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Love Truly (; lit. I Really, Really Like You) is a 2006 South Korean television series starring Eugene, Lee Min-ki, and Ryu Jin. It aired on MBC from April 8 to August 6, 2006 on Saturdays and Sundays at 19:55 for 34 episodes.
The drama serves as a reunion for Eugene and Jung Da-bin who first worked together as mother and daughter in the 2005 hit drama Wonderful Life.
Due to its popularity, the drama received a musical adaptation in 2009 named "I Really Really Like You" starring T-ara's Park Hyomin, Oh Jeong-hae, Shin Ae-ra, Kang Ji-woo, Yoo Hyun-soo, Oh San-ha, and music directors Shin Hae-chul and Ji Hyun-soo which was played from November 28 2009 to March 1 2010 at the Naru Art Center.
Plot
Yeo Bong-soon (Eugene) (Aileen Yeo), grew up in the provinces, but is given a chance to become a chef at the presidential residence, the Blue House. At first, she seems out of touch with the real world and people find her naïve. However, her sweetness, thoughtfulness, and diligence made it easier for the people around her to like her and eventually accept her for who she is.
Nam Bong-ki (Lee Min-ki) (Benjie Nam), is a seemingly lazy and self-centered presidential guard, who initially dislikes Bong Soon for her outdated looks and provincial mentality, gradually starts to fall for her. Bong-ki is shallow and arrogant, but being near Bong-soon changes his perspective: he becomes more generous, willing to help, and understanding. When Bong-ki develops feeling for Bong-soon, the story turns into a love triangle, - Bong-soon having already given her heart to a man she saved on a mountain next to her house, the handsome and intelligent doctor Jang Joon-won.
Jang Joon-won (Ryu Jin) (Francis Jang), is the President's son but none of his friends or colleagues know about it, which allows him to keep his privacy. He is a well-loved doctor but he carries a secret that is known only to a select few. After his encounters with Bong-soon he becomes enamored by her. But how long can Joon-won keep his feelings in check, especially since his secret prevents him from falling in love with her?
Cast
Main characters
Eugene as Yeo Bong-soon
25 years old, chef at the Blue House. She is a cheerful, honest and naive person. She loves daydreaming. She is always thinking about something. Her little room is filled with stacks of books. She loves cooking and won a few cooking contests. She used to live with her grandmother in the countryside but after her grandmother's death she came to Seoul to find her birth parents. Since she was completely out of touch with the world, she seems like an alien to other people. She runs into problems at every corner in the bustling metropolis of Seoul. She speaks with a very thick Gangwon Province accent. For most people, it is difficult to understand her dialect. However, it is easy to like her. She's incredibly diligent and always on the move. She gets breakfast ready by 6 in the morning as she used to do in her hometown. Her neighbors have hard time understanding her. For them, her interest in other people's business seems unnecessary. They are not used to getting help that they do not ask for. However, as time goes by, they start opening their hearts and accept her.
Lee Min-ki as Nam Bong-ki
28 years old, bodyguard to the President's family. He is tall and good-looking. However, he is lazy and self-centered, a player and looks down on women. He is the kind of person that people love to hate. He does not want to get involved in other people's lives. He js a very individualistic and selfish person. He tries to avoid anything that requires responsibility. He does not have any problem saying no when someone asks for his help, and does not feel bad about anything. He loves shoes and collects them. He is constantly unhappy, complaining and unbalanced, muttering, shouting or kicking things. Appearance means everything to him. He is very popular with women. He even categorizes them by appearance. According to his classification, Bong-soon belongs to the lowest group. He never wastes his money and time on the 'unqualified' women. He becomes the bodyguard of the president's granddaughter.
Ryu Jin as Jang Joon-won
31 years old, son of the President. He's always smiling. He's as handsome as a movie star. He's very intelligent and kind. The women in the hospital where he's working agree that he is the sexiest doctor in the country. He is generous, modest and warm-hearted, and is very popular with his patients. It is hard to believe that he's the son of the president. He's not interested in the way he looks. Only a few people know that his father is the president. He has been married for 13 years. He has a five-year-old daughter. His wife has been suffering from dementia for three years. Joon-won feels helpless about the fact that he can not do anything to make her better, after his wife took care of him for 8 years, while he studied and worked. His in-laws want him to get a divorce and start a new life. However, he can not give up on his wife unless she wants to leave him.
Supporting characters
Geum Bo-ra as Lee Han-sook, Bong-soon's mother, former movie star, 47 y/o
Jang Yong as Nam Dae-sik, Bong-ki's father, carpenter, 61 y/o
Choi Bool-am as Jang Min-ho, President of South Korea, Joon-won's father, 59 y/o
Kim Hye-ok as Oh Young-sil, Joon-won's mother, First Lady of South Korea, 53 y/o
Jung So-young as Go Ji-soo, Joon-won's wife, 31 y/o
Jung Da-bin as Jang Hyo-won, Joon-won's daughter, 5 y/o
Ahn Hye-kyung as Noh Jin-kyung, nutritionist-in-charge of the canteen, 29 y/o
Kim Chang-wan as Kang San, head chef at the Blue House, 50 y/o
Kwon Ki-sun as Ma Ok-hee, cook, 47 y/o
Lee Young-ja as Song Eon-joo, cook, 39 y/o
Youn Yuh-jung as Goo Hyang-sook, cook, 55 y/o
Shin Min-hee as Geum Soo-kyung, Han-sook's stepdaughter, 19 y/o
Yoon Seung-won as Lee Sang-jik, chief of the guard department, 48y/o
Ryu Tae-joon as Kim Joo-yeob, bodyguard nicknamed Robocop, 28 y/o
Yoon Ji-hoo as Kang Moon-sik, bodyguard, 28 y/o
Kim Guk-jin as Ki Hyung-do, photographer, 35 y/o
Kang In-deok as Bang Pil-do, Ok-hee's ex-husband, barber, 59 y/o
Kim Hee-jung as Soo-jung
See also
List of Korean television shows
Contemporary culture of South Korea
References
External links
I Really Really Like You official MBC website
Love Truly at MBC Global Media
MBC TV television dramas
2006 South Korean television series debuts
2006 South Korean television series endings
South Korean romance television series
South Korean comedy television series |
The coat of arms of the German state of Baden-Württemberg features a greater and a lesser version.
History
The coat of arms of Baden-Württemberg was determined after the merging of the former German states Baden, Württemberg-Baden and Württemberg-Hohenzollern, that were divided due to different occupying forces after World War II, in 1952. The creation of the state was not without controversies and thus only the state colours black and gold were determined in 1952, but not yet the arms. The latter were only regulated in the Gesetz über das Wappen des Landes Baden-Württemberg (Law on the Coat of Arms of Baden-Württemberg) of 3 May 1954. Its use is moreover regulated by an order dated 2 August 1954. It was designed by Fritz Reinhardt.
The shield shows three black lions with red tongues on a golden background. The arms refer to the coat of arms of the Duke of Swabia whose House of Hohenstaufen had used these arms. The name of Suabia had long been discussed for use with the newly created state but it failed to be adopted due to resistance from parts of Baden.
Greater coat of arms
The six small coat of arms at the top stand for the origins of parts of Baden-Württemberg. They are from left to right:
Coat of arms of Franconia for former Franconian regions in the northeast:
It shows the coat of arms of Franconia, called the (Franconian rake). This field represents Tauber Franconia, the region around the river Tauber in the northeastern part of Baden-Württemberg. It was part of the Duchy of Franconia. While the main part of Franconia became part of Bavaria, this area became separated and part of Baden-Württemberg. The coat of arms features a field divided per fess dancetty gules and argent, i.e. it is divided into an upper red band and a lower white band by a three-pointed zig-zag line. This was the coat of arms of the prince-bishops of Würzburg, who were also dukes of Franconia.
Coat of arms of the House of Hohenzollern for the Province of Hohenzollern:
The second shield shows the coat of arms of the House of Hohenzollern (party per cross argent and sable). It represents a region north of lake Constance around Hohenzollern Castle, the ancestral seat of the House of Hohenzollern. The coat of arms of Hohenzollern is parted per cross; the first and third field are argent (white/silver), the second and fourth shield are sable (black).
Coat of arms of Baden for Baden:
The third shield shows the coat of arms of Baden, a red diagonal band on a golden shield (or, a bend gules). This represents the former Margraviate and Grand Duchy of Baden, the western and south-western part of Baden-Württemberg. As one of the two biggest predecessors of Baden-Württemberg, also part of the state's name, this shield is about 10 percent bigger than the others.
Coat of arms of Württemberg for Württemberg:
The fourth shield shows the coat of arms of Württemberg. On a golden shield, there are three superposed deer antlers. This shield represents the Region of Württemberg, the other main part of the state, which lies in the central and eastern part. For the same reasons, it is the same size as the coat of arms of Baden.
Coat of arms of the Electorate of the Palatinate for the region around Mannheim and Heidelberg:
The fifth shield shows the coat of arms of the Elector Palatine. This field represents those parts of former Electorate of the Palatinate, on the right side of river Rhine. The black field is charged with a yellow lion rampant with red claws, tongue and crown (sable, a lion rampant or armed langued and crowned gules).
Coat of arms of Austria for Further Austria in the south:
The sixth shield shows the coat of arms of Further Austria: a white horizontal band on a red field (gules, a fess argent). This shield represents the former possessions of the house of Habsburg, the family of the former Austrian Emperors.
Thereby the arms of Baden and Württemberg are slightly elevated. The supporters are a stag to the left representing Württemberg and a griffin to the right representing Baden. The supporters are those used in the arms of the pre-war states of Baden and Württemberg. They are positioned on a pedestal of black and gold which is not further mentioned in the law about the arms.
The great coat of arms is only used by higher authorities, i.e. the state premier, the government, the ministries, the state's representation to the Federation and to the EU, the Supreme State Court and higher courts, the audit court and the Administrative Districts.
Lesser arms
The lesser coat of arms features the shield topped with crown styled like leaves that symbolises the people's sovereignty after the abolishment of monarchy in Germany. The lesser arms are used by all state authorities that do not employ the great coat of arms, as well as by those notaries that are civil servants.
References
Landesverfassung, Namen und Wappen des neuen Bundeslandes Landeszentrale für politische Bildung
Baden-württembergische Befindlichkeiten. Das Land und seine Symbolik. ed. Petra Schön, Hauptstaatsarchiv Stuttgart, 2002.
Akten zur Entstehung des Landeswappens(Item EA 99/002 at Baden-Württemberg State Archives; digital images of the original draft can be found here.
See also
Origin of the coats of arms of German federal states.
Culture of Baden-Württemberg
Baden-Wurttemberg
Baden-Wurttemberg
Baden-Wurttemberg
Baden-Wurttemberg |
John Thornell (born 22 April 1985) is an Australian long jumper.
He was born in Sydney. He finished eleventh at the 2001 World Youth Championships, sixth at the 2002 World Junior Championships, won the bronze medal at the 2004 World Junior Championships and finished fifth at the 2006 Commonwealth Games.
His personal best jump is 8.08 metres, achieved in January 2006 in Canberra.
References
1985 births
Living people
Australian male long jumpers
Athletes (track and field) at the 2006 Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games competitors for Australia
Athletes from Sydney
Sportsmen from New South Wales |
Joel Samuel Birnbaum (born December 20, 1937) is a technology executive who served as senior vice president of Hewlett-Packard.
Birnbaum earned a bachelor's degree in engineering physics from Cornell University, and a doctorate in nuclear physics from Yale University in 1966. He worked at the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center from 1965 to 1980, eventually becoming director of computer sciences there. From 1980 until his retirement he worked for Hewlett-Packard, where he directed the Computer Research Center of HP Labs. In 1984 he was promoted to vice president at HP and director of HP Labs. He became a senior vice president in 1991.
Birnbaum was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 1989 for scientific and management contributions to advanced computer architectures.
He won the IEEE Ernst Weber Engineering Leadership Recognition Award in 2000 "for leadership in integrating, extending and shaping industrial research and development in measurement, computing and communications".
In 2001 he became a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery. He is also a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the Royal Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.
References
Living people
Cornell University College of Engineering alumni
Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Fellow Members of the IEEE
Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
1937 births |
Catovair was a regional airline based in Mauritius that offered flights to Mauritius, Reunion and Rodrigues island in Africa. Catovair had plans to buy an ATR 42
Catovair ceased its operation in 2008.
Fleet
The Catovair fleet included the following aircraft:
Saab 340
Sources
Defunct airlines of Mauritius
Airlines established in 2005
Airlines disestablished in 2008
2005 establishments in Mauritius |
Çalxanqala (also, , Chalkhangala and Chalhankala) is a village and municipality in the Kangarli District of Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan. It is located 33 km in the north-west from the district center, on the south slope of the Daralayaz ridge. Its population is busy with grain-growing, vine-growing, beekeeping and animal husbandry. There are secondary school, music school, library, club and a medical center in the village. It has a population of 2,149. It was the last Armenian-populated town in Nakhchivan.
Etymology
The village named after the Fortress of the Çalxanqala (Chalkhangala) of Bronze Age which built up with large rocks near the village. The name of the Fortress made out from the words of Chalkhan // Chelkan (ethnicity) and gala (building) and means "The Fortress which belongs to the chelkans". It is ethno toponym. The Kəmərdağ mountain where the Fortress is located, also sometimes is called as Çalxaşala (Chalkhashala).
Çalxanqala Fortress
Chalkhangala - is the fortress of the Bronze Age 22 km in the north-west from the Nakhchivan city. It is located near the Payız village, on the right bank of the Jahrichay River, on the high hill. It was built with large rocks without using the fixing solution. There is only an access road to the fortress from the south side. The fortress of the Chalknagala of the Bronze Age which has survived till the present days has the wall with length of 450 m, height 2.5–3 m and width 2,7–3 meters. Presumably, the Chalkhangala was the main defense fortress of the union of the tribes which were formed in the territory of the Nakhchivan, in the 2nd millennium of BC.
Churches and Monasteries
St. Tovma Monastery was a ruinous Armenian monastery located on high ground in the northeastern part of the village. It was completely erased at some point between 2001 and 2011.
St. Hovhannes Church was an Armenian church located southeast of the village. Similar to St. Tovma Monastery, St. Hovhannes was erased at some point between 2001 and 2011.
St. Grigor Church was an Armenian church located in the central part of the village. Similar to St. Tovma Monastery and St. Hovhannes Church, St. Grigor was erased at some point between 2001 and 2011.
St. Hakob Chapel was located northwest of the village and was destroyed at some point between 2001 and 2011.
See also
St. Tovma Monastery (Chalkhangala)
St. Grigor Church (Chalkhangala)
St. Hovhannes Church (Chalkhangala)
References
Populated places in Kangarli District |
Jordan Zacharie Lukaku Menama Mokelenge (born 25 July 1994) is a Belgian professional footballer who plays as a left back for Turkish second division team Adanaspor. His older brother, Romelu, is also a footballer.
Starting his professional career at Anderlecht, he made nine appearances for the first team, before joining Oostende in 2013, where he became a regular player. He was signed by Lazio in 2016, making 85 total appearances and being loaned to Antwerp and Vicenza before signing for Ponferradina.
Lukaku made his senior international debut for Belgium in 2015 and totalled eight caps over the next two years. He was part of their squad at UEFA Euro 2016.
Club career
Anderlecht
Despite interests from Premier League side Arsenal, Lukaku signed his first professional contract with the club, keeping him until 2013.
Having previously trained with the first team in the 2010–11 season, along with his brother (who then left the club for Chelsea at the time), Lukaku was first included in a senior matchday squad on 1 December 2011, remaining an unused substitute in Anderlecht's 2–1 win at AEK Athens in the group stage of the season's UEFA Europa League. His debut came the following 21 March against Zulte Waregem, which saw Anderlecht win 2–1; Lukaku later said after the match: "it was the best day of his life". He totalled six appearances as his team won the league that season, but did not play at all as they retained the title the following campaign, only making the bench twice. During the season, he missed out the start of the season, due to suffering a stress fracture. As he struggled in the first team, he was linked with a loan move to an unknown club in the Dutch Eredivisie, but rejected the move and was sent to the reserve team instead.
On 21 July 2013, Lukaku came on as an 87th-minute substitute for Matías Suárez as Anderlecht won the year's Belgian Super Cup 1–0 against Genk at the Constant Vanden Stock Stadium. After appearing two matches at the start of the season, he announced his desire to leave the club to get regular first team football.
Oostende
Soon after playing in the Belgian Super Cup, Lukaku left Anderlecht to join Oostende on loan until the end of the season. His debut was as a half-time substitute in a 1–0 loss against Lokeren on 31 August 2013. In a match against Genk on 23 November 2013, he set up one of the goals in a 4–0 win. His last appearance for the club came on 25 January 2014 against Waasland-Beveren; he suffered a pubalgia that kept him out of the season.
With his contract expiring at Anderlecht at the end of the season, Lukaku joined Oostende on a permanent basis, signing a four-year contract. His next game was on 1 August 2014, playing his former club, Anderlecht, in a 2–0 loss. Lukaku continued to be in a regular in the first team at Oostende despite being absence on two occasions, including his sending off against Gent on 25 January 2015. In his first permanent season at the club, Lukaku made 30 appearances in all competitions.
In the 2015–16 season, Lukaku set up one of the goals, in a 3–1 win over Mechelen in the opening game of the season, followed up by scoring his first goal for the club, in a 2–1 win over Westerlo, being named in the Team of the Week. He continued to be in the first team until he was absence from late-2015, due to injuries. He scored his second goal of the season on 31 January 2016, in a 3–3 draw against Mouscron. After returning from injury in early-May, he scored in a 2–1 win over Genk on 14 May 2016. Lukaku finished his second season with 34 appearances and three goals in all competitions.
Lazio
With a hint from the club's president, stating that Lukaku could leave the club in the summer, it was announced on 22 July 2016, he signed with Italian club Lazio for €4 million plus a reported €1 million in performance-related bonuses. Upon joining the club, Lukaku was given a number six shirt and was presented to the club several days later.
Lukaku made his Lazio debut, where he made his first start and played the whole game, in a 4–3 win over Atalanta in the opening game of the season. He continued to remain in the first team until he suffered an injury during an international break that kept him out for a month. It was not until on 27 November 2016 when he made his return from injury, coming on as a substitute in the second half, in a 1–0 win over Palermo.
In the 2017 Supercoppa Italiana, Lukaku came on as a late substitute in a 3–2 win over Juventus at the Stadio Olimpico. On 23 December that year, he scored his first goal for the club, finishing from a Ciro Immobile pass to open a 4–0 home win over Crotone.
Injury problems during the 2018–19 season meant Lukaku only started three games in all competitions before a loan deal until the end of the season was agreed with English club Newcastle United on 24 January. However, the deal was called off the following day after the Belgian reportedly failed a medical.
On 5 October 2020, Lukaku returned to the Belgian top flight with Royal Antwerp F.C. on a one-year loan. On 12 January 2022, he was loaned out to Serie B club Vicenza until the end of the season.
Ponferradina
On 26 August 2022, free agent Lukaku signed a contract with Spanish Segunda División side SD Ponferradina. In February 2023, he left the club.
Adanaspor
On 20 August 2023, Lukaku joined Turkish club Adanaspor on a two-year contract.
International career
After previously representing Belgium at under-15, under-16, under-18 and under-19 levels, Lukaku rejected a chance to play for DR Congo in 2011, in favour of playing for Belgium instead.
Following his impressive performance at Oostende, Lukaku was called by the senior team for the first team. On 10 October 2015, Lukaku made his senior debut for the national team in a 4–1 win in a Euro 2016 qualification match against Andorra; the victory qualified his team to the finals. In his next game on the following 29 March, he replaced Guillaume Gillet in the 59th minute of a friendly away to Portugal in Leiria, and sent in the cross that was headed in by his brother as consolation in a 2–1 loss.
After being included for the a 24-man preliminary squad, Lukaku was selected for Euro 2016 squad, wearing shirt number 21. He made one appearance in the tournament, playing 75 minutes in place of the injured Jan Vertonghen in Belgium's 3–1 quarterfinal defeat to Wales.
In May 2018, he was named in Belgium's preliminary squad for the 2018 World Cup in Russia. However, he did not make the final 23.
Style of play
Regarded as a promising player in his youth, Lukaku is a quick, hard-working, and powerful left-footed attacking full-back. He primarily plays as a left-back, but has demonstrated he is capable of playing anywhere along the left side of the pitch as a wing-back, as a wide midfielder, or even as a winger in an attacking trident. He is particularly well known for his outstanding pace, as well as his technique, crossing ability, physical strength, and stamina, which enables him to cover the flank effectively, get forward, exploit spaces, take on opponents, retain possession, and create chances for his teammates. He has drawn criticism at times from pundits over his tactical sense and the defensive aspect of this game, which have been cited as areas which have room for improvement. He has also struggled with injuries which have limited his playing time.
Personal life
Lukaku was born in Antwerp. His father is Roger Lukaku, who played professional football and was capped at international level by Zaire. He has an older brother, Romelu Lukaku, who also progressed through the youth academy at Anderlecht. Their cousin Boli Bolingoli-Mbombo plays for KV Mechelen.
While at the youth academy at Anderlecht, Jordan, along with Romelu, used to be picked by their father and took them to training every morning. Unlike his older brother, Jordan grew up supporting Arsenal. Around 2012, Jordan became a victim of fake profiling. It came after he was involved in a controversial circumstances, prompting angry response from social media.
In December 2014, Jordan Lukaku was charged with speeding and had his driving license revoked for fifteen days, as well as, being fined €600. The following month, his closest friend, Junior Malanda, was killed in a car crash. Three months later, he was charged with the same offence and was banned from driving for a year. He was given a final warning and told that if he did it again, he would be jailed. The following year, he was charged with the same offence for the third time and was banned from driving for fifteen months.
Career statistics
Club
International
Honours
Anderlecht
Belgian Super Cup: 2013
Lazio
Coppa Italia: 2018–19
Supercoppa Italiana: 2017
References
External links
1994 births
Living people
Footballers from Antwerp
Belgian men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Belgian Pro League players
Serie A players
Serie B players
Segunda División players
TFF First League players
R.S.C. Anderlecht players
K.V. Oostende players
SS Lazio players
LR Vicenza players
Royal Antwerp F.C. players
SD Ponferradina players
Adanaspor footballers
Belgium men's international footballers
Belgium men's under-21 international footballers
Belgium men's youth international footballers
UEFA Euro 2016 players
Belgian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Italy
Expatriate men's footballers in Spain
Expatriate men's footballers in Turkey
Belgian expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Belgian expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Belgian people of Democratic Republic of the Congo descent
Black Belgian sportspeople |
Johnnie & Joe were an American R&B vocal duo from The Bronx, New York, United States, who were best known for their 1957 hit "Over the Mountain; Across the Sea."
Johnnie Louise Richardson (June 29, 1935, Montgomery, Alabama - October 25, 1988, New York City) and Joe Rivers (March 20, 1937, Charleston, South Carolina) began singing together in 1957 and released several singles on Chess Records, which were leased from J & S Records, to whom the duo were under contract. Richardson was the daughter of the J & S label owner, Zelma "Zell" Sanders, who had been a touring member of The Hearts.
Three of the songs hit the U.S. singles charts. "Over the Mountain, Across the Sea," written by Rex Garvin, went to #3 on the R&B chart and #8 on the Billboard Hot 100, and "I'll Be Spinning," written by Freddie Scott, went Top 10 R&B, both in 1957. "My Baby's Gone," a #15 R&B hit, was their last hit, although "Over the Mountain, Across the Sea" returned to the pop charts in 1960, peaking at #89 the second time around.
Richardson and Rivers resumed their professional partnership later in the 1960s. During the 1970s and '80s they performed in oldies concerts, and made a critically acclaimed album, Kingdom of Love, in 1982. Johnnie Richardson died of complications from a stroke in 1988.
References
External links
Johnnie & Joe at Doo Wop Heaven
Johnnie & Joe Biography
Johnnie & Joe Discography
Article and label shots
Musical groups from the Bronx
Chess Records artists |
Tylka is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Krościenko nad Dunajcem, within Nowy Targ County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland, close to the border with Slovakia. It lies approximately west of Krościenko nad Dunajcem, east of Nowy Targ, and south-east of the regional capital Kraków.
References
Tylka |
Akseki is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Bozdoğan, Aydın Province, Turkey. Its population is 343 (2022).
References
Neighbourhoods in Bozdoğan District |
Lolly Gobble Bliss Bombs are an Australian snack food made by the Greens food company.
Originally released in the 1970s, it is caramelised, ready-to-eat popcorn, similar to the American Cracker Jack. The concept was first floated in the late 1960s, but the company delayed the product due to uncertainty of the market appeal. The popcorn is coated with toffee and rolled in crushed peanuts. Flavours include butterscotch and caramel.
Lolly Gobble Bliss Bombs were known for their colourful packaging, which featured surreal psychedelic artwork, reminiscent of Peter Max, Robert Crumb or The Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers. The initial marketing was developed by Frank Margan, the creative director at John Singleton's SPASM agency. This packaging was varied in the late 1980s.
Lolly Gobble Bliss Bombs were launched by margarine maker Marrickville Holdings in the early 1970s, generating significant sales in the mid and late 1970s. In 1980 Marrickville Holdings were purchased by Allied Mills, which continued to advertise the brand despite flagging sales. In 1986 Allied Mills amalgamated with the Goodman Group to become Goodman Fielder. The new company ceased to promote Lolly Gobble Bliss Bombs and let distribution decline. In 1991 Goodman Fielder sold the brand together with the ETA and Daffodil nuts brands to Southern Cross Foods, a relative newcomer to the snackfood market, for $AUD 10 million.
In December 1992, Southern Cross collapsed and Lolly Gobble Bliss Bombs were sold to Barton Addison & Sons, a company that marketed peanuts and peanut butter. In 1994 Greens purchased Barton Addison, primarily to secure its peanut butter brands, and in 1998 launched a major advertising campaign to promote the brand.
See also
Screaming Yellow Zonkers, another candy coated popcorn with unusual packaging
List of brand name snack foods
List of popcorn brands
References
Australian brands
Australian snack foods
Popcorn brands
Products introduced in 1970
Brand name snack foods
Australian confectionery |
"Top of the World" is a contemporary folk-country song written by Patty Griffin and most known as recorded and performed in Grammy Award-winning fashion by the Dixie Chicks.
Griffin wrote and recorded "Top of the World" in 2000 for Silver Bell, but a dispute with her label A&M Records caused Griffin to be dropped and the album to go unreleased for 13 years. In the meantime, copies of Silver Bell circulated and increased Griffin's reputation as a songwriter within the music industry.
The Dixie Chicks had already covered other Griffin songs and had toured with Griffin on their 2000 Fly Tour. They recorded two Silver Bell songs, "Truth No. 2" and "Top of the World," for their 2002 album Home, the latter as the concluding track. Beginning quietly with Home'''s mixture of acoustic stringed instruments, and with the vocal line shifting around among one-, two-, and three-part singing, "Top of the World" begins by portraying an almost unbearable level of regret at things not done.
Tension is built up with pauses, then midway through a string section begins accompanying in an ominous fashion as the reason for the regret is unveiled.
The strings then pick up in intensity during the instrumental coda, as Chicks lead singer Natalie Maines moans wordlessly and then repeats "To the top of the world" as a mantra over and over.
Dixie Chick Emily Robison said of "Top of the World" that it was "biggest departure on the album, but I'm so glad that we did it because I think it shows a whole other dimension." During their 2002 concert film An Evening with the Dixie Chicks, Maines attempted to explain the song's startingly unusual perspective:
It is written from the point of view of a man who has passed on, and he's sort of looking down wishing that he had been a different person, and having a lot of regrets and wishing he hadn't had the negative effect on the people in his life and err... I don't know what I just said...
Author Chris Willman wrote that this was "a song that could send a chill down even a seasoned spine after repeat listens." Entertainment Weekly stated that the Dixie Chicks' recording "lift[ed] the quality of [the song] in a way [its] author herself could not." The New York Times said that "Top of the World" was an example of the Dixie Chicks turning to Griffin for their most ambitious material that at the same time led to the Chicks' commercial and critical success.
"Top of the World" was released as a single in mid-2003, together with a music video, but failed to chart. At six minutes the song was likely too long for radio, but by then the infamous controversy regarding Maines' criticism of U.S. President George W. Bush had broken out, and the Chicks had become a country radio anathema.
Maines would remark of the video, "We haven't been banned from television yet." Directed by Sophie Muller and filmed in London, it portrayed the three Chicks as three women in different stages of the protagonist's life. The story started with a boy growing up with his single mother (Emily Robison), who frequently abused and neglected him. As a result, he would become frustrated with his life and in turn mutilate inanimate objects such as a rag doll. Later, the boy grew up as a bitter person and never became close to his daughter and wife (Martie Maguire). When he became old, and his daughter (Natalie Maines) groew up, she loved and took care of him like her mother did when she was little. The old man died feeling regretful about his life, but the cycle was broken when Natalie raised and loved a good family in her generation. The video premiered on VH1 on September 22, 2003, and it would later be nominated for MVPA Awards in the Adult Contemporary Video and Director of the Year categories.
Although not one of the Chicks' big hits, the song was prominent enough that the trio's 2003 Top of the World Tour was named after it, as were the subsequent Top of the World Tour: Live album and Top of the World Tour: Live DVD. Indeed, "Top of the World" was one of the emotional centerpieces of the shows on the tour, and the live recording of the song would go on to win the 2005 Grammy Award for Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal. The song remained one of the highlights of the group's 2006 Accidents & Accusations Tour, with violinist Martie Maguire moving from the front of the stage to join the band's violin and cello player for a dramatic, elongated string part during the coda.
Griffin's own re-recording of "Top of the World" would finally surface for good on her 2004 album Impossible Dream. As the Dixie Chicks' version had been close in arrangement to Griffin's original, Griffin re-arranged it this time around. It featured the violin of Lisa Germano, and Allmusic described the recording's "quietly intense relationship meditation" as reaching an "aching climax". The Washington Post'' wrote that Griffin's recording would have "flooded the country airwaves" were it not for "music business realities". and again in 2013 when Silver Bell was finally released by A&M Records and Universal Music Enterprises.
"Top of the World" has been performed by others as well, notably Jessica Harp of The Wreckers, Kelly Clarkson, and Australian singers Jasmine Rae and Kasey Chambers.
