nature of military intelligence work, saying "it is surely unrealistic to expect that Kagame refrained from the kind of unsavory activities that military security specializes in." In addition to their army duties, Kagame and Rwigyema began building a covert network of Rwandan Tutsi refugees within the army's ranks, intended as the nucleus for an attack on Rwanda. In 1989 Rwanda's President Habyarimana and many Ugandans in the army began to criticise Museveni over his appointment of Rwandan refugees to senior positions, and he demoted Kagame and Rwigyema.
Kagame and Rwigeema remained de facto senior officers, but the change caused them to accelerate their plans to invade Rwanda. They joined an organisation called the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), a refugee association which had been operating under various names since 1979. Rwigyema became the RPF leader shortly after joining and, while still working for the Ugandan army, he and Kagame completed their invasion plans.
Rwandan Civil War
In October 1990, Rwigyema led a force of over 4,000 RPF rebels into Rwanda at the Kagitumba border post, advancing south to the town of Gabiro. Kagame was not present at the initial raids, as he was in the United States, attending the Command and General Staff College in Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. On the second day of the attack, Rwigyema was shot in the head and killed. The exact circumstances are disputed; the official line of Kagame's government, and the version mentioned by historian Gérard Prunier in his 1995 book on the subject, was that Rwigyema was killed by a stray bullet.
In his 2009 book Africa's World War, Prunier says Rwigyema was killed by his subcommander Peter Bayingana, following an argument over tactics. According to this account, Bayingana and fellow subcommander Chris Bunyenyezi were then executed on the orders of Museveni. In a 2005 conversation with Caplan, Prunier provided a different account, stating that Bayingana and Bunyenyezi's killers were recruited by Kagame. Caplan notes that lack of research means the truth of this is uncertain, but that if true, the "tales of death and intrigue [offer] yet another insight into Kagame's character". Rwigyema's death threw the RPF into confusion. France and Zaire deployed forces in support of the Rwandan army, and by the end of October, the RPF had been pushed back into the far north east corner of the country.
Kagame returned to Africa and took command of the RPF forces, which had been reduced to fewer than 2,000 troops. Kagame and his soldiers moved west, through Uganda, to the Virunga Mountains, a rugged high-altitude area where the terrain worked in their favour. From there, he re-armed and reorganised the army, and carried out fundraising and recruitment from the Tutsi diaspora. Kagame restarted combat in January 1991, with an attack on the northern town of Ruhengeri. Benefiting from the element of surprise, the RPF captured the town and held it for a day before retreating back into the forests.
For the next year, the RPF waged a hit-and-run guerrilla war, capturing some border areas but not making significant gains against the Rwandan army. These actions caused an exodus of around 300,000 Hutu from the affected areas. Prunier wrote in 1995 that the RPF were surprised that Hutu peasants "showed no enthusiasm for being 'liberated' by them". In her 2018 book In Praise of Blood, however, Canadian journalist Judi Rever quoted witnesses who said that the exodus was forced by RPF attacks on the villages including the laying of landmines and shooting of children. Caplan's paper questions the credibility of many of the witnesses Rever had spoken to, but noted that "there are considerable other sources besides Rever that attest to RPF war crimes".
Following the June 1992 formation of a multi-party coalition government in Kigali, Kagame announced a ceasefire and initiated negotiations with the Rwandan government in Arusha, Tanzania. In early-1993, groups of extremist Hutu formed and began campaigns of large-scale violence against the Tutsi. Kagame responded by suspending peace talks temporarily and launching a major attack, gaining a large swathe of land across the north of the country.
Peace negotiations resumed in Arusha, and the resulting set of agreements, known as the Arusha Accords, were signed in August 1993. The RPF were given positions in a broad-based transitional government (BBTG) and in the national army. The United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR), a peacekeeping force, arrived and the RPF were given a base in the national parliament building in Kigali to use during the establishment of the BBTG.
Rwandan genocide
On 6 April 1994, Rwandan President Habyarimana's plane was shot down near Kigali Airport, killing both Habyarimana and the President of Burundi, Cyprien Ntaryamira, as well as their entourage and three French crew members. The attackers remain unknown. Prunier, in his 1995 book, concluded that it was most likely a coup d'état carried out by extreme Hutu members of Habyarimana's government who feared that the president was serious about honouring the Arusha agreement, and was a planned part of the genocide. This theory was disputed in 2006 by French judge Jean-Louis Bruguière, and in 2008 by Spanish judge Fernando Andreu. Both alleged that Kagame and the RPF were responsible.
Rever also held Kagame responsible, giving as his motive a desire to plunge Rwanda into disorder and therefore provide a platform for the RPF to complete their conquest of the country. Evaluating the two arguments later in 2018, Caplan questioned the evidence used by Bruguière and Rever, stating that it has been repeatedly "discredited for its methodology and its dependence on sources who have split bitterly with Kagame". Caplan also noted that Hutu extremists had made multiple prior threats to kill Habyarimana in their journals and radio stations, and cited eyewitness accounts of roadblocks being erected in Kigali and killings initiated within one hour of the crash – evidence that the shooting of the plane was ordered as the initiation of the genocide.
Following Habyarimana's death, a military committee led by Colonel Théoneste Bagosora took immediate control of the country. Under the committee's direction, the Hutu militia Interahamwe and the Presidential Guard began to kill Hutu and Tutsi opposition politicians and other prominent Tutsi figures. The killers then targeted the entire Tutsi population, as well as moderate Hutu, beginning the Rwandan genocide. Over the course of approximately 100 days, an estimated 206,000 to 800,000 Tutsi and moderate Hutu were killed on the orders of the committee. On 7 April, Kagame warned the committee and UNAMIR that he would resume the civil war if the killing did not stop.
The next day, the Rwandan government forces attacked the national parliament building from several directions, but the RPF troops stationed there successfully fought back. Kagame began an attack from the north on three fronts, seeking to link up quickly with the troops isolated in Kigali. An interim government was set up but Kagame refused to talk to it, believing that it was just a cover for Bagosora's rule. Over the next few days, the RPF advanced steadily south, capturing Gabiro and large areas of countryside to the north and east of Kigali. They avoided attacking Kigali or Byumba at this stage, but conducted manoeuvres designed to encircle the cities and cut off supply routes.
Throughout April there were numerous attempts by UNAMIR to establish a ceasefire, but Kagame insisted each time that the RPF would not stop fighting unless the killings stopped. In late April, the RPF secured the whole of the Tanzanian border area and began to move west from Kibungo, to the south of Kigali. They encountered little resistance, except around Kigali and Ruhengeri. By 16 May, they had cut the road between Kigali and Gitarama, the temporary home of the interim government, and by 13 June, they had taken Gitarama, following an unsuccessful attempt by the Rwandan government forces to reopen the road. The interim government was forced to relocate to Gisenyi in the far north west. As well as fighting the war, Kagame was recruiting heavily to expand the army. The new recruits included Tutsi survivors of the genocide and refugees from Burundi, but were less well trained and disciplined than the earlier recruits.
Having completed the encirclement of Kigali, Kagame spent the latter half of June fighting to take the city. The government forces had superior manpower and weapons, but the RPF steadily gained territory, as well as conducting raids to rescue civilians from behind enemy lines. According to Roméo Dallaire, the force commander of UNAMIR, this success was due to Kagame being a "master of psychological warfare"; he exploited the fact that the government forces were concentrating on the genocide rather than the fight for Kigali, and capitalised on the government's loss of morale as it lost territory. The RPF finally defeated the Rwandan government forces in Kigali on 4 July, and on 18 July took Gisenyi and the rest of the north west, forcing the interim government into Zaire and ending the genocide. At the end of July 1994, Kagame's forces held the whole of Rwanda except for a zone in the south west, which had been occupied by a French-led United Nations force as part of Opération Turquoise.
Kagame's tactics and actions during the genocide have proved controversial. Western observers such as Dallaire and Luc Marchal, the senior Belgian peacekeeper in Rwanda at the time, have stated that the RPF prioritised taking power over saving lives or stopping the genocide. Scholars also believe that the RPF killed many Rwandan civilians, predominantly Hutu, during the genocide and in the months that followed. The death toll from these killings is in the tens or even hundreds of thousands. In her book Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda, written for Human Rights Watch, Rwanda expert Alison des Forges wrote that despite saving many lives, the RPF "relentlessly pursued those whom they thought guilty of genocide" and that "in their drive for military victory and a halt to the genocide, the RPF killed thousands, including noncombatants as well as government troops and members of militia".
Human rights violations by the RPF during the genocide have also been documented in a 2000 report compiled by the Organisation of African Unity, and by Prunier in Africa's World War. In an interview with journalist Stephen Kinzer, Kagame acknowledged that killings had occurred but said that they were carried out by rogue soldiers and had been impossible to control. RPF killings continued after the end of the genocide, gaining international attention with the 1995 Kibeho massacre, in which soldiers opened fire on a camp for internally displaced persons in Butare Province. Australian soldiers serving as part of UNAMIR estimated at least 4,000 people were killed, while the Rwandan government claimed that the death toll was 338.
Marriage and children
On 10 June 1989 in Uganda, Kagame married Jeannette Nyiramongi, a Tutsi exile living in Nairobi, Kenya. Kagame had asked his relatives to suggest a suitable marriage and they recommended Nyiramongi. Kagame travelled to Nairobi and introduced himself, persuading her to visit him in Uganda. Nyiramongi was familiar with the RPF and its goal of returning refugees to Rwanda. She held Kagame in high regard. The couple have four children.
Kagame's daughter, Ange Kagame Ndengeyingoma, completed her education abroad and was absent from the public eye for most of her childhood due to security and privacy reasons. She attended Dana Hall School, a private preparatory school located in Wellesley, Massachusetts in the United States. She attended Smith College where she majored in political science with a minor in African studies. She also holds a master's degree in international affairs from Columbia University. Kagame can speak three languages, English, Kinyarwanda, and French.
