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Maxwellia gemma, commonly known as gem murex, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.
Description
The fusiform shell is of moderate size and its length varies between 16 mm and 40 mm. The color of the shell is somewhat white with spiral bands with a reddish-brown to bluish-black color on the leading edge of each varix. The shell has a rather short, subacute, conical spire. There are five convex whorls. The body whorl is broad and spindle-shaped. Each spire whorl contains six rounded varices that are broader at the body whorl, but thinner and curved back at the stubby, top whorls and around the siphonal canal. The sutures between the whorls are deep and crossed by the oblique varices. The porcelaneous white aperture has an oval shape and has a finely dentate outer lip. The siphonal canal is rather short, almost completely closed and curved to the left at the base. There is no apparent anal canal. The inner surface of the aperture has a rippled form, reflecting the form of the ribs at the outer surface. The columella is smooth.
Distribution
This species is distributed in the Pacific Ocean along California to Central Baja California, Mexico in rocky areas from the littoral zone to depths of 55 m. It can often be found in great numbers on breakwaters and close to the entrances to bays.
References
External links
Muricopsinae
Gastropods described in 1879 |
Clotilde García del Castillo is an 1890 oil-on-canvas painting by the Spanish painter Joaquín Sorolla.
Description
The painting is part of the collection of the Sorolla Museum, in Madrid, Spain. It is a portrait by Joaquín Sorolla of his wife, Clotilde García del Castillo. In the painting, she sits on a wooden chair, clad in a black dress (a sort of a high neck gown) with brown gloves, posing for the painting with a tilted posture on the right, her right hand firmly rested on a pillow kept on the chair and her fingers touching her cheek and chin while her left hand rests on the armrest. Her hair is bound at the top of her head and crowned with a yellow flower.
See also
Señora de Sorolla in Black
Walk on the Beach
References
1890 paintings
Portraits by Spanish artists
Paintings by Joaquín Sorolla
Paintings in the Sorolla Museum |
Zolotari () is a rural locality (a settlement) and the administrative center of Goncharovskoye Rural Settlement, Pallasovsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 1,394 as of 2010. There are 37 streets.
Geography
Zolotari is located in on the Caspian Depression, 69 km southwest of Pallasovka (the district's administrative centre) by road. Gonchary is the nearest rural locality.
References
Rural localities in Pallasovsky District |
Henry Cochrane may refer to:
Henry Clay Cochrane (1842–1913), United States Marine Corps general
Sir Henry Cochrane, 1st Baronet (1836–1904), of the Cochrane baronets
Sir (Henry) Marc Sursock Cochrane, 4th Baronet (born 1946), of the Cochrane baronets
See also
Cochrane (surname)
Matthew Henry Cochrane (1823–1903), Canadian industrialist, livestock breeder, and politician |
William Ampem Darko is a Ghanaian politician and civil servant. He was the Director General of the Ghana Broadcasting Corporation from 2007 to 2010.
Prior to joining the Ghana Broadcasting Corporation, he was the chairman of the New Patriotic Party's Eastern Region Finance Committee. In 2004, he unsuccessfully stood for the Kade seat during the parliamentary primaries. He lost to Ofosu Asamoah.
References
Ghanaian civil servants
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
New Patriotic Party politicians |
Rupert Crosse (November 29, 1927 – March 5, 1973) was an American television and film actor noted as the first African American to receive a nomination for a Best Supporting Actor Academy Award — for his role in the 1969 adaptation of William Faulkner's The Reivers.
Background
Born Robert A. Crosse, Jr. in New York City, Crosse was raised by his grandparents in Nevis after the death of his father. He returned to the United States to serve in the Army for two years before entering Bloomfield College. Crosse later worked at Brooklyn College as a counselor.
In 1970, Crosse married singer Chris Calloway, daughter of Cab Calloway. They had one son, Rupert Osaze Dia Crosse, who was nine months old at the time of Crosse's death. Their son died in 2002 from a heart condition brought on by prior drug abuse. Calloway died of breast cancer in August 2008.
Crosse died March 5, 1973, of lung cancer in Nevis.
Career
After studying acting under John Cassavetes, Crosse appeared in two of Cassavetes' films: Shadows (for which he won a Venice Film Festival Award) and Too Late Blues (1962).
A life member of The Actors Studio, Crosse made numerous guest appearances on television in the decade prior to landing the role of Ned McCaslin in the 1969 film The Reivers, directed by and starring fellow Studio members Mark Rydell and Steve McQueen, respectively. His last onscreen role was in the sitcom The Partners, alongside Don Adams. Shortly before his death, Crosse was cast as Mulhall in The Last Detail (1973), withdrawing from the role after learning he suffered from terminal cancer.
Filmography
References
External links
1927 births
1973 deaths
20th-century American male actors
Male actors from New York City
American male film actors
American people of Saint Kitts and Nevis descent
Deaths from cancer in Saint Kitts and Nevis
Deaths from lung cancer
United States Army soldiers
African-American male actors
American male television actors
Bloomfield College alumni
20th-century African-American people |
Tom Barley (born 9 March 1987) is a British racing driver. In 2013, Barley competed in the British Touring Car Championship for the first time at Brands Hatch, driving for Team HARD in a Vauxhall Insignia NGTC.
Racing record
Complete British Touring Car Championship results
(key) Races in bold indicate pole position (1 point awarded – 2001–2002 all races, 2003–present just for first race, 2001 in class) Races in italics indicate fastest lap (1 point awarded all races, 2001 in class) * signifies that driver lead race for at least one lap (1 point given – 2001–2002 just for feature race, 2003–present all races, 2001 in class)
References
1987 births
Living people
British racing drivers
British Touring Car Championship drivers
Britcar drivers
Ginetta GT4 Supercup drivers |
is a fictional character from the Neon Genesis Evangelion franchise created by Gainax. He is the franchise's poster boy and protagonist. In the anime series of the same name, Shinji is a boy abandoned by his estranged father Gendo after the mysterious death of his mother Yui. Years later, Gendo asks him to pilot a mecha called Evangelion Unit-01 to protect the city of Tokyo-3 from Angels, creatures which threaten to destroy humanity. Shinji appears in the franchise's feature films and related media, video games, the manga Petit Eva: Evangelion@School, the Rebuild of Evangelion films, and the manga adaptation by Yoshiyuki Sadamoto.
Director Hideaki Anno conceived Shinji as a representation of himself, reflecting his four-year depression after the airing of his previous work, Nadia: The Secret of Blue Water. Shinji's insecurity and torment are explored through streams of consciousness and inner monologues, with episodes focusing on his introspection. Anno used psychoanalytical theories for his characterization, including the Freudian psychosexual development model. His design was created by Sadamoto. Shinji is voiced by Megumi Ogata in Japanese, and by Spike Spencer and Casey Mongillo in English.
Shinji has received mixed responses from anime and manga publications. Although his complexity and realism has been praised, he is criticized for his insecurity and weaknesses. However, Shinji's characterization in the spin-offs and the Rebuild of Evangelion films has been received more positively because of his courageous and self-confident personality, especially in the second installment, Evangelion: 2.0 You Can (Not) Advance. Shinji has placed highly in popularity polls and been the subject of scholarly studies. Merchandise based on the character, such as action figures and perfumes, has been marketed.
Conception
Design
Neon Genesis Evangelion character designer Yoshiyuki Sadamoto drew Shinji in an ordinary summer school uniform with a white shirt, making him "an average character". He wanted a "realistic and ordinary" boy, a character "that'll be hard for others to make". Since Shinji lacks the enthusiasm and courage of other robot-anime heroes, Sadamoto made him a different interpretation of the concept of heroism: "Rather than a reflection of a hero, sort of a refraction of a hero". At first, he tried to create a character "that would tap into the consciousness of today's anime fans".
In one of Sadamoto's original proposals, Shinji had long hair, which would have covered his face or fluttered in the wind during the dramatic scenes. However, Sadamoto changed his mind, finding his original design "too wild". He tried for a look where one could see the forehead through the bangs, "the look of a boyish young girl", giving him girl's eyes. He modelled this version of him on the titular Nadia from Nadia: The Secret of Blue Water, and his face was designed to be almost identical to Nadia's, but with a different hairstyle. Furthermore, writer Andrew C. McKevitt described Shinji's design, with his brown hair and blue eyes, as an example of , a deliberate lack of ethnic features included in the character design of Japanese fictional characters which "allowed Japanese creations to be simultaneously Western and transnational".
Development
Neon Genesis Evangelion director Hideaki Anno was depressed for four years before the series began production. After the failure of Royal Space Force: The Wings of Honnêamise's sequel Aoki Uru, Gainax began planning a new series. According to Gainax co-founder Yasuhiro Takeda, ideas from Aoki Uru were borrowed for the new project, including the concept of "not running away". For Takeda, the passage was "something more than just transposing one show's theme onto another... Anno inherited something from Aoki Uru — the determination not to run away from problems — and what we saw in Evangelion was maybe just a reflection of those feelings".
According to Hiroki Satō, the head of Gainax's public relations office, the staff decided that the series would focus on "how Shinji deals with things going on inside himself". Anno reflected his depression in the series, conceiving a world "drenched in a vision of pessimism"; he also began production "with the wish that once the production complete, the world and the heroes would change". He originally proposed a character similar to Asuka Langley Soryu as the protagonist, following Gainax's tradition of a female protagonist like in Gunbuster and Nadia: The Secret of Blue Water. Sadamoto objected to a new female protagonist, saying that "a robot should be piloted by a trained person, and if that person just happens to be a girl then that is fine". However, he did not understand why a young girl "would pilot a robot". He eventually suggested a boy as the main character; his relationship with Asuka, who became another primary character, was modelled after Nadia's relationship with Jean. After accepting Sadamoto's proposals, Anno suggested a male protagonist after Ryū Murakami's works featured two fellow female pilots. He also gave Shinji two male friends, Tōji Suzuhara and Kensuke Aida, whose names were borrowed from Murakami's novel Ai to gensō no fascism. Anno named Shinji after two of his friends, including Neon Genesis Evangelion animator Shinji Higuchi. For his last name, he chose the Japanese word Ikari ("anchor"), with the names of other characters in the series coming from nautical jargon or Japanese Imperial Navy warships.
Shinji was first conceived with slightly different features, which were changed over time. Originally, he was more mature, robust, and less introverted than in the final version; he was also portrayed as a studious boy, a "quiet A-student". His scholastic conduct would not be seen in a positive light, but as a sign of passivity. According to Michael House, who was a former member of Gainax and a translator, Anno tried to find a way to end the series with a smiling Shinji and with more positive and communicative characters, but he realized that "the characters he'd created weren't capable of whatever positive change" and reach the result that he had initially imagined, adjusting his original plans.
Anno fixed the protagonist at "age fourteen", since he considered it the age when "independence of mind starts manifesting". Shinji's character was conceived to reflect Anno's personality "both in conscious and unconscious part". He was therefore represented as "a melancholic oral-dependent type" caught "in [an] oral stage", as Anno considered himself. Seeing Shinji as a reflection of Anno, assistant director Kazuya Tsurumaki avoided depicting him as a brave character, since "Anno isn't that much of a hero". He stated that "Shinji was summoned by his father to ride a robot, Anno was summoned by Gainax to direct an animation". Like other male protagonists in Gainax series, Shinji was conceived with a weak and insecure personality. Gainax wanted to reflect the psychological state of animation fans and Japanese society, in which fathers are always at work and emotionally absent.
Voice
Shinji is voiced by Megumi Ogata in the original Japanese version as well as in the films, spin-offs, video games, and the Rebuild of Evangelion film series. Ogata's agent initially refused her participation in Evangelion, and she agreed due to her status as a newcomer, but Anno directly insisted with her. She also described Shinji as one of the "most memorable" roles of her career. His characterization required considerable physical and psychological effort. For example, in the eighteenth episode Shinji cries and gasps during a fight; Ogata felt like her "whole body [was] aching". She stated that "Every time a new script arrived, every time I turned a new page I was torn apart by a new pain". While dubbing the film The End of Evangelion (1997), she tried to achieve "a higher synchronization rate with the general director than the TV series".
The Rebuild of Evangelion dub also presented obstacles. On the last day of recording for the film Evangelion: 2.0 You Can (Not) Advance (2009), Ogata was forced to scream; she collapsed on the studio floor, and Anno sat on the floor with her. He praised her work and shook her hand, thanking her for "keeping the character's feelings unchanged" and for adding her thirteen years of experience "to the current Shinji".
In the following film, Evangelion: 3.0 You Can (Not) Redo (2012), in which Shinji is treated coldly by the rest of the cast, Ogata stated that she felt like him and experienced emotional pain. She first saw the scene in which Kaworu Nagisa reveals to Shinji the conditions of planet Earth in her home, when it was not yet animated. The recordings took place in March 2012, and she associated the destroyed landscape of the film with images of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, imagining that the catastrophe was her fault. During the pre-score, the drawings for Kaworu's death scene were not clear in the animatic, and the staff animated the keyframes during the recording touch-ups. Ogata was shocked when she performed the scene and stated that her interpretation could reflect her emotional state, resulting "kind of traumatic".
For the final installment, Evangelion: 3.0+1.0 Thrice Upon a Time (2021), Ogata was involved more heavily in the plot's development. Anno felt he could no longer understand Shinji since his current self was closer to Gendo, so he needed Ogata's input. He also felt that the only people who could understand Shinji's feelings were Ogata herself and his assistant, Ikki Todoroki. Ogata also recounted that Anno had asked her what sort of ending she'd prefer "as Shinji". His adult self in the film is voiced by Ryūnosuke Kamiki, while Spike Spencer and Casey Mongillo voiced him in the ADV and Netflix English dub, respectively.
Appearances
Neon Genesis Evangelion
Shinji is the only child of Gendo Rokubungi and Yui Ikari, a student at Kyoto University who became a researcher. When he was three years old, Yui brought Shinji to the Gehirn research center in Hakone to see Evangelion 01's first activation test. But in the ensuing accident, his mother disappeared before his eyes; after the accident, Gendo left Shinji with an acquaintance for about ten years. After becoming commander of the Nerv special agency, he invites Shinji to the city of Tokyo-3 to pilot Evangelion Unit-01 and protect the city from creatures known as Angels. Shinji reluctantly agrees, and fights against the Angel Sachiel. After the Angel attack, Shinji starts to live with Misato Katsuragi, a Nerv officer and his new guardian, and attends school in Tokyo-3; after his arrival he gradually changes and meets and befriends Toji Suzuhara and Kensuke Aida. When the Angel Ramiel tries to destroy Nerv headquarters, Shinji and fellow pilot Rei Ayanami work together to destroy him. After Ramiel's defeat, a nuclear-powered machine intended to fight the Angels called Jet Alone runs amok, and he and Misato stop it; during this time, Shinji gradually starts to change his attitude, trying to be more open and spontaneous. He also meets Asuka Langley Soryu, an Eva pilot from Germany, and in the eighth episode they defeat the Angel Gaghiel together.
In the second third of the series, Shinji, Rei and Asuka face more Angels and Shinji begins bonding with his peers, especially Asuka, becoming more confident and assertive. When they are sent to fight the Angel Leliel, Shinji, receiving praise from Gendo and improving his synchronization scores, accepts his role as an Evangelion pilot. He decides to attack on his own, but is sucked into a parallel universe by Leliel called the Dirac Sea, and within it he confronts the Angel and his inner self; he is freed from the Angel by Yui, whose soul is within the Eva.
After Shinji is forced to fight Eva-03, controlled by the Angel Bardiel, with his classmate Toji Suzahara trapped inside, he decides to quit Nerv. Meanwhile, Angel Zeruel mutilates the other Evangelion units and defeats Rei and Asuka. After talking with his mentor and Misato's lover, Ryoji Kaji, Shinji returns to Nerv to protect the city. He merges with its unit and frees the Evangelion; however, he is trapped in its core for a month. Rei sacrifices herself in the battle against the Angel Armisael to save Shinji, and she is later revived through one of her clones. Asuka runs away and falls into a coma, and Toji and Kensuke flee Tokyo-3. These events cause Shinji to fall into depression. In the twenty-fourth episode, he meets Kaworu Nagisa, Asuka's substitute pilot, and they bond. Kaworu turns out to be the final Angel, and Shinji is forced to kill him. After Kaworu's death, Instrumentality begins and the souls of the entire humanity unite in a single collective consciousness. Shinji confronts his traumas and why he acts the way he does. After talking with most of the Evangelion cast and seeing a version of himself in a world where he leads a normal life, Shinji becomes aware of his potential and realizes the importance of his thoughts, and he is congratulated by the rest of the cast.
The End of Evangelion
The 1997 film The End of Evangelion continues Shinji's story, portraying his downward spiral into depression and him losing his will to live. Shinji visits a comatose Asuka in the hospital, and when his pleas for attention go unanswered, he masturbates over her body. He remains catatonic while all Nerv personnel, including Misato, are killed during an attack. He then decides to pilot the Eva to save those who are still alive, while Asuka is on the surface fighting the Mass Production Evas. However, he is unable to reach her in time, and when he learns about Asuka's defeat, the Evangelion moves on its own to let him reenter it. After seeing the mutilated corpse of Asuka's Unit-02, Shinji's intense emotions summon a spear called the Lance of Longinus to Earth and the Eva becomes a tree of life.
Shinji then has long dreamlike exchanges with Misato, Rei and Asuka about the pain of reality and his tensions with them. When he begs for Asuka's attention and she refuses him, arguing he only wants to use her as a crutch, Shinji begins Instrumentality and humanity's souls are united into one existence. After re-evaluating his position, he decides that he wants to live in a world where other people exist and returns to Earth, allowing other humans to return. Shinji, having placed grave markers in memory of most of the other characters, awakens some time later, with Asuka lying next to him. He suddenly tries to strangle her, but stops and breaks down when she regains consciousness and caresses his face.
Rebuild of Evangelion
In Rebuild of Evangelion, Shinji returns as the central protagonist; in Evangelion: 1.0 You Are (Not) Alone (2007), the first instalment of the saga, his role is similar to that of the anime series. He is assigned to be the pilot of Unit-01, and works with Rei to defeat the Angel Ramiel. In the second instalment, Evangelion: 2.0 You Can (Not) Advance (2009), Shinji reluctantly continues his duties as the pilot of Unit-01. After the battle with the Angel Bardiel, when his father forces his Unit-01 to critically injure Asuka, Shinji retires from his duties and leaves Nerv. When the Angel Zeruel consumes Rei, Shinji returns and defeats the Angel; however, his decisions trigger the Third Impact. Shinji apparently saves Rei by fusing with the Evangelion.
In the third film, Evangelion: 3.0 You Can (Not) Redo (2012), set fourteen years later, Shinji awakens to a world completely changed by the Third Impact and Misato and the others treat him with hostility. They place an explosive device named DSS Choker on his neck, which they will activate if he comes close to starting another Impact. After learning from Misato that they are part of Wille, a new organization fighting Nerv, Shinji leaves when Rei appears. At the remnants of Nerv, he is approached by Kaworu Nagisa, the pilot of Eva-13 who befriends him. He becomes despondent after Kaworu tells him that humanity holds him responsible for initiating the Third Impact. After Shinji realizes that he failed to save Rei and the new Rei is a clone, Nagisa convinces him to pilot Eva-13 with him. While confronting Asuka and Mari, Shinji begins a Fourth Impact; Eva-13 eats the twelfth Angel and ascends to divinity. Kaworu is killed by the DSS Choker he took from Shinji to stop the Fourth Impact. Devastated by these events, Shinji loses his will to live. Asuka rescues him from his Entry Plug, berating him for acting "like a baby". The Rei clone appears and follows them, as they head to the ruins of Tokyo-3 to be rescued by Wille.
In Evangelion: 3.0+1.0 Thrice Upon a Time (2021), the last installment of the saga, Shinji, still distraught over Kaworu's death, wanders without a will to live with Asuka and Rei. With the two companions, he reaches a protected citadel called Village-3, which is inhabited by survivors of the various Impacts and is isolated from the outside world. Shinji meets his old classmates Toji, Kensuke, and Hikari Horaki, and, with help from Asuka and Rei, gradually regains the will to live. He then decides to leave with Asuka and the other members of Wille for Antarctica, where he boards Eva-01 to face his father Gendo and his Eva-13. As he is unable to defeat him with brute force, he decides to talk to him instead. Gendo apologizes to Shinji and embraces him, and Shinji finds himself in a reborn world. On a beach, he meets Mari Illustrious Makinami, saying goodbye to all the Evangelions. Shortly after, a visibly grown Shinji can be seen in a station; Mari comes to meet him, and the two of them walk together into a new world, holding hands.
Manga
In Yoshiyuki Sadamoto's Neon Genesis Evangelion manga adaptation, Shinji's characterization differs. Sadamoto tried to portray him as more of a misfit, a young teenager who is more stubborn, rebellious, juvenile and apathetic than Hideaki Anno's insecure character. In the anime's fourth episode, "Hedgehog's Dilemma", Shinji runs away from home because he is overwhelmed by responsibility; in the manga, he runs away because he realizes that Misato is spying on him and documenting his every move. After the battle against Bardiel, in which his friend Toji dies following an order from Commander Ikari, Shinji tries to punch his father. He has a close relationship with Rei in the manga and Kaji is more of a mentor to him.
Shinji's relationship with Kaworu is troubled in the manga; he accuses Kaworu of being cynical and strange. His backstory is also modified, having an unnamed aunt, uncle and cousins, and memories of his childhood away from Gendo are shown. As well, a different Instrumentality is shown, with Shinji saving Asuka during her fight against the Mass Production Evangelions. At the end, he is seen leading a normal life in a reformed world and sees Asuka while waiting for a train, although they only have a faint recollection of one another.
Sadamoto decided to work on an Evangelion manga when he saw Shinji in the first episodes of the original series. He wondered "what the world looked like through Shinji's eyes". While in the anime Shinji's motto is "I must not run away", Sadamoto chose "being honest with themselves" as the main theme for the manga. This led Sadamoto to change Shinji's characterization and psychology. He wanted to reflect contemporary teenagers in the character and was influenced by the Gulf War, wondering how a 14-year-old would have behaved on a helicopter. Sadamoto also drew upon his own experiences as an adolescent, saying that his characterization was "more like a flunk-out" than Anno's version. He conceived Shinji with a "clean image that a woman tends to project" in his mind, portraying him as a "cold, unambitious" character, "the type who would commit suicide, but can't bring himself to do it" and trying to design a character from the more stoic part of himself. He stated that "It was my intention to create a wistful character who had given up on life". According to Anno's thought process, a twisted person puts on a "cool face" to hide their insanity, while Sadamoto perceived his approach as the opposite; Sadamoto described his characters as stoic and earnest but with a twisted outside, "just like a child". He also described his Shinji as a character that refuses to listen but "still makes the right decision".
In other media
In a scene from the last episode of the series, an alternate universe is presented, which has a different story from the previous episodes; in this parallel reality, Shinji lives with both his parents and is a normal middle-school student. He is also a protagonist in Shinji Ikari Raising Project and Neon Genesis Evangelion: Angelic Days, where he is portrayed as happier and more stable than his anime counterpart, characterization which is also found in Neon Genesis Evangelion: Girlfriend of Steel 2nd.
Some spin-offs and video games have the option of pairing Shinji romantically with Asuka Langley Soryu, Rei Ayanami, Kaworu and other characters, including his classmate Hikari Horaki and original characters such as Mana Kirishima, an extrovert transfer student first introduced in the video game Neon Genesis Evangelion: Girlfriend of Steel, and Mayumi Yamagishi, an introverted girl in the video game Neon Genesis Evangelion: 2nd Impression. In Neon Genesis Evangelion: Shinji Ikari Raising Project, he is presented as a childhood friend of Asuka and a distant cousin of Rei Ayanami. In Petit Eva: Evangelion@School, Shinji is portrayed as a boy "frightened by the idea of growing up" but popular amongst the students of Tokyo-3's Municipal Nerv High School. In Evangelion: Detective Shinji Ikari, Kaji and Kaworu are portrayed as private investigators whom Shinji asks for help and investigates a mysterious case.
In Neon Genesis Evangelion: Anima, set three years after The End of Evangelion with a different Instrumentality scenario, Shinji is 17 years old; he lets his hair grow and is a good friend of Rei and Asuka. He first pilots the Evangelion Unit-01 Type-F and, after the attack of Eva0.0 (Quatre) and the unification of his soul with Eva-01, pilots the mecha Super Evangelion and its upgrades. In addition to video games based on the original animated series, Shinji appears in media outside the Evangelion franchise, such as Monster Strike, Tales of Zestiria, Puzzle & Dragons, The Battle Cats, and a crossover episode of Shinkansen Henkei Robo Shinkalion, in which he is voiced by Ogata and pilots a 500 Type Eva transformable train. For Shinkalion, Ogata voiced him as a more "level-headed" character. He is a playable character in the Super Robot Wars crossover video-game franchise, where he and other Evangelion characters work with characters from other mecha series. Shinji has crushes on other characters, such as Lynn Minmay, sparking jealousy in Asuka, who tries to recapture his attention. In other games, Eva Unit-01 goes berserk after fighting the fourth Angel and he fights Kouji Kabuto and Mazinger Z. He later rejoins the battle against the Angels with Rei Ayanami.
Characterization and themes
Shinji is a dependent and introverted boy with few friends, reluctant and unable to communicate with other people. He tends to be apologetic and passive in his relationships, and he is frightened by contact with strangers. He also avoids choosing his clothes, wearing clothes provided by others. Unlike a stereotypical hero, particularly of the mecha genre, Shinji is more apathetic and reluctant than courageous. According to his voice actress, Megumi Ogata, "he didn't act like an anime character, but typically talked very quietly and sparingly, and it was like he was suddenly thrust into an anime world". Character designer Sadamoto conceived him as "the kind of character who would encase himself in a shell of his own making". Director Hideaki Anno similarly described him as a "cowardly young man" who has convinced himself that "he is a completely unnecessary person" after his father Gendo abandoned him.
According to writer Gerald Alva Miller, Shinji craves acceptance and is concerned about how others perceive him, but "he also remains incapable of accepting love from others". His childhood trauma leads him to doubt the value of his existence, to be disheartened, and to seek a raison d'être; he also insistently wonders about why he pilots Eva-01 in the latter part of the series. In a stream of consciousness from the last two episodes, which focus on his path and psyche, he admits being afraid of himself and of his father. Despite the tension between him and his father, however, Shinji yearns to trust him. He also pilots Eva-01 for the approval of others, particularly Gendo, rather than out of heroism or idealism. Despite this, assistant director Kazuya Tsurumaki noted that Shinji acts in opposition to the conventional impression of him: "He is not cowardly and indecisive; he is obstinate and doesn't pay any mind to other people." Anno described him as "both an introvert and righteous" boy who tends to categorize things, the kind of character who tends to hide something, "like a way to escape from that closure". Furthermore, according to Sadamoto, he is not as dark as perceived by fans; with the exception of The End of Evangelion, in which he is portrayed as "pretty dark and introspective", he stated that he never got the impression of a dark character in the original series. According to Ogata, at the end of the film Shinji grows up, naturally closing his path from childhood to adulthood.
Writer Paul M. Malone compared him to the German jurist and writer Daniel Paul Schreber, noting "a surprising degree of intertextuality" with his Memoirs of My Nervous Illness, although he did not consider Evangelion to be based directly on his Memoirs. Malone, following Japanese critic and writer Kotani Mari, described Shinji as an effeminate and androgynous character. According to Mari, Shinji becomes effeminate in the course of the story, and she described him as a "female savior". Other critics described him as a messianic figure and likened to Jesus Christ, who in Japanese is known by the epithet of , "God-man". He has also been described as a tragic hero and likened to Oedipus. Writer and animation critic Patrick Drazen similarly compared the dilemma faced by Shinji in the twenty-fourth episode against the Angel Tabris to Hamlet, the protagonist of Shakespeare's tragedy of the same name.
For the Japanese sociologist Tsutomu Hashimoto, Shinji could be seen as an heir of the Japanese society of the seventies and eighties, engaged in the search for freedom from social constraints and the figures of authoritarian family fathers; the sociologist cited the musician Yutaka Ozaki as a symbol of this search for freedom, since he tried to escape from the impositions of the school system and he eventually "returned" to the mother figure. Hashimoto compared Shinji's final choice, in which he rejects the Instrumentality Project desired by the authoritarian father Gendo, to the concept of liberalism, which prescribes respect for any individual identity. Other critics associated the character with the youth and climate of 1990s Japan, shaken by the Tokyo subway sarin attack operated by the Japanese sect Aum Shinrikyō, the Great Hanshin earthquake, and the bursting of the Japanese asset price bubble.
After his arrival on Tokyo-3, Shinji repeats "I mustn't run away" in an attempt to face his responsibilities, and the sentence becomes a typical mantra of the character. In the twentieth episode he remembers escaping from the experimental site where his mother died, an event that generated in him the idea of "not running away", which an official pamphlet describes as "compulsive". In an interview Anno said that, contrary to the interpretation by fans, the theme of the series is not about "not having to run way", but "It's ok to run away"; according to him, "it's perfectly fine" to run away sometimes and that "There are things that you gain and things that you lose running away, after all. Although, if you don't pick something, then there are times when you get neither. That's the same as with dying". Hiroki Azuma, a Japanese philosopher and cultural critic, speaking of his motto "I mustn't run away", described Evangelion as a story that depicts "anxiety without a cause", linking this feeling to the repercussions after the Aum Shinrikyō attack. Azuma also described Shinji and other characters in the series as "stereotypical characters" through which Anno succeeded to describe the nineties. Psychiatrist Kōji Mizobe indicated him as a dependent boy unable to communicate, but also argued that the fundamental characteristic of Shinji is sociability, describing him as a "sympathetic person" who accepts and imitates others. Mizobe interpreted a scene from the ninth episode, in which he synchronizes with Asuka's movements during a train, as proof of this ability. He also interpreted Evangelion as a story in which the main characters try to build their stable identity, saying that Shinji and Asuka's communication problems are the reason why even years after the first airing younger Japanese viewers identify themselves with the characters.
Critics interpreted Shinji as an alter ego of the series director, Hideaki Anno, and as an otaku. IGN's Ramsey Isler interpreted his feelings as a reflection of Anno's mood; according to him, Anno "went through a serious bout of depression while making the show and like a true artist he poured all of that emotion and despair into his work". Isler also interpreted his characterization and his battles against the Angels as a metaphor for Anno's attempts "to defeat his own personal demons". Assistant director Tsurumaki gave a similar interpretation, working on the series with the idea that Shinji's emotions are a reflection of Anno's feelings: "That's why in the scenario planning sessions I was always saying something like, 'Isn't that a little too hero-like for Shinji to say? Hideaki Anno isn't that much of a hero'". Tsurumaki also thought that Shinji could only be understood by "Japanese fans of this generation".
Critics analyzed the conflictual relationship between him and his father, comparing him with the protagonists of the works by director Yoshiyuki Tomino, especially to Amuro Ray, the main character in Mobile Suit Gundam. Artist Takashi Murakami interpreted Shinji's interior drama as "the endpoint of the postwar lineage of otaku favorites", such as Godzilla, the series of the Ultra franchise, Space Battleship Yamato or Gundam, in which hero-figures increasingly question and agonize over their missions to defend Earth and humanity. According to Toshio Okada, former president of Gainax and an acquaintance of Hideaki Anno, Evangelion and Gundam are completely different; for Okada, one thrust of the story of Gundam is "the main character's desire to be recognized by others", since in mecha anime the characters generally try to change the world, while Evangelion "complicated the whole thing, raising issues", since no one can save the world. According to Italian researcher Fabio Bartoli, Shinji is a "perfect representative" of the otaku generation. He described him as "a young man with relationship difficulties, accustomed to spending a lot of time at home". Bartoli wrote that the last scene of the anime, in which the boy's glass prison shatters ending his psychoanalytic session, may allude to the , the Japanese generation born in the 1970s, which is also known as . Writer Andrea Fontana agreed, seeing him as a representation of otaku and their inability to relate to others. Fontana also saw in Shinji's character "an exhortation" by Anno to otaku, Japanese society, and young people "to break the crystal cage in which they locked themselves up, looking confidently at their neighbor".
Psychoanalysis
Shinji's personality traits have been linked to psychiatric conditions, such as depressive disorder, anxiety, social phobia, avoidant and borderline personality. Walter Veit of Psychology Today linked his passive attitude in the first episodes to Jean-Paul Sartre's existentialist concept of bad faith and Albert Camus's "philosophical suicide". Gualtiero Cannarsi, editor of the Italian adaptation of the series, noticed that Shinji struggles to make friends and has a cold, reserved attitude in the third episode, "A Transfer". Like the porcupines of Arthur Schopenhauer's Parerga and Paralipomena, Shinji is afraid to be hurt and withdraws from human contact; he suffers, in fact, from the porcupine's dilemma. Shinji's relationship with Misato Katsuragi follows Schopenhauer's concept; Cannarsi also noticed that in the fourth episode, "Hedgehog's Dilemma", the characters get closer without hurting each other. Schopenhauer originally named his concept after the porcupine, or Hystricidae (Stachelschweine in German), but staff chose an alternative translation for the title of the installment, since they wanted to portray Shinji as a hedgehog, an animal with smaller, blunter spines than a porcupine, suggesting more delicacy for the character.
Critics noticed that, since he lost his mother traumatically, Shinji seeks a substitute in the women around him and in Eva-01, which contains her soul. Academic Susan J. Napier also interpreted the Angels as "father figures, whom Shinji must annihilate". Anime News Network reviewer Mike Crandol noticed that Shinji depends on Unit 01 in the first part of the series, becoming negatively affected by the symbiotic relationship. Crandol described his entry into Eva-01 as a Freudian "return to the womb" and his struggle to be free of the Eva as his "rite of passage" into manhood. Anno also described Shinji as a boy with a strong Oedipus complex for his father, Gendo. The Oedipal triangle is completed by their common interest in Rei Ayanami, a genetic clone of Yui Ikari. According to him, Shinji symbolically "kills" his father "and steals his mother from him".
Yūichirō Oguro, the editor of supplemental materials included in the Japanese edition of the series, interpreted Neon Genesis Evangelion's plot as an Oedipal story. Eva-01 can be seen as a motherly breast and a source of ambivalence for the character. To manage this ambivalence, Shinji "split the breast" into a good and a bad breast. Oguro described berserk Unit 01 as a "bad breast"; on the other part, he interpreted Yui as a "good breast" that eventually saves Shinji during the battles with the Angels.
In the twentieth episode, "Weaving a story 2: Oral Stage", Shinji is trapped in Eva-01, dissolving into its cockpit; in a stream of consciousness, he has visions linked with the Freudian oral stage, which include breastfeeding by Yui. With his mother's help, Shinji is symbolically reborn, finding the will to live and regaining his body. He also displays features linked with oralism, a personality of dependent, weak individuals who see other people as tools to satisfy them. According to Freudian theory, oral personalities were not adequately fed during weaning. For Oguro, Shinji resolves his oral fixation with the vision of his mother's breast, becoming a more self-conscious individual. In the last two episodes, he also sees the good and bad sides of other people; Anno himself compared him to a child and his ambivalent relationship with the mother during the oral stage. Shinji's Oedipus complex then resolves in the final episode, which ends with the captions "To my father, thank you" and "To my mother, goodbye", indicating his entry into adulthood. In the film The End of Evangelion, he also chooses to live with other human beings, rejecting Human Instrumentality and accepting other people.
Cultural impact
Popularity
Shinji's character has been popular in Japan. The character's appreciation was also reflected in popularity polls, even years after the anime's first airing. After the series' first run, Shinji ranked second among "most popular male characters of the moment" in an Animage magazine Grand Prix poll. In the following two years' rankings, he rose to first place. In the 1997 Anime Grand Prix, Shinji received about 1,200 votes, more than double those of the second character. Megumi Ogata finished second in the voice-actor rankings for three years. Shinji also appeared in the magazine's monthly surveys, remaining in the top 20 in 1996, 1997 and 1998. In 1998, Animage ranked him 21st among the 100 most popular anime characters and 55th in 1999.
In 1998, Shinji emerged in first place among the best "dark characters" in a survey by Animedia magazine, and the magazine itself praised its complexity. For several years he also appeared in the periodical's annual popularity rankings, usually among the top ten. He placed 77th in a 2002 TV Asahi poll ranking the most popular anime characters of all time, and 25th in a 2007 list of most popular male heroes. Shinji also topped Newtype magazine's popularity charts, finishing third and first in August and September 2009. He finished third in October, becoming the most popular Evangelion male character on the list. In March 2010, a new Newtype survey decreed him the most popular male character of the nineties.
In 2014, foreigners living in Japan were asked: "Which character do you aspire to look like?". Amid a wide variety of answers, Shinji finished seventh. In 2012, Fuji TV asked about 14,000 fans to name the "best anime hero", and Shinji finished twentieth. In 2016, he finished thirteenth in an Anime News Network poll of the "strongest pilots" in Japanese animation. In April 2021, after the release of the final Rebuild film, he finished second most popular male character in a Newtype poll, placing at fifth place in May, and first place in June.
Critical reaction
The character evoked mixed opinions, dividing anime critics. Some criticized Shinji's insecurities, his vulnerability, and his lack of temper and resoluteness. Pete Harcoff, a reviewer for the Anime Critic website, praised Neon Genesis Evangelion but criticized Shinji as ineffective and disappointing to watch. THEM Anime Reviews noticed the character's constant angst in the television series as a negative trait. Raphael See found Evangelion "a little cliche, or just plain irritating at times" and criticized Shinji's pessimism. Japanator listed him among "characters with no chance in reality", saying that "he really sucks as an Eva pilot and he has the spine of a jellyfish". Comic Book Resources also criticized Shinji as a stereotypical talented male protagonist with a harem.
Other critics praised the character's realism. For Anime News Network's Nick Creamer, "every element of Shinji's emotional journey is conveyed with clear sympathy and brutal specificity". According to Susan J. Napier, Shinji "still wins the championship for most psychologically complex (or just plain neurotic) male character ever created". Critics also described him as one of the most relatable male anime characters. IGN editor Chris Mackenzie ranked him the twenty-fifth best anime character of all time. Anime Invasion magazine Jen Contino similarly praised Shinji's characterization and rated him the ninth-best anime character of all time.
In 2013, Anime News Network editor Lynzee Lam ranked him in the first place of seven "crybaby heroes" in Japanese animation, but praised his motivation and psychological realism. IGNs Ramsey Isler called him the "greatest anime character" of all time, praising his originality and realistic characterization. Isler concluded, "He's a character that challenges the audience by not giving them a superficial, vicarious power fantasy like you'd get from so many other anime. He is pathetic, but that is what makes him great. That is what makes him a genuine work of art".
Shinji's role in the Rebuild of Evangelion films was better received, with reviewers praising its more open character. Martin Theron of Anime News Network, reviewing Evangelion 1.0: You Are (Not) Alone, praised Shinji's realism. Theron called the scene in Evangelion: 2.22 You Can (Not) Advance where Shinji saves Rei the "Best Scene" in the website's "Best (and Most Notable) of 2011": "This is the first time in the entire franchise that he whole-heartedly goes after something because he wants it, rather than because he's expected to or has no choice." Examining the differences between Evangelion: 2.0 film and the original animated series, Jitendar Canth posted on myReviewer.com: "To the relief of many, Shinji isn't as much of a whiner any more, and he shows that he has a backbone on more than one occasion in this film". Despite criticizing the third film, a number of reviewers praised Shinji's interactions with Kaworu. Nicoletta Christina Browne of THEM Anime Reviews criticized their relationship, finding it "rushed", artificial and unclear. Comic Book Resources writer Daniel Kurland also praised his role in the final installment, Evangelion: 3.0+1.0 Thrice Upon a Time, writing: "Shinji deserves happiness, and it makes Thrice Upon A Time the more powerful conclusion that it finally allows Shinji to reach this point and not leave him in existential dread".