References
2000 songs
2003 singles
Patty Griffin songs
The Chicks songs
Songs written by Patty Griffin
Columbia Records singles |
Ričardas Bukys (born 5 September 1967) is a Lithuanian rower. He competed in the men's coxless pair event at the 1992 Summer Olympics.
References
1967 births
Living people
Lithuanian male rowers
Olympic rowers for Lithuania
Rowers at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Place of birth missing (living people) |
Patrick de Lange (born 21 January 1976 in Amsterdam) is a Dutch baseball player.
De Lange represented the Netherlands at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney where he and his team became fifth. Four years later at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens they were sixth.
External links
De Lange at the Dutch Olympic Archive
1976 births
Living people
Baseball players at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Baseball players at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Dutch baseball players
Olympic baseball players for the Netherlands
Sportspeople from Amsterdam |
Religion in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was dominated by the fact that it became the first state to have as one objective of its official ideology the elimination of existing religion, and the prevention of future implanting of religious belief, with the goal of establishing state atheism (gosateizm). However, the main religions of pre-revolutionary Russia persisted throughout the entire Soviet period. Christians belonged to various denominations: Orthodox (which had the largest number of followers), Catholic, Baptist and various other Protestant denominations. The majority of the Muslims in the Soviet Union were Sunni, with the notable exception of Azerbaijan, which was majority Shia. Judaism also had many followers. Other religions, practiced by a small number of believers, included Buddhism and Shamanism.
The vast majority of people in the Russian Empire were, at the time of the revolution, religious believers. After the October Revolution saw the Bolsheviks overthrow the Russian Provisional Government and establish the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), the communists aimed to break the power of all religious institutions and eventually replace religious belief with atheism. As part of the campaign, churches and other places of worship were systematically destroyed, and there was a "government-sponsored program of conversion to atheism" conducted by communists. "Science" was counterposed to "religious superstition" in the media and in academic writing. The communist government targeted religions based on state interests, and while most organized religions were never outlawed, religious property was confiscated, believers were harassed, and religion was ridiculed while atheism was propagated in schools. In 1925 the government founded the League of Militant Atheists to intensify the persecution.
Marxism-Leninism and religion
As the founder of the Soviet state, Vladimir Lenin, put it:
Religion is the opium of the people: this saying of Marx is the cornerstone of the entire ideology of Marxism about religion. All modern religions and churches, all and of every kind of religious organizations are always considered by Marxism as the organs of bourgeois reaction, used for the protection of the exploitation and the stupefaction of the working class.
Marxist–Leninist atheism has consistently advocated the control, suppression, and elimination of religion. Within about a year of the revolution, the state expropriated all church property, including the churches themselves, and in the period from 1922 to 1926, 28 Russian Orthodox bishops and more than 1,200 priests were killed. Many more were persecuted.
Christianity
Orthodox
Orthodox Christians constituted a majority of believers in the Soviet Union. In the late 1980s, three Orthodox churches claimed substantial memberships there: the Russian Orthodox Church, the Georgian Orthodox Church, and the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church (AOC). They were members of the major confederation of Orthodox churches in the world, generally referred to as the Eastern Orthodox Church. The first two functioned openly and were tolerated by the state, but the Ukrainian AOC was not permitted to function openly. Parishes of the Belarusian Autocephalous Orthodox Church reappeared in Belarus only after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, but they did not receive recognition from the Belarusian Exarchate of the Russian Orthodox Church, which controls Belarusian eparchies.
Russian Orthodox Church
According to both Soviet and Western sources, in the late 1980s the Russian Orthodox Church had over 50 million believers but only about 7,000 registered active churches. Over 4,000 of these churches were located in the Ukrainian Republic (almost half of them in western Ukraine). The distribution of the six monasteries and ten convents of the Russian Orthodox Church was equally disproportionate: only two of the monasteries were located in the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, with another two in Ukraine and one each in Belarus and Lithuania. Seven convents were located in Ukraine and one each in Moldova, Estonia, and Latvia.
Georgian Orthodox Church
The Georgian Orthodox Church, another autocephalous member of Eastern Orthodoxy, was headed by a Georgian patriarch. In the late 1980s it had 15 bishops, 180 priests, 200 parishes, and an estimated 2.5 million followers. In 1811 the Georgian Orthodox Church was incorporated into the Russian Orthodox Church, but it regained its independence in 1917, after the fall of the Tsar. Nevertheless, the Russian Orthodox Church did not officially recognize its independence until 1943.
Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church
The Ukrainian AOC separated from the Russian Orthodox Church in January 1919, when the short-lived Ukrainian state adopted a decree declaring autocephaly of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church. Its independence was reaffirmed by the Bolsheviks in the Ukrainian Republic, and by 1924 it had 30 bishops, almost 1,500 priests, nearly 1,100 parishes, and between 4 and 6 million members.
From its inception, the Ukrainian AOC faced the hostility of the Russian Orthodox Church in the Ukrainian Republic. In the late 1920s, Soviet authorities accused it of nationalist tendencies. In 1930 the government forced the church to reorganize as the "Ukrainian Orthodox Church", and few of its parishes survived until 1936. Nevertheless, the Ukrainian AOC continued to function outside the borders of the Soviet Union, and it was revived on Ukrainian territory under the German occupation during World War II. In the late 1980s, some of the Orthodox faithful in the Ukrainian Republic appealed to the Soviet government to reestablish the Ukrainian AOC.
Armenian Apostolic
The Armenian Apostolic Church is an independent Oriental Orthodox church. In the 1980s it had about 4 million adherents – almost the entire population of Armenia. It was permitted 6 bishops, between 50 and 100 priests, and between 20 and 30 churches, and it had one theological seminary and six monasteries.
Catholics
Catholics formed a substantial and active religious constituency in the Soviet Union. Their number increased dramatically with the annexation of territories of the Second Polish Republic in 1939 and the Baltic republics in 1940. Catholics in the Soviet Union were divided between those belonging to the Latin Church, which was recognized by the government, and those remaining loyal to the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, which was banned in 1946.
Latin Church
The majority of the 5.5 million Latin Catholics in the Soviet Union lived in the Lithuanian, Belarusian, and Latvian republics, with a sprinkling in the Moldavian, Ukrainian, and Russian republics. Following World War II, the most active Latin Catholic community in the Soviet Union was in the Lithuanian Republic, where the majority of people are Catholics. The Latin Church there was viewed as an institution that both fostered and defended Lithuanian national interests and values. From 1972 a Catholic underground publication, The Chronicle of the Catholic Church in Lithuania, supported not only Lithuanians' religious rights but also their national rights.
Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church
Western Ukraine, which included largely the historic region of Galicia, became part of the Soviet Union in 1939. Although Ukrainian, its population was never part of the Russian Empire, but was Eastern Catholic. After the Second World War, the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church identified closely with the nationalist aspirations of the region, arousing the hostility of the Soviet government, which was in combat with Ukrainian Insurgency. In 1945, Soviet authorities arrested the church's Metropolitan Josyf Slipyj, nine bishops and hundreds of clergy and leading lay activists, and deported them to forced labor camps in Siberia and elsewhere. The nine bishops and many of the clergy died in prisons, concentration camps, internal exile, or soon after their release during the post-Stalin thaw, but after 18 years of imprisonment and persecution, Metropolitan Slipyj was released when Pope John XXIII intervened on his behalf. Slipyj went to Rome, where he received the title of Major Archbishop of Lviv, and became a cardinal in 1965.
In 1946 a synod was called in Lviv, where, despite being uncanonical in both Catholic and Orthodox understanding, the Union of Brest was annulled, and the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church was officially annexed to the Russian Orthodox Church. St. George's Cathedral in Lviv became the throne of Russian Orthodox Archbishop Makariy.
For the clergy that joined the Russian Orthodox Church, the Soviet authorities refrained from the large-scale persecution seen elsewhere. In Lviv only one church was closed. In fact, the western dioceses of Lviv-Ternopil and Ivano-Frankivsk were the largest in the USSR. Canon law was also relaxed, allowing the clergy to shave their beards (a practice uncommon in Orthodoxy) and to conduct thr litugy in Ukrainian instead of Slavonic.
In 1989 the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church was officially re-established after a catacomb period of more than 40 years. There followed conflicts between Orthodox and Catholic Christians regarding the ownership of church buildings, conflicts which continued into the 1990s, after the Independence of Ukraine.
Protestants
Protestant communities (particularly Lutherans) first appeared in the Russian Empire in the 16th and 17th centuries in connection with expatriate communities from western Europe. In the 18th century, under Catherine II (the Great), large numbers of German settlers were invited to the Russian Empire, including Mennonites, Lutherans, Reformed and also Roman Catholics. From the 17th to the 19th centuries, various new religious movements emerged from the Russian Orthodox Church (including Molokans, Dukhobors, Khlysts, Pryguny and to some extent, Subbotniks, and in 19th century Tolstoyan rural communes), and their existence prepared the ground for Protestantism's future spread. The first Baptist communities within the Russian Empire arose in unrelated strains in three widely separated regions of the Russian Empire (Transcaucasia, Ukraine, and St. Petersburg) in the 1860s and 1870s. In the early twentieth century, Pentecostal groups also formed. In the very early years of Soviet power, the Bolsheviks focused their anti-religious efforts on the Russian Orthodox Church and it appeared to take a less hostile position towards the 'sectarians'. Already before Stalin's rise to power, the situation changed, however. And from the start of the 1930s, Protestants - like other religious groups - experienced the full force of Soviet repression. Churches were shut and religious leaders were arrested and convicted, often charged with anti-Soviet activity. One of the leaders of the Pentecostals movement, Ivan Voronaev, was sentenced to death in 1937, for example.
Baptists, Evangelical Christians, and Pentecostals
The Second World War saw a relaxation of church-state relations in the Soviet Union and the Protestant community benefited alongside their Russian Orthodox counterparts. In 1944, the All-Union Council of Evangelical Christians-Baptists was formed, bringing together the two main strands within Soviet Protestantism. Over the following two years, the leaders of the two main Pentecostal branches within the Soviet Union also agreed to join. The immediate post-war period saw the growth of Baptist and Pentecostal congregations and there was a religious revival in these years. Statistics provided by the leaders of the registered church suggest 250,000 baptised members in 1946 rising to 540,000 by 1958. In fact the influence of the Protestantism was much wider than these figures suggest: in addition to the existence of unregistered Baptist and Pentecostal groups, there were also thousands who attended worship without taking baptism. Many Baptist and Pentecostal congregations were in Ukraine. Women significantly outnumbered men in these congregations, though the pastors were male. By 1991, Ukraine had the second largest Baptist community in the world, behind only the United States.
Although the Soviet state had established the All-Union Council of Evangelical Christians-Baptists in 1944, and encouraged congregations to register, this did not signal the end to the persecution of Christians. Many leaders and ordinary believers of different Protestant communities fell victims to the persecution by Communist government, including imprisonment. Persecution was particularly vicious in the years 1948-53 and again in the early 1960s.
Despite the Soviet state's attempt to create a single, unified church movement, there were many divisions within the evangelical church. In the early 1960s, a break-away group formed a new movement which called for a spiritual awakening and greater independence from the Soviet state. Leaders of this group (eventually known as the Council of the Church of Evangelical Christians-Baptists) faced particularly persecution. Pentecostals, too, formed their own, underground organisation and were targeted by the state as a result.
Lutherans
Lutherans, the second largest Protestant group, lived for the most part in the Latvian and Estonian republics. In the 1980s, Lutheran churches in these republics identified to some extent with nationality issues in the two republics. The state's attitude toward Lutherans was generally benign. The Lutheran Church in different regions of the country was persecuted during the Soviet era, and church property was confiscated. Many of its members and pastors were oppressed, and some were forced to emigrate.
Other Protestants
A number of other Protestant groups were present, including Adventists and Reformed.
Other Christian groups
The March 1961 instruction on religious cults explained for the first time, that
"sects, the teaching and character of activities of which has anti-state and savagely extremist [изуверский] character: Jehovah's Witnesses, Pentecostalists, Adventists-reformists" are not to be registered and were thus banned.
A number of congregations of Russian Mennonites, Jehovah's Witnesses, and other Christian groups existed in the Soviet Union. Nearly 9,000 Jehovah's Witnesses were deported to Siberia in 1951; the numbers of those who were not deported is unknown. The number of Jehovah's Witnesses increased greatly over this period, with a KGB estimate of around 20,000 in 1968. Russian Mennonites began to emigrate from the Soviet Union in the face of increasing violence and persecution, state restrictions on freedom of religion, and biased allotments of communal farmland. They emigrated to Germany, Britain, the United States, parts of South America, and other regions.
Judaism
See history of the Jews in the Soviet Union.
Islam
After the Bolshevik revolution, Islam was for some time (until 1929) treated better than the Russian Orthodox Church, which Bolsheviks regarded as a center of the "reaction", and other religions. In the declaration "Ко всем трудящимся мусульманам России и Востока" (To All Working Muslims in Russia and the Orient) of November 1917, the Bolshevik government declared the freedom to exercise their religion and customs for Muslims "whose beliefs and customs had been suppressed by the Czars and the Russian oppressors".
In the second half of 1920s and in 1930s, state repressions, suppression and atheist propaganda against all religions increased. E.g. in 1930, out of the 12,000 mosques in Tatarstan, more than 10,000 were closed, from 90 to 97% mullahs and muezzins were deprived of the right to exercise their profession.
During the Great Patriotic War, the restrictions on religion were erased somewhat. In 1943 the Spiritual Administration of the Muslims of Central Asia and Kazakhstan was established. In 1949, 415 registered mosques functioned in the Soviet Union.
In the late 1980s, Islam had the second largest following in the Soviet Union: between 45 and 50 million people identified themselves as Muslims. But the Soviet Union had only about 500 working mosques, a fraction of the number in prerevolutionary Russia, and Soviet law forbade Islamic religious activity outside working mosques and Islamic schools.
All working mosques, religious schools, and Islamic publications were supervised by four "spiritual directorates" established by Soviet authorities to provide government control. The Spiritual Directorate for Central Asia and Kazakhstan, the Spiritual Directorate for the European Soviet Union and Siberia, and the Spiritual Directorate for the Northern Caucasus and Dagestan oversaw the religious life of Sunni Muslims. The Spiritual Directorate for Transcaucasia dealt with both Sunni Muslims and Shia Muslims. The overwhelming majority of the Muslims were Sunnis.
Soviet Muslims differed linguistically and culturally from each other, speaking about fifteen Turkic languages, ten Iranian languages, and thirty Caucasian languages. Hence, communication between different Muslim groups was difficult. In 1989 Russian often served as a lingua franca among some educated Muslims.
Culturally, some Muslim groups had highly developed urban traditions, whereas others were recently nomadic. Some lived in industrialized environments, others in isolated mountainous regions. In sum, Muslims were not a homogeneous group with a common national identity and heritage, although they shared the same religion and the same country.
In the late 1980s, unofficial Muslim congregations, meeting in tea houses and private homes with their own mullahs, greatly outnumbered those in the officially sanctioned mosques. The unofficial mullahs were either self-taught or informally trained by other mullahs. In the late 1980s, unofficial Islam appeared to split into fundamentalist congregations and groups that emphasized Sufism.
Policy toward religions in practice
Soviet policy toward religion was based on the ideology of Marxism-Leninism, which made atheism the official doctrine of the Communist Party. However, "the Soviet law and administrative practice through most of the 1920s extended some tolerance to religion and forbade the arbitrary closing or destruction of some functioning churches", and each successive Soviet constitution granted freedom of belief. As the founder of the Soviet state, Lenin, put it:
Religion is the opium of the people: this saying of Marx is the cornerstone of the entire ideology of Marxism about religion. All modern religions and churches, all and of every kind of religious organizations are always considered by Marxism as the organs of bourgeois reaction, used for the protection of the exploitation and the stupefaction of the working class.
Marxism-Leninism advocates the suppression and ultimately the disappearance of religious beliefs, considering them to be "unscientific" and "superstitious". In the 1920s and 1930s, such organizations as the League of the Militant Godless were active in anti-religious propaganda. Atheism was the norm in schools, communist organizations (such as the Young Pioneer Organization), and the media.
The state's efforts to eradicate religion in the Soviet Union, however, varied over the years with respect to particular religions and were affected by higher state interests. In 1923, a New York Times correspondent saw Christians observing Easter peacefully in Moscow despite violent anti-religious actions in previous years. Official policies and practices not only varied with time, but also differed in their application from one nationality to another and from one religion to another.
In 1929, with the onset of the Cultural Revolution in the Soviet Union and an upsurge of radical militancy in the Party and Komsomol, a powerful "hard line" in favor of mass closing of churches and arrests of priests became dominant and evidently won Stalin's approval. Secret "hard line" instructions were issued to local party organizations, but not published. When the anti-religious drive inflamed the anger of the rural population, not to mention that of the Pope and other Western church spokesmen, the state was able to back off from a policy that it had never publicly endorsed anyway.Fitzpatrick, S. Everyday Stalinism. New-York, 1999. p.27
Although all Soviet leaders had the same long-range goal of developing a cohesive Soviet people, they pursued different policies to achieve it. For the Soviet government, questions of nationality and religion were always closely linked. Therefore, their attitude toward religion also varied from a total ban on some religions to official support of others.
Policy towards nationalities and religion
In theory, the Soviet Constitution described the state's position regarding nationalities and religions. It stated that every Soviet citizen also had a particular nationality, and every Soviet passport carried these two entries. The constitution granted a large degree of local autonomy, but this autonomy was subordinated to central authority. In addition, because local and central administrative structures were often not clearly divided, local autonomy was further weakened. Although under the Constitution all nationalities were equal, in practice they were not treated so. Only fifteen nationalities had union republic status, which granted them, in principle, many rights, including the right to secede from the union.
Twenty-two nationalities lived in autonomous republics with a degree of local self-government and representation in the Council of Nationalities in the Supreme Soviet. Eighteen more nationalities had territorial enclaves (autonomous oblasts and autonomous okrugs) but had very few powers of self-government. The remaining nationalities had no right of self-government at all. Joseph Stalin's 1913 definition of a nation as "a historically constituted and stable community of people formed on the basis of common language, territory, economic life, and psychological makeup revealed in a common culture" was retained by Soviet authorities throughout the 1980s. However, in granting nationalities union republic status, three additional factors were considered: a population of at least 1 million, territorial compactness, and location on the borders of the Soviet Union.
Although Lenin believed that eventually all nationalities would merge into one, he insisted that the Soviet Union be established as a federation of formally equal nations. In the 1920s, genuine cultural concessions were granted to the nationalities. Communist elites of various nationalities were permitted to flourish and to have considerable self-government. National cultures, religions, and languages were not merely tolerated but, in areas with Muslim populations, encouraged.
Demographic changes in the 1960s and 1970s whittled down the overall Russian majority, but they also caused two nationalities (the Kazakhs and Kirgiz) to become minorities in their own republics at the time of the 1979 census, and considerably reduced the majority of the titular nationalities in other republics. This situation led Leonid Brezhnev to declare at the 24th Communist Party Congress in 1971 that the process of creating a unified Soviet people had been completed, and proposals were made to abolish the federative system and replace it with a single state. In the 1970s, however, a broad movement of national dissent began to spread throughout the Soviet Union. It manifestated itself in many ways: Jews insisted on their right to emigrate to Israel; Crimean Tatars demanded to be allowed to return to Crimea; Lithuanians called for the restoration of the rights of the Catholic Church; and Helsinki Watch groups were established in the Georgian, Lithuanian, and Ukrainian republics. Petitions, literature, and occasional public demonstrations voiced public demands for the human rights of all nationalities. By the end of the 1970s, however, massive and concerted efforts by the KGB had largely suppressed the national dissent movement. Nevertheless, Brezhnev had learned his lesson. Proposals to dismantle the federative system were abandoned in favour of a policy of drawing the nationalities together more gradually.
Soviet officials identified religion closely with nationality. The implementation of policy toward a particular religion, therefore, depended on the state's perception of the bond between that religion and the nationality practicing it, the size of the religious community, the extent to which the religion accepted outside authority, and the nationality's willingness to subordinate itself to political authority. Thus the smaller the religious community and the more closely it identified with a particular nationality, the tighter were the state's policies, especially if the religion also recognized a foreign authority such as the pope.
Policy towards Orthodoxy
As for the Russian Orthodox Church, Soviet authorities sought to control it and, in times of national crisis, to exploit it for the state's own purposes; but their ultimate goal was to eliminate it. During the first five years of Soviet power, the Bolsheviks executed 28 Russian Orthodox bishops and over 1,200 Russian Orthodox priests. Many others were imprisoned or exiled. Believers were harassed and persecuted. Most seminaries were closed, and the publication of most religious material was prohibited. By 1941 only 500 churches remained open out of about 54,000 in existence prior to World War I.
Such crackdowns related to many people's dissatisfaction with the church in pre-revolutionary Russia. The close ties between the church and the state led to the perception of the church as corrupt and greedy by many members of the intelligentsia. Many peasants, while highly religious, also viewed the church unfavorably. Respect for religion did not extend to the local priests. The church owned a significant portion of Russia's land, and this was a bone of contention – land ownership was a big factor in the Russian Revolution of 1917.
The Nazi attack on the Soviet Union in 1941 induced Stalin to enlist the Russian Orthodox Church as an ally to arouse Russian patriotism against foreign aggression. Russian Orthodox religious life experienced a revival: thousands of churches were reopened; there were 22,000 by the time Nikita Khrushchev came to power. The state permitted religious publications, and church membership grew.
During the final years of Joseph Stalin's rule, there was once again a tightening of anti-religious measurements. In April 1948, Council for Religious Affairs sent out an instruction to its local commissioners to halt the registration of new religious communities and from that point churches were no longer opened. The "Knowledge Society", which was established a year earlier, was engaged in educational activities and again began to publish anti-religious literature.
Khrushchev reversed the government's policy of cooperation with the Russian Orthodox Church. Although it remained officially sanctioned, in 1959 Khrushchev launched an antireligious campaign that was continued in a less stringent manner by his successor, Leonid Brezhnev. By 1975 the number of active Russian Orthodox churches was reduced to 7,000. Some of the most prominent members of the Russian Orthodox hierarchy and some activists were jailed or forced to leave the church. Their place was taken by docile clergy who were obedient to the state and who were sometimes infiltrated by KGB agents, making the Russian Orthodox Church useful to the government. It espoused and propagated Soviet foreign policy and furthered the russification of non-Russian Christians, such as Orthodox Ukrainians and Belarusians.
The state applied a different policy toward the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church and the Belarusian Autocephalous Orthodox Church. Viewed by the government as very nationalistic, both were suppressed, first at the end of the 1920s and again in 1944 after they had renewed themselves under German occupation. The leadership of both churches was decimated; large numbers of priests were shot or sent to labor camps, and members of their congregations were harassed and persecuted.
The Georgian Orthodox Church was subject to a somewhat different policy and fared far worse than the Russian Orthodox Church. During World War II, however, it was allowed greater autonomy in running its affairs in return for calling its members to support the war effort, although it did not achieve the kind of accommodation with the authorities that the Russian Orthodox Church had. The government reimposed tight control over it after the war. Out of some 2,100 churches in 1917, only 200 were still open in the 1980s, and it was forbidden to serve its adherents outside the Georgian Republic. In many cases, the government forced the Georgian Orthodox Church to conduct services in Old Church Slavonic instead of in the Georgian language.
Policy towards Catholicism and Protestantism
The Soviet government's policies toward the Catholic Church were strongly influenced by Soviet Catholics' recognition of an outside authority as head of their church. As a result of World War II, millions of Catholics (including Greco-Catholics) became Soviet citizens and were subjected to new repression. Also, in the three republics where most of the Catholics lived, the Lithuanian SSR, the Byelorussian SSR and the Ukrainian SSR, Catholicism and nationalism were closely linked. Although the Roman Catholic Church was tolerated in Lithuania, large numbers of the clergy were imprisoned, many seminaries were closed, and police agents infiltrated the remainder. The anti-Catholic campaign in Lithuania abated after Stalin's death, but harsh measures against the church were resumed in 1957 and continued through the Brezhnev era.
Soviet policy was particularly harsh toward the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church. Ukrainian Greek-Catholics came under Soviet rule in 1939, when western Ukraine was incorporated into the Soviet Union as part of the Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact. Although the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church was permitted to function, it was almost immediately subjected to intense harassment. Retreating before the German army in 1941, Soviet authorities arrested large numbers of Ukrainian Greek Catholic priests, who were either killed or deported to Siberia. After the Red Army reoccupied western Ukraine in 1944, the Soviet state liquidated the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church by arresting its metropolitan, all of its bishops, hundreds of clergy, and the more active church members, killing some and sending the rest to labor camps. At the same time, Soviet authorities forced the remaining clergy to abrogate the union with Rome and subordinate themselves to the Russian Orthodox Church.
Before World War II, there were fewer Protestants in the Soviet Union than adherents of other faiths, but they showed remarkable growth since then. In 1944 the Soviet government established the All-Union Council of Evangelical Christian Baptists (now the Union of Evangelical Christians-Baptists of Russia) to gain some control over the various Protestant denominations. Many congregations refused to join this body, however, and others that initially joined it subsequently left. All found that the state, through the council, was interfering in church life.
Policy toward other Christian groups
A number of congregations of Russian Mennonites, Jehovah's Witnesses, and other Christian groups faced varying levels of persecution under Soviet rule.
Jehovah's Witnesses were banned from practicing their religion. Under Operation North, the personal property of over eight-thousand members was confiscated, and they (along with underage children) were exiled to Siberia from 1951 until repeal in 1965. All were asked to sign a declaration of resignation as a Jehovah's Witness in order to not be deported. There is no existing record of any having signed this declaration. While in Siberia, some men, women, and children were forced to work as lumberjacks for a fixed wage. Victims reported living conditions to be very poor. From 1951 to 1991, Jehovah's Witnesses within and outside Siberia were incarcerated – and then rearrested after serving their terms. Some were forced to work in concentration camps, others forcibly enrolled in Marxist reeducation programs. KGB officials infiltrated the Jehovah's Witnesses organization in the Soviet Union, mostly to seek out hidden caches of theological literature. Soviet propaganda films depicted Jehovah's Witnesses as a cult, extremist, and engaging in mind control. Jehovah's Witnesses were legalized in the Soviet Union in 1991; victims were given social benefits equivalent to those of war veterans.
Early in the Bolshevik period, predominantly before the end of the Russian Civil War and the emergence of the Soviet Union, Russian Mennonite communities were harassed; several Mennonites were killed or imprisoned, and women were raped. Anarcho-Communist Nestor Makhno was responsible for most of the bloodshed, which caused the normally pacifist Mennonites to take up arms in defensive militia units. This marked the beginning of a mass exodus of Mennonites to Germany, the United States, and elsewhere. Mennonites were branded as kulaks by the Soviets. Their colonies' farms were collectivized under the Soviet Union's communal farming policy. Being predominantly German settlers, the Russian Mennonites in World War II saw the German forces invading Russia as liberators. Many were allowed passage to Germany as Volksdeutsche. Soviet officials began exiling Mennonite settlers in the eastern part of Russia to Siberia. After the war, the remaining Russian Mennonites were branded as Nazi conspirators and exiled to Kazakhstan and Siberia, sometimes being imprisoned or forced to work in concentration camps. In the 1990s the Russian government gave the Mennonites in Kazakhstan and Siberia the opportunity to emigrate.
Policy towards Islam
Soviet policy toward Islam was affected, on the one hand by the large Muslim population, its close ties to national cultures, and its tendency to accept Soviet authority, and on the other hand by its susceptibility to foreign influence. Although actively encouraging atheism, Soviet authorities permitted some limited religious activity in all the Muslim republics, under the auspices of the regional branches of the Spiritual Administration of the Muslims of Central Asia and Kazakhstan. Mosques functioned in most large cities of the Central Asian republics, the Caucasus, Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Crimea, the Azerbaijan Republic, and elsewhere, but their number decreased from 25,000 in 1917 to 500 in the 1970s. Under Stalinist rule, Soviet authorities cracked down on Muslim clergy, closing many mosques or turning them into warehouses. In 1989, as part of the general relaxation of restrictions on religions, some additional Muslim religious associations were registered, and some of the mosques that had been closed by the government were returned to Muslim communities. The government also announced plans to permit the training of limited numbers of Muslim religious leaders in two- and five-year courses in Ufa and Baku, respectively.
Policy towards Judaism
While Lenin publicly condemned anti-Semitism, the government however was hostile toward Judaism from the beginning. In 1919 the Soviet authorities abolished Jewish community councils, which were traditionally responsible for maintaining synagogues. They created a special Jewish section of the party, whose tasks included propaganda against Jewish clergy and religion. To offset Jewish national and religious aspirations, and to reflect the Jewish national movement's role in the socialist movement of the Russian Empire (for example, Trotsky was first a member of the Jewish Bund, not the Social Democratic Labour Party), an alternative to the Land of Israel was established in 1934.
The Jewish Autonomous Oblast, created in 1928 by Stalin, with Birobidzhan in the Russian Far East as its administrative center, was to become a "Soviet Zion". Yiddish, rather than "reactionary" Hebrew, would be the national language, and proletarian socialist literature and arts would replace Judaism as the quintessence of its culture. Despite a massive domestic and international state propaganda campaign, the Jewish population there never reached 30% (as of 2003 it was only about 1.2%). The experiment ended in the mid-1930s, during Stalin's first campaign of purges. Jewish leaders were arrested and executed, and Yiddish schools were shut down. Further persecutions and purges followed.
The training of rabbis became impossible until the early 1940s, and until the late 1980s only one Yiddish periodical was published. Because of its identification with Zionism, Hebrew was taught only in schools for diplomats. Most of the 5,000 synagogues functioning prior to the Bolshevik Revolution were closed under Stalin, and others were closed under Khrushchev. The practice of Judaism became very difficult, intensifying the desire of Jews to leave the Soviet Union.