Vice President and Minister of Defence
The post-genocide Rwandan government took office in Kigali in July 1994. It was based loosely on the Arusha Accords, but Habyarimana's party, MRND was outlawed. The positions it had been assigned were taken over by the RPF. The military wing of the RPF was renamed as the Rwandan Patriotic Army (RPA), and became the national army. Paul Kagame assumed the dual roles of Vice President of Rwanda and Minister of Defence while Pasteur Bizimungu, a Hutu who had been a civil servant under Habyarimana before fleeing to join the RPF, was appointed president. Bizimungu and his cabinet had some control over domestic affairs, but Kagame remained commander-in-chief of the army and was the de facto ruler of the country. German public broadcaster Deutsche Welle stated that "Bizimungu was commonly seen as a placeholder for Kagame".
Domestic situation
The infrastructure and economy of the country suffered greatly during the genocide. Many buildings were uninhabitable, and the former regime had taken all currency and moveable assets when they fled the country. Human resources were also severely depleted, with over of the population having been killed or fled. Many who remained were traumatised; most had lost relatives, witnessed killings, or participated in the genocide. Kagame controlled the national army and was responsible for maintaining the government's power, while other officials began rebuilding the country.
Non-governmental organisations began to move back into the country, and the international community spent US$1.5 billion on humanitarian aid between July and December 1994, but Prunier described this as "largely unconnected with the real economic needs of the community". Kagame strove to portray the government as inclusive and not Tutsi-dominated. He directed removal of ethnicity from citizens' national identity cards, and the government began a policy of downplaying the distinctions between Hutu, Tutsi, and Twa.
The unity government suffered a partial collapse in 1995. The continuing violence, along with appointing of local government officials who were almost exclusively RPF Tutsi, caused serious disagreement between Kagame and senior Hutu government members, including prime minister Faustin Twagiramungu and interior minister Seth Sendashonga. Twagiramungu resigned in August, and Kagame fired Sendashonga and three others the next day. Pasteur Bizimungu remained president but the makeup of the new government was predominantly RPF Tutsi loyal to Kagame.
Twagiramungu and Sendashonga moved abroad to form a new opposition party shortly after leaving the government. Sendashonga, who had also spoken out about the need for punishing killings by rogue RPF soldiers, moved to Kenya. Having survived an attempt on his life in 1996, he was assassinated in Nairobi in May 1998, when a UN vehicle in which he was travelling was fired upon. Many observers believe Kagame ordered the killing; as Caplan noted: "the RPF denied any responsibility, which no one other than RPF partisans believed".
Refugee crisis and insurgency
Following the RPF victory, approximately two million Hutu fled to refugee camps in neighboring countries, particularly Zaire, fearing RPF reprisals for the Rwandan genocide. The camps were set up by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), but were effectively controlled by the army and government of the former Hutu regime, including many leaders of the genocide. This regime was determined to return to power in Rwanda and began rearming, killing Tutsi residing in Zaire, and launching cross-border incursions in conjunction with the Interahamwe paramilitary group. By late 1996, the Hutu militants represented a serious threat to the new Rwandan regime, and Kagame launched a counteroffensive.
Kagame first provided troops and military training to aid a rebellion against Zaire by the Banyamulenge, a Tutsi group living near Bukavu in the Zairian South Kivu province. With Rwandan army support, the Banyamulenge defeated local security forces and began attacking the Hutu refugee camps in the area. At the same time, Kagame's forces joined with Zairian Tutsi around Goma to attack two of the camps there. Most refugees from the attacked camps moved to the large Mugunga camp. In November 1996 the Rwandan army attacked Mugunga, causing an estimated 800,000 refugees to flee. Many returned to Rwanda despite the presence of the RPF; others ventured further west into Zaire.
Despite the disbanding of the camps, the defeated forces of the former regime continued a cross-border insurgency campaign into Rwanda from North Kivu. The insurgents maintained a presence in Rwanda's north western provinces and were supported by the predominantly Hutu population, many of whom had lived in the refugee camps before they were attacked. In addition to supporting the wars in the Congo, Kagame began a propaganda campaign to bring the Hutu to his side. He integrated former soldiers of the deposed genocidal regime's military into the RPF-dominated national army and appointed senior Hutu to key local government positions in the areas hit by insurgency. These tactics were eventually successful; by 1999, the population in the north west had stopped supporting the insurgency and the insurgents were mostly defeated.
Congo wars
Although his primary reason for military action in Zaire was the dismantling of the refugee camps, Kagame also began planning a war to remove long-time dictator President Mobutu Sese Seko from power. Mobutu had supported the genocidaires based in the camps, and was also accused of allowing attacks on Tutsi people within Zaire. Together with Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni, Kagame supported the newly created Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo (ADFL), an alliance of four rebel groups headed by Laurent-Désiré Kabila, which began waging the First Congo War.
The ADFL, helped by Rwandan and Ugandan troops, took control of North and South Kivu provinces in November 1996 and then advanced west, gaining territory from the poorly organised and demotivated Zairian army with little fighting. By May 1997, they controlled almost the whole of Zaire except for the capital Kinshasa; Mobutu fled and the ADFL took the capital without fighting. The country was renamed as the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and Kabila became the new president. The Rwandan Defence Forces and the ADFL were accused of carrying out mass atrocities during the First Congo War, with as many as 222,000 Rwandan Hutu refugees declared missing.
Kagame and the Rwandan government retained strong influence over Kabila following his inauguration, and the RPA maintained a heavy presence in Kinshasa. Congolese in the capital resented this, as did many in the eastern Kivu provinces, where ethnic clashes increased sharply. In July 1998, Kabila fired his Rwandan chief-of-staff, James Kabarebe, and ordered all RPA troops to leave the country. Kagame accused Kabila of supporting the ongoing insurgency against Rwanda from North Kivu, the same accusation he had made about Mobutu. He responded to the expulsion of his soldiers by backing a new rebel group, the Rally for Congolese Democracy (RCD), and launching the Second Congo War.
The first action of the war was a blitzkrieg by the RCD and RPA, led by Kabarebe. These forces made quick gains, advancing in twelve days from the Kivu provinces west to within of Kinshasa. The capital was saved by the intervention of Angola, Namibia and Zimbabwe on Kabila's side. Following the failure of the blitzkrieg, the conflict developed into a long-term conventional war, which lasted until 2003 and caused millions of deaths and massive damage. According to a report by the International Rescue Committee (IRC), this conflict led to the loss of between 3 million and 7.6 million lives, many through starvation and disease accompanying the social disruption of the war.
Although Kagame's primary reason for the two wars in the Congo was Rwanda's security, he was alleged to gain economic benefit by exploiting the mineral wealth of the eastern Congo. The 2001 United Nations Report of the Panel of Experts on the Illegal Exploitation of Natural Resources and Other Forms of Wealth of the Democratic Republic of the Congo alleged that Kagame, along with Ugandan President Museveni, were "on the verge of becoming the godfathers of the illegal exploitation of natural resources and the continuation of the conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo". The report also claimed that the Rwandan Ministry of Defence contained a "Congo Desk" dedicated to collecting taxes from companies licensed to mine minerals around Kisangani, and that substantial quantities of coltan and diamonds passed through Kigali before being resold on the international market by staff on the Congo Desk.
International NGO Global Witness also conducted field studies in early 2013. It concluded that minerals from North and South Kivu are exported illegally to Rwanda and then marketed as Rwandan. Kagame dismissed these allegations as unsubstantiated and politically motivated; in a 2002 interview with newsletter Africa Confidential, Kagame said that if solid evidence against Rwandan officers was presented, it would be dealt with very seriously. In 2010, the United Nations released a report accusing the Rwandan army of committing wide scale human rights violations and crimes against humanity in the Democratic Republic of the Congo during the First and Second Congo Wars, charges denied by the Rwandan government.
Presidency
Accession
In the late 1990s, Kagame began to disagree publicly with Bizimungu and the Hutu-led government in Rwanda. Kagame accused Bizimungu of corruption and poor management, while Bizimungu felt that he had no power over appointments to the cabinet and that the Transitional National Assembly was acting purely as a puppet for Kagame. Bizimungu resigned from the presidency in March 2000. Historians generally believe that Bizimungu was forced into resigning by Kagame after denouncing the National Assembly and attempting to sow discord within the RPF. However, Kagame told Kinzer that he was surprised by the development saying that he had received the "startling news" in a phone call from a friend. Following Bizimungu's resignation, the Supreme Court ruled that Kagame should become acting president until a permanent successor was chosen.
Kagame had been de facto leader since 1994, but focused more on military, foreign affairs and the country's security than day-to-day governance. By 2000, the threat posed by cross-border rebels was reduced and when Bizimungu resigned, Kagame decided to seek the presidency himself. The transitional constitution was still in effect, which meant the president was elected by government ministers and the Transitional National Assembly rather than by a direct election.
The RPF selected two candidates, Kagame and RPF secretary general Charles Murigande; the ministers and parliament elected Kagame by eighty-one votes to three. Kagame was sworn in as president in April 2000. Several Hutu politicians, including the prime minister Pierre-Célestin Rwigema, left the government at around the same time as Bizimungu, leaving a cabinet dominated by those close to Kagame. Bizimungu started his own party in 2001, but Kagame's government banned it on the grounds that political campaigning was not permitted under the transitional constitution. The following year, Kagame issued a public statement to Bizimungu, warning him that the government's patience with his continued involvement in party politics was "not infinite", and Bizimungu was arrested two weeks later and convicted of corruption and inciting ethnic violence, charges which human rights groups said were politically motivated. He was imprisoned until 2007, when he was pardoned by Kagame.