Legacy
Shinji-themed merchandise has been released, including clothing, action figures, collectible models, perfumes, and drinks. The character has been used for Japan Racing Association advertising campaigns and for a culinary company specializing in miso soups; "Shijimi from Lake Shinji" campaign also proved successful. Movic has also released a cassette drama featuring him as part of its Animate series featuring other popular works.
With Shinji Ikari, according to Comic Book Resources, Neon Genesis Evangelion had a significant influence on Japanese animation, showing a more realistic, insecure and fragile protagonist than other past mecha series. Guilty Crown staff member Ryo Ōyama compared Shū Ōma, the series' main character, to Shinji, since: "They're both in their own world, and they don't come out from that world". According to Ōyama, Shū is "a 2011 version of Shinji", but Shinji has a "more passive", pessimistic attitude. Asa Butterfield similarly compared Shinji to Ender Wiggin in Ender's Game, whom he played. According to Butterfield, both characters "withdraw from the world", face new experiences and fight against unknown enemies. His Japanese voice actress Ogata likened Makoto Naegi from the Danganronpa franchise, which she played, to Shinji, because they're both ordinary boys "put in terrible situations".
Lain Iwakura from Serial Experiments Lain, Simon from Gurren Lagann, Daisuke Dojima from Revisions, Kōji Aiba from Infinite Ryvius, Cloud Strife from Final Fantasy VII and the main character of Cyborg She were also compared with him by anime critics. In the fourth episode of the dorama Nigeru wa Haji da ga Yaku ni Tatsu, a character named Shinji after him appears. Shinji is also referenced by Steven Universe in the show of the same name, which parodies the series' final scene. The British group Fightstar included a track named "Shinji Ikari" on the deluxe-edition bonus disc of their album, One Day Son, This Will All Be Yours, while Open Mike Eagle named a song from his album Anime, Trauma and Divorce "Headass (Idiot Shinji)". Kong: Skull Island director Jordan Vogt-Roberts also named the character Gunpei Ikari after him.
References
Text was copied/adapted from Shinji Ikari at Evageeks wiki, which is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 (Unported) (CC-BY-SA 3.0) license.
Bibliography
External links
EVA pilots
Television characters introduced in 1995
Animated characters introduced in 1995
Child characters in animated television series
Fictional cellists
Fictional characters with post-traumatic stress disorder
Fictional child soldiers
Fictional Japanese people in anime and manga
Fictional private military members
Fictional victims of child abuse
Male characters in anime and manga
Science fiction film characters
Male characters in film
Teenage characters in television
Teenage characters in anime and manga |
Hyblaea saturata is a moth in the family Hyblaeidae described by Francis Walker in 1865.
References
Hyblaeidae |
The Oregon high desert is a region of the U.S. state of Oregon located east of the Cascade Range and south of the Blue Mountains, in the central and eastern parts of the state. Divided into a southern region and a northern region, the desert covers most of five Oregon counties and averages above sea level. The southwest region is part of the Great Basin and the southeast is the lower Owyhee River watershed. The northern region is part of the Columbia Plateau, where higher levels of rainfall allow the largest industry on private land to be the cultivation of alfalfa and hay. Public land within the region is owned primarily by the Bureau of Land Management, which manages more than including five rivers designated as Wild and Scenic.
While the high desert is somewhat dry, it is only arid relative to Western Oregon. The region averages of annual rainfall; the Alvord Desert, however, receives only of rain each year. Contrary to its name, most of the high desert is not dry enough to truly qualify as desert, and biologically, most of the region is classified as shrubland or steppe.
At above sea level, the summit of Steens Mountain is the highest point in the high desert. The broad fault-block mountain is characteristic of the basin and range plate tectonics of the high desert. About 16 million years ago, during the early Miocene epoch, lava flows from volcanic eruptions covered about half the surface area of Oregon. The Earth's crust then began stretching, giving way to further volcanic activity from 15 million to 2 million years ago. Several ice ages over this time formed the large lakes in the high desert.
The climate of the high desert provides habitat for mammals such as pronghorn, coyote, mule deer, black-tailed jackrabbit, and cougar. Birds common in the region include sage-grouse, California quail, and prairie falcon. The western juniper is the most common tree in the region, and big sagebrush and common woolly sunflower are the region's most widespread plants.
Geography
The high desert of Oregon is located in the central and southeastern part of the state. It covers approximately , extending approximately from central Oregon east to the Idaho border and from central Oregon south to the Nevada border. Most of the region is located in Crook, Deschutes, Harney, Lake, and Malheur counties.
The high desert is named as such for its generally high elevation, averaging about across the region. It is bordered by the eastern foothills of the Cascade Range to the west. The Blue Mountains are the geographical boundary to the north, marking the northern end of the high desert's semi-arid plateau. The southern high desert is part of North America's Basin and Range Province, which extends south through Nevada and Arizona and into Mexico. It contains large alkali lakes and tall cliffs, some with a prominence of more than . Steens Mountain, in Harney County, is the highest point within the region; its summit is above sea level. To the east, the high desert country of the Columbia Plateau extends across the Snake River and into Idaho.
A number of rivers flow through the high desert region. These include the Deschutes River and its tributary the Crooked River, as well as the Malheur, Owyhee, and John Day rivers, which are all within the Columbia River watershed. Because the high desert encompasses the portion of the hydrographic Great Basin located in Oregon, smaller rivers in the high desert flow into closed basins. The Chewaucan River, the Donner und Blitzen River, and the Silvies River each flow into some of the high desert's salt lakes.
Land use
The largest landowner in eastern Oregon is the U.S. government. The Bureau of Land Management administers over in the bureau's Burns, Lakeview, Prineville, and Vale districts, most of which are in the state's high desert country. In addition, Congress has designated specific sections of the Crooked, Deschutes, Donner und Blitzen, Malheur, and Owyhee rivers as part of the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System.
Agriculture is the largest industry in the region. Livestock ranches utilize large tracts of private and government land for grazing. Ranchers raise cattle and sheep in many parts of the region. Because of low rainfall, most crops require irrigation. Agricultural crops include alfalfa and other hay crops, wheat, oats, barley, potatoes, onions, sugar beets, and mint.
Geology
Between 17 and 15 million years ago, magma from deep beneath eastern Oregon rose to the Earth's surface, causing a period of significant volcanic activity. A series of lava floods erupted from fissures near the Oregon–Idaho–Washington border. The resulting lava flows traveled up to from their source. Some individual flows covered as much as to a depth of . Eventually, these lava flows covered half the state of Oregon, creating a formation known as the Columbia River Basalt Group, the geologic foundation beneath much of the high desert.
After the original eruptions subsided, the Earth's crust began to stretch and crack. Between 15 and 2 million years ago, this created hundreds of new volcanoes that added additional layers of lava on top of the Columbia River Basalt and left behind hundreds of lava tubes. These new flows blanketed the southeastern third of the state. Many of the volcanoes and smaller cinder cones from this period still exist in eastern Oregon. Afterwards, subsequent rifting produced large fault-block mountains throughout the region. The escarpment-type mountains and high-elevation valleys created by these faults produced the basin and range landscape that makes up much of Oregon's high desert country.
During the last 2 million years, a series of ice ages altered the landscape. As each ice sheet melted, runoff and increased rainfall filled many of the region's closed basins, forming large pluvial lakes. The Goose Lake, Harney, and Klamath basins were filled along with many other smaller basins. Some of the lakes covered as much as . However, as the climate became drier, these large lakes shrank away. Goose Lake, Harney Lake, Malheur Lake, Summer Lake, Lake Abert, and the Warner Lakes are remnants of ancient pluvial lakes.
Climate
Annual precipitation throughout Oregon's high desert region is relatively low, averaging less than per year in most areas. Bend, the region's largest city, only receives of precipitation per year. Burns receives roughly of precipitation annually, while Rome, in central Malheur County, and the official weather station at Whitehorse Ranch in southern Harney County receive only in an average year. Some of the mountainous areas, however, receive significantly more precipitation as snowfall. For example, the high-elevation city of Lakeview has an average annual snowfall of nearly .
The majority of high desert areas receive most precipitation in the winter months, decreasing steadily through late summer into the fall. Some areas in the eastern and southern parts of the region receive peak precipitation in the late spring and early summer. For example, at Hart Mountain in Lake County, the wettest time of the year is March through June. The driest months throughout Oregon's high desert are July through September, though there are still isolated thunderstorms during that period.
History
Native peoples and Euro-American settlement
The indigenous people of the high desert region are the Northern Paiute people. These Native Americans were once semi-nomadic hunter-gatherers who relied on nuts, roots, seeds, berries, eggs, and animals such as deer, pronghorn, geese, quail, rabbits, and bear, following their food to high and low elevations depending on the time of year. They make sandals, traps, and fishing nets, and weave baskets. Made out of sagebrush, willow, tule plant, Indian hemp, and sumac fibers, the baskets are tight enough to carry water. Archaeological evidence from near Fort Rock has shown that people wove baskets in the area at least 9,000 years ago.
Throughout the 18th century and into the early 19th century, the Northern Paiute had numerous conflicts with tribes who lived to the northwest. The Wasco-Wishram and other Chinook tribes often encroached on the high desert landscape of the Northern Paiute territory. After one such incident in 1811, the Northern Paiute migrated north to the Columbia River and attacked Wasco canoes. Around this time, the Northern Paiute numbered approximately 7,500. The Snake War, a war between the natives and Euro-American settlers in the region in the 1860s, killed roughly two-thirds of the Northern Paiute population. The settlers won the war and then set aside the Malheur Reservation for the Northern Paiute and other Oregon Native American tribes.
Settlers who had traveled to Oregon along the Oregon Trail began to live in the high desert region in the 1850s and 1860s after they had begun farming and logging in the Willamette Valley and other lands in western Oregon. Thousands of these emigrants reached the area from the west, crossing the Cascade Range to make land claims in eastern Oregon. The high desert area was settled by Euro-Americans later than western Oregon was in part because of Elijah White's failure to find a pass east through the Cascades. Once they had claimed more land, pioneers and members of the American government negotiated treaties with natives in the high desert and elsewhere in Oregon, often forcing them off their native lands and onto reservations.
In 1866, American soldiers established Camp Warner, a military camp near present-day Hart Mountain National Antelope Refuge in Lake County. They were sent from Boise, Idaho, to build a military camp in the high desert, and they built it east of the Warner Lakes because they doubted that they could cross the series of wetlands. Maj. Gen. George Crook disapproved of the soldiers' decision. He built a road across the lakes and moved the camp to the western side of them.
Of the four major cities in the high desert, Prineville was established earliest. Its post office originally opened under the name "Prine" in 1871. It was named for Barney Prine, a whisky and metal merchant in the area. Lakeview's post office was then established in 1876. At that time, Goose Lake was larger, and it was visible from the post office. The Burns post office opened in 1884 and the city was established in 1891. It was named for the Scottish poet Robert Burns. Bend's name was derived from the phrase "Farewell Bend," the location where pioneers traveling through the area last saw the Deschutes River. The Bend post office was established in 1904.
In 1878, the Bannock people and northern Shoshone tribes participated in the Bannock War, a war against Euro-American settlers in the region over the destruction of camas root—a major source of food for the natives—by settlers' hogs. The Bannock and the Northern Paiute suffered from violence during the conflict, and once the settlers had won the war, the natives were allotted into various reservations. The Northern Paiute were sent to the Yakama Indian Reservation and in later years have been dispersed throughout several reservations in the western United States.
Euro-American settlers created the Burns Paiute Reservation, just north of Burns, in 1897. The reservation was established in 1972. It is home to the descendants of the Wada Tika band of Northern Paiutes. As of 1992, it had 356 members. As of 1980, there were 57 descendants of the Northern Paiute tribe living outside of the reservation.
Place names
In the 19th century, Oregon's high desert area was called the Great Sandy Desert (a misnomer, as there is very little sand in the region), the Rolling Sage Plain, and the Artemisia Desert. Over the years, the region has also been known as Oregon's Empty Quarter, the Great Wide Open, and Oregon's Cowboy Country. Today, many local residents call it the Oregon Outback. However, the old names are occasionally still used. A 1996 National Geographic magazine "Map of the United States Physical Landscape" used the pioneer name, Great Sandy Desert, to identify the southeastern quarter of Oregon. However, the region is most commonly known as Oregon's "High Desert". "High Desert" is the official name for a plain in Deschutes County, as recognized by the United States Board on Geographic Names. Variant names for the high desert are "Great Sandy Desert" and "Rolling Sage Plains".
Flora and fauna
The Oregon Badlands Wilderness, east of Bend, has vegetation typical of the high desert region. The native plants are adapted to survive on less than of rain per year. The area is dominated by big sagebrush and rabbitbrush along with hardy grasses like Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, and bunchgrass. In the spring, there are native wildflowers such as yellow Oregon sunshine, dwarf purple monkeyflower, sulfur buckwheat, Indian paintbrush, and mariposa lilies. Other high desert wildflowers common throughout the region include buttercups, larkspur, phlox, primroses, and coral mallow. The Oregon Badlands Wilderness also contains the oldest known tree in Oregon, a western juniper estimated to be more than 1,600 years old.
Hundreds of animal species are found in Oregon's high desert environment. In the Hart Mountain National Antelope Refuge alone, there are over 300, including 239 bird species and 42 mammals. Throughout the high desert region, mule deer, pronghorn, coyotes, American badgers, and black-tailed jackrabbits are common. Elk, bighorn sheep, cougars, bobcats, gray foxes, red foxes, North American porcupines, and North American beavers are also found in some parts of the high desert.
Smaller mammals native to the area include long-tailed weasels, woodchucks, cottontail rabbits, pygmy rabbits, golden-mantled ground squirrels, antelope squirrels, Townsend's ground squirrels, yellow-pine chipmunks, Ord's kangaroo rats, and northern pocket gophers. Mice species include Great Basin pocket mouse, northern grasshopper mouse, western harvest mouse, deer mouse, meadow mouse, and creeping vole. There are also numerous bat species that live in Oregon's high desert country.
Common high desert birds include sage-grouse, quail, and sage thrasher. Near high desert lakes and in riparian areas, there are American dusky flycatchers, yellow warblers, orange-crowned warblers, house wrens, spotted towhees, Brewer's blackbirds, western meadowlarks, swallows, and nighthawks. Mountain chickadees, Cassin's finches, black-headed grosbeaks, green-tailed towhees, yellow-rumped warblers, MacGillivray's warblers, mountain bluebirds, common ravens, northern flickers, and white-headed woodpeckers are common in parts of the region. Birds of prey include owls, hawks, prairie falcons, golden eagles, and bald eagles.
See also
Columbia Plateau
Northern Basin and Range (ecoregion)
Oregon High Desert Grotto
References
Works cited
—
—
External links
High Desert Museum
Oregon Public Broadcasting program on Reub Long's Oregon Desert
Oregon Public Broadcasting program on Abert Lake
Oregon Public Broadcasting program on Desert Plants
Oregon Natural Desert Association
Deserts and xeric shrublands in the United States
Deserts of Oregon
Great Basin deserts
Regions of Oregon |
```php
<?php
declare(strict_types=1);
/**
* Passbolt ~ Open source password manager for teams
*
* For full copyright and license information, please see the LICENSE.txt
* Redistributions of files must retain the above copyright notice.
*
* @link path_to_url Passbolt(tm)
* @since 3.3.0
*/
namespace Passbolt\JwtAuthentication\Test\TestCase\Controller;
use App\Model\Entity\AuthenticationToken;
use App\Test\Factory\AuthenticationTokenFactory;
use App\Test\Factory\GpgkeyFactory;
use App\Test\Factory\RoleFactory;
use App\Test\Factory\UserFactory;
use App\Test\Lib\Model\EmailQueueTrait;
use App\Utility\UuidFactory;
use Cake\Database\Type\UuidType;
use Cake\Database\TypeFactory;
use Cake\Event\EventList;
use Cake\Event\EventManager;
use Cake\ORM\Locator\LocatorAwareTrait;
use Cake\Routing\Router;
use Cake\Validation\Validation;
use Passbolt\JwtAuthentication\Authenticator\GpgJwtAuthenticator;
use Passbolt\JwtAuthentication\JwtAuthenticationPlugin;
use Passbolt\JwtAuthentication\Test\Utility\JwtAuthenticationIntegrationTestCase;
use Passbolt\Log\Test\Lib\Traits\ActionLogsTestTrait;
/**
* Class AuthJwtLogoutControllerTest
*/
class JwtLoginControllerTest extends JwtAuthenticationIntegrationTestCase
{
use ActionLogsTestTrait;
use EmailQueueTrait;
use LocatorAwareTrait;
/**
* @var \App\Model\Table\AuthenticationTokensTable
*/
protected $AuthenticationTokens;
/**
* @var \App\Model\Table\UsersTable
*/
protected $Users;
/**
* @var \Passbolt\Log\Model\Table\ActionLogsTable
*/
protected $ActionLogs;
public function setUp(): void
{
parent::setUp();
$this->AuthenticationTokens = $this->fetchTable('AuthenticationTokens');
$this->Users = $this->fetchTable('Users');
$this->ActionLogs = $this->fetchTable('Passbolt/Log.ActionLogs');
$this->enableFeaturePlugin('Log');
$this->enableFeaturePlugin(JwtAuthenticationPlugin::class);
RoleFactory::make()->guest()->persist();
EventManager::instance()->setEventList(new EventList());
TypeFactory::map('uuid', UuidType::class);
}
public function testJwtLoginControllerTest_Success_With_Uppercase_Verify_Token()
{
$user = UserFactory::make()
->user()
->with('Gpgkeys', GpgkeyFactory::make()->validFingerprint())
->persist();
// The verify-token is on purpose here upper-cased to assert that it was not lower cased
// during the login action. This is required by Apple mobile devices
$verifyToken = strtoupper(UuidFactory::uuid());
$this->postJson('/auth/jwt/login.json', [
'user_id' => $user->id,
'challenge' => $this->makeChallenge($user, $verifyToken),
]);
$this->assertResponseOk('The authentication was a success.');
$this->assertEmailQueueCount(0);
$this->assertEventFired(GpgJwtAuthenticator::JWT_AUTHENTICATION_AFTER_IDENTIFY);
$challenge = json_decode($this->decryptChallenge($user, $this->_responseJsonBody->challenge));
$this->assertSame(Router::url('/', true), $challenge->domain);
$this->assertSame(GpgJwtAuthenticator::PROTOCOL_VERSION, $challenge->version);
$this->assertIsString($challenge->access_token);
$this->assertTrue(Validation::uuid($challenge->refresh_token));
$this->assertSame($verifyToken, $challenge->verify_token);
$this->assertSame(1, AuthenticationTokenFactory::find()->where(['token' => $challenge->refresh_token, 'user_id' => $user->id])->count());
$this->assertSame(1, AuthenticationTokenFactory::find()->where(['token' => $challenge->verify_token, 'user_id' => $user->id])->count());
// Assert login action log
$this->assertOneActionLog();
$this->assertActionLogExists([
'user_id' => $user->id,
'context' => 'POST /auth/jwt/login.json',
]);
}
public function testJwtLoginControllerTest_Consumed_Verify_Token()
{
$user = UserFactory::make()
->user()
->with('Gpgkeys', GpgkeyFactory::make()->validFingerprint())
->with(
'AuthenticationTokens',
AuthenticationTokenFactory::make()->type(AuthenticationToken::TYPE_VERIFY_TOKEN)
)
->persist();
$verifyToken = $user->authentication_tokens[0]->token;
$this->postJson('/auth/jwt/login.json', [
'user_id' => $user->id,
'challenge' => $this->makeChallenge($user, $verifyToken),
]);
$this->assertResponseError('The credentials are invalid.');
$this->assertEmailQueueCount(1);
$this->assertEmailIsInQueue([
'email' => $user->username,
'subject' => 'Authentication security alert',
'template' => 'Passbolt/JwtAuthentication.User/jwt_attack',
]);
$this->assertEmailInBatchContains('Verify token has been already used in the past.');
// Assert login action log
$this->assertOneActionLog();
$this->assertActionLogExists([
'user_id IS' => null,
'context' => 'POST /auth/jwt/login.json',
]);
}
public function testJwtLoginControllerTest_Failure_On_Deleted_User()
{
$user = UserFactory::make()
->user()
->with('Gpgkeys', GpgkeyFactory::make()->validFingerprint())
->persist();
$challenge = $this->makeChallenge($user, UuidFactory::uuid());
// Delete this user
$this->Users->softDelete($user);
$this->postJson('/auth/jwt/login.json', [
'user_id' => $user->id,
'challenge' => $challenge,
]);
$this->assertResponseError('The user does not exist or has been deleted.');
}
public function testJwtLoginControllerTest_Failure_On_Inactive_User()
{
$user = UserFactory::make()
->user()
->with('Gpgkeys', GpgkeyFactory::make()->validFingerprint())
->persist();
$challenge = $this->makeChallenge($user, UuidFactory::uuid());
// Deactivate this user
$this->Users->patchEntity($user, ['active' => false]);
$this->Users->saveOrFail($user);
$this->postJson('/auth/jwt/login.json', [
'user_id' => $user->id,
'challenge' => $challenge,
]);
$this->assertResponseError('The user does not exist or has been deleted.');
}
public function testJwtLoginControllerTest_FAILURE_CREDENTIALS_MISSING()
{
$this->postJson('/auth/jwt/login.json');
$this->assertResponseError('The credentials are missing.');
}
public function testJwtLoginControllerTest_FAILURE_IDENTITY_NOT_FOUND()
{
$this->postJson('/auth/jwt/login.json', [
'user_id' => UuidFactory::uuid(),
]);
$this->assertResponseError('The user does not exist or is not active or has been deleted.');
}
public function testJwtLoginControllerTest_User_Is_Already_LoggedIn_In_Session()
{
$user = UserFactory::make()
->user()
->with('Gpgkeys', GpgkeyFactory::make()->validFingerprint())
->persist();
$this->logInAs($user);
$this->getJson('/auth/is-authenticated.json');
$this->assertResponseOk();
$this->postJson('/auth/jwt/login.json', [
'user_id' => $user->id,
'challenge' => $this->makeChallenge($user, UuidFactory::uuid()),
]);
$this->assertResponseSuccess();
$challenge = json_decode($this->decryptChallenge($user, $this->_responseJsonBody->challenge));
$accessToken = $challenge->access_token;
$this->setJwtTokenInHeader($accessToken);
$this->getJson('/auth/is-authenticated.json');
$this->assertResponseOk();
$this->assertResponseOk('The authentication was a success.');
}
public function testSessionLoginWithJwtTokenInHeaderIsNotPermitted()
{
$this->createJwtTokenAndSetInHeader();
$this->getJson('/auth/login.json');
$this->assertResponseError('The route /auth/login is not permitted with JWT authentication.');
}
public function your_sha256_hashs_Token_Set_In_Header()
{
$user = UserFactory::make()
->user()
->with('Gpgkeys', GpgkeyFactory::make()->validFingerprint())
->persist();
$this->createJwtTokenAndSetInHeader($user->id);
$this->postJson('/auth/jwt/login.json', [
'user_id' => $user->id,
'challenge' => 'Bar',
]);
$this->assertBadRequestError('The credentials are invalid.');
}
}
``` |
Jamie Cachia (born 7 September 1987) is a Scottish field hockey goalkeeper who plays for the Scotland men's national field hockey team. He plays his club hockey for Beeston Hockey Club in the Men's England Hockey League Premier Division. From 2011-2014 Cachia played for Sheffield Hockey Club.
Cachia was educated at Craigclowan Preparatory School, Strathallan School and Durham University. He was first called into the Scotland squad whilst studying at Durham University in 2009.
He was a member of the Scotland squad that finished in ninth place at the 2010 Commonwealth Games. Cachia was also a member of the Scotland squad that played in the 2011 EuroHockey Nations Championship II in Ukraine and the 2013 EuroHockey Nations Championship II in Austria.
On 12 June 2014 Cachia was selected as a member of Team Scotland for the Glasgow 2014 Commonwealth Games.
References
1987 births
Living people
People educated at Strathallan School
Scottish male field hockey players
Field hockey players at the 2010 Commonwealth Games
Field hockey players at the 2014 Commonwealth Games
People educated at Craigclowan Preparatory School
Beeston Hockey Club players
Men's England Hockey League players
Alumni of St Mary's College, Durham
Commonwealth Games competitors for Scotland |
The 6x4, 8-ton YaG-10 truck was produced from 1932 to 1940 by the Yaroslavl Motor Plant. 333 trucks were made, 61 of which were converted into 76.2mm anti-aircraft trucks. It was powered by a Hercules-YXC engine, originally from the United States but later copied, and 4-speed Brown-Lipe-554 gearbox, also later copied and produced domestically. The suspension was based on trucks made by the Moreland Truck Company. While capable of carrying 8 tons on paved surfaces, it was limited to 5 tons offroad. It had a maximum speed of 42 km/h and fuel consumption of 60 liters per 100 km.
References
Military trucks of the Soviet Union
Military vehicles introduced in the 1930s
World War II military vehicles
Vehicles introduced in 1932 |
NK Arbanasi is a football club from the village of Arbanasia near Zadar. Founded in 1910 as NK Zmaj, it is one of the oldest football clubs in Croatia in continuous existence.
History
The first official football match in Zadar was played in Ravnice in 1887. It was played by the crews of the English fleet, without the participation of our men. The beginning of the football game in the Zadar area is January 25, 1895, when the students of the Zadar grammar school in Bokanjac were the first among the Zadar Croats to present the game. As early as 1899, football was introduced as a subject in the curriculum of the Zadar grammar school.
The Arbanasi district has the honor of being the first among Zadar's Croats to have an organized football club, when Zmaj - Hrvatski sokol was founded in 1910. The club was founded in 1910 under the name NK Zmaj and was the first football club in Zadar. The name Zmaj was given in honor of the Zadar Archbishop Vicko Zmajević. In its beginnings, it operated as a football section of the Croatian Sokol in Zadar. The club went under that name for only a year when it got changed to the Italian one Società Bersaglieri di Borgo Erizzo and under that name it won the second edition of the championship of the Kingdom of Dalmatia. And the club operated under this name until the fall of the Italian administration in Zadar in 1943. As all sport clubs in Yugoslavia got disbanded in 1945 by Belgrade authorities after the end of the Second World War, in 1946 the club underwent a communist rebranding like most others in the country, and played as a department of the Zadar Sport Association. On November 1, 1949, the Arbanasi Gymnastics Society was founded and the NK Arbanasi football section was joined into it. Finally on February 27, 1952, NK Arbanasi became an independent club. The following season, the senior team achieved the greatest success of that age in the history of the club - they won the Dalmatian Cup, defeating the second team of Hajduk Split in the final. The winners are: Vice Mazija, Ivo Herenda, Ivo Ante Matulović, Josip Đošo Petani, Josip Ličan Dadić, Mate Maći Petani, Mario Rio Nikpalj, Anđelo Mazija, Ante Pavelić Morović, Đuro Nikpalj and Josip Beži Mazija. They were led by coach Josip Bepi Morović.
In 1955 it changed its name again, this time to Tvornica Duhana. And in the spirit of then current politics, the club changed its name to a more proletarian sounding NK Omladinac in 1956, and under that name the junior team achieved the greatest success in the history of all club's sections. It became the Dalmatia champion and third in the Croatian championship.
With the political winds of change that hit Croatia and the Zadar count, on September the 1st 1992, the club's board decided to rename the club to its older name - NK Arbanasi, under which the club still operates today. NK Arbansi was the first football club in Zadar to publish a sports monograph Sport kod Zadarskih Arbanasa (2008) by Drago Marić and Bernard Kotlar.
In the almost 120-year tradition of football in Arbanasi, many quality footballers have emerged, among whom certainly the greatest were Josip Bepi Marušić (later a professional in Serie A side Bologna) and the greatest scorer in the history of Zadar football Vice Mazija.
The first playground where NK Arbanasi played was in the area of the Arbanasi Local Board near Bregdetti Bay. After that, the Club used the playground next to the Bus Station for almost 40 years. Currently, until the construction of its new playground, NK Arbanasi has an auxiliary football field in Stanovi, where artificial grass has been placed.
Successes
By far the biggest success in the club history is the victory in the second edition of the Championship of the Kingdom of Dalmatia, in 1912.
The club achieved its greatest post-war success in 1954 when it won the Dalmatian Cup, and in 1965 and 1975 it was a finalist in the same competition. For several seasons, the club also plays in the Dalmatian football league.
The club in the 2017/18 season. competed in the 1. ŽNL Zadar.
Arbanasi |
The 2007 Idaho Vandals football team represented the University of Idaho during the 2007 NCAA Division I FBS football season. Idaho competed as a member of the Western Athletic Conference (WAC), and played their home games on campus in the Kibbie Dome. The Vandals were led by first-year head coach Robb Akey, hired following the departure of Dennis Erickson for Arizona State in December 2006.
The Vandals were winless in eight conference games and went 1–11 overall, which was Idaho's eighth consecutive season with a losing record. The sole victory came in early September against Cal Poly-SLO, an FCS program.
Akey was previously the defensive coordinator at Washington State University in neighboring Pullman.
Schedule
Idaho's home attendance for 2007 was 68,874 for six games, an average of 11,479.The maximum was 14,205 for the Fresno State game on October 13,the minimum was 8,102 for the Utah State game on November 24, two days after Thanksgiving.
NFL Draft
One Vandal was selected in the 2008 NFL Draft; linebacker David Vobora was the final pick and the draft's Mr. Irrelevant. This ended a three-year drought in the NFL Draft for Idaho. The last Vandal selection was guard Jake Scott, four years earlier in 2004.
List of Idaho Vandals in the NFL Draft
References
External links
Idaho Argonaut – student newspaper – 2007 editions
Idaho
Idaho Vandals football seasons
Idaho Vandals football |
Red Roses (, "red moor") is a village in Carmarthenshire, Wales.
Situated in south-west Carmarthenshire, the village forms part of the Eglwyscummin community, and with Ciffig and Marros, forms part of the Laugharne Township electoral ward.
The A477 trunk road, the main route to south Pembrokeshire from the A40 used to run through the centre of the village; the bypass to the north of the village was opened in April 2014. The village centre is at the crossroads of the previous A477 and the B4314.
The village community centre was built in 2008, occupying where a Methodist Chapel had been.
Surrounded by farmland, the village is near a number of holiday destinations and has two holiday parks; one for static caravans and one for touring caravans. The economy is largely dependent on farming and tourism.
Public transport is sparse with the main bus service being the 224 Whitland to Carmarthen service. Three other services offer an early morning pick up and evening set down service run Monday to Saturday on their way to their main start point of Pendine Sands or Kilgetty; these are the 222 (not timetabled), 351 and 352 which also runs a Sunday service. All buses are run by Taf Valley Coaches based in Ciffig. A popular Monday to Saturday 333 service from Pembroke Dock to Carmarthen via Tenby service that used to serve the village was first cut to a two-day service during November 2008 before being taken off service a few years later. The nearest railway station is .
The village pub, the Sporting Chance, which used to be the Llwyngwair Arms, previously closed during March 2014, reopened under new ownership on 15 December 2017.
References
Villages in Carmarthenshire |
George Alexander Anstey (1814 – 18 Feb 1895) was born at Kentish Town, London. He was the eldest son of Thomas Anstey, an early settler in Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania). George migrated to Tasmania at the age of thirteen and arrived in Hobart in February 1827 with Thomas 'Chiz' Chisholm Anstey, one of his younger brothers, in the ship Admiral Cockburn. At the age of sixteen, he led one of his father's roving parties in the Black War and captured a small tribe of Aboriginals, winning a 500-acre (2 km²) land grant and official praise for his 'humanity and kindness'.
In 1834, Anstey went back to England with one of his sisters; on his return to Tasmania, he was shipwrecked in the D'Entrecasteaux Channel. In 1837 he took sheep to Port Phillip, sold them to John and Somerville Learmonth, and returned to Oatlands, his father's estate. He then took sheep to South Australia, but could not sell them straight away and had to remain in the new colony. By 1840 he had at his newly acquired estate of Highercombe in the Adelaide Hills. Highercombe was named after a village near Dulverton, Somerset, England - his father's birthplace. With 9000 sheep at the time, he was one of the South Australia's biggest stock-holders. His flocks grew and by 1851 he had extensive pastoral leases on the Yorke and Eyre Peninsulas. The produce of his orchard and vineyard at Highercombe was also winning a wide reputation. Although a 'true liberal' he was defeated by William Giles in two successive polls at Yatala in the first elections for the Legislative Council. Nominated to the first vacancy on 17 December 1851, he resigned on 25 August 1852, despairing of 'a reasonable constitution for the people'.
On 12 September 1837 he married Harriet Kingham, daughter of W. J. Ruffy, sometime editor of the Farmers' Journal, in London; they had nine children. After his father's death he returned to Van Diemen's Land with his wife and two sons, but soon went to England where, after years of constant travel, he died in 1895.
He is remembered by the name Anstey Hill, a geographical feature, and the Anstey Hill Recreation Park in the north eastern suburbs of Adelaide.
References
1814 births
1895 deaths
Settlers of South Australia
Settlers of Tasmania
Members of the South Australian Legislative Council
19th-century Australian businesspeople
19th-century Australian politicians
English emigrants to colonial Australia |
Tania Chen is a mixed media artist and interdisciplinary pianist who composes experimental, improvised and contemporary music. She plays for a global audience, but is mostly based in New York, San Francisco, and London. She is known for performing the works of composers such as Cornelius Cardew (Recording), Michael Parsons, John Cage, Earle Brown (recording), Morton Feldman and Chris Newman. Composers of the younger generation she has worked with include John Lely, Li-Chuan Chong and James Saunders.
She has also collaborated with musicians including improviser and composer Steve Beresford (with whom she recorded 'Ointment'), composer Andrew Poppy (concert), pianist John Tilbury, bassist John Edwards, drummer Mark Sanders and harpist Rhodri Davies. She has also collaborated with the film-maker Jayne Parker.
She has performed in the US, UK, Asia and Europe, at venues including Tate Modern, GaleGates (Brooklyn, NYC), The Hamburger Bahnhof Museum (Berlin), the Purcell Room, where she gave a complete performance of John Cage's Music of Changes Books I-IV, and the Fukuoka Asian Art Museum.
Recent concerts include Cornelius Cardew for BBC Radio 3 (Concert program and listing) and a performance of Satie's Vexations for the "Sleep" Installation at the Tate Modern 27 & 28 May 2007, alongside Michael Nyman, Gavin Bryars and Joshua Rifkin.
Originally trained as a classical pianist, she studied (amongst others) with Stephen Coombs, Professor at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama, as well as taking masterclasses with Artur Pizarro. Her piano career took a turn towards contemporary music in the late 1990s, when she studied with noted pianist John Tilbury, and became noted for her performances of composers such as John Cage and Morton Feldman, amongst others. She was subsequently awarded an M(Mus) at Goldsmiths College, University of London, with distinction. During this time she also took part in a masterclass with Mstislav Rostropovich(link).
Partial discography
Cornelius Cardew - chamber music 1955-1964
Earl Brown Chamber Music
'Ointment', Review
External links
Personal website
Review of John Cage performance at Purcell Room, 2002
Review of performance at Planet Tree festival at Conway Hall, 2001
Myspace
English contemporary pianists
English women pianists
Living people
Free improvisation
21st-century British pianists
21st-century English women musicians
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century women pianists |
Bulou Mataitoga (born April 8, 1994) is an American rugby player. She plays for the United States sevens and fifteens teams, and also for Loughborough Lightning in the Premier 15s.
Rugby career
Mataitoga made her international sevens debut at the Dubai sevens in 2016. She made her test debut for the United States against England on 28 June 2019 in San Diego.
Mataitoga featured for the Eagles squad at the 2022 Pacific Four Series in New Zealand. She was later named as a non-traveling reserve in the Eagles squad for the delayed 2021 Rugby World Cup.
Mataitoga was named in the Eagles traveling squad for their test against Spain, and for the 2023 Pacific Four Series. She started in the Eagles 20–14 win over Spain in Madrid.
References
Living people
1994 births
American female rugby union players
United States women's international rugby union players |
Skeletocutis odora is a species of fungus belonging to the family Incrustoporiaceae.
Synonyms:
Polyporus odorus Peck, 1885
References
Polyporales |
Robert Bukton (? - 1408), of Oakley and Brome, Suffolk, was an English Member of Parliament.
He was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Suffolk in 1394, January 1397, September 1397 and 1401.
References
14th-century births
1408 deaths
14th-century English people
15th-century English people
People from Suffolk
Members of the Parliament of England (pre-1707) |
```c
/**
* @license Apache-2.0
*
*
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
*/
/*
* The following is auto-generated. Do not manually edit. See scripts/loops.js.
*/
#include "stdlib/strided/base/binary/us_d_as_dd_d.h"
#include "stdlib/strided/base/binary/macros.h"
#include <stdint.h>
/**
* Applies a binary callback to strided input array elements and assigns results to elements in a strided output array.
*
* @param arrays array whose first two elements are pointers to strided input arrays and whose last element is a pointer to a strided output array
* @param shape array whose only element is the number of elements over which to iterate
* @param strides array containing strides (in bytes) for each strided array
* @param fcn callback
*
* @example
* #include "stdlib/strided/base/binary/us_d_as_dd_d.h"
* #include <stdint.h>
*
* // Create underlying byte arrays:
* uint8_t x[] = { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 };
* uint8_t y[] = { 0, 0, 0 };
* uint8_t out[] = { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 };
*
* // Define a pointer to an array containing pointers to strided arrays:
* uint8_t *arrays[] = { x, y, out };
*
* // Define the strides:
* int64_t strides[] = { 4, 1, 8 };
*
* // Define the number of elements over which to iterate:
* int64_t shape[] = { 3 };
*
* // Define a callback:
* static double fcn( double x, double y ) {
* return x + y;
* }
*
* // Apply the callback:
* stdlib_strided_us_d_as_dd_d( arrays, shape, strides, (void *)fcn );
*/
void stdlib_strided_us_d_as_dd_d( uint8_t *arrays[], const int64_t *shape, const int64_t *strides, void *fcn ) {
typedef double func_type( const double x, const double y );
func_type *f = (func_type *)fcn;
STDLIB_STRIDED_BINARY_LOOP_CLBK_MIXED_ARG_CAST( uint32_t, int8_t, double, double, double )
}
``` |
State Route 307 (SR 307) is an east–west state highway in the northeastern portion of the U.S. state of Ohio. Its western terminus is at State Route 528 on the southern boundary of Madison, and its eastern terminus is at State Route 193 nearly southeast of Jefferson.
SR 307 was commissioned in the mid-1930s and the route was swapped with another state route one year later. The route was extended in the later 1930s, to an intersection with SR 84. That section of road was decommission in the early 1960s.