See also
Index of Soviet Union-related articles
Council for Religious Affairs
Culture of the Soviet Union
Demographics of the Soviet Union
State Atheism
Soviet anti-religious legislation
Soviet Anti-Catholic Campaigns
Persecution of Christians in Warsaw Pact countries
Persecution of Christians in the Soviet Union
Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII
USSR anti-religious campaign (1917–1921)
USSR anti-religious campaign (1921–1928)
USSR anti-religious campaign (1928–1941)
USSR anti-religious campaign (1958–1964)
USSR anti-religious campaign (1970s–1990)
Eastern Catholic victims of Soviet persecutions
Persecution of Muslims in the former USSR
Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in the Soviet Union
Soviet Orientalist studies in Islam
Religion in Russia
Bezbozhnik
Enemy of the people
Russification
Sovietization
Red Terror
References
Notes
References
Bibliography
Ramet, S. P. (1984). Religion and Nationalism in Soviet and East European Politics. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
——. (1992). Religious policy in the Soviet Union. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Soviet culture |
Montaut () is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France.
Population
See also
Communes of the Ariège department
References
Communes of Ariège (department)
Ariège communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia |
Terry Lee Collins (born May 27, 1949) is an American former professional baseball manager. He managed the Houston Astros, the Anaheim Angels and New York Mets in Major League Baseball and the Orix Buffaloes of Nippon Professional Baseball. He currently serves as a baseball analyst for Mets programming on SNY.
A former Minor League Baseball shortstop, Collins managed the Albuquerque Dukes of the Pacific Coast League and the Buffalo Bisons of the International League at the minor league level, and the Duluth Huskies of the Northwoods League at the summer collegiate league level. In 1994, he made his MLB managerial debut with the Houston Astros. He also managed the Anaheim Angels for three years. Known as a "feisty and intense manager", Collins had his longest tenure as manager of the New York Mets (his first major league job in a decade), where he led them to their first playoff appearance in nine years in 2015, which resulted in a trip to the 2015 World Series, their first pennant since 2000.
Since retiring from managing, Collins has worked in the Mets' front office as a special assistant to general managers Sandy Alderson (2018) and Brodie Van Wagenen (2019). He also joined Fox Sports as a studio analyst for the network's MLB coverage in 2019.
College career
Collins attended college at Eastern Michigan University from 1968–1971, where he played shortstop. In each of the four years he attended Eastern Michigan, Collins led the team in steals. He was on the Eastern Michigan team that won the NAIA national championship in 1971, at which he won the honor of Outstanding Defensive Player of the Tournament. Collins was inducted into the Eastern Michigan University Athletic Hall of Fame in 1994.
Playing career
In 1971, Collins was drafted by the Pittsburgh Pirates. During a 10-year playing career, he played from 1970-1978 and in 1980 and 1984 in the Pittsburgh Pirates and Los Angeles Dodgers organizations. However, he never broke into the big leagues. Collins batted left-handed and threw right-handed and stood tall. He compiled a batting average of .255 in 671 games played.
Managing career
1981–92
In 1981, Collins began his managing career as pilot of the Dodgers' Class-A Lodi affiliate in the California League. In 1983, he managed the Albuquerque Dukes, the Dodgers' AAA affiliate also in winter to Mayos de Navojoa in the Mexican Pacific League. He managed the Dukes through the 1987 season, in which he won the PCL championship. He also led the Tigres de Licey to a victory in the 1984 Caribbean Series. He managed three years in Buffalo, the Pirates' AAA affiliate, winning 246 games in the process. He was promoted to bullpen coach for the Pirates in 1992, where he coached until the end of the 1993 season. In honor of his achievements in Buffalo, he was inducted into the Buffalo Baseball Hall of Fame in 1992. He was also inducted into the Albuquerque Baseball Hall of Fame in 2014.
1994–96: Houston Astros
After the 1993 season, the Houston Astros fired manager Art Howe because the owner did not favor Howe's "deliberate style." Astros General Manager Bob Watson replaced him with Collins, who never had a losing season in his three years there. The Astros finished second all three years.
The 1994 season seemed to be a highlight year for the Astros and Collins. They were 66-49, with a banner year from first basemen Jeff Bagwell, who was batting
.368. They were a half game behind in the NL Central, but the 1994 strike complicated both dilemmas of the team: Bagwell had suffered a season-ending injury to his hand on August 10 but the strike that happened two days later meant that the season would not be concluded. Bagwell was the first MVP in Astros history.
The 1995 season was a 144-game season due to the strike lasting many months. The Astros went 76-68, good for a second-place finish in the Central behind the Cincinnati Reds. That year, Collins was a coach at the All-Star Game. They never were a particular threat to the Reds, but they were in the hunt for the newly instituted Wild Card until the Colorado Rockies (a third year expansion team) swooped in and won the spot by one game.
The Astros had plenty to talk about in 1996. A feud between pitchers and batters boiled over to the public, while owner Drayton McLane pushed for a new ballpark with a second choice being a move to Virginia. On the field, they led for over a hundred days in 1996, leading as late as September 2, but an 8-17 September doomed their chances (including a road trip where they lost all eight games), and they finished in second place by six games behind the St. Louis Cardinals (incidentally, the Astros went 2-11 against the Cardinals that year). They finished with a record of 82-80.
He was dismissed at the end of the 1996 season, after the Astros suffered a late-season collapse. During a 1996 game against the Montreal Expos, Collins was hit in the face by a batting helmet thrown by Expos outfielder Moisés Alou during a brawl. Collins had to receive four stitches to close the wound above his lip. He finished his Astros career with a 224–197 record.
Baseball analyst Joe Morgan suggests that Collins was partly to blame for the Astros' failure to make the playoffs. Morgan wrote in 1999:
Adversity is part of baseball; if a manager can't cope with it his team will suffer. Terry Collins, the skipper of the Anaheim Angels learned this lesson when he was with Houston. The Astros were a talented team when Collins was there (1994–96). They finished second three times but failed to make the playoffs because their manager exerted too much pressure on them. He was so uptight, his players thought each pitch was life-or-death. It wasn't anything Terry said; it was his demeanor. Collins was edgy in the dugout during games, always looking like someone who was just waiting for disaster to strike. At the moment anything actually went wrong you could smell the panic in him. Players picked up on that. To alleviate the tension the manager was bringing to the clubhouse, they put added pressure on themselves to perform well, which invariably choked off their natural abilities so that they can't play their best. It's no coincidence that the Astros became a post-season participant once Houston replaced Collins with Larry Dierker. I don't know if Larry knows more about baseball than Collins, but he does have a laid-back attitude that immediately puts his players at ease. Dierker kept the pressure off the team by reminding them that while the goal of winning is serious, the game is still essentially supposed to be fun. (By the way, I have been watching Collins since he joined the Angels and he's a much more laid-back skipper. When I complimented him on this change, he said former Angel infielder-outfielder Tony Phillips had spoken to him about relaxing more and that it has really made an impression.)
Years later, Collins admitted as such that he demanded "probably too much" from his team.
1997–99: Anaheim Angels
Less than a month after being dismissed by the Astros, Collins was hired as manager of the Anaheim Angels for the 1997 season. His first two years with the Angels also produced winning records and second-place finishes. In 1999, the Angels were hampered by injuries and Collins resigned with 29 games left in the season. He apparently received a vote of confidence from the front office, but the players had petitioned GM Bill Bavasi to fire him. He finished his Angels career with a 220–237 record.
2006–2009
At the end of the 2006 season, Collins signed a two-year deal to manage the Orix Buffaloes of the Pacific League in Japan. Terry resigned as manager of the Buffaloes on May 21, 2008, after a 7–3 inter-league loss to the Hanshin Tigers. Orix were in 5th place in the Pacific League with a 21–28 record, despite investments in players such as Alex Cabrera in the prior off-season. Injuries to the Buffaloes pitching staff certainly didn't help Collins' situation. However, the Buffaloes bounced back and finished second by the end of the season.
Collins became the manager of the China national baseball team at the end of the year, in time for the 2009 World Baseball Classic.
On July 20, 2009, the Duluth Huskies of the Northwoods League announced that Collins would manage the team for the rest of the season after firing their field manager a few days prior.
2011–2017: New York Mets
Collins spent the 2010 season as the minor-league field coordinator for the New York Mets organization. Collins was introduced as Mets manager on November 23, 2010, signing a two-year deal.
Collins wore number 10 to honor his managing mentor and friend Jim Leyland of the Detroit Tigers. Collins served on Leyland's coaching staff when he was manager of the Pittsburgh Pirates in 1992 and 1993.
On September 27, 2011, the Mets announced they would pick up Collins' option for the 2013 season.
In 2012, after the Mets' 46–40 record at the All-Star Break, St. Louis Cardinals manager Tony La Russa selected Collins as one of his coaches to the 2012 All-Star Game in Kansas City. In 2013, San Francisco Giants manager Bruce Bochy selected Collins as one of his coaches at the 2013 All-Star Game which was located at the Mets' ballpark, Citi Field.
At the end of September 2013, Collins agreed to a two-year extension with the Mets with a club option for 2016. When Jim Leyland retired in October 2013, Collins became the oldest active manager in Major League Baseball.
On June 16, 2015, Collins won his 340th game as Mets manager, passing Gil Hodges for the third-most in franchise history. On September 26, 2015, the Mets defeated the Cincinnati Reds 10–2 to clinch the National League East. It was the first time Collins ever clinched a playoff berth as a manager. On October 15, 2015, the Mets defeated the Los Angeles Dodgers to advance to Collins's first-ever National League Championship Series appearance. On October 21, 2015, the Mets defeated the Chicago Cubs to advance to the 2015 World Series versus the Kansas City Royals. On November 2, Collins made the decision to leave starter Matt Harvey in Game 5 for the ninth inning with the Mets holding a 2–0 lead. Harvey gave up two earned runs in the inning to allow the Royals to tie the game and eventually win the Series, leading to questions about Collins's strategy.
In 2015, Collins won the National League Sporting News Manager of the Year Award.
Collins recorded his 468th loss as Mets manager on August 3, 2016 at New Yankee Stadium, making him the losingest manager in Mets history ahead of Bobby Valentine.
Collins was the subject of a leaked recording from a May 28, 2016 game against the Los Angeles Dodgers in which he was ejected. The video showcased Collins's heated and profanity-laced argument with MLB umpire Tom Hallion after pitcher Noah Syndergaard was ejected for attempting to throw a beanball at Chase Utley. Utley was involved in a controversial slide on Ruben Tejada during the 2015 NLDS, resulting in a broken leg for Tejada. The umpire crew, aware of the history between the two teams, viewed the pitch as retaliation and used that to justify an immediate ejection for Syndergaard, despite not issuing warnings before the game. The recording went viral as it offered an uncensored view into an on-field interaction between an umpire and a manager.
In 2016, despite a record below .500 (60-62) on August 19, the Mets went 27-13 in their final 40 games to make the postseason in consecutive seasons for the second time in franchise history. They subsequently lost to the San Francisco Giants in the Wild Card Game.
On May 20, 2017, Collins managed his 1013th game with the Mets, the most in franchise history. On August 25, 2017, Collins won his 537th game with the Mets, making him the second-winningest manager in franchise history behind only Davey Johnson.
Collins retired as manager following the final game of the 2017 season on October 1, 2017. Immediately upon his retirement from the managerial role, Collins was named as a special assistant to the General Manager of the New York Mets.
Managerial record
References
External links
1949 births
Living people
Minor league baseball players
Albuquerque Dukes players
American expatriate baseball people in Japan
Anaheim Angels managers
Baseball coaches from Michigan
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) managers
Caribbean Series managers
Chicago Cubs scouts
Eastern Michigan Eagles baseball players
Expatriate baseball managers in Japan
Houston Astros managers
Major League Baseball broadcasters
Major League Baseball bullpen coaches
Major League Baseball farm directors
Major League Baseball third base coaches
Managers of baseball teams in Japan
Midland High School (Midland, Michigan) alumni
New York Mets managers
New York Mets executives
Niagara Falls Pirates players
Orix Buffaloes managers
Pittsburgh Pirates coaches
Salem Pirates players
Sherbrooke Pirates players
SportsNet New York people
Tampa Bay Devil Rays coaches
Waterbury Dodgers players
World Baseball Classic managers
American expatriate baseball people in the Dominican Republic |
Crossfire: Legion is a real-time strategy video game developed by Blackbird Interactive and published by Prime Matter and Smilegate for Windows via early access on May 24, 2022 and in full on December 8, 2022. The game is a strategic take on the Crossfire first-person shooter series. In Crossfire: Legion, players take control over three different factions fighting each other in the near future. Each faction has unique commanders, infantry units, vehicles and airborne units; all of them are upgradeable and can use special abilities.
Gameplay
The real-time battles are fought on multiplayer maps, in cooperative scenarios and in a single-player campaign. Three factions gain fuel and materials by sending mechanized workers into prebuilt nodes and facilities. Both resources are needed to produce new units, construct buildings and finance upgrades. The three factions use different strategies regarding their unit types and tactics. Global Risk is a counter-terrorist organization established by world governments. It focusses on long range units like the “Phalanx” tank and rocket troopers. “Global Risk” attacks mostly from the distance. Black List is a break-away group of former Global Risk members who use guerilla tactics like ambushes with fast, light units like the “Cheetah” buggy and “Falcon” helicopter. New Horizon focusses on heavy units like the bipedal “Titan” mech which are expensive, powerful and well armored. The faction’s Commander “Angel” supports her troops by deploying energy fields to strengthen its armor or to damage hostile units.
In addition to the single-player campaign, the game features several competitive multiplayer modes. In "Versus", up to six players or AI bots in two teams compete in the versus mode. The goal is to destroy all hostile core bases. In the mode "Payload", players must escort three payloads to their opponents’ bases or to destroy their core base. An online cooperative multiplayer named "Operation Thunderstrike" is also available. In this mode, up to three players build a base and defend it against computer-controlled enemy waves, while they escort or protect a specific target. Side missions help to fulfill the goals.
Development
Crossfire: Legion is developed by the Canadian game development studio Blackbird Interactive. It was announced by publisher Prime Matter, a Koch Media premium label, in June 2021. In January 2022 the game was revealed to the public. In February 2022 a multiplayer demo was published on Steam and in December 8, 2022 full game is released.
References
External links
Official Crossfire: Legion website
Crossfire series at MobyGames
2022 video games
Blackbird Interactive games
Crossfire (series)
Early access video games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Prime Matter games
Real-time strategy video games
Video games developed in Canada
Windows games
Windows-only games |
Woodley may refer to:
Places
Woodley, Saskatchewan, a hamlet in Benson No. 35, Rural Municipality, Saskatchewan, Canada
Woodley, Nairobi, a suburb of Nairobi, Kenya, south of Kilimani
Woodley, Berkshire, a town near Reading in Berkshire, England, UK
Woodley, Greater Manchester, a suburban area near Stockport in Greater Manchester, England, UK
Woodley, Hampshire, a United Kingdom location near Romsey in Hampshire, England
People with the surname
Allan Woodley, Australian rules footballer
Anita Woodley, American writer
Bruce Woodley, Australian singer-songwriter and musician
David Woodley, American football player
Fabian S. Woodley (1888–1957), British poet
Frank Woodley, Australian comedian
John Woodley (born 1938), Australian politician and church minister
John Paul Woodley Jr., American politician
LaMarr Woodley, American football linebacker
Shailene Woodley, American actress
Tyron Woodley, American professional mixed martial artist
Vic Woodley, English football goalkeeper
William Woodley, Governor of the Leeward Islands
Other uses
Woodley (TV series), an Australian TV comedy starring Frank Woodley
Woodley Airways, a small airline in Alaska in the 1930s–40s
Woodley station (Los Angeles Metro)
See also
Woodley Mansion, a historic residence in Washington, D.C.
Woodley Park, Washington, D.C., a neighbourhood of the city of Washington, United States |
Churdan is a city in Greene County, Iowa, United States. The population was 365 at the 2020 census.
History
Churdan got its start in the year 1882, following construction of the railroad through the territory. It was named for Joseph Churdan, a pioneer settler who served as the village's first postmaster. Churdan was incorporated as a town in 1884.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all land.
Demographics
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 386 people, 177 households, and 103 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 203 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 94.6% White, 1.0% African American, 0.8% Native American, 1.0% Asian, 0.3% Pacific Islander, 0.8% from other races, and 1.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.8% of the population.
There were 177 households, of which 22.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.6% were married couples living together, 7.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 41.8% were non-families. 37.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 21.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.18 and the average family size was 2.86.
The median age in the city was 48.2 years. 21.5% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 18% were from 25 to 44; 28.1% were from 45 to 64; and 25.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46.1% male and 53.9% female.
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 418 people, 192 households, and 123 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 214 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 99.76% White and 0.24% African American.
There were 192 households, out of which 24.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.2% were married couples living together, 6.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.9% were non-families. 34.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 24.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.18 and the average family size was 2.79.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 21.8% under the age of 18, 6.5% from 18 to 24, 20.3% from 25 to 44, 23.7% from 45 to 64, and 27.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 46 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.1 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $26,932, and the median income for a family was $32,273. Males had a median income of $23,594 versus $21,413 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,090. About 10.9% of families and 13.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.8% of those under age 18 and 11.7% of those age 65 or over.
Economy
Churdan and nearby Paton, work together as communities and have several general businesses. These cities also serve as the medical and service centers for the area.
Education
The Paton-Churdan Community School is a public school for students from kindergarten to grade twelve in the Paton and Churdan area. The school was formed in 1962 when the Paton and Churdan schools combined to form the Paton-Churdan Community School District.
The school district is primarily an agricultural, rural area in northern Greene County which includes the communities of Paton and Churdan The school, K-12, is located in Churdan. The land area covers approximately of highly productive farmland. Geographically, the district is centrally located between Jefferson (13 miles), Carroll (25 miles), Fort Dodge (30 miles) and Lake City (25 miles). During the second half of the school day, high school students are transported to the Jefferson-Scranton High School for additional classes.
See also
St. Patrick's Catholic Church, Cedar, listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Notes
References
External links
City of Churdan, Iowa Website
Cities in Iowa
Cities in Greene County, Iowa
1882 establishments in Iowa |
Sennet Glacier () is a precipitous glacier between Yancey and Merrick Glaciers in the Britannia Range, flowing southward from Mount Aldrich to the Byrd Glacier. Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN), ACAN, in association with Byrd Glacier, for , submarine (Central Group of Task Force 68) of U.S. Navy Operation Highjump, 1946–1947, led by Admiral Byrd.
References
Glaciers of Oates Land |
Peter Leboutillier (born January 11, 1975) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey winger who played 35 games in the National Hockey League for the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim.
Career
Leboutillier played for the Western Hockey League for the Red Deer Rebels, where he was captain during the 1994–1995 season. He also played in the American Hockey League for the Baltimore Bandits, Cincinnati Mighty Ducks and the Lowell Lock Monsters. He also played in England for the Sheffield Steelers before retiring due to knee injury.
Leboutillier is the director of player development for Team Maryland AAA Hockey and assistant coach for the Maryland Black Bears (NAHL) His career is profiled in the book, Journeymen: 24 Bittersweet Tales of Short Major League Sports Careers.
Career statistics
External links
1975 births
Baltimore Bandits players
Brandon Wheat Kings players
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Cincinnati Mighty Ducks players
Ice hockey people from Manitoba
Living people
Lowell Lock Monsters players
Anaheim Ducks draft picks
Mighty Ducks of Anaheim players
Neepawa Natives players
New York Islanders draft picks
New York Islanders players
Red Deer Rebels players
Sheffield Steelers players
People from Minnedosa, Manitoba
Franco-Manitoban people
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in England |
Mariatorget (the Maria Square) is a square and a city park in the district of Södermalm in Stockholm, Sweden.
History
It was constructed at the end of the 1760s. Its original name was Adolf Fredriks torg (after King Adolphus Frederick, who reigned 1751–1771), but it was renamed "Mariatorget" in 1959 to avoid confusion with the church and parish of Adolf Fredrikskyrkan in Norrmalm. The modern name alludes to the nearby Maria Magdalena kyrka (Church of Mary Magdalene) and the surrounding parish.
The square faces the street of Hornsgatan to the north, and the street of Sankt Paulsgatan to the south. The street Swedenborgsgatan, named after Emanuel Swedenborg, starts there and continues southwards.
In the northeast part is a bust in bronze from 1973 depicting Emanuel Swedenborg by Gustav Nordahl (1903-1992).
The central fountain is crowned by a sculpture by Anders Henrik Wissler (1869- 1941). Tors fiske (Thor's fishing), depicting the Norse god Thor slaying the sea serpent Jörmungandr.
A small former Methodist church, S:t Paulskyrkan, faces the southwest corner of the square. It housed the oldest Methodist congregation in Sweden. The building was inaugurated in 1876. The altar painting by Wilhelm Gernandt was added when the altar section was rebuilt in 1894.
The area surrounding the park offers quite a number of cafés and bars and is known as the area where Stockholm's LGBT+ nightlife concentrates. The Rival hotel and bar, which until recently was a cinema theatre, is partly owned by former ABBA star Benny Andersson.
See also
Mariatorget metro station
References
Other sources
Article in Dagens Nyheter, published March 14, 2005 (in Swedish).
Alfredsson, B., Berndt, R., Harlén, H.: Stockholm Under. 50 år - 100 stationer. – Stockholm: Brombergs, 2000.
S:t Pauls Metodistförsamling - Official page (in Swedish).
Parks in Stockholm
Squares in Stockholm |
Virginia Air Line Railroad (VAL) was a short-line railroad that operated from 1908 to 1975 in Central Virginia. It was built by the Virginia Air Line Railway Company to connect the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad's (C&O) Piedmont Subdivision at Lindsay, Virginia, to the Rivanna Subdivision of C&O's James River Line at Strathmore Yard, near Bremo Bluff, Virginia.
The route was once an important link for providing coal to power the Washington, D.C. area. However, facing increased competition from other modes of transportation such as trucks and automobiles, service on the rail line was cut back and eventually abandoned after 67 years of declining use.
History
The idea for the railroad originated from C&O president George Stevens. The Commonwealth of Virginia issued a charter to the Virginia Air Line Railway Company on April 10, 1906. Construction began in October 1906, under chief engineer Walter Washabaugh of Charlottesville, Virginia. Designed as an air-line railroad, the slope of grades were limited to 1 percent and the curvature of tracks were limited to six degrees. By 1907, of the approximately of planned track had been laid from the initial junction of Lindsay to the Fluvanna County seat of Palmyra. Six bridges were built on the railway: four under contract with the American Bridge Company, and one each by the Phoenix Bridge Company and the Virginia Bridge & Iron Company. A quarry was opened in Carysbrook to mine granite for bridge construction. The project was budgeted at $900,000 at a cost of about $30,000 per mile. Around May 1908, a full-service agency for the rail line was built in the town of Clarkland, newly renamed Troy after Virginia Air Line Railway company president "Captain" T. O. Troy.
Completed in October 1908, this branch route was built to handle cargo that would have otherwise been too tall or wide to fit through the tunnels that crossed the Blue Ridge Mountains between Charlottesville and Waynesboro. Coal destined for Washington, D.C. and Northern Virginia was sent down the James River Line to the southern junction of the route at Strathmore Yard, near Bremo Bluff. The shipments then proceeded up the Virginia Air Line to the northern junction at Lindsay, and continued on to Gordonsville. The railway also became an important line of communication that connected the small communities along the route with larger cities, such as Washington, D.C. C&O began to operate the company directly in July 1909, and acquired it outright in July 1912. Stevens stepped down as the president of C&O in 1920.
During the 1950s, young Ethel Mae Robinson, whose family members worked for C&O, became a regular sight along the route. Robinson, who lived near the tracks, waved so consistently at passing trains that the crew became accustomed to seeing her and brought her gifts until her teenage years. She later married William DeLong, who also worked for C&O.
1942 collision
On July 31, 1942, four rail employees were killed when two trains were involved in a head-on collision on the Virginia Air Line Railway. Trains traveling in opposite directions were given a "meet order" to use a passing loop at Rockaway. However, a "meet" had not been coordinated on the line in 20 years. The northbound locomotive was having problems maintaining pressure for the uphill journey and collided with a coal train south of Palmyra. No passengers were on either train. Northbound railroad engineer Bill Ganzert was killed instantly and was found in the wreckage of the locomotive on the engineer's seat with his hand still on the steam pressure gauge. Brakeman Jack “J.J.” Ferrer survived burn injuries from the crash and joined a 1992 reunion of the surviving crew, organized at Bethel Baptist Church near Palmyra by retired trainmaster Frank Schumaker with the Fluvanna County Historical Society.
Decline
In February 1927, dedicated passenger rail service was reduced to one train per day in each direction, and replaced by mixed trains in June 1932. The growing adoption of automobiles and airplanes had been taking business away from railroads since the 1930s. In 1931, the Virginia Electric & Power Company (now Dominion Resources) constructed a 30-megawatt coal-fired power station right along the path of the James River Line at Bremo Bluff, which did not require the connection through the Virginia Air Line Railway for coal shipments.
The railway's practice of mixing passengers and cargo amid declining traffic resulted in a $500 personal injury suit. 65-year-old farmer S. O. Butler claimed that he was injured on June 10, 1939, while disembarking from a moving train which had slowed down at Palmyra, rather than coming to a complete stop, because of its heavy load. The Supreme Court of Virginia ruled in favor of parent company C&O on June 8, 1942, as the conductor had discussed the circumstances ahead of time with the passengers and did not compel Butler to leave the train. By June 1954, all remaining mixed train service had come to an end.
On October 26, 1971, the Fluvanna Board of Supervisors sued C&O to keep the railway in operation. However, the Interstate Commerce Commission permitted C&O to proceed with plans to close the line. On August 1, 1973, the final train made its round trip on the route. After a one-year delay by the Environmental Protection Agency, the Virginia Air Line was officially abandoned on November 3, 1975. The remaining tracks were removed by August 25, 1978. On September 2, 1987, C&O itself was merged into CSX Transportation.
Revival as a trail
In 2003, the Fluvanna Heritage Trail Foundation acquired the right-of-way of the old Virginia Air Line for adaptive re-use as a rail trail. The pathway was cleared and publicly opened in 2004. In 2005, the foundation undertook restoration work to open a museum at the trailhead, as well as designing a replacement bridge at the Rivanna River in Palmyra, to provide access to views of the area.
Route stops
Lindsay (northern junction with C&O's Piedmont Subdivision)
Whitlock / Thelma
Zion Crossroads
Clarkland (renamed Troy in 1908)
Wildwood
Palmyra
Rockaway
Carysbrook
Fork Union
Bremo Bluff (southern junction at Strathmore Yard with C&O's James River Line)
See also
James River
Virginia Central Railroad
References
Further reading
External links
The Virginia Air Line Railroad at the Fluvanna Review
Virginia Air Line subdivision map (1963)
TrainWeb map of the abandoned junction at Strathmore Yard
Fluvanna Heritage Trail Foundation
Defunct Virginia railroads
Predecessors of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway
Railway companies established in 1906
Railway companies disestablished in 1975
Railway lines opened in 1908
1906 establishments in Virginia
1975 disestablishments in Virginia |
Richard Combe (?1728-80), of Earnshill House, near Langport, Somerset, was a British politician.
Biography
Combe was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Milborne Port 7 April - 22 May 1772 (replaced on petition 1772 by George Prescott and for Aldeburgh 1774 - 1780.
Notes
References
1728 births
1780 deaths
18th-century English people
People from Langport
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies
British MPs 1768–1774
British MPs 1774–1780 |
In geometry, the Wythoff symbol is a notation representing a Wythoff construction of a uniform polyhedron or plane tiling within a Schwarz triangle. It was first used by Coxeter, Longuet-Higgins and Miller in their enumeration of the uniform polyhedra. Later the Coxeter diagram was developed to mark uniform polytopes and honeycombs in n-dimensional space within a fundamental simplex.
A Wythoff symbol consists of three numbers and a vertical bar. It represents one uniform polyhedron or tiling, although the same tiling/polyhedron can have different Wythoff symbols from different symmetry generators. For example, the regular cube can be represented by 3 | 2 4 with Oh symmetry, and 2 4 | 2 as a square prism with 2 colors and D4h symmetry, as well as 2 2 2 | with 3 colors and D2h symmetry.
With a slight extension, Wythoff's symbol can be applied to all uniform polyhedra. However, the construction methods do not lead to all uniform tilings in Euclidean or hyperbolic space.
Description
The Wythoff construction begins by choosing a generator point on a fundamental triangle. This point must be chosen at equal distance from all edges that it does not lie on, and a perpendicular line is then dropped from it to each such edge.
The three numbers in Wythoff's symbol, p, q, and r, represent the corners of the Schwarz triangle used in the construction, which are , , and radians respectively. The triangle is also represented with the same numbers, written (p q r). The vertical bar in the symbol specifies a categorical position of the generator point within the fundamental triangle according to the following:
indicates that the generator lies on the corner p,
indicates that the generator lies on the edge between p and q,
indicates that the generator lies in the interior of the triangle.
In this notation the mirrors are labeled by the reflection-order of the opposite vertex. The p, q, r values are listed before the bar if the corresponding mirror is active.
A special use is the symbol which is designated for the case where all mirrors are active, but odd-numbered reflected images are ignored. The resulting figure has rotational symmetry only.
The generator point can either be on or off each mirror, activated or not. This distinction creates 8 (23) possible forms, but the one where the generator point is on all the mirrors is impossible. The symbol that would normally refer to that is reused for the snub tilings.
The Wythoff symbol is functionally similar to the more general Coxeter-Dynkin diagram, in which each node represents a mirror and the arcs between them – marked with numbers – the angles between the mirrors. (An arc representing a right angle is omitted.) A node is circled if the generator point is not on the mirror.
Example spherical, euclidean and hyperbolic tilings on right triangles
The fundamental triangles are drawn in alternating colors as mirror images. The sequence of triangles (p 3 2) change from spherical (p = 3, 4, 5), to Euclidean (p = 6), to hyperbolic (p ≥ 7). Hyperbolic tilings are shown as a Poincaré disk projection.
See also
Regular polytope
Regular polyhedron
List of uniform tilings
Uniform tilings in hyperbolic plane
List of uniform polyhedra
List of uniform polyhedra by Schwarz triangle
Lists of uniform tilings on the sphere, plane, and hyperbolic plane
References
Coxeter Regular Polytopes, Third edition, (1973), Dover edition, (Chapter V: The Kaleidoscope, Section: 5.7 Wythoff's construction)
Coxeter The Beauty of Geometry: Twelve Essays, Dover Publications, 1999, (Chapter 3: Wythoff's Construction for Uniform Polytopes)
Coxeter, Longuet-Higgins, Miller, Uniform polyhedra, Phil. Trans. 1954, 246 A, 401–50.
pp. 9–10.