New constitution
Between 1994 and 2003, Rwanda was governed by a set of documents combining President Habyarimana's 1991 constitution, the Arusha Accords, and some additional protocols introduced by the transitional government. As required by the accords, Kagame set up a constitutional commission to draft a new permanent constitution. The constitution was required to adhere to a set of fundamental principles including equitable power sharing and democracy. The commission sought to ensure that the draft constitution was "home-grown", relevant to Rwanda's specific needs, and reflected the views of the entire population; they sent questionnaires to civil groups across the country and rejected offers of help from the international community, except for financial assistance.
The draft constitution was released in 2003; it was approved by the parliament, and was then put to a referendum in May of that year. The referendum was widely promoted by the government; ultimately, of eligible adults registered to vote and the turnout on voting day was . The constitution was overwhelmingly accepted, with voting in favour. The constitution provided for a two-house parliament, an elected president serving seven-year terms, and multi-party politics.
The constitution also sought to prevent Hutu or Tutsi hegemony over political power. Article 54 states that "political organizations are prohibited from basing themselves on race, ethnic group, tribe, clan, region, sex, religion or any other division which may give rise to discrimination". According to Human Rights Watch, this clause, along with later laws enacted by the parliament, effectively make Rwanda a one-party state, as "under the guise of preventing another genocide, the government displays a marked intolerance of the most basic forms of dissent".
Elections and referendum
Since ascending to the presidency in 2000, Kagame has faced three presidential elections, in 2003, 2010 and 2017. On each occasion, he was re-elected in a landslide, winning more than 90 percent of the vote. A constitutional amendment referendum in 2015, which gave Kagame the ability to stand for additional terms, also passed by similar margins. International election monitors, human rights organisations and journalists generally regard these elections as lacking freedom and fairness, with interventions by the Rwandan state to ensure Kagame's victory. According to Ida Sawyer, Central Africa director for Human Rights Watch, "Rwandans who have dared raise their voices or challenge the status quo have been arrested, forcibly disappeared, or killed, independent media have been muzzled, and intimidation has silenced groups working on civil rights or free speech". Following the 2017 poll, Human Rights Watch released evidence of irregularities by election officials including forcing voters to write their votes in full view and casting votes for electors who had not appeared. The United States department of state said it was "disturbed by irregularities observed during voting" as well as "long-standing concerns over the integrity of the vote-tabulation process".
In their 2018 book How to Rig an Election, political scientists Nic Cheeseman and Brian Klaas said they were asked by journalists why Kagame went "through the motions of organizing a national poll that he was predestined to win". The book gave likely reasons for the continuation of the polls, including the fact that elections are "important to secure a base level of international legitimacy" and that "not even pretending to hold elections will get a country kicked out of the African Union". Law professor and human rights researcher Lars Waldorf wrote that the RPF's manipulation of polls could be designed to make itself appear stronger. Waldorf said that the party's margins of victory "are not meant to be convincing; rather, they are meant to signal to potential opponents and the populace that Kagame and the RPF are in full control." Scholars are divided on whether Kagame would have won the elections had he not used manipulative tactics. Writing about RPF intimidation of opposition candidates in the run-up to elections, Caplan said "what was most infuriating was that none of this was necessary for the RPF to hold on to power". Belgian academic Filip Reyntjens disagrees, however, stating that "the RPF is fully aware that opening up the political system would eventually lead to a loss of power".
Presidential election, 2003
The first post-genocide election was held in August 2003, following the adoption of the new constitution. In May, the parliament voted to ban the Republican Democratic Movement (MDR), following a parliamentary commission report accusing the MDR of "divisive" ideology. The MDR had been one of the coalition parties in the transitional government of national unity, and was the second-largest party in the country after the RPF. Amnesty International criticised this move, claiming that "the unfounded allegations against the individuals mentioned in the report appear to be part of a government-orchestrated crackdown on the political opposition". Kagame was the RPF candidate, while former prime minister Twagiramungu was his main challenger. Twagiramungu had intended to run as the candidate for the MDR, but instead sought the presidency as an independent following the party's banishment. He returned to the country from Europe in June 2003 and began campaigning in August.
Kagame declared victory in the election one day after the poll, and his win was later confirmed by the National Electoral Commission. The final results showed that Kagame received of the vote, Twagiramungu , and the third candidate, Jean Nepomuscene Nayinzira, ; the voter turnout was . The campaign, election day, and aftermath were largely peaceful, although an observer from the European Union (EU) raised concerns about intimidation of opposition supporters by the RPF. Twagiramungu rejected the result of the election and also questioned the margin of victory, saying "Almost 100 per cent? That's not possible". He filed a petition at the Supreme Court to nullify the result, but was unsuccessful and he left Rwanda shortly afterwards, fearing that he would be arrested. The EU observer also questioned the result, citing "numerous irregularities", but also describing the poll as a "positive step" in the country's history.
Presidential election, 2010
Kagame ran for re-election in 2010, at the end of his first elected term. He was endorsed by the RPF national congress as their candidate in May 2010, and was accepted as a candidate in July. His highest-profile opponent was Victoire Ingabire, a Hutu who had been living abroad for some years, and returned to Rwanda in January 2010 to run for the presidency. After a series of criticisms of Kagame's policies, she was arrested in April and prohibited from running in the election, as part of what Amnesty International's Tawanda Hondora described as "pre-electoral repression". Kagame began his campaign with a rally at Kigali's Amahoro Stadium on 20 July, and held rallies across the country during the subsequent campaign period. The rallies attracted tens of thousands, shouting enthusiastically for Kagame, although reporters for The New York Times interviewed a number of Rwandans who said that they were "not free to vote against him and that government officials down to the village level had put enormous pressure on them to register to vote; contribute some of their meager earnings to Mr. Kagame’s campaign; and attend rallies".
The election went ahead in August 2010 without Ingabire and two other banned candidates, Kagame facing three opponents described by Human Rights Watch as "broadly supportive of the RPF". Kagame went on to receive of the vote in the election. Opposition and human rights groups said that the election was tainted by repression, murder, and lack of credible competition. Kagame responded by saying "I see no problems, but there are some people who choose to see problems where there are not."
Constitutional referendum, 2015
As Kagame's second term progressed, he began to hint that he might seek to rewrite the term-limit clause of the Rwandan constitution, to allow him to run for a third term in the 2017 elections. Earlier in his presidency he had ruled it out, but in a 2014 speech at Tufts University in the United States, Kagame said that he did not know when he would leave office, and that it was up to the Rwandan people to decide. He told delegates "...let's wait and see what happens as we go. Whatever will happen, we'll have an explanation." The following year a protest occurred outside parliament, and a petition signed by 3.7 million people—more than half of the electorate—was presented to lawmakers asking for Kagame to be allowed to stay in office. The parliament responded by passing an amendment to the constitution in November 2015, with both the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate voting unanimously in favour. The motion passed kept the two-term limit in place, and also reduced the length of terms from 7 years to 5 years, but it made an explicit exception for Kagame, who would be permitted to run for a third 7-year term followed by two further 5-year terms, if he so desired. After the amendment was passed in parliament, a referendum was required for it to come into effect.
The referendum took place on 18 December 2015, with Rwandans overseas voting on 17 December. The amendment was approved by the electorate, with 6.16 million voters saying yes, approximately of the votes. The electoral commission stated that the vote had been peaceful and orderly. The Democratic Green Party, the most prominent domestic group opposing the change, protested that it had not been permitted to campaign openly against the amendment. Human Rights Watch executive director Ken Roth announced on Twitter that he did not believe the election to be free and fair, saying there was "no suspense in Rwanda referendum when so many dissidents silenced, civil society stifled". The amendment itself was criticised by the European Union and also the United States, which released a statement saying that Kagame should respect the previous term limits and "foster a new generation of leaders in Rwanda". Kagame responded that it was not his own decision to seek a third term, but that the parliament and the people had demanded it.
Presidential election, 2017
In accordance with the constitutional change, a presidential election was held in August 2017. The highest-profile opposition figure for the 2017 election was local businesswoman Diane Rwigara. Although she acknowledged that "much has improved under Kagame", Rwigara was also critical of Kagame's government, saying that "people disappear, others get killed in unexplained circumstances and nobody speaks about this because of fear". Like Ingabire in 2010, Rwigara was barred from running in the election. Kagame was endorsed as the RPF's candidate for the election in mid-June, and began his re-election campaign in mid-July with a rally in Ruhango.
After three weeks of campaigning, concluding with a large rally in Gasabo District, the election went ahead between Kagame and two opposition candidates. Kagame was re-elected for a third term with of the vote, his highest percentage to date. He was sworn in for another seven-year term on 18 August. As with his previous victories, independent monitors and human rights organisations cited irregularities and intimidation in the conduct of the election. Cheeseman and Klaas said in their book that he had "not even bothered to try and manipulate the election in the clever ways" he had used in previous campaigns.
Domestic policy
Vision 2020 and Vision 2050
In the late 1990s, Kagame began actively planning methods to achieve national development. He launched a national consultation process and also sought the advice of experts from emerging nations including China, Singapore and Thailand. Following these consultations, and shortly after assuming the presidency, Kagame launched an ambitious programme of national development called Vision 2020. The major purposes of the programme were to unite the Rwandan people and to transform Rwanda from a highly impoverished into a middle income country. The programme consists of a list of goals which the government aimed to achieve before the year 2020. These include reconstruction, infrastructure and transport improvements, good governance, improving agriculture production, private sector development, and health and education improvements.
In 2011, the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (MINECOFIN) issued a report indicating the progress of the Vision 2020 goals. The report examined the stated goals of the programme and rated each one with a status of "on-track", "on-watch" or "off-track". Of 44 goals, it found that were on-track, were on-watch, and were off-track. The major areas identified as off-track were population, poverty and the environment. By 2012, MINECOFIN's review found that 26% of Vision 2020's original indicators had already been achieved. While also highlighting key areas for improvement, the review made several upward revisions, including revising the GDP per capita target from $900 to $1,240. In the same year, an independent review of the strategy carried out by academics based in Belgium rated progress as "quite encouraging", mentioning development in the education and health sectors, as well as Kagame's fostering of a favourable business environment. The review also raised concerns about the policy of "maximum growth at any cost", suggesting that this was leading to a situation in which the rich prospered while the rural poor saw little benefit.