Route description
SR 307 begins at a T-intersection with SR 528. The route heads east as a two-lane highway passing through farmland and woodland, with some houses. The highway has an intersection with SR 534. The road has an intersection with SR 45, in Austinburg. After Austinburg, SR 307 turns towards the southeast, still passing through farmland and woodland. The route enters Jefferson, passing through residential properties, before an intersection with SR 46. SR 46 and SR 307 head due south concurrent, into downtown Jefferson, passing through commercial and residential properties. After downtown Jefferson SR 307 leaves SR 46. SR 307 heads southeast leaving Jefferson, passing through woodland and farmland. The highway has an interchange with SR 11. SR 307 ends at a T-intersection in rural Ashtabula County. No segment of this highway is a part of the National Highway System.
History
SR 307 was original certified in 1933, it was routed between Madison and SR 45 along current State Route 84. In 1934 SR 307 swapped alignments with SR 84. The route was extended west to SR 84, east of Painesville, in 1937. Between 1962 and 1964, SR 307 between SR 84 and SR 528 was decommissioned.
Major intersections
References
External links
State Route 307 Endpoint Photos
307
Transportation in Lake County, Ohio
Transportation in Ashtabula County, Ohio |
is a passenger railway station located in the southern portion of the town of Matsuda in Ashigarakami District, Kanagawa, Japan, operated by Central Japan Railway Company (JR Central). It is also a freight depot for the Japan Freight Railway Company (JR Freight).
Lines
Matsuda Station is served by the Gotemba Line. The limited express Mt. Fuji service runs between Shinjuku in Tokyo and Gotemba via this station. Shin-Matsuda Station on the Odakyu Odawara Line is located nearby.
Station layout
Matsuda Station has an island platform and a side platform serving three tracks. The two platforms are connected with a footbridge, and an underpass connects the island platform with the station building. The station building has automated ticket machines, TOICA automated turnstiles and a "JR Ticket office" staffed ticket office.
Platforms
History
Matsuda Station opened on February 1, 1889.
Station numbering was introduced to the Gotemba Line in March 2018; Matsuda Station was assigned station number CB04.
Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2019, the station was used by an average of 3,305 passengers daily (boarding passengers only).
The passenger figures (boarding passengers only) for previous years are as shown below.
Surrounding area
Kanagawa Prefectural Ashigarakami Hospital
Matsuda Town Hall
Matsuda Town Cultural Center
Matsuda Town Gymnasium
See also
List of railway stations in Japan
References
External links
Station information (Gotembasen.net)
Matsuda Station Guide (Central Japan Railway Company)
Jorudan Train Route Finder
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1889
Stations of Japan Freight Railway Company
Matsuda, Kanagawa |
The AR Lower V5 is a 3D printed lower receiver for the AR-15 rifle. It was created in March 2013 Defense Distributed printed using the Stratasys Dimension SST 3-D printer using the fused deposition modeling (FDM) method.
The receiver was able to handle enough stress to fire more than 600 rounds. Defense Distributed stated "actual count of the new SLA lower was 660+ on day 1 with the SLA lower. The test ended when we ran out of ammunition, but this lower could easily withstand 1,000 rounds."
See also
List of notable 3D printed weapons and parts
References
External links
AR-15_DefDist_Lower_Receiver_v5
3D printed firearms
Firearm components
AR Rifle Components
Fused filament fabrication
ArmaLite AR-10 derivatives
AR-15 style rifles |
Bruno Bieler (18 June 1888 – 22 March 1966) was a general in the Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany who commanded the XLII Corps during World War II. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross.
Awards and decorations
Iron Cross (1914) 2nd Class (17 September 1914) & 1st Class (15 December 1914)
Military Merit Order, 4th class with Swords (Bavaria, 20 April 1918)
Hanseatic Cross of Hamburg (23 February 1918)
Merit Cross for War Aid (Prussia, 4 November 1919)
Silesian Eagle 2nd Class (1 September 1921) & 1st Class (30 September 1921)
Honour Cross of the World War 1914/1918 (14 January 1935)
Wehrmacht Long Service Award 1st Class (2 October 1936)
Commander of the Order of the Sword (Sweden, 22 April 1938)
Clasp to the Iron Cross (1939) 2nd Class (12 September 1939) & 1st Class (30 September 1939)
Eastern Front Medal (15 July 1942)
Crimea Shield (23 August 1942)
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 26 October 1941 as Generalleutnant and commander of 73. Infanterie Division
German Cross in Gold on 20 November 1942 as General der Infanterie and commanding general of the VI. Armeekorps
References
Citations
Bibliography
1888 births
1966 deaths
People from Gusev
Military personnel from East Prussia
German Army generals of World War II
Generals of Infantry (Wehrmacht)
German Army personnel of World War I
Recipients of the clasp to the Iron Cross, 1st class
Recipients of the Gold German Cross
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
Commanders of the Order of the Sword
Reichswehr personnel |
Tommy Woolfolk Jr., better known by his stage name Luckyiam, is a rapper from Los Angeles, California. He is a founding member of Living Legends. He is also a member of CMA and Mystik Journeymen.
History
Luckyiam released Most Likely to Succeed in 2007.
In 2009, he released a collaborative album, One Uppers, with Sapient of Debaser as The Prime.
I Love Haters was released as a free download on Lifted Research Group's website in 2011. The album features guest appearances from Aceyalone and Slug.
He released Time to Get Lucky in 2012. He formed the duo Luck & Lana with vocalist Lana Shea. Luck & Lana have since released 2 albums together with production team Kill the Computer, under the name Luck & Lana Kill the Computer. Their first self-titled album was released in 2013. The follow-up, titled Go, was released in 2016 and has been critically acclaimed for both its lyricism and genre-bending beats.
Discography
Albums
Walkman Invaders (1995)
4001: The Stolen Legacy (1995)
Children ov tha Night (1996)
Pressed 4 Time (1996)
Worldwide Underground (1998)
The Black Sands ov Eternia (1999)
Overall (1999)
Justify the Means (2002)
Magic (2002)
Extra Credit (2002)
Extra Credit 2 (2003)
All Over (2005)
Most Likely to Succeed (2007)
The Present (2009)
One Uppers (2009)
Return 2 the Love (2010)
I Love Haters (2011)
Time to Get Lucky (2012)
Luck & Lana Kill the Computer (2013)
Go (2016)
EPs
Break That Fear (1998)
Mercury Rising (1999)
Malapas Tears (2002)
The Collectors Item (2003)
Singles
"Escape Forever" (1996)
"The Best" (1999)
"Windows" b/w "Tactics" (2004)
"If I Do" b/w "Please Be Quiet (Shut Up!)" (2002)
"Shut Up" b/w "Come Along" (2002)
"Are We There Yet?" b/w "Good Side" (2004)
"Canustaycool?" b/w "Jane Is a Groupie" (2005)
"The Best I Can" b/w "Borrowed Time" (2008)
Guest appearances
Murmurecordings - "Strike a Pose" from Poor Local Poetry (1998)
Eligh - "Mingus and Me" and "A Gas Dreamers Farewell" from Gas Dream (2000)
Omid - "Live from Tokyo" from Monolith (2003)
Scarub - "Make Things Crack" from A New Perspective (2004)
Subtitle - "Crew Cut (for Sale)" from Young Dangerous Heart (2005)
Eligh - "Love ov My Life" from Grey Crow (2010)
Grieves - "Identity Cards" from 88 Keys and Counting (2010)
Isaiah Toothtaker - "Unheard Unseen" from Illuminati Thug Mafia (2011)
Lush One - "Stella Artois" from Gold Bricks in the Wall (2011)
Sole - "D.O.I. (Death of Industry)" from Nuclear Winter Volume 2: Death Panel (2011)
Abstract Rude - "Kan of Whoop Ass Reprise" from Keep the Feel: A Legacy of Hip Hop Soul (2015)
DJ Free Leonard - "Power To The People" from "Assimilate Or Eliminate" (2015)
DJ Free Leonard - "Hip Hop Ain't The Same" from "Assimilate Or Eliminate" (2015)
Broken Treaty Poet - "Take AIM" from "Birthright Tribal Member Soundtrack" (2017)
DJ Free Leonard - "Wise Words Spoken" from "T.H.E.Y. EP''" (2018)
See also
Living Legends
Sunspot Jonz
References
External links
African-American male rappers
American male rappers
Alternative hip hop musicians
Living people
Rappers from Los Angeles
21st-century American rappers
21st-century American male musicians
21st-century African-American musicians
1973 births |
Spragueia perstructana is a moth of the family Noctuidae first described by Francis Walker in 1865. It is found from the United States (including Maryland, South Carolina, Florida and Texas), south to the Caribbean (including Cuba Puerto Rico and the British Virgin Islands) and Central America, including Costa Rica.
The wingspan is about 15 mm.
The larvae feed on Lantana camara.
References
Moths described in 1865
Acontiinae |
Tim Agbaje (born May 16, 1990) is a Canadian football defensive lineman who is currently a free agent. He was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Saskatchewan Roughriders on May 27, 2015. He first played CJFL for the Edmonton Wildcats for five seasons before playing CIS football for the Saskatchewan Huskies from 2013 to 2014.
References
External links
Saskatchewan Roughriders profile
1990 births
Living people
Players of Canadian football from Alberta
Canadian football defensive linemen
Saskatchewan Huskies football players
Saskatchewan Roughriders players
Canadian football people from Edmonton |
Nemocnice Motol () is a Prague Metro station on Line A. The station was opened on 6 April 2015 as part of the extension from Dejvická and is the western terminus of this line. The station is located in Prague 5 and is named after the nearby Motol University Hospital.
General information
The station's original planned name was simply Motol after the area of the same name. Nevertheless, the name was finally changed to better reflect the actual location of the station next to the Motol Hospital, the largest medical facility in the Czech Republic.
The station was built as a surface station and was designed by the architect Pavel Sýs.
Gallery
References
Prague Metro stations
Railway stations opened in 2015
2015 establishments in the Czech Republic
Railway stations in the Czech Republic opened in the 21st century |
Kwyro Lee is an electrical engineer at the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology in Daejeon, South Korea. Lee was named a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in 2014 for his management and R&D efforts in semiconductor technology.
References
Fellow Members of the IEEE
Living people
Academic staff of KAIST
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people) |
eNCA, also known as eNews Channel Africa, is a 24-hour television news broadcaster owned by e.tv that focuses on African stories and events. Launched in June 2008, the channel is South Africa's first and most-watched 24-hour news service. The channel has covered several important South African events, including the Marikana miners' strike, which culminated in clashes with police, leading to 34 miners being killed and more than 70 injured.
eNCA's former Chief Meteorologist Derek van Dam became the first broadcaster in South Africa to earn the American Meteorological Society's Certified Broadcast Meteorologist (CBM) designation.
eNCA's website launched in May 2013 and passed half a million unique users in September of that year. It had 2.4 million unique users as of February 2017.
Availability
eNCA is available on DStv channel 403.
In August 2012, the channel began testing on the Eutelsat 28A satellite, which is free-to-air across Europe. The channel officially launched in the region when it was added to Sky in the United Kingdom and Ireland on 20 August 2012, and subsequently closed down on 31 October 2014.
History
In 2007, the newly formed e. Sat TV applied for a pay-TV license during the Pay-TV Regulation period. Later that year, they were granted the license along with the already-operating MultiChoice Africa, Telkom SA's media branch Telkom Media, Christian channel Walk on Water, and Digital Media. However, e. Sat TV was the first to give up and said the South African market was only big enough for two operators. They later announced that they would instead work as a channel supplier to the already operating Multichoice DSTV platform. On 1 June 2008, the channel took to the airwaves at 19h00 for a special edition of its flagship program News Night.. Over time, the channel continued expanding the number of shows, presenters, and broadcasting formats to appeal to an increasing viewership.
On 19 August 2012, the eNews Channel was rebranded as eNCA (eNews Channel Africa) ahead of their launch in the U.K. because they did not want to clash with existing global brands such as E! Entertainment Television. They also wanted a short and simple domain name as they prepared to go online. The channel also received a new logo depicting the continent of Africa.
On 22 November 2015, eNCA published South Africa's first virtual reality news story, reported by Yusuf Omar and produced in conjunction with South African virtual reality company, Deep VR. The 360° video debuted on eNCA's Facebook page and has received more views than any other eNCA video. Following its success, eNCA produced a follow-up virtual reality report on the #ZumaMustFall marches in Johannesburg, which debuted on the eNCA Facebook page on 18 December 2015.
On 16 July 2018, the channel celebrated its 10th anniversary by unveiling new studios, a new look, and new line-ups. The channel also introduced a new weekend lineup on 1 December 2018.
On 29 July 2019, eNCA introduced a new line-up.
Popular culture
A broadcast of eNCA was featured in the movie Safe House''. The News Society was depicted as per its former name, eNews Channel.
In 2014, a documentary was released that showed how eNCA reported on Nelson Mandela's passing.
Controversy
In 2020, eNCA released a news headline on its social media pages alleging that the President of the Republic of South Africa, Cyril Ramaphosa, was going to address the nation; however, the Presidency denied this and deemed it fake news. In February 2021, eNCA reporter Lindsay Dentlinger was accused of being racist after she forced black political leaders of the UDM and IFP to wear masks to prevent the spread of COVID-19 but allowed their white counterparts of the Democratic Alliance and the pro-Afrikaner Freedom Front Plus to be interviewed without wearing masks.
eNCA has been accused of spreading right-wing propaganda and fake news by the African National Congress and EFF leader Julius Malema.
References
External links
Television stations in South Africa
English-language television stations in South Africa
Television channels and stations established in 2008
24-hour television news channels |
A water lantern is a type of lamp that floats on the surface of the water. It is also known as a floating lamp, river lamp or lake lamp, depending on the water body on which it is floated. The water lantern originated in India and later spread to Southeast Asia and East Asia due to the influence of Hindu-Buddhist cultural diffusion.
South Asia and Southeast Asia
The water lamps in the Indian culture is seen in various traditional festivals and sacrifices, especially the festivals on the full moon day or Purnimas like the festivals on Kartik Purnima, across South and Southeast Asia including the Vesak Day, Deepavali, Boita Bandana, Loi Krathong, Bon Om Touk, Songkran Festival, Lantern Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival, Water Festival, etc., have simple lamps and are made of plant materials such as flowers and leaves. The main meaning of the water lights in these areas is to worship the gods, send away the disasters, and welcome happiness. Some young men and women will also pray for a good marriage with water lamps. Water lanterns are also believed of guiding the souls in the water.
Vietnam
In Vietnam, water lanterns are known as đèn hoa đăng, đèn giấy, released regularly in Hội An on the 1st, 14th, 15th day of the Vietnamese calendar and every Saturday.
East Asia
China
As early as in the Tang dynasty, the water lantern has been used in traditional Chinese festivals such as the Lantern Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival, Chinese New Year, and even Christmas in some places like Hong Kong. It has many different names, depending on the water body on which the lanterns are released, such as 水燈 (water lantern), 流燈 (floating lantern), 河灯, 江燈 (river lantern), 湖燈 (lake lantern), 水燈頭 (water lamphead), and 照冥 (illumination). The shape of the lanterns may be square or in the form of a lotus flower.
Korea
In both Koreas, the water lantern is known as 유등 (yudeung: light).
Japan
is a ceremony in which participants float paper lanterns down a river; tōrō is the Japanese word for "lantern," while nagashi means "cruise" or "flow." This activity is traditionally performed on the final evening of the Bon Festival in the belief that it will help to guide the souls of the departed to the spirit world. The Bon Festival takes place on the thirteenth to sixteenth of August or July, depending on the calendar used. The peaceful custom is a gesture of respect for those who have died and gives participants a moment to think about their ancestors, loved ones or even past pets.
See also
Spirit Boat Procession
Mid-Autumn Festival
Loi Krathong Thai lantern festival
Tazaungdaing Festival
Diwali Indian light festival
Zhong Yuan Festival
References
External links
Lantern Floating Hawaii Official site of Hawaii's largest Tōrō Nagashi ceremony, held on Memorial Day at Magic Island in Honolulu. Presented by Shinnyo-en Hawaii and the Na Lei Aloha Foundation.
Tōrō Nagashi Video A videoblog entry from the 2006 Tōrō Nagashi ceremony in Honolulu.
Website of the San Francisco Bay Area Peace Lantern Ceremony, held annually since 2002.
Website of 'From Hiroshima to Hope', in Seattle, the largest commemoration of the bombing of Hiroshima outside Japan.
History of the use of floating lanterns in South Korea
Traditional rituals of East Asia
Chinese culture
Asian culture
Japanese culture
Indian culture
Korean culture |
Rashida al-Qaili is a Yemeni journalist who ran for President in 2006 with an anti-corruption focus. She also intended to increase freedom. She was the second woman to stand after Sumaya Ali Raja. al-Qaili was a columnist whose satirical comments that appeared in the Al-Wasat newspaper and the Al-Shura newspaper until it was "suspended".
Her campaign was not taken seriously, and success was seen as unlikely, but it gained attention because of Yemen's culture.
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Yemeni women journalists |
Barbara Erni (15 February 1743 – 26 February 1785) was a Liechtenstein woman known for stealing from inns throughout western Europe using a confidence trick. Known in Liechtenstein legend as Golden Boos, Erni was the last person to be executed by Liechtenstein.
Erni was born in Feldkirch to a homeless couple. In 1779, she married a Tyrolean, Franz, a man with a reputation for criminal behaviour.
According to the legend, the Golden Boos was a woman with red-blond hair and great strength who travelled throughout the European countryside with a large treasure chest or backpack. Wherever she rested for the night, she would demand that her chest be locked in the best and most secure room available, since she claimed it contained a fabulous treasure. Once the treasure was locked away and night fell, a small man would emerge from the chest or backpack and would gather the valuables from the best room, after which Erni and the man would flee during the night. The scheme worked well for Erni for a number of years, and she became wealthy. The identity of the male assistant is unknown.
Erni and her male accomplice were arrested at Eschen and imprisoned at Vaduz on 27 May 1784. She was tried by Liechtenstein, and she admitted to seventeen thefts using the confidence trick. On 7 December 1784, the court found Erni guilty of being the Golden Boos and sentenced her to death by beheading. She was beheaded in Vaduz before a public audience of approximately 1000 spectators. She was the last person executed in Liechtenstein, which abolished the death penalty in 1987. The fate of the male assistant is unknown.
References
Barbara Greene (1967). Liechtenstein: Valley of Peace (Vaduz: Liechtenstein-Verlag) pp. 20–21.
James Foster Robinson, "The Legend of the Golden Boos", 21 May 2004.
1743 births
1785 deaths
Confidence tricksters
Executed Liechtenstein women
Liechtenstein criminals
People executed for theft
People executed by Liechtenstein by decapitation
18th-century Liechtenstein women
18th-century Liechtenstein people
18th-century criminals
People from Vaduz
People from Feldkirch, Vorarlberg |
Raymond Owes (born December 11, 1972) is an American former professional basketball player. He was listed at 204 cm 102 kg. He played small forward and for the University of Arizona (1991–95), and was named first-team All-Pac-10 in 1995.
Owes played 24 games for the NBA's Golden State Warriors during the 1996-97 season, averaging 3.1 points and 2.9 rebounds per game. He also played in the Australian NBL for the Geelong Supercats and Townsville Crocodiles. While playing for Geelong, Owes was selected to the 1996 All-NBL team as a Power forward.
References
External links
NBA stats @ basketballreference.com
College stats at sportsstats.com
1972 births
Living people
American expatriate basketball people in Australia
American men's basketball players
Arizona Wildcats men's basketball players
Basketball players from San Bernardino, California
Golden State Warriors players
Small forwards
Townsville Crocodiles players
Undrafted National Basketball Association players |
```swift
//
// StatusItemBuilder.swift
// SpotMenu
//
// Created by Mikls Kristyn on 2017. 05. 01..
//
import Foundation
final class StatusItemBuilder {
// MARK: - Properties
private var title = ""
private var artist = ""
private var albumName = ""
private var playingIcon = ""
private var isPlaying: Bool = false
private var hideWhenPaused = false
// MARK: - Lifecycle method
init(title: String?, artist: String?, albumName: String?, isPlaying: Bool) {
if let v = title {
self.title = v
}
if let v = artist {
self.artist = v
}
if let v = albumName {
self.albumName = v
}
self.isPlaying = isPlaying
}
// MARK: - Methods
func hideWhenPaused(v: Bool) -> StatusItemBuilder {
hideWhenPaused = v
return self
}
func showTitle(v: Bool) -> StatusItemBuilder {
if !v {
title = ""
return self
}
if !isPlaying && hideWhenPaused {
title = ""
return self
}
return self
}
func showArtist(v: Bool) -> StatusItemBuilder {
if !v {
artist = ""
return self
}
if !isPlaying && hideWhenPaused {
artist = ""
return self
}
return self
}
func showAlbumName(v: Bool) -> StatusItemBuilder {
if !v {
albumName = ""
return self
}
if !isPlaying && hideWhenPaused {
albumName = ""
return self
}
return self
}
func showPlayingIcon(v: Bool) -> StatusItemBuilder {
if !v {
playingIcon = ""
return self
}
if isPlaying {
playingIcon = " "
} else {
playingIcon = ""
}
return self
}
func getString() -> String {
if artist.count != 0 && title.count != 0 && albumName.count != 0 {
return "\(playingIcon)\(artist) - \(title) - \(albumName)"
} else if artist.count != 0 && title.count != 0 {
return "\(playingIcon)\(artist) - \(title)"
}
return "\(playingIcon)\(artist)\(title)"
}
}
``` |
A mallard is a type of duck.
Mallard may also refer to:
Vehicles
LNER Class A4 4468 Mallard, the fastest steam locomotive ever, reaching 126 miles per hour
Grumman G-73 Mallard, an amphibious aircraft of the late 1940s
Advanced Aeromarine Mallard, an aircraft
HMS Mallard, the name of four ships of the Royal Navy
USS Mallard, either of two United States naval ships
Music
Mallard (band)
Mallard (album), 1975
Mallard Song, an ancient tradition of All Souls College, Oxford
Places in the United States
Mallard (Charlotte neighborhood), in Charlotte, North Carolina
Mallard, Iowa
Mallard, Minnesota, an abandoned town site
Point Mallard Park, in Decatur, Alabama
Black Mallard River, Lower Peninsula of Michigan
Fiction
Mallard Fillmore, a conservative politically oriented comic strip
Dr. Donald "Ducky" Mallard, a character on the television show NCIS
Gosalyn Mallard, a character created for the Disney animated series Darkwing Duck
Millard the Mallard, a fictional character and mascot of WRVA radio in Richmond, Virginia
Molly Mallard, a Disney character who is Scrooge McDuck's paternal grandmother
Darkwing Duck, a Disney character whose alter-ego is Drake Mallard
Roy Mallard, the central character in the 1990s mockumentary TV series People Like Us
Sports teams
Fermanagh Mallards F.C., a women's association football team in Ballinamallard, Northern Ireland
Madison Mallards, a collegiate summer baseball team from Madison, Wisconsin
Quad City Mallards, an ice hockey team from Moline, Illinois
Other uses
Mallard (documentation), a markup language for creation of user documentation
Mallard (surname)
Mallard BASIC, a BASIC interpreter for CP/M produced by Locomotive Software
Mallard and Claret, a popular fishing fly in the United Kingdom
6236 Mallard, a main-belt asteroid
Operation Mallard, a part of World War II 1944 Operation Tonga in Normandy |
John Francklyn (c. 1564 – 1645) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1640 to 1644.
Francklyn was of Wiltshire. He matriculated at Magdalen Hall, Oxford on 18 May 1582, aged 18.
In November 1640, Francklyn was elected Member of Parliament for Marlborough in the Long Parliament. He sat until his death in 1645.
References
1560s births
1645 deaths
English MPs 1640–1648
Alumni of Magdalen Hall, Oxford
Year of birth uncertain
Politicians from Wiltshire |
Shekar Kesh () may refer to:
Bala Shekar Kesh
Mian Shekar Kesh
Pain Shekar Kesh |
"Promortyus" is the seventh episode of the fourth season of the Adult Swim animated television series Rick and Morty. Written by Jeff Loveness and directed by Bryan Newton, the episode was broadcast on May 10, 2020, in the United States.
Plot
Rick and Morty regain consciousness to learn that they have been mind-controlled by face-hugging semelparous alien parasites called the Glorzo. Having no memories of their time as hosts, they strap the dead Glorzo to their faces and learn the Glorzo have created a sophisticated society. Believing they are attempting to use Rick's ship to power a superweapon that will spread them to Earth, the duo manage to fight their way off the Glorzo home asteroid, causing mass destruction along the way. However, upon returning home, they learn that Summer had been with them on the mission and they left her behind. They return to the asteroid to rescue her, only to find that she is not controlled by a Glorzo and is worshiped as a goddess.
Summer explains that after Rick and Morty fell under the control of the Glorzo, she was spared due to a toothpick in her mouth, which prevented the parasites latching on to her face. She convinced the Glorzo to reform their society, abstaining from their usual practice of constant reproduction (a process that kills both them and their host bodies, which burst open as they lay new eggs).
Rick and Morty are captured, and Summer awkwardly improvises an escape plan by sentencing them to punishment by getting back in the ship, then trying to join them. The Glorzo turn hostile, but Rick uses a specifically tuned musical note which causes the Glorzo to involuntarily reproduce, killing them en masse. As they die, several Glorzo accuse the trio of destroying them simply for trying to advance their civilization. Upon returning home, Rick and Morty start feeling severe stomach pain. Fearing they are about to lay eggs, they say their final goodbyes to each other, but it turns out to be a regular bowel movement.
In the post-credits scene, Summer's friend Tricia Lange notices Jerry's new beekeeping hobby, expressing more and more intrigue until she admits she's sexually attracted to him.
Production and writing
The episode, revealed to be titled "Promortyus" on April 14, 2020, was directed by Bryan Newton and written by Jeff Loveness.
Reception
Broadcast and ratings
The episode was broadcast by Adult Swim on May 10, 2020. According to Nielsen Media Research, "Promortyus" was seen by 1.34 million household viewers in the United States and received a 0.74 rating among the 18–49 adult demographic.
Critical response
Jesse Schedeen of IGN awarded the episode with a 6 star rating out of 10 saying that the episode "is an amusing addition to Rick and Morty's fourth season, but certainly not one of this season's better episodes. Like so many installments of the series, the plot veers in some pretty wild and unexpected directions. However, the early momentum starts to fade after Rick and his grandson return to their killing grounds in search of Summer. "Promortyus" either needed a few extra plot twists or a good subplot to add more variety." Steve Greene of IndieWire gave it a "C+" rating, who felt that the episode in "borrowing a page from a handful of films in the long-running franchise (and a few outside of it), this is an episode that's mostly on sci-fi reference cruise control."
References
External links
2020 American television episodes
Fiction about parasites
Rick and Morty episodes
Works by Jeff Loveness |
Zainal Abidin (31 August 1928 – 7 January 2000) was a Citra Award-winning Indonesian actor who played in more than a hundred and fifty films.
Biography
Abidin was born in Batavia, Dutch East Indies (now Jakarta, Indonesia) on 31 August 1928. He completed his education through senior high school before beginning work at a shipping company based at Tanjung Priok in 1950. He left the position in 1952, and the following year made his feature film debut, taking a minor role in Chaidar Djafar's Sedarah Sedaging.
In his first two years as an actor, Abidin took a further ten roles. He remained highly active until 1964. when he was arrested for his relationship with the Communist Party of Indonesia ( or PKI) following a failed coup attempt on 30 September 1965 which the army blamed on the PKI. Abidin only made his return to film in 1971, with Lie Soen Bok's Derita Ibu. By the 1980s he reached his peak period of productivity. In 1980 he set a record for acting in 16 films in a single year, and in several years he acted in six or more films.
In 1994 Abidin completed his final feature film, Maman Firmansjah's Setetes Noda Manis. Afterwards, with the domestic film industry on a downturn, he migrated to televised soap operas, acting in several between 1994 and 1997. This included his only directorial effort, the series Maunya Macam-Macam (1996). Abidin died on 7 January 2000, having acted in over 150 feature films.
Abidin was nominated for seven Citra Awards from the Indonesian Film Festival, including four for Best Leading Actor and three for Best Supporting Actor. He received the award twice, first in 1981 for his supporting role in Teguh Karya's Usia 18 and then in 1982 for his leading role in Wim Umboh's Putri Seorang Jendral. He was later styled one of the fathers of Indonesian film.
References
1928 births
2000 deaths
20th-century Indonesian male actors
Citra Award winners
Indonesian male film actors
Male actors from Jakarta
Minangkabau people
People from Batavia, Dutch East Indies |
Christiane Weber or Christine Weber may refer to:
Christiane Weber (fencer) (born 1962), German fencer
Christiane Weber (rower), German rower
Christine Weber (producer), see Women in Film & Video-DC Women of Vision Awards |
The Courage World Tour was the fourteenth concert tour by Canadian singer Celine Dion, in support of her English-language studio album Courage (2019). It was her first world tour in over a decade, since her Taking Chances World Tour. The tour began in Quebec City, Canada, on 18 September 2019 and concluded in Newark, New Jersey on 8 March 2020.
Background
The Courage World Tour was officially announced on 3 April 2019 at The Theatre at Ace Hotel in Downtown Los Angeles. The event was live streamed on Dion's official Facebook page. Tickets went on general sale on 12 April 2019. Earlier the same month, following pre-sale demand, additional shows in Montreal, Toronto, Boston and Miami were added, with two extra shows were added in Montreal, one in Newark and one in New York City to meet demand later. On 11 April 2019, extra dates for Quebec City, Montreal and Ottawa were announced.
On-site rehearsals were held at Videotron Centre in Quebec City starting early September, with Dion and her team of 110 staying at the new hotel Le Capitole for the duration of their time in Quebec City. In September 2019, ConcertFrance announced that Dion will perform at the Paris La Défense Arena in Nanterre, France on 26 June 2020. That same month, the first four shows in Montreal, scheduled to take place 26, 27 and 30 September, and 1 October 2019, were postponed due to a throat virus; the shows were rescheduled for 18, 19, 21 and 22 November. European dates, as well as additional dates in New York City, San Diego, Los Angeles, and Vancouver were revealed by SoldOutTicketBox.com on 26 September 2019. In March 2020, Dion rescheduled two dates in Washington, D.C., and Pittsburgh, due to the "common cold," despite reports being related to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. In 2020, Dion rescheduled the North American leg of the tour to 2021, due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
In February 2021, European and UK dates from 19 March to 16 June 2021 were rescheduled to recommence in May 2022, due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe. Subsequent European dates from 19 June to 25 July 2021 were rescheduled to recommence in May 2023.
In January 2022, Dion cancelled the remainder of the 2022 North American dates, citing "ongoing recovery" from unspecified health issues. Three months later, Dion rescheduled all 2022 European dates for 2023, citing ongoing recovery from health issues. In December 2022, Dion cancelled eight shows scheduled to take place from May to July 2023, while rescheduling 23 European dates, for February to April 2023, to March and April 2024, citing her diagnosis with stiff-person syndrome.
On May 26, 2023, it was announced the remaining European concerts were cancelled, citing Dion's on-going recovery from stiff-person syndrome. In a statement, Dion expressed: "I'm so sorry to disappoint all of you once again... and even though it breaks my heart, it's best that we cancel everything until I'm really ready to be back on stage... I'm not giving up... and I can't wait to see you again!"
Critical reception
The Courage World Tour received positive reviews. Billboard praised the song choices, the mix of older hits like "Beauty and the Beast" with Dion's new songs like "Courage", and also the "extraordinary" encore: "My Heart Will Go On" and John Lennon's "Imagine". It also praised Dion's voice, her outfits and drones emulating stars, water, and even the Heart of the Ocean diamond during the "My Heart Will Go On" performance. Billboard called the two-hours concert stunning and showstopping. The Courage World Tour was also chosen as one of the best live shows of 2019 by Billboard. Variety also gave a positive review on her Brooklyn show saying: "she’s still one of the best in the business. It’s hard to overstate just how pitch-perfect Dion’s singing is." Moreover, they also stated that it's hard to believe that she’s never been asked to headline the Super Bowl halftime show and concluded by stating: "After all these years as a powerhouse diva, she’s still managing to top herself." The Charlotte Observer gave their take on her show at Spectrum Center saying: "There might not be a human being alive who can belt ballads with as much power and control and grace as Celine Dion." Courier Journal gave a positive review on her first-ever Louisville show saying: "Dion is in a league of her own. Her vocals were spot on all night and after she continued to hit note after incredible note over and over again, you were left wondering at some points "is she even real?".
Commercial reception
According to figures reported to Billboard Boxscore, Dion topped the 30 November-dated Hot Tours recap with $33.2 million from the tour's first 19 shows. She grossed $7 million in four shows at Montreal's Bell Centre, sold out at 53,864 tickets. The opening leg averaged out to $1.747 million and 12,414 tickets per show. These figures boosted Dion's career-total to $1.115 billion and 8.8 million tickets sold, as reported to Billboard Boxscore.
Billboard named the tour as 2020's top pop tour, grossing $84.6 million and 498,000 tickets sold. Dion also became the highest female touring act of 2020 and second overall, behind Elton John. The tour was named the most successful music tour in North America during 2020 with $71.2 million gross revenue.
In Paris, all general public tickets (200,000) available for her six concert shows at Paris La Défense Arena were sold out immediately in just 90 minutes.
According to Pollstar, Courage World Tour has sold 646,346 tickets across 52 shows, and overall tour revenue totaled $104 million as of March 2021.
Set list
This set list is from the 18 September 2019 concert at Videotron Centre in Quebec City. It does not represent every concert.
"It's All Coming Back to Me Now"
"Dans un autre monde"
"Terre"
"À vous"
"I'm Alive"
"The Power of Love"
"L'amour existe encore"
"Beauty and the Beast"
"Encore un soir"
"You're the Voice"
"Regarde-moi"
"Un garçon pas comme les autres (Ziggy)"
"Courage"
"All by Myself"
"Lying Down"
"Tous les blues sont écrits pour toi"
"S'il suffisait d'aimer"
"Let's Dance" / "Another One Bites the Dust" / "Flying on My Own" / "Kiss" / "River Deep, Mountain High" / "Lady Marmalade"
"My Heart Will Go On"
"Pour que tu m'aimes encore"
Notes
Beginning with the show in Cleveland, Dion added "That's the Way It Is", "If You Asked Me To", "Love Can Move Mountains", "The Prayer", "To Love You More", "The Reason", "Because You Loved Me" and "Imagine"; she removed "Dans un autre monde", "Terre", "À vous", "L'amour existe encore", "Encore un soir", "Regarde-moi", "Un garçon pas comme les autres (Ziggy)", "S'il suffisait d'aimer", "Pour que tu m'aimes encore" and "Flying on My Own".
Beginning with the show in Montreal, Dion replaced "Lying Down" with "Imperfections".
During the shows in Boston, Dion performed "Happy Xmas (War Is Over)" in place of "Imagine".
During the first show in Miami, Dion performed "Over the Rainbow" in place of "Imagine" in tribute to her mother, who died earlier that day.
During her second Montreal show on 19 February 2020, Dion invited Mathieu Lafontaine of the band Bleu Jeans Bleu onstage to perform the band's song "Coton ouaté" as a duet.
Tour dates
Cancelled shows
References
Citations
Notes
External links
Celine Dion: In Concert
2019 concert tours
2020 concert tours
Celine Dion concert tours
Concert tours postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic |
Erich Mix (27 June 1898 in Labuhnken (now Trzcińsk, Poland) in West Prussia (now Starogard Gdański) – 9 April 1971 in Wiesbaden) was a German flying ace during World War II, a politician, a member of the Nazi Party, and later a member of the Free Democratic Party.
Biography
Mix fought as an infantryman in World War I before he trained as a fighter pilot and posted to Jagdstaffel 54, where, as an Unteroffizer from June 1918 until the end of the war, he scored three aerial victories (and one unconfirmed balloon) of Jasta 54's total of 22 victories, for which he was awarded both classes of the Iron Cross.
After the war, he studied law at the University of Greifswald and made a career as a leading administrative official. In 1934, he became Mayor of Tilsit (now Sovetsk, Russia) in 1934-37, later of Wiesbaden in 1937-45 and 1954-60. In his first term as mayor of Wiesbaden, most of the Jewish community of Wiesbaden, some 2,700 people in 1933, were murdered and their synagogues were burned, under Mix's leadership. (However, he was again elected mayor in 1954, and he was buried in the honorary section of the Wiesbaden graveyard till 2014.)
In 1935, he started flying again, training as an observer and then as a fighter pilot in 1937.
Serving as technical officer with I./JG 53 at the outbreak of World War II, Mix claimed three French Morane fighters over Saargemünd (now Sarreguemines, France) on 21 September 1939, and four more on 22 November 1939 over Saarbrücken. Appointed to command III./JG 2 in March 1940, he claimed three more Moranes on 21 May 1940, although Mix was shot down and forced to land in a field near Roye on 21 May in Bf 109E-3 W.Nr.1526. After being hospitalized, Mix returned to III./JG 2 on 19 June. He left France with his unit and relocated to Frankfurt/Rhein-Main on 1 July. On 27 July, the unit returned to Évreux-West until 4 August. Mix claimed a Hawker Hurricane on 4 September. Mix remained Gruppenkommandeur of III./JG 2 until 24 September 1940, when he became one of the older commanders dismissed by a frustrated Goering in favour of the younger, up-and-coming aces of 1940; in Mix's case, Hpt. Otto Bertram. Mix's final claim was a Bristol Blenheim over The Hague (Den Haag) in July 1941, while commanding JG 1. He later served as Jafü Bretagne ( Fighter Leader, Brittany) from April 1943 onwards.
During World War II, he claimed eight (potentially 13) aerial victories.
References
Bibliography
Prien, Jochen (1997). Jagdgeschwader 53 A History of the "Pik As" Geschwader March 1937 - May 1942. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing. .
External links
1898 births
1971 deaths
People from Starogard County
German World War II flying aces
Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 1st class
Prussian Army personnel
Free Democratic Party (Germany) politicians
Mayors of Wiesbaden
University of Greifswald alumni
Military personnel from West Prussia
Luftstreitkräfte personnel
German World War I pilots
SS-Standartenführer |
The Transitional Federal Parliament of the Somali Republic (TFP) (; often Baarlamaanka Federaalka Soomaaliya) was the national parliament of Somalia from 2004 until 2012.
In a 2008 report called 'So Much to Fear' Human Rights Watch accused the Transitional Federal Government of human rights abuses and war crimes which include murder, rape, assault, and looting. The report also states that the TFG police force had also been implicated in arbitrary arrests of ordinary civilians in order to extort ransoms from their families. The TFP was succeeded by the Federal Parliament of Somalia.
Overview
The Transitional Federal Institutions (TFIs) were the key foundations of the national government of Somalia. Created in 2004, they included the Transitional Federal Charter (TFC), the Transitional Federal Government (TFG) and the Transitional Federal Parliament (TFP).
The TFP was the parliament of Somalia. It constituted the legislative branch of government, with the Transitional Federal Government representing the executive division. The Transitional Federal Parliament elected the President and Prime Minister, and had the authority to propose and pass laws. It was also in charged of governance and administration of Mogadishu, which was then the seat of the TFG. Members of Parliament (MP) were selected through traditional clan leaders or shura councils.
The Federal Parliament of Somalia was established on August 20, 2012, following the end of the Transitional Federal Government's mandate.
Composition
The Transitional Federal Parliament, officially referred to as the Transitional Federal Assembly (TFA), was a unicameral national assembly.
It was formed in 2004 and originally included 275 members. Following the creation of a unity government in 2008–2009 between the Transitional Federal Government and moderate members of the Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia (ARS), the TFP's seats were increased to 550.