External links
The Wythoff symbol
Wythoff symbol
Greg Egan's applet to display uniform polyhedra using Wythoff's construction method
A Shadertoy renderization of Wythoff's construction method
KaleidoTile 3 Free educational software for Windows by Jeffrey Weeks that generated many of the images on the page.
Polyhedra
Polytopes
Mathematical notation
ja:ワイソフ記号 |
Stężyca-Kolonia is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Krasnystaw, within Krasnystaw County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland.
References
Villages in Krasnystaw County |
```python
import http.server
import multiprocessing
import os
import socket
import ssl
from typing import Callable
import pexpect
import pytest
from common_test_methods import get_host_ip4_by_dest_ip
from pytest_embedded import Dut
from RangeHTTPServer import RangeRequestHandler
server_file = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)), 'server_certs/ca_cert.pem')
key_file = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)), 'server_certs/server_key.pem')
enc_bin_name = 'pre_encrypted_ota_secure.bin'
def https_request_handler() -> Callable[...,http.server.BaseHTTPRequestHandler]:
"""
Returns a request handler class that handles broken pipe exception
"""
class RequestHandler(RangeRequestHandler):
def finish(self) -> None:
try:
if not self.wfile.closed:
self.wfile.flush()
self.wfile.close()
except socket.error:
pass
self.rfile.close()
def handle(self) -> None:
try:
RangeRequestHandler.handle(self)
except socket.error:
pass
return RequestHandler
def start_https_server(ota_image_dir: str, server_ip: str, server_port: int) -> None:
os.chdir(ota_image_dir)
requestHandler = https_request_handler()
httpd = http.server.HTTPServer((server_ip, server_port), requestHandler)
ssl_context = ssl.SSLContext(ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS_SERVER)
ssl_context.load_cert_chain(certfile=server_file, keyfile=key_file)
httpd.socket = ssl_context.wrap_socket(httpd.socket, server_side=True)
httpd.serve_forever()
@pytest.mark.esp32
@pytest.mark.ethernet_ota
def test_examples_protocol_pre_encrypted_ota_example(dut: Dut) -> None:
server_port = 8001
# Start server
thread1 = multiprocessing.Process(target=start_https_server, args=(dut.app.binary_path, '0.0.0.0', server_port))
thread1.daemon = True
thread1.start()
try:
dut.expect('Loaded app from partition at offset', timeout=30)
try:
ip_address = dut.expect(r'IPv4 address: (\d+\.\d+\.\d+\.\d+)[^\d]', timeout=30)[1].decode()
print('Connected to AP/Ethernet with IP: {}'.format(ip_address))
except pexpect.exceptions.TIMEOUT:
raise ValueError('ENV_TEST_FAILURE: Cannot connect to AP/Ethernet')
host_ip = get_host_ip4_by_dest_ip(ip_address)
dut.expect('Starting Pre Encrypted OTA example', timeout=30)
print('writing to device: {}'.format('path_to_url + host_ip + ':' + str(server_port) + '/' + enc_bin_name))
dut.write('path_to_url + host_ip + ':' + str(server_port) + '/' + enc_bin_name)
dut.expect('Magic Verified', timeout=30)
dut.expect('Reading RSA private key', timeout=30)
dut.expect('upgrade successful. Rebooting', timeout=60)
# after reboot
dut.expect('Loaded app from partition at offset', timeout=30)
finally:
thread1.terminate()
@pytest.mark.esp32
@pytest.mark.ethernet_ota
@pytest.mark.parametrize('config', ['partial_download',], indirect=True)
def your_sha256_hash(dut: Dut) -> None:
server_port = 8001
# Size of partial HTTP request
request_size = int(dut.app.sdkconfig.get('EXAMPLE_HTTP_REQUEST_SIZE'))
# File to be downloaded. This file is generated after compilation
binary_file = os.path.join(dut.app.binary_path, enc_bin_name)
bin_size = os.path.getsize(binary_file)
http_requests = int((bin_size / request_size) - 1)
assert http_requests > 1
# Start server
thread1 = multiprocessing.Process(target=start_https_server, args=(dut.app.binary_path, '0.0.0.0', server_port))
thread1.daemon = True
thread1.start()
try:
dut.expect('Loaded app from partition at offset', timeout=30)
try:
ip_address = dut.expect(r'IPv4 address: (\d+\.\d+\.\d+\.\d+)[^\d]', timeout=30)[1].decode()
print('Connected to AP/Ethernet with IP: {}'.format(ip_address))
except pexpect.exceptions.TIMEOUT:
raise ValueError('ENV_TEST_FAILURE: Cannot connect to AP/Ethernet')
host_ip = get_host_ip4_by_dest_ip(ip_address)
dut.expect('Starting Pre Encrypted OTA example', timeout=30)
print('writing to device: {}'.format('path_to_url + host_ip + ':' + str(server_port) + '/' + enc_bin_name))
dut.write('path_to_url + host_ip + ':' + str(server_port) + '/' + enc_bin_name)
dut.expect('Magic Verified', timeout=30)
dut.expect('Reading RSA private key', timeout=30)
for _ in range(http_requests):
dut.expect('Connection closed', timeout=60)
dut.expect('upgrade successful. Rebooting', timeout=60)
# after reboot
dut.expect('Loaded app from partition at offset', timeout=30)
finally:
thread1.terminate()
``` |
```rust
#![allow(dead_code, non_snake_case, non_camel_case_types, non_upper_case_globals)]
pub type RefPtr<T> = T;
#[repr(C)]
#[derive(Debug, Default, Copy, Clone)]
pub struct A {
pub _address: u8,
}
pub type A_a = b;
#[allow(clippy::unnecessary_operation, clippy::identity_op)]
const _: () = {
["Size of A"][::std::mem::size_of::<A>() - 1usize];
["Alignment of A"][::std::mem::align_of::<A>() - 1usize];
};
#[repr(C)]
pub struct e<c> {
pub _phantom_0: ::std::marker::PhantomData<::std::cell::UnsafeCell<c>>,
pub d: RefPtr<c>,
}
impl<c> Default for e<c> {
fn default() -> Self {
let mut s = ::std::mem::MaybeUninit::<Self>::uninit();
unsafe {
::std::ptr::write_bytes(s.as_mut_ptr(), 0, 1);
s.assume_init()
}
}
}
#[repr(C)]
#[derive(Debug, Default, Copy, Clone)]
pub struct f {
pub _address: u8,
}
#[repr(C)]
pub struct g {
pub h: f,
}
#[allow(clippy::unnecessary_operation, clippy::identity_op)]
const _: () = {
["Size of g"][::std::mem::size_of::<g>() - 1usize];
["Alignment of g"][::std::mem::align_of::<g>() - 1usize];
["Offset of field: g::h"][::std::mem::offset_of!(g, h) - 0usize];
};
impl Default for g {
fn default() -> Self {
let mut s = ::std::mem::MaybeUninit::<Self>::uninit();
unsafe {
::std::ptr::write_bytes(s.as_mut_ptr(), 0, 1);
s.assume_init()
}
}
}
#[repr(C)]
pub struct b {
pub _base: g,
}
#[allow(clippy::unnecessary_operation, clippy::identity_op)]
const _: () = {
["Size of b"][::std::mem::size_of::<b>() - 1usize];
["Alignment of b"][::std::mem::align_of::<b>() - 1usize];
};
impl Default for b {
fn default() -> Self {
let mut s = ::std::mem::MaybeUninit::<Self>::uninit();
unsafe {
::std::ptr::write_bytes(s.as_mut_ptr(), 0, 1);
s.assume_init()
}
}
}
extern "C" {
#[link_name = "\u{1}_Z25Servo_Element_GetSnapshotv"]
pub fn Servo_Element_GetSnapshot() -> A;
}
#[allow(clippy::unnecessary_operation, clippy::identity_op)]
const _: () = {
[
"Size of template specialization: f_open0_e_open1_int_close1_close0",
][::std::mem::size_of::<f>() - 1usize];
[
"Align of template specialization: f_open0_e_open1_int_close1_close0",
][::std::mem::align_of::<f>() - 1usize];
};
``` |
Sveti Duh na Ostrem Vrhu () is a dispersed settlement in the hills north of Selnica ob Dravi in northeastern Slovenia, right on the border with Austria.
It gets its name from the local parish church dedicated to the Holy Spirit (). It is a single-nave building with a belfry, dating to 1675. Right next to it is a second, smaller church, dedicated to Saint Augustine. It was built in 1693.
References
External links
Sveti Duh na Ostrem Vrhu on Geopedia
Populated places in the Municipality of Selnica ob Dravi |
Jennifer L. Veiga (born October 10, 1962) is a former American attorney and politician from Colorado. Veiga is a former Democrat member of Colorado House of Representatives and member of Colorado's 31st Senate district, covering downtown and north-central Denver.
She announced on April 7, 2009 that she would be resigning her seat to move to Australia where her partner's mother was ill. Her resignation became effective on May 15 and, on May 29, Pat Steadman was sworn-in as her successor.
Biography
Graduating from Irvine High School in 1980, she went on to the University of Colorado at Boulder where she earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science in 1983. She then received a Juris Doctor from the George Washington University Law School in Washington, D.C. in 1987.
A practicing lawyer with the Denver law firm Hall & Evans, LLC specializing in civil ligitagation, Veiga was elected to the Colorado House of Representatives in 1996 and re-elected three times, in 1998, 2000, and 2002. In 2003, she served as House Minority Leader, as well as a member of the Executive Committee and the Legislative Council.
In July 2003, she was named by a Vacancy Committee to the 31st District seat in the Colorado Senate following the resignation of Doug Linkhart. She ran unopposed for election to the Senate seat in November 2004 and won re-election in 2008. She served as Chairman of the Senate Business, Labor and Technology Committee, Vice-Chairman of the Senate Finance Committee, and as a member of the Senate Appropriations Committee.
A lesbian, she came out publicly in August 2002 and is the first ever openly gay person to serve in the Colorado legislature. As a representative and then as a senator, Veiga introduced legislation every year to ban employment discrimination based on sexual orientation, at first with little success. In 2005 and then in 2006, Veiga's non-discrimination bill was passed by the legislature, but vetoed by Gov. Bill Owens; in 2007, however, the bill was signed into law by Gov. Bill Ritter. At the time of her retirement, she was one of three openly gay members of the legislature, serving alongside representatives Mark Ferrandino (D-Denver) and Sue Schafer (D-Wheat Ridge).
References
External links
Jennifer Veiga's profile at Minter Ellison, a law practice in Australia Retrieved January 8, 2015.
Project Vote Smart - Senator Jennifer L. 'Jen' Veiga (CO) profile
Follow the Money - Jennifer L Veiga
2006 2004 2002 2000 1998 1996 campaign contributions
Democratic Party Colorado state senators
Democratic Party members of the Colorado House of Representatives
1962 births
Living people
George Washington University Law School alumni
University of Colorado alumni
University of Colorado Boulder alumni
Lesbian politicians
LGBT state legislators in Colorado
Women state legislators in Colorado
LGBT people from California |
Lafreniere Park is the largest park in Metairie, Louisiana. The park is funded by local residents surrounding the park, and a few dollars are added onto their water bill every month.
History
Nicolas Chauvin de la Frenière (senior) received a 5,000 acre (20 km2) land grant from Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville, which he used to settle with his family. The plantation was then passed on to Nicolas Chauvin de Lafreniere, Jr. who later became Louisiana's Attorney General. Nicolas Chauvin de Lafreniere, Jr. organized a revolt against Spanish rule in 1768. He was subsequently executed for his part in the conspiracy on October 25, 1769. The land was confiscated by Alejandro O'Reilly afterwards. On part of this 5,000 acre (20 km2) land grant, the Jefferson Downs Racetrack was eventually built. The Racetrack remained in operation until 1965 when Hurricane Betsy devastated the area. Upon destruction of the track, it was rebuilt near Lake Pontchartrain in Kenner, Louisiana. This left the old site vacant, and the idea of a park for Jefferson Parish was born. Construction started in 1977, and the park was substantially finished and dedicated in 1982.
Development Timeline
Wildlife
The park features extensive array of wildlife, including a wide variety of birds, squirrels. turtles, rabbits, raccoons, opossums and coypu (or Nutria).
Commonly seen species are White Ibis, (Canadian, African, and Chinese) Geese, Black Swan, Black-bellied Whistling Duck, and Great Egret. They are easy to photograph from a distance of about 20 to 30 feet. One side of the park contains a marshland with a wooden walkway cutting through it, allowing travelers to get up close with the wildlife.
Layout
Two large playgrounds provide a fenced-in area for small children to play, complete with benches and covered tables for their parents. The park is also home to a carousel.
In the middle of the park is a man-made lagoon, with three islands. Pavilion Island is near the center, and contains a large pavilion. Marsh Island is home to much of the park's wildlife and features a boardwalk. Large man-made hills blanket some fields, while leaving others open for various activities, such as disc golf. The largest of these hills, located on the north side of the park near the concert pavilion, is colloquially referred to by locals as Coon Hill, due to the large population of raccoons present in the park. A two-mile walking and jogging track encircles the park, with three stretching gyms located at intervals around it.
A 5-acre dog park is located in the northeast of the park, with separate fenced areas for small and large dogs.
Sports
Lafreniere Park contains five fields for soccer, two fields for baseball, softball fields and other multi-purpose fields. One side of the park was converted into a frisbee golf course. The park has hosted the Allstate Sugar Bowl High School Lacrosse Classic. It has also hosted rugby and field hockey events. The park is used for cross country meets. The Loyola Wolf Pack men's and women's cross country teams host home meets in the park. Lafreniere is also a popular place for joggers because of the two mile walking track, which is strictly a pedestrian track. Although the track is for joggers, the park also recognizes the needs for skaters and bikers (referring to bicyclists). Many steps and concrete rails are scattered throughout the park, making these spots ideal places for skateboarders. Large, usually empty parking lots are converted into skating areas for inline skaters (also known as roller skating). For bikers and light traffic, the park contains a large road mirroring the inside of the walking track, which is kept smooth and level.
Christmas in the Park
The park is decorated every December with elaborate light displays, which can be viewed on foot or (for a fee) by vehicle. During the event, children's craft activities are provided near the Pavilion Island parking lots, and local school bands perform on stage.
Ground Photos
References
External links
Lafreniere Park Official Site
Lafreniere Park Photo Gallery - please note, all images on this site are copyrighted and require written consent to use.
Lafreniere Park History at www.JeffParish.net
Parks in Louisiana
Protected areas of Jefferson Parish, Louisiana
Cross country running courses in Louisiana
College cross country courses in the United States
Defunct horse racing venues in Louisiana
Baseball venues in New Orleans
Lacrosse venues in Louisiana
Rugby union stadiums in New Orleans
Soccer venues in New Orleans
Softball venues in New Orleans
Loyola Wolf Pack
Tourist attractions in Jefferson Parish, Louisiana
1982 establishments in Louisiana |
In Lorestan Province, Shahrak Emam Khomeyni and Shahrak-e Emam Khomeyni () may refer to:
Shahrak-e Emam Khomeyni, Delfan
Shahrak Emam Khomeyni, Kuhdasht |
```go
package captain
import (
"bytes"
"encoding/binary"
"errors"
"io"
"io/ioutil"
"os"
"path/filepath"
"sync/atomic"
"testing"
"time"
)
func TestAppend(t *testing.T) {
dir, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "test-captain")
if err != nil {
t.Fatal(err)
}
defer os.RemoveAll(dir)
s := NewStream(dir, testMagicHeader)
a, err := s.OpenAppender(nil)
if err != nil {
t.Fatalf("Open Appender err=%s", err)
}
tests := [][]byte{
[]byte("1"),
[]byte("2"),
[]byte("3"),
}
startTime := time.Now().UTC()
for _, v := range tests {
err = a.Append(v)
if err != nil {
t.Fatalf("Append err=%s", err)
}
}
endTime := time.Now().UTC()
c, err := s.OpenCursor()
if err != nil {
t.Fatalf("Cursor err=%s", err)
}
for i, v := range tests {
r, err := c.Next()
if err != nil || (r == nil && err == nil) {
t.Fatalf("ursor.Next() mismatch, r=%+v, err=%s, index=%d", r, err, i)
}
if !bytes.Equal(r.Payload, v) {
t.Fatalf("Payload mismatch, act=%+v, exp=%+v", r.Payload, v)
}
if r.Time.Before(startTime) || r.Time.After(endTime) {
t.Fatalf("Record time out of range, act=%s, expected between %s - %s", r.Time, startTime, endTime)
}
}
}
func TestAppendRotate(t *testing.T) {
dir, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "test-captain")
if err != nil {
t.Fatal(err)
}
defer os.RemoveAll(dir)
// 71 bytes is the size of magic header + 3 single char records.
s := NewStream(dir, testMagicHeader)
options := &AppendOptions{SegmentSize: 71}
a, err := s.OpenAppender(options)
if err != nil {
t.Fatalf("Open Appender err=%s", err)
}
oneSeg := []*segmentInfo{&segmentInfo{name: filepath.Clean(dir + "/000000001.log"), seq: 1}}
twoSeg := append(oneSeg, &segmentInfo{name: filepath.Clean(dir + "/000000002.log"), seq: 2})
tests := []struct {
payload []byte
expSize int
expSegs []*segmentInfo
}{
{payload: []byte("1"), expSize: 29, expSegs: oneSeg},
{payload: []byte("2"), expSize: 50, expSegs: oneSeg},
{payload: []byte("3"), expSize: 71, expSegs: oneSeg},
{payload: []byte("4"), expSize: 29, expSegs: twoSeg},
}
for _, tt := range tests {
err := a.Append(tt.payload)
if err != nil {
t.Fatalf("Append err=%s", err)
}
segs := scanSegments(dir)
if len(segs) != len(tt.expSegs) {
t.Fatalf("Segment length mismatch, act=%d, exp=%d", len(segs), len(tt.expSegs))
}
for i, s := range tt.expSegs {
if *segs[i] != *s {
t.Fatalf("Segment mismatch, act=%+v, exp=%+v", segs[i], s)
}
}
var stat os.FileInfo
if len(tt.expSegs) == len(oneSeg) {
stat, err = os.Stat(oneSeg[0].name)
} else if len(tt.expSegs) == len(twoSeg) {
stat, err = os.Stat(twoSeg[1].name)
}
if err != nil {
t.Fatalf("Unable to stat, err=%s", err)
}
if stat.Size() != int64(tt.expSize) {
t.Fatalf("Size mismatch, act=%d, exp=%d", stat.Size(), tt.expSize)
}
}
}
func TestAppendInvalidDir(t *testing.T) {
dir, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "test-captain")
if err != nil {
t.Fatal(err)
}
defer os.RemoveAll(dir)
s := NewStream(dir, testMagicHeader)
a, err := s.OpenAppender(nil)
if err != nil {
t.Fatalf("Open Appender err=%s", err)
}
// Set dir to invalid.
a.path = dir + "/does-not-exist"
err = a.Append([]byte("a"))
if err == nil {
t.Fatalf("Expected err on invalid dir")
}
}
// Test failure handling for an unlikely record marshaling error.
func TestAppendRecordMarshalFailure(t *testing.T) {
testErr := errors.New("invalid file descriptor")
copy := binaryWrite
expData := []byte("a")
binaryWrite = func(w io.Writer, order binary.ByteOrder, data interface{}) error {
b, ok := data.([]byte)
if ok && bytes.Equal(expData, b) {
return testErr
}
return copy(w, order, data)
}
defer func() { binaryWrite = copy }()
dir, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "test-captain")
if err != nil {
t.Fatal(err)
}
defer os.RemoveAll(dir)
s := NewStream(dir, testMagicHeader)
a, err := s.OpenAppender(nil)
if err != nil {
t.Fatalf("Open Appender err=%s", err)
}
err = a.Append(expData)
if err != testErr {
t.Fatalf("Append err, act=%s, exp=%s", err, testErr)
}
}
// Test internal writer failure handling.
// e.g., Disk full, closed fd.
func TestAppendWriteFailure(t *testing.T) {
expData := []byte("deadbeef")
testErr := errors.New("invalid file descriptor")
copy := binaryWrite
binaryWrite = func(w io.Writer, order binary.ByteOrder, data interface{}) error {
b, ok := data.([]byte)
// Look for expData within marshaled record.
if ok && len(b) == 28 && bytes.Equal(expData, b[16:24]) {
return testErr
}
return copy(w, order, data)
}
defer func() { binaryWrite = copy }()
dir, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "test-captain")
if err != nil {
t.Fatal(err)
}
defer os.RemoveAll(dir)
s := NewStream(dir, testMagicHeader)
a, err := s.OpenAppender(nil)
if err != nil {
t.Fatalf("Open Appender err=%s", err)
}
err = a.Append(expData)
if err != testErr {
t.Fatalf("Append err, act=%s, exp=%s", err, testErr)
}
}
func TestAppendEmptyDir(t *testing.T) {
dir, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "test-captain")
if err != nil {
t.Fatal(err)
}
defer os.RemoveAll(dir)
segPath := dir + "/000000001.log"
_, err = os.Stat(segPath)
if os.IsExist(err) {
t.Fatalf("Expected empty dir")
}
s := NewStream(dir, testMagicHeader)
a, err := s.OpenAppender(nil)
if err != nil {
t.Fatalf("New Appender err=%s", err)
}
a.Append([]byte("a"))
f, err := os.Open(segPath)
if err != nil {
t.Fatalf("Expected file path to exist")
}
if err = validateSegmentHeader(f, testMagicHeader); err != nil {
t.Fatalf("Expected valid segment header, err=%s", err)
}
}
func TestAppendInvalidHeader(t *testing.T) {
s := NewStream("./test/invalid-header", testMagicHeader)
a, err := s.OpenAppender(nil)
if err != nil {
t.Fatalf("New Appender err=%s", err)
}
err = a.Append([]byte("a"))
if err == nil {
t.Fatalf("Append err, act=nil, exp=err")
}
}
func TestAppenderNewWithInvalidDir(t *testing.T) {
s := NewStream("./test/does-not-exist", testMagicHeader)
_, err := s.OpenAppender(nil)
if err == nil {
t.Fatalf("Expected not found err")
}
}
// Opening a new appender on a directory with the last segment file already at
// the SegmentSize limit, should rotate it immediately.
func TestAppenderLastActiveFileAtLimit(t *testing.T) {
dir := "./test/appender-rotate-limit"
expFile := dir + "/000000003.log"
defer os.Remove(expFile)
// 71 bytes is the size of magic header + 3 single char records.
s := NewStream(dir, testMagicHeader)
options := &AppendOptions{SegmentSize: 71}
a, err := s.OpenAppender(options)
if err != nil {
t.Fatalf("New appender err=%s", err)
}
f, err := a.activeSegment()
if err != nil {
t.Fatalf("Unexpected Appender.activeFile() err=%s", err)
}
if f.Name() != expFile {
t.Fatalf("Rotated file mismatch, act=%s, exp=%s", f.Name(), expFile)
}
}
func TestAppendProcessLock(t *testing.T) {
dir, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "test-captain")
if err != nil {
t.Fatal(err)
}
defer os.RemoveAll(dir)
s := NewStream(dir, testMagicHeader)
a1, err := s.OpenAppender(nil)
if err != nil {
t.Fatalf("Open Appender err=%s", err)
}
a2, err := s.OpenAppender(nil)
if err != nil {
t.Fatalf("Open Appender err=%s", err)
}
if err := a1.Lock(); err != nil {
t.Fatalf("Appender Lock err=%s", err)
}
defer a1.Unlock()
done := make(chan struct{})
go func() {
if err := a2.Lock(); err != nil {
t.Fatalf("Appender Lock err=%s", err)
}
defer a2.Unlock()
close(done)
}()
timer := time.NewTimer(100 * time.Millisecond)
select {
case <-done:
t.Fatalf("Unexpected second append lock")
case <-timer.C:
}
a1.Unlock()
timer = time.NewTimer(100 * time.Millisecond)
select {
case <-done:
case <-timer.C:
t.Fatalf("Expected successful a2 lock")
}
}
func TestAppenderActiveFileExistingSegments(t *testing.T) {
dir := "./test/appender-existing-segments"
s := NewStream(dir, testMagicHeader)
a, err := s.OpenAppender(nil)
if err != nil {
t.Fatalf("Open Appender err=%s", err)
}
f, err := a.activeSegment()
if err != nil {
t.Fatalf("Active segment err=%s", err)
}
expFile := dir + "/000000002.log"
if f.Name() != expFile {
t.Fatalf("Active file mismatch, act=%s, exp=%s", f.Name(), expFile)
}
}
type testSegmentWriter struct {
sync func() error
write func(b []byte) (int, error)
}
func (w *testSegmentWriter) Sync() error {
return w.sync()
}
func (w *testSegmentWriter) Write(b []byte) (int, error) {
return w.write(b)
}
func (w *testSegmentWriter) Close() error {
return nil
}
func TestAppenderSyncInterval(t *testing.T) {
dir, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "test-captain")
if err != nil {
t.Fatal(err)
}
defer os.RemoveAll(dir)
s := NewStream(dir, testMagicHeader)
a, err := s.OpenAppender(&AppendOptions{SyncPolicy: SyncInterval, SyncInterval: 10})
if err != nil {
t.Fatalf("Open Appender err=%s", err)
}
// Ensure sync is proper when there is no segment file to sync.
// This will show up in coverage report.
time.Sleep(15 * time.Millisecond)
var n uint32
w := &testSegmentWriter{
sync: func() error {
atomic.AddUint32(&n, 1)
return nil
},
}
a.rwlock.Lock()
a.seg = &segmentWriter{writer: w}
a.rwlock.Unlock()
time.Sleep(40 * time.Millisecond)
actN := atomic.LoadUint32(&n)
if actN < 3 || actN > 5 {
t.Fatalf("Sync count act=%d, exp=3 - 5", actN)
}
}
func TestAppenderSyncAlways(t *testing.T) {
dir, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "test-captain")
if err != nil {
t.Fatal(err)
}
defer os.RemoveAll(dir)
s := NewStream(dir, testMagicHeader)
a, err := s.OpenAppender(&AppendOptions{SyncPolicy: SyncAlways})
if err != nil {
t.Fatalf("Open Appender err=%s", err)
}
var n int
w := &testSegmentWriter{
sync: func() error {
n++
return nil
},
write: func(b []byte) (int, error) {
return len(b), nil
},
}
a.rwlock.Lock()
a.seg = &segmentWriter{writer: w}
a.rwlock.Unlock()
err = a.Append([]byte("a"))
if err != nil {
t.Fatalf("Append err=%s", err)
}
if n != 1 {
t.Fatalf("Sync count act=%d, exp=1", n)
}
}
``` |
The 2013–14 Liga de Fútbol Profesional Boliviano season was the 37th season of LFPB.
Teams
The number of teams for 2012 remains the same. Petrolero and La Paz were relegated to the Liga Nacional B. They were replaced by the 2012–13 Liga Nacional B champion Guabirá and Sport Boys.
Torneo Apertura
Standings
Results
Torneo Clausura
Standings
Results
Relegation
Source:
Relegation/promotion playoff
Petrolero has won on penalties shoot-out and Aurora was relegated to the Liga Nacional B.
References
External links
Official website of the LFPB
Official regulations
2013
2013 in South American football leagues
2014 in South American football leagues
1 |
Yoshindo Yoshihara (1943) is a Japanese swordsmith based in Tokyo. His family have made swords for ten generations, and he himself learned the art from his grandfather, Yoshihara Kuniie. Yoshindo himself gained his licence as a smith in 1965.
Yoshihara uses traditional techniques in his work, and uses tamahagane steel. Until 1970 he produced swords primarily in the Soshu tradition of Masamune, but switched in the 1970s to creating swords in the Bizen style.
Yoshihara has trained nine apprentices, including his son Yoshikazu who was to take over the business but his son died unexpectedly.
References
Japanese swordsmiths
1943 births
Living people |
St David's College is the name of several colleges. Most St David's Colleges are named after Saint David, patron saint of Wales:
St David's College, Lampeter, the original name of the University of Wales, Lampeter (now University of Wales, Trinity Saint David)
St David's College, Llandudno, an independent day and boarding school in Llandudno, Wales
St David's Catholic College, a Roman Catholic sixth form college in Cardiff, Wales
St David's Prep, informal name for St David's College, an independent day school in West Wickham, southeast London
See also
St. David's School (disambiguation) |
Bennet Randall Wong (July 16, 1930 – September 25, 2013), was a Canadian psychiatrist, author and lecturer who co-founded the Haven Institute (Gabriola Island, Canada), a residential experiential learning centre on the west coast of Canada, with Jock McKeen. His writings focused on mental illness, group psychotherapy, humanistic psychology and personal growth.
Education and honours
M.D. University of Alberta, 1955
Postgraduate Training in Psychiatry, Menninger Clinic and School of Psychiatry, Topeka, Kansas, 1956–61
F.R.C.P.(c), Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada 1973
Doctor of Letters (honoris causa), Vancouver Island University 2012
Career
Individual career
Wong was clinical director at the Winfield State Hospital in Winfield, Kansas, from 1957 to 1959. He then practised adolescent psychiatry in Vancouver, B.C., from 1961 until 1975. Wong was an early adopter of the encounter group process. During the late 1960s, he offered media comments on youth, including hosting a national television forum on youth on CBC-TV He discussed many issues with Canada's former Minister of Health and Welfare, Judy Lamarsh, and television journalist (and later Canadian senator) Laurier Lapierre. Throughout his career, he has been an advocate of humanistic approaches to dealing with children, adolescents and families. He incorporated the mind-body approaches of Wilhelm Reich into his work, as well as the perspectives of existential therapy. Wong was a member of the Board of Directors of Moffat Communications Ltd. for twenty-five years (1973–1999). He has been noted in Who's Who in Canada.
Wong was appointed as Visiting Professor of Humanistic Psychology at Hua Wei University in Shen Zhen, China, in 2007.
Partnership with Jock McKeen
After working in individual practices in Vancouver, B.C. (McKeen in acupuncture and Wong in adolescent psychiatry), they left private practice in 1975 to conduct residential growth groups at the Cold Mountain Institute on Cortes Island, British Columbia. After the demise of the Cold Mountain Institute in 1980, Wong and McKeen helped to establish the Cortes Centre for Human Development, and conducted seminars organized by this nonprofit society until 1983, when they co-founded The Haven Institute. Wong and McKeen challenge the traditional medical model, encouraging physicians to be less objectifying, to develop more self-awareness and adopt a more holistic approach to patient care. Wong and McKeen have taught this integrative approach in Canada, U.S.A., China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand as well as countries in Europe, South America, Africa and the Middle East.