Upon completion of the programme in December 2020, Kagame announced Vision 2050, remarking that "Vision 2020 was about what we had to do in order to survive and regain our dignity. But Vision 2050 has to be about the future we choose, because we can, and because we deserve it." Vision 2050 focuses around the two main pillars of Economic Growth and Prosperity and High Quality of Life and Standards of Life for Rwandans. Vision 2050 is the programmatic articulation of Kagame's ambition for Rwanda to become an upper-middle income country by 2035, and a high-income country by 2050.
Economy
Rwanda's economy has grown rapidly under Kagame's presidency, with per-capita gross domestic product (purchasing power parity) estimated at $2,214 in 2020, compared with $631 in 2000. Annual growth between 2000 and 2020 averaged per year. Kagame's economic policy is based on liberalising the economy, reducing red tape for businesses, and transforming the country from an agricultural to a knowledge-based economy. Kagame has stated that he believes Rwanda can emulate the economic development of Singapore since 1960. Kagame, as set out in the national Vision 2050 Policy, believes that Rwanda can become an upper-middle income country by 2035, and a high-income country by 2050.
Kagame's economic policy has been praised by many foreign donors and investors, including Bill Clinton and Starbucks chairman Howard Schultz. The country is also recognized internationally for its effective institutions and low levels of corruption.
Rwanda has also illegally exploited Congolese minerals, which is an important aspect of the success of Rwanda's economy. Political economy researcher Stefaan Marysse estimated that in 1999, 6.1% of Rwanda's GDP came from illegal resource extraction in the DRC. In 2013, foreign aid made up over 20 percent of GDP and nearly half of the budget. Economic growth has disproportionally accrued to elites in the capital while rural areas lag behind. Although the government officially has a policy of privatization, in practice it has increased state control of the economy using corporations with strong ties to the state and the ruling party.
Rwanda is a country of few natural resources, and the economy is heavily dependent on subsistence agriculture, with an estimated of the working population engaged in farming. Under Kagame's presidency, the service sector has grown strongly. In 2010, it became the country's largest sector by economic output, contributing of the country's GDP. Key tertiary contributors include banking and finance, wholesale and retail trade, hotels and restaurants, transport, storage, communication, insurance, real estate, business services, and public administration, including education and health. Information and communications technology (ICT) is a Vision 2020 priority, with a goal of transforming Rwanda into an ICT hub for Africa. To this end, the government has completed a fibre-optic telecommunications network, intended to provide broadband services and facilitate electronic commerce. Tourism is one of the fastest-growing economic resources and became the country's leading foreign exchange earner in 2011.
Rwanda ranks highly in several categories of the World Bank's ease of doing business index. In 2005, after the country was ranked 158th on the Ease of Doing Business Index, Kagame set up a special unit to analyze the economy and provide solutions to easing business. As a result, the country topped the list of reformers in 2009. In 2012, the country's overall ease of doing business index ranking was 52nd out of 185 countries worldwide, and third out of 46 in Sub-Saharan Africa. It was eighth on the 2012 rankings for ease of starting a business; the Rwanda Development Board asserts that a business can be authorised and registered in 24 hours. The business environment and economy also benefit from relatively low corruption in the country; in 2010, Transparency International ranked Rwanda as the eighth cleanest out of 47 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa and sixty-sixth cleanest out of 178 in the world.
Education and health
Kagame has made education for youth in Rwanda a high priority for his administration, allocating of the annual budget to the sector. The Rwandan government provides free education in state-run schools for twelve years: six years in primary and six in secondary school. The final three years of free education were introduced in 2012 following a pledge by Kagame during his 2010 re-election campaign. Kagame credits his government with improvements in the tertiary education sector; the number of universities has risen from 1 in 1994 to 29 in 2010, and the tertiary gross enrollment ratio increased from in 2008 to in 2011. From 1994 until 2009, secondary education was offered in either French or English; since 2009, due to the country's increasing ties with the East African Community and the Commonwealth of Nations, English has been the sole language of instruction in public schools from primary school grade 4 onward. The country's literacy rate, defined as those aged 15 or over who can read and write, was in 2009, up from 58% in 1991 and 38% in 1978.
Rwanda's health profile is dominated by communicable diseases, including malaria, pneumonia, and HIV/AIDS. Prevalence and mortality rates have sharply declined in the past decade but the short supply or unavailability of certain medicines continues to challenge disease management. Kagame's government is seeking to improve this situation as one of the Vision 2020 priorities. It has increased funding, with the health budget up from of national expenditure in 1996 to in 2008. It also set up training institutes, including the Kigali Health Institute (KHI), and in 2008 effected laws making health insurance mandatory for all individuals; by 2010, over of the population was covered. These policies have contributed to a steady increase in quality of healthcare and improvement in key indicators during Kagame's presidency. In 2010, 91 children died before their fifth birthday for every 1000 live births, down from 163 under five deaths for every 1000 live births in 1990. Prevalence of some diseases is declining, including the elimination of maternal and neonatal tetanus and a sharp reduction in malaria morbidity, mortality rate, and specific lethality. In response to shortages in qualified medical personnel, in 2011 the Rwandan government launched an eight-year US$151.8 million initiative to train medical professionals.
Kagame has garnered praise for the country's response to the ongoing global COVID-19 pandemic. Despite the country having a relatively underdeveloped health care system, Rwanda has one of the lowest infection and mortality rates in the world, and is seen as a success story. Rwanda is currently the only nation in Africa whose residents are permitted to enter the Schengen Area for non essential travel. Rwanda's response has not been without its criticisms, in particular the curbing of civil liberties and individual freedoms. By April 2022. Rwanda was one of the few countries in Africa to have fully vaccinated over 60% of its population against COVID-19.
Foreign policy
Democratic Republic of the Congo
The Second Congo War, which began in 1998, was still raging when Kagame assumed the presidency in 2000. Namibia, Angola, Zimbabwe, and Chad had committed troops to the Congolese government side, while Rwanda, Uganda, and Burundi were supporting rebel groups. The rebel group Rally for Congolese Democracy (RCD) had split in 1999 into two factions: the RCD-Goma, supported by Rwanda, and the RCD-Kisangani, which was allied to Uganda. Uganda also supported the Movement for the Liberation of the Congo (MLC), a rebel group from the north. All these rebel groups were at war with Kabila's government in Kinshasa, but were also increasingly hostile to each other. Various peace meetings had been held, culminating in the July 1999 Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement which was signed by Kabila, Kagame and all the other foreign governments. The rebel groups were not party to the agreement, and fighting continued. The RPA continued to be heavily involved in the Congo War during 2000, fighting battles against the Ugandan army in Kisangani and against Kabila's army in Kasai and Katanga.
In January 2001, Kabila was assassinated inside his palace. His son Joseph was appointed president and immediately began asserting his authority by dismissing his father's cabinet and senior army commanders, assembling a new government, and engaging with the international community. The new government provided impetus for renewed peace negotiations, and in July 2002 a peace agreement was reached between Rwanda, Congo, and the other major participants, in which all foreign troops would withdraw and RCD-Goma would enter a power-sharing transitional government with Joseph Kabila as interim president until elections could be held. Kagame's government announced at the end of 2002 that all uniformed Rwandan troops had left Congolese territory, but this was contradicted by a 2003 report by UN panel of experts. According to this report, the Rwandan army contained a dedicated "Congo desk" which used the armed forces for large-scale illegal appropriation of Congolese resources.
Despite the agreement and subsequent ceasefire, relations between Kagame and the Congolese government remained tense. Kagame blamed the DRC for failing to suppress the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR), Rwandan Hutu rebels operating in North and South Kivu provinces. Kabila accused Rwanda of using the Hutu as a "pretext for maintaining its control and influence in the area". There has been ongoing conflict in Congo's eastern provinces since 2004, during which Kagame has backed two major insurgencies. This included a major rebellion from 2005 to 2009, led by Congolese Tutsi Laurent Nkunda, as well as the a rebellion carried out by the March 23 Movement (M23) under leader Bosco Ntaganda, beginning in 2012. A leaked United Nations report in 2012 cited Kagame's defence minister James Kabarebe as being effectively the commander of the M23. Relations have improved since 2016, as Kagame held a bilateral meeting with Kabila in Gisenyi. When Félix Tshisekedi was elected DRC president in 2019, Kagame – the AU chairman at the time – unsuccessfully called for an AU investigation into the poll. Despite this, he has developed a close relationship with Tshisekedi since the latter's election, with summits in both Kinshasa and Kigali. As of 2020, Kagame still faces accusations that Rwanda's troops are active within the Kivu provinces. Congolese officials such as Walikale member of parliament Juvénal Munubo, as well as civilians, have reported sighting RDF soldiers in the DRC, but Kagame consistently denies these claims.
Uganda and the East African Community
Kagame spent most of his childhood and young adult years living in Uganda, and has a personal relationship with President Yoweri Museveni dating back to the late 1970s; they fought together in the Ugandan Bush War, and Kagame was appointed head of military intelligence in Museveni's national army following the NRA victory in 1986. When the RPF soldiers abandoned the Ugandan army and invaded Rwanda in 1990, Museveni did not explicitly support them, but according to Prunier it is likely that he had prior knowledge of the plan. Museveni also allowed the RPF safe passage through Ugandan territory to the Virunga mountains after their early defeats in the war, and revealed in a 1998 heads of state meeting that Uganda had helped the RPF materially during the Rwandan Civil War. Following the RPF victory, the two countries enjoyed a close political and trade relationship.