Of those, 475 Members of Parliament were appointed following the 4.5 formula: 1 apportionment went to each of the four major Somali clans, while a coalition of minority clans received a quota of 0.5.
The remaining 75 seats were reserved for business people and civil society representatives. Article 29 of the Transitional Federal Charter also stipulated that at least 12% of all parliamentary members had to be women.
Speaker of Parliament
The first Speaker of the Transitional Federal Parliament was Sharif Hassan Sheikh Aden. He held the position from September 15, 2004 to January 17, 2007, and was succeeded by Adan Mohamed Nuur Madobe.
On May 25, 2010, Sharif Hassan was re-elected parliamentary Speaker.
See also
Judiciary of Somalia
Notes
External links
Chiefs of State and Cabinet Members of Foreign Governments – Somalia
2004 establishments in Somalia
2012 disestablishments in Somalia
Somalia
Elections in Somalia
Factions in the Somali Civil War
Government of Somalia
Somalia
Somalia
Political history of Somalia
Somalia War (2006–2009)
Somali Civil War (2009–present)
Transitional federal government of Somalia |
The 1992–93 season was Blackpool F.C.'s 85th season (82nd consecutive) in the Football League. They competed in the 24-team Division Two, then the third tier of English league football (after the formation of the new Premier League), finishing eighteenth. It was Billy Ayre's second full season as manager.
David Eyres was the club's top league goalscorer, with sixteen goals.
Hartlepool United set a new English football record of thirteen consecutive games without scoring a goal. The streak ended when they visited Bloomfield Road for a league match on 6 March.
Table
References
Bibliography
1992-93
1992–93 Football League Second Division by team |
On 18 July 2016, Riaz Khan Ahmadzai, a 17-year-old refugee from Afghanistan, stabbed and injured five people on and outside a train near Würzburg, Germany. He was shot dead by police soon afterwards, after attacking a police tactical unit with an axe. Investigations revealed he was in contact with members of the Islamic State.
Attack
At about 21:00 local time, on a train traveling on the line between Treuchtlingen and Würzburg, a youth, armed with a hatchet and a knife, stabbed random passengers, injuring a family of four Hong Kongers, two critically. The knifeman then went out of the train, stabbing a woman who was walking her dog, hitting her with the axe twice in the face, seriously injuring her. The perpetrator was located by the police about from the train. The attacker tried to flee and was shot dead by the SEK police tactical unit after they confronted him and he tried to attack them with the hatchet. He reportedly shouted "Allahu Akbar!" during the attack, according to Oliver Platzer, a spokesman for the Bavarian Interior Ministry. Public prosecutor Erik Ohlenschlagern said police heard the attacker call out "Allahu Akbar!" in a recorded emergency call from a witness' mobile phone.
On 20 July, it was announced that Attorney General Peter Frank had taken over the investigation, because of the suspicion that the attacker was a member of Islamic State.
Victims
Five people were wounded in the attack. Four were members from the same family: a woman, her boyfriend and her parents, and were all tourists from Hong Kong. A fifth victim, attacked outside the train, was a local German woman. Fourteen witnesses were treated for shock.
Perpetrator
Riaz Khan Ahmadzai, born on 6 April 1999 (), also known as Muhammad Riyad, was reported to be a 17-year-old Afghan male who arrived in Germany as an unaccompanied child refugee in 2015. He first lived in a refugee camp in Ochsenfurt, then for two weeks with a foster family in Gaukönigshofen southwest of Ochsenfurt, both in the district Würzburg. Prosecutors learnt the perpetrator wanted to avenge the death of a friend who had been killed in Afghanistan. Authorities later discovered evidence showing that Ahmadzai was in contact with a suspected Islamic State member and had originally been asked to drive a car into a crowd of people. Ahmadzai declined this suggestion as he was not able to drive the car. Instead, he told his contact that he would plan and carry out a train attack.
Die Welt reported that "he was a devout Muslim," but was not perceived as fanatical. Amaq News Agency published a two-and-a-half minute video, allegedly of him speaking in Pashto, proclaiming himself a soldier of the Caliphate, threatening further ISIL attacks in "every village, city and airport" and holding a knife. German officials were checking if the man in the video was in fact the attacker. The Chief of the German Chancellery, Peter Altmaier, told ZDF television, "The security authorities expect that this video is in all likelihood authentic".
Police found a hand-painted ISIL flag at his foster family's home, along with a letter he appeared to have written to his father, which they said read: "And now pray for me that I can get revenge on these non-believers, pray for me that I go to heaven."
Reactions
Authorities temporarily closed the train line between Ochsenfurt and Würzburg-Heidingsfeld.
Bavarian Interior Minister Joachim Herrmann said, "There are witnesses that suggest there may be an Islamic background to this but that is far from clear at this point." Both he and Landeskriminalamt spokesman Fabian Hench declined to confirm the attacker said "Allahu Akbar". Herrmann said it did not appear the victims were targeted for being Chinese. On 21 July, Herrmann demanded stricter control of the German borders. People without valid papers had to be adhered and checked at the border. "We can't let it slide this way anymore", Herrmann said. Hermann also criticised slow asylum proceedings. No fingerprints were taken of the perpetrator and no hearing of him took place.
German Chancellor Angela Merkel condemned the attack as an "incredibly cruel act" and promised that everything would be done by the authorities to prevent further attacks.
Rolf Tophoven, director of the Crisis Prevention Institute in Essen told Le Monde that the perpetrator was "integrated" and wasn't known to police or intelligence agencies. He said he appeared to have been radicalised overnight, perhaps through frustration, hopelessness and online ISIL propaganda, and that the case appeared similar to that of Mohamed Lahouaiej-Bouhlel, who committed the 2016 Nice truck attack, or Omar Mateen of the 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting, because of their lack of direct connection to ISIL.
Amaq News Agency, an online presence associated with the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, citing an "inside source", said the attacker was "a soldier of the Islamic State who executed the operation in response to calls to target nations in the coalition fighting the Islamic State".
Hong Kong Chief Executive Leung Chun-ying has condemned the attack as he dispatched a team of immigration officers to accompany the victims’ relatives to Germany. The Hong Kong Economic and Trade Office in Berlin dispatched staff to visit the injured. Leung said he was saddened by the incident and expressed his sympathy.
The attack was linked to the European migrant crisis, and was reported to have raised more questions about Angela Merkel's open-door refugee policy. The attack was compared to a knife attack at Hanover main station earlier that year on 26 February.
Former federal minister Renate Künast of the Green Party was ridiculed by police union chief Rainer Wendt as a "parliamentary smart aleck" for asking why the perpetrator was shot dead instead of arrested alive.
See also
List of Islamist terrorist attacks
List of terrorist incidents in July 2016
2021 Würzburg stabbing
Munich knife attack
Reutlingen knife attack
Immigration and crime in Germany
2017 Düsseldorf axe attack
References
2016 in Bavaria
2016 in rail transport
History of rail transport in Germany
ISIL terrorist incidents in Germany
Islamic terrorist incidents in 2016
July 2016 crimes in Europe
July 2016 events in Germany
Mass stabbings in Germany
Stabbing attacks in 2016
Terrorist incidents in Germany in 2016
Terrorist incidents involving knife attacks
Islamic terrorism in Germany
History of Würzburg
Refugees in Germany
Knife attacks
Axe attacks
2016 crimes in Germany |
Xak Precious Package: The Tower of Gazzel is a fantasy role-playing video game developed and published by the Japanese software developer MicroCabin. The game is a direct sequel to Xak: The Art of Visual Stage and Xak II: The Rising of the Red Moon. While technically being the third installment of the series, The Tower of Gazzel is a sidestory taking place between the events of Xak II and Xak III. The game was released in Japan only.
Story
After Latok Kart defeated Zamu Gospel during the events portrayed in Xak II, he and his friends are intrigued by rumours of a demonic tower and a man looking like Latok roaming its neighbourhood. The appearance of a false Latok and the kidnapping of Rune Greed's family are ploys to lure the two descendants of Duel into the tower, laid by the villains Al Acrila, Gill Berzes and a demon called Zegraya. Using Latok and Rune, they plan to resurrect the ancient demon Gazzel, a demon with unimaginable power comparable to destroying an entire mountain in a single attack.
Gameplay
The player controls Latok, looking onto the game world in bird's-eye view. Latok can swing his sword, optionally firing magical shots from its tip at the expense of magic points, and jump short distances. The player can choose to take along one of a party of four characters on his exploration of the tower. Each of these so-called 'support members' subtly change Latok's statistics, in addition to triggering different events within the game.
The entirety of the Tower is a large labyrinth spanning six floors, each with an elemental theme: darkness for the basement and respectively earth, fire, water, wind and heaven for the first through fifth floors. The game is one large puzzle with the goal of reaching the bottom floor and defeating Zegraya and Gazzel there. Many of the puzzles revolve around the fact the floors are heavily interconnected. On the floor of fire for example, there is a large wall of flames that Latok cannot pass through in any way. On the water floor above, there is a large door that once opened, pours a large amount of water into a hole in the floor, dousing the flames below.
Another part of the puzzles involves the choice of which support member to take along. Support members don't just affect Latok's combat statistics, but some points in the game can only be passed with the right support member tagging along. There are even items in the game that Latok cannot use himself, but the right supportmember can. As an example, Latok finds a magical scroll with a lightning spell inscribed, but doesn't master enough magic to cast them himself. On a certain part of the first floor, there is a seemingly impassable wall of rubble. When Fray is selected as a support member, she will snatch the lightning scroll from Latok and use it to blast a path through the rubble.
The game can only be saved at a fixed point at the entrance to the tower. To prevent the player having to backtrack just to save his game, various items can be found that will teleport Latok and his support member back to the entrance or to a fixed point inside the tower.
Contrary to its predecessors, The Tower of Gazzel does not use an experience point system, nor does currency of any kind appear in the game. Latok starts the game at level 50, as he was at the end of Xak II, and does not advance; this instead occurs in Xak III. New equipment is also unavailable, Latok sticks with the sword, armor and shield he had at Xak II's end throughout this game. This eliminates the need for the player to spend large amounts of time on 'leveling up', collecting enough experience points and/or gold to have the player character grow strong enough or buy new equipment, respectively. In this way, the game's emphasis is more on the puzzle aspect than on the combat. A kind of advancement system is retained in that Latok can find different pairs of gauntlets in the tower, each pair enhancing his combat statistics further.
The game engine is almost identical to Xak II's, preserving the real-time combat aspect. Some music and graphics were even recycled from the previous installment. Compared to Xak II, Xak Gazzel runs much smoother even on a regular MSX2, prompting for much less and shorter loading times.
Characters
The possible supportmembers and their abilities are as follows:
Fray Jerbain, emphasises Latok's magic ability and can replenish his magic points. Adds the ability to use magic scrolls to solve puzzles.
Lou Miri Pixie, adds to Latok's defence and can replenish his hit points. Adds the ability to activate certain mechanisms within the tower.
Horn Ashtar, adds to Latok's magic ability and defence and can replenish his magic points. Adds the ability to read ancient languages and communicate with the spirits of the deceased.
Rune Greed, adds to Latok's attack and defence ratings. Adds the ability to enter certain doors.
Al Acrila, a demon that Rune Greed had a previous battle with who is out for revenge.
Gill Berzes, a demon that Rune Greed had a previous battle with who is out for revenge.
Zegraya, sent by the general of the demon army, Zomu Dizae, to eliminate Latok Kart and Rune Greed by any means necessary. He plans to use the power of the newly resurrected Gazzel to destroy the god's descendants.
Gazzel, whose resurrection is the main focal point of Zegraya and his underlings.
In addition, the single save point in the game is represented by the healer Fell Bow. Except for the villains, the game uses very little non-player characters, emphasising on the puzzling aspect even more.
External links
XyZ: A Tribute to the Xak, Ys and Zelda Series
Flame Bird
1991 video games
Action role-playing video games
Dungeon crawler video games
Fantasy video games
Japan-exclusive video games
Microcabin games
MSX2 games
NEC PC-8801 games
NEC PC-9801 games
Single-player video games
Video games about demons
Video games developed in Japan |
Haitong International Securities Group Limited known as Haitong International is a stock brokerage firm and investment bank based in Hong Kong, it is the first market maker from China at Nasdaq.
It was known as Tai Fook Securities which was owned by Chow Tai Fook–New World Development group until 2009.
History
Tai Fook Securities era
When the firm was known as Tai Fook Securities, it was accused that the firm lowered its commission below Stock Exchange of Hong Kong's minimum, by gifts from sister companies Chow Tai Fook Jewellery and New World Telephone in 1999.
Haitong International Securities Group era
Tai Fook Securities was then takeover by the Chinese firm Haitong Securities in 2009. Haitong Securities paid HK$1.82 billion to acquire the controlling stake of Tai Fook Securities from NWS Holdings. After the takeover, Tai Fook Securities was renamed to Haitong International Securities Group.
Haitong International is the first Chinese financial institution in Hong Kong to have been assigned a “BBB” long-term credit rating by Standard and Poor's. In November 2016 Haitong International Securities acquired Haitong Securities India from Haitong Bank, a sister company that formerly known as Banco Espírito Santo de Investimento.
References
External links
Financial services companies of Hong Kong
Financial services companies established in 1973
Chinese brands
1973 establishments in Hong Kong |
A hunting bag is a bag used by the hunter to transport their equipment, food and hunting accessories, e.g. cartridges, etc. It is usually a medium size bag since it is also used to carry captured pieces. Made of leather or fabric, the satchel is generally equipped with a large strap passed around the neck to hang it over the shoulder. There are hunting jackets with an integrated pouch on the back.
Description
Hunting bags are traditionally made of strong leather and worn over the shoulder on a wide strap. They are rectangular and contain compartments for small items, which are protected by the bag's lid, which is usually large. There are strings usually attached to it, (sometimes with rings in its end) to hang dead birds. For short-term hunts, the so-called American hunting bags, which have a square-round-oblong shape, are the most convenient.
References
Bibliography
Ягдаш // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона :v 86 t. (82 tons and 4 copies). — SBB., 1890—1907.
Ягдташ // Товарный словарь / И. А. Пугачёв (главный редактор). — М.: Государственное издательство торговой literaturы, 1961. —T. IX. — Стб. 976-977.
External links
Hunting |
Yuan Xinyi may refer to:
Yuen Shun-yi or Yuan Xinyi, Chinese actor and stunt coordinator
Xinyi Yuan, Chinese mathematician |
William John Scott (August 2, 1920 – November 29, 1985) was an American voice actor, writer and producer for animated cartoons, primarily associated with Jay Ward and UPA, as well as one of the founding members of ASIFA-Hollywood. He is probably best known as the head writer, co-producer and the voice of several characters from the popular programs Rocky and His Friends and The Bullwinkle Show.
Early life
Scott was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on August 2, 1920. The family later moved to Trenton, New Jersey. At the age of 15, Bill developed tuberculosis. Having been told that Denver, Colorado was the best place for tuberculosis treatment, the family moved to Denver in 1936. His father worked there as a machinist, and his mother worked as a waitress at the Brown Palace Hotel. Scott graduated from South High School in Denver, and then graduated from the University of Denver in 1941. He majored in Theater and Dramatic Art, and minored in English. He was trained to be a school teacher, but after trying teaching, he decided he wanted a different career. He then worked as a freelance radio performer on several Denver radio stations.
Career
During World War II, he served in the U.S. Army's First Motion Picture Unit (reporting to Lt. Ronald Reagan), where he worked with such animators as Frank Thomas. After the war, he became what was then known as a "story man" at Warner Bros., working under director Arthur Davis. After a job as a writer on Bob Clampett's Time For Beany television puppet show, he later worked at United Productions of America where he was one of the writers who adapted Dr. Seuss's original story for the 1950 Academy Award-winning short Gerald McBoing-Boing, which later became a television show, as well as adapting the 1953 Academy Award-nominated short film of Edgar Allan Poe's The Tell-Tale Heart. He was later let go by UPA. Scott believed this was because UPA was under political pressure during the Red Scare of the 1950s. He believed UPA that consequently dismissed his co-writer for participating in left-wing activities, and threw out Scott as well in the process.
Scott then went on to work on animated cartoons for John Sutherland Productions. This work was mainly on behalf of business organizations, such as the United States Chamber of Commerce. While this work reflected more conservative values than his own, he stayed there for four years because the company paid its writers well. He grew weary of the messages his employer wanted in his work, and tried to leave, but said "I kept trying to tell them I quit, but they kept stuffing my mouth with money." He finally left and went back to work for UPA for a time.
Scott worked as a voice actor as well when he joined Jay Ward as head writer and co-producer, and voice acted in such television series as The Bullwinkle Show (most notably as Bullwinkle and Mister Peabody, as well as Dudley Do-Right). In a 1982 interview, Scott said, "I got a call from Jay [Ward] asking if I'd be interested in writing another series, an adventure script with a moose and a squirrel. I said, 'Sure.' I didn't know if I could write an adventure with a moose and a squirrel, but I never turned down a job." Scott never received an on-screen credit for his voice acting on any of the Ward series.
He also wrote many commercials for General Mills because General Mills had financed much of The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, and the Quaker Oats Company, most notably those for Cap'n Crunch cereal. The voices of Rocky, Nell, Fenwick and many of the feminine roles were performed by June Foray, although Scott's wife, Dorothy, voiced several female parts as well.
Scott was a voice director on The Gerald McBoing-Boing Show and a dialogue director on the 1959 animated comedy feature film 1001 Arabian Nights.
He starred in the George of the Jungle series as George, Super Chicken, and Tom Slick, as well as Fractured Flickers and Hoppity Hooper. Scott also did live-action acting on the television show The Duck Factory, which starred Jim Carrey, as well as featuring noted voice actors Don Messick and Frank Welker. In the episode "The Annie Awards", Scott plays the emcee at an award ceremony for cartoonists.
Scott was a member of the Screen Cartoonist's Guild of which he was President in 1952. He was also a member of the Screen Actors Guild and was elected to the Board of Governors of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.
Later career
Toward the end of his career, Scott worked for Disney, where he voiced Moosel on The Wuzzles, and was Gruffi Gummi, Sir Tuxford, and Toadwart, aka Toadie in Disney's Adventures of the Gummi Bears (he was succeeded by Corey Burton, Roger C. Carmel, and Brian Cummings after his death). Gummi Bears, his last role, had also reunited him with June Foray, his Rocky and Bullwinkle co-star. Scott was also a singer and performer, active with a Little Theatre group in Tujunga called the Foothill Curtain Raisers, and a church theater, the Ascension Players. He was a member of the choir at Ascension Episcopal Church, Tujunga, and spent time in church leadership there as Senior Warden. He was also a member of the Cañada-Savoy G&S troupe in La Cañada, California.
Death
Scott died of a heart attack at age 65 on November 29, 1985 in Tujunga, Los Angeles, California. He was cremated, and his ashes were scattered in the Santa Barbara Channel off Ventura.
Notes
Further reading
Jim Korkis. "Bullwinkle at Warner's: Bill Scott's Early Days at Warner Bros, an Interview by Jim Korkis." Animato no.20 (Spring 1990), pp. 7–9.
References
Television producers from Pennsylvania
1920 births
1985 deaths
20th-century American male actors
American male screenwriters
American male voice actors
American television writers
First Motion Picture Unit personnel
Jay Ward Productions
Male actors from Philadelphia
American male television writers
American voice directors
University of Denver alumni
Warner Bros. Cartoons people
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American screenwriters |
Holland Park West busway station is located in Brisbane, Australia serving the suburb of Holland Park West. It opened on 30 April 2001 when the South East Busway was extended from Woolloongabba to Eight Mile Plains.
It is served by seven routes operated by Transport for Brisbane and Clarks Logan City Bus Service as part of the Translink network.
A bus stop for local services is situated on Sterculia Avenue directly beneath the busway platforms. The station also features bicycle storage lockers and kiss & ride drop off facilities.
References
External links
[ Holland Park West station] TransLink
Bus stations in Brisbane
Holland Park, Queensland
Transport infrastructure completed in 2001 |
The 82nd (West African) Division was formed under British control during the Second World War. It took part in the later stages of the Burma Campaign and was disbanded in Burma between May and September 1946.
History
Formation
The inspiration for the division's formation came from General George Giffard. He had extensive experience of leading East African troops, and early in the Second World War became the commander of Britain's West Africa Command. He was eager for troops from Britain's African colonies to play their part in the war. When he was subsequently appointed to command India Command's Eastern Army, facing the Japanese army on the frontier between India and Burma, he requested that the two divisions being organised in West Africa be used in the Burma campaign.
The division was formed from the existing 1st (West African) Infantry Brigade and 2nd (West African) Infantry Brigade, both of which had previously taken part in the East African Campaign in 1940 and 1941, and the freshly raised 4th (Nigerian) Infantry Brigade. The Division's headquarters was created on 1 August 1943. It followed the 81st (West African) Division in the numbering sequence of British war-raised infantry divisions. The HQ took control of its sub-units on 1 November 1943.
The division's formation sign was crossed spears on a porter's headband, in black (sometimes white) on a yellow shield.
Burma campaign
On 20 May 1944, the division sailed for Ceylon, where the complete division was assembled on 20 July. In August the organisation was slightly changed, with supporting arms which had previously been distributed between the brigades being controlled centrally by the division HQ. The division was organised on a "head load" basis, with porters carrying all heavy equipment and supplies. Although many of the troops were from the savannah of northern Ghana and Nigeria, they were well-trained and effective when operating in jungle and mountains.
After further training, the division took part in the third Arakan campaign in December 1944 under Indian XV Corps. On 15 December the Division captured Buthidaung on the Kalapanzin River and created a bridgehead on the east bank of the river. This allowed allied troops to control the Maungdaw-Buthidaung road which had been contested for three years and enabled the transport of 650 river craft by road through railway tunnels to Buthidaung to supply Indian troops in the Mayu Range.
The 82nd Division (supported by 28th Anti-tank Regiment IA and 33rd Mountain Artillery Regiment IA) then crossed a steep and jungle-covered mountain range to converge with the British 81st (West African) Division on Myohaung near the mouth of the Kaladan River. This move forced the Japanese to evacuate the Mayu peninsula which they had held for almost four years and retreat south along the coast. As they retreated, British commandos from the 3rd Commando Brigade and units of the Indian 25th Infantry Division landed in inlets and chaungs ahead of them. Caught between the troops landing from the sea and the pursuing 82nd African Division, the Japanese suffered heavy casualties.
At this point, air supply was withdrawn from the Arakan front to allow the transport aircraft to supply the Allied forces in Central Burma. The 82nd Division's carrier battalions carried all supplies and equipment for the division from this point.
The Japanese 54th Division holding the Arakan was divided into two detachments holding the roads across the Arakan Hills leading from An and Taungup. The 82nd Division was asked to cross the Dalet Chaung and hilly terrain to approach the An Pass from the north west, while being supplied by air. The 1st and 4th (Nigerian) Brigades suffered heavy casualties in opening the routes to Kaw and Kyweguseik in late February. The 4th Brigade even lost two of its commanding officers. By March, the division captured Dalet Chaung and the strategic supply base of Tamandu, in coordination with Indian units.
The Gold Coast 2nd Brigade based at Letmauk subsequently became the target of intense Japanese counter-attacks, sustaining heavy casualties. They were forced to withdraw, covered by the 1st (Nigerian) Brigade. By sending long distance fighting patrols to harass the Japanese flanks, the Nigerian unit was able to force a Japanese retreat and retake An on 13 May 1945. Meanwhile, the main body of the division, with the East African 22nd Brigade under command, advanced south from Tamandu. By the end of May Kindaungyyi, Taungup and Sandoway had been captured. Campaigning ceased during the monsoon rains but the war ended a few weeks later.
Memorials
During the third Arakan campaign, the 82nd Division suffered 2,085 casualties, the highest of any unit in XV Corps. Some of those killed were buried in jungle tracts, but many Nigerian graves remain in cemeteries at the Dalet Chaung near Tamandu and the Taukkyan War Cemetery. Others are remembered at the War Memorial in Rangoon.
Other commemorations of the division's (and its component formations') service are the names of Dodan, An, Myohaung, Arakan and Marda Barracks in Lagos; Letmauk Barracks in Ibadan; Dalet, Mogadishu, Colito and Kalapanzin Barracks in Kaduna; the Chindit Barracks in Zaria;Arakan Barracks in Accra; Myohaung Barracks in Takoradi;
Order of Battle
General Officer Commanding : Major General George McIlree Stanton Bruce (replaced due to illness by Major General Hugh Charles Stockwell 12 January 1945)
On formation
The division's brigades were originally organised as infantry brigade groups.
1st (West Africa) Infantry Brigade
1st Battalion, Nigeria Regiment
2nd Battalion, Nigeria Regiment
3rd Battalion, Nigeria Regiment
5th (West Africa) Auxiliary Group
1st (West Africa) Light Battery, West African Artillery (WAA)
2x Troops 3.7 inch mountain guns
1 Troop 4 x 3 inch Mortars
1st (West Africa) Field Company, West African Engineers (WAE)
1st (West Africa) Field Ambulance, West African Army Medical Corps (WAAMC)
details West Africa Army Service Corps (WAASC)
1st (West Africa) Infantry Brigade Provost Section
2nd (West Africa) Infantry Brigade
1st Battalion, Gold Coast Regiment
2nd Battalion, Gold Coast Regiment
3rd Battalion, Gold Coast Regiment
6th (West Africa) Auxiliary Group, Gold Coast Regiment
2nd (West Africa) Light Battery, (WAA)
2x Troops 3.7 inch mountain guns
1 Troop 4 x 3 inch Mortars
2nd (West Africa) Field Company,(WAE)
2nd (West Africa) Field Ambulance, (WAAMC)
details (WAASC)
2nd (West Africa) Infantry Brigade Provost Section
4th (West Africa) Infantry Brigade
5th Battalion, Nigeria Regiment
9th Battalion, Nigeria Regiment
10th Battalion, Nigeria Regiment
2nd (West Africa) Auxiliary Group
4th (West Africa) Light Battery, (WAA)
2x Troops 3.7 inch mountain guns
1 Troop 4 x 3 inch Mortars
4th (West Africa) Field Company, (WAE)
4th (West Africa) Field Ambulance, (WAAMC)
details (WAASC)
4th (West Africa) Infantry Brigade Provost Section
Division Troops
Artillery
2nd Light Anti-Aircraft/Anti-Tank Regiment, (WAA) (joined 12 December 1943)
102nd Light Regiment (WWA) (formed 1 July 1944 from the 1st 2nd and 4th Light Batteries 3.7 inch guns)
1st 2nd and 4th Light Batteries
42nd Mortar Regiment, (WAA) (formed 1 August 1944, formed from the mortar troops of the 1st 2nd and 4th Light Batteries)
Reconnaissance
81st (West African) Division Regiment, West African Armoured Corps (reconnaissance)
Engineers
1st Field Company, (WAE) (from 1st (WA) Brigade 22 August 1944)
2nd Field Company, (WAE) (from 2nd (WA) Brigade 1 August 1944)
4th Field Company, (WAE) (from 4th (WA) Brigade 1 August 1944)
9th Field Park Company, (WAE)
Bearers
7th (West African) Auxiliary Group
Division Troops
81st (West African) Divisional Signals
On Reorganisation
in October 1944 the division was reorganised as a standard division, (not as brigade groups).
1st (West Africa) Infantry Brigade
1st Battalion, Nigeria Regiment
2nd Battalion, Nigeria Regiment
3rd Battalion, Nigeria Regiment
5th (West Africa) Auxiliary Group
2nd (West Africa) Infantry Brigade
1st Battalion, Gold Coast Regiment
2nd Battalion, Gold Coast Regiment
3rd Battalion, Gold Coast Regiment
6th (West Africa) Auxiliary Group, Gold Coast Regiment
4th (West Africa) Infantry Brigade
5th Battalion, Nigeria Regiment
9th Battalion, Nigeria Regiment
10th Battalion, Nigeria Regiment
2nd (West Africa) Auxiliary Group
Divisional Units
Artillery
102nd Light Regiment, (WAA)
1st, 2nd, 4th Light Batteries
42nd Mortar Regiment, (WAA)
22nd Anti-Tank Regiment, West African Artillery
Engineers
1st Field Company, West African Engineers
2nd Field Company, West African Engineers
4th Field Company, West African Engineers
9th Field Park Company, West African Engineers
Bearers
7th (West African) Auxiliary Group
Service Corps (WAASC)
82nd (West African) Infantry Division Transport Regiment
825th and 836th Divisional Transport Company, (WAASC)
1784th, 1785th, 1786th, 1787th Composite Platoons (WAASC)
26th and 29th Field Butchery Sections, (WAASC)
West African Army Medical Corps (WAAMC)
1st (West Africa) Field Ambulance, WAAMC
2nd (West Africa) Field Ambulance, WAAMC
4th (West Africa) Field Ambulance, WAAMC
82nd (West Africa) Field Hygiene Section, WAAMC
West African Electrical & Mechanical Engineers (WAEME)
1003rd, 1004th and 1005th Mobile Workshops, WAEME
1016th - 1022nd Light Aid Detachments, WAEME
Division Troops
81st (West African) Divisional Signals
82nd (West Africa) Divisional Postal Unit
119th Field Cash Office, West African Army Pay Corps
82nd Field Security Section
276th Divisional Provost Company
See also
Military history of Nigeria during World War II
81st (West African) Division
References
Bibliography
Notes
External links
Burma Star organisation page
Divisional Histories
British World War II divisions
Infantry divisions of the United Kingdom
Military units and formations established in 1943
Military units and formations disestablished in 1945
Military units and formations of the British Empire in World War II
D |
Triportheus is a genus of characiform fishes from South America, including Trinidad, ranging from the Rio de la Plata basin to the basins of the Orinoco and Magdalena. Some are migratory.
The largest species is up to in standard length, but most reach up to about of that size or less. They somewhat resemble larger, more elongated hatchetfish, including a keeled chest and large pectoral fins. This leads to the common names narrow hatchetfish and elongate hatchetfish, the latter also used more specifically for T. elongatus. Their shape is an adaption for living near the water surface where they find most of their food such as fruits, seeds, leaves, flowers, other plant material, invertebrates (insects, spiders and alike) and occasionally small fish. Seeds eaten by Triportheus are sometimes crushed, but may also pass undamaged through the fish, making them potential seed dispersers.
Species
There are currently 18 recognized species in this genus:
Triportheus albus Cope, 1872
Triportheus angulatus (Spix & Agassiz, 1829)
Triportheus auritus (Valenciennes, 1850)
Triportheus brachipomus (Valenciennes, 1850)
Triportheus culter (Cope, 1872)
Triportheus curtus (Garman, 1890)
Triportheus elongatus (Günther, 1864) (Elongate hatchetfish)
Triportheus guentheri (Garman, 1890)
Triportheus magdalenae (Steindachner, 1878)
Triportheus nematurus (Kner, 1858)
Triportheus orinocensis M. C. S. L. Malabarba, 2004
Triportheus pantanensis M. C. S. L. Malabarba, 2004
Triportheus paranensis (Günther, 1874) (Tetra)
Triportheus pictus (Garman, 1890)
Triportheus rotundatus (Jardine, 1841)
Triportheus signatus (Garman, 1890)
Triportheus trifurcatus (Castelnau, 1855)
Triportheus venezuelensis M. C. S. L. Malabarba, 2004
References
Triportheidae
Characiformes genera
Taxa named by Edward Drinker Cope |
Les Goodman (born September 1, 1950) was a former running back in the National Football League (NFL). He played professionally for the Atlanta Falcons and the Green Bay Packers.
Early life
Goodman was born Leslie Edward Goodman Jr. in Port Jefferson, New York, and graduated from Port Jefferson High School. He played college football at Yankton College, where he was a teammate of future All-Pro defensive end Lyle Alzado.
Career
Goodman was drafted in the third round of the 1972 NFL Draft by the Atlanta Falcons. He played two seasons with the Green Bay Packers.
See also
List of Green Bay Packers players
References
External links
Pro-Football-Reference.Com
databaseFootball.com
1950 births
Living people
People from Port Jefferson, New York
Sportspeople from Brookhaven, New York
Players of American football from Suffolk County, New York
Green Bay Packers players
American football running backs
Yankton Greyhounds football players |
Mohamed Gamal was an Egyptian footballer. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1928 Summer Olympics.
References
External links
Year of birth missing
Possibly living people
Egyptian men's footballers
Egypt men's international footballers
Olympic footballers for Egypt
Footballers at the 1928 Summer Olympics
Place of birth missing
Men's association football midfielders |
The Lac des Quinze is a freshwater body extending into the municipalities of Moffet, Laverlochère-Angliers, Latulipe-et-Gaboury, Quebec, Guérin, and Rémigny in the Témiscamingue (RCM), in the Abitibi-Témiscamingue administrative region, in Quebec, in Canada.
Geography
Covering and forming a large open crescent to the North, "Lac des Quinze" is a major expansion of the Ottawa River. With a length of and a maximum width of , "Lac des Quinze" gets its supply on the East side by the Ottawa River which crosses Lac Simard (Temiscamingue) (altitude: 263 m) and Grassy Lake (Témiscamingue).
In addition, "Lac des Quinze" is powered by:
South side: the Fraser River that flows into Gillies Bay, one of many bays created by the particular configuration of the water body;
East side: McFadden River (coming from the South) draining the waters of Rondelet Lake and Béquille Creek;
North side: the outlet of lakes Lébret, Rocher, Martin, Petit lac Perreault, Beaumesnil Lake, Klock and Wasps; the waters of the Little Roger River which drains the lakes Beaudry lake, Gérin-Lajoie, Gaboury and the Langelier; discharge of a series of lakes located north of the village of Rémigny, Quebec.
After crossing the "Lac des Quinze", the current of the Ottawa River leaves the Baie Perron to flow on (at the limit of the municipalities of Guérin and from Saint-Eugène-de-Guigues, Quebec) westerly through a series of rapids: Cypress, Kakake, Islands and Fifteen. At the end of this segment of the river, the current flows through the "First Fall" near the village of Notre-Dame-du-Nord, Quebec. Then the waters flow to the west, in Paulson Bay north of Lake Timiskaming.
The municipalities administering the territory of "Lac des Quinze" are: Guérin (northern part) and Laverlochère-Angliers (southwestern part) and Latulipe-et-Gaboury, Quebec (for Gillies Bay, at the extreme South). The shape of the lake surrounds by the southwest Lac des Quinze Biodiversity Reserve, located in the territory of Laverlochère-Angliers. This reserve stops in the East at the Little Roger River and in the North, at "Des Wasps Lake". A bay of "Lac des Quinze", deep in , stretches northward in the middle of the reserve territory.
Toponymy
A March 1868 survey report by Lindsay Russell reports the "Lac des Quinze". The origin of the name of the lake and the "Des Quinze River" is explained in another survey report dated May 1873 by Walter McOuat, who writes that he "went up the Ottawa to "Lac des Quinze", a distance of about ,... This part of the Outaouais is designated in the locality under the name "Les Quinze", which comes from the fact that, to go up in a canoe, it is necessary to make about fifteen portages "(corresponding to as many cascades or falls).
In the middle of the 19th century, logging in the "Lac des Quinze" sector began at the initiative of logging companies. Between 1884 and 1910, several settlers gradually settled on the south shore of "Lac des Quinze". In 1883, John Morrison, a former employee of the Hudson's Bay Company, built a trading post at Gillies Bay (South of "Lac des Quinze") to trade furs with the Amerindians for others products.
Around 1912, a hydroelectric dam was built on the Ottawa River, at the outlet of Lake Quinze. In 1947, this barrage of "Des Quinze" (English: the Fifteen) will then be raised and three other dams, with power stations, will appear downstream.
The toponym "Lac des Quinze" (in French) was formalized on December 5, 1968, at the Bank of Place Names of the Commission de toponymie du Québec.
See also
Ottawa River, a watercourse
Little Roger River, a watercourse
McFadden River, a watercourse
Fraser River (Ottawa River), a watercourse
Lac Simard (Temiscamingue), a body of water
Grassy Lake (Témiscamingue), a body of water
Lake Timiskaming, a body of water
Rémigny Lake, a body of water
Centrale des Rapides-des-Quinze, a hydroelectric power station
Biodiversity Reserve of Lake des Quinze
Laverlochère-Angliers, a municipality
Moffet, Quebec, a municipality
Latulipe-et-Gaboury, Quebec, a municipality
Guérin, Quebec, a municipality
Rémigny, Quebec, a municipality
List of lakes in Canada
References
Lakes of Abitibi-Témiscamingue |
Margaret of France (, ; 1158 – 18 September 1197) was junior Queen of England by marriage to Henry the Young King until his death in 1183, and Queen of Hungary and Croatia by marriage to Béla III of Hungary from 1186.
Family history
Margaret was the eldest daughter of Louis VII of France by his second wife Constance of Castile. Her older half-sisters, Marie and Alix, were also older half-sisters of her future husband.
She was betrothed to Henry the Young King on 2 November 1160. Henry was the second son of King Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine. He was five years old at the time of this agreement while Margaret was about two. Margaret's dowry was the vital and much disputed territory of Vexin.
Queen of England
Margaret's husband became co-ruler with his father in 1170. Because Archbishop Thomas Becket was in exile, Margaret was not crowned along with her husband on 14 July 1170. This omission and the coronation being handled by a surrogate greatly angered her father. To please the French King, Henry II had his son and Margaret crowned together in Winchester Cathedral on 27 August 1172. When Margaret became pregnant, she held her confinement in Paris, where she gave birth prematurely to their only son William on 19 June 1177, who died three days later on 22 June. She had no further children.
Margaret was accused in 1182 of having a love affair with William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke, although contemporary chroniclers doubted the truth of these accusations. Henry may have started the process to have their marriage annulled ostensibly due to her adultery, but in reality, because she could not have children. Margaret was sent back to France, according to E. Hallam (The Plantagenets) and Amy Kelly (Eleonore of Aquitaine and the Four Kings), to ensure her safety during the civil war with Young Henry's brother Richard the Lionheart. Her husband died in 1183 while on campaign in the Dordogne region of France. The coronet he and she would have worn was chronicled in about 1218 as "the traditional ring-of-roses coronet of the house of Anjou". Margaret may have taken her coronet to Hungary in 1186 when she married King Bela III. A ring-of-roses coronet was discovered in a convent grave in Budapest in 1838, which may be the same one.
Queen of Hungary
After receiving a substantial pension in exchange for surrendering her dowry of Gisors and the Vexin, Margaret became the second wife of Béla III of Hungary in 1186.
She was widowed for a second time in 1196 and died on pilgrimage to the Holy Land at St John of Acre in 1197, having only arrived eight days prior to her death. She was buried at the Cathedral of Tyre, according to Ernoul, the chronicler who continued the chronicles of William of Tyre.