Establishment of the Haven Institute
Wong and McKeen founded The Haven Institute in 1983, a residential experiential learning school on Gabriola Island, B.C., and were active in its development until 2004, when ownership was passed to The Haven Foundation. Both men were appointed Emeritus Faculty of The Haven Institute. They were both given honorary doctorates by Vancouver Island University for their work in establishing the Haven Institute (Gabriola Island, Canada).
References
Publications
Selected Wong publications
.
.
.
Wong and McKeen collaborative publications
See Wong McKeen Collaborative Publications on Wikipedia's article for Jock McKeen
External links
Curriculum Vitae for Bennet Wong on The Haven's Founders' page
"Loving is My Pleasure" - audio and written article
"Psychology in China" - article by Jock McKeen & Bennet Wong
Downloadable Chapter from McKeen & Wong: Health and Happiness
Review of McKeen/Wong: The Illuminated Heart: Perspectives on East-West Psychology and Thought
Honorary Doctorate from Vancouver Island University 2012
Downloadable PDF of VIU Convocation Program honoring Dr. Wong
1930 births
Canadian psychiatrists
Canadian non-fiction writers
New Age writers
Canadian writers of Asian descent
2013 deaths |
Martha, oder Der Markt zu Richmond (Martha, or The Market at Richmond) is a romantic comic opera in four acts by Friedrich von Flotow set to a German libretto by and based on a story by Jules-Henri Vernoy de Saint-Georges.
Flotow had composed the first act of a ballet, Harriette, ou la servante de Greenwiche, derived from a text by Saint-Georges, for the ballerina Adèle Dumilâtre. This was first performed by the Paris Opera Ballet at the Salle Le Peletier on 21 February 1844. The time available for the composition was short, so the second and third acts were assigned, respectively, to Friedrich Burgmüller and Édouard Deldevez. The opera Martha was an adaptation of this ballet.
Critical appreciation
According to Gustav Kobbé, Martha, though written by a native of Mecklenburg and first performed in Vienna, is French in character and elegance. Flotow was French in his musical training, as were the origins of both the plot and the score of this work, effectively in the tradition of Auber. (Flotow studied composition in Paris under Reicha from 1827 until 1830, and having left on account of the July revolution returned there from 1835 until 1848, and again from 1863 until 1868.)
Performance history
The first performance of Martha took place at the Kärntnertortheater in Vienna on 25 November 1847. Other early productions followed in Weimar (16 February 1848), Dresden (1 March 1848), Leipzig (1 March 1848), and Berlin (7 March 1848). It was performed in Budapest in Hungarian (11 July 1848) and in Prague in German (24 March 1849) and in Czech (17 February 1850). There were several early productions in London, the first in German at Drury Lane (4 June 1849), followed by one in Italian at Covent Garden (1 July 1858) and another in English at Drury Lane (11 October 1858).
In the United States, it was produced in English at Niblo's Garden in New York City on 1 November 1852 with Anna Bishop, in New Orleans on 27 January 1860, in French. It had its first Australian performance in Melbourne on 24 June 1856. The opera was performed at the second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln in 1865.
It was first performed in France in Italian by the Théâtre-Italien at the Salle Ventadour in Paris on 11 February 1858 and in French at several provincial theatres beginning in December 1858 and at the Théâtre Lyrique in Paris on 18 December 1865. According to T. J. Walsh, numerous editions of Kobbé's Opera Book have incorrectly given the date of the first performance at the Théâtre Lyrique as 16 December 1865. He also challenges Kobbé's statement that the aria "M'appari" (which Flotow composed for his earlier opera L'âme en peine) was first introduced into the opera Martha at that theatre. He notes that it was sung by Mario at the Théâtre-Italien in 1858 and is also found (as "Ach! so fromm") in an early (probably 1848) Vienna edition of the score in the British Library and was probably always a part of the opera. The confusion may have arisen from further alterations made by the Théâtre Lyrique's director, Léon Carvalho, which included the insertion in act 4 of Flotow's baritone aria "Depuis le jour j'ai paré ma chaumière" (also from L'âme en peine).
In 1877, at the Royal Italian Opera in Covent Garden, Victor Capoul performed as Lyonel, with Francesco Graziani (baritone) as Plunkett and Sofia Scalchi as Nancy.
Martha received a fresh boost in popularity in 1906 when it was staged at the Metropolitan Opera in New York in a production that featured the famed tenor Enrico Caruso, singing the opera in Italian. Lyonel was one of Caruso's most popular roles, performing it many times during subsequent seasons; he also recorded several extracts from the Italian version of the opera. Martha fell out of favor by the 1920s and it was rarely performed for decades thereafter. Interest in the opera was rekindled by the 1980s and recent productions in the United Kingdom have included those by Opera South in 1986 and 2009 and Bel Canto Opera in 2002. Those in the U.S. have included Michigan Opera Theatre in 1985.
Roles
Synopsis
Time: 1710.
Place: Richmond, England.
Act 1
Lady Harriet Durham, a maid-of-honour to Queen Anne, is so tired of Court life, and so sick of her many insipid admirers, she retires to the country. But she becomes bored so she decides to attend the fair at Richmond where girls hire themselves out as servants. For a laugh, she and her confidante Nancy masquerade as maidservants. Her foppish old cousin, Sir Tristan, another admirer whom she deems a bore, accompanies them. Harriet manages to lose her escort, and then she and Nancy stand in the line of girls waiting to be hired. Two young farmers, Lyonel and Plunkett, are looking for a couple of wenches to do their housework and, being struck by the beauty and charm of the two masqueraders, proceed to hire them. Lady Harriet gives her name as Martha. The girls are soon dismayed to find they are legally bound to their new masters for a year. Sir Tristan is unable to retrieve them from their fate.
Act 2
Quickly, both farmers fall for their new maidservants — Lyonel for Harriet and Plunkett for Nancy. Harriet feels that Lyonel is of higher station than he appears. He is an orphan who was left with Plunkett's parents in early childhood. The new maids are totally inept at their tasks, which infuriates Plunkett. Finally, the new maids are told to go to bed, but escape through the window, with the aid of Sir Tristan. The young farmers are distressed and angry at the loss of their maids, and Lyonel's grief is so great that he falls into a melancholy state.
Act 3
Wandering in the forest, Lyonel meets a royal hunting party and recognises Lady Harriet. He declares his love for her, but she rebuffs him. Lyonel reminds her of her contract to serve him for a year. She tells the party the young man is mad, and Sir Tristan supports her declaration. Orders are given to imprison the young man. Lyonel has a ring his father gave him, saying if he was ever in trouble he was to send the ring to the Queen. He begs his friend to take it to the court.
Act 4
The ring saves Lyonel. The Queen recognises it as that of a banished nobleman, whose innocence has since been proven. Lady Harriet is now willing to accept his courtship as there is no longer a class difference to stand between them. She is filled with remorse for the way she has treated him. She reveals to him her true identity and tells him that his estate will be restored but he is blinded by anger with Harriet for the injustice she did him and refuses to accept her love. To win him back, Harriet and Nancy return to the fair once again dressed as country wenches. When Plunkett brings Lyonel to the fair and points out the two pretty serving-maids, Lyonel realises he does love Harriet. He embraces her, and they agree to marry, as do Plunkett and Nancy.
Noted arias, duets, ensembles
"Ach! so fromm, ach! so traut (M'apparì tutt'amor)" (Lyonel)
"Blickt sein Aug" (Harriet and Lyonel)
"Lasst mich euch fragen (Porter-Lied)" Drinking Song (Plunkett)
"Letzte Rose (The Last Rose of Summer)" (Qui sola vergin rosa) (Harriet, later with Lyonel)
"Mag der Himmel Euch vergeben" (Lyonel's Prayer)
"Schlafe wohl! Und mag Dich reuen" (Good Night Quartet)
"Was soll ich dazu sagen?" (Spinning-Wheel Quartet)
"Povero Lionello... Il mio Lionel" (Added by Flotow for baritone Graziani's Plunkett, solely in the Italian version)
Musical content
The overture is among von Flotow's most appreciated works. It begins with a slow A minor introduction, but changes suddenly to an A major theme (that of Lyonel's prayer in act 3, "Mag der Himmel Euch vergeben"), presented as an extended French horn solo with orchestral accompaniment that concludes with the theme stated by the full orchestra. It reverts to A minor with a busy, agitated motif for the Allegro, representing Lady Harriet and Nancy bustling about, leading into the slightly slower (meno moto) C major peasant girls' chorus theme from act 1, played by woodwinds accompanied by triangle and snare drum with pizzicato string punctuation. This concludes with a mini-coda for the full orchestra a tempo in C; then the agitated theme returns, but modulates several times from C through D minor and E minor to a section pitting the agitated theme in F major against Lyonel's prayer in the oboes, clarinets, and cellos in the midst of the orchestral texture, adding winds and brass to the theme in a crescendo until suddenly breaking off and reprising the peasant girls' chorus in A major. That leads without further modulation back to the Lyonel's prayer motif for full orchestra as in the beginning, and so the overture ends with a brisk, very short duple-meter coda. The fluctuations of light and shade are reminiscent of Schubertian scoring, or of Weber (e.g. Der Freischütz overture): but without modulation into remote tonalities, they never really portend a tragic conclusion, but rather the lovers' dilemmas and local color.
Though the powerful overture hints at a darker outcome, the opera ends happily. The heroine's levity and Lyonel's sincerity are its themes. The dramatic music, as between Lyonel and Harriet in act 4, is weighty, while the scoring of the comic scenes is also (but differently) effective. In his own idiom, like Mozart in Don Giovanni or Verdi in Un ballo in maschera, von Flotow could build convivial music into a tragic dramatic context.
The Thomas Moore traditional Irish melody "The Last Rose of Summer", introduced for Martha in act 2, was a successful inclusion. Popular airs were then often introduced informally to operas as show-pieces by sopranos, for example "Home! Sweet Home!" in the lesson scene of The Barber of Seville. Singers such as Jenny Lind or Adelina Patti made much of them. In Martha the custom is formally perpetuated, and the melody then appears as a leitmotif to represent Lyonel's longing.
Recordings
1944 Erna Berger (Harriet), Else Tegetthoff (Nancy), Peter Anders (Lyonel), Josef Greindl (Plumkett), Eugen Fuchs (Tristan); Chor der Staatsoper Berlin / Staatskapelle Berlin; Johannes Schüler (conductor) – Berlin Classics
1954 Elena Rizzieri (Harriet), Pia Tassinari (Nancy), Ferruccio Tagliavini (Lyonel), Carlo Tagliabue (Plunkett), Bruno Carmassi (Tristan); Orchestra Sinfonica e Coro di Torino della RAI; Francesco Molinari-Pradelli (conductor) – Fonit Cetra (in Italian)
1955 Wilma Lipp (Harriet), Hetty Plümacher (Nancy), Waldemar Kmentt (Lyonel), Kurt Böhme (Plumkett), Rudolf Wünzer (Tristan); Chor der Bayerischen Rundfunks / Münchner Rundfunksorchester; Hans Gierster (conductor) – Cantus Classics
1956 Teresa Stich-Randall (Harriet), Hilde Rössel-Majdan (Nancy), Waldemar Kmentt (Lyonel), Walter Berry (Plumkett), Hans Braun (Tristan); Chor der Wiener Staatsoper / Wiener Symphoniker; Franz Salmhofer (conductor) – Gala (excerpts)
1960 Sonja Schöner (Harriet), Gisela Litz (Nancy), Donald Grobe (Lyonel), Karl-Christian Kohn (Plumkett), Walter Dicks (Tristan); Chor und Orchester des Hamburger Rundfunks; Walter Martin (conductor) – Cantus Classics
1960 Anneliese Rothenberger (Harriet), Hetty Plümacher (Nancy), Fritz Wunderlich (Lyonel), Gottlob Frick (Plumkett), Georg Völker (Tristan); Chor der Deutschen Oper Berlin / Berliner Symphoniker; Berislav Klobučar (conductor) – EMI (excerpts)
1961 Victoria de los Ángeles (Harriet), Rosalind Elias (Nancy), Richard Tucker (Lyonel), Giorgio Tozzi (Plunkett), Lorenzo Alvary (Tristan); Chorus and Orchestra of the Metropolitan Opera House; Nino Verchi (conductor) – Celestial Audio (live in English)
1965 Erika Köth (Harriet), Elisabeth Steiner (Nancy), Rudolf Schock (Lyonel), Walter Kreppel (Plumkett), Manfred Röhrl (Tristan); Der Chor der Deutschen Oper Berlin / Berliner Symphoniker; Wilhelm Schüchter (conductor) – Eurodisc (excerpts)
1968 Anneliese Rothenberger (Harriet), Brigitte Fassbaender (Nancy), Nicolai Gedda (Lyonel), Hermann Prey (Plumkett), Dieter Weller (Tristan); Der Chor der Bayerischer Staatsoper München / Der Orchester der Bayerischer Staatsoper München; Robert Heger (conductor) – EMI
1977 Lucia Popp (Harriet), Doris Soffel (Nancy), Siegfried Jerusalem (Lyonel), Karl Ridderbusch (Plumkett), Siegmund Nimsgern (Tristan); Chorus of the Bavarian Radio / Munich Radio Orchestra; Heinz Wallberg (conductor) – RCA
2016 Maria Bengtsson (Harriet), Katharina Magiera (Nancy), AJ Glueckert (Lyonel), Björn Bürger (Plumkett), Barnaby Rea (Tristan); Chor der Oper Frankfurt / Frankfurter Opern- und Museumsorchester; Sebastian Weigle (conductor) – Oehms (live)
References
Notes
Sources
External links
Libretto, opera-guide.ch
Martha, music.yodelout.com
1847 operas
German-language operas
Operas
Operas by Friedrich von Flotow
Operas set in England |
Malaysia has participated from the 1985 Summer Universiade and made their debut at the Winter Universiade in 2011 Winter Universiade.
Medals
Medals by Summer Games
Medals by Winter Games
Medals by Summer sport
Medals by individual
See also
Malaysia at the Olympics
Malaysia at the Youth Olympics
Malaysia at the Paralympics
Malaysia at the Asian Games
Malaysia at the Commonwealth Games
References
External links
FISU History at the FISU
Nations at the Universiade
Student sport in Malaysia |
Břežany II is a municipality and village in Kolín District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,000 inhabitants.
The Roman numeral in the name serves to distinguish it from the nearby municipality of the same name, Břežany I.
References
Villages in Kolín District |
Rebecca MacKinnon (born September 16, 1969) is an author, researcher, Internet freedom advocate, and co-founder of the citizen media network Global Voices. She is notable as a former CNN journalist who headed the CNN bureaus in Beijing and later in Tokyo. She is on the board of directors of the Committee to Protect Journalists, a founding board member of the Global Network Initiative the founding director of the Ranking Digital Rights project at the New America Foundation's Open Technology Institute, and is the Vice President for Global Advocacy at the Wikimedia Foundation.
Early life and education
MacKinnon was born in Berkeley, California. When she was three years old, MacKinnon's family moved to Tempe, Arizona, where her father Stephen R. MacKinnon took a job as Professor of Chinese History at Arizona State University. Her parents' academic research careers led her to pass most of her primary school years in Delhi, India, Hong Kong, and Beijing, China, before moving back to Arizona for middle and high school. She graduated from Tempe High in 1987.
She graduated magna cum laude from Harvard University in 1991 with a B.A. in Government. After graduating, she served as a Fulbright scholar in Taiwan, where she also worked as a Newsweek stringer.
Career
CNN
MacKinnon joined CNN in 1992 as Beijing Bureau Assistant and moved up to Producer/Correspondent by 1997 and Bureau Chief by 1998. In 2001 she became Tokyo Bureau Chief. During her time with CNN, she interviewed notable leaders including Junichiro Koizumi, Dalai Lama, Pervez Musharraf, and Mohammad Khatami.
Fellowships
In the spring of 2004, MacKinnon was a fellow of the Joan Shorenstein Center on the Press, Politics and Public Policy at Harvard Kennedy School. That summer, she joined Harvard Law School's Berkman Center for Internet & Society as a Research Fellow, where she remained until December 2006. Among her projects at the Berkman Center, MacKinnon founded Global Voices Online in collaboration with Ethan Zuckerman.
In January 2007 she joined the Journalism and Media Studies Center at the University of Hong Kong, where she remained until January 2009. From February 2009 to January 2010, she conducted research as an Open Society Fellow, funded by George Soros' Open Society Institute. Then in February 2010 she joined Princeton University's Center for Information Technology Policy where she was a visiting fellow, working on a book about the future of freedom in the Internet age. Regarding the Middle East, MacKinnon wrote that "the Internet empowers people and helps to bring about the peaceful changes associated with the Arab Spring".
In September 2010, MacKinnon became a Bernard L. Schwartz fellow at the New America Foundation. She is the Founding Director of the think tank's Ranking Digital Rights project which ranks the world's most powerful Internet, mobile, and telecommunications, companies on their respect for users' rights, with a focus on free expression and privacy.
Wikimedia
In January 2007, MacKinnon joined the inaugural Wikimedia Foundation Advisory Board, where she remained until December 2012.
In September 2021, she joined the Foundation as its inaugural Vice President of Global Advocacy.
Consent of the Networked
MacKinnon's first book, Consent of the Networked: The Worldwide Struggle For Internet Freedom, was published by Basic Books in January 2012 and won the Goldsmith Book Prize. In an interview, she said that she argues in the book (among other things) that:
We cannot assume that the Internet will evolve automatically in a direction that is going to be compatible with democracy. It depends on how the technology is structured, governed, and used. Governments and corporations are working actively to shape the Internet to fit their own needs. The most insidious situations arise when both government and corporations combine their efforts to exercise power over the same people at the same time, in largely unconstrained and unaccountable ways. This is why I argue that if we the people do not wake up and fight for the protection of our own rights and interests on the Internet, we should not be surprised to wake up one day to find that they have been programmed, legislated, and sold away.
References
External links
RConversation (Rebecca MacKinnon's blog)
Consent of the Networked (website for book)
1969 births
Living people
American bloggers
American human rights activists
Women human rights activists
Berkman Fellows
Citizen journalism
Harvard University alumni
Internet activists
People from Tempe, Arizona
Wikimedia Foundation Advisory Board members
American Wikimedians
Wikimedia Foundation staff members |
Akin is an Australian world fusion band. Their album Undercurrent was nominated for 2001 ARIA Award for Best World Music Album. They have toured Australia performing at festivals such as Port Fairy Folk, Melbourne Festival, Sydney Festival, National Folk Festival, Fairbridge Festival, Victor Harbour Folk Festival, and Woodford Folk Festival.
Members
Jenny Thomas
Jason Day
Glen Kniebeiss
Chris Sprague
Discography
Albums
Awards and nominations
ARIA Music Awards
The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music. They commenced in 1987.
!
|-
| 2001
| Undercurrent
| ARIA Award for Best World Music Album
|
|
|-
References
Australian world music groups |
Infinity Group is a private equity fund backed by China Development Bank and Clal Industries. The head of Infinity Group is Amir Gal-Or. Infinity Group manages RMB 10 billion and 100 portfolio companies, through 17 local RMB funds throughout China.
Infinity is headquartered in Tel Aviv with offices in Beijing, Changzhou, Chengdu, Chongqing, Harbin, Hong Kong, Hongze, Jining, New York, Nanjing, Ningbo, Shanghai, Shijiazhuang, Suzhou, Suqian, Tianjin, Xiamen and Yangzhou. Infinity's funds since 1993 have included the $23 million Nitzanim Fund of 1993, the $90 million Infinity I in 1999, the $64 million Infinity II in 2002, and the $75 million Infinity IDB in 2002. In 2004, the firm partnered with China-Singapore Suzhou Industrial Park Ventures Company Ltd., or CSVC, to establish a $15 million Infinity-CSVC fund. In 2006, the firm established the $300 million Infinity I-China fund, the successor to the Infinity-CSVC fund and its second Israel-China fund.
Infinity-CSVC
The Infinity-CSVC China Fund was founded in 2004. It received the first license issued to a foreign-managed onshore RMB denominated fund. The number on the certificate reads 00001.
Infinity I-China
In March 2010, Infinity I-China launched six new joint venture private equity funds throughout China in the cities of Beijing, Suzhou, Harbin, Shijiazhuang, Changzhou, Ningbo and Tianjin. The funds range from 200 million renminbi up to a planned 500 million renminbi. The funds invest in high-technology companies in life sciences, information technology and clean energy and technology.
Infinity Joint Venture Funds
Infinity currently manages 17 joint venture funds throughout China The funds support local Chinese businesses through the influx of technology and knowledge, mainly from Israel, though also from the US and Europe.
Infinity IP Bank
In September 2010, Infinity Group established the Infinity IP (intellectual property) Bank. The IP Bank is headquartered in Suzhou, China. The IP Bank acquires intellectual property from Israel, and from other countries, for use by Chinese companies. The IP Bank also supports those Chinese companies with financing and management services.
Smart Innovation Cities
In May 2013, Infinity announced the Beijing Eco-Valley Project. Eco-Valley is in Beijing, China. It is the first Sino-Israeli 'smart' agriculture city.
Initial Public Offerings
On December 30, 2013, Infinity portfolio company DCITS, a Chinese IT service provider, had an A-share listing on the Shenzhen Stock Exchange via a reverse merger between DCITS and Shenzhen Techo Telecom. On February 10, 2014, WLCSP listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange at a market cap of more than $1B. WLCSP is the first company with foreign co-founders to have gone public in China. Infinity is among the co-founders. WLCSP was founded with the IP license purchased by Infinity and partners from ShellCase, Jerusalem, Israel, at the end of 2005.
References
External links
Venture capital firms of Israel
Private equity firms |
The ARIA Urban Chart is a chart that ranks the best-performing Urban tracks singles of Australia. It is published by Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), an organisation who collect music data for the weekly ARIA Charts. To be eligible to appear on the chart, the recording must be a single, and be "predominantly of a Urban nature."
Chart history
Number-one artists
See also
2012 in music
List of number-one singles of 2012 (Australia)
References
Australia Urban
Urban 2012
Number-one Urban singles |
R U Tuff Enuff is the third album by American R&B singer Rebbie Jackson. This album was a different approach for Jackson, as it had a harder-edged street R&B sound that was very popular at the time—which was also exhibited on the La Toya album by Jackson's sister, La Toya Jackson.
The single "Plaything" peaked at number eight on the Billboard R&B charts, Jackson's highest-charting single since 1984's "Centipede." The title track was also released as a single, but it was not as commercially successful. Melle Mel guested on "R U Tuff Enuff."
Critical reception
People wrote that the "album is such a blank-sounding snore that—if dopey spelling is going to be insisted on—it might have been called Noise R Us."
Track listing
"Perfect Combination" (Everett Collins, David "Pic" Conley, David Townshend, Robbie Danzie) – 5:16
"Read Between the Lines" (Jack Ponti, David Conley, Vic Pepe, David Townshend) – 4:50
"This Love is Forever" (Everett Collins, Rebbie Jackson, David Conley, David Townshend) – 4:40
"R U Tuff Enuff" (Arthur McCallister, Rebbie Jackson, David Conley) – 4:10
"Plaything" (Joshua Thompson, Romeo Williams, Gene Lennon) – 4:56
"Friendship Song" (Joshua Thompson, David Conley, Gene Lennon) – 4:32
"Sweetest Dreams" (Joshua Thompson, Gene Lennon, Romeo Williams) – 4:08
"Distant Conversation" (Everett Collins, Derrick Culler, David Conley) – 5:17
Charts
References
1988 albums
Rebbie Jackson albums
Columbia Records albums
CBS Records albums |
Morgana Robinson's The Agency is a British mockumentary about fictional talent agency Mann Management, with impressions by Morgana Robinson. In a seven-part show, Robinson plays the roster of talent agent Vincent Mann. It was broadcast on BBC Two from September 2016.
The premise of the programme is that Vincent has allowed a documentary crew access to his celebrity clients, including Miranda Hart, Natalie Cassidy, Russell Brand, Joanna Lumley, Gregg Wallace, Mel and Sue, Danny Dyer and Adele, all of whom are played by Robinson. Critical reception was largely positive.
The show's additional cast members include Cavan Clerkin, Oliver Maltman, Terry Mynott, Matthew Steer, Cariad Lloyd and Matt Berry.
Reception
Robinson has received praise for her impersonations. Lucy Mangan of The Guardian says the programme "is just what we need in this strife-strewn year." In comparing it to Rory Bremner's political satire which he describes as "sharp", Mat Baylis of the Daily Express describes the show as "sharp, too, but in a less appealing way."The Telegraph rated it three stars out of five.
References
External links
2016 British television series debuts
2016 British television series endings
2010s British comedy television series
BBC high definition shows
BBC television comedy
English-language television shows
British mockumentary television series |
Mary Rousmaniere "Polly" Gordon (died 1980) was a community activist in New York City's Yorkville neighborhood. She resided at 10 Gracie Square with her husband, Al Gordon, to whom she was married for fifty years.
Gordon was board chair at the Chapin School from 1965 to 1969. The New York City YWCA's Mary Rousmaniere Gordon award is named in her honor and nearby Carl Schurz Park contains Polly Gordon Walk, which was dedicated in 1984.
Gordon was a 1932 graduate of Vassar College.
References
Year of birth missing
1980 deaths
American community activists
People from Yorkville, Manhattan
Vassar College alumni
Activists from New York City |
Our Currency, Our Country: The Dangers of European Monetary Union is a 1996 book by British Conservative politician John Redwood. In the book, he argues that the European single currency would be a bad idea for the United Kingdom for political, economic and legal reasons.
References
1996 non-fiction books
Finance books
Euro
Currency unions
British non-fiction books
Penguin Books books |
The 41st Air Division is an inactive United States Air Force unit. Its last assignment was with Fifth Air Force at Yokota Air Base, Japan. It was inactivated on 15 January 1968.
History
"The 41st Air Division was organized, administered, equipped, and trained assigned units in Japan from March 1952 – January 1968,. It conducted combined planning with the Japan Air Self Defense Force and, when directed by higher headquarters, joint and combined training with other allied forces. It also developed tactics and examined technical aspects of aerial warfare requirements for new weapons and weapon systems, and improved uses of current weapons."
"In addition, its assigned units carried out aerial surveillance and reconnaissance missions and collected, evaluated, produced and disseminated intelligence data. The division maintained operational control of all United States Navy and United States Marine Corps defense type aircraft, United States Army antiaircraft artillery and surface-to-air missile units in Japan."
"In 1962 it became an operational organization that controlled, evaluated, and exercised assigned units. In fulfilling this role the division participated in exercises such as Commando Night, Commando Rock, Bright Night and Teamwork. In response to the Gulf of Tonkin Incident in 1964, the 41st deployed personnel and aircraft to Southeast Asia. These deployments continued periodically until the unit was inactivated."
Lineage
Designated 41st Air Division (Defense) and organized, on 1 March 1952
Redesignated 41st Air Division on 18 March 1955
Discontinued and inactivated on 15 January 1968
Assignments
Japan Air Defense Force, 1 March 1952;
Fifth Air Force, 1 September 1954 – 15 January 1968
Components
Wings
3d Bombardment Wing: attached 1 October 1954 – 1 March 1955; assigned 1 March 1955 – 1 February 1957; 10 November 1958 – 8 January 1964
8th Tactical Fighter Wing: 10 November 1958 – 1 June 1962
35th Fighter-Interceptor Wing: attached 1 March 1952 – 1 March 1955, assigned 1 March 1955 – 1 October 1957 (further attached to 6102 Air Base Wing, 1 July 1957 – 1 October 1957)
67th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing: 10 November 1958 – 8 December 1960
6441st Tactical Fighter Wing: 10 November 1958 – 8 December 1960
Groups
6007th Reconnaissance Group: 1 March 1955 – 9 August 1957
Squadrons
8th Bombardment Squadron: 8 January 1964 – 24 April 1964
13th Bombardment Squadron: 8 January 1964 – 24 April 1964
34th Tactical Fighter Squadron: 15 May 1966 – 15 January 1968
35th Tactical Fighter Squadron: 18 June 1964 – 1 April 1965; 15 November 1966 – 15 January 1968
36th Tactical Fighter Squadron: 18 June 1964 – 1 April 1965; 15 November 1966 – 15 January 1968
39th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron: attached c.1 August 1954 – 30 September 1957, assigned 1 October 1957 – 8 December 1957
40th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron: 1 October 1957 – 20 June 1965
68th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron: 1 October 1957 – 1 June 1962
80th Tactical Fighter Squadron: 18 June 1964 – 1 April 1965; 15 November 1966 – 15 January 1968
90th Bombardment Squadron (later, 90 Tactical Fighter): 8 January 1964 – 9 June 1964
421st Air Refueling Squadron: 8 December 1960 – 18 February 1965
6091st Reconnaissance Squadron: 8 December 1960 – 15 January 1968
Stations
Johnson Air Base (later Johnson Air Station), Japan, 1 March 1952
Yokota Air Base, Japan, 28 June 1962 – 15 January 1968
Aircraft
Lockheed F-80 Shooting Star, 1952 – 1954
North American F-86 Sabre, 1952 – 1961
Lockheed F-94 Starfire, 1952 – 1954
Martin B-57 Canberra, 1956 – 1957, 1958 – 1964
North American F-100 Super Sabre, 1958 – 1962, 1964
Boeing KB-50 Superfortress, 1958 – 1962
Boeing RB-50 Superfortress, 1958 – 1961
Martin RB-57 Canberra, 1958 – 1960
Douglas RB-66 Destroyer, 1958 – 1960
McDonnell RF-101 Voodoo, 1958 – 1960
Douglas SC-47 Skytrain, 1958 – 1960
Lockheed T-33 T-Bird, 1958 – 1959
Douglas WB-66 Destroyer, 1958 – 1960
Convair F-102 Delta Dagger, 1959 – 1965
Lockheed C-130 Hercules, 1961 – 1962
Republic F-105 Thunderchief, 1964 – 1968
McDonnell F-4 Phantom II, 1967 – 1968
Service Streamer
The unit earned the Korean Service organizational service streamers.