Rwanda and Uganda were allies during the First Congo War against Zaire, with both countries being instrumental in the setting up of the AFDL and committing troops to the war. The two nations joined forces again at the beginning of the Second Congo War, but relations soured in late 1998 as Museveni and Kagame had very different priorities in fighting the war. In early 1999, the RCD rebel group split into two, with Rwanda and Uganda supporting opposing factions, and in August the Rwandan and Ugandan armies battled each other with heavy artillery in the Congolese city of Kisangani. The two sides fought again in Kisangani in May and June 2000, causing the deaths of 120 soldiers and around 640 Congolese civilians. Relations slowly thawed in the 2000s, and by 2011 the two countries enjoyed a close friendship once more. Further conflict between Kagame and Museveni arose in early 2019, as the two countries conflicted over trade and regional politics. Kagame accused Museveni's government of supporting the FDLR and harassing Rwandan nationals in Uganda, leading Rwanda to set up a blockade of trucks at the border. Museveni accused Rwanda of sending troops into its territory, including an incident in Rukiga district in which a Ugandan citizen was killed. The Rwanda–Uganda border reopened on 31 January 2022.
In 2007, Rwanda joined the East African Community, an intergovernmental organisation for the East Africa region comprising Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Burundi, and Rwanda. The country's accession required the signing of various agreements with the other members, including a defence intelligence sharing pact, a customs union, and measures to combat drug trafficking. The countries of the Community established a common market in 2011, and plan further integration, including moves toward political federation. The community has also set up an East African Monetary Institute, which aims to introduce a single currency by 2024.
France
France maintained close ties with President Habyarimana during his years in power, as part of its Françafrique policy. When the RPF launched the Rwandan Civil War in 1990, Habyarimana was immediately granted assistance from the President of France, François Mitterrand. France sent 600 paratroopers, who effectively ran the government's response to the invasion and were instrumental in regaining almost all territory the RPF had gained in the first days of the war. France maintained this military presence throughout the war, engaging Kagame's RPF forces again in February 1993 during the offensive that doubled RPF territory. In the later stages of the 1994 Rwandan genocide, France launched Opération Turquoise, a United Nations mandated mission to create safe humanitarian areas for protection of displaced persons, refugees, and civilians in danger; many Rwandans interpreted it as a mission to protect Hutu from the RPF, including some who had participated in the genocide. The French remained hostile to the RPF, and their presence temporarily stalled Kagame's advance in southwestern Rwanda.
France continued to shun the new RPF government following the end of the genocide and the withdrawal of Opération Turquoise. Diplomatic relations were finally reestablished in January 1995, but remained tense as Rwanda accused France of aiding the genocidaires, while France defended its interventions. In 2006, French judge Jean-Louis Bruguière released a report on the assassination of President Habyarimana which concluded that Kagame had ordered the shooting of the plane. Bruguière subsequently issued arrest warrants for nine of Kagame's close aides. Kagame denied the charges and immediately broke off diplomatic relations with France. Relations began to thaw in 2008, and diplomacy was resumed in late 2009. In 2010, Nicolas Sarkozy became the first French president to visit Rwanda since the genocide, admitting for the first time that France made "grave errors of judgment". Kagame reciprocated with an official visit to Paris in 2011.
United States, United Kingdom and the Commonwealth
Since the end of the Rwandan genocide in 1994, Rwanda has enjoyed a close relationship with the English speaking world, in particular the United States (US) and United Kingdom (UK). The two countries have been highly supportive of the RPF programme of stabilisation and rebuilding, with the UK donating large sums each year in budget support, and the US providing military aid as well as supporting development projects. As president, Kagame has been critical of the West's lack of response to the genocide, and the UK and US have responded by admitting guilt over the issue: Bill Clinton, who was President of the United States during the genocide, has described his failure to act against the killings as a "personal failure". During the 2000s, Clinton and UK prime minister Tony Blair praised the country's progress under Kagame, citing it as a model recipient for international development funds, and Clinton referred to Kagame as "one of the greatest leaders of our time". Both Clinton and Blair have maintained support for the country beyond the end of their terms of office, Clinton via the Clinton Global Initiative and Blair through his role as an unpaid advisor to the Rwandan government.
As part of his policy of maintaining close relations with English speaking countries, Kagame sought membership of the Commonwealth of Nations, which was granted in 2009. Rwanda was only the second country, after Mozambique, to join the Commonwealth having never had colonial links to the British Empire. Kagame attended the subsequent Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting in Perth, Australia, addressing the Business Forum. Rwanda also successfully applied for a rotating seat on the United Nations Security Council in 2012, taking over the presidency of that organisation in April 2013.
Kagame's relations with the US and UK came under strain in the early 2010s, following allegations that Rwanda is supporting the M23 rebel movement in Eastern Congo. The UK suspended its budgetary aid programme in 2012, freezing a £21 million donation. Other European nations such as Germany also suspended general budgetary support from 2008 onwards. Payments by these countries were gradually restored from 2013, but took the form of sector budgetary support and support for specific programmes. The US also froze some of its military aid programme for Rwanda in 2012, although it stopped short of suspending aid altogether. By 2020, the US remained supportive of Kagame's government and was Rwanda's largest bilateral donor.
China and moves towards self-sufficiency
China has been investing in Rwandan infrastructure since 1971, with early projects including hospitals in Kibungo and Masaka. Under Kagame's presidency, trade between the two countries has grown rapidly. The volume of trade increased five-fold between 2005 and 2009, and it doubled again in the following three years, being worth US$160 million in 2012. Projects completed include the renovation of the Kigali road network, funded using a Chinese government loan and undertaken by China Road and Bridge Corporation; the Kigali City Tower, which was built by China Civil Engineering Construction; and a pay television service operated by Star Media.
Kagame has been vocal in his praise of China and its model for relations with Africa, saying in a 2009 interview that "the Chinese bring what Africa needs: investment and money for governments and companies". This is in contrast to Western countries, whom Kagame accuses of focussing too heavily on giving aid to the continent rather than building a trading relationship; he also believes that they keep African products out of the world marketplace by the use of high tariffs. China does not openly involve itself in the domestic affairs of the countries with which it trades, hence has not followed the West in criticising Kagame's alleged involvement in the war in the Congo.
Kagame's ultimate goal in international relations is to shift Rwanda from a country dependent on donor aid and loans towards self-sufficiency, trading with other countries on an equal footing. In a 2009 article, Kagame wrote that "the primary purpose of aid should ultimately be to work itself out", and should therefore focus on self-sufficiency and building private sector development. Kagame cited an example of donor countries providing free fertilisers to farmers; he believes this to be wrong because it undercuts local fertiliser businesses, preventing them from growing and becoming competitive. In 2012, Kagame launched the Agaciro Development Fund, following proposals made at a national dialogue session in 2011. Agaciro is a solidarity fund whose goal is to provide development finance sourced within Rwanda, supplementing aid already received from overseas. The fund invites contributions from Rwandan citizens, within the country and in the diaspora, as well as private companies and "friends of Rwanda". The fund will allocate its funds based on consultations with the populace, as well as financing projects contributing to the Vision 2020 programme.
Assassinations
Throughout Kagame's tenure as vice president and president, he has been linked with murders and disappearances of political opponents, both in Rwanda and abroad. In a 2014 report titled "Repression Across Borders", Human Rights Watch documents at least 10 cases involving attacks or threats against critics outside Rwanda since the late 1990s, citing their criticism of the Rwandan government, the RPF or Kagame. Examples include the killing of Sendashonga in 1998, the assassination attempts against Nyamwasa in South Africa, as well as the murder of former intelligence chief Patrick Karegeya in South Africa on 31 December 2013. Speaking about Karegeya's killing, Kagame spoke of his approval, saying "whoever betrays the country will pay the price, I assure you". In 2015, a former Rwandan military officer testified before the U.S. Congress that the Rwandan government had offered him $1 million to assassinate Karegeya as well as Kagame critic General Kayumba Nyamwasa. After his testimony, this officer himself faced threats in Belgium as did a Canadian journalist. In December 2017, a South African court found that the Rwandan government continued to plot the assassination of its critics overseas.
Chairperson of the African Union
Kagame served as Chairperson of the African Union from 28 January 2018 to 10 February 2019. As Chair, Kagame promoted the Single African Air Transport Market (SAATM) and the African Continental Free Trade Area. The proposed Continental Free Trade Area was signed on 21 March 2018 by 44 of the 55 AU nations. By the time he left office in February 2019, the Continental Free Trade had already been ratified by 19 of the 22 nations needed for it to officially go into effect. Kagame also pushed through a reform of African Union structures in an effort to improve their effectiveness and make them financially sustainable.
Public image and personality
Views on his leadership vary widely amongst international scholars and journalists. According to political scientist Alexander Dukalskis, Kagame has been adept in developing a sophisticated positive image of Rwanda abroad. Dukalskis says that to suppress negative information, the Kagame regime has curtailed access to academics and journalists, and threatened and assassinated critics of the regime. Others, such as Philip Gourevitch, author of the 1998 book We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed with Our Families, focus on his achievements in ending the genocide after the international community failed to do so, as well as the reconciliation, economic growth, foreign investment, improved public health and education. This is countered by authors such as Judi Rever, who highlight war crimes committed by the RPF before, during, and after the 1994 genocide, the effects of the civil war, assassinations of opponents and the totalitarianism of his regime. In Rethinking the Rwandan Narrative for the 25th Anniversary, Gerald Caplan states that a new narrative is required to reconcile these conflicting viewpoints, incorporating aspects from both points of view and "striking the proper balance between the old and the newly revised".