Notes
References
Sources
|-
|-
1158 births
1197 deaths
French princesses
English royal consorts
Duchesses of Normandy
Countesses of Anjou
Countesses of Maine
House of Capet
Margaret
House of Árpád
Queens consort of Hungary
12th-century French people
12th-century English people
12th-century Hungarian people
12th-century French women
12th-century English women
12th-century Hungarian women
Henry the Young King
Remarried royal consorts
Daughters of kings |
```java
package com.lzy.ninegridview.model.evaluation.bean;
import java.io.Serializable;
import java.util.ArrayList;
/** */
public class Evaluation implements Serializable{
public int totalCount; //
public int pageNo; //
public int pageCount;
public int goodCount;
public int badCount;
public int middleCount;
public String goodPD; //
public ArrayList<EvaluationItem> evaluataions;
public int getTotalCount() {
return totalCount;
}
public void setTotalCount(int totalCount) {
this.totalCount = totalCount;
}
public int getPageNo() {
return pageNo;
}
public void setPageNo(int pageNo) {
this.pageNo = pageNo;
}
public int getPageCount() {
return pageCount;
}
public void setPageCount(int pageCount) {
this.pageCount = pageCount;
}
public int getGoodCount() {
return goodCount;
}
public void setGoodCount(int goodCount) {
this.goodCount = goodCount;
}
public int getBadCount() {
return badCount;
}
public void setBadCount(int badCount) {
this.badCount = badCount;
}
public int getMiddleCount() {
return middleCount;
}
public void setMiddleCount(int middleCount) {
this.middleCount = middleCount;
}
public String getGoodPD() {
return goodPD;
}
public void setGoodPD(String goodPD) {
this.goodPD = goodPD;
}
public ArrayList<EvaluationItem> getEvaluataions() {
return evaluataions;
}
public void setEvaluataions(ArrayList<EvaluationItem> evaluataions) {
this.evaluataions = evaluataions;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Evaluation{" +
"totalCount=" + totalCount +
", pageNo=" + pageNo +
", pageCount=" + pageCount +
", goodCount=" + goodCount +
", badCount=" + badCount +
", middleCount=" + middleCount +
", goodPD='" + goodPD + '\'' +
", evaluataions=" + evaluataions +
'}';
}
}
``` |
Malvand () may refer to:
Malvand, Razavi Khorasan
Malvand, South Khorasan |
The Metropolitan Area Express (MAX) is a light rail system serving the Portland metropolitan area in the U.S. state of Oregon. Owned and operated by TriMet, it consists of five lines that together connect the six sections of Portland; the communities of Beaverton, Clackamas, Gresham, Hillsboro, Milwaukie, and Oak Grove; and Portland International Airport to Portland City Center. Trains run seven days a week with headways of between 30 minutes off-peak and three minutes during rush hours. In 2019, MAX had an average daily ridership of 120,900, or 38.8 million annually. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which impacted public transit use globally, annual ridership plummeted, with only 14.8 million riders recorded in 2021.
MAX was among the first second-generation American light rail systems to be built, conceived from freeway revolts that took place in Portland in the 1970s. Planning for the network's inaugural eastside segment, then referred to as the Banfield Light Rail Project, started in 1973 ahead of the cancelation of the Mount Hood Freeway project. Construction began in 1982, and service commenced between downtown Portland and Gresham on September 5, 1986. The original 27-station, line has since been expanded to 94 stations and of tracks. The latest extension, from Portland to Milwaukie, was opened in 2015, while on-going improvements for the Red Line will be completed by 2024.
MAX is one of three urban rail transit services operating in the Portland metropolitan area, the other two being the Portland Streetcar and WES Commuter Rail. MAX directly connects to them as well as to other services such as Amtrak, Frequent Express, and local and intercity buses. Trains operate at a maximum of two-car consists due to downtown Portland's short city blocks. Vehicles and platforms are fully accessible, and fares are collected through the Hop Fastpass payment system.
History
Predecessors
In the early 20th century, privately funded interurbans and streetcars gave Portland one of the largest urban rail systems in the American West, with lines that once extended as far north as Vancouver, Washington, south as Eugene, east as Troutdale, and west as Forest Grove. Ben Holladay brought over Portland's first trolleys from San Francisco in 1872; operated by the Portland Street Railway Company, they were drawn by horses and mules. In 1890, the first electric streetcar opened in Albina while the first cable car began running along 5th Avenue; these marked the start of an era of major rail expansion. In 1892, the East Side Railway Company opened the first long-distance interurban service—a line running from Portland to Oregon City. The Portland Railway, Light and Power Company had taken over all local streetcars by 1906, and interurbans by 1908. In 1912, as Portland's population exceeded 250,000, transit ridership rose to 70 million passengers annually. Passenger rail services had started to decline by the 1920s with the rise of the automobile and suburban and freeway development. Portland's original streetcar lines had ceased operating by 1950, replaced by buses until 2001, when the modern Portland Streetcar opened in downtown Portland. Meanwhile, the region's last two interurban lines, which traveled to Oregon City and Bellrose (Southeast 136th Avenue), permanently closed in 1958.
Early beginnings
At the height of local freeway revolts in the 1970s, studies for public transit began using funds made available by the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1973. These funds had been intended for the Mount Hood Freeway and Interstate 505 (I-505) projects, which were abandoned amid strong opposition from the Portland city government and neighborhood associations. In 1973, Governor Tom McCall assembled a task force that helped determine several alternative options, including a busway and light rail. Local jurisdictions originally favored the busway alternative but support for light rail prevailed following the mode's inclusion in a 1977 environmental impact statement. The proposal became known as the Banfield light rail project, named for the Banfield Freeway, a segment of I-84 that part of the alignment followed. TriMet approved the project in September 1978. Construction of the , 27-station line between 11th Avenue in downtown Portland and Cleveland Avenue in Gresham began in March 1982. Inaugural service commenced on September 5, 1986. Less than two months before opening, TriMet adopted the name "Metropolitan Area Express", or "MAX", following an employee contest.
As the planning of a light rail line to the west side gained momentum in the mid-1980s, the original MAX line came to be referred to as the Eastside MAX to distinguish it from what would become the Westside MAX extension. Early proposals called for the extension to terminate just west of the Beaverton–Hillsboro boundary on 185th Avenue in Washington County. A dispute between TriMet and the Urban Mass Transportation Administration over a financing plan suspended the project for several years but planning resumed in 1988 and studies were completed in 1991. Staunch lobbying by local and state officials led by Hillsboro Mayor Shirley Huffman forced an extension of the line further west to downtown Hillsboro in 1993. Construction of the 20-station, line began that August with the excavation of the Robertson Tunnel. The Westside MAX opened in two stages following delays in tunneling: the section from 11th Avenue to Kings Hill/Southwest Salmon Street was opened in 1997 and the section to Hatfield Government Center—the segment's current western terminus—was opened in 1998. The resulting MAX line began operating as a single, through service on September 12, 1998. This service was renamed the Blue Line in 2001 after TriMet adopted color designations for its light rail routes.
South/North plan
At the same time TriMet was planning the Westside MAX in the mid-1980s, Metro regional government announced new light rail proposals for Clackamas County. Its planning committee—the Joint Policy Advisory Committee on Transportation (JPACT)—proposed two separate routes that would have run between downtown Portland and Oregon City via Milwaukie and between Portland International Airport and Clackamas Town Center via I-205. Further planning led JPACT to favor the I-205 corridor due to an existing right-of-way along the I-205 Transitway, an unfinished mass transit component of the freeway that had been built to accommodate a busway. TriMet, however, prioritized the Westside MAX during its bid for federal matching funds and the I-205 plans were put on hold. In 1989, studies for both I-205 and Milwaukie proposals received funding from the U.S. Senate Committee on Appropriations under the condition that they included potential route extensions to Clark County, Washington. Metro completed the studies in 1993, ultimately abandoning I-205 in favor of a route along the I-5 and Willamette River corridors. It finalized a single line from Hazel Dell, Washington south to Clackamas Town Center via Milwaukie, which Metro and TriMet formally named the South–North Line. Metro said it adopted the name "South/North" instead of the more conventional "North/South" word order, at the request of representatives in the southern part of the corridor after the southern leg, which had long been planned to be the next-priority MAX corridor after the Westside line, was merged with the northern leg as a single proposed project.
In November 1994, 63% of Portland area voters passed a $475million ballot measure to fund Oregon's portion of the project. The following February, however, Clark County residents defeated a tax measure that would have funded Washington's share. To move the project forward, TriMet downsized the plan and abandoned the line's Clark County and North Portland segments up to the Rose Quarter. That July, the Oregon House of Representatives approved a $750million transportation package, which included $375 million for the scaled-back line. The funding was annulled by the Oregon Supreme Court due to the inclusion of unrelated measures that violated the state's constitution. The legislature met again in February 1996 and passed a revised $375million package, but light rail opponents forced a statewide vote and defeated it the following November. A third proposal between Lombard Street in North Portland and Clackamas Town Center followed. This time, Metro and TriMet pursued the project without seeking contributions from either Clark County or the state, instead sourcing funds from Clackamas County and Portland. In 1998, TriMet placed a new ballot measure to reaffirm voter support for the $475million originally approved in 1994. The measure failed by 52% in November of that year, effectively canceling the proposed line.
Airport and Interstate lines
Compelled by the rapid expansion of Portland International Airport in the 1990s, the Port of Portland began exploring ways to alleviate worsening traffic congestion, including the possibility of introducing MAX service, which regional planners had not anticipated for at least another 20 years. In 1997, engineering firm Bechtel accelerated plans by submitting an unsolicited proposal to design and build an airport rail link in exchange for of Port property. A public–private partnership between the company and local governments was negotiated and construction of the Airport MAX began in June 1999. With no federal assistance requested and right-of-way already secured, it was completed in just under two years. The four-station, line between Gateway/Northeast 99th Avenue Transit Center and Portland International Airport station opened on September 10, 2001. Celebrations scheduled for that weekend were canceled in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks. Red Line service originally ran between the airport and downtown, turning around at the loop tracks on 11th Avenue. On September 1, 2003, it was extended west along existing tracks to Beaverton Transit Center to relieve overcrowding on the Blue Line and to create a one-seat airport connection for the west side.
In 1999, Portland business leaders and residents who were opposed to the cancellation of the South–North Line urged TriMet to revive the project. TriMet responded with a new proposal that would expand MAX solely to North Portland via North Interstate Avenue. The agency moved forward with this plan and the Interstate MAX broke ground in February 2001. To minimize costs to taxpayers, the city created an urban renewal district and federal matching funds were allocated from the Airport MAX and Portland Streetcar projects, since these projects were locally funded. The 10-station, extension from the Rose Quarter to the Expo Center opened on May 1, 2004, with its new service designated the Yellow Line. From 2004 to 2009, the Yellow Line ran from Expo Center station in North Portland to 11th Avenue in downtown Portland, following the Blue and Red lines' downtown alignment from the Steel Bridge. On August 30, 2009, it was rerouted to terminate at the PSU Urban Center stations with the addition of light rail to the Portland Transit Mall. In September 2012, this was extended further south to the PSU South stations, which had not been built due to the construction of nearby transit-oriented development. The Yellow Line became interlined with the Orange Line in 2015; it now only operates the northbound segment of the transit mall.
South Corridor extensions
In 2001, Metro revisited its former light rail plans for Clackamas County by reconsidering proposals similar to those of the canceled South–North Line project, with two routes extending to Clackamas and Milwaukie. This resulted in a new study, which Metro referred to as the South Corridor transportation project, that evaluated light rail among other alternatives. The study's task force recommend both light rail options in 2003 and suggested splitting the project into two phases. The first phase planned for the addition of light rail to I-205, between Gateway Transit Center and Clackamas Town Center. In October of that year, the first phase plans were amended to include adding light rail to the Portland Transit Mall following a petition from Portland business leaders. The combined project was approved for federal funding in 2006 and work began in January 2007. Light rail commenced service along the 14-station, Portland Transit Mall on August 30, 2009, first served by the Yellow Line. The opening of the eight-station, I-205 MAX and Green Line service followed on September 12.
The South Corridor project's second phase initially proposed the extension of MAX between downtown Portland and Milwaukie via the Hawthorne Bridge. Studies showed that this alignment would cause severe traffic bottlenecks in downtown. As a result, Portland businesses pushed for the construction of a new bridge further upstream that led to the southern end of the Portland Transit Mall. The locally preferred alignment was finalized in mid-2008; a new bridge would carry light rail across the Willamette River from the South Waterfront to just south of the Oregon Museum of Science and Industry (OMSI). TriMet designed this bridge, which was eventually inaugurated as Tilikum Crossing, to be "car-free" and to accommodate only transit vehicles, bicycles, and pedestrians. Construction of the line began in June 2011. In September 2012, opponents passed a ballot initiative—with 60% of the vote—requiring all Clackamas County spending on light rail to be approved by voters. Following the county's attempt to end its involvement and a suit filed by TriMet, a circuit court upheld the project's continuation. The 17-station, Portland–Milwaukie segment and Orange Line service opened on September 12, 2015. The Orange Line, operating along the Portland Transit Mall's southbound segment, became the third service to serve this corridor.
Future plans
TriMet works with local jurisdictions and agencies to identify and recommend priority transit projects to include in Metro's Regional Transportation Plan (RTP). The 2018 RTP is Metro's latest iteration, and it lists three funding scenarios that divide the region's proposals into three priority levels. The highest priority projects, which are referred to as "2027 Constrained", are proposals the region expects to have funding for by 2027. The "2040 Constrained" lists projects that fit within the region's planned budget through 2040, while the "2040 Strategic" are projects that may be built if additional funding becomes available.
Current projects
The 2018 RTP lists two MAX-related projects it expects will be funded by 2027; these are the "A Better Red" and "Southwest Corridor" projects.
Other proposals
TriMet has indicated that other extensions and improvements have been studied or discussed with Metro and cities in the region. These proposals include the following, with light rail and alternatives being considered:
Extension to Forest Grove
Extension to Oregon City via McLoughlin Boulevard (OR 99E)
Extension to Hillsboro via Sunset Highway (US 26)
Extension to Vancouver, Washington
Operation
Segments
The MAX rail network is approximately long. It was built in a series of six projects starting with the Banfield—now called Eastside—segment between downtown Portland and Gresham. Each successive project has either been an extension or a branch of an existing segment. TriMet has typically paired each project with the opening of a new line, often making the line and segment synonymous (e.g. "Airport MAX Red Line").
Lines
For MAX, a "line" refers to the physical railroad tracks and stations a train serves within its designated termini, i.e. a train "route" or "service". MAX operates five lines, each assigned a color. TriMet adopted the use of colors to distinguish separately operated routes in 2000 and brought them into use the following year when it opened the Airport MAX extension. On that day, trains that had been running between Hillsboro and Gresham were designated the Blue Line, while trains running between downtown Portland and Portland International Airport were designated the Red Line.
Every MAX line interlines with at least one other service, particularly as it approaches the system's central area. The Steel Bridge accommodates the most interline routes with four lines (Blue, Green, Red, and Yellow) utilizing the same tracks. TriMet has modified train routes over time, often as part of system expansions. For example, the Yellow Line, which began service in 2004, originally followed the same route into downtown Portland as the Blue and Red lines. It was realigned to the transit mall in 2009 when light rail service was introduced to that corridor.
Right-of-way
MAX operates on a mixture of shared and exclusive transit right-of-way. Within downtown Portland, trains run on surface streets. They operate in dedicated lanes restricted to personal vehicles, and operators abide by the city's traffic control system. On the Morrison and Yamhill couplet, MAX travels in the left lanes. On the Portland Transit Mall (5th and 6th couplet), MAX shares dedicated lanes with buses; both vehicle types travel in the center or right lanes and stop at their respective curbside platforms on the right lane. Lanes may be separated by turtleback delineators or double-solid white lines, and marked with white diamonds or white "T"s.
Outside of downtown Portland, MAX runs on street medians and viaducts, alongside freeways and freight lines, and underground. Where the tracks run within a street median, intersections are controlled by traffic signals that give trains preemption. Where tracks run on a separate right-of-way, trains are protected by automated grade crossing gates when traversing level crossings. Some segments of MAX are elevated to carry trains over busy thoroughfares and difficult terrain. A section of tracks runs beneath Washington Park in Portland's West Hills through the Robertson Tunnel, the system's longest underground segment.
MAX crosses the Willamette River using the Steel Bridge and Tilikum Crossing. In studies conducted for the Eastside MAX, planners recommended using the Steel Bridge due to its former role as a river crossing for the city's historic streetcars. When MAX commenced service in 1986, trains shared the bridge's center lanes with vehicular traffic. In 2008, workers closed the bridge's upper deck to construct a junction between the Eastside MAX tracks and the newer Portland Transit Mall tracks. Upon reopening, the two inner lanes became exclusive to MAX trains, while cars, buses, and other motorized traffic were restricted to the two outer lanes. TriMet designed and built the newer Tilikum Crossing to accommodate transit vehicles (MAX, streetcar, and buses), cyclists, and pedestrians only; with the exception of emergency responders, private vehicles are prohibited. Tilikum Crossing is thus recognized as the first major "car-free" bridge in the United States.
Power and signaling
MAX is powered by a conventional 750-volt direct current (DC) overhead wire system. Most of the system uses a dual-wire catenary, with a contact wire supported by a messenger wire. In central city areas such as downtown Portland, however, it uses a single contact wire to minimize the amount of overhead wiring. To further minimize visual impact, ornamental street light poles, buildings, and bridge structures are used to support the wiring. Substations, spaced approximately every apart, convert the high-voltage public supply to the voltage power used by trains. The power system can bridge any one substation so that trains can continue to operate should a substation or its supply go down.
Approximately 70 percent of the MAX system uses automatic block signaling (ABS), which allows for relatively fast operating speeds—up to —and short headways. For example, between Lloyd Center/Northeast 11th Avenue station and Gateway Transit Center along the Banfield Freeway, ABS can accommodate an operating headway of two minutes. Within these sections, automatic train stops (ATS) enforce speed limits and automatically apply the brakes should a train operator fail to do so. The remaining 30 percent of the system relies on traffic signals and line-of-sight operation. Speeds do not exceed in these sections.
Stations
MAX consists of 94 stations, of which 48 are served by the Blue Line, 30 by the Green Line, 26 by the Red Line, 17 by the Orange Line, and 17 by the Yellow Line. Furthermore, 32 stations are served by at least two lines and eight stations are served by three lines. The system's central stations, where all MAX services interconnect, border the two city blocks in downtown Portland occupied by the Pioneer Courthouse and Pioneer Courthouse Square; they are the Pioneer Courthouse and Pioneer Place stations—served by the Green, Orange, and Yellow lines—and the Pioneer Square stations—served by the Blue and Red lines.
MAX stations vary in size but are generally simple and austere. Platforms are about long as a result of Portland's short city blocks in downtown, which restrict trains to two-car consists. Like other North American light rail systems, MAX stations do not have faregates; paid fare zones are delineated but remain accessible to anyone. In 2015, TriMet proposed installing turnstiles at some stations along the Portland–Milwaukie segment but never did so. Stations are typically equipped with trash cans, shelters, and ticket vending machines. Most stations have arrival information displays that show when trains arrive and other service information. These displays were first installed at I-205 and Portland Transit Mall stations, and a federal grant in 2013 enabled TriMet to add more at other locations. Concessionaires sometimes open coffee shops at certain stations.
A majority of MAX stations are at street level, correlating to the system's predominant alignment. Sunset Transit Center, , and stations along the Banfield Freeway are below street level. One station, , is elevated. Washington Park is the system's only underground station and holds the distinction as North America's deepest transit station at below ground.
Many MAX stations facilitate transfers to other modes of public transit. 11 stations are transit centers with connections to multiple local and intercity bus routes. Beaverton Transit Center is the only MAX-served transit center with a transfer to the region's commuter rail line, WES Commuter Rail, which operates between Beaverton and Wilsonville in Washington County. Within the Portland Transit Mall, trains connect with buses serving downtown Portland; bus stops take up transit mall blocks unoccupied by light rail platforms. MAX riders can transfer to the Portland Streetcar at points where MAX and streetcar lines intersect and to Amtrak via two stations near Portland Union Station. The Red Line operates as an airport rail link with a stop at a MAX station attached to the main passenger terminal of Portland International Airport.
TriMet has built a total of six infill stations. Four were built on the original Eastside MAX alignment—Mall/Southwest 4th Avenue (1990), Mall/Southwest 5th Avenue (1990), Convention Center (1990), and (2010)—while two were built on the Portland Transit Mall—PSU South/Southwest 6th and College (2012) and PSU South/Southwest 5th and Jackson (2012). On March 1, 2020, TriMet permanently closed the Mall infill stations in an effort to speed up travel times in downtown Portland. The agency also temporarily closed Kings Hill/Southwest Salmon Street station for a trial period ending on March 1, 2021.
Accessibility
Stations built as part of the Banfield Light Rail Project were originally fitted with electric wayside lifts to accommodate riders with mobility devices on the system's high-floor, first-generation vehicles. Each station had two lifts, one for each direction of travel. The lifts were installed on platforms rather than on trains to prevent malfunctions from delaying service. Increased use of the lifts eventually became the cause of delays, and many users felt stigmatized by the lifts' "box" design and time-consuming operation. With the passing into law of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), TriMet developed a paratransit plan in January 1992. Just before the start of the Westside MAX Project, MAX became the first light rail system in North America to procure low-floor vehicles after a TriMet study of European systems. The low-floor cars, which TriMet and Siemens jointly developed, entered service in August 1997.
MAX achieved full accessibility in April 1999. Ticket vending machines provide information and instructions in audio, braille, and raised lettering. Station platforms also have signs with braille and raised lettering to indicate which lines provide service and where they go. The edge of platforms have tactile paving to warn riders from standing too close to the edge. Non-street-level platforms may be accessed with elevators. Most light rail cars, with the exception of Type 1, are low-floor and have ramps that extend onto platforms to allow mobility devices to board. High-floor Type 1 cars are paired with low-floor Type 2 or 3 cars to maintain accessibility. In each train, an audio system and LED signs announce the name of each upcoming station. All trains have spaces and priority seating areas reserved for seniors and people with disabilities, and service animals are permitted on board.
In 2011, TriMet began upgrading the oldest sections of MAX to improve pedestrian safety and compliance with updated ADA standards. TriMet installed pipe barriers at Gateway Transit Center platform crossings to force pedestrians to slow down and face oncoming trains before crossing the tracks and realigned sidewalks and crosswalks at four at-grade crossings in Gresham. Other improvements made throughout the line include the installation of pedestrian warning signals and tactile paving upgrades.
Parking
Based on a report published in 2019, TriMet provides a total of 12,614 park-and-ride spaces, of which 10,219 directly serve 25 MAX stations. The agency's parking facilities are either surface lots or multi-level garages, and they are free to use. TriMet allows vehicles to park at most stalls overnight as long as they do not remain for more than 24 hours. At some locations, TriMet negotiates with nearby establishments for additional parking spaces. Westside MAX stations contain 3,643 parking spaces, the most number of spaces in a corridor. Clackamas Town Center Transit Center on the I-205 MAX segment includes a 750-space parking garage, the largest capacity of any single MAX station. Southeast Holgate Boulevard station, also on the I-205 MAX, provides the fewest parking spaces with 125 stalls.
In the 2019 report, passengers originating from TriMet park and rides accounted for five percent of TriMet's total weekday ridership. In 2017, the Portland–Milwaukie segment had a 100-percent usage rate of its available spaces while the Westside MAX segment had 85 percent. The corridor with the lowest use of available parking spaces was the I-205 MAX at 30 percent; TriMet attributes this to factors such as inconvenient lot access and the Green Line's indirect route to downtown Portland compared with the availability of more direct bus routes. The cost-per-space for building park and rides is estimated at $18,000 per surface-lot space and $52,000 per structured space.
TriMet additionally offers four different bicycle parking options at its MAX stations, although not all options are available at every station. Bike and rides are secure, enclosed spaces that are accessible by keycard and are monitored 24 hours per day by security cameras; they are available at eight stations. Electronic bicycle lockers, or eLockers, are secure lockers that may also be accessed by keycard and are made available on a first-come, first-served basis. TriMet contracts some keycard access to BikeLink and uses its Hop Fastpass on others. Other lockers may be rented by users. Bicycle racks are the most common form of bicycle parking.
Rolling stock
, TriMet operates five models of light rail vehicles designated as "Type 1" through "Type 5", of which two are successive upgrades of the same model. The MAX system's 145 cars vary in length, from to , and are used interchangeably on every line. Downtown Portland's downtown blocks allow the operation of only one or two consists to prevent stopped trains from blocking intersections. Type 2 and 3 low-floor vehicles may run singularly or coupled to another Type 1, 2, or 3 vehicle. Type 1 high-floor vehicles are also capable of running singularly, but doing so would constrain accessibility due to a lack of wheelchair access. Thus, a high-floor car must be coupled with a low-floor car. Type 4 and 5 cars can only be coupled to one another.
Twenty-six Type 1 high-floor vehicles were produced for the Banfield light rail project by a joint venture between Bombardier and La Brugeoise et Nivelles beginning in 1983. TriMet announced it would purchase seven additional vehicles that August, but a budget shortfall forced the agency to withdraw this proposal the following November. The cars are similar in design to Bombardier vehicles that had been used in Rio de Janeiro. Bombardier built the frames in Quebec but its factory in Barre, Vermont, manufactured the majority of each car, the first of which arrived in Portland in 1984. Each car is single-articulated and contains six axles. The high floors connect with the low platforms through interior steps, which necessitated platform wheelchair lifts until the arrival of low-floor cars. A car sits 76 people and has an overall capacity of 166.
In 1992, TriMet officials conducted an accessibility study and determined that low-floor cars were the most cost-effective alternative to providing universal access. MAX then became the first light rail system in North America to acquire low-floor train sets when TriMet procured 39 model SD660 cars from Siemens in 1993. These Type 2 cars were equipped with doorway wheelchair ramps. They entered service during the partial opening of the Westside MAX in 1997. By 2000, TriMet had ordered 17 more Type 2 cars including six for the Airport MAX project. The system's 27 Type 3 vehicles, which the agency purchased as part of the Interstate MAX project and first brought into use in 2003, are the same model as the Type 2 vehicles but with technical upgrades and a new livery.
Twenty-two Siemens S70 low-floor cars, which were designated Type 4, were purchased in conjunction with the I-205 MAX and Portland Transit Mall projects, and were first used in 2009. Type 4 cars have a more streamlined design and more seating, and are lighter and more energy-efficient than the previous models. The Type 4 cars were the first in the MAX network to use LED-type destination signs. The second series of S70 cars, TriMet's Type 5 vehicles, were procured for the Portland–Milwaukie light rail project. TriMet placed an order for the Type 5 cars with Siemens in 2012 and delivery commenced in 2014. These vehicles include some improvements over the Type 4 cars, including less-cramped interior seating, and improvements to the air-conditioning system and wheelchair ramps. These introduced a new seating layout in the center section, among other changes, and Siemens later retroactively redesignated TriMet's Type 5 cars as model S700.
In July 2019, TriMet placed an order for 26 Siemens S700 light rail vehicles that are intended to replace the system's Type 1 vehicles. The first car was delivered in December 2022.
Maintenance
TriMet's vehicle-maintenance complexes for the MAX system are the Ruby Junction facility in Gresham and the smaller Elmonica facility in Beaverton. The Ruby Junction facility is located near Ruby Junction/East 197th Avenue station while the Elmonica facility is adjacent to Elmonica/Southwest 170th Avenue station; both are on the Blue Line.
Ruby Junction began with one building that TriMet built as part of the original MAX project in the early 1980s; it had expanded to three multi-story buildings totaling occupying by 2010, and to four buildings totalling occupying by 2016. It contains 13 maintenance bays and its yard tracks have the capacity to store 87 light rail cars. In 2016, around 200 employees worked at Ruby Junction and almost 200 MAX operators operated trains that were based there. In addition to vehicle maintenance, crews who maintain the MAX system's tracks and signals are also based at Ruby Junction. In 2015, some maintenance-of-way personnel moved into the Portland Vintage Trolley carbarn next to Rose Quarter Transit Center after Vintage Trolley service was discontinued.
Ruby Junction originally housed TriMet's operations, communications, and administrative workers.
The Elmonica facility was built as part of the Westside MAX Project in the mid-1990s and was completed in 1996. Its building has of space.
Services
From Monday to Thursday, MAX trains run for 22 hours per day. Additional late-night trips are provided on Fridays. Except for additional late-night trips on Saturdays, weekend service runs on a slightly reduced schedule. TriMet designates all MAX lines as "Frequent Service" routes, which ensures service runs on a 15-minute headway for most of each day. During the early morning and late evening hours, trains operate with headways of up to 30minutes. During rush hours, headways can be as short as three minutes, particularly in the central section of the system where lines overlap. At many stations, a live display shows the destination and time-to-arrival of the next several trains using data gathered by a vehicle tracking system installed on the light rail tracks.
Ridership
MAX carried over 38.8million total passengers in 2019, an average of 120,900 riders per day on weekdays. This is slightly lower than the number of riders recorded in 2018 and represents the system's third consecutive year of fallen ridership. MAX ridership peaked in 2012, when the system recorded around 42.2million annual passengers. 2016 marks the last year ridership increased; this was due to the opening of the Orange Line. TriMet attributes falling ridership to perceived crime within trains and stations and lower-income riders being forced out of the inner city by rising housing prices. In 2019 (prior to the COVID-19 pandemic), MAX was the fourth-busiest light rail system in the United States after the light rail services of Metro Rail in Los Angeles, the MBTA in Boston, and Muni Metro in San Francisco.
Fares
As is standard practice on North American light rail systems, MAX uses proof-of-payment for fare collection, and stations do not have ticket barriers. TriMet employs an automated fare collection system through a stored-value, contactless smart card called Hop Fastpass, which can be purchased from the TriMet ticket office or participating retail outlets. Smartphone users may download a virtual version of Hop Fastpass, while single-use Hop Fastpass tickets are dispensed by ticket vending machines at every MAX station. Smartphones with a debit or credit card loaded into Google Pay, Samsung Pay, or Apple Pay, and Portland Streetcar 2-hour tickets and one-day passes can also be used to board MAX. Riders must tap their fare medium onto a card reader with each boarding. Fares are flat rate and are capped according to use. The cost of fare for adults is $2.50 for a 2-hour ticket, $5 for a day pass, and $100 for a month pass. For youth and honored citizens, it is $1.25 for a 2-hour ticket, $2.50 for a day pass, and $28 for a month pass. Using Hop Fastpass, riders may transfer to other TriMet services, C-Tran, and the Portland Streetcar.
Discontinued services
From the MAX system's opening until 2012, riding trains within Fareless Square, which was known as the Free Rail Zone from 2010 to 2012, was free of charge. Fareless Square included all of downtown and, starting in 2001, part of the Lloyd District. The 37-year-old fare-free zone was discontinued on September 1, 2012, as part of system-wide cost-cutting measures. As part of the same budget cuts, TriMet discontinued its zonal fares and moved to a flat-fare system. Zones had been in place since 1986; higher fares were charged for longer journeys across four paid zones.
The MAX Mall Shuttle operated on weekday afternoons from when it was introduced on September 14, 2009, until 2011. It acted as a supplement to the light rail service provided on the Portland Transit Mall by the Green and Yellow lines. The Mall Shuttle operated between Union Station and Portland State University every 30 minutes from noon until 5:30p.m. TriMet discontinued this supplementary shuttle service on June 5, 2011. Along with bus services, the mall continues to be served by two MAX lines in each direction—Green and Yellow lines northbound and Green and Orange lines southbound—which provide a combined average headway of 7.5 minutes in each direction at most times.
The Portland Vintage Trolley operated on the MAX system on most weekends from 1991 until 2014, serving the same stops. This service used 1991-built replicas of 1904 Portland streetcars. Originally, the Vintage Trolley service followed a section of the original MAX line between the Library and Galleria stations and Lloyd Center. In September 2009, the service moved to the newly opened MAX alignment along the transit mall, running between Union Station to Portland State University, and remained on this route in subsequent seasons. In 2011, the service was reduced to seven or eight Sundays per year, and in July 2014 it was discontinued entirely and the two remaining faux-vintage cars were sold to a group planning a streetcar line in St. Louis.
Safety
TriMet employs a transit police division to patrol MAX and other TriMet property. Most of its officers serve with local law enforcement agencies and are assigned terms with the transit police; this partnership with local police enables the closest available unit to respond to incidents. TriMet also partners with the Transportation Security Administration, which provides a canine unit. Riders are encouraged to alert TriMet employees using on-board intercoms or to dial 9-1-1 upon witnessing a crime or suspicious activity. TriMet operates over 4,000 security cameras; all MAX trains and stations became fully equipped with cameras in 2014.
2017 train stabbing incident
On May 26, 2017, at approximately 4:30pm, a man fatally stabbed two people and injured a third after he was confronted for shouting anti-Muslim slurs at two teenage girls inside a MAX train. Two men—a technician and U.S. Army veteran, and a recent university graduate—died from wounds to their necks while a third victim, who is also male, survived. The attacker, who described himself as a white nationalist, was arrested and charged with murder, attempted murder, and other crimes. On February 21, 2020, the perpetrator was found guilty on all charges, including two counts of first-degree murder.
This resulted in a mural being painted on the station entrance of the Hollywood Transit Center, where the stabbing occurred.
2022 Train Accident
On August 5, 2022, a MAX Light Rail train crashed into a buffer at Southeast Park Avenue station, no deaths were reported, but 3 people were injured.
See also
List of rail transit systems in the United States
Transportation in Portland, Oregon
Notes
References
External links
1986 establishments in Oregon
750 V DC railway electrification
825 V DC railway electrification
Electric railways in Oregon
Light rail in Oregon
Passenger rail transportation in Oregon
Railway lines opened in 1986
Transportation in Hillsboro, Oregon
Transportation in Multnomah County, Oregon
Transportation in Washington County, Oregon
TriMet |
Ephestiodes monticolus is a species of snout moth in the genus Ephestiodes. It was described by Herbert H. Neunzig in 1990 and is known from the US state of Arizona.
References
Moths described in 1990
Phycitinae |
The West Coast Avengers were created as an expansion of the main Avengers team, when The Vision appointed Hawkeye as the West Coast chair in Avengers vol. 1 #243. Active team members, as of December 2018, are highlighted in bold below.
Founders
Recruits
Avengers members recruited by Hawkeye as the West Coast Avengers chair.
Other recruits
A Fresh Start recruits
Honorary
Heroes that have been granted honorary status during their lifetime or posthumously for acts of great courage and/or sacrifice.
See also
List of Avengers members
References
Lists of Marvel Comics characters by organization
Lists of Avengers (comics) characters |
Arts Catalyst is a visual arts organisation and charity based in Sheffield, UK. They commission artists and use art to explore social and environmental issues, provoke debate, and test out alternative ways of learning, frequently working in non-traditional arts spaces, often within a particular landscape.
Since 1994, the organisation has commissioned more than 170 artists’ projects, including major new works by the Otolith Group, Agnes Meyer Brandis, Tomás Saraceno, Aleksandra Mir, Larry Achiampong and David Blandy, and Susan Schuppli.
Arts Catalyst is registered in England by the Charity Commission, No. 1042433. Arts Catalyst is an Arts Council England National Portfolio Organisation.
History of Arts Catalyst
Arts Catalyst was founded in 1993 by Nicola Triscott.
Since 1994 Arts Catalyst has commissioned various artists in a range of art forms such as Live Art (art form), artists' film and video, installation, media art, performance, and bioart, such as Kira O'Reilly, Critical Art Ensemble and The Otolith Group, presented as exhibitions and events.
Arts Catalyst is involved in education, research and artists' professional development. It has also organised symposia, schools projects, participatory projects, workshops, microgravity flight experiments, family days and conferences.
Artists
Arts Catalyst has commissioned more than 120 contemporary artist's projects that engage with science. Notable artists the organisation has commissioned include Tomas Saraceno, The Otolith Group (Kodwo Eshun, Anjalika Sagar), Critical Art Ensemble, James Acord, Laurie Anderson, Nahum, Marcel.li Antunez Roca, Lise Autogena, Brandon Ballengée, Anne Bean, Steve Beard, Andy Bichlbaum (Jacques Servin), Ansuman Biswas, Brian Catling, Oron Catts, Helen Chadwick, Gina Czarnecki, Beatriz da Costa, Adam Dant, Jan Fabre, Simon Faithfull, Jem Finer, Alec Finlay, Vadim Fishkin, Stefan Gec, Jack Klaff, Tim Knowles, Andrew Kotting, Steve Kurtz, Yuri Leiderman, Aleksandra Mir, Kira O'Reilly, Marko Peljhan, Esther Polak, Snæbjörnsdóttir | Wilson, Ashok Sukumaran, Aaron Williamson, Carey Young, Ariel Guzik
Projects
In the 1990s, its commissions included Helen Chadwick's sensitive creations involving human embryos, James Acord's radioactive sculptures, Kitsou Dubois's choreography in zero gravity. An early project was Ansuman Biswas' 'CAT' in 1997, which used the quantum physics 'thought experiment' Schrödinger's Cat as a provocation to explore the nature of uncertainty and unknowing on a human level. The artist contained himself in a windowless room-sized box for ten days in a durational performance that played on the notion of the Schrödinger's Cat experiment. The experiment was followed by three presentations considering non-western culture, sound and shamanic practices and Western science and Chinese medical practices.
Arts Catalyst has commissioned and collaborated with the US arts collective Critical Art Ensemble on a number of projects that involve biotechnology and plan further work with them in 2014. Triscott writes in her chapter in the book 'Interfaces Of Performance,' of the motivations for this work: "There has been a disconnect between science's progress and society's involvement and understanding, and that people may not understand the implications of biotechnology and its commercial applications."
Arts Catalyst has also produced projects looking at culture, technology and climate change in the Polar regions, including Simon Faithfull's 'Ice Blink' in 2006, an interdisciplinary symposium 'Polar: Fieldwork and Archive Fever' in conjunction with the British Library and The Open University in 2007, and a related publication, 'Bipolar', edited by Kathryn Yusoff and published by Arts Catalyst in 2008 to mark the International Polar Year 2007–8. Arts Catalyst is also part of the Arctic Perspective Initiative, a project founded by artists Marko Peljhan and Matthew Biederman. Arctic Perspective Cahier No. 2: Arctic Geopolitics and Autonomy edited by Nicola Triscott and Michael Bravo reflects on "the necessity to discard simplistic perspectives on the Arctic region".
The organisation was involved with the theme of space exploration. Since 1999, they have presented many projects that explore sub-orbital space, outer space, the International Space Station (ISS), and more recently, the moon. Their work in zero gravity includes projects with Kitsou Dubois and the MIR (Microgravity Interdisciplinary Research) consortium (2000 to 2004). They were recently commissioned by the European Space Agency to develop a cultural policy for the orbiting International Space Station. In 2006, Arts Catalyst presented Space Soon: Art and Human Spaceflight, a five-day event at the Roundhouse (venue), London, that included new work by Aleksandra Mir, N55 (art collective)/Neal White, and London Fieldworks, with talks by astronaut turned artist Alan Bean, the fourth man to walk on the Moon, NASA artist in residence Laurie Anderson and many others. In 2008, The Arts Catalyst presented 'Less Remote: The Futures of Space Exploration - An Arts and Humanities Symposium' at the 59th International Astronautical Congress in Glasgow, Scotland. In 2011, Arts Catalyst organised the exhibition, Republic of the Moon, with FACT Liverpool, about reimagining the future of the Moon.
In 2009, Arts Catalyst curated the exhibition and event 'Interspecies' at Cornerhouse, Manchester, and the A Foundation, London. This presented new commissioned works by Kira O'Reilly, Nicolas Primat, Antony Hall, Ruth Maclennan, and works by Rachel Mayeri, Snaebjornsdottir and Wilson, and Beatriz da Costa. Supported by an events performances, talks and workshops, the project explored the notion of artists working with animals as equals, the relationship that humans have with other species, and current discourse in animal studies and primatology. A special issue of Antennae: The Journal of Nature in Visual Culture, published in summer 2010, was devoted to the Interspecies project, and explored the artists' projects and concepts further.