Emblem
Blazon: Over a shield, divided per bend, azure and gules a cost argent, between a shield of the last ornamented and orled of the second and sable and an arm in armor embowed, gauntleted and brandishing a sword to the sinister all argent; on a chief vert in fess a radio wave pattern argent, the shield and chief edged throughout of the last. (Approved 30 April 1958)
See also
Fifth Air Force
List of United States Air Force air divisions
References
Notes
Bibliography
041 |
William Smith (15??-16??) was an English sonneteer, poet, and friend of Edmund Spenser. He participated in The Phoenix Nest (1593), England's Helicon (1600) and published a sonnet sequence Chloris or The Complaint of the passionate despised Shepheard in 1596.
Works
Smith in 1596 published a collection of sonnets, entitled Chloris, or the Complaint of the passionate despised Shepheard, printed by Edmund Bollifant, 1596. The volume opens with two sonnets, inscribed "To the most excellent and learned shepheard, Collin Cloute" (i.e. Spenser), and signed "W. Smith"; in a third sonnet addressed to Spenser at the close of the book Smith calls Spenser his patron. The content consists of 48 sonnets, and a poem in 20 lines, called Corins Dreame of the faire Chloris. Corins Dreame was transferred to England's Helicon (1600 and 1614). The work was reprinted in Edward Arber's English Garner, viii. 171 sqq.
Attributions
Verse signed "W. S." has sometimes been attributed to Smith, but purely as a matter of conjecture. Cases include commendatory verse for John Grange's Golden Aphroditis, 1577, and Nicholas Breton's Wil of Wit, 1606.
Richard Heber owned a manuscript A New Yeares Guift, or a posie upon certen flowers, described as presented to Mary Sidney by the "author of Chloris" ; it is now in the British Library, MS. Addit. 35186. Plays signed "W. Smith" assigned at some points to Smith were by Wentworth Smith.
The above article on William Smith depends on the authority of Sidney Lee cited below, but Lee is not accurate or reliable. See major correction entered above.
Notes
Attribution
Further reading
Lawrence A. Sasek (ed.) (1970) The Poems of William Smith. Louisiana State University Press, .
External links
16th-century English poets
Year of death unknown
Year of birth unknown
English male poets |
Mordellistena aureopubens is a beetle in the genus Mordellistena of the family Mordellidae. It was described in 1967 by Franciscolo.
References
aureopubens
Beetles described in 1967 |
Shepley Hill is a summit in the U.S. state of Massachusetts. The elevation is .
The hill was named as early as the 1670s after the local Shepley family.
References
Mountains of Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Mountains of Massachusetts |
The Lycée Victor Hugo () is a French international school in Florence, Italy. It was established in 1976 and has integrated the Mission laïque française (Mlf) in 2007. It serves levels maternelle (preschool) through terminale, the final year of lycée (senior high school) and it allows French, English and Italian languages learning from preschool for all children. As of 2017 the school has about 500 students range from 2 to 18 years.
Palazzo Venturi Ginori
The Lycée is located in the palace once known as the Palazzo Venturi Ginori, built in 1498 for Bernardo Rucellai on land owned by his wife Nannina de' Medici. In 1459, Cosimo de' Medici sponsored meetings of a neoplatonic Academy in this palace. The palace suffered with the temporary expulsion of the Medici in 1527, but was soon refurbished. In 1537, the Rucellai heirs sold the property to Bianca Cappello. In 1663, the Cardinal Giovanni Carlo Medici sells much of the contents of the palace, and the structure is bought by the Marquis Ridolfi Montescudaio. The palace interiors were refurbished in the early 19th century in a neoclassical style. The gardens were redone in a British style. In 1861, an owner, Countess Orloff employs Giuseppe Poggi in renovations.
See also
Agency for French Education Abroad
Education in France
International school
Institut français de Florence
List of international schools
Mission laïque française
Multilingualism
Victor Hugo
References
External links
French international schools in Italy
Schools in Florence
Trilingual schools
Cambridge schools in Italy
Educational institutions established in 1976
1976 establishments in Italy
AEFE contracted schools
Mission laïque française |
Irina Podoinikova (born 28 June 1988) is a Kazakhstani canoeist. She competed in the women's K-2 500 metres event at the 2016 Summer Olympics.
References
External links
1988 births
Living people
Kazakhstani female canoeists
Olympic canoeists for Kazakhstan
Canoeists at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Place of birth missing (living people)
Asian Games gold medalists for Kazakhstan
Asian Games silver medalists for Kazakhstan
Asian Games bronze medalists for Kazakhstan
Asian Games medalists in canoeing
Canoeists at the 2010 Asian Games
Canoeists at the 2014 Asian Games
Canoeists at the 2018 Asian Games
Medalists at the 2010 Asian Games
Medalists at the 2014 Asian Games
Medalists at the 2018 Asian Games
21st-century Kazakhstani women |
The Metropolitan Opera Club is a private social club within the Metropolitan Opera House in New York City. Founded in 1893 and incorporated in 1899, the club maintains its own dining room (designed by Angelo Donghia and later renovated by Peter Pennoyer) and boxes on the dress circle level of the opera house, and is open to its members for several performances a week during the opera season. Informally known as the "Opera Club", the club is independent of the Metropolitan Opera Association (MOA) (the official name of the Metropolitan Opera).
Founded as a men-only club, the Opera Club has admitted women as full members since 1982.
Members and their guests are required to wear black-tie for evening performances (although white-tie is requested for premieres, galas and certain Monday night performances) and a dark suit or morning dress for Saturday matinee performances. The membership is sometimes affectionately referred to as "the Penguins" because of its attire.
Early history
The club was founded in 1893 when a collection of New York Society gentlemen created a private supper club in a lobby of the old Metropolitan Opera House on West 39th Street/Broadway while the back of the house was under renovation after a fire. Known as the "Vaudeville Club", members and their guests dined and watched performances from a miniature stage designed by Stanford White, a founding member. In its early days, the Vaudeville Club provided a venue for Society (and especially its wives and daughters) to enjoy, without venturing among the general public, illustrious and accomplished music hall performers such as Vesta Victoria, Ward & Volkes, Walter Jones, Mlle Violette, Papinta and her serpentine dances, and pantomimist Pilar-Morin.
By the second year of the Vaudeville Club's existence, the Metropolitan Opera had resumed performances, and the club acquired the use of the large opera box that adjoined the club. Members would thus attend the opera and then enjoy the vaudeville entertainments afterwards. It became apparent over that season, however, that the late night music hall performances were resulting in minor scandal, while the members were increasingly availing themselves of the opera box. By the 1894 season the Vaudeville Club had changed its name to the "Opera Club", and in 1899 its members formally incorporated themselves as the "Metropolitan Opera Club".
Relationship with artists
The club has singers among its membership and often hosts dinners for prominent performers appearing at the Metropolitan Opera. Enrico Caruso wrote the club to thank its members for publicly expressing their support after he was arrested for breach of the peace at the Central Park Zoo in 1906.
Support for the Metropolitan Opera Association
Although the Opera Club is fully independent of the Metropolitan Opera Association, support for the MOA is central to the club's activities. The club donated the gold stage curtain that was made for the opening of the new opera house at Lincoln Center in 1966, and also contributed to its recent replacement. The club continues to make annual gifts to the MOA, which are often used to finance new productions or revivals.
See also
List of supper clubs
References
Sources
External links
Opera in New York City
Supper clubs
1893 establishments in New York (state)
Organizations established in 1893 |
Solaris Trusted Extensions is a set of security extensions incorporated in the Solaris 10 operating system by Sun Microsystems, featuring a mandatory access control model. It succeeds Trusted Solaris, a family of security-evaluated operating systems based on earlier versions of Solaris.
Solaris 10 5/09 is Common Criteria certified at Evaluation Assurance Level EAL4+ against the CAPP, RBACPP, and LSPP protection profiles.
Overview
Certain Trusted Solaris features, such as fine-grained privileges, are now part of the standard Solaris 10 release. Beginning with Solaris 10 11/06, Solaris now includes a component called Solaris Trusted Extensions which gives it the additional features necessary to position it as the successor to Trusted Solaris. Inclusion of these features in the mainstream Solaris release marks a significant change from Trusted Solaris, as it is no longer necessary to use a different Solaris release with a modified kernel for labeled security environments. Solaris Trusted Extensions is an OpenSolaris project.
Trusted Extensions additions and enhancements include:
Accounting
Role-Based Access Control
Auditing
Device Allocation
Mandatory Access Control Labeling
Solaris Trusted Extensions enforce a mandatory access control policy on all aspects of the operating system, including device access, file, networking, print and window management services. This is achieved by adding sensitivity labels to objects, thereby establishing explicit relationships between these objects. Only appropriate (and explicit) authorization allows applications and users read and/or write access to the objects.
The component also provides labeled security features in a desktop environment. Apart from extending support for the Common Desktop Environment from the Trusted Solaris 8 release, it delivers the first labeled environment based on GNOME. Solaris Trusted Extensions facilitate the access of data at multiple classification levels through a single desktop environment.
Solaris Trusted Extensions also delivers labeled device access and labeled network communication (through the CIPSO standard).
CIPSO is used to pass security information within and between labeled zones.
Solaris Trusted Extensions complies with the Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS).
Trusted Solaris history
1999 Trusted Solaris 7
1996 Trusted Solaris 2.5.1 - ITSEC Certified for E3 / F-B1
1995 Trusted Solaris 1.2 - ITSEC Certified for E3 / F-B1
1992 SunOS Compartmented Mode Workstation 1.0 - ITSEC Certified for E3 / F-B1
1990 SunOS Multilevel Security 1.0 - TCSEC Conformance (1985 Orange Book)
References
External links
Solaris Trusted Extensions Official Website
OpenSolaris: Solaris Trusted Extensions project
Solaris Trusted Extensions press release
Operating system security
Sun Microsystems software
Proprietary operating systems |
Gurbux ("Gurbakhsh") Singh (born 11 February 1936) is a former Indian field hockey player who was a member of the Indian team that won the gold medal at the 1964 Summer Olympics, the bronze medal at the 1968 Summer Olympics and the gold medal at the 1966 Asian Games. He was the joint captain of the Indian team at the 1968 Summer Olympics. He was also the coach of the Indian team at the 1976 Summer Olympics. For his outstanding contribution to the country in the field of sports, Gurbux received the Arjuna Award in 1966.
Early life
Gurbux Singh was born at Peshawar but grew up in Rawalpindi. After the partition of India, the family first moved to Lucknow, then to Mhow and finally to Meerut from where he did his graduation. He moved to Calcutta in 1957, a city which ultimately became his permanent home and shaped his sports career. Gurbux initially tried his hand at badminton but then started playing hockey for his school in Lucknow.
Gurbux started hockey at the age of 16. He represented Agra University in 1954–55 and a year later won the Obaidullah Gold Cup Hockey Championship. Gurbux Singh first played for East Bengal Club in 1957, and was influential in their first victory at the Beighton Cup that year. He later represented Calcutta Customs Club from 1957 to 1965, followed by Mohun Bagan Athletic Club from 1968 to 1980. He had a distinguished career in domestic hockey.
International Hockey career
A skilled full-back player, Gurbux Singh made his international debut in a tour of Australia and New Zealand in 1960, and also participated in the International Hockey Tournament in 1962. By 1963 he was captain, and led the team that won the gold medal at the 1964 Tokyo Olympics and the 1966 Bangkok Asian Games. He also led India on tours of Germany and Japan in 1966, Sri Lanka in 1967 and the Pre-Olympic tournament in London in 1967. In the 1968 Mexico City Olympics, he shared the captaincy with Prithipal Singh, where India won the bronze medal. He is considered to be one of the greatest Indian hockey players of all time.
After retiring from internationals in 1968, Gurbux Singh took to coaching and umpiring. He coached France in 1974–75 and India during the 1976 Montreal Olympics. A national selector in 1973 and again from 1980 to 1985, he was the manager of the Indian team to the 1973 World Cup and the 1983 Champions Trophy.
Gurbux Singh was conferred with the Arjuna Award after the Indian team's victory at the 1966 Asian Games. In 2013, he received the Banga Bibhushan, a title instituted by the West Bengal government to honour distinguished achievements in various fields. In 2018, he was awarded Bharat Gaurav by East Bengal Club.
He is known for having served Indian hockey for over 50 years in various capacities, and is credited for doing much to better the state of Indian hockey.
See also
List of Indian hockey captains in Olympics
Field hockey in India
References
External links
Sikh Hockey Olympics: Gurbux Singh
BHA facilitates Gurbux Singh
1936 births
Living people
Indian male field hockey players
Olympic field hockey players for India
Olympic gold medalists for India
Olympic bronze medalists for India
Olympic medalists in field hockey
Medalists at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Field hockey players at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Field hockey players at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Asian Games medalists in field hockey
Field hockey players at the 1966 Asian Games
Recipients of the Arjuna Award
Field hockey players from Kolkata
Punjabi people
Field hockey players from Peshawar
Field hockey players from Rawalpindi
Asian Games gold medalists for India
Medalists at the 1966 Asian Games |
Polyvinyl siloxane (PVS), also called poly-vinyl siloxane, vinyl polysiloxane (VPS), or vinylpolysiloxane, is an addition-reaction silicone elastomer (an addition silicone). It is a viscous liquid that cures (solidifies) quickly into a rubber-like solid, taking the shape of whatever surface it was lying against while curing. As with two-part epoxy, its package keeps its two component liquids in separate tubes until the moment they are mixed and applied, because once mixed, they cure (harden) rapidly. Polyvinyl siloxane is widely used in dentistry as an impression material. It is also used in other contexts where an impression similar to a dental impression is needed, such as in audiology (to take ear impressions for fitting custom hearing protection or hearing aids) or in industrial applications (such as to aid in the inspection of interior features of machined parts, for example, internal grooves inside bores). Polyvinyl siloxane was commercially introduced in the 1970s.
To create the material, the user simply mixes a colored putty (often blue or pink) with a white putty, and the chemical reaction begins. PVS with a wide variety of working and setting times is available commercially. Final set is noted when the product rebounds upon touching with a blunt or sharp instrument.
This reaction also gives off hydrogen gas and it is therefore advisable to wait up to an hour before pouring the ensuing cast.
In dentistry, this material is commonly referred to as having light or heavy body depending on specific usage.
See also
Dental impression
Dentures
References
Dental materials
Polymers
Impression material |
The 2023 season is Sri Pahang's 20th season in the Malaysia Super League since its inception in 2004. The club will also participate in the Malaysia FA Cup and Malaysia Cup.
On 17 January 2023, Fandi Ahmad has been appointed as club's new head coach.
Coaching staff
Players
First-team squad
Competitions
Malaysia Super League
Malaysia FA Cup
Player statistics
Appearances and goals
|-
|colspan="11"|Players who left the club during the 2023 season
|-
|}
Transfers
Players in
Players out
Loans in
Loans out
References
Sri Pahang FC
Sri Pahang FC seasons
2023 in Malaysian football
Sri Pahang |
Rabbi Azriel Zelig Hausdorf () (1826 – 1905) was an Israeli philanthropist and doctor who worked with the Kollel Hod to build shelters in Jerusalem for Jewish immigrants.
Early life
Hausdorf was born in 1826 to Moshe Hausdorf in the city of Mislovitz in East Prussia (now Poland). Due to his place of birth, he was sometimes called "Rabbi Zelig Deutsch" (Rabbi Zelig the German). He studied in the local Yeshiva of Rabbi Pinchas Hamburger, while concurrently receiving a secular education. IN 1846, he immigrated to the Land of Israel via boat over the Mediterranean. During the trip, due to unstable weather, the boat was at risk of capsizing, so the captain of the ship asked Hausdorf to pray for the boat like Jonah the prophet. He settled in Jerusalem and married Hana Lipsha Minsker, daughter of Rabbi Zvi of Vilna.
Career
Although in the beginning Hausdorf received aid from the Kollel Hod, he later became one of the leaders of the organization. He worked as an interpreter at the Austrian embassy in Jerusalem. He was one of the initiators of the 'shelter and hospitality' project established by his Kollel in the Old City. To raise money to build shelters he went to Europe in 1858 and collected donations from Jews who wanted to support settlement in Ottoman Palestine. One of these shelters included the Batei Mahse.
In the summer of 1876, there was a pestilence of locusts in Israel, as well as a drought, so Hausdorf supported the community by working with the Yehuda and Israel Society, established by Rabbi Chaim Tzvi Schneerson, with the goal of storing grain to ensure food security for the poor in Jerusalem for the coming winter. During the cholera epidemic in Jerusalem, he also helped to buy flour to distribute to the poor. He also volunteered for the Diskin Orphanage.
Hausdorf was an important voice in the construction of the Misgav Ladach hospital built by the Rothschild family in Jerusalem, and was appointed overseer of the hospital's finances. Before its construction, the initial plan was to build it in Tiberias, and in 1865, he visited the city for that purpose. He also helped Charles Netter in his quest to purchase land for the Mikveh Israel.
He was one of the chief organizers for many receptions held on behalf of Jews for distinguished guests who came to Jerusalem, such as Moses Montefiore, Baron Edmond James de Rothschild, Rudolf of Austria, and Emperor Franz Joseph. Emperor Wilhelm II even gifted him a gold metal, the Knight's Medal of the Prussian Kingdom, as Hausdorf was authorized by the Prussian embassy to act as a defense attorney for a Jew in a criminal trial. They wrote on 14 April 1866 to his superiors:There are no editors in Jerusalem law, and it is impossible to find a suitable person who meets the requirements of Prussian law as a defense attorney, so [Wilhelm] asks the authority to appoint someone as defense council for trials involving a leader of the Jewish community, who represents them and will interpret their requests. For multiple years, he was reelected to his position. Throughout his career, he also helped protect Jews from proselytization from Christian missionaries and forces who were disapproving of Jewish practices in Israel.
Family
Rabbi Hausdorf had a total of 13 children, but only 3 survived into adulthood:
His son Mordechai Shlomo was among the founders of Petah Tikva and Hausdorf provided the colony funding.
His other son, Rabbi Chaim Eliezer, was a pharmacist and authored multiple books, including one about his father.
His daughter Friedel was the wife of Rabbi , a member of the Kollel Shomrei HaChomos.
The municipality of Jerusalem named a street after him (Azriel Street) in the Givat Shaul neighborhood. He is buried at the Mount of Olives.
Sources
Pinchas Greivsky, booklet 7 of Magnazi Jerusalem (1839), pp. 11-14.
References
Old Yishuv
1905 deaths
East Prussia
History of Israel
Jewish activists
Israeli people of Ashkenazi descent
People from Mysłowice |
Borszowice is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Imielno, within Jędrzejów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately north-east of Imielno, east of Jędrzejów, and south of the regional capital Kielce.
References
Borszowice |
is a former Japanese football player. He played for Japan national team.
Club career
Minowa was born in Kawasaki on June 2, 1976. After graduating from Sendai University, he joined Júbilo Iwata in 1999. However he did not play in the match, he moved to his local club Kawasaki Frontale in September 2000. The club was relegated to J2 League end of 2000 season. From 2001, although the club in J2 League, he became a regular player as defender. The club won the champions in 2004 and was promoted to J1 League. The club won the 2nd place 2006 J1 League and 2007 J.League Cup. In 2008, he lost his opportunity to play for injury and moved to Consadole Sapporo in June. The club was relegated to J2 League end of 2008 season. From 2009, he could not play for injury and he left the club end of 2010 season. He announced his retirement in September 2011.
National team career
On April 25, 2005, when Minowa was 29 aged, he debuted for Japan national team in a friendly match against Ukraine.
Club statistics
National team statistics
References
External links
Japan National Football Team Database
1976 births
Living people
Sendai University alumni
Japanese men's footballers
Japan men's international footballers
J1 League players
J2 League players
Júbilo Iwata players
Kawasaki Frontale players
Hokkaido Consadole Sapporo players
Men's association football defenders
Association football people from Kawasaki, Kanagawa |
Emil Zátopek (; 19 September 1922 – 21 November 2000) was a Czech long-distance runner best known for winning three gold medals at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki. He won gold in the 5,000 metres and 10,000 metres runs, but his final medal came when he decided at the last minute to compete in the first marathon of his life. He was nicknamed the "Czech Locomotive".
In 1954, Zátopek was the first runner to break the 29-minute barrier in the 10,000 metres. Three years earlier in 1951, he had broken the hour for running 20 km. He was considered one of the greatest runners of the 20th century and was also known for his brutally tough training methods. He popularised interval training after World War Two.
In February 2013, the editors at Runner's World Magazine selected him as the Greatest Runner of All Time. He is the only person to win the 5,000 metres (24 July 1952), 10,000 metres (20 July 1952) and Marathon (27 July 1952), in the same Olympic Games.
Early years
Zátopek was the seventh child in a modest family. Aged 16, he began working in the Bata shoe factory in Zlín. Zátopek says that "One day, the factory sports coach, who was very strict, pointed at four boys, including me, and ordered us to run in a race. I protested that I was weak and not fit to run, but the coach sent me for a physical examination, and the doctor said that I was perfectly well. So I had to run, and when I got started, I felt I wanted to win. But I only came in second. That was the way it started." Zátopek finished second out of the field of 100. After that point, he began to take a serious interest in running. He joined the local athletic club, where he developed his own training programme, modelled on what he had read about the great Finnish Olympian Paavo Nurmi.
A mere four years later, in 1944, Zátopek broke the Czechoslovak records for 2,000, 3,000 and 5,000 metres. At the end of the war he joined the Czechoslovak Army, where he was gradually given more time for his gruelling training regimen.
Competitions
Zátopek was selected for the Czechoslovak national team for the 1946 European Championships in Oslo and finished fifth in the 5,000 m in 14:25.8, breaking his own Czechoslovak record of 14:50.2. At the 1948 Summer Olympics in London, Zátopek won the 10,000 m and finished second behind Gaston Reiff from Belgium during a driving rainstorm in the 5,000 m.
The following year, Zátopek broke the 10,000 m world record twice, and went on to better his own record three times over the next four seasons. He also set records in the 5,000 m (1954), 20,000 m (twice in 1951), one-hour run (twice in 1951), 25,000 m (1952 and 1955), and 30,000 m (1952). He won the 5,000 m and 10,000 m at the 1950 European Championships and the 10,000 m at the next European Championships, ahead of Jozsef Kovacs and Frank Sando.
At the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, Zátopek won gold in the 5,000 m, 10,000 m, and the marathon, breaking Olympic records in each event. Zátopek is the only person to win these three long-distance events in the same Olympic games. His victory in the 5,000 m came after a ferocious last lap in 57.5 seconds, during which he went from fourth place to first in the final turn, passing first Alain Mimoun of France, then Herbert Schade of West Germany, and finally Chris Chataway of Great Britain. Zátopek's final medal came when he decided at the last minute to compete in the marathon for the first time in his life, and won. His strategy for the marathon was simple: he raced alongside Jim Peters, the British world-record holder. After a punishing first fifteen kilometres, in which Peters knew he had overtaxed himself, Zátopek asked the Englishman what he thought of the race thus far. The astonished Peters told the Czech that the pace was "too slow," in an attempt to slip up Zátopek, at which point Zátopek simply accelerated. Peters did not finish, while Zátopek won the race and set an Olympic record. Zátopek running in his first Marathon, beat second placed Reinaldo Gorno (Argentina) by 2:01 minutes.
Zátopek attempted to defend his marathon gold medal in 1956; however, he suffered a groin injury while training and was hospitalized for six weeks. He resumed training the day after leaving hospital, but never quite regained his form. He finished sixth in the marathon, which was won by his old rival and friend Alain Mimoun. Zátopek retired from competition in 1957.
Zátopek's running style was distinctive and very much at odds with what was considered to be an efficient style at the time. His head would often roll, face contorted with effort, while his torso swung from side to side. He often wheezed and panted audibly while running, which earned him the nicknames of "Emil the Terrible" or the "Czech Locomotive". When asked about his tortured facial expressions, Zátopek is said to have replied that "It isn't gymnastics or figure skating, you know." In addition he would train in any weather, including snow, and would often do so while wearing heavy work boots as opposed to special running shoes. He was always willing to give advice to other runners. One example he often gave was always to be relaxed and to help ensure that while running, gently touch the tip of your thumb with the tip of your index or middle finger. Just making that slight contact would ensure that arms and shoulders remained relaxed.
Personal life
His wife Dana Zátopková (born the same day and year as her husband) won a gold medal in the javelin throw at the 1952 Olympics, only a few moments after Emil's victory in the 5,000 m; she finished second at the 1960 Olympics. An example of the playful relationship between husband and wife came when Emil attempted to take some credit for his wife's Olympic victory at her press conference, claiming that it was his victory in the 5,000 m that had "inspired" her. Dana's indignant response was, "Really? Okay, go inspire some other girl and see if she throws a javelin fifty metres!".
Zátopek was known for his friendly and gregarious personality and for his ability to speak six languages. He was regularly visited at his home in Prague by international athletes he had befriended at competitions. His British rival Gordon Pirie described it as "the merriest and gayest home I've been in".
Emil and Dana were the witnesses at the wedding ceremony of Olympic gold medalists Olga Fikotová and Harold Connolly in Prague in 1957. Emil had spoken to the Czechoslovak president Antonín Zápotocký to request help in getting national heroine Olga a permit to marry the American Connolly, at the height of the Cold War. While it's not clear how much this helped, they unexpectedly received a permit a few days later.
In 1966, Zátopek hosted the Australian Ron Clarke when he visited Prague for a race. Zátopek knew the bad luck that Clarke had faced; he held many middle-distance track and field world records and had attempted to join his idol in the record books, but had fallen short in winning an Olympic gold medal (he was beaten by Billy Mills in one of the biggest upsets in Olympic history). At the end of the visit, Zátopek gave one of his gold medals from the 1952 Olympics to Clarke.
Later years and death
A hero in his native country, Zátopek was an influential figure in the Communist Party. However, he supported the party's democratic wing and, after the 1968 Prague Spring, he was stripped of his rank and expelled from the army and the party, removed from all important positions and forced to work in a string of menial manual labour positions.
He gained employment in one of the few companies not discouraged from employing out-of-favour citizens. The company was "Stavební Geologie", and he was immediately put to work prospecting for natural resources around Bohemia, infrequently being able to visit his wife in Prague. His work in such a field gave rise to the rumour that he had been sent (as many before him were) to the uranium mine concentration camps; however, the camps and the last of the mines had closed many years before. It is also rumoured that Zátopek had a short stint at refuse collection, but was let go as he was unable to complete a round without a horde of citizens insisting on helping him, though no evidence exists of this ever happening.
In 1977, after 5 years of working and living away from his wife and friends, Zátopek's spirit was broken and the communist government, no longer deeming him a threat, allowed him back to Prague with the offer of a further humiliating and menial job in the ČSTV (Czechoslovak Union of Physical Education). As the only option to get back to Prague and his wife, Zátopek accepted the offer. Using his gift as a linguist, the ČSTV put him to work monitoring foreign publications for the latest developments in sports science and training techniques. It was a lowly job shuffling papers in a small office under Strahov stadium. He dutifully served until his retirement in the early 1980s.
On 9 March 1990, Zátopek was rehabilitated by Václav Havel.
Zátopek died in Prague on 22 November 2000 at the age of 78, from the complications of a stroke. His funeral at Prague's National Theatre was crowded with leading figures from the international sports world.
Zátopek was awarded the Pierre de Coubertin medal (the "True Spirit of Sportsmanship" medal) in 1975. In 2012, he was named among the first twelve athletes to be inducted into the IAAF Hall of Fame. A life-size bronze statue of Zátopek was unveiled at the Stadium of Youth in Zlín in September 2014.
In popular culture
The 2021 film Zátopek focuses on his personal life and sports career.
The most prestigious track race in Australia is named after him.
A Bengali novel by Mati Nandi, Naran (নারান), mentioned him as the role model and motivation of the protagonist, a Bengali Hindu refugee from East Pakistan who relocated to Calcutta in 1947 in order to evade the religious onslaught and build up his life again from the scratch.
The song "Czech Locomotive" by Australian psychedelic rock band Pond off of their album 9 is about him.
British punk-rock band Zatopeks chose their name after Emil Zátopek.
References
External links
Emil Zatopek at Running Times
Emil Zatopek Biography
Running Past profile of Zatopek
Archive Video of 5 km Olympic run from Runningpast.com
1922 births
2000 deaths
People from Kopřivnice
Czechoslovak male long-distance runners
Czech male long-distance runners
Czechoslovak male marathon runners
Czech male marathon runners
Olympic athletes for Czechoslovakia
Olympic gold medalists for Czechoslovakia
Olympic silver medalists for Czechoslovakia
Athletes (track and field) at the 1948 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1956 Summer Olympics
European Athletics Championships medalists
World record setters in athletics (track and field)
Recipients of Medal of Merit (Czech Republic)
Recipients of the Pierre de Coubertin medal
Medalists at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1948 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists in athletics (track and field)
Olympic silver medalists in athletics (track and field)
Czechoslovak military personnel of World War II
Sportspeople from the Moravian-Silesian Region |
The Netherlands Football League Championship 1888–1889 was the first national football championship in the Netherlands. Seven teams from the cities Amsterdam, The Hague, Haarlem and Rotterdam participated in the competition that would later be called Eerste Klasse West. But since the western football district of the Netherlands was the only one to have a competition at the time, it could be regarded as a national championship. VV Concordia from Rotterdam won the championship, however this championship was not official, since the teams had not played an equal number of matches.
League standings
Results
References
RSSSF Netherlands Football League Championships 1898-1954
Netherlands Football League Championship seasons
1888–89 in European football |
Chevreul's salt (copper(I,II) sulfite dihydrate, Cu2SO3•CuSO3•2H2O or Cu3(SO3)2•2H2O), is a copper salt which was prepared for the first time by a French chemist Michel Eugène Chevreul in 1812. Its unusual property is that it contains copper in both of its common oxidation states, making it a mixed-valence complex. It is insoluble in water and stable in air. What was known as Rogojski's salt is a mixture of Chevreul's salt and metallic copper.
Preparation
Chevreul's salt is prepared by treating aqueous copper(II) sulfate with a solution of potassium metabisulfite. The solution changes colour from blue to green immediately. The identity of the green species is unknown. Heating this solution produces a reddish solid precipitate:
3 CuSO4 + 4 K2S2O5 + 3 H2O → Cu3(SO3)2•2H2O + 4 K2SO4 + 4 SO2 + H2SO4
When sodium ions are present in the solutions that form the salt, sodium can substitute for some of the copper (I), as the ions have the same charge and similar sizes.