In Rwanda, Kagame's RPF is seen as a Tutsi-dominated party, and in the years following the 1994 genocide, it was deeply unpopular with the Hutu, who constitute of the population. Approximately two million Hutu lived as refugees in neighbouring countries until 1996, when Kagame forced them to return home. Many Hutu also supported the late 1990s cross-border insurgency against Kagame by defeated forces of the former regime. By 1999, the RPF had weakened the insurgents and Tutsi and Hutu began living together peacefully in the northwest. Kayumba Nyamwasa, at the time still part of the Rwandan army, said that "the mood had changed", attributing a shift in Hutu attitude to a shift in the "balance of forces in the country", with the genocidaires having "no chance of returning to power". As of 2021, with a lack of free speech in Rwanda, and elections which are generally regarded as lacking freedom and fairness, Kagame's popularity amongst the Rwandwan population is unknown. Journalists Jason Burke of The Guardian and Al Jazeera'''s Rashid Abdallah describe the president as "authentically popular in Rwanda" and as enjoying "overwhelming public support" respectively. British journalist and author Michela Wrong and Filip Reyntjens disagree, with Wrong saying that "the level of invective Kagame dedicates to the Rwanda National Congress, the amount of energy he has expended trying to get Uganda and South Africa to expel or extradite or close down these players, suggests he sees them as a real threat".
Kagame's image amongst foreign leaders was very positive until the late 2000s. He was credited with ending the genocide, bringing peace and security to Rwanda, and achieving development. Since 2010, the international community has increasingly criticized Kagame following a leaked United Nations report alleging Rwanda's support for the rebel M23 movement in Congo. In 2012, the United Kingdom, Germany, the Netherlands and several other countries suspended programmes of budget support to Rwanda, with many redirecting their aid to project-based assistance.
Describing Kagame's personality, Roméo Dallaire has written that he has a "studious air that didn't quite disguise his hawk-like intensity". American journalist Stephen Kinzer, who wrote the biography A Thousand Hills: Rwanda's Rebirth and the Man Who Dreamed It in collaboration with Kagame himself, describes him as "one of the most intriguing leaders in Africa". Despite praising Kagame's leadership skills, Kinzer also cites a personality of "chronic impatience, barely suppressed anger, and impulsive scorn for critics". In an interview with the Daily Telegraph'''s Richard Grant, Kagame said that he sleeps for only four hours per night, devoting the remainder of his day to work, exercise, family, and reading academic texts and foreign newspapers. When asked about his reputation for physically beating his subordinates by journalist Jeffrey Gettleman, Kagame said, "I can be very tough, I can make mistakes like that".
Kagame has received many honours and accolades during his presidency. These include honorary degrees and medals from several Western universities, as well as the highest awards bestowed by the countries of Liberia and Benin. The Council for East and Central Africa Football Associations football tournament has been named the Kagame Interclub Cup since 2002, due to Kagame's sponsorship of the event.
Awards
Paul Kagame is the recipient of the Lifetime Achievement Award (Champions of the Earth) in 2016.
See also
History of Rwanda
Politics of Rwanda
Notes
References
Sources
External links
Paul Kagame Biography and Interview on Academy of Achievement
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1957 births
Defence ministers of Rwanda
Living people
Non-U.S. alumni of the Command and General Staff College
People from Ruhango District
People of the Rwandan genocide
Presidents of Rwanda
Rwandan Patriotic Front politicians
Rwandan rebels
Rwandan refugees
Rwandan Roman Catholics
Rwandan soldiers
Rwandan nationalists
People educated at Ntare School
Rwandan expatriates in Uganda
Ugandan rebels
Tutsi people
Presidents of African Nations
21st-century Rwandan politicians |
Point Hannon, also known as Whiskey Spit, is a sand spit with of no-bank shoreline, jutting out from the eastern edge of Hood Head, in the Hood Canal of the state of Washington. For surface navigation, Point Hannon is marked by a light. The low sandy spit with shoal water extends about east of the light. The open waters to the North of the spit, are among the deepest in Puget Sound. Local magnetic disturbances of more than 2° from normal variation have been observed in Hood Canal at Point Hannon.
Whiskey Spit has been a meeting point for native peoples, mariners, fishers, and loggers for hundreds of years. Port Gamble S'Klallam, Jamestown S'Klallam and Lower Elwha Klallam members tell of Tribal Gatherings, ceremonies, and ancestral canoe burials, as well as regular trapping, hunting, and fishing endeavors going back far beyond the first documented visits made by European explorers to Point Hannon in the 1790s, and continuing to the present day. Shanghaied crew aboard inbound clippers, loggers, and other freighters were waylaid at Whiskey Spit so that they would not escape, and they were replaced by Native crews for the remainder of the sail into Puget Sound and back. At peaks in logging and wartime military activity, Whiskey Spit has functioned as billet, brothel, speakeasy, and casino. Artifacts and relics should not be removed from the site.
Whiskey Spit offers panoramic views of the Cascade Mountains, stretching from Mount Baker to Mount Rainier. With its sand dollar colony, moon snails, food sources for threatened salmon, and sea lion, harbor seal, gray whale, orca whale, harbor porpoise, bottlenose dolphin, muskrat, and river otter visitors, the spit is one of Washington's most special protected shorelines. The delicate freshwater marsh on the point provides the unique habitat requirements for the unusually wide range of nesting shore birds, migrating waterfowl, reptiles and amphibians, prey for the osprey, eagle, heron, and raven populations, and the essential foods for the plentiful sand lance and surf smelt.
In May 2002, The Trust for Public Land conveyed the property to the Washington State Park System for permanent protection. A water access primitive campground was planned for state park land on Point Hannon, but the Friends of Point Hannon, North Olympic Salmon Coalition, Coastal Observation and Seabird Survey Team, Admiralty Audubon, Washington State Audubon Society, supporters of the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary, and Northwest Water Resources oppose the conditional use permit and oppose exemption under the Jefferson County Shoreline Master Program.
See also
Hood Canal
External links
Washington State Parks
Hannon
Protected areas of Jefferson County, Washington
Landforms of Puget Sound
Landforms of Jefferson County, Washington |
Jan Slaughter Jones (born January 28, 1958) is an American politician in Georgia. A Republican, she has been a member of the Georgia House of Representatives since 2003, and was acting Speaker of the House from November 2022 to January 2023 following the death of former Speaker David Ralston. Jones serves as Speaker pro tempore of the House, a position she has held continuously since 2010 with the exception of her brief stint as acting Speaker. She is the state representative for Georgia's 47th House district, which covers some of the northern Atlanta suburbs, including parts of Milton, Roswell, Alpharetta, Mountain Park, and unincorporated Cherokee County.
Early life, education, and family
Jones was born in Warner Robins, Georgia. She is the granddaughter of two Laurens County, Georgia farmers and the daughter of a career soldier. She graduated with a B.A. in journalism from the University of Georgia. She later received an M.B.A. from Georgia State University. She is a former marketing manager for HBO.
Georgia House of Representatives
Early tenure (2003–2009)
Jones was elected to the Georgia House of Representatives in 2002, taking office on January 13, 2003. In the 2005-2006 legislative session, she briefly served as the House Republican Majority Whip.
Jones is currently the state representative for Georgia's 47th House district, which covers some of the northern Atlanta suburbs (including parts of North Fulton County, such as Milton, Mountain Park, Alpharetta, and Roswell, as well as a portion of unincorporated eastern Cherokee County).
Jones' district became more heavily Republican in 2021, during the redistricting cycle; starting in the 2022 elections, her district took in a part of Cherokee County, shifting her district from one that voted 53.4% for Donald Trump in 2020 to one that voted 57% for Trump in 2020.
Speaker pro tempore (2010–present)
In January 2010, Jones was elected speaker pro tempore of the Georgia House (the second-highest leadership position in the chamber), becoming the first female to serve in the role and the highest-ranking woman in Georgia legislative history.
In 2014, Jones supported legislation to block Medicaid expansion in Georgia.
In 2016, Governor Nathan Deal and others encouraged Jones to seek the Republican nomination in the 2017 Georgia's 6th congressional district special election, for the U.S. House of Representatives seat vacated by Tom Price. Jones declined to run.
In 2019, after Republican U.S. Senator Johnny Isakson announced his intent to resign from the Senate, Jones was one of many well-known Republican applicants who sought an appointment to fill the vacancy (others included Price, Jack Kingston, and Randy Evans). Governor Brian Kemp ultimately chose Kelly Loeffler to fill the vacancy.
In early 2020, Jones opposed legislation to ban books in schools deemed "obscene"; the proposal targeted various works that address issues of race and gender, such as Toni Morrison's novel Beloved and Maia Kobabe's memoir and graphic novel Gender Queer. In late 2021, however, Jones reversed positions, backing an "anti-obscenity" bill similar to the one she had previously opposed.
After Joe Biden won the 2020 presidential election and Trump refused to concede while making false claims of fraud, Jones supported a controversial effort to change Georgia's election laws. Critics deemed the Georgia election legislation an effort to restrict voting rights (see Republican efforts to restrict voting following the 2020 presidential election). Jones was later involved in efforts to initiate a performance review of local election officials in Fulton County (a heavily Democratic county), which could later be used to remove the election officials. Trump and his Republican allies targeted Fulton County when they were making false claims of fraud.
In November 2022, Georgia House Speaker David Ralston died in office. Jones was temporarily elevated to speaker following Ralston's death, becoming the first female speaker of the Georgia House. Jones decided not to seek to run in the November 2022 Republican caucus election for speaker; she chose, along with the rest of Ralston's Republican leadership team, to support Majority Leader Jon G. Burns's bid for speaker. Jones instead chose to seek reelection as president pro tem.
Jones is a longtime school voucher proponent, and was leading figure supporting a push in the 2023 legislative session to give $6,500 per student in state-funded vouchers for private school tuition and homeschooling; students zoned for public schools scoring in the lowest 25% would be eligible. The proposed program would cost $110 million, if 1% of Georgia public school students participated. The bill was supported by conservative advocacy groups, such as the right-wing groups such as Americans for Prosperity and opposed by public education groups and teachers' organizations. The bill stalled in March 2023, with the House voting 95–70 to table it; an amended version of the bill also later failed, 85–89, in the final hours of the session, after more than a dozen Republican representatives (mostly representing rural districts) joined almost all Democrats in voting against it.