In 2010, Arts Catalyst commissioned a series of works for The Great Glen Artists Airshow an area encompassing Loch Ness and the Caledonian Canal. The artists and organisations involved in this event were PolakVanBekkum, London Fieldworks, Alec Finlay, Adam Dant, Camila Sposati and Susanne Norregard Nielsen. The event consisted of performances, ephemeral landscape installations, poetry readings and kite-flying workshops, all of which were intended to redefine philosophical territory of the air exploring ideas about ownership rights, cartography and aerial movement.
Arts Catalyst's commission of Rachel Mayeri's Primate Cinema: Apes as Family continues their interest in interspecies communication. The 21 minute film is thought to be the first made by an artist for an audience of chimpanzees The film won the honour at Prix Arts Electronica 2011 and is due to be screened at Sundance Film Festival in 2014.
In 2011, Arts Catalyst curated a touring exhibition entitled "Republic of the Moon" with FACT Liverpool Foundation for Art and Creative Technology. "Republic of The Moon" was a response to private corporations interested in exploiting the Moon's natural resources. Artists were inspired by utilitarian plans of lunar mines and military bases, the lives of astronauts such as Yuri Gagarin and early sci-fi literature such as The Man in the Moone by Francis Godwin.
Agnes Meyer-Brandis' commission for the exhibition, "Moon Goose Analogue" involved her raising eleven geese from birth, imprinting herself as goose-mother and training them to be astronauts. The artist created a moon analogue colony for the geese in Pollinaria, Italy, which could be interacted with live from a control room installed in the gallery and then toured to Great North Museum, Newcastle upon Tyne for the AV Festival 2012 and Art Museum Z33 in 2013.
Sue Corke and Hagen Betzweiser created an installation "Enter At Own Risk” in which a lone astronaut gardens a group of rocks, spraying them with their synthesised smell of the Moon, a recipe based on reports from the Apollo crew.
In 2013, Arts Catalyst joined forces with HeHe to create an indoor fracking installation, Fracking Futures, at FACT Liverpool. Their mischievous miniature installation was designed to provoke debate about the economical and ecological implications of hydraulic fracturing.
Arts Catalyst has also curated a touring exhibition presenting some of the most innovative and progressive examples of contemporary architecture in Antarctica drawing together projects that both utilise cutting-edge technology and engineering, but have also considered aesthetics, sustainability and human needs in their ground-breaking designs for research stations. Initiated by the British Council, Ice Lab: New Architecture and Science in Antarctica which was first shown at The Lighthouse in Glasgow with Art + Design Scotland and then toured to MOSI (Museum of Science & Industry, Manchester) and will continue on tour in 2014 in New Zealand.
In 2014 Arts Catalyst returned to the subject of the Moon with Republic of the Moon at Bargehouse, South Bank, London with a new line up of artists including Katie Paterson, Leonid Tishkov, Moon Vehicle, Agnes Meyer-Brandis and Liliane Lijn. will be artists in residence and they will run a series of events alongside the show including KOSMICA Full Moon Party and Global Lunar Day.
In 2015, Arts Catalyst, with Edinburgh Art Festival, commissioned and produced ‘Holoturian’, an underwater resonance instrument designed by Mexican artist Ariel Guzik to communicate with whales and dolphins in the deep seas.
In 2016 the organisation launched a new place in King's Cross, London, called Arts Catalyst Centre for Art, Science and Technology. The Centre combined the two cultures, offering a permanent spot to publicly showcase projects from home and abroad, as well as foment new plans.
In 2019 Nicola Triscott stepped down as Artistic Director and took up a position as Chief Executive at Liverpool's FACT. Sheffield based Laura Clarke was appointed as the new Artistic Director.
In 2020, Arts Catalyst relocated to Sheffield, building upon their work in the 2019 programme, Recentring Attention. This was a programme of workshops and walks conceived as a collective public research process in Sheffield that explored the ways in which extraction, industry and geology have shaped the relationships between humans and non-humans in the region.
In 2021 Arts Catalyst launched Radio Arts Catalyst, an online platform that explores radio as a site of encounter; and as a critical space in which to collectively address current social, political and environmental challenges happening on a hyperlocal and a planetary scale. Radio Arts Catalyst is made up of an evolving programme of artist projects, audio experiments and sonic inquiries connected to Arts Catalyst’s ongoing programme.
Between 2021 - 2023 Arts Catalyst produced the Emergent Ecologies programme, a series of artist projects across South Yorkshire that explore how our experiences of place — from wetlands and waterways to city centre streets — and of ourselves within them, are shaped with and by other beings. Artists commissioned as part of this programme include Rachel Pimm, Bahbak Hashemi-Nezhad, a place of their own, Luiza Prado de O. Martins and Harun Morrison.
In 2022, Arts Catalyst opened a space in Sheffield city centre, Soft Ground, intended as a communal space for creativity and shared with other local arts organisations and creative charities.
References
External links
Arts charities
Charities based in England
Arts organisations based in England
Organisations based in Sheffield
1993 establishments in England |
The Kawasaki Z300 (codenamed ER300) is a standard motorcycle manufactured by Kawasaki. It was introduced in 2014 at the Milan Motorcycle Show as part of its Z series for the 2015 model year. It is sold in Asia, Australia, Europe and South America, and designed and marketed as the streetfighter version of the Ninja 300.
Components
Engine
The Z300 is powered by a liquid-cooled 4-stroke 8-valve DOHC parallel-twin engine. Kawasaki claims the Z300 produces a maximum power output of at 11,000 rpm and a maximum torque of at 10,000 rpm. Reliable third party dynamometer testing results have not been published.
Clutch
Like the Ninja 300, the Z300 has a wet multi-disc clutch with slipper and assist functions to relieve pressure generated by rapid downshifting, and lighten the clutch pull.
Wheels
The Z300 comes stock with 17" diameter and 4" wide multi-spoke rims, fitted with IRC Road Winner bias ply tires. The stock tires are sized 110/70-17 54S front, and 140/70-17 66S rear.
Performance
Its top speed has been estimated to be just over .
MCN reports an average of and Visordown reports . This translates to a range of around .
References
External links
Official website (Australia)
Z300
Standard motorcycles
Motorcycles powered by straight-twin engines |
Benetton Formula Ltd., commonly referred to simply as Benetton, was a Formula One constructor that participated from to . The team was owned by the Benetton family who run a worldwide chain of clothing stores of the same name. In 2000, the team was purchased by Renault, but competed as Benetton for the 2000 and 2001 seasons. In , the team became Renault. The Benetton Formula team was chaired by Alessandro Benetton from 1988 to 1998.
Origins
The Benetton Group entered Formula One as a sponsor company for constructor Tyrrell in , then Alfa Romeo in and and finally Toleman in 1985. Toleman had struggled in 1985, missing the first three races of the season and being forced to only enter one car for the following six races, as a result of a dispute with tyre suppliers. Teo Fabi had taken a pole position for Toleman at the German Grand Prix, however the team would score no points during the season, with poor reliability causing a Toleman car to see the chequered flag only twice out of 20 total entries. Benetton Formula Ltd. was formed at the end of 1985 when the Toleman team was sold to the Benetton family.
Racing history
BMW (1986) and Ford (1987-1994) era
Beginnings (1986–1987)
Toleman had already developed the TG186, their planned chassis for the season. This was renamed the Benetton B186 after the change in ownership. Benetton's first season in Formula One also came with a change in engine supply, with Toleman's Hart engines being replaced with that of a large car manufacturer, the powerful BMW M12. Teo Fabi was retained as a driver and Piercarlo Ghinzani was replaced by Gerhard Berger, who joined from Arrows.
The B186 demonstrated its pace throughout the season, with Berger securing the team's first podium finish at Imola and a front-row start in Belgium. Fabi claimed two consecutive pole positions in Austria and Italy, before Berger achieved the Witney-based team's first victory in Mexico, almost half a minute ahead of his nearest competitor. Despite the impressive underlying pace, the B186 suffered from severe unreliability. The team recorded nineteen retirements, with eight consecutively for Fabi (including from his two pole positions). Benetton ended the season 6th in the championship with 19 points.
Berger left the team for Ferrari at the end of 1986 and was replaced at Benetton by his former Arrows teammate Thierry Boutsen. BMW, which had supplied three teams in 1986, scaled back its operation to supply only Brabham in . With the Haas Lola team folding at the end of 1986, Benetton was able to take over its factory supply of turbocharged Ford engines. The B187 suffered with engine trouble at the start of the season, but became more consistent mid-season after reducing the effect of the turbocharger, taking numerous 4th and 5th place finishes as well as two 3rd places in Austria and Australia. Benetton ended the season 5th in the championship with 28 points.
Rise (1988–1990)
Fabi was dropped for the season in favour of Minardi driver Alessandro Nannini, ending Fabi's Formula One career. The B188 became the team's first naturally-aspirated car as Ford wished to concentrate development in light of the upcoming ban on turbocharged engines. The B188 was once again an improvement on its predecessor, suffering almost half the number of retirements and claiming seven podium finishes, all 3rd places. Boutsen had finished 3rd in Belgium, however both Benettons were disqualified from the race after the season had concluded for fuel irregularities. The team finished the season 3rd in the championship with 39 points.
For , Boutsen left Benetton to join Williams and was replaced by rookie Johnny Herbert. The new engine developed by Ford for the B189 was not ready for the start of the season, and the previous year's engine did not fit in the new car. The team therefore had no choice but to continue using the B188. Despite this setback, the B188 still proved competitive, with Nannini claiming a podium finish at Imola. Prior to making his Formula One debut, Herbert was involved in a serious crash in Formula 3000 that broke both his legs. Despite achieving some impressive results, including 4th place in his first race, he was dropped by the team after failing to qualify for the Canadian Grand Prix as it became clear he had still not fully recovered. He was replaced by rookie and McLaren test driver Emanuele Pirro. The B189 was finally ready to compete at the following race. Nannini would go on to achieve Benetton's first victory since 1986 at the Japanese Grand Prix after Ayrton Senna was disqualified. Pirro was only able to secure a single points finish in his ten races with the team, taking 5th place in Australia. Benetton ended the season 4th in the championship with 39 points.
Prior to the season, the team management was fired and businessman Flavio Briatore was appointed team manager by the Benetton family. Pirro was dropped in favour of three-time world champion Nelson Piquet, who had left the struggling Lotus team. Benetton used a modified B189 before introducing the B190 at the third race of the season. 1990 proved to be the team's most successful to date, with Piquet winning the final two races of the season and the team achieving six other podium finishes. Tragedy would befall the team late into the season after Nannini lost his right forearm in a helicopter crash. His arm was re-attached but the injuries ended his Formula One career. EuroBrun driver Roberto Moreno had become available after the backmarker team pulled out of the sport, and so he was hired as Nannini's replacement. The next race in Japan marked Benetton's first ever 1-2 finish, as well as Moreno's first and only career podium. Benetton ended the season 3rd in the championship with 71 points.
First Schumacher years (1991–1993)
A new title sponsor was acquired for in the form of American cigarette brand Camel, which had previously appeared as a minor sponsor on Benetton cars. The 1991 season was less successful for Benetton. An upgraded B190 was used for the first two races of the season before the B191 made its debut at the San Marino Grand Prix. Piquet achieved an unexpected victory in Canada after Nigel Mansell retired on the final lap, but two other 3rd place finishes were the only podium places the team would achieve in 1991. Benetton sought a young driver for the team's future, and believed neither Moreno nor the ageing Piquet could fill this role. After Michael Schumacher had impressed in his debut for Jordan at the Belgian Grand Prix, he was hired by Benetton for the following race in place of Moreno. Jordan protested the move in the British courts, but they found in favour of Benetton.
For the season, Tom Walkinshaw Racing acquired a stake in Benetton, with Tom Walkinshaw and Ross Brawn brought in to run the team's engineering operations. The team also moved its base of operations from Witney, Oxfordshire to a new factory close to the nearby village of Enstone. Piquet had retired from Formula One, and was replaced by experienced Brabham driver Martin Brundle. Benetton's new car was once again delayed, with the team using an upgraded B191 for the first three races of the season in which Schumacher achieved two podium finishes. The B192 was a marked improvement, with eleven more podium finishes including a victory at Spa-Francorchamps, the first of Schumacher's career. Benetton ended the season 3rd in the championship with 91 points.
Brundle was unexpectedly dropped for in favour of veteran Riccardo Patrese, who had left Williams. The B193 was similar in competitiveness to its predecessor, taking a single victory in the hands of Schumacher at the Portuguese Grand Prix and finishing 3rd in the championship for the fourth time in the team's history. Benetton achieved ten other podium finishes during the season. Despite these impressive results and improvements in the team's performance in 1992 and 1993, Benetton were not able to provide Schumacher with a car to challenge for the world championship, and were outclassed by the dominant Williams team.
Championship years (1994–1995)
Camel was replaced as the team's title sponsor for by Japanese cigarette brand Mild Seven. This meant Benetton adopted sky blue as the main car colour. Patrese retired from Formula One, ending what was the longest career in the sport's history. He was replaced by Sauber driver JJ Lehto. However, Lehto was injured whilst testing the B194 prior to the start of the season and Benetton's test driver Jos Verstappen was brought up to replace him. The B194 was dominant in the hands of Schumacher, winning six of the first seven races and taking Benetton's first pole positions since 1986. Verstappen and Lehto were less successful. Verstappen retired from his first two races after accidents. Lehto was declared fit for the San Marino Grand Prix, but would only score a single point in the following four races and was replaced again by Verstappen for the French Grand Prix onwards.
Schumacher finished 2nd at the British Grand Prix, but was deemed to have overtaken Damon Hill on the formation lap and then ignored black flags. He was disqualified from the results after the race, and later handed a two-race ban. At the German Grand Prix, Verstappen's B194 burst into flames after being showered with fuel during his pit stop. He escaped with minor burns and returned to score two consecutive podiums at the following races, the first of his career. Another disqualification came for Schumacher after he finished 1st at the Belgian Grand Prix; his car was measured as having an illegal amount of wear on its skid block. His two-race ban was served at the following two races, during which Lehto returned to the team as a replacement. In an attempt to win the constructors' championship, Benetton replaced Verstappen with the more experienced Johnny Herbert for the final two races of the season, marking his return to the team. This was ultimately unsuccessful after Herbert retired from both races. Despite Benetton losing the constructors' championship to Williams, Schumacher won his first world title after colliding with championship rival Hill at the final race in Australia, taking out both drivers.
1994 cheating controversy
During the season, some rival teams claimed Benetton had found a way to violate the FIA-imposed ban on electronic aids, including traction control and launch control. On investigation, the FIA discovered "start sequence" (launch control) software in the Benetton B194 cars, and a variety of illegal software in rival teams' cars as well. FIA had no evidence the software was ever used, so teams found with the software received little to no punishment. No traction control software was found to be in the Benetton cars, however.
Flavio Briatore, Benetton's chief in 1994, said in 2001 that "Our only mistake was that at the time we were too young and people were suspicious".
Renault works era (1995-1997)
After eight years of Ford power, Benetton switched to full-works Renault V10 engines for and thus Ford switched allegiances to then-youngest Formula One constructor Sauber. Herbert was retained alongside Schumacher, whilst test driver Verstappen was loaned to the struggling Simtek team. Schumacher was initially critical of the new B195, claiming that it was difficult to control. The car was outclassed by the Williams FW17 in the early season, with the team's poor performance culminating in Schumacher crashing out from pole position at Imola. However, setup changes at the following race in Spain improved Schumacher's performance in the car. He went on to dominate the remainder of the season, taking nine wins from seventeen races in total and claiming his second world title. Herbert took his first career podium in Spain and then went on to win the British and Italian Grands Prix. This combined effort won Benetton its first constructors' championship, ending Williams' three-year reign. Herbert later claimed the team failed to provide him with equal equipment and accused them of favouring Schumacher.
Decline (1996–1999)
Benetton began racing under Italian nationality for the season, but remained based in the United Kingdom. Despite being contracted to race for Benetton, Schumacher left early to join Ferrari, citing the team's actions in 1994 as his reason for opting out. Herbert was dropped by the team and joined Sauber. Their replacements were Jean Alesi and the returning Gerhard Berger, both of whom had left Ferrari. Williams returned to dominance in 1996 and Schumacher's departure allowed Ferrari to compete for race wins, leaving Benetton struggling. The B196 took ten podium finishes, but the team failed to win a race for the first time since 1988. Alesi and Berger were on course to win the Monaco and German Grands Prix respectively, but both retired late in the closing laps. Benetton finished the season 3rd in the championship with 68 points, less than half as many as in 1995.
By , technical director Ross Brawn and chief designer Rory Byrne, as well as numerous other staff, had left Benetton to join Schumacher at Ferrari. Composites manager, Philip Henderson, who had been with the team since the start also left to help Dan Gurney with his Indy Car team in California. The B197, like its predecessor, struggled to compete with Williams and Ferrari. However, the team still achieved a number of podium finishes over the season. Berger was forced to miss three races due to illness and the death of his father; his replacement was rookie test driver Alexander Wurz. Wurz scored a podium in Britain, only his third race in Formula One. Berger returned for the German Grand Prix, winning the race from pole position in dominant fashion. However, this would turn out to be Benetton's last victory in Formula One. Alesi took pole position in Italy but lost out due to a slow pit stop, finishing 2nd. Benetton ended the season 3rd in the championship with 67 points.
Mecachrome-assembled Supertec era (1998-2000)
saw numerous changes within the Benetton team. Berger retired from Formula One, and Alesi left to join Sauber. Test driver Wurz was promoted to a full-time seat, partnering Giancarlo Fisichella who left Jordan. Renault pulled out of Formula One, leaving Benetton and Williams with a supply of Renault's 1997 engines developed by Mecachrome. Benetton re-branded these engines as Playlife, a sportswear brand owned by the Benetton family. Chief executive Flavio Briatore was removed and replaced by former World Rally Champion and Prodrive boss David Richards. Fisichella achieved some success with the B198, achieving two consecutive 2nd places in Monaco and Canada as well as pole position in Austria. However, Benetton became uncompetitive towards the end of the season, scoring just a single point in the final seven races. The team partly blamed tyre supplier Bridgestone, claiming that they had favoured the more successful McLaren team. Benetton finished the season 5th in the championship with 33 points.
Chief executive Richards left Benetton after just a year in his post and was replaced by Rocco Benetton for , due to a disagreement with the Benetton family about future strategy. The Renault engines were now developed by Flavio Briatore's Supertec company, but continued to be labelled Playlife. The B199 was a disappointment and demonstrated the further decline of the team. The highlight of the season was Fisichella's 2nd place in Canada, however this only came after numerous retirements from other cars. The following ten races only saw a single points finish for Benetton; Wurz's 5th place in Austria. Benetton ended the season 6th in the championship with 16 points, their worst ever finish.
Renault ownership (2000–2001)
Prior to the start of the season, the team was sold to Renault as the manufacturer sought a return to Formula One, however the team would retain the Benetton name. As part of their restructuring, Renault brought back Flavio Briatore as team manager. The B200 was an improvement on its predecessor, claiming three podium finishes, including 2nd place in Brazil after David Coulthard was disqualified. All three of these podiums were scored by Fisichella; Wurz struggled with the car and only claimed a single points finish with 5th place in Italy. Benetton ended the season 4th in the championship with 20 points.
The Renault name returned to Formula One in as Benetton received a supply of full-works Renault engines. Wurz's struggles in 2000 saw him replaced with a young Jenson Button, who had been dropped by Williams. Despite these changes, Benetton suffered a dismal start to 2001 with the B201 often barely qualifying in the top 20. Only a single point was salvaged in the first eleven races, when Fisichella finished 6th in Brazil after twelve other cars failed to finish. The team's fortunes began to change at the German Grand Prix, when Fisichella and Button finishing 4th and 5th respectively. Continued chassis development allowed Benetton to leave Formula One on something of a high, and the cars' performance lifted. Button and Fisichella scored 10 points for the team, including an impressive podium finish for Fisichella in Belgium.
Legacy
2001 was the final season featuring the Benetton name, as the team was fully re-branded as the Renault F1 Team for the season. The Renault F1 Team would go on to win the drivers' and constructors' championships in both and with Fernando Alonso. The team was sold off and became Lotus F1 Team in , before being re-purchased by Renault and becoming Renault Sport Formula One Team in , before becoming Alpine in 2021. The team continues to operate from the site at Enstone established by Benetton in 1992.
The Benetton team is today best known for its success with Michael Schumacher, who accounts for 19 of the team's 27 race victories and their two World Drivers' Championships.
Nationality
Benetton Team had a British licence from to and an Italian licence from to , thus becoming only the second constructor (after Shadow in ) to officially change its nationality. The Benetton family wanted this change of nationality to have their Formula One team flying the flag of their own country. At the 1997 German Grand Prix Benetton became the only constructor to have won races under more than one nationality. The team was based in the UK throughout, initially at the former Toleman factory in Witney, Oxfordshire, before moving to a new, modern, bigger factory at Enstone in .
Racing record
(Bold indicates championships won.)
See also
Benetton family
Benetton Group
Benetton Rugby
List of Italian companies
Benetton Basket
List of Formula One constructors
Footnotes
References
Citations
Bibliography
External links
United Colors of Benetton
Formula One entrants
Auto racing teams in the United Kingdom
Auto racing teams in Italy
British racecar constructors
Italian racecar constructors
British Formula Three teams
1986 establishments in Europe
2001 disestablishments in Europe
Benetton Group
German Formula 3 teams
Auto racing teams established in 1986
Auto racing teams disestablished in 2001
Formula One World Constructors' Champions |
This list of Ports and harbours in Djibouti details the ports, harbours around the coast of Djibouti.
List of ports and harbours in Djibouti
External links
References
Ports
Djibouti |
Field Day Rituals (released February 1, 2011 in Norway by the label Hubro Music – HUBRO CD 2520) is the fourth album of the Norwegian jazz band Splashgirl.
Reception
The All About Jazz reviewer John Eyles awarded the album 4.5 stars, the reviewer Steven Johnson of Musicomh.com awarded the album 4 stars, and the reviewer Ben Hogwood of the British DMC World Magazine awarded the album 5 stars.
Track listing
Personnel
Jo Berger Myhre – double bass
Andreas Lønmo Knudsrød – drums, percussion
Andreas Stensland Løwe – piano, keyboards
Timothy Mason – modular synth
Eyvind Kang – viola
Credits
Arranged by Splashgirl
With arrangements by Randall Dunn
Designed by Yokoland
Mastered by Jason Ward
Photography by Aslak Gurholt Rønsen
Recorded, mixed and produced by Randall Dunn
Notes
Recorded, mixed and produced at Avast!, Seattle, WA, August 13–26, 2012
Mastered by at Chicago Mastering Service
Phonographic copyright (p) – Grappa Musikkforlag AS
Copyright (c) – Grappa Musikkforlag AS
References
External links
2013 albums |
Kou Kiet (translation: Redeem Honor; also called Operation About Face) was a major Laotian Civil War victory for the anti-communist troops of the Kingdom of Laos. Patterned after prior Operation Raindance, it depended upon extensive air strikes blasting communist units and clearing them from the path of the Royalist offensive. Powered by 150 daylight and 50 night sorties daily, with 50 to 80 day strikes directed by Raven Forward Air Controllers, Kou Kiet ran from 6 August to 30 September 1969. It was successful beyond expectations. After the Royal Lao Government troops achieved their objectives, General Vang Pao insisted on pushing forward while they had the initiative. As a result, the Royalists regained control of the entire Plain of Jars while also capturing a huge stock of munitions from the communist forces. Their triumph came at a huge cost. Even though the Royalists were successful, by battle's end their forces were exhausted an the pool of potential recruits were limited, while the Vietnamese could easily replace their personnel losses.
Overview
After World War II, France fought the First Indochina War to retain French Indochina. As part of its loss of that war at Dien Ben Phu, it freed the Kingdom of Laos. Laotian neutrality was established in the 1954 Geneva Agreements. When France withdrew most of its military in conformity with the treaty, the United States filled the vacuum with purportedly civilian paramilitary instructors. A North Vietnamese-backed communist insurrection began as early as 1949. Invading during the opium harvest season of 1953, it settled in northeastern Laos adjacent to the border of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.
As the Laotian Civil War flared, the Central Intelligence Agency established a secret guerrilla army in the Plain of Jars. Interposed between the communist settlement around Xam Neua and the Royal Lao Government in Vientiane, the Hmong military irregulars fought to hold on to their traditional territory, and to preserve Laos. After the failure and defeat of Operation Pigfat and Operation Raindance in early 1969, the communists had overrun the Plain of Jars to within ten kilometers of the guerrillas' main base at Long Chieng. As a riposte, Hmong General Vang Pao plotted another spoiling offensive against the pressing communists. However, the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) beat him to it with Campaign Thoan Thang. After the Vietnamese campaign ran its course, Vang Pao launched yet another inconclusive offensive that failed to clear the foe from the Plain of Jars, Operation Off Balance. By 28 June 1969, the PAVN had 60 tanks deployed. Additionally, there were seven new Vietnamese infantry battalions poised on the Plain, while the Royalist remained unreinforced. The PAVN now had a total of 26 battalions in the Plain of Jars area, seemingly poised for a further wet season offensive.
Kou Kiet
Preliminaries
The monsoon rains that had crippled the air support for Operation Off Balance, and Operation Pigfat before that, now began to clear to favor Vang Pao and his forces. With about triple the usual rainfall for the month of July, communist ground logistics began to bog down, often quite literally. Conversely, Vang Pao's troops were being amply supplied via air bridge; brand new M16 rifles were being secretively provided for his troops.
Also, U.S. Air Force tactical air strikes with area denial munitions forced the PAVN supply efforts off the main road. However, to the opposing Royalist forces, the PAVN still remained a threatening force in being to the ancestral Hmong territory south of the Plain of Jars. In late July 1969, as Off Balance was still being fought, Vang Pao plotted a diversionary attack against the PAVN's main supply road, Route 7. Suspicious of leaky security among the Royal Lao Army command, Vang Pao demanded CIA-supported guerrillas for his next offensive. His insistence was problematic, as he lacked the needed manpower in his own CIA guerrilla army. In an unprecedented move, guerrillas were transferred in from other Military Regions.
The Hmong general called the new offensive operation Kou Kiet (Redeemed Honor). His CIA contacts dubbed it Operation About Face when they approved it. No matter the name, it was patterned on the previous Operation Raindance, planned as a three-week attack with the major firepower being tactical air. Newly arrived Ambassador G. McMurtrie Godley messaged his superiors in the U.S. State Department that the military situation on the Plain of Jars was so crucial that if fighter-bombers would not suffice for Kou Kiet, Arc Light strikes by B-52s should be considered as a followup.
It was planned as a two phase operation. The first phase was a helilift of two battalions to a ridgeline overlooking Nong Pet, which oversaw Route 70. From there, both the Royalist battalion of regulars and the Hmong Special Guerrilla Unit would attack and block Route 7. The second phase would involve three battalions of Royal Lao Army and five battalions of irregulars. They were to be helicoptered in to take up positions on two mountains that overlooked the southern Plain of Jars. This latter movement seemed beyond Royalist capabilities; both his CIA advisors and Prime Minister Souvanna Phouma cautioned him about it. However, the Hmong general pressed forward with his plans, even persuading both Military Region 3 and Military Region 4 to loan him a guerrilla battalion each. Kou Kiet was due to launch on 3 August. Although the PAVN outnumbered the Hmong and had superior fighting power, it was believed that air power during favorable weather conditions would tip the balance to the Royalists. Planning 150 tactical air strikes during daylight, and 50 strikes per night, the U.S. Air Force could count on Raven FACs to spot for and direct 50 to 80 sorties per day close air support for the Royalist guerrillas.
Phase one
After a hold because of bad weather, the offensive kicked off during a heavy rain on 6 August 1969. With the new troops available from other Military Regions, the operational planning had shifted to a pincer movement for phase one. Blue Battalion from Military Region 3 was coptered into Bouamlong, north of Route 7, to be joined by local Auto Defense Choc militia. They were to march south toward the Nong Pet road junction. The other pincer was landed by short takeoff and landing aircraft at San Tiau, southeast of Route 7. This makeshift force was made up of Military Region 4's battalion-sized 2nd Special Guerrilla Unit, Military Region 2's Bataillon Volontaires 27 (Volunteer Battalion 27), plus some ADC guerrillas. Despite the weather hold, the attack began in heavy rain.
As a result, the northern contingent was bogged down for about a week before helicopters could move them to Nong Pet. At about the same date, on 19 August, the southern pincer took the ridge overseeing Nong Pet that was their objective. Four days later, the northern task force had moved within eight kilometers of Nong Pet.
The People's Army of Vietnam had offered no organized resistance to the Royalist incursion. Road watch teams, plus implanted spy sensors, both reported that no trucks bearing supplies for the communists had made it down Route 7 onto the Plain of Jars since the attacks began. Encouraged by his success, and by the lack of opposition, Vang Pao launched Phase two of his plan.
Phase two
Building on success, on 20 August Vang Pao expanded his offensive. He continued to plan on a two-pronged operation. As before, there was a northern column. Two battalions of Royalist regular volunteers—Bataillon Volontaires 21 and Bataillon Volontaires 24—were stiffened with the 101 Bataillon Parachutistes (101st Paratroop Battalion). This probe moved northeastward from Ban Na; their immediate objective was Moung Phanh. The second column, moving in from the south, consisted of two regimental-size units of guerrillas, Groupe Mobile 22 and Groupe Mobile 23. Most of the Kou Kiet troops were armed with M16s.
GM 22 and GM 23 marched northward without opposition through the marshy southern edge of the Plain of Jars for five days, GM 22 leading, GM 23 trailing. Then GM 22 split in two; part of the unit swerved eastward on its own axis of advance. The two prongs of GM 22 would reunite at the Lat Houang junction of Routes 4 and 5 by the end of August. There they found a feast of abandoned livestock. On 31 August, the U.S. Air Force began five days of spraying defoliant on communist-held rice paddies on the plain. The ongoing success of the campaign was credited to air power. Besides the heavy daily contribution of 140 sorties per day of the U.S. Air Force, fewer than 30 Royal Lao Air Force AT-28s flew over 90 sorties per day of close air support.
By 1 September, there had been no real opposition from the foe. Of the 18 communist battalions that had been occupying the Plain of Jars, only two weren't Pathet Lao. A Vietnamese prisoner of war revealed that the communists planned no new offensive until arrival of the dry season. On 4 September, a captured PAVN officer described his 400-man unit and six tanks as being trapped when they attempted withdrawal back along Route 7 to North Vietnam. Most unusually for the highly disciplined PAVN, the unit broke, scattered, and fled. At about this time, Vang Pao realized he could extend his offensive still further.
Phase two, part two
By 5 September, the Hmong irregulars moved north onto the Plain of Jars, overrunning huge hoards of military materiel, including a fleet of PT-76 tanks. Continuing onwards, still uncontested, on 9 September GM 22 captured Khang Khay. Even as they were doing so, GM 23 swung into action. Two of its battalions captured Phou Khe and Phonsavan on 12 September; the third relieved GM 22 at Khang Khay. GM 22 advanced one kilometer northwest to occupy a cavern containing a Pathet Lao radio station, and other materiel.
Vang Pao brought more fresh troops to his campaign, a mixture of Royalist regulars and Hmong irregulars. On 18 September, Bataillon Volontaires 21 and a force of the hill tribe guerrillas captured Phou San and nearby foothills. Here, for the first time, the RLG troops met resistance. After the communists managed to block the Royalist advance for two days. the latter were reinforced by a regiment, Groupe Mobile 21. GM 21 was tasked with seizing the high ground at Phou Keng in a night assault. They took it on 24 September, granting them surveillance of the northern end of the Plain of Jars.
With the Plain of Jars largely under RLG control, a scratch force of seven Auto Defense Choc militia companies closed in on the PAVN troops stranded in Muang Soui. On the last day of September, two ADC companies occupied Muang Soui as the battered, starving Vietnamese faded into the jungle. Despite extensive bombing by the U.S. Air Force, most equipment there was undamaged, and untouched by the PAVN.
At this point, it became apparent that communist resistance was forming. There were still three intact PAVN regiments in the vicinity; military intelligence reports heralded the arrival of the PAVN 312th Division from Vietnam. A PAVN counterattack on an SGU fixed position at Phou Nok Kok showed that the Vietnamese were willing to take heavy casualties to attrite the dwindling guerrilla forces.
Results of the operation
During this operation, Vang Pao and his Hmong army became dependent on close air support to the point they were considered to be the first guerrillas in history to project air superiority. That dependence began to erode their fighting abilities.
By the time Kou Kiet ended on 30 September 1969, tactical air was credited with hitting 308 communist vehicles. The PAVN had fled, abandoning the Pathet Lao and their weak allies in the Forces Armées Neutralistes. The Pathet Lao dispersed into the countryside, while the Neutralists refused combat and hastily retreated eastward to the border with the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. One of the caches captured by the advancing Hmong contained 100 tons of munitions; another held 22 trucks. Falling into the conquerors' hands by the end of October were 25 tanks, 113 vehicles with over 800,000 liters of fuel, more than 6,400 weapons, almost six million rounds of ammunition, and five days rations for the entire PAVN force. In terms of materiel captured, Kou Kiet was the greatest haul yet in the Second Indochina War. The loss jarred the PAVN into changing their previous tactics of stockpiling supplies close to their front line troops before an offensive.
Now, with the width of the plain separating the communists from the main guerrilla bases, the latter were no longer besieged. In addition to the tremendous stores of military materiel captured by the RLG, 20,000 inhabitants of the Plain were removed, depriving the communists of porters to move their supplies. The Plain of Jars was now clearly under RLG control for the first time in almost a year. However, the Hmong guerrilla attack suffered from success; the irregulars had outrun the planned limits of the campaign and pushed into an area designated for area denial ordnance. As a result, U.S. Air Force pilots could not drop mines to seal off the Vietnamese incursions due to the presence of friendly troops.
Aftermath
Even as Kou Kiet was grinding to its finish, General Võ Nguyên Giáp issued orders on 13 September for an upcoming PAVN dry season attack in Military Region 2, dubbed Campaign 139. A preliminary battalion-sized retaliatory probe on 29 November pushed Bataillon Volontaires 21 and its Hmong auxiliaries off their mountaintop strongpoint. The Hmong, who were transitioning from classic guerrillas to light infantry, suffered irreplaceable increased casualties as a result. General Vang Pao's forces had dwindled to about 5,000 to 5,500 effectives. The Pathet Lao outnumbered them, with about 6,000 under arms. PAVN, on the other hand, could muster 16,000 troops. Moreover, while the Vietnamese replenished their losses, the Hmong were hard pressed to find recruits to replace their casualties.
Refugee relief worker Pop Buell left an account of recruiting Hmong replacements:
...we rounded up three hundred fresh recruits. Thirty percent were fourteen years old or less, and ten of them were only ten years old. Another thirty percent were fifteen or sixteen. The remaining forty percent were forty-five or over. Where were the ones in between? I'll tell you—they're all dead.
The Pathet Lao communists held rural territory largely barren of population for replacements; their forces had dwindled to battalions of about 150 men. By comparison, the Vietnamese could hypothetically replace 10,000 casualties per year for the next 14 years in the northern Laotian fighting, while Laotian forces could expect few or no replacements.
A planned three-week offensive had stretched into three and a half months. The Royalist irregular troops were exhausted by their successful drive. The mismatch in troops made them obviously unable to hold the ground they had captured. The American Embassy backers of the operation recommended that the guerrillas plan a step by step withdrawal back across the Plain of Jars, retreating through a series of four static lines. Key to the original defensive line was Phou Nok Kok. The PAVN attacked Phou Nok Kok's 600 man garrison throughout December, suffering an estimated 400 killed in action and 1,000 wounded, mostly inflicted by close air support. As bad flying weather curtailed air support for the Royalists during January 1970, the communists continued their attacks. On 12 January 1970, after a six-week defense that cost the PAVN about 600 killed, and despite the initial use of RLAF AC-47 gunships for support, the Hmong guerrillas withdrew from the stronghold. They had suffered 12 killed. With the loss of Phou Nok Kok, which barred the eastern entry to the Plain, the Royalists were forced to withdraw.
Nevertheless, Kou Kiet was dubbed "the first major victory in the history of the Royal Lao Government".
Notes
References
Ahern, Thomas L. Jr. (2006), Undercover Armies: CIA and Surrogate Warfare in Laos. Center for the Study of Intelligence. Classified control no. C05303949.
Anthony, Victor B. and Richard R. Sexton (1993). The War in Northern Laos. Command for Air Force History. OCLC 232549943.
Castle, Timothy N. (1993). At War in the Shadow of Vietnam: U.S. Military Aid to the Royal Lao Government 1955–1975. .
Conboy, Kenneth and James Morrison (1995). Shadow War: The CIA's Secret War in Laos. Paladin Press. .
Dommen, Arthur J., Chapter 1. Historical Setting. Savada, Andrea Matles, ed. (1995). Laos a country study. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. ISBNs 0844408328, 978-0844408323.
Tapp, Nicholas (2010). The Impossibility of Self: An Essay on the Hmong Diaspora: Volume 6 of Comparative Anthropological Studies in Society, Cosmology and Politics. LIT Verlag Münster. ISBNs 3643102585, 9783643102584.
Warner, Roger (1995). Back Fire: The CIA's Secret War in Laos and Its Link to the War in Vietnam. Simon & Schuster. ISBNs 0-68480-292-9, 978-06848-0292-3.
1969 in Laos
Battles and operations of the Laotian Civil War
20th-century military operations |
The discography of Fight Like Apes, an Irish alternative rock band, consists of three studio albums, three extended plays and several singles.
Albums
Studio albums
Live albums
Extended plays
Compilation albums
Singles
Music videos
References
Discographies of Irish artists
Rock music group discographies |
Swallow is a 2019 psychological thriller film written and directed by Carlo Mirabella-Davis and starring Haley Bennett, Austin Stowell, Elizabeth Marvel, David Rasche, and Denis O'Hare. Its plot follows a young woman who, emotionally stifled in her marriage and domestic life, develops an impulse to consume inedible objects.
The film had its world premiere at the Tribeca Film Festival on April 28, 2019. It was released in France on January 15, 2020, by UFO Distribution, and in the United States on March 6, 2020, by IFC Films.
Plot
Hunter Conrad, a young woman from a lower-working-class family, has recently married Richie Conrad, a man from a wealthy family who is set to take over as CEO of his father's Manhattan corporation. This affords Hunter the ability to stay at home in the couple's lavish upstate New York home. Despite this, Hunter finds herself emotionally stifled and isolated in both her marriage and domestic life, while Richie is distant and inconsiderate toward her. For example, at a dinner with Richie's parents to congratulate the young couple on their pregnancy, Hunter is enticed to tell a story, only to be interrupted by her father-in-law zoning out and asking Richie about business. One day while home alone, Hunter develops the impulse to eat a marble. She finds it exhilarating and begins to consume other inedible objects around the house, including thumbtacks, metal figurines, and batteries.
During a routine ultrasound, the sonogram technician notices an anomaly in her abdomen. She is rushed in for emergency surgery to remove a variety of objects trapped in her intestine. Hunter is diagnosed with pica, a psychological disorder that compels individuals to eat inedible objects. Richie's parents, Katherine and Michael, arrange for her to see a psychiatrist in the city. During her therapy sessions, Hunter says she swallows the objects because she likes the feel of their textures in her mouth.