Reactions
Chevreul's salt exhibits properties of both copper(I) and copper(II). Hydrochloric acid produces a white solid of copper(I) chloride. If too much acid is added, the precipitate dissolves. If an ammonia solution is added to the product, it is dissolved and a deep blue color appears - the presence of [Cu(NH3)4]2+ complex.
On heating in an inert atmosphere it is stable to 200 °C. It gives off water and sulfur dioxide to give CuSO4•Cu2O and CuSO4•2CuO. At 850 °C CuO is formed and from 900 °C to 1100 °C Cu2O appears. Heating in air or oxygen yields CuSO4, CuSO3, and ultimately CuO (cupric oxide)
Properties
The infrared spectrum of Chevreul's salt contains strong bands with maxima at 473, 632 cm−1, medium ones at 915, 980, and 1025 cm−1, and a weak band at 860 cm−1. 980 cm−1 is due to symmetric stretch of the sulfite group, 632 cm−1 due to symmetric bend, 915 due to asymmetric stretch, and 473 cm−1 is due to asymmetric bend. The absence of splitting in these bands indicates that the sulfite group is not distorted by the other components in the compound.
The optical reflectance spectrum shows absorption around 425 nm with a shoulder to 500 nm. This is due to a cuprous sulfite chromophore. An absorption peaking at 785 nm with a shoulder to 1000 nm, in the near infrared, is due to Jahn-Teller splitting in cupric ions. Maximum reflectance is around 650 nm in the red part of the spectrum.
In the infrared range the band gap is 0.85 eV.
Chevreul's salt is a representative member of an isomorphic series of double salts with formulae Cu2SO3•FeSO3•2H2O, Cu2SO3•MnSO3•2H2O, and Cu2SO3•CdSO3•2H2O. The properties of these salts show the effect of ionic radius and ion hardness. Another analogue, Cu2SO3•NiSO3•2H2O, is brick-red in colour. It is made by bubbling sulfur dioxide through a nickel sulfate, copper sulfate mixed solution, heating to 80°C and changing pH to 3.5 to precipitate the salt.
The thermal conductivity of Chevreul’s salt is 0.1 kWcm−1K−1. Heat capacity is 0.62 Jcm−3K−1, and thermal diffusivity is 0.154 cm2s−1.
The specific susceptibility is 3.71×10−6 emu/g.
In Chevreul's salt crystals there are two environments for copper. The +1 oxidation state copper is in a distorted tetrahedral space surrounded by three oxygens and a sulfur atom. The +2 oxidation state copper (or other metal in the isomorphic series) is in a distorted octahedral coordination surrounded by four oxygen atoms and two water molecules.
The X-ray photoelectron spectrum of Chevreul's salt shows peaks at 955.6, 935.8, 953.3 and 943.9 eV that correspond to Cu(II) 2p1/2, 2p3/2, Cu(I) 2p1/2, 2p3/2. There are also secondary peaks for copper at 963.7, and 943.9 eV. Sulfur 2p causes a peak at 166.7 eV and oxygen 1s causes a spike at 531.8.
Application
Chevreul's salt is used in a hydrometallurgical process to extract copper from ore. Firstly the ore is oxidised, then extracted with an ammonium sulfate-ammonia solution. This is then injected with sulfur dioxide resulting in the precipitation of Chevreul's salt. pH must be between 2 and 4.5 for the precipitation to take place.
Chevreul's salt is formed as a corrosion product on copper metal in the presence of humid air contaminated with sulfur dioxide. When first formed the salt has an unstable orthorhombic form with a = 5.591, b = 7.781 and c = 8.356 Å, which changes to the normal monoclinic form over a month, or faster when heated.
References
Copper compounds
Sulfites
Mixed valence compounds |
George William Archer (October 1, 1939 – September 25, 2005) was an American professional golfer who won 13 events on the PGA Tour, including one major championship, the Masters in 1969.
Early years
Born in San Francisco, California, Archer was raised just south in San Mateo. He grew to tall, and as a boy he dreamed of a basketball career, but took up golf at San Mateo High School after working as a caddy at the Peninsula Golf and Country Club near his home. He was kicked off the high school basketball team because he missed too many practices due to golf.
Tour career
Archer turned professional in 1964 and claimed the first of 13 victories on the PGA Tour at the Lucky International Open the following year.
The leading achievement of his career was his win at the Masters in 1969. In the first round, he fired a 67, good for second place behind Billy Casper. His subsequent rounds of 73-69-72 earned him a one-stroke victory over runners-up Casper, Tom Weiskopf, and George Knudson.
Archer's other top-10 finishes in the majors came at the U.S. Open (10th in 1969, fifth in 1971) and the PGA Championship (fourth in 1968).
Archer was hampered by injuries throughout his career and had surgery on his left wrist (1975), back (1979) and left shoulder (1987). In 1996, he had his right hip replaced and two years later became the first man to win on the Senior PGA Tour (now the PGA Tour Champions) after having a hip replacement. He won 19 times on the Senior Tour between 1989 and 2000, although he did not win a senior major. Archer is also the only player in PGA Tour Champions history to win a tournament in each of the first three decades of its existence.
Archer is considered one of the game's all-time great putters, and at one time held the PGA Tour record for fewest putts over four rounds with 94 putts at the Sea Pines Heritage in 1980 (1.3 per hole). The record stood for nine years, until broken by Kenny Knox in 1989.
Archer was known as the "Golfing Cowboy," due to a summer job in his youth at his friend and sponsor, Eugene Selvage's Lucky Hereford Ranch in Gilroy.
Archer made Masters history in 1983 when he employed its first female caddy, his 19-year-old daughter Elizabeth, in the first year that outside caddies were allowed at Augusta National. He finished tied for 12th, his third-best at Augusta and final top-20 finish in a major. At the time Liz was a sophomore at Stanford University and had caddied for her father at twenty previous events; a member of the Cardinal track team, she threw the javelin and discus. She started caddying for him on tour in the summer of 1980, prior to her senior year at Gilroy High School.
Death
Archer died of Burkitt's lymphoma – a lymphatic system malignancy – in Incline Village, Nevada in 2005, several days before his 66th birthday. He was survived by his wife, Donna, and two daughters, Elizabeth and Marilyn. He played his final round of golf with his wife in nearby Truckee on August 25, a month before his death.
Illiteracy
Six months after his death, Archer's widow, Donna, revealed in the March/April 2006 issue of Golf For Women magazine that he had suffered his entire life from a severe form of learning impairment. Despite years of effort and the consultation of many experts, he was never able to read more than the simplest sentences and could only write his own name. She reported that they never revealed this truth beyond their family and that Archer lived in constant fear that the secret of his illiteracy would be revealed.
In 2008, Donna created the George Archer Memorial Foundation for Literacy, a 501(c)(3) organization located in Incline Village, Nevada. The Foundation's mission is to raise funds to identify reading deficiencies, diagnose causes and effective treatments for learning disabilities, improve systems for training teachers, tutors and other educators in literacy issues, provide grants, stipends and scholarships for deserving students, and assist in the development of tools and techniques for the effective teaching of reading and writing skills. The Foundation's primary fundraiser is the George Archer Memorial Stroke of Genius Pro-Am golf tournament held every October since 2008 at the Peninsula Golf and Country Club, in San Mateo, California – the club at which Archer began his golf career.
Amateur wins
1963 Trans-Mississippi Amateur, San Francisco City Championship
Professional wins (43)
PGA Tour wins (13)
PGA Tour playoff record (4–3)
Other wins (7)
1963 Northern California Open, Northern California Medal Play
1964 Northern California Open
1967 Northern California Open
1969 Argentine Masters
1981 Colombian Open
1982 Philippines Invitational
Senior PGA Tour wins (19)
*Note: The 1993 Ameritech Senior Open was shortened to 36 holes due to lightning.
Senior PGA Tour Tour playoff record (4–2)
Other senior wins (4)
1990 Sports Shinko Cup, Princeville Classic
1991 Sports Shinko Cup
1994 Chrysler Cup (individual)
Major championships
Wins (1)
Results timeline
CUT = missed the half-way cut
WD = withdrew
"T" = tied
Summary
Most consecutive cuts made – 13 (1969 PGA – 1973 PGA)
Longest streak of top-10s – 3 (1968 PGA – 1969 U.S. Open)
See also
List of golfers with most Champions Tour wins
References
External links
An interview from 2003
The Secret They Shared Golf For Women, March/April 2006
Sports Illustrated cover: April 21, 1969
George Archer Memorial Foundation for Literacy
American male golfers
PGA Tour golfers
PGA Tour Champions golfers
Winners of men's major golf championships
Golfers from San Francisco
San Mateo High School alumni
Deaths from lymphoma
Deaths from cancer in Nevada
1939 births
2005 deaths |
Joseph Jarvis Cook was an American Colonel who served the Confederate States Navy during the American Civil War. He was most notable for being the main Confederate commander at the Battle of Galveston Harbor.
Biography
Early life
Cook was born on New Bern, North Carolina on December 1, 1826, as the son of Major and Mary W. Cook.
He entered military service in 1848 at Annapolis, Maryland and graduated from the naval academy there at the same year but was discharged from the United States Navy in 1852. Due to this, he moved to Fairfield, Alabama where he would farm at his plantation until the outbreak of the American Civil War. During his life there, he married Melissa Dew in 1851 and had one daughter with her.
American Civil War
Around 1861, Cook was at Harrisburg, Texas but when the Union blockaded the Texan coast, Cook enlisted as a lieutenant colonel and formed the Active Company of Dixie Grays. This unit would spend time at Fort Herbert at the Galveston area before being merged into the 3rd Texas Artillery Battalion and Cook assuming command of the Battalion. When Union ships arrived at the area in October 1862, Cook participated at the Battle of Galveston Harbor before asking for a negotiation after the Confederate defeat but then assisting the Confederates at the Battle of Galveston at Kuhn's Wharf.
He later participated at the Second Battle of Sabine Pass and repelled the Union advance there. However he later had to get a surgery in 1864, reducing his military career before surrendering on June 2, 1865. He was paroled on August 8 of the same year and returned to Alabama. Cook later died on January 31, 1869, from unknown circumstances and was buried at Cook Cemetery, Pickensville, Alabama.
References
1826 births
1869 deaths
People of North Carolina in the American Civil War
People of Texas in the American Civil War
Confederate States Navy officers |
In thermodynamics, the Gibbs free energy (or Gibbs energy as the recommended name; symbol ) is a thermodynamic potential that can be used to calculate the maximum amount of work, other than pressure-volume work, that may be performed by a thermodynamically closed system at constant temperature and pressure. It also provides a necessary condition for processes such as chemical reactions that may occur under these conditions. The Gibbs free energy is expressed as
where p is pressure, T is the temperature, U is the internal energy, V is volume, H is the enthalpy, and S is the entropy.
The Gibbs free energy change , measured in joules in SI) is the maximum amount of non-volume expansion work that can be extracted from a closed system (one that can exchange heat and work with its surroundings, but not matter) at fixed temperature and pressure. This maximum can be attained only in a completely reversible process. When a system transforms reversibly from an initial state to a final state under these conditions, the decrease in Gibbs free energy equals the work done by the system to its surroundings, minus the work of the pressure forces.
The Gibbs energy is the thermodynamic potential that is minimized when a system reaches chemical equilibrium at constant pressure and temperature when not driven by an applied electrolytic voltage. Its derivative with respect to the reaction coordinate of the system then vanishes at the equilibrium point. As such, a reduction in is necessary for a reaction to be spontaneous under these conditions.
The concept of Gibbs free energy, originally called available energy, was developed in the 1870s by the American scientist Josiah Willard Gibbs. In 1873, Gibbs described this "available energy" as
The initial state of the body, according to Gibbs, is supposed to be such that "the body can be made to pass from it to states of dissipated energy by reversible processes". In his 1876 magnum opus On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances, a graphical analysis of multi-phase chemical systems, he engaged his thoughts on chemical-free energy in full.
If the reactants and products are all in their thermodynamic standard states, then the defining equation is written as , where is enthalpy, is absolute temperature, and is entropy.
Overview
According to the second law of thermodynamics, for systems reacting at fixed temperature and pressure without input of non-Pressure Volume (pV) work, there is a general natural tendency to achieve a minimum of the Gibbs free energy.
A quantitative measure of the favorability of a given reaction under these conditions is the change ΔG (sometimes written "delta G" or "dG") in Gibbs free energy that is (or would be) caused by the reaction. As a necessary condition for the reaction to occur at constant temperature and pressure, ΔG must be smaller than the non-pressure-volume (non-pV, e.g. electrical) work, which is often equal to zero (then ΔG must be negative). ΔG equals the maximum amount of non-pV work that can be performed as a result of the chemical reaction for the case of a reversible process. If analysis indicates a positive ΔG for a reaction, then energy — in the form of electrical or other non-pV work — would have to be added to the reacting system for ΔG to be smaller than the non-pV work and make it possible for the reaction to occur.
One can think of ∆G as the amount of "free" or "useful" energy available to do non-pV work at constant temperature and pressure. The equation can be also seen from the perspective of the system taken together with its surroundings (the rest of the universe). First, one assumes that the given reaction at constant temperature and pressure is the only one that is occurring. Then the entropy released or absorbed by the system equals the entropy that the environment must absorb or release, respectively. The reaction will only be allowed if the total entropy change of the universe is zero or positive. This is reflected in a negative ΔG, and the reaction is called an exergonic process.
If two chemical reactions are coupled, then an otherwise endergonic reaction (one with positive ΔG) can be made to happen. The input of heat into an inherently endergonic reaction, such as the elimination of cyclohexanol to cyclohexene, can be seen as coupling an unfavorable reaction (elimination) to a favorable one (burning of coal or other provision of heat) such that the total entropy change of the universe is greater than or equal to zero, making the total Gibbs free energy change of the coupled reactions negative.
In traditional use, the term "free" was included in "Gibbs free energy" to mean "available in the form of useful work". The characterization becomes more precise if we add the qualification that it is the energy available for non-pressure-volume work. (An analogous, but slightly different, meaning of "free" applies in conjunction with the Helmholtz free energy, for systems at constant temperature). However, an increasing number of books and journal articles do not include the attachment "free", referring to G as simply "Gibbs energy". This is the result of a 1988 IUPAC meeting to set unified terminologies for the international scientific community, in which the removal of the adjective "free" was recommended. This standard, however, has not yet been universally adopted.
The name "free enthalpy" was also used for G in the past.
History
The quantity called "free energy" is a more advanced and accurate replacement for the outdated term affinity, which was used by chemists in the earlier years of physical chemistry to describe the force that caused chemical reactions.
In 1873, Josiah Willard Gibbs published A Method of Geometrical Representation of the Thermodynamic Properties of Substances by Means of Surfaces, in which he sketched the principles of his new equation that was able to predict or estimate the tendencies of various natural processes to ensue when bodies or systems are brought into contact. By studying the interactions of homogeneous substances in contact, i.e., bodies composed of part solid, part liquid, and part vapor, and by using a three-dimensional volume-entropy-internal energy graph, Gibbs was able to determine three states of equilibrium, i.e., "necessarily stable", "neutral", and "unstable", and whether or not changes would ensue. Further, Gibbs stated:
In this description, as used by Gibbs, ε refers to the internal energy of the body, η refers to the entropy of the body, and ν is the volume of the body...
Thereafter, in 1882, the German scientist Hermann von Helmholtz characterized the affinity as the largest quantity of work which can be gained when the reaction is carried out in a reversible manner, e.g., electrical work in a reversible cell. The maximum work is thus regarded as the diminution of the free, or available, energy of the system (Gibbs free energy G at T = constant, P = constant or Helmholtz free energy F at T = constant, V = constant), whilst the heat given out is usually a measure of the diminution of the total energy of the system (internal energy). Thus, G or F is the amount of energy "free" for work under the given conditions.
Until this point, the general view had been such that: "all chemical reactions drive the system to a state of equilibrium in which the affinities of the reactions vanish". Over the next 60 years, the term affinity came to be replaced with the term free energy. According to chemistry historian Henry Leicester, the influential 1923 textbook Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Substances by Gilbert N. Lewis and Merle Randall led to the replacement of the term "affinity" by the term "free energy" in much of the English-speaking world.
Definitions
The Gibbs free energy is defined as
which is the same as
where:
U is the internal energy (SI unit: joule),
p is pressure (SI unit: pascal),
V is volume (SI unit: m3),
T is the temperature (SI unit: kelvin),
S is the entropy (SI unit: joule per kelvin),
H is the enthalpy (SI unit: joule).
The expression for the infinitesimal reversible change in the Gibbs free energy as a function of its "natural variables" p and T, for an open system, subjected to the operation of external forces (for instance, electrical or magnetic) Xi, which cause the external parameters of the system ai to change by an amount dai, can be derived as follows from the first law for reversible processes:
where:
μi is the chemical potential of the i-th chemical component. (SI unit: joules per particle or joules per mole)
Ni is the number of particles (or number of moles) composing the i-th chemical component.
This is one form of the Gibbs fundamental equation. In the infinitesimal expression, the term involving the chemical potential accounts for changes in Gibbs free energy resulting from an influx or outflux of particles. In other words, it holds for an open system or for a closed, chemically reacting system where the Ni are changing. For a closed, non-reacting system, this term may be dropped.
Any number of extra terms may be added, depending on the particular system being considered. Aside from mechanical work, a system may, in addition, perform numerous other types of work. For example, in the infinitesimal expression, the contractile work energy associated with a thermodynamic system that is a contractile fiber that shortens by an amount −dl under a force f would result in a term f dl being added. If a quantity of charge −de is acquired by a system at an electrical potential Ψ, the electrical work associated with this is −Ψ de, which would be included in the infinitesimal expression. Other work terms are added on per system requirements.
Each quantity in the equations above can be divided by the amount of substance, measured in moles, to form molar Gibbs free energy. The Gibbs free energy is one of the most important thermodynamic functions for the characterization of a system. It is a factor in determining outcomes such as the voltage of an electrochemical cell, and the equilibrium constant for a reversible reaction. In isothermal, isobaric systems, Gibbs free energy can be thought of as a "dynamic" quantity, in that it is a representative measure of the competing effects of the enthalpic and entropic driving forces involved in a thermodynamic process.
The temperature dependence of the Gibbs energy for an ideal gas is given by the Gibbs–Helmholtz equation, and its pressure dependence is given by
or more conveniently as its chemical potential:
In non-ideal systems, fugacity comes into play.
Derivation
The Gibbs free energy total differential with respect to natural variables may be derived by Legendre transforms of the internal energy.
The definition of G from above is
.
Taking the total differential, we have
Replacing dU with the result from the first law gives
The natural variables of G are then p, T, and {Ni}.
Homogeneous systems
Because S, V, and Ni are extensive variables, an Euler relation allows easy integration of dU:
Because some of the natural variables of G are intensive, dG may not be integrated using Euler relations as is the case with internal energy. However, simply substituting the above integrated result for U into the definition of G gives a standard expression for G:
This result shows that the chemical potential of a substance is its (partial) mol(ecul)ar Gibbs free energy. It applies to homogeneous, macroscopic systems, but not to all thermodynamic systems.
Gibbs free energy of reactions
The system under consideration is held at constant temperature and pressure, and is closed (no matter can come in or out). The Gibbs energy of any system is and an infinitesimal change in G, at constant temperature and pressure, yields
.
By the first law of thermodynamics, a change in the internal energy U is given by
where is energy added as heat, and is energy added as work. The work done on the system may be written as , where is the mechanical work of compression/expansion done on or by the system and is all other forms of work, which may include electrical, magnetic, etc. Then
and the infinitesimal change in G is
.
The second law of thermodynamics states that for a closed system at constant temperature (in a heat bath), and so it follows that
Assuming that only mechanical work is done, this simplifies to
This means that for such a system when not in equilibrium, the Gibbs energy will always be decreasing, and in equilibrium, the infinitesimal change dG will be zero. In particular, this will be true if the system is experiencing any number of internal chemical reactions on its path to equilibrium.
In electrochemical thermodynamics
When electric charge dQele is passed between the electrodes of an electrochemical cell generating an emf , an electrical work term appears in the expression for the change in Gibbs energy:
where S is the entropy, V is the system volume, p is its pressure and T is its absolute temperature.
The combination (, Qele) is an example of a conjugate pair of variables. At constant pressure the above equation produces a Maxwell relation that links the change in open cell voltage with temperature T (a measurable quantity) to the change in entropy S when charge is passed isothermally and isobarically. The latter is closely related to the reaction entropy of the electrochemical reaction that lends the battery its power. This Maxwell relation is:
If a mole of ions goes into solution (for example, in a Daniell cell, as discussed below) the charge through the external circuit is
where n0 is the number of electrons/ion, and F0 is the Faraday constant and the minus sign indicates discharge of the cell. Assuming constant pressure and volume, the thermodynamic properties of the cell are related strictly to the behavior of its emf by
where ΔH is the enthalpy of reaction. The quantities on the right are all directly measurable.
Useful identities to derive the Nernst equation
During a reversible electrochemical reaction at constant temperature and pressure, the following equations involving the Gibbs free energy hold:
(see chemical equilibrium),
(for a system at chemical equilibrium),
(for a reversible electrochemical process at constant temperature and pressure),
(definition of ),
and rearranging gives
which relates the cell potential resulting from the reaction to the equilibrium constant and reaction quotient for that reaction (Nernst equation),
where
, Gibbs free energy change per mole of reaction,
, Gibbs free energy change per mole of reaction for unmixed reactants and products at standard conditions (i.e. 298K, 100kPa, 1M of each reactant and product),
, gas constant,
, absolute temperature,
, natural logarithm,
, reaction quotient (unitless),
, equilibrium constant (unitless),
, electrical work in a reversible process (chemistry sign convention),
, number of moles of electrons transferred in the reaction,
, Faraday constant (charge per mole of electrons),
, cell potential,
, standard cell potential.
Moreover, we also have
which relates the equilibrium constant with Gibbs free energy. This implies that at equilibrium
and
Standard Gibbs energy change of formation
The standard Gibbs free energy of formation of a compound is the change of Gibbs free energy that accompanies the formation of 1 mole of that substance from its component elements, in their standard states (the most stable form of the element at 25 °C and 100 kPa). Its symbol is ΔfG˚.
All elements in their standard states (diatomic oxygen gas, graphite, etc.) have standard Gibbs free energy change of formation equal to zero, as there is no change involved.
ΔfG = ΔfG˚ + RT ln Qf,
where Qf is the reaction quotient.
At equilibrium, ΔfG = 0, and Qf = K, so the equation becomes
ΔfG˚ = −RT ln K,
where K is the equilibrium constant of the formation reaction of the substance from the elements in their standard states.
Graphical interpretation by Gibbs
Gibbs free energy was originally defined graphically. In 1873, American scientist Willard Gibbs published his first thermodynamics paper, "Graphical Methods in the Thermodynamics of Fluids", in which Gibbs used the two coordinates of the entropy and volume to represent the state of the body. In his second follow-up paper, "A Method of Geometrical Representation of the Thermodynamic Properties of Substances by Means of Surfaces", published later that year, Gibbs added in the third coordinate of the energy of the body, defined on three figures. In 1874, Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell used Gibbs' figures to make a 3D energy-entropy-volume thermodynamic surface of a fictitious water-like substance. Thus, in order to understand the concept of Gibbs free energy, it may help to understand its interpretation by Gibbs as section AB on his figure 3, and as Maxwell sculpted that section on his 3D surface figure.
See also
Bioenergetics
Calphad (CALculation of PHAse Diagrams)
Critical point (thermodynamics)
Electron equivalent
Enthalpy-entropy compensation
Free entropy
Gibbs–Helmholtz equation
Grand potential
Non-random two-liquid model (NRTL model) – Gibbs energy of excess and mixing calculation and activity coefficients
Spinodal – Spinodal Curves (Hessian matrix)
Standard molar entropy
Thermodynamic free energy
UNIQUAC model – Gibbs energy of excess and mixing calculation and activity coefficients
Notes and references
External links
IUPAC definition (Gibbs energy)
Gibbs Free Energy – Georgia State University
Physical quantities
State functions
Thermodynamic free energy |
Leila Ida Nerissa Bathurst Waddell, also known as Laylah, (10 August 1880 – 13 September 1932), born Leila Ida Bathurst Waddell, was an Australian violinist who became a Scarlet Woman of Aleister Crowley, and a powerful historical figure in magick and Thelema in her own right. While biographer Toby Creswell posited that Leila was part-Maori, he provides no evidence of this; in fact NSW birth deaths and marriages records show she was the granddaughter of John Crane (Coventry, England) and Janet McKenzie (Fort William, Inverness-shire, Scotland) and John Waddell and Elizabeth McAnally (both of County Monaghan, Ireland).
Musician
Leila Ida Bathurst Waddell was born in Bathurst, New South Wales, the daughter of Mr. and Mrs. David Waddell.
She began her professional career as a violin teacher at Presbyterian Ladies' College, Croydon, and Ascham and Kambala schools.
In 1908, Waddell was a member of the gypsy band in A Waltz Dream at Daly's London Theatre. It was while in London that she met Aleister Crowley. They studied the occult and took mescaline together.
Crowley's muse
Waddell was familiarly addressed by Crowley as "Laylah", and was immortalised in his 1912 or 1913 volume The Book of Lies and his 1929 autobiography The Confessions of Aleister Crowley. Crowley referred to her, variously, as "Divine Whore", "Mother of Heaven", "Sister Cybele", "Scarlet Woman", and "Whore of Babylon". His Book of Lies was largely dedicated to Waddell, with poems like "Duck Billed Platypus" and "Waratah Blossoms". A photograph of her in ritual is reproduced in the volume.
Waddell herself was an accomplished writer and magician. In October and November 1910, Crowley starred Waddell and other members of his magical order the Argenteum Astrum in his series of dramatic planetary-based magical rites, the Rites of Eleusis, at London's Caxton Hall.
In 1912, Waddell, and fellow Crowley students Mary Desti and Mary Butts, were given co-authorship credit on Crowley's Magick (Book 4) as they wrote down his words, helped shape them by asking defining questions, and elicited Crowley's commentary on pertinent points.
Crowley also starred Waddell, along with other 'fiddlers', in a septette called "The Ragged Ragtime Girls" on the London stage. This vaudeville troupe also toured Europe, the US and Russia, promoted by Crowley.
Laylah was probably Aleister Crowley's most powerful muse, as she inspired numerous poems in addition to numerous chapters in The Book of Lies. Crowley based two of his short stories on Leila – "The Vixen" and "The Violinist".
In 1915, Crowley stood at the base of the Statue of Liberty (formally Liberty Enlightening the World) and declared an Irish Republic in a long and impassioned speech accompanied by Waddell on the violin. The relationship with Crowley disintegrated as a consequence of his infidelities.
Later life
In 1923, Waddell returned to Sydney to nurse her ailing father. She performed with JC Williamson Ltd Orchestra at Her Majesty's Theatre and the Criterion, and with the Conservatorium and Philharmonic Societies Orchestras. In between times she resumed teaching, this time at the Convent School of the Sacred Heart in Sydney's Elizabeth Bay.
She died, unmarried, of cancer at age 52. The Sydney Morning Herald noted: "Besides possessing an excellent technique, Miss Waddell's style as a violinist was particularly marked by charm and refinement."
See also
List of occultists
List of works by Aleister Crowley
Libri of Aleister Crowley
Sex magic
References
External links
"Leila Waddell recognised at Bathurst 200 Celebration"
Australian violinists
1880 births
1932 deaths
20th-century violinists
20th-century women musicians
Australian Thelemites
Australian people of Irish descent
Muses
People educated at Ascham School
People from Bathurst, New South Wales
Australian women violinists |
is a passenger railway station in the city of Maebashi, Gunma Prefecture, Japan, operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East).
Lines
Maebashi-Ōshima Station is served by the Ryōmō Line and is located from the terminus of the line at Oyama Station, and from Takasaki Station. The preceding station of is away and the following station of is away.
Station layout
The station consists of two opposed side platforms connected by a footbridge. The station contains automatic ticket vending machine. The station has many accessibility features such as escalators, elevators, Mobility scooter access, wheelchair-accessible bathroom, and a Braille Fare table.
Platforms
History
Before Maebashi-Ōshima Station was opened, another station by the name of Higashi-Maebashi was situated near current day Maebashi-Ōshima from the year 1955 to 1987.
Maebashi-Ōshima Station was opened on 12 March 1999. The Midori no Madoguchi ticket office was closed on 30 November 2021.
Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2021, the station was used by an average of 1,314 passengers daily (boarding passengers only).
Below is table containing the passenger statistics since the year 2000:
Surrounding area
East Maebashi Industrial Park
Amagawa-Ōshima Post Office
Round One Maebashi
Hachimanyama Kofun
Hello Work Maebashi
See also
List of railway stations in Japan
References
External links
JR East Station information
Railway stations in Gunma Prefecture
Ryōmō Line
Stations of East Japan Railway Company
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1999
Maebashi |
Vera Marion Beaudin Saeedpour (pronounced sah-EED-por; née Fine; March 27, 1930 – May 30, 2010) was an American researcher and scholar who specialized in the study of Kurdish people. She founded the Kurdish Heritage Foundation of America, the first library and museum in the United States dedicated to the subject. The foundation was located in the Prospect Heights neighborhood of Brooklyn in New York City.
Early life
Saeedpour was born Vera Marion Fine in Barre, Vermont on March 27, 1930, to Jewish immigrants from Russia. Her father sold scrap metal and rags for a living.
She grew up in the only Jewish family in the town. At age 17, she eloped with Marcel Beaudin and moved to Brooklyn, where she worked at a bakery. She later spent eight years working as an assistant to New York City real estate developer Seymour Durst. The couple had four sons, Marc, Paul, Adam and Jeb, and one daughter, Rebecca. Their marriage ended in divorce.
At age 40 she enrolled at the University of Vermont, where she earned a bachelor's degree in sociology and a master's degree in philosophy. After her divorce from Beaudin, she enrolled at Teachers College, Columbia University, where she earned a Ph.D. in 1976.