Personal life
Jones and her husband, Kalin, have four children. They reside in Milton, Georgia.
References
External links
Official profile from Georgia House of Representatives
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1958 births
21st-century American politicians
21st-century American women politicians
Republican Party members of the Georgia House of Representatives
Georgia State University alumni
Living people
People from Warner Robins, Georgia
Speakers of the Georgia House of Representatives
University of Georgia alumni
Women state legislators in Georgia (U.S. state) |
Game Music Festival is an international music festival dedicated to the popularization of video game soundtracks and promoting them as a form of art. The event was held at the National Forum of Music in Wroclaw, Poland, from 2018. In 2022, the fourth edition of the Festival took place in London's Royal Festival Hall. From 2020, the Festival has also been broadcast online.
Each iteration of the Game Music Festival is focused on a series of live concerts based on newly created arrangements of the soundtracks from a particular game franchise. These concerts are often monographic in character, aiming to present the music attributed to a selected game or composer in a coherent manner. The performance itself can assume various musical forms, such as a symphonic suite, a concerto grosso, or a jazz big-band piece.
Concerts of each Game Music Festival are not accompanied by visualizations. Sound is not amplified electronically unless this is required by a particular instrument. Game Music Festival also includes multiple auxiliary events such as masterclass workshops, panel discussions, case studies, meet-and-greet sessions.
References
Video game music
Music festivals in Poland |
The Consolations of Philosophy () is a non-fiction book by Alain de Botton. First published by Hamish Hamilton in 2000, subsequent publications (2001 onwards) have been by Penguin Books.
Description
The title of the book is a reference to Boethius's magnum opus Consolation of Philosophy, in which philosophy appears as an allegorical figure to Boethius to console him in the year he was imprisoned, leading up to his impending execution.
In Consolations, de Botton attempts to console the reader through everyday problems (or at least help them to understand them) by extensively quoting and interpreting a number of philosophers. These are categorised in a number of chapters with one philosopher used in each.
Consolation for a Broken Heart (Schopenhauer)
Consolation for Difficulties (Nietzsche)
Consolation for Frustration (Seneca)
Consolation for Inadequacy (Montaigne)
Consolation for Not Having Enough Money (Epicurus)
Consolation for Unpopularity (Socrates)
Critical response
The critical reception for Consolations has been primarily positive. It received glowing praise in, among other publications, The New York Review of Books, The Times, The Spectator, The Sunday Telegraph, The Sunday Times, The Irish Times and The Literary Review.
Humphrey Carpenter in The Sunday Times, (2 April 2000) said, "The Consolations of Philosophy is certainly a commentary rather than a work of original thought; but few discussions on the great philosophers can have been so entertaining. De Botton takes us on a brisk, playful tour of the lives and ideas of half-a-dozen of the big names in the history of philosophy."
According to Ben Rogers in the Sunday Telegraph, "singling these thinkers out and grouping them together is only the smaller part of de Botton’s achievement. He has also succeeded in bringing each one to life. The lessons that he draws from his sages might, in other hands, have appeared trite. But he writes with such charm and freshness that he somehow avoids the pitfall."
Kirkus Reviews writes "Congenial, refreshing, original—and mercifully succinct—de Botton may well achieve the impossible by making philosophy popular."
Alison Lurie in New York Review of Books said, "the simplicity of his writing is not the product of a simple mind."
A few critics have been negative. Edward Skidelsky of the New Statesman wrote: "Comforting, but meaningless. In seeking to popularise philosophy, Alain de Botton has merely trivialised it, smoothing the discipline into a series of silly sound bites. ... [De Botton's The Consolations of Philosophy] is bad because the conception of philosophy that it promotes is a decadent one, and can only mislead readers as to the true nature of the discipline."
Jonathan Lear, writing in the New York Times said: "Academic philosophy in the United States has virtually abandoned the attempt to speak to the culture at large, but philosophy professors are doing something of incredible importance: they are trying to get things right. That is the thread that connects them back to Socrates -- even if they are not willing to follow him into the marketplace -- and that is the thread that The Consolations of Philosophy cuts. ...[L]et's face it, this isn't philosophy."
Television adaptation
The book was the inspiration for the Channel 4 TV series Philosophy: A Guide To Happiness. The series was produced mirroring the book's layout with the following six episodes:
Socrates on Self-Confidence
Epicurus on Happiness
Seneca on Anger
Montaigne on Self-Esteem
Schopenhauer on Love
Nietzsche on Hardship
See also
Arthur Schopenhauer
Boethius
Epicurus
Friedrich Nietzsche
Michel de Montaigne
Seneca the Younger
Socrates
References
Bibliography
de Botton, Alain (2000-03-28). The Consolations of Philosophy. Hamish Hamilton; First Edition (28 Mar 2000); ; ; LC call # BJ1595.5 .D43 2000.
2000 non-fiction books
Philosophy books
Hamish Hamilton books
Books by Alain de Botton |
Pellorneum is a genus of passerine birds in the family Pellorneidae. Some of its species were formerly placed in the genus Trichastoma.
The genus contains the following 15 species:
Puff-throated babbler (Pellorneum ruficeps)
Brown-capped babbler (Pellorneum fuscocapillus)
Marsh babbler (Pellorneum palustre)
Malayan black-capped babbler (Pellorneum nigrocapitatum)
Javan black-capped babbler (Pellorneum capistratum)
Bornean black-capped babbler (Pellorneum capistratoides)
Short-tailed babbler (Pellorneum malaccense)
Ashy-headed babbler (Pellorneum cinereiceps)
Spot-throated babbler (Pellorneum albiventre)
Buff-breasted babbler (Pellorneum tickelli)
Sumatran babbler (Pellorneum buettikoferi)
Temminck's babbler (Pellorneum pyrrogenys)
White-chested babbler (Pellorneum rostratum)
Ferruginous babbler (Pellorneum bicolor)
Sulawesi babbler (Pellorneum celebense)
References
Collar, N. J. & Robson, C. 2007. Family Timaliidae (Babblers) pp. 70 – 291 in; del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. & Christie, D.A. eds. Handbook of the Birds of the World, Vol. 12. Picathartes to Tits and Chickadees. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
Pellorneidae
Bird genera
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot |
The Ursuline Convent was founded in 1894 by nuns of the order of St. Ursula.
The Convent Schools, as they are collectively known, offer Primary education for boys and girls aged 3 to 11, and Secondary education for girls aged 11 to 17.
St. Angela's is the Infant and Junior School, and St. Ursula's is the Senior School.
The School is located in a commercial area in the Bridgetown suburb of Collymore Rock, where fine examples of early colonial-style architecture can be seen today.
As a result of various challenges, such as dwindling enrollment and the COVID-19 pandemic, the school will close in August 2023.
References
External links
Schools in Barbados
Saint Michael, Barbados
Educational institutions established in 1894
Religious organizations established in 1894
1894 establishments in the British Empire |
1924 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.
American football
NFL championship – Cleveland Bulldogs (7–1–1)
Association football
England
The Football League – Huddersfield Town 57 points, Cardiff City 57, Sunderland 53, Bolton Wanderers 50, Sheffield United 50, Aston Villa 49
FA Cup final – Newcastle United 2–0 Aston Villa at Empire Stadium, Wembley, London
Germany
National Championship – 1. FC Nürnberg 2–0 Hamburger SV at Berlin
Greece
AEK Athens officially founded on April 13.
Monaco
AS Monaco officially founded on August 23.
Peru
Club Universitario de Deportes was founded in Javier Prado Avenue area, Lima on August 7.
Athletics
Men's 1500 metres
Paavo Nurmi (Finland) breaks the world record by running a time of 3:52.6 at Helsinki.
England
1924 Women's Olympiad, Stamford Bridge, London
Australian rules football
VFL Premiership
Essendon wins the 28th VFL Premiership: under the finals system used, no Grand Final is played.
Brownlow Medal
The inaugural Brownlow Medal is awarded to Edward Greeves of Geelong.
Bandy
Sweden
Championship final – Västerås SK 4–1 IF Linnéa
Baseball
World Series
4–10 October — Washington Senators (AL) defeats New York Giants (NL) to win the 1924 World Series by 4 games to 3
Negro leagues
Kansas City Monarchs (NNL) defeats Hilldale (ECL) 5 games to 4 with 1 tie in the first official Negro World Series.
Pitcher Nip Winters wins a record 27 games for Hilldale in the ECL regular season.
Biathlon
1924 Winter Olympics
Military patrol, the forerunner of biathlon which combines cross-country skiing and rifle shooting, is staged as a demonstration event at the inaugural Winter Olympics in Chamonix. The winning team is Switzerland.
Bobsleigh
1924 Winter Olympics
Bobsleigh debuts as an Olympic sport at Chamonix at the inaugural Winter Olympics. The sole event is the 4-man bob which is won by Switzerland I (gold) ahead of Great Britain II (silver) and Belgium I (bronze).
Boxing
Events
10 August — the World Featherweight Championship title becomes vacant as Johnny Dundee relinquishes it to fight as a lightweight
Lineal world champions
World Heavyweight Championship – Jack Dempsey
World Light Heavyweight Championship – Mike McTigue
World Middleweight Championship – Harry Greb
World Welterweight Championship – Mickey Walker
World Lightweight Championship – Benny Leonard
World Featherweight Championship – Johnny Dundee → vacant
World Bantamweight Championship – Joe Lynch → Abe Goldstein → Eddie "Cannonball" Martin
World Flyweight Championship – Pancho Villa
Canadian football
Grey Cup
12th Grey Cup in the Canadian Football League – Queen's University 11–2 Toronto Balmy Beach
Cricket
Events
England defeats South Africa 3–0 with two matches drawn. There is a sensational start to the series when the South Africans are bowled out for only 30, in just 12.3 overs, in their first innings of the First Test at Edgbaston, England having made over 400.