Richie hires Luay, a family friend and immigrant from Syria, to monitor Hunter while he is at work. Hunter, feeling smothered, is initially hostile toward Luay, who dismisses her mental illness as resulting from her privileged life. In therapy, she eventually reveals she was not raised by her biological father and has never met him, though she knows his name and keeps a picture of him. She was conceived as a result of her mother's rape at the hands of a strange man she had met in a bar. The rapist served time in prison for the crime.
One afternoon, Hunter overhears Richie speaking with her psychiatrist on the phone, and realizes Richie has bribed the doctor to tell him what was discussed in Hunter's therapy sessions. This sends Hunter into a panic, and she swallows a miniature screwdriver. Luay finds her choking violently, and calls 9-1-1. After undergoing surgery to remove the screwdriver, Michael and Katherine arrange to have Hunter committed to a psychiatric hospital for the next seven months until she delivers the baby, threatening that Richie will divorce her. Luay, who has warmed to Hunter, allows her to flee into the woods, and stages it to appear as though she had escaped.
Hunter hitchhikes to a motel and calls Richie, who begs her to return. She explains she had rushed into their marriage and pregnancy to make him happy. When she refuses to come back, he chastises and insults her. Hunter smashes her cell phone and spends the rest of the night watching television and eating soil from outside. The next day, she hitchhikes to the home of her biological father, William Erwin. At William's house, he is celebrating his birthday with family and friends. He and his wife Lucy assume Hunter is the parent of one of their daughter's friends, but she privately reveals her true identity to William. During an emotional conversation, William professes his shame for raping Hunter's mother. Hunter asks him if he is ashamed of her and whether she is like him, which he denies.
Having obtained closure, Hunter visits a clinic and is prescribed medication to induce an abortion. She takes the pills while eating lunch in a food court and experiences the abortion in a public restroom.
Cast
Haley Bennett as Hunter Conrad
Austin Stowell as Richie Conrad
Elizabeth Marvel as Katherine Conrad
David Rasche as Michael Conrad
Denis O'Hare as William Erwin
Lauren Vélez as Lucy
Zabryna Guevara as Alice
Laith Nakli as Luay
Babak Tafti as Aaron
Nicole Kang as Bev
Production
In September 2016, it was announced that Carlo Mirabella-Davis would direct the film based on a screenplay that he wrote. He drew inspiration from his grandmother's obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) to create the story of a pregnant housewife who develops the disorder pica, which causes her to ingest inanimate objects. Mirabella-Davis stated that his grandmother developed various rituals of control due to her unhappy marriage and the increasing sense of powerlessness in her life. She was eventually placed in a mental institution, where she received treatments such as electroshock therapy, insulin shock therapy, and a non-consensual lobotomy. Mirabella-Davis wanted to make a film about his grandmother's experience, but he realized that hand washing, her primary OCD symptom, was not very cinematic. Instead, he chose to focus on pica and explore the attraction that people with this disorder have to ingesting objects.
Mynette Louie and Mollye Asher were slated to produce the film along with Syncopated Films and Standalone Productions. In May 2018, Haley Bennett, Austin Stowell, Elizabeth Marvel, David Rasche and Denis O'Hare joined the cast of the film. Carole Baraton, Frédéric Fiore were also announced as producers under their Charades and Logical Pictures banners, respectively. Joe Wright, Bennett, Constantin Briest, Johann Comte, Pierre Mazars, Eric Tavitian and Sam Bisbee were named executive producers.
Filming
Principal photography began on April 28, 2018. The film was shot in a glass home in Highland, New York, along the Hudson River, and at a nearby farm. Mirabella-Davis attributes the selection of the home to its Hitchcock-like appearance. He also has compared the home's nearby river to a "mood ring", representing freedom, power and danger, a stark contrast to the powerless life that protagonist Hunter finds herself living.
In a 2020 interview, production designer Erin Magill noted that inspiration for the film's overall aesthetic and strong visual look was taken from films such as Safe and Rosemary's Baby. She was also inspired by famous photographers such as Tina Barney, Philip Lorca-diCorcia and Gregory Crewdson.
Release
Swallow had its world premiere at the Tribeca Film Festival on April 28, 2019. Shortly thereafter, IFC Films acquired American distribution rights. It was released in France on January 15, 2020, by UFO Distribution and in the United States on March 6, 2020. It tied for the highest-grossing film in the U.S. for the week of April 17, 2020, though earning just $2,490 from a handful of drive-in theaters during the COVID-19 pandemic, with a total of $31,646 in its seven-week run up to that point.
Critical reception
Swallow received generally positive reviews from film critics. It holds an 87% approval rating on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 143 reviews, with an average of 7.4/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Swallows unconventional approach to exploring domestic ennui is elevated by a well-told story and Haley Bennett's powerful leading performance." On Metacritic, the film holds a rating of 65 out of 100, based on 22 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".
Justine Smith of RogerEbert.com gave Swallow 3.5 out of 4 stars, and described the film "an uncompromising horror that evokes deeply rooted alienation and dysmorphia" and "a far cry from the 'rah-rah' feminist empowerment stories that end in blood-soaked revenge." She lauds the film for its ability to invert typical horror movie tropes and depict the intimate horror of being a woman fighting for bodily autonomy. Smith also praises the film's director, Carlo Mirabella-Davis, for his ability to create an unsettling and engaging experience, and commends lead actress Haley Bennett for her portrayal of Hunter, noting her ability to convey inner turmoil while maintaining a calm exterior. Smith concludes that Swallow is a powerful and thought-provoking film that ranks among the "best films about the fight for female bodily autonomy in the contemporary era."
Writing for The New York Times, Kristen Yoonsoo Kim praises Haley Bennett's exceptional acting, but finds Swallow's body-horror elements nauseating and the payoff and psychology behind Hunter's actions not illuminating enough. She acknowledges the film's avoidance of pure body-horror sensationalism and its attempt to trace Hunter's need for control to a trauma in her past, but ultimately finds it lacking in its execution, concluding that it falls short in adding anything new to the woman-on-the-verge-of-a-nervous-breakdown genre.
In Katie Rife's review for The AV Club, she describes Swallow as a high-class version of My Strange Addiction. She notes that the film's visuals are impressive and praises lead actress Haley Bennett's performance, which makes the film more than just a "freak show."
Kimber Myers' review for The Los Angeles Times praises the lead actress and the film's feminist themes. Myers compares the film's style and themes to Todd Haynes' works and the melodramas of Douglas Sirk, with its saturated colors, Midcentury furniture, and a story of a woman trying to escape her life. She notes that the film is difficult to watch at times, but that it is "psychologically rich and always feels genuine" despite its stunningly stylized portrayal of the complex protagonist's inner world.
Dissenting opinions included that of critic Barry Hertz of The Globe and Mail, who wrote that "Mirabella-Davis treats Hunter's behaviour with kid gloves — it is a disorder that the film treats as fit for gawking and disgust, not anything close to understanding or empathy."
References
External links
2019 films
2019 horror thriller films
2019 independent films
2019 psychological thriller films
2010s English-language films
2010s feminist films
2010s pregnancy films
2010s psychological drama films
American body horror films
American feminist films
American horror thriller films
American independent films
American pregnancy films
American psychological drama films
American psychological thriller films
English-language French films
Films about eating disorders
Films set in New York (state)
Films shot in New York (state)
French feminist films
French horror thriller films
French independent films
French pregnancy films
French psychological drama films
French psychological thriller films
Pica (disorder)
2010s American films
2010s French films |
Kasagh (formerly, Chamyrlu and Chamrlu), is an abandoned village in the Aragatsotn Province of Armenia. It was abandoned in 1965 and its ruins now lie beneath the Aparan Reservoir.
After the abandonment of the village, the population was moved to a new village called Kasagh, built at the northwestern suburbs of Yerevan, currently part of the Kotayk Province.
References
Former populated places in Aragatsotn Province |
Manhattan Madness is a 1916 silent film comedy directed by Allan Dwan and starring Douglas Fairbanks. It was produced by Fine Arts Film Company and distributed by Triangle Film Corporation.
The film is preserved at George Eastman House and Museum of Modern Art.
Cast
Douglas Fairbanks - Steve O'Dare
Jewel Carmen - The Girl
George Beranger - The Butler
Ruth Darling - The Maid
Eugene Ormonde - Count Marinoff
Macey Harlam - The Villain
Warner Richmond - Jack Osborne
John Richmond - Cupid Russell
Albert MacQuarrie -
References
External links
1916 films
American silent feature films
Films directed by Allan Dwan
Triangle Film Corporation films
American black-and-white films
Silent American comedy films
1916 comedy films
1910s American films |
Mirabad (, also Romanized as Mīrābād; also known as Kalāteh Mīrābād and Kalāteh-ye Mīrābād) is a village in Arabkhaneh Rural District, Shusef District, Nehbandan County, South Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 27, in 7 families.
References
Populated places in Nehbandan County |
La Union's 2nd congressional district is one of the two congressional districts of the Philippines in the province of La Union. It has been represented in the House of Representatives of the Philippines since 1916 and earlier in the Philippine Assembly from 1907 to 1916. The district consists of the southern municipalities of Agoo, Aringay, Bagulin, Bauang, Burgos, Caba, Naguilian, Pugo, Rosario, Santo Tomas, and Tubao. It is currently represented in the 19th Congress by Dante S. Garcia of the People's Reform Party (PRP).
Representation history
Election results
2022
2019
2016
2013
2010
See also
Legislative districts of La Union
References
Congressional districts of the Philippines
Politics of La Union
1907 establishments in the Philippines
Congressional districts of the Ilocos Region
Constituencies established in 1907 |
Tomás Telis (born June 18, 1991) is a Venezuelan professional baseball catcher for the Tecolotes de los Dos Laredos of the Mexican League. He previously played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Texas Rangers and Miami Marlins.
Career
Texas Rangers
Telis signed with the Texas Rangers as an international free agent on July 2, 2007 as a shortstop and was moved to catcher. He made his professional debut in 2008 with the DSL Rangers. He split the 2009 season between the rookie ball AZL Rangers and the Low-A Spokane Indians, batting .330/.340/.498 between the two clubs. In 2010, Telis spent the year with the AZL Rangers, hitting .326/.351/.431 in 37 games. In 2011, Telis played for the Single-A Hickory Crawdads, slashing .297/.329/.430 with career-highs in home runs (11) and RBI (69). In 2012, Telis played in High-A with the Myrtle Beach Pelicans, posting a .247/.283/.331 batting line in 117 games. Telis spent the 2013 season with the Double-A Frisco RoughRiders, slashing .264/290/.353 with 4 home runs and 43 RBI in 91 games. Telis was assigned to the Triple-A Round Rock Express to begin the 2014 season.
Telis was called up to the majors for the first time on August 25, 2014. He made his debut that day against the Seattle Mariners as the starting catcher, and notched his first major league hit in the game, a bunt single off of Brandon Maurer. Telis appeared in 18 games for the Rangers, collecting 8 RBI's in 68 at bats.
Miami Marlins
On July 31, 2015, Telis was traded to the Miami Marlins, along with Cody Ege, for Sam Dyson. He finished the 2015 season between the Triple-A New Orleans Zephyrs and the Marlins, collecting 4 hits in 27 at-bats for the major league club. In 2016, Telis spent the majority of the season in New Orleans, but played in 10 games with Miami, notching 4 hits in 13 at-bats. In 2017, Telis played in 48 games for the Marlins, batting .240/.279/.346 with 9 RBI. After getting off to a .207/.258/.241 start in 2018, Telis was designated for assignment on April 28, 2018. He cleared waivers and was outrighted to the New Orleans Baby Cakes. Telis spent the remainder of the year in Triple-A and elected free agency on November 2, 2018.
Minnesota Twins
On January 9, 2019, Telis signed a minor league deal with the Minnesota Twins. He was assigned to AAA Rochester Red Wings to start the 2019 season, with whom he batted .330/.364/.490 in 82 games. On November 6, 2019, Telis re-signed with the Twins on a new minor league contract. Telis did not play in a game in 2020 due to the cancellation of the minor league season because of the COVID-19 pandemic. He again re-signed with the Twins on a minor league contract on November 2, 2020.
After the 2020 season, he played for Caribes de Anzoátegui of the Liga Venezolana de Béisbol Profesional(LVMP). He has also played for Venezuela in the 2021 Caribbean Series.
On April 21, 2021, Telis was selected to the active roster. However, on April 23, Telis was removed from the 40-man roster without making an appearance for the Twins and was assigned to the Triple-A St. Paul Saints.
Telis spent the 2021 season with the Triple-A St. Paul Saints. He played in 101 games, hitting .296 with 12 home runs and 50 RBI's. Telis became a free agent following the season.
Los Angeles Dodgers
On December 24, 2021, Telis signed a minor league contract with the Los Angeles Dodgers. He played in 80 games for the Triple-A Oklahoma City Dodgers, batting .287/.365/.342 with 2 home runs and 36 RBI. He elected free agency following the season on November 10, 2022.
Tecolotes de los Dos Laredos
On March 8, 2023, Telis signed with the Tecolotes de los Dos Laredos of the Mexican League.
See also
List of Major League Baseball players from Venezuela
References
External links
1991 births
Living people
Arizona League Rangers players
Caribes de Anzoátegui players
Dominican Summer League Rangers players
Venezuelan expatriate baseball players in the Dominican Republic
Frisco RoughRiders players
Hickory Crawdads players
Major League Baseball catchers
Major League Baseball players from Venezuela
Miami Marlins players
Myrtle Beach Pelicans players
Navegantes del Magallanes players
New Orleans Baby Cakes players
Rochester Red Wings players
Round Rock Express players
Spokane Indians players
St. Paul Saints players
Tecolotes de los Dos Laredos players
Texas Rangers players
Venezuelan expatriate baseball players in Mexico
Venezuelan expatriate baseball players in the United States
Oklahoma City Dodgers players
People from El Tigre
Sportspeople from Anzoátegui |
This article is about events in organized crime in 1984.
Events
Shinobu Tsukasa, Kiyoshi Takayama, among others formed the Kodo-kai, a yakuza organization which later grew to be one of the largest affiliates of the Yamaguchi-gumi.
February 4 – Gambino associate and former DeMeo Crew member Richard DiNome is shot to death in his living room by an automatic weapon. Two other individuals with no known organized crime ties who happened to be at his residence at the time were also murdered. Authorities suspect members of the DeMeo Crew murdered DiNome to prevent him from becoming a cooperating witness for the government, but no evidence links them to the crime and the case remains unsolved.
February 7 – The entire hierarchy and top members of the Kansas City crime syndicate are indicted under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO) by a federal grand jury in Kansas City, Missouri. Charges against the crime family include conspiracy to murder Carl Spero in 1978 as well as skimming operations from the Argent Corporation, the Tropicana casino, and various Kansas City bingo halls. After seven months, boss Carl and his son capo Anthony "Tony Ripe" Civella plead guilty on September 7 receiving 10–30 years and 5 years imprisonment and fined, respectively.
March 30 – Paul "Big Pauly" Castellano and 23 other individuals are indicted by the Southern District of New York in relation to crimes committed by members of and associates to a crew headed by Gambino soldier Roy DeMeo. The 78-count indictment accused the individuals of a variety of racketeering acts including extortion, loansharking and over 25 murders.
April – Cesare Bonventre, then the youngest capo in the Bonanno crime family is murdered. Bonanno underboss and future successor to Phil Rastelli, Joe "Big Joey" Massino feared Bonventre's growing power and wealth and felt Bonventre might make a move to seize control of the family since Massino was on the lam from an indictment at the time. Named in an indictment issued on April 9 charging Bonventre and others with involvement in the Pizza Connection case, Bonventre fails to appear, and is assumed to be hiding out to avoid arrest. However, FBI agents discover human remains stuffed into three 60-gallon drums in an office building in Garfield, New Jersey on April 17. By sometime in early May, the remains are positively identified via fingerprints as Beonventre's. He apparently had about $1600 cash on him at the time of his murder, which was left untouched.
April 9 – Milwaukee racketeer Frank "Frankie Bal" Balistrieri, with his sons John and Joseph Balistrieri, are convicted of extortion under the Hobbs Act based on the testimony of an FBI undercover agent by Balistrieri. Introduced to Balistrieri as a vending-machine representative of the Bonanno Family members, soldier Benjamin "Lefty Guns" Ruggiero and capo Mike "Mimi" Sabella, the agent was the victim of an extortion attempt by Balistrieri after the agent attempted to intrude into the Milwaukee vending-machine business without Balistrieri's prior approval. Balistrieri was later sentenced to 13 years imprisonment on May 29, and his sons received eight-year prison sentences and fined on July 30.
May 15 – FBI agents observe a Commission meeting held in a Staten Island, New York home. In attendance were Gambino crime family boss Paul Castellano, caporegime Frank DeCicco, soldier Thomas Bilotti, Genovese crime family boss Anthony "Fat Tony" Salerno, Colombo crime family acting boss Gennaro "Gerry Lang" Langella, caporegime Ralph Scopo, and representing the Lucchese crime family was underboss Salvatore Santoro and caporegime Aniello "Neil" Migliore.
June – The United States and Italy hold the first meeting of the Italian-U.S. Working Group on Drug Interdiction.
June 22 – Laborers Local 95 officials Joseph Sherman and Stephen McNair were convicted of labor racketeering in connection with an extortion of Chiavone-Chase Corporation. Prosecutors allege the extortion was directed by Genovese boss Vincent "Chin" Gigante.
July 2 – In a 4–3 ruling, the U.S. Supreme Court declares labor leaders can be required by law to be of good moral character, thereby greatly assisting state officials to take an active role in policing labor union leadership.
July 11 – Raymond Patriarca, head of the New England's Patriarca crime family, dies of natural causes. Succeeded by his son Raymond Patriarca, Jr., capo Ilario "Larry Baiona" Zannino is promoted to consigliere and receives control of the rackets within the Boston area following the death of Patriarca, Sr. and imprisonment of Gennaro "Jerry" Angiulo as a reward for his support of Patriarca, Jr.
July 18 – Dominic "Jimmy Regace" Brooklier, head of the Los Angeles crime family, dies of natural causes while serving a five-year sentence on racketeering charges and was succeeded by Peter John Milano.
September 14 – Salvatore "The Prince" Testa, a capo in the Philadelphia crime family, is killed on the orders of family boss Nicodemo Scarfo.
September 18 – Lucchese crime family leader Anthony "Tony Ducks" Corallo, along with 21 others and 16 organizations, is indicted for conspiring to monopolize the private garbage collection business on Long Island, New York as well as splitting quarterly payments from companies of an estimated $50,000 between Corallo and Gambino crime family leader Paul Castellano.
October 18 - In a newspaper article, The Boston Globe reports that the imprisoned Gennaro J. "Jerry" Angiulo, Patriarca crime family underboss (Boston Faction) since the 1968 imprisonment of former underboss Enrico "Henry" Tameleo, is demoted to soldier as the result of a power struggle in the wake of Ramond Patriarca's death in July. Angiulo's brother, Vittore Nicolo "Nick" Angiulo, who had been serving as the family's consigliere, has also been demoted.
December 5/7 – Gambino crime family soldiers (and reputed members of New Jersey's Cherry Hill Gambino Crew) Rosario Gambino, Erasmus Gambino, Anthony Spatola, and Antonio Gambino are fined $300,000 on drug related charges and sentenced to combined 143 years imprisonment.
December 23 – Mafia boss Giuseppe "Pippo" Calo organizes the bombing of the 904 express train (Rapido 904) from Naples to Milan killing 17 people and injuring 200 more. The plan was to divert the attention of the police from the Mafia to terrorism.
Arts and literature
Johnny Dangerously (film) starring Michael Keaton
Once Upon a Time in America (film) starring Robert De Niro, James Woods, Elizabeth McGovern, Tuesday Weld, William Forsythe, Joe Pesci, Treat Williams, Burt Young and Danny Aiello
The Sicilian (novel) by Mario Puzo
Births
Deaths
February 4 – Richard DiNome, former Gambino associate and DeMeo Crew member
April – Cesare Bonventre, Bonanno crime family capo
July 7 – Raymond Patriarca, Sr., boss of the Patriarca crime family
September 14 – Salvatore Testa "Salvie", Philadelphia Family capo
September 16 – Vincenzo Cotroni dies of cancer
References
Organized crime
Years in organized crime |
In graph theory, Yen's algorithm computes single-source K-shortest loopless paths for a graph with non-negative edge cost. The algorithm was published by Jin Y. Yen in 1971 and employs any shortest path algorithm to find the best path, then proceeds to find K − 1 deviations of the best path.
Algorithm
Terminology and notation
Description
The algorithm can be broken down into two parts, determining the first k-shortest path, , and then determining all other k-shortest paths. It is assumed that the container will hold the k-shortest path, whereas the container , will hold the potential k-shortest paths. To determine , the shortest path from the source to the sink, any efficient shortest path algorithm can be used.
To find the , where ranges from to , the algorithm assumes that all paths from to have previously been found. The iteration can be divided into two processes, finding all the deviations and choosing a minimum length path to become . Note that in this iteration, ranges from to .
The first process can be further subdivided into three operations, choosing the , finding , and then adding to the container . The root path, , is chosen by finding the subpath in that follows the first nodes of , where ranges from to . Then, if a path is found, the cost of edge of is set to infinity. Next, the spur path, , is found by computing the shortest path from the spur node, node , to the sink. The removal of previous used edges from to ensures that the spur path is different. , the addition of the root path and the spur path, is added to . Next, the edges that were removed, i.e. had their cost set to infinity, are restored to their initial values.
The second process determines a suitable path for by finding the path in container with the lowest cost. This path is removed from container and inserted into container and the algorithm continues to the next iteration.
Pseudocode
The algorithm assumes that the Dijkstra algorithm is used to find the shortest path between two nodes, but any shortest path algorithm can be used in its place.
function YenKSP(Graph, source, sink, K):
// Determine the shortest path from the source to the sink.
A[0] = Dijkstra(Graph, source, sink);
// Initialize the set to store the potential kth shortest path.
B = [];
for k from 1 to K:
// The spur node ranges from the first node to the next to last node in the previous k-shortest path.
for i from 0 to size(A[k − 1]) − 2:
// Spur node is retrieved from the previous k-shortest path, k − 1.
spurNode = A[k-1].node(i);
// The sequence of nodes from the source to the spur node of the previous k-shortest path.
rootPath = A[k-1].nodes(0, i);
for each path p in A:
if rootPath == p.nodes(0, i):
// Remove the links that are part of the previous shortest paths which share the same root path.
remove p.edge(i,i + 1) from Graph;
for each node rootPathNode in rootPath except spurNode:
remove rootPathNode from Graph;
// Calculate the spur path from the spur node to the sink.
// Consider also checking if any spurPath found
spurPath = Dijkstra(Graph, spurNode, sink);
// Entire path is made up of the root path and spur path.
totalPath = rootPath + spurPath;
// Add the potential k-shortest path to the heap.
if (totalPath not in B):
B.append(totalPath);
// Add back the edges and nodes that were removed from the graph.
restore edges to Graph;
restore nodes in rootPath to Graph;
if B is empty:
// This handles the case of there being no spur paths, or no spur paths left.
// This could happen if the spur paths have already been exhausted (added to A),
// or there are no spur paths at all - such as when both the source and sink vertices
// lie along a "dead end".
break;
// Sort the potential k-shortest paths by cost.
B.sort();
// Add the lowest cost path becomes the k-shortest path.
A[k] = B[0];
// In fact we should rather use shift since we are removing the first element
B.pop();
return A;
Example
The example uses Yen's K-Shortest Path Algorithm to compute three paths from to . Dijkstra's algorithm is used to calculate the best path from to , which is with cost 5. This path is appended to container and becomes the first k-shortest path, .
Node of becomes the spur node with a root path of itself, . The edge, , is removed because it coincides with the root path and a path in container . Dijkstra's algorithm is used to compute the spur path , which is , with a cost of 8. is added to container as a potential k-shortest path.
Node of becomes the spur node with . The edge, , is removed because it coincides with the root path and a path in container . Dijkstra's algorithm is used to compute the spur path , which is , with a cost of 7. is added to container as a potential k-shortest path.
Node of becomes the spur node with a root path, . The edge, , is removed because it coincides with the root path and a path in container . Dijkstra's algorithm is used to compute the spur path , which is , with a cost of 8. is added to container as a potential k-shortest path.
Of the three paths in container B, is chosen to become because it has the lowest cost of 7. This process is continued to the 3rd k-shortest path. However, within this 3rd iteration, note that some spur paths do not exist. And the path that is chosen to become is .
Features
Space complexity
To store the edges of the graph, the shortest path list , and the potential shortest path list , memory addresses are required. At worse case, the every node in the graph has an edge to every other node in the graph, thus addresses are needed. Only addresses are need for both list and because at most only paths will be stored, where it is possible for each path to have nodes.
Time complexity
The time complexity of Yen's algorithm is dependent on the shortest path algorithm used in the computation of the spur paths, so the Dijkstra algorithm is assumed. Dijkstra's algorithm has a worse case time complexity of , but using a Fibonacci heap it becomes , where is the number of edges in the graph. Since Yen's algorithm makes calls to the Dijkstra in computing the spur paths, where is the length of spur paths. In a condensed graph, the expected value of is , while the worst case is .
The time complexity becomes .
Improvements
Yen's algorithm can be improved by using a heap to store , the set of potential k''-shortest paths. Using a heap instead of a list will improve the performance of the algorithm, but not the complexity. One method to slightly decrease complexity is to skip the nodes where there are non-existent spur paths. This case is produced when all the spur paths from a spur node have been used in the previous . Also, if container has paths of minimum length, in reference to those in container , then they can be extract and inserted into container since no shorter paths will be found.
Lawler's modification
Eugene Lawler proposed a modification to Yen's algorithm in which duplicates path are not calculated as opposed to the original algorithm where they are calculated and then discarded when they are found to be duplicates. These duplicates paths result from calculating spur paths of nodes in the root of . For instance, deviates from at some node . Any spur path, where , that is calculated will be a duplicate because they have already been calculated during the iteration. Therefore, only spur paths for nodes that were on the spur path of must be calculated, i.e. only where ranges from to . To perform this operation for , a record is needed to identify the node where branched from .
See also
Yen's improvement to the Bellman–Ford algorithm
References
External links
Open Source C++ Implementation
Open Source C++ Implementation using Boost Graph Library
Graph algorithms
Polynomial-time problems
Articles with example pseudocode |
Spencer's Crossing Bridge, near Greeley, Kansas, was built in 1885. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990. It has also been known as Greeley Bridge.
Its center span is a Pratt through truss. The west and east spans are and Pratt pony trusses. All are wide. The bridge was built by Wrought Iron Bridge Builders.
It is located about .1 mile north, and .6 miles west of Greeley.
References
Bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Kansas
Infrastructure completed in 1885
Anderson County, Kansas
Truss bridges |
Vladimir Aleksandrovich Abramov (; born 5 April 2002) is a Russian football player.
Club career
He made his debut in the Russian Premier League for FC Rostov on 19 June 2020 in a game against PFC Sochi. FC Rostov was forced to field their Under-18 squad in that game as their main squad was quarantined after 6 players tested positive for COVID-19.
References
External links
2002 births
Living people
Russian men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
FC Rostov players
FC Lokomotiv Moscow players
Russian Premier League players
Russian Second League players |
Patricia Ann Seitz (born 1946) is a senior United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida.
Education and career
Seitz was born in Washington, D.C., in 1946. Her father is Lieutenant General Richard J. Seitz, former commanding general of the 82nd Airborne Division and the XVIII Airborne Corps. She graduated from Kansas State University with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1968, and from Georgetown University Law Center with a Juris Doctor in 1973. Seitz was a law clerk for Judge Charles Richey of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia from 1973 to 1974. She was in private practice in Florida from 1974 to 1996, and was a part-time adjunct professor at the University of Miami from 1984 to 1988. Seitz served as president of the Florida Bar from 1993 to 1994; she was the first woman to hold that position. She served at director of the Office of Legal Counsel for the Office of National Drug Control Policy (part of the Executive Office of the President) from 1996 to 1997, during the Bill Clinton administration.
Federal judicial service
President Clinton nominated Seitz to the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida on May 22, 1998, to the seat vacated by Stanley Marcus. Confirmed by the Senate on September 28, 1998, she received commission on October 1, 1998. She took senior status on November 16, 2012.
References
External links
1946 births
Living people
Judges of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida
United States district court judges appointed by Bill Clinton
Kansas State University alumni
Georgetown University Law Center alumni
Lawyers from Washington, D.C.
20th-century American judges
21st-century American judges
20th-century American women judges
21st-century American women judges |
Pelican Narrows Water Aerodrome is located adjacent to Pelican Narrows, Saskatchewan, Canada.
See also
List of airports in Saskatchewan
Pelican Narrows Airport
References
Registered aerodromes in Saskatchewan
Seaplane bases in Saskatchewan |
Amy Billig (January 9, 1957 – disappeared March 5, 1974) was an American high school student who disappeared while hitchhiking to her father's art studio in Coconut Grove, Florida, on March 5, 1974 at the age of 17.
Investigators believe Amy's disappearance was involuntary and although no definitive leads as to the exact circumstances surrounding her disappearance have ever materialized, unconfirmed leads indicate she may have been abducted by a motorcycle gang (most likely The Pagans) and subsequently drugged, gang raped and murdered.
Amy's parents continued to search for their daughter for the remainder of their lives; her mother, Susan, died in 2005 at the age of 80, having continually searched for her daughter for over 31 years. Prior to her death, Susan asked Amy's brother, Joshua, to "never give up" the search for his sister.
Despite the intense publicity surrounding Amy's disappearance and repeated efforts to locate her alive or deceased, her disappearance remains unsolved. Her case remains open, and has been described as one of Florida's most enduring missing persons cases.
Background
Amy Billig was born in Oyster Bay, New York, on January 9, 1957, the first of two children born to Nathaniel Solomon and Susan ( Chern) Billig. Her father owned an art gallery, while her mother was an interior designer and art dealer. The family followed the Jewish faith.
Susan Billig had suffered four miscarriages before giving birth to Amy; she later described her only daughter as a sociable, "spiritual" teenager and a "flower child", very much "into nature". Her hobbies included playing the flute and guitar in addition to reading and writing poetry. She also trained dolphins at the Miami Seaquarium. Amy was close to her mother, who later reflected: "I would look at her and think 'What did I do to deserve such a beautiful thing?'"
Due to concerns regarding crime levels in New York, the Billigs relocated from New York City to Coconut Grove, Florida, in May 1969, where Nathaniel opened an art gallery and Susan pursued her professions as an art dealer and interior designer. The family resided in a middle-class household and, by the early 1970s, were active in several community cultural organizations. Both Amy and her younger brother, Joshua (b. February 14, 1958) attended local private schools.
Graduation year
By 1974, Amy was considering becoming an actress following her anticipated graduation from Adelphi Academy of Coral Gables on March 31. As she did not own a car, she often hitchhiked in and around her neighborhood, although never for considerable distances. At the time of her disappearance, Amy was 17 years old, was 5 ft 5 in and weighed 110 pounds. She had wavy, mid-brown, waist-length hair, a distinctive two-inch appendectomy scar on her abdomen and possibly a tattoo.
March 5, 1974
On the afternoon of March 5, 1974, Amy returned home from school, ate a yogurt, then telephoned her father to ask if she could borrow $2 to pay for a scheduled lunch with some friends in nearby Peacock Park. Her father agreed and Amy changed her blouse and began hitchhiking to her father's art gallery on nearby Commodore Plaza to borrow the money with view to later meeting her friends for lunch. She was observed by construction workers hitchhiking at the corner of Poinciana Street and Main Highway in Coconut Grove, close to her family home, in the early afternoon. This would prove to be the last definitive sighting of Amy, as she never arrived at her father's art gallery. At the time of her disappearance, Amy was wearing a denim miniskirt and cork platform sandals.
Disappearance
By the evening of March 5, Amy's mother and brother had become concerned when she failed to return home. This concern began when Amy's friends phoned the residence to ask Susan why her daughter had failed to meet them as promised and increased to panic when Nathaniel returned home to divulge Amy had failed to appear at his workplace as promised to borrow her lunch money. A call to the local police department only earned a promise of an investigation if Amy had not returned by morning, with Detective Michael Gonzalez informing Amy's mother: "Don't panic. Call back if Amy isn't home by morning." By 6 a.m., a frantic Susan Billig had again reported her daughter missing to the Miami Police Department; on this occasion, an investigation was launched.
Investigation
Law enforcement began actively investigating Amy's disappearance immediately upon receipt of Susan's March 6 phone call, with both parents — frequently assisted by family and close acquaintances — actively participating in the investigation. Routine questioning of Amy's friends and searches of locations she was known to have frequented in the immediate hours and days following her disappearance yielded no results and as Amy had few personal possessions on her at the time of her disappearance, investigators rapidly concluded her disappearance was involuntary. Upon learning that Amy frequently hitchhiked around her neighborhood, investigators also theorized she had most likely willingly entered her abductor's (or abductors') vehicle.
The sole item of physical evidence pertaining to Amy's disappearance subsequently discovered was her Instamatic camera, which was discovered by a hitchhiking college student in an area of grass beside the Wildwood exit on Florida's Turnpike approximately 250 miles northwest of Miami on March 18. Processing of the camera film yielded nothing fruitful to the investigation as the majority of the photographs were overexposed; however, one of the photographs depicted a light-colored pickup truck parked in front of the wall of a vine-covered building. Another image depicted a white van. Investigators were unable to locate either vehicle or identify the building.
Community and family efforts
In addition to conducting their own private search for Amy, Susan and Nathaniel Billig hired a private investigator; this individual was unable to develop any conclusive leads. The family also printed and distributed hundreds of missing persons posters throughout Miami-Dade County. Flyers in both English and Spanish were also distributed both door-to-door and in public locations throughout South Florida in the hope of generating leads regarding Amy's disappearance. The family maintained a vigil whereby a family member — typically Susan — remained close to the telephone should Amy or her kidnapper(s) initiate contact. Her mother also contacted the Miami Police Department almost daily to inquire as to updates and progress in the investigation in addition to holding several news conferences in the hope of maintaining public interest in her daughter's disappearance.
On March 10, five days after Amy's disappearance, the first newspaper headline regarding Amy's disappearance appeared in local periodicals; this headline revealed that both police and Amy's family suspected she had been kidnapped, possibly by members of a motorcycle gang. The same evening, a benefit concert to raise funds to search for Amy raised $850 and a fund was established at a local bank to assist in search expenses. A $1,000 reward was also offered for information as to Amy's whereabouts; this reward generated several public tips, though none of the purported sightings were confirmed.
In the weeks following Amy's disappearance, her family received $2,000 in donations for reward money from friends, neighbors and work colleagues, while a music festival organized by her high school raised $1,500 to fund the family's private investigation into her disappearance. An additional $1,000 was collected from former neighbors of the Billigs in New York.
Investigative leads
Both police and Susan Billig received several tips from individuals indicating that Amy had been abducted by members of either the Outlaws Motorcycle Club or the Pagan's Motorcycle Club; these rival motorcycle gangs had both traveled through the Coconut Grove area of Florida en route to an annual bike festival in Daytona on the date of Amy's disappearance and both gangs are known to have engaged in violence and abuse against females including abduction, rape and sex trafficking. The family and investigators alike viewed this theory as the most likely to explain Amy's involuntary disappearance.
On March 16, a telephone tip from a girl who identified herself as "Susan Johnson" claimed that Amy had been abducted by the Outlaws Motorcycle Club. Shortly thereafter, a family friend telephoned the Billig residence to inform Amy's parents he had heard from a lawyer who had previously performed legal work for The Outlaws of rumors of a teenage girl recently "taken from Miami". At Susan's behest and with the assistance of this lawyer, two members of the motorcycle gang visited the Billig household to hear her pleas for her daughter's return; one of these individuals assured Susan that if Amy was "in the Outlaw Nation, we'll return her." Days later, these individuals phoned Susan advising her to simply "forget the whole thing."
By June 1974, Susan had learned from a convenience store manager in Orlando that a young woman he positively identified as her daughter had entered his store accompanied by two bikers on several occasions to purchase vegetarian soups at a time a motorcycle gang had been in the city several weeks previous. As the fact Amy was a vegetarian had been unreleased to the media, Susan found credibility in this particular sighting that her daughter was alive and being held against her will.
Extortion attempt
Sixteen days after Amy's disappearance, her family received a phone call claiming that she had been kidnapped and was being held for a $30,000 ransom. Susan borrowed the sum from friends after hearing a voice she believed to be her daughter's in a subsequent call from this individual saying, "Mama, mama, please." A rendezvous was arranged between Susan and the caller for her to deliver the money in a black attaché case at the Fontainebleau Hotel on March 22, where the caller was arrested after Susan refused to hand over the money until he could prove he had Amy.
The perpetrators of this extortion attempt proved to be 16-year-old twin brothers Charles and Lawrence Glasser, who had no involvement in Amy's disappearance. Both brothers were arrested and charged with extortion, to which they pleaded guilty. Prior to sentencing the youths, Judge William Gladstone stated the brothers had "a long way to come back from the serious delinquent and tragic events which they caused."
Shortly after the brothers' arrest, Amy's distraught mother addressed the media, stating: "Please no more crank calls like that one. I would have done anything to get [Amy] back — begged, borrowed or stolen."
Stalking campaign
Within months of Amy's disappearance, the Billig family began receiving hoax phone calls from an unknown male who identified himself as "Johnson"; this individual openly and repeatedly taunted Amy's family — in particular her mother — and graphically illustrated the abuse and torment he claimed to be inflicting upon Amy. This individual also claimed that Amy had been abducted by members of an organized sex ring, was being held captive and that Susan herself was to suffer the same fate. In one phone call, Susan was told that her daughter had two weeks left to live; in another, he stated that he had cut off Amy's tongue. Shortly after Susan was diagnosed with lung cancer in 1992, she informed the caller of her diagnosis in the hope this knowledge would reach his conscience and he would cease the harassment or, if he were indeed Amy's abductor, release her; instead, the caller incorporated this knowledge into his threats and taunts. On two occasions, the caller agreed to meet with Susan at a proposed rendezvous, though the perpetrator failed to appear on both occasions.
Although the harassment Susan endured from this individual ultimately caused her to suffer sleep deprivation, nausea and seizures, her forbearance in the face of this ongoing harassment to secure her daughter's release led her to continually engage in dialogue with the perpetrator in the hope the calls could be traced, the caller would reveal his identity, or that he would reveal the whereabouts of her daughter. However, despite the vast number of calls this individual made to the Billig household, investigators were initially unable to identify the perpetrator because most of the calls were made from pay phones and/or the caller ended his conversations after a short period of time, thus meaning the calls could not be traced. In addition, the hoax calls were sporadic. On several occasions over the course of twenty-one years, the perpetrator would make between one and seven calls per evening for successive days; in other instances, months would lapse between his calls.
Despite the ongoing harassment from both this individual and other occasional hoax callers, the Billig family refused to change their phone number in the hope either one of the callers would reveal information ultimately securing Amy's release or that Amy herself would initiate contact with her family.
Later developments
National search
In the years following her daughter's disappearance, Susan Billig — occasionally accompanied by family members and/or investigators and family friends — extended her search for her daughter nationwide upon the theory Amy had been abducted by a motorcycle gang and was being held against her will and possibly having mentally blocked memories of her past as a coping mechanism regarding her predicament. Several individuals claimed to recognize her daughter, with those providing information — almost all with connections to motorcycle gangs — frequently indicating Amy was in a state far from where Susan physically was at the time of these new developments.