England
County Championship – Yorkshire
Minor Counties Championship – Berkshire
Most runs – Frank Woolley 2344 @ 49.87 (HS 202)
Most wickets – Maurice Tate 205 @ 13.74 (BB 8–18)
Wisden Cricketers of the Year – Bob Catterall, Jack MacBryan, Herbie Taylor, Dick Tyldesley, Dodger Whysall
Australia
Sheffield Shield – Victoria
Most runs – Bill Ponsford 777 @ 111.00 (HS 248)
Most wickets – Albert Hartkopf and Norman Williams 26 apiece
India
Bombay Quadrangular – Hindus
New Zealand
Plunket Shield – Wellington
South Africa
Currie Cup – not contested
West Indies
Inter-Colonial Tournament – Barbados
Curling
1924 Winter Olympics
Curling is played at the inaugural Winter Olympics. It is a demonstration sport at the time but is retrospectively granted official status. The gold medal is won by the Great Britain and Ireland team.
Cycling
Tour de France
Ottavio Bottecchia (Italy) wins the 18th Tour de France
Field hockey
Events
7 January — the International Hockey Federation (FIH) is founded in Paris by seven member countries: Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, France, Hungary, Spain and Switzerland.
Figure skating
Events
Figure skating is included in the inaugural Winter Olympics, having already featured in the 1908 and 1920 Summer Olympics. The Olympic gold medallists and the world championship winners are the same in all three events.
1924 Winter Olympics
Men's individual – Gillis Grafström (Sweden)
Women's individual – Herma Szabo (Austria)
Pairs – Helene Engelmann and Alfred Berger (Austria)
World Figure Skating Championships
World Men's Champion – Gillis Grafström (Sweden)
World Women's Champion – Herma Szabo (Austria)
World Pairs Champions – Helene Engelmann and Alfred Berger (Austria)
Golf
Major tournaments
British Open – Walter Hagen
US Open – Cyril Walker
USPGA Championship – Walter Hagen
Other tournaments
British Amateur – Ernest Holderness
US Amateur – Bobby Jones
Horse racing
Events
The inaugural running of the Cheltenham Gold Cup is won by Red Splash
England
Cheltenham Gold Cup – Red Splash
Grand National – Master Robert
1,000 Guineas Stakes – Plack
2,000 Guineas Stakes – Diophon
The Derby – Sansovino
The Oaks – Straitlace
St. Leger Stakes – Salmon-Trout
Australia
Melbourne Cup – Backwood
Canada
King's Plate – Maternal Pride
France
Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe – Massine
Ireland
Irish Grand National – Kilbarry
Irish Derby Stakes – Haine dead heated with Zodiac
USA
Kentucky Derby – Black Gold
Preakness Stakes – Nellie Morse
Belmont Stakes – Mad Play
Ice hockey
Events
Ice hockey is included in the inaugural Winter Olympics, having already featured in the 1920 Summer Olympics. Canada successfully defends the Olympic title.
1924 Winter Olympics
Gold Medal – Canada
Silver Medal – USA
Bronze Medal – Great Britain
Stanley Cup
22–25 March — Montreal Canadiens defeats Calgary Tigers by 2 games to 0 in the 1924 Stanley Cup Finals
Events
Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds defeats the Winnipeg Selkirks 6–3 to win the Allan Cup
1 December — the expansion Boston Bruins and Montreal Maroons of the NHL play their inaugural game against each other at Boston. Boston wins this game 2–1 but then lose eleven in a row.
Motorsport
Nordic skiing
Events
Nordic skiing stages its first international competitions at the inaugural Winter Olympics in Chamonix. Four events are held (for men only): cross-country skiing over 18 km and 50 km; ski jumping on the large hill; and Nordic combined as an individual event.
1924 Winter Olympics
Cross-country skiing (18 km) – gold medal: Thorleif Haug (Norway)
Cross-country skiing (50 km) – gold medal: Thorleif Haug (Norway)
Ski jumping – gold medal: Jacob Tullin Thams (Norway)
Nordic combined – gold medal: Thorleif Haug (Norway)
Olympic Games
1924 Winter Olympics
The 1924 Winter Olympics, the inaugural Winter Olympics, takes place in Chamonix, France. It is originally called Semaine des Sports d'Hiver, or "International Winter Sports Week".
Norway wins the most medals (18) and the most gold medals (5)
1924 Summer Olympics
The 1924 Summer Olympics takes place in Paris
United States wins the most medals (99) and the most gold medals (45)
Rowing
The Boat Race
5 April — Cambridge wins the 76th Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race
Rugby league
England
Championship – Batley
Challenge Cup final – Wigan 21–4 Oldham at Athletic Grounds, Rochdale
Lancashire League Championship – Wigan
Yorkshire League Championship – Batley
Lancashire County Cup – St Helens Recs 17–0 Swinton
Yorkshire County Cup – Hull F.C. 10–4 Huddersfield
Australia
NSW Premiership – Balmain 3–0 South Sydney (grand final)
Rugby union
Five Nations Championship
37th Five Nations Championship series is won by England who complete the Grand Slam
Speed skating
Events
Speed skating debuts as an Olympic sport in Chamonix at the inaugural Winter Olympics. Five men only events are held.
Speed Skating World Championships
Men's All-round Champion – Roald Larsen (Norway)
1924 Winter Olympics
500m – gold medal: Charles Jewtraw (USA)
1500m – gold medal: Clas Thunberg (Finland)
5000m – gold medal: Clas Thunberg (Finland)
10000m – gold medal: Julius Skutnabb (Finland)
All-round – gold medal: Clas Thunberg (Finland)
Swimming
Johnny Weissmuller sets 100-yard freestyle world record (57.4 seconds) in Miami FL
Tennis
Australia
Australian Men's Singles Championship – James Anderson (Australia) defeats Richard Schlesinger (Australia) 6–3 6–4 3–6 5–7 6–3
Australian Women's Singles Championship – Sylvia Lance Harper (Australia) defeats Esna Boyd Robertson (Australia) 6–3 3–6 8–6
England
Wimbledon Men's Singles Championship – Jean Borotra (France) defeats René Lacoste (France) 6–1 3–6 6–1 3–6 6–4
Wimbledon Women's Singles Championship – Kitty McKane Godfree (Great Britain) defeats Helen Wills Moody (USA) 4–6 6–4 6–4
France
French Men's Singles Championship – Jean Borotra (France) defeats René Lacoste (France) 7–5 6–4 0–6 5–7 6–2
French Women's Singles Championship – Emilienne Didi Vlasto (France) defeats Jeanne Vaussard (France) 6–2 6–3
USA
American Men's Singles Championship – Bill Tilden (USA) defeats Bill Johnston (USA) 6–1 9–7 6–2
American Women's Singles Championship – Helen Wills Moody (USA) defeats Molla Bjurstedt Mallory (Norway) 6–1 6–3
Davis Cup
1924 International Lawn Tennis Challenge – 5–0 at Germantown Cricket Club (grass) Philadelphia, United States
References
Sports by year |
Ahde Vefa (Agreements Must Be Kept) is the compilation album by Turkish singer Tarkan. It was released on 11 March 2016 by HITT Production and distributed by DMC. It later received the Best Project award at the 43rd Golden Butterfly Awards.
Release and content
The album is Tarkan's first classical Turkish album. It contains 13 songs in total.
Tarkan has talked about the importance of classical Turkish music and its special place for himself, naming it as an inspiration to find and develop his own music style: “I'm now experiencing a sweet excitement to share this long-awaited album with you. This album has come to life with your influence and contributions. I wish Ahde Vefa removes the dark clouds of your hearts, and fill them instead with love, even if it's for a short moment."
The album was released by iTunes in Latin America and Middle East, alongside 35 other countries including Germany, France, Spain, Austria, Russia, India, Egypt, the United States and Canada. The album topped the ‘World Music Top Charts’ in England, Denmark, the Netherlands, the United States and Germany following its release. It also ranked first on iTunes' "Top Albums" list in Azerbaijan. With this success, Tarkan became the first Turkish artist with the most number of promotions on iTunes worldwide.
The album sold 170,000 copies on its first week of release. It became the album with the most number of sales in Turkey after 2010 ( Adımı Kalbine Yaz). The album sold 240,000 copies by April 2016.
Track listing
Sales
Singles
Release history
References
2016 albums
Tarkan (singer) albums
Turkish-language albums |
Dr. K. A. Manoharan (born 21 February 1951) is an Indian politician and was elected in as a Member of Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly from Hosur constituency. He has also served as the President of the Hosur municipality in 1978. He is the eldest son of late K. Appavu Pillai. He is currently the Working President of Tamilnadu INTUC and National Secretary of Indian National Trade Union Congress (INTUC).
Early life and family
K.A. Manoharan is the eldest son of veteran politician Mr. K. Appavu Pillai and Mrs. Ponnammal, was born in Hosur on 21 February 1951. Manoharan is married to Banumathi and has two children. He Studied in PSG College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore and completed his bachelor degree. K.A Manoharan has been conferred Honorary Doctorates by the National Virtue University of Peace and Education in March 2019.
Politics
Manoharan was elected as the President of Hosur Town Panchayat at the age of 22. He has been a member of the Indian National Congress since 1990.
In 1991, he was elected to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly from Hosur constituency.
He is a member of the Indian National Trade Union Congress (INTUC) and a National General Secretary of the Indian National Trade Union Congress (INTUC) from 2019.
Elections contested
Positions held
Former Member Of Legislative Assembly For Hosur (1991 - 1996).
Working President Of Tamilnadu INTUC (Indian National Trade Union Congress).
National Secretary Of Indian National Trade Union Congress.
Vice President of Tamilnadu National Electricity Workers Federation.
President Of Krishnagiri Historical Research Center.
President of Hosur Tamil Valartchi Mandram.
Vice President Of Madras Film Society.
References
Indian National Congress politicians from Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu MLAs 1991–1996
1951 births
Living people
People from Krishnagiri district |
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