Tulsa lead
By January 1976, Susan's search had extended to Oklahoma upon receipt of a tip from a gang member named David who personally contacted her to claim to have recognized her daughter from a newspaper photograph as a girl he had previously "owned". This individual agreed to meet with Susan at the family home, where he informed the Billigs their daughter had been extremely timid, submissive and "quiet like a mute" while in his company; he also described a distinctive scar upon Amy's body which had never been disclosed to the media. This information led Susan to believe David's claims.
David agreed to contact the individual he believed currently had Amy. Several weeks later, he contacted the Billigs to inform them Amy was in Tulsa. He claimed he would soon locate Amy for her mother; in expectation, Susan purchased new linen for her daughter's bedroom — which she had kept intact since Amy's disappearance — in anticipation of her return before meeting David by prearrangement in a Tulsa tavern where David claimed Amy would be returned to her mother; however, a fight ensued between David and other gang members in which he was injured. Another gang member ushered Susan into a taxi.
David contacted Susan approximately five weeks later — alive but with his kneecaps reportedly having been broken in a likely retaliation attack at the tavern for being an informant — to inform Susan her daughter was now in Seattle working as an erotic dancer in a bar before adding this would be the last time she ever heard from him. Susan traveled to Seattle to pursue this lead, to no avail.
Terri Ann Warner theory
In August 1985, a 33-year-old man named Alex Courvier informed a Pennsylvania police force he had recently seen a missing persons flyer depicting Amy Billig and recognized her as a young woman named named Terri Ann Warner, who had died of natural causes in Texas in the summer of 1974 and whose body had never been claimed by loved ones.
To confirm or discount Courvier's theory, a Miami detective and a local dentist flew to Vernon, Texas, to examine the exhumed body, although they were soon able to determine via examining of the decedent's dental records the young woman was not Amy Billig. Both Susan and Nathaniel expressed relief the body was not that of their daughter, with Susan again stating her unwavering hope her daughter may still be alive.
Psychic revelations
In the mid-1980s, Herald reporter Edna Buchanan — investigating the unrelated and unsolved strangling murder of a Las Vegas banker — contacted a renowned Californian psychic with an extensive record of accuracy to seek information as to the banker's murderer. Upon what she later described as an impulse, after discussing the banker's murder, she exclaimed, "Where's Amy?" without divulging further details as to whom she was referring to; in response, the psychic replied: "Lost. Her bones are scattered across the sand" before explaining Amy Billig had died at the hands of a lone male during a rape and the bones and sand in her visions were beneath water.
According to the psychic, Amy's murderer had not intended to kill her, but that the struggle between the two had "gotten out of hand"; her murderer had subsequently, in a fugue-like state, disposed of her remains beneath a body of water. Furthermore, Amy's murderer still resided in Miami, was haunted by his crime, and had committed no other violent acts in the intervening years.
Hoax caller identified
In October 1995, FBI agents successfully identified the individual who had subjected Susan Billig and her family to over twenty-one years of harassment by tracing a call the individual had made from his cellular phone. The caller was 48-year-old Henry Johnson Blair, a married father of two daughters who had worked for the United States Customs Service for twenty-four years. Blair was arrested and formally charged with three counts of aggravated stalking; he was released on a $75,000 bond to await trial.
At trial, Blair formally pleaded not guilty to aggravated stalking, although he was convicted of two counts of stalking on March 6, 1996. He was sentenced to two years' imprisonment.
Blair admitted at trial to having obtained a form of sexual pleasure from making the hoax calls but insisted he had not intended to cause distress; he also claimed to be an alcoholic with an obsessive–compulsive disorder and thus not responsible for his actions. He insisted he had never met Amy and that he actually knew nothing about her disappearance. Susan herself expressed disbelief at Blair's actions, stating to the press: "I just don't understand why he pinpointed me and Amy. There has to be a reason."
Susan later settled a $5 million lawsuit against Blair, adding he had never apologized to her for his campaign of harassment.
Diary entry theory
Six weeks prior to her disappearance, Amy is known to have written in her journal about a man she called "Hank", whom she claimed had asked her to accompany him to South America, although the entry indicates she had "told him he is crazy" in response. Due to Henry Blair's nickname being Hank, his van strongly resembling one depicted in a photograph developed from Amy's Instamatic camera, and his job requiring him to temporarily relocate to South America around the time Amy specified in her journal, some have theorized Blair may have been more involved with Amy's disappearance than initially believed, though this theory is unproven.
Deathbed confession
Prior to his death, a high-ranking former member of The Pagans named Paul Branch confessed that members of his motorcycle gang were responsible for Amy's abduction and murder. This detailed confession was given by Branch to his wife shortly before his death in Charlottesville, Virginia, in December 1997. Reportedly, Branch had chosen to confide the specifics of Amy's abduction and murder to his wife when informed his own death was imminent.
According to Branch's confession — given by his wife to investigators after his death — Amy had been abducted and taken to "a party" in the Everglades, where The Pagans operated a trailer-clubhouse. According to Branch's posthumous confession, Amy had insulted some of the members of the gang, whereupon she was gang raped by approximately two dozen gang members. To subdue her as she continually struggled against her assailants, she was repeatedly "injected with drugs" until she overdosed and died. Amy had died within hours of being taken to the trailer-clubhouse, and her body had been hastily disposed of in a swamp.
Branch himself had been repeatedly questioned by investigators in the months and years following Amy's disappearance but had always denied any knowledge of her whereabouts; he had also personally spoken with her parents. His confession named one individual he alleged participated in Amy's abuse and murder; this individual — incarcerated for murder since May 1974 — was interviewed, but denied any involvement.
Emphasizing his belief in Branch's posthumous confession, the lead detective assigned to Amy's case, Jack Calvar, stated numerous details Branch had provided in his deathbed confession matched known facts of the case, some of which had never been publicly disclosed. Nonetheless, he added the caveat: "We will never find a body."
Aftermath
The numerous leads Susan Billig received regarding her daughter's disappearance ultimately led her on an unsuccessful nationwide search for Amy. Her efforts saw her speak with death row prisoners and motorcycle gangs and pursue tangible leads in numerous states such as Washington, Oklahoma, and Nevada and — as late as 1992 — to travel as far afield as the United Kingdom in her search for her daughter — ultimately to no avail.
Despite the ongoing setbacks, Susan refused to abandon hope of locating Amy. She and her husband closed their art gallery, sold many of their possessions and moved into a smaller home. Both continued to work to finance their search and both devoted a considerable amount of their free time in their search efforts which, although unsuccessful in their search for Amy, did help several other girls and women abducted and/or abused by motorcycle gangs.
For over two decades, Susan Billig refused to abandon hope that her daughter was still alive, stating in 1984: "Every day I think that tomorrow I'm going to find her .... if she's alive, she knows I'm going to find her. I have made a promise to Amy in my heart. I must find her." Among the theories Susan speculated as to why her daughter had not initiated contact was that Amy had been intimidated by her abductor(s) and was either being held against her will or had been brainwashed.
By 1998, Amy's mother and brother had accepted that she was almost certainly deceased. On March 8, Susan invited several friends and acquaintances who had assisted in her quest to locate Amy to a private memorial service for her daughter at her home. Although dressed entirely in black, Susan later stated she obtained a "tremendous sense of peace" from the ceremony, adding she and her guests would now attempt to "laugh and be merry because Amy would have wanted us to." One guest, former Herald reporter Edna Buchanan, later reflected upon the cathartic effect the ceremony had upon Amy's mother: "[Susan has] been through more than any other mother I've ever met in all those years of covering missing children and homicides. She looks happier and more relieved than I've seen her look in the last 24 years."
With assistance from freelance correspondent Greg Aunapu, Susan Billig wrote a book detailing the disappearance of her daughter, her ongoing efforts to discover the truth surrounding Amy's disappearance and her determination to locate her child. The book, Without A Trace: The Disappearance Of Amy Billig–A Mother's Search For Justice, was released in September 2001 to critical acclaim.
In October 2002, the Amy Billig Meditation Garden was formally dedicated to Amy's life and legacy. Toward the entrance to the garden, a stone marker with a black plaque stands. The inscription upon the plaque reads in part: Amy Billig "Meditation Garden". For a beautiful Coconut Grove girl who loved this park. This stone marker was designed by Amy's younger brother. The park is located off McFarlane Road in Coconut Grove.
Amy Billig's father, Nathaniel Solomon Billig, died of lung cancer in the early 1990s; his final words were of his desire to see his daughter before his death. Susan Billig died of a heart attack on June 7, 2005, at the age of 80, following a long battle with lung cancer. Her son, Joshua, had provided his mother with two granddaughters by the time of her death — one of whom closely resembled her missing aunt. She was later interred in Miami's Graceland Cemetery. Following Susan's death, her family requested public donations be made to the National Center for Missing & Exploited Children.
Two days after his mother's death, Joshua Billig — reflecting upon the lifelong impact his sister's disappearance had upon his mother — remarked: "I don't think [my mother] ever found peace; she took that as a really tough wound right to the grave."
Media
Bibliography
Television
The documentary Stalking: A Mother's Nightmare is directly based upon the ordeal of Amy's mother at the hands of stalker Henry Johnson Blair, who subjected Susan Billig to a prolonged campaign of harassment. Written by Lori Siegel and produced by Erik Sorenson and Carolyn Kresky, this documentary was released in 1997.
The documentary Searching for Amy is directly based upon the disappearance of Amy Billig. Commissioned by the BBC for the documentary series Inside Story, this documentary was released in January 1998 and documents Susan Billig's ongoing search for her daughter.
A&E have commissioned a documentary focusing upon the disappearance of Amy Billig. Broadcast in 1998 upon the documentary series Investigative Reports, this episode details the efforts of Susan Billig and law enforcement to locate Amy alive or deceased.
The American mystery documentary series Unsolved Mysteries has broadcast two episodes detailing the disappearance of Amy Billig. These episodes were featured in series 14 and 17 respectively.
See also
Cold case
Crime in Florida
List of kidnappings
List of people who disappeared
National Center for Missing & Exploited Children
The Doe Network
Notes
References
Cited works and further reading
External links
April 11, 1974 Lewiston Evening Journal news article detailing the disappearance of Amy Billig
1998 Tampa Bay Times news article pertaining to Amy Billig
2013 WSVN news article detailing the ongoing efforts to locate Amy Billig
Amy Billig at charleyproject.org
Amy Billig at Find a Grave
1957 births
1970s in Florida
1970s in Miami
1970s missing person cases
1974 crimes
1974 in Florida
Coconut Grove (Miami)
March 1974 events in the United States
Missing American children
Missing person cases in Florida
Violence against women in the United States |
Szewce is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kleszczewo, within Poznań County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately east of the regional capital Poznań.
References
Szewce |
The International Trade Awards, held for the first time in 2007, are the UK's premier awards devoted exclusively to recognising excellence in import, export and international trade achievement.
This is a series of twelve regional International Trade Awards. Winners from each region are announced at presentation ceremonies held from February through to December with the winners automatically progressing as national finalists.
Objectives
The objectives of the awards are to:
Identify and reward the UK's most successful and innovative exporters
Promote the UK's top exporters as corporate role models in order to stimulate greater involvement in international trade amongst UK businesses
Promote the leading exporters of local and regional areas to encourage international trade by all companies irrespective of size and location
Further develop community awareness of the importance of exporting to the UK's economic future
Sponsor
The International Trade Awards are sponsored by HSBC.
2007 winners
The 2007 regional winners were:
Long O'Donnell Associates (North West winner)
Immunodiagnostic Systems (North East winner)
Nisa (Yorkshire and Humberside winner)
Geothermal International (West Midlands winner)
University of Nottingham (East Midlands winner)
GigaSat (East of England winner)
Star Syringe (South East winner)
The Ford Farm (South West winner)
MET Studio Design (London winner)
Randox Laboratories (Northern Ireland winner)
Daniels Fans (Welsh winner)
4i2i Communications (Scotland winner)
The 2007 national winners announced at The House of Lords on 2 April 2008 were:
Star Syringe (Innovation Category winner)
The Ford Farm (SME Category winner)
GigaSat (Overall winner)
2008 winners
The 2008 regional winners are:
James Halstead (North West winner)
Davy Roll (North East winner)
Penn Pharmaceutical Services (Wales winner)
See also
List of the largest trading partners of United Kingdom
References
External links
International Trade Awards homepage
International Trade Awards 2007 winners and finalists, International Trade Today Magazine, April 2008
English awards
Business and industry awards
Foreign trade of the United Kingdom |
The tawny-collared nightjar (Antrostomus salvini) is a species of nightjar in the family Caprimulgidae. It is endemic to Mexico.
Taxonomy and systematics
The tawny-collared nightjar was originally described as Caprimulgus salvini; Antrostomus was later split as a separate genus. It and the Yucatan nightjar (A. badius) were for a time considered subspecies of the silky-tailed nightjar (A. sericocaudatus). The tawny-collared nightjar is monotypic.
Description
The tawny-collared nightjar is long. One female weighed . The male's upperparts are blackish brown; the crown has blackish spots and the back and rump have fine light brown speckles and broad blackish streaks. It has a broad tawny or buff collar on the nape and the sides of the neck that give the species its name. The tail is also dark brown and the three outermost pairs of feathers have wide white tips. The wings are brown to blackish brown with tawny spots and bars. The face is dark reddish with brown barring. The chin and throat are blackish brown with a narrow white band below the latter, the breast blackish brown with cinnamon speckles, and the belly and flanks blackish brown with many white spots. The female is similar but the tips of the tail feathers have a narrow buff band instead of the wide white one, the tawny markings on the wing are paler, and the band on the lower throat is buffy rather than white.
Distribution and habitat
The tawn-collared nightjar is found in northeastern Mexico, from Nuevo León and Tamaulipas south to Veracruz. It is mostly resident but a few apparently move further south in the nonbreeding season. It inhabits arid to semihumid landscapes including brushy woodland, thorn forest, and dense scrublands. It shuns humid and heavily forested areas. In elevation it ranges from sea level to .
Behavior
Feeding
The tawny-collared nightjar is nocturnal. It hunts for flying insects by sallying from a perch and possibly also from the ground.
Breeding
The tawny-collared nightjar's breeding season spans from April to August. The clutch size is two eggs, probably laid directly on the ground with no nest as is common among nightjars.
Vocalization
The tawny-collared nightjar's song is "an abrupt, clipped chi-wihw or tchi-wheeu, repeated rapidly". It is sung from a hidden perch in a bush or tree, mostly at dawn and dusk, and mostly from March through July.
Status
The IUCN has assessed the tawny-collared nightjar as being of Least Concern. Its population is estimated to be at least 50,000 mature individuals but is decreasing. No immediate threats have been identified.
References
tawny-collared nightjar
Birds of Mexico
tawny-collared nightjar
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot |
Nandrolone furylpropionate (NFP) () (brand name Demelon), also known as 19-nortestosterone 17β-(2-furanyl)propanoate, is a synthetic androgen and anabolic steroid and a nandrolone ester. It was developed and marketed by Mochida Pharmaceutical in Japan in the 1960s.
See also
List of androgen esters § Nandrolone esters
References
Androgens and anabolic steroids
2-Furyl compounds
Nandrolone esters
Progestogens
Carboxylate esters |
Peacehaven is a town and civil parish in the Lewes district of East Sussex, England. It is located above the chalk cliffs of the South Downs approximately six miles () east of Brighton city centre, on the A259 road. Its site coincides with the point where the Greenwich meridian crosses the English south coast. Peacehaven is next to Telscombe Cliffs, a later western extension to Peacehaven, which lies within a separate parish and has a separate town council.
History
A Bronze Age barrow (burial mound) lies very close to the cliff top, which has been under investigation by local societies. The barrow represents evidence of the occupation of Peacehaven at least 3,500 years ago. A 2007 excavation of the new Bovis Homes site to the west of Peacehaven Community School's playing fields unearthed a large range of evidence for a prehistoric settlement throughout the Bronze and Iron Ages.
Peacehaven was established in 1916 by entrepreneur Charles Neville, who had purchased land in the parish of Piddinghoe; he then set up a company to develop the site (he also eventually built nearby towns Saltdean and parts of Rottingdean). He advertised it by setting up a competition in virtually every newspaper in England to name the development. The name of the winners who chose the name 'New Anzac-on-Sea' (to commemorate the ANZAC's involvement in the Battle of Gallipoli) were Mr West of Ilford, Essex and Mr Kemp of Maidstone, Kent.
The Daily Express later sued Neville over the competition, holding that it was a scam, since he was offering "free" plots of land in the town as runner-up prizes but issuing them only on the payment of a conveyancing fee. The Express won the case, but the publicity brought the scheme to a large audience. The idea was then to sell plots of land cheaply for people to build on themselves.
Initially, the town was New Anzac-on-Sea, but less than a year later, on 12 February 1917, it was renamed Peacehaven.
In 1927, the directors of Peacehaven Estates Ltd, of South Coast Road, Peacehaven, and 7, Pall Mall, Westminster, were Lord Teynham (Chairman), C. W. Neville (managing director), and G. Kay Green.
Although it has been claimed that the town was originally formed for retiring World War I veterans in order for them to escape and recover from the effects of the war, this is not proven. Mr Neville's publicity promoted the town as being an idyllic setting; sea air and simple lifestyle were thought to have aided good health. The land was also cheap and, as a result, working-class families from the city started to purchase plots and gradually build makeshift homes for weekends and holidays. This movement of frontier-style buildings made with whatever materials were available at the time was termed as the Plotlands movement. Inhabitants felt a sense of freedom in living off what they needed and enjoying a simpler life away from the busy, polluted city. The Plotlands provided the working class an opportunity that might not have been available otherwise.
By 1924, there were 3,000 people living in Peacehaven. Original houses were often very temporary affairs (some were old railway carriages). Others were constructed from former army huts, brought from North Camp near Seaford, a few of these still survive, having been given an outer concrete block wall (they can be identified by their oblong shape that tends to be end-on to the road). Eventually the local council invested in water and electrical services and so people started to build more substantial houses. After World War II, the local council introduced a zoning scheme in order to distinguish areas for improvement along the coast road. In 1974 the Town Centre Map and Action Plan was formed to aid development.
There are two listed farmsteads in the town: Halcombe Farm House built in the 17th century, and Hoddern Farm House from the 18th century. Another old building is the Shepherds Cot, now part of a private residential property in The Compts in north Peacehaven. This tiny cabin dates from the 1880s when it was built on farmland to shelter shepherds during the lambing season.
The popular singer and comedian Gracie Fields bought a home in Peacehaven overlooking the sea, then established the Gracie Fields Home and Orphanage in Dorothy Avenue. In fact the children were not orphans; their parents were entertainers who placed their children there while they were on tour. It was administered by the Theatrical Ladies Guild. Dorothy House is now a care home for elderly people.
Geography
Peacehaven is located on fairly flat coastal land which is elevated around above sea level. The pebble beach below the cliffs can be reached by a stairs and concrete driveway and sea walk. There are a number of green spaces along the A259 and the cliffs, one of which is called The Dell. A cinema formerly stood on this site, and now it holds events such as car boot sales, fireworks, fairgrounds, motorhome exhibitions, the Donkey Derby and an annual carnival (though in 2005 the carnival was held on the Joff field located behind the Meridian shopping centre). In the 1950s, the carnival stalls were located on the then vacant land on the NW corner of the South Coast Road (A259) and Dorothy Avenue.
Neville was influenced by the American grid system of planning. There were originally no "Streets" in Peacehaven; only "Roads" and "Avenues". With very few exceptions, "Roads" ran east to west, and "Avenues" north to south, most forming crossroads where they intersected the South Coast Road (A259). Apart from this road, Roderick Avenue, running roughly up the centre, was the only surfaced road (except for the area of Local Authority housing around Friars Avenue (north) in Peacehaven until the late 1950s, when the process of making-up the roads began. This started in Telscombe Cliffs and worked eastwards. As part of this, many of the Avenues had their junction with the main road blocked off to reduce the number of junctions and crossroads. The town still retains its original "grid" layout (apart from the newer development to the west called Telscombe Cliffs and above Firle Road): rectangular plots of land on both sides of the main road. Aerial photographs from the 30s clearly show the "grid" pattern and, at that time, the scattered nature of the community.
The parish includes part of the Brighton to Newhaven Cliffs Site of Special Scientific Interest. The cliffs are mainly of geological interest, containing many Santonian and Campanian fossils. The SSSI listing includes flora and fauna biological interest too.
The point where the Prime meridian of the world crosses the coast is marked by a tall obelisk, commissioned by Charles Neville. It was unveiled on 10 August 1936, and has been relocated twice due to erosion of the cliffs.
Governance
Peacehaven's lowest tier of government is the Peacehaven Town Council who are responsible for local planning, highways and other amenities. The council consists of 17 elected councillors from three wards, North, West and East Peacehaven. The May 2007 election returned 17 Conservative Party councillors.
The next level of government is Lewes District Council with responsibilities for the wider ranging areas such as council tax collection, environmental health and democratic services. Peacehaven provides six councillors to the district council, representing the same three wards as the parish council. Election are held every four years, the May 2007 election returned six Conservative Party councillors; the May 2023 local elections returned six Labour Party councillors for these six seats.
The county council for East Sussex has responsibility for education, libraries, social services, civil registration, trading standards and transport. Elections for the county council are held every four years. Peacehaven parish is combined with the neighbouring Telscombe parish forming the Peacehaven & Telscombe Towns electoral division which elects two councillors to the council. The May 2013 election returned two UKIP councillors.
Peacehaven is in the Brighton Kemptown constituency for the UK parliamentary elections. In June 2017 Lloyd Russell-Moyle was elected Labour MP for the constituency.
Prior to Brexit in 2020, Peacehaven was represented by the South East region, in the European Parliament.
Economy, retail and services
Peacehaven is twinned with the French town of Épinay-sous-Sénart and the German town of Isernhagen.
The Co-operative Meridian Shopping Centre has a Post Office, opticians, barber, café, stationery shop, phone shop, betting shop, and a library. There is a large community building within which PCT have their office and meeting/event rooms, including a theatre/cinema and a local community 'mini market' selling crafts, vegetables, stationery and collectables which opens Fridays and Saturdays. The area is also served by three other smaller Co-op, Sainsbury, and Tesco supermarkets. An antiques shop on the South Coast Road has featured in TV programmes, and there is also a large vintage furniture/restoration shop. The area also has several hairdressers, barbers and beauty parlours.
There is a leisure centre, three dentists, a GP practice and pharmacy at the purpose built Havens Health Centre and several pubs, coffee shops, cafés and restaurants located throughout the town. The popular Avenue Wine Bar offers various menus and hosts live music. A new Italian bistro is expected to open soon. There are a few fast food chain outlets: Costa, Subway, and Greggs, all on the South Coast Road. The RIBA award-winning Gateway Café in Centenary Park enjoys views over to the nearest Downs. An organic plants nursery, Louvain, can be found to the north of the town.
Charity shops include a local Housing/Homeless Project and the Martlets Hospice: the latter includes a donated furniture showroom.
Since the late 1990s the town has become more popular with incomers including Londoners searching for somewhere quieter and with better domestic parking facilities than Brighton.
Religious buildings
There are four churches in Peacehaven and one in Telscombe Cliffs. The Church of the Ascension, build by L. Keir Hett to replace Peacehaven's Anglican church, replaced a temporary building which had been erected in 1922. The Roman Catholic Church, dedicated to the Immaculate Conception, was also founded in a temporary building in the 1920s; this survives as the church hall of the present brick structure. A Jehovah's Witnesses' Kingdom Hall and an Evangelical church are also in use. Telscombe Cliffs United Reformed Church serves the population of both communities.
Education
The town has one secondary school, Peacehaven Community School. There are also three primary schools: Peacehaven Heights Primary School, Meridian Primary School, and Telscombe Cliffs Primary School and Nursery. The library located in the Meridian Centre hosts various training talks for adults and educational activities for children, as well as hosting a regular citizens' advice bureau.
Sport and leisure
Peacehaven has a Non-League football club Peacehaven & Telscombe F.C. who play at the Sports Park. The club hosts a variety of football tournaments that range from age U10–U16 every summer. There is also a small leisure centre and a bowls club and dance schools such as Harlequin and Studio 54, as well as football and martial arts clubs.
Several special interest groups operate. The Women's Institute meets regularly at the Meridian Centre along with other community groups including a memory café, quiz, bingo and regular movie screenings in the small cinema there. Peacehaven Horticultural Society is popular and holds a Flower and Produce (and crafts) Show every year. Some members' gardens are open to visits in summer. A community orchard has been established within the Centenary Park near the football ground, as has an eco friendly children playground, within a huge area for public walks. Additionally a Community Garden has been established in the Oval Park, growing plants and vegetables with a volunteer group. The Peacehaven Players are a thriving amateur theatre group, a stamp collectors' club remains active, as do the bee keepers' association and the Pioneers local history group.
Peacehaven Food and Drink Festival with activities for children takes place in one of the largest parks every July, and there are regular boot sales on the Dell.
Delivered on 30 acres of land given over by Southern Water and funded by financial contributions from Southern Water and Bovis Homes a new community led recreation destination 'The Big Parks Project' was completed in 2015. Designed by architects Kaner Olette and engineers HOP & Crofton Consulting, the project includes a central activity café, children’s playgrounds, new cycle paths, skate park, and sports facilities. The project has received many accolades since it was completed, including Constructing Excellence Sustainability Award – Winner 2015; Architects Journal Retrofit Award – Winner 2015; RIBA South East Award – Winner 2016; Sussex Heritage Trust Public & Community – Highly Commended 2016.
Peacehaven in film and fiction
The town plays a part in Graham Greene's 1938 novel Brighton Rock.
The 1979 film Quadrophenia starring Phil Daniels in the leading role as a mod named Jimmy also ended up in Peacehaven. At the end of the film he finds out his idol, the suave mod "poster boy" Ace Face (played by Sting), is in reality a bellboy. He steals Ace's scooter and heads out to Peacehaven Cliffs and an uncertain fate.
Peacehaven was selected for the site at which a car is pushed over the cliff in the TV thriller series The Level, while earlier Tiffany Mitchell's ashes were portrayed to be cast over the cliffs, in the BBC soap EastEnders in 1999, with viewers having been told at her funeral that she had spent happy childhood holidays there.
Miodrag Kojadinović has a short story about a search for an ancestor in Peacehaven that plays with the concept of a "haven of peace", which won a prize for stories with Jewish themes and appeared in Serbian and Hungarian, both out of Novi Sad.
In April 2017, Peacehaven, under the name of "Meridian Cliffs", was the scene of a series of ten fifteen-minute Radio 4 short stories by Lynne Truss, with the overall title "Life at Absolute Zero".
Music
Punk band Peter and the Test Tube Babies formed in Peacehaven in 1978 and recall calling themselves the banchood group for a short period of time.
International relations
Twin towns
Épinay-sous-Sénart, France
Isernhagen, Germany
References
External links
Gravitate Agency (formerly GreenerPages )| Local community directory and BN10 business development website
History of Peacehaven
Peacehaven Town Council
Peacehaven Chamber of Commerce
Photographs of Peacehaven
www.peacehaven.co.uk
Populated places established in 1916
Towns in East Sussex
Civil parishes in East Sussex
Populated coastal places in East Sussex
1916 establishments in England |
Margaret Dorothea Rowbotham (19 June 1883 – 23 February 1978) was an engineer, a campaigner for women's employment rights and a founder member of the Women's Engineering Society.
Early life and education
Born on 19 June 1883 at 6 Park Villas, Plumstead, Kent, Margaret Rowbotham (sometimes known as Madge) was the daughter of John Edward Rowbotham, a shipbroker, and Miriam Anne Isaac. She was educated at Blackheath High School and graduated in 1905 from Girton College, Cambridge, where she studied mathematics. From Cambridge Training College, she received a diploma to teach. In 1935, she stated in the Register of Women Engineers that she was "one of the first six women motorcyclists".
Career
From 1906 to 1913 she taught maths at Roedean School for girls in Brighton. Having completing six months' training in motor engineering at the British School of Motoring, she was awarded a RAC driving certificate. This was followed by an assignment in 1914 as a teacher at Rupert's Land Ladies' College, in Winnipeg, Manitoba, where she stayed for two years.
She joined Galloway Engineering Co. at Tongland near Kirkcudbright, Dumfriesshire, becoming a machine shop and works superintendent at Tongland Works beginning in 1917.
After World War I, when the Restoration of Pre-War Practices Act 1919 meant loss of employment for many skilled women engineers, the Women's Engineering Society was formed in 1919, and Margaret Rowbotham was a founding signatory and member alongside Rachel Parsons; Lady Katharine Parsons; Margaret, Lady Moir; Laura Annie Willson and Janetta Mary Ornsby. She was a council member of the society until 1944, was made an honorary member of the society in 1962, and remained involved in it throughout her life.
In 1921, she was employed at Swainson Pump Company in Newcastle as assistant works manager. She then worked at Model Laundries in Wealdstone, Kent from 1922 to 1923 under Ethyl Jayne, before teaching again at Roedean School in 1924. In 1927, she was appointed a director of the electrical engineering firm M. Partridge & Co., founded by her partner Margaret Partridge, where she stayed until 1953. She also worked in other engineering positions.
In her later years, she worked in Eastbourne as a manager of a guesthouse.
Retirement and later work
Following their retirement, Rowbotham lived in Devon, with Margaret Partridge, and encouraged the members of their local Women's Institute to wire the village hall for electricity. On 15 September 1962, the couple wrote a letter of "grandmotherly advice" on the joys of retirement to their fellow women engineers in WES, and listed designing and supervising the building of a sports pavilion, and the conversion of a local stately home into a boys' school as well as serving on the Parish Council as part of their retirement activity.
The remains of both Margarets lie in Willand churchyard.
She died on 23 February 1978. Some of her correspondence has been archived at the Imperial War Museum, which included information about women working in the field and the establishment of an exhibit on oil and water pumps at the museum.
Notes
References
1883 births
1978 deaths
Alumni of Girton College, Cambridge
British women engineers
20th-century British engineers
20th-century women engineers
Women's Engineering Society |
Robert Albert Simpson (1886 – 6 June 1948) was an English professional footballer, born in Chorlton-cum-Hardy, Lancashire, who played as a forward in the Scottish League for Aberdeen, in the Football League for Bradford Park Avenue, and in the Southern League for Brighton & Hove Albion.
His brother, J.J. Simpson, also played league football for Aberdeen.
Career statistics
References
1888 births
Year of death missing
People from Chorlton-cum-Hardy
English men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Aberdeen F.C. players
Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C. players
Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. players
Scottish Football League players
English Football League players
Southern Football League players |
The tracheobronchial lymph nodes are lymph nodes that are located around the division of trachea and main bronchi.
Structure
These lymph nodes form four main groups including paratracheal, tracheobronchial, bronchopulmonary and pulmonary nodes.
Paratracheal nodes are located on either side of the trachea.
Tracheobronchial nodes can be divided into three nodes including left and right superior tracheobronchial nodes, and the inferior trachiobronchial node. The two superior tracheobronchial nodes are located on either side of trachea just before its bifurcation. The inferior tracheobronchial node is located just below the bifurcation in the angle between the two bronchi.
Bronchopulmonary nodes situate in the hilum of each lung.
Pulmonary nodes are embedded the lung substance on the larger branches of the bronchi.
The afferents of the tracheobronchial glands drain the lungs and bronchi, the thoracic part of the trachea and the heart; some of the efferents of the posterior mediastinal glands also end in this group.
Their efferent vessels ascend upon the trachea and unite with efferents of the internal mammary and anterior mediastinal glands to form the right and left bronchomediastinal trunks.
References
External links
- "Mediastinum: Tracheobronchial Lymph Nodes and the Carina"
http://www.instantanatomy.net/thorax/vessels/lnodes.html
Lymphatics of the torso |
Charles Ernest Strick (September 15, 1858 – November 18, 1933) was an American catcher in Major League Baseball. He played for the 1882 Louisville Eclipse.
External links
1858 births
1933 deaths
19th-century baseball players
Major League Baseball catchers
Louisville Eclipse players
Baseball players from Erie, Pennsylvania
American people of Dutch descent |
The Massif du Sud Wind Project is a wind project being developed by EDF Énergies Nouvelles and Enbridge. It is located near the villages of Saint-Philémon, Quebec and Saint-Magloire, Quebec. Comprising 75 REpower Systems 2-megawatt wind turbines, at completion the project will achieve a nameplate capacity of 150 MW.
See also
List of wind farms in Canada
References
Buildings and structures in Gaspésie–Îles-de-la-Madeleine
Wind farms in Quebec |
The Leinster Cricket Union, also known as Cricket Leinster, is one of five provincial governing bodies for cricket in Ireland. Along with the Northern, Munster, Connacht Cricket Union and North West unions, it makes up the Irish Cricket Union (now known as Cricket Ireland), the supreme governing body of Irish cricket.
The Leinster jurisdiction covers counties the traditional Irish province of Leinster in the Republic of Ireland. In 2005, there were 40 clubs fielding 97 teams affiliated to the union. There are currently 41 clubs affiliated to the Union.
The Union was founded in 1890 as the "Leinster Branch of the Irish Cricket Union". Initially, there was strong resistance to competitive cricket and the Leinster Senior League and Leinster Senior Cup did not start until 1919, although junior clubs competed for the Intermediate Cup from 1895 and a schools league began in 1906.
Interprovincial team
In 2013, Cricket Ireland formed the three-day Interprovincial Championship, featuring teams from Leinster, the NCU and the North West. The Leinster team is known as Leinster Lightning.
References
External links
Cricket Leinster
Leinster Lightning official website
Irish provincial cricket unions
Cric
Sports organizations established in 1890
1890 establishments in Ireland |
Kaleem Sana (born 1 January 1994) is a Pakistan-born Canadian cricketer, who plays as fast bowler for the Canadian national cricket team.
Career
He made his first-class debut for the Pakistan Customs in the 2008–09 Quaid-e-Azam Trophy on 9 January 2009. He made his List A debut for Rawalpindi Rams in the 2011–12 National One Day Championship on 12 March 2012.
In October 2021, he was named in Canada's Twenty20 International (T20I) squad for the 2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup Americas Qualifier tournament in Antigua. In February 2022, he was named in Canada's T20I squad for the 2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup Global Qualifier A tournament in Oman. He made his T20I debut on 18 February 2022, for Canada against the Philippines.
In March 2023, he was named in Canada's squad for the 2023 Cricket World Cup Qualifier Play-off. He made his One Day International (ODI) debut on 27 March 2023, for Canada, against Jersey in that tournament.
References
External links
1994 births
Living people
Pakistani cricketers
Canadian cricketers
Canada Twenty20 International cricketers
Rawalpindi cricketers |
The transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) was proposed by Spielman, McGinnis and Ewens (1993) as a family-based association test for the presence of genetic linkage between a genetic marker and a trait. It is an application of McNemar's test.
A specificity of the TDT is that it will detect genetic linkage only in the presence of genetic association.
While genetic association can be caused by population structure, genetic linkage will not be affected, which makes the TDT robust to the presence of population structure.
The case of trios: one affected child per family
Description of the test
We first describe the TDT in the case where families consist of trios (two parents and one affected child). Our description follows the notations used in Spielman, McGinnis & Ewens (1993).
The TDT measures the over-transmission of an allele from heterozygous parents to affected offsprings.
The n affected offsprings have 2n parents. These can be represented by the transmitted and the non-transmitted alleles and at some genetic locus. Summarizing the data in a 2 by 2 table gives:
The derivation of the TDT shows that one should only use the heterozygous parents (total number b+c).
The TDT tests whether the proportions b/(b+c) and c/(b+c) are compatible with probabilities (0.5, 0.5).
This hypothesis can be tested using a binomial (asymptotically chi-square) test with one degree of freedom:
Outline of the test derivation
A derivation of the test consists of using a population genetics model to obtain the expected proportions for the quantities and in the table above. In particular, one can show that under nearly all disease models the expected proportion of and are identical. This result motivates the use of a binomial (asymptotically ) test to test whether these proportions are equal.
On the other hand, one can also show that under such models the proportions and are not equal to the product of the marginals probabilities , and , . A rewording of this statement would be that the type of the transmitted allele is not, in general, independent of the type of the non-transmitted allele. A consequence is that a test for homogeneity/independence does not test the appropriate hypothesis, and thus, only heterozygous parents are included.
Extension to two affected child per family
Extension of the test
The TDT can be readily extended beyond the case of trios. We keep following the notations of Spielman, McGinnis & Ewens (1993). Consider a total of heterozygous parents. We use the fact that the transmission to different children are independent. The information can be then summarized in three categories:
= number of parents who transmit to both children.
= number of parents who transmit to one child and to another.
= number of parents who transmit to both children.
Using the notations of the previous paragraph we have:
leading to the chi-squared test statistic:
Relation with another linkage statistic
The comparison with the more traditional (at least at the time when the TDT was proposed) linkage test proposed by Blackwelder and Elston 1985 is informative.
The Blackwelder and Elston approach uses the total number of haplotypes identical by descent (mean haplotype sharing). This measure ignores the allelic state of a marker and simply compares the number of times a parent transmits the same allele to both affected children with the number of times a different allele is transmitted.
The test statistic is:
Under the null hypothesis of no linkage the expected proportions of (i, h − i − j, j) are (0.25, 0.5, 0.25). One can derive a simple chi-square statistic with 2 degrees of freedom:
It clearly appears that the total statistic (with two degree of freedom) is the sum of two independent components: one is the traditional linkage measure and the other is the TDT statistic.
Modified version
More recently, Wittkowski KM, Liu X. (2002/2004) proposed a modification to the TDT that can be more powerful under some alternatives, although the asymptotic properties under the null hypothesis are equivalent.
The motivating idea for this modification is the fact that, while the transmissions of both allele from parents to a child are independent, the effects of other filial genetic or environmental covariates on penetrance are the same for both alleles transmitted to the same child. This situation can be important if, for example, the genetic marker is linked to a disease locus with a strong selection against heterozygous individuals. This observation suggests to shift the statistical model from a set of independent transmissions to a set of independent children (see Sasieni (1997) for the corresponding problem in case-control association tests). While this observation does not affect the distribution under the null hypothesis of no linkage, it allows, for some disease models, to design a more powerful test.
In this modified TDT test the children are stratified by parental type and the modified test statistic becomes:
where is the number of PQ children from parents with the PQ and QQ types.
Software for computing TDT
Beagle
References
Genetics |
Attorney General Sharp may refer to:
Ernest Hamilton Sharp (1861–1922), Attorney General for Hong Kong
Solomon P. Sharp (1787–1825), Attorney General of Kentucky
See also
Merrell Q. Sharpe (1888–1962), Attorney General of South Dakota
General Sharp (disambiguation) |
The Gulf of Oristano (, ) is a gulf in the Sardinian Sea, near Oristano, in the western Sardinian coast.
It is limited from north by the Cape San Marco, in the Sinis peninsula, and from the south by Cape Frasca. It faces the provinces of Oristano and Medio Campidano. Near the gulf area several wetlands (such as the Stagno di Cabras, the Stagno di Mistras and the Stagno di Santa Giusta).
The main human activities are fishing, fish farming and the manufacture market connected to fish, including the production of bottarga. Tourism is increasingly, especially in the localities of San Giovanni di Sinis, Marina di Torre Grande and Arborea Lido.
References
Landforms of Sardinia
Oristano
Oristano |
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