While at Columbia, she moved to an apartment in Harlem. When her home was robbed, she called out to a man in an apartment across the street to ask if he had witnessed the burglary. That man, Homayoun Saeedpour, a 26-year-old Kurd from Sanandaj, later rang her doorbell and offered cake and flowers. They married soon after.
Kurdish interest
After her marriage to Saeedpour, Vera developed an interest in the plight of the Kurdish people. She was unfamiliar with the Kurds and their history when she first met her husband, but a decade later she felt she got to "know the Kurds better than any Westerner living". At one point, in need of a bone marrow transplant to treat his leukemia, her husband's doctor refused to treat him, believing that he was Persian.
They were married 5 years. Following her husband's death, in 1986, Saeedpour opened the Kurdish Heritage Foundation of America with a library in her Prospect Heights, Brooklyn brownstone. The museum, opened in 1988, was the first museum with a focus on the Kurds in the United States. The library contained more than 3,000 texts in Kurdish and other languages, as well as Kurdish artifacts, art, costumes and maps. After her death the collection was donated to the Binghamton University by her children.
For 15 years Saeedpour published a comprehensive and insightful quarterly on the middle east called Kurdish Life and edited the International Journal of Kurdish Studies as part of the Kurdish Program she established together with anthropologists at Harvard University and Cultural Survival. Before the Gulf War, she organized a speaking tour for Kurdish politician Jalal Talabani, later to become President of Iraq.
Death
A resident of Fort Plain, New York, Saeedpour died at age 80 of a heart attack on May 30, 2010, in Schenectady, New York. She is survived by her five children and two grandchildren.
References
External links
Vera Beaudin Saeedpour Kurdish Library Museum Collection, Binghamton University Libraries
1930 births
2010 deaths
20th-century American Jews
Teachers College, Columbia University alumni
Kurdish culture
People from Barre, Vermont
Academics from Brooklyn
People from Fort Plain, New York
University of Vermont alumni
21st-century American Jews
Jews and Judaism in Vermont |
Football Manager is a video game series published and developed by Addictive Games, the label set up by the game's creator Kevin Toms. The first game was released in 1982. It was then ported to most home computers during the 1980s and spawned several sequels: Football Manager 2 (1988) and Football Manager World Cup Edition (1990), both designed by Kevin Toms, and finally Football Manager 3 (1992), without Toms' involvement. Football Manager 3 sold poorly, and as a result the series came to an end. The series was claimed to have sold over a million copies by 1992 and close to two million copies overall. The game was to start a whole new genre of computer game, the football management simulation.
Football Manager
Toms developed the first game on a Video Genie, a clone of the Tandy TRS-80. This was a text only game. It was converted to the Sinclair ZX80 and ZX81, and Toms created the software label Addictive Games to launch the game in 1982. It was then ported to the ZX Spectrum with added animated graphics showing match highlights.
Football Manager 2
Following the sale of Addictive Games to Prism Leisure Corporation in 1987, Kevin Toms concentrated on creating a second Football Manager game. Unlike the original BASIC only game, the sequel required machine code which meant working with a number of developers for various systems. For the ZX Spectrum version, this was Bedrock Software. Unlike the first game that was stagger-released over a period of 5 years, Football Manager 2 was launched on all formats at the same time in June 1988, although it was available on a much smaller range of systems - Commodore 64, ZX Spectrum, Amstrad CPC, Amiga, Atari ST and PC.
Football Manager World Cup Edition
Development and release
Football Manager World Cup Edition was again designed by Kevin Toms with various programmers for different systems (including Bedrock Software for all 8-bit versions). A main figure in the management of the game was lost and not replaced and with the deadline of the World Cup dictating the release date, Toms felt the game was rushed and unfinished. This was the last involvement Toms had with either the series or Addictive Games.
The game was released in Summer 1990, to tie in with Italia '90, on all platforms Football Manager 2 had been as well as the MSX. The game was released in a 'big box' with World Cup wallchart and competitions including a chance to feature on the cover of the upcoming Football Manager 3 along with Kevin Toms (although this was never honoured as Toms had no involvement with that game).
Gameplay
Gameplay was radically changed from the previous two games. The player chooses a national team and must qualify for and then compete in the World Cup (although choosing champions Argentina or hosts Italy skips qualification). Player names can be entered at the start of the game ensuring they are correct.
Although there is no financial element or any transfers, the basic team management elements of the previous games are still retained. There is more detail in the team set up such as each player being given tactics. The highlights are again shown over 3 screens (although played from top to bottom rather than left to right) but there is also the option of watching from an overhead view of the whole pitch.
The main addition to the game is the ability to talk to your players in the dressing room and to the press. A graphical screen is shown and the player can choose from a set list of phrases to answer reporters' questions before a game and motivate the team in the dressing room at half time. This affects the team's morale which in turn affects their performance.
Reception
Your Sinclair gave a broadly positive review, particularly praising the new team talk and reporters' questions but questioned if it could win over new fans. It gave a score of 82% concluding "it's slick, well-programmed and it's got more depth than Marianas Trench [sic], but if you don't like management games you'll probably end up using the pictures of Kevin Toms to throw darts at." Spanish magazine MicroHobby gave the game a score of 60%. The Spectrum version of the game went to number 2 in the UK full price sales charts, behind Italy 1990.
Football Manager 3
Development and release
Football Manager 3, while already planned when Kevin Toms was still working with Prism Leisure on the World Cup Edition, was created without any involvement from the series' creator. Toms cited 'artistic differences' for the breakdown in the relationship between himself and Prism. The game was instead developed by Brian Rogers of Bedrock Software, who had actually been involved in programming the series since Football Manager 2.
Release of the game was delayed. While a playable demo of the ZX Spectrum version was included on the cover tape of the September 1991 issue of Your Sinclair, with an expected release date 'a couple of months' later, the game was finally released at the end of 1992. Also, though versions were planned and advertised for all of the platforms Football Manager 2 had been released on, the ST and Amiga versions were never released.
Gameplay
The game is completely redesigned and bears little resemblance to the previous installments. The game centres around a graphical screen of the manager's office with different parts of the game accessed by clicking on various items (e.g. the computer screen for results and fixtures, the picture of the team for training etc.). The game features a full 92 team league system (including the Charity Shield for the first time) and the teams begin the first season in the correct divisions (the 91/92 season for most versions, the 92/93 season including the newly formed Premier League in the C64 version) but the player's team, as in previous games, will always begin in the bottom division. The players, however, do not resemble real footballers and have random names (always shown with middle initials). The game always begins with a team of aging players with low skill ratings.
There is much more detail for individual player attributes with three endurance and five skill values that can be altered through training. Each player also has a face which is shown when picking the team. Player contracts have to be negotiated and out of contract players will leave the club. The transfer market is much improved with each team in the league having named players for the first time with histories that can be studied when deciding to buy a new player. The matches are shown side-on with the whole pitch on screen. They are also meant to represent the whole game rather than edited highlights. Text commentary is shown at the bottom of the screen as the match is played. Unlike the previous two games, there is no chance to change tactics or substitute at half time. The team talk and reporter elements are also removed in this version.
Reception
The game was not as well received as previous versions. Philip Lindey in Sinclair User suggested it was "difficult to get excited about Football Manager 3" and that it was overpriced, giving an overall score of 73%. Stuart Campbell in Your Sinclair thought the game was "not quite up to the standard of Football Manager 2, to be honest, with vastly inferior presentation and graphics, and lots of hanging around while the computer thinks and doesn't seem to be working properly", giving a score of 70%. Amstrad Action awarded the game only 38%, again claiming it did not live up to Football Manager 2.
Legacy
The Football Manager name was revived in 2004 by Sports Interactive as a continuation for their Championship Manager series after they lost the naming rights following a split with their publishers Eidos Interactive.
In August 2015, Toms began rewriting the original 1982 Football Manager game for mobile devices after pitching the idea to his followers, drawing on his work experience of business app development. The new game, Football Star* Manager (KTFSM), was released in 2016 to an overwhelmingly positive response from buyers – many of them former players of the original Football Manager series. KTFSM was first released on iOS and Android; since its release, the game has been ported to macOS, Windows 10 and Amazon Fire. The game is as near to the original Football Manager as you can get on the new platforms.
In January 2022, Kevin launched a Kickstarter to fund a new version of his Football Manager game, Football New Manager, to mark the 40th anniversary of the original game.
References
1990 video games
1992 video games
Amiga games
Amstrad CPC games
Association football management video games
Atari ST games
Commodore 64 games
DOS games
GP2X games
MSX games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Video game franchises introduced in 1982
ZX Spectrum games
Addictive Games games |
Edith Longstreth Wood (March 22, 1884 – February 1967) was an American painter. She was a member of the Philadelphia Ten.
Biography
Longstreth was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1884. After graduating from Friends' Central School 1901, and then from 1901 to 1905 she attended Bryn Mawr College, and from 1906 to 1907 she attended the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts.
Wood married William Wood in 1912. The couple lived in California until William's death in 1922, when she returned to Philadelphia.
Wood exhibited regularly at the Philadelphia Print Club, the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, and the Philadelphia Art Alliance. She was a member of the Philadelphia Art Alliance, the Philadelphia Print Club, the Philadelphia Ten, the Southern Vermont Artists, the Plastic Club, and the North Shore Art Association.
In 1937 the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts purchased her painting "Anemones" for their collection.
Wood died in 1967. The same year the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts held a one-woman memorial exhibition of her work.
References
1885 births
1967 deaths
20th-century American women artists
20th-century American painters
American women painters
Painters from Philadelphia
Bryn Mawr College alumni
Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts alumni |
Yukarı Hacılar (Laz language: P'ayante) is a neighbourhood of the town Arhavi, Arhavi District, Artvin Province, Turkey. Its population is 883 (2021). The majority of the neighbourhood's residents are of Laz ethnicity.
References
Arhavi District
Laz settlements in Turkey
Neighbourhoods in Artvin Province |
The county of Cumbria is divided into 6 parliamentary constituencies: 1 borough constituency for the City of Carlisle and 5 county constituencies.
Constituencies
2010 boundary changes
Under the Fifth Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, the Boundary Commission for England decided to retain Cumbria's constituencies for the 2010 election, making minor changes to realign constituency boundaries with the boundaries of current local government wards, and to reduce the electoral disparity between constituencies.
Proposed boundary changes
See 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies for further details.
Following the abandonment of the Sixth Periodic Review (the 2018 review), the Boundary Commission for England formally launched the 2023 Review on 5 January 2021. Initial proposals were published on 8 June 2021 and, following two periods of public consultation, revised proposals were published on 8 November 2022. The final proposals were published on 28 June 2023.
The commission has proposed that Cumbria be combined with Lancashire as a sub-region of the North West Region, with the existing seat of Morecambe and Lonsdale extending into southern Cumbria to create a cross-county boundary constituency. Copeland, Penrith and The Border, and Workington are abolished and replaced by the new constituencies of Penrith and Solway, and Whitehaven and Workington.
The following constituencies are proposed:
Containing electoral wards from Allerdale
Penrith and Solway (part)
Whitehaven and Workington (part)
Containing electoral wards from Barrow-in-Furness
Barrow and Furness (part)
Containing electoral wards from Carlisle
Carlisle
Penrith and Solway (part)
Containing electoral wards from Copeland
Barrow and Furness (part)
Whitehaven and Workington (part)
Containing electoral wards from Eden
Penrith and Solway (part)
Westmorland and Lonsdale (part)
Containing electoral wards from South Lakeland
Barrow and Furness (part)
Morecambe and Lonsdale (part also in Lancaster in Lancashire)
Westmorland and Lonsdale (part)
Results history
Primary data source: House of Commons research briefing - General election results from 1918 to 2019
2019
The number of votes cast for each political party who fielded candidates in constituencies comprising Cumbria in the 2019 general election were as follows:
Percentage votes
11983 & 1987 - SDP-Liberal Alliance
* Included in Other
Seats
11983 & 1987 - SDP-Liberal Alliance
Maps
1885-1910: Cumberland and Westmorland
1918-1945
1950-1979
1983-present: Cumbria
Historical representation by party
A cell marked → (with a different colour background to the preceding cell) indicates that the previous MP continued to sit under a new party name.
1885 to 1918
1918 to 1950
1950 to 1983
1983 to present
See also
List of parliamentary constituencies in the North West (region)
List of United Kingdom Parliament constituencies
Notes
References
Cumbria
Parliamentary constituencies |
Tajik League is the top division of the Tajikistan Football Federation, it was created in 1992. These are the statistics of the Tajik League in the 2004 season.
Table
Top scorers
External links
Tajikistan Higher League seasons
1
Tajik
Tajik |
Presents Author Unknown (sometimes simply, Author Unknown) is the debut studio album by Jason Falkner (formerly of The Three O'Clock, Jellyfish, and The Grays), released on August 13, 1996 by Elektra Entertainment.
Save for the string arrangements, and a guitar overdub by Alain Johannes on the track "Miracle Medicine", Falkner performs every instrument on the album.
The album was supported by singles for the songs "I Live", "Miracle Medicine", and "Follow Me". Despite receiving critical acclaim from contemporary critics, the album was a commercial disappointment, which Falkner has attributed to a lack of promotion from his label Elektra.
Background and release
Departure from Jellyfish and The Grays
Before the recording of Presents Author Unknown, Falkner was the lead guitarist for the San Francisco-based power pop band, Jellyfish. He left the group shortly after the promotional tour for the group's 1990 debut, Bellybutton, due to a lack of promised songwriting credits and lead vocals on the group's songs. After quitting, Falkner reluctantly joined the band The Grays. The group released one record, entitled Ro Sham Bo, in 1994. The band split due to the album's unsuccessful commercial performance. Due to Falkner's previous experiences with bands and his desire to have complete control of his music, he plays nearly all of the instruments on his debut album.
Release and promotion
The album was released on August 13, 1996 on Elektra Entertainment. The album was supported with singles for the songs “I Live”, “Miracle Medicine”, and “Follow Me”. No music videos were released in support of the album.
Compositions
In an article for HuffPost, writer Tony Sachs describes the album's sound as combining “classic ‘60s songcraft, elements of ‘70s glam-rock, and the new-wave sheen of the ‘80s” while “sounding completely contemporary.”
The album opens with the song “I Live” which Matthew Greenwald of AllMusic describes as “a cross between a mid-'70s Raspberries-like power pop sheen and a modernist approach.” The song is an “emotionally direct love song” that uses a descending melody for the chorus. Greenwald called the track “one of his finest, hook-laden rockers” and “one of the great pop moments of the 1990s.”
After the tracks “Miracle Medicine” and “Hectified”, the album continues with the song “Don’t Show Me Heaven” that has been described as using “a comfortable, mid-tempo, power pop melodic base” and “an almost tribal, psychedelic rhythm and series of hooks” to create “an ominous atmosphere that is inescapable.” The song utilizes “ambient sounds, some classical piano flourishes, and an almost Pete Townshend-inspired chord progression” which creates what has been described as “a monolith of sound”. The song's lyrical composition has been interpreted to be about love, with flourishes of mortality and reincarnation.
The song “Before My Heart Attacks” has been described as a mix between “pop, folk, and classical”. It has been compared to the early work of Randy Newman and Harry Nilsson. The lyrics pertain to isolation which is juxtaposed by the song's “subdued yet powerful string arrangement”.
Critical reception
The album has received critical acclaim from contemporary music critics. Mindy Labernz of The Austin Chronicle described the album as "melodious, harmony-laden, and sumptuously produced." She continues by stating that, "His songs are not sanitized by their own perfection, nor do they bury emotions under layers of puns and fictions." To summarize, she says that "Falkner struggles not to make things too familiar. When he wants to seduce the listener, though, as on the wrenching "She Goes to Bed," he is epic. So is much of this album." Brad Webber of the Chicago Tribune, states that Presents Author Unknown "harks to the days when albums were packed with great songs rather than one hit and filler." He continues by saying that "he also takes on a multitude of styles -- neopsychedelia to the near-psychotic." He finishes by saying the album "squarely establishes him as a one-man pop combo with great verve." In a retrospective review for AllMusic, Tim Sendra wrote, “Writing, producing, singing, and playing nearly everything except the occasional guitar overdub (and strings), Jason has released a one-man pop tour de force. Hooks abound and won't let you down. The more you listen, the more you'll find yourself humming along. Standout tracks include "I Go Astray" and "Don't Show Me Heaven," but all are worthy of a listen. It's good ol' pop music. Better still, it's good music.”
Commercial performance
Despite the album’s critical success, Author Unknown was a commercial disappointment. Falkner has attributed this to a lack of proper promotion on behalf of his label, Elektra. The label did not provide Falkner with a band to tour in promotion of the album. In an article for The Guardian, Michael Hann argued that the album’s lack of success was due to the fact that Falkner was “...too pretty to be a proper rocker, too tough to be pop, too eccentric for the jocks, too straightforward for the arty people.” After an attempt to be dropped by the label, Falkner was convinced to stay. Falkner eventually left the label after the release of his sophomore follow-up, Can You Still Feel?.
Track listing
All songs written and composed by Jason Falkner.
Personnel
Jason Falkner — vocals, instruments, string arrangements, mixing (tracks: 2, 4, 6 to 12), production
Alain Johannes — guitar on “Miracle Medicine”
Charlie Barnett — string arrangements
Jack Joseph Puig — mixing (tracks: 1 and 4, assisted by Jack Champagne)
Jim Ebert — mixing (tracks: 2, 4, 6 to 12)
Arthur Smilios — mixing on “Hectified” (assisted by Doug Trantrow and Steve Fitzmaurice)
Andrea Byers, David Stone, David Strenske, Larry Corbett, Nancy Roth, Norman Hughes, Peter Kent, Scott Haupert, and Suzie Katayama — string accompaniment
References
External links
1996 debut albums
Jason Falkner albums |
A Medication Administration Record (MAR, or eMAR for electronic versions), commonly referred to as a drug chart, is the report that serves as a legal record of the drugs administered to a patient at a facility by a health care professional. The MAR is a part of a patient's permanent record on their medical chart. The health care professional signs off on the record at the time that the drug or device is administered.
Format
The actual chart varies from hospital to hospital and country to country. However they are typically of the format:
Administrative/Demographics
Patient Name (often Surname, First name or similar)
Treating team details
Allergies
Other, variable – weight, special diet, oxygen therapy, application time of topical local anaesthetic e.g. EMLA
Prescription Details
Drug name
Dosage strength
Route
Frequency
Medication indication / Diagnosis
Prescribing doctor details, signature
Day by day chart where carers/nurses administering medications can sign when medication has been given
Kardex
A kardex (plural kardexes) is a genericised trademark for a medication administration record. The term is common in Ireland and the United Kingdom. In the Philippines, the term is used to refer the old census charts of the charge nurse usually used during endorsement, in which index cards are used, but has been gradually been replaced by modern health data systems and pre-printed charts and forms. The term derives from an early purveyor of recording cards. American Kardex.
See also
Personal health record
References
Medical records |
Doug Martin (born December 8, 1966) is an American professional golfer.
Martin was born in Bluffton, Ohio. As an amateur, he won the 1984 U.S. Junior Amateur, was semi-finalist at 1988 U.S. Amateur, and played on the 1989 Walker Cup team. He played college golf at University of Oklahoma where he won three events and was a three-time All-American. He graduated and turned professional in 1989.
Martin played on the Nationwide Tour and PGA Tour from 1991 to 1999. On the Nationwide Tour (1991, 1993), he won the 1993 Nike South Texas Open. On the PGA Tour (1992, 1994–99), his best finish was a playoff loss to Vijay Singh at the 1995 Buick Classic.
Martin has been the head coach of the Cincinnati Bearcats men's golf team since the fall of 2007.
Amateur wins
1984 U.S. Junior Amateur
Professional wins (2)
Nike Tour wins (1)
Nike Tour playoff record (1–1)
Other wins (1)
1989 Oklahoma Open
Playoff record
PGA Tour playoff record (0–1)
Results in major championships
CUT = missed the half-way cut
"T" = Tied
Note: Martin never played in the Masters Tournament or The Open Championship.
U.S. national team appearances
Amateur
Walker Cup: 1989
See also
1991 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates
1993 Nike Tour graduates
1994 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates
References
External links
Cincinnati Bearcats profile
American male golfers
Oklahoma Sooners men's golfers
PGA Tour golfers
Cincinnati Bearcats men's golf coaches
Korn Ferry Tour graduates
Golfers from Ohio
People from Bluffton, Ohio
1966 births
Living people |
Jaykaypur (also known as J.K Pur or Jaykaypur Township or JK Pur Township) is a small town in the Rayagada district, Odisha, India. It came into existence due to the inception of JK Paper Mills in the early 1960s, which is now a publicly traded company. As a result, the name "Jaykaypur" is influenced by the company name JK Paper Mills. The company is publicly listed on popular stock exchanges (Nifty 50 and Sensex) in India. The companies' Q2 net profit for FY 23 more than doubled. For many decades, the main developing factor for Jaykaypur is JK Paper Mills. However, today a few other private limited companies and small-scale businesses around the town are also contributing towards the development of areas beyond Jaykaypur. Even though Jaykaypur is a small industrial town, it is highly competitive and has educated people. Children who grew up here achieved tremendous success in their careers and have fanned out to all corners of the globe. Although Jaykaypur is not a home to big educational institutes or universities, two schools (Lakshmipat Singhania Public School and LPS High School) provide enough primary and secondary education for students to have a better foundation. For higher education, especially for engineering, students can go to GIET University, which is approximately 60 kilometers from Jaykaypur.
References
Cities and towns in Rayagada district |
South Kingstown is a town in, and the county seat of, Washington County, Rhode Island, United States. The population was 31,931 at the 2020 census. South Kingstown is the second largest town in Rhode Island by total geographic area, behind New Shoreham, and the third largest town in Rhode Island by geographic land area, behind Exeter and Coventry.
History
The Narragansett Indians were known to occupy a winter camp in the Great Swamp, within present day South Kingstown.
In March of 1638, Rhode Island founder Roger Williams signed an agreement with two Sachems of the Narragansett Tribe, Canonicus and Miantonomoh, establishing the boundaries between the Narragansett Tribe and the Colony of Rhode Island, as well as to purchase Aquidneck Island. The agreement was signed at Pettaquamscutt Rock, which is now a part of South Kingstown. Twenty years later, on January 20, 1658, Roger Williams again met with the Sachems of the Narragansett Tribe to purchase much of the area that is now present-day Washington County, including South Kingstown, in what is now known as the Pettaquamscutt Purchase of 1658. This agreement was also signed at Pettaquamscutt Rock.
South Kingstown was sparsely populated and mostly inhabited by farmers in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth century, due to the high demand for livestock and produce in Newport, and land speculators who wanted to hold the land to resell when more settlers inevitably came into the area. Widespread population of the land was discouraged due to a speculation company known as the Atherton Syndicate buying up land to resell, the powerful Narragansett Nation discouraging settlements, and a dispute over the land with neighboring Connecticut. Over time, most of these problems slowly went away with time. In the late 1660s, the Atherton Syndicate was run off to join Connecticut in its dispute over the territory and eventually going bankrupt. In 1675 the Great Swamp Fight, a battle of King Philip's War fought by the New England Confederation, essentially wiped out the Narragansett. However in retaliation the Narragansett razed most of the settlements in South Kingstown, including Little Rest, the largest. After the destruction of Little Rest, the land was described as a "desolate wilderness". Finally, in 1723, Connecticut conceded that the territory belonged to Rhode Island, after decades of lobbying before the Court of St James's in London. In the same year, the Rhode Island General Assembly split the town of Kingstown into the towns of North Kingstown and South Kingstown. The towns were formally incorporated on February 25, 1723.
In 1888 a narrow strip of land running along the eastern bank of the Pettaquamscutt River to the shore of Narragansett Bay was separated from South Kingstown to form the town of Narragansett.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 79.8 square miles (206.6 km²), of which, 57.1 square miles (147.9 km2) of it is land and 22.7 square miles (58.7 km2) of it (28.43%) is water.
South Kingstown includes the villages of Kingston, West Kingston, Wakefield, Peace Dale, Usquepaug, Snug Harbor, Tuckertown, East Matunuck, Matunuck, Green Hill, and Perryville. Peace Dale and Wakefield are treated as a census-designated place called Wakefield-Peacedale. Ocean Ridge, Indian Lake, Curtis Corner, and Torrey Hill are among the other small areas that are regarded as unique localities, although official distinctions are less clear. Middlebridge, located on the west side of Narrow River, is a densely populated neighborhood in the town.
Climate
According to the Köppen climate classification, South Kingstown has either a hot-summer humid continental climate (abbreviated Dfa), or a hot-summer humid sub-tropical climate (abbreviated Cfa), depending on the isotherm used.
Adjacent towns
Charlestown, Rhode Island – Southwest
Exeter, Rhode Island – Northwest
Narragansett, Rhode Island – East
North Kingstown, Rhode Island – Northeast
Richmond, Rhode Island – Northwest
South Kingstown is bordered on the south by Block Island Sound.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 27,921 people, 9,268 households, and 6,394 families residing in the town. The population density was . There were 11,291 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 91.11% White, 1.57% African American, 1.61% Native American, 3.08% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 0.73% from other races, and 1.86% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.77% of the population.
There were 9,268 households, out of which 34.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.4% were married couples living together, 9.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.0% were non-families. 24.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.56 and the average family size was 3.07.
In the town the population was spread out, with 22.5% under the age of 18, 19.8% from 18 to 24, 24.4% from 25 to 44, 21.7% from 45 to 64, and 11.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.5 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $56,325, and the median income for a family was $67,912. Males had a median income of $50,519 versus $31,087 for females. The per capita income for the town was $23,827. About 3.1% of families and 5.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.9% of those under age 18 and 5.0% of those age 65 or over.
Arts and culture
Art galleries include the Hera Gallery (Wakefield), South County Art Association (Kingston), and sometimes the Courthouse Center for the Arts (or CCA, West Kingston). Theaters include The Contemporary Theater Company (Wakefield), the Theatre-by-the-Sea (Matunuck), and the CCA. The sole cinema is South County Cinema 8 (Wakefield), which replaced the independently run Campus Cinema (Wakefield) in the early 2000s. There are numerous venues for music and other entertainment, including the University of Rhode Island's Ryan Center and smaller venues such as Lily Pads (Peace Dale), and the CCA.
Arts and cultural education is also offered through community centers like The Guild and the Senior Center in Wakefield. There are also three public libraries which are located in Kingston, Matunuck, and Peace Dale.
Museums
The South County History Center, located in the village of Kingston, is located in a former jail building and contains a collection of fine Early American artifacts. The Peace Dale Museum of Art and Culture founded by Caroline Hazard in the village of Peace Dale in South Kingstown holds in its collections artifacts of the local Narragansett People and from indigenous cultures around the world.
Points of interest
South Kingstown is the location of the deadly Great Swamp Fight that occurred during King Philip's War in 1675. The battle site is commemorated by a rough granite shaft about twenty feet high. Around the mound on which the shaft stands are four granite markers engraved with the names of the colonies which took part in the battle.
South Kingstown is home to 31 sites listed on the National Register of Historic Places, 4 of which are historic districts. A driving tour is described by the Pettaquamscutt Historical Society.
Kingston Village Historic District, located in the village of Kingston
Peace Dale Historic District, located in the village of Peace Dale
Usquepaug Road Historic District, located near the village of Usquepaug
Wakefield Historic District, located in the village of Wakefield
Hannah Robinson Tower, located on McSparran Hill
Sports
The Ocean State Waves of the New England Collegiate Baseball League play their home games at Old Mountain Field.
Parks and recreation
South Kingstown has over ten miles of undisturbed beaches. South Kingstown has also recently made an upgrade to their town's parks and recreation by building the South Kingstown Recreation Center located at 30 St. Dominic Rd.
Government
All 5 seats on the town council are at-large seats that are up for election every 2 years, with no term limits. After each election, the newly elected council members elect two of their own as president and vice president. The current president is Rory McEntee, and the current vice president is Michael Marran.
Representation in state legislature
South Kingstown is represented in the Rhode Island House of Representatives by Carol McEntee (D), Teresa Tanzi (D), Blake Filippi (R) and Kathleen Fogarty (D). The town is represented in the Rhode Island Senate by Bridget Valverde (D), Susan Sosnowski (D), and Dennis Algiere (R).
Education
South Kingstown is served by the South Kingstown School District. The district includes nine schools that serve students in grades prekindergarten to twelfth.
Pre-kindergarten (Pre-K)
South Kingstown Inclusionary Pre-School, located in the village of Wakefield
Elementary schools
Matunuck Elementary School, located in the village of Matunuck
Peace Dale Elementary School, located in the village of Peace Dale
West Kingston Elementary School, located in the village of West Kingston
Kingston Hill Academy, a public charter school located in the village of Kingston
The Compass School, a public charter school located in the village of Kingston
Middle schools
Broad Rock Middle School, located in the village of Wakefield
Curtis Corner Middle School, located in the village of Wakefield
High schools
Independence Transition Academy, located in the village of Kingston
South Kingstown High School, located in the village of Wakefield
Colleges and universities
The University of Rhode Island is located in the village of Kingston.
Private schools
Monsignor Clarke School, a K-8 Catholic school located in the village of Wakefield
The Prout School, a Catholic high school located in the village of Wakefield
Infrastructure
Emergency services
Law enforcement is maintained by the South Kingstown Police Department, located in the village of Peace Dale. The Rhode Island State Police Wickford Barracks, located in the Town of North Kingstown, has jurisdiction.
South Kingstown fire protection is provided by the Union Fire District of South Kingstown, a volunteer department.
South County Hospital is located in the village of Wakefield.
Transportation
Roads
Roads in South Kingstown included U.S. Route 1, Route 1A, Route 2, Route 108, Route 110, and Route 138.
Rail
Rail service is provided by Amtrak via Kingston Station, which is located in the village of West Kingston. Kingston is a stop along Amtrak's Northeast Corridor and is serviced by their Northeast Regional train service. The Northeast Regional has a northern terminus with Boston's South Station with a major stop en route in Providence, and has a southern terminus with Washington's Union Station with major stops en route in New Haven, New York City, Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore.
Public transportation
Public transportation in South Kingstown is provided by the statewide Rhode Island Public Transit Authority or RIPTA. The following routes service South Kingstown:
64 Newport / URI – Link
65X Wakefield Express – Link
66 URI / Galilee – Link
Utilities
Electricity
Electricity services are provided by Rhode Island Energy.
Telephone
Local and long distance landline telephone services are provided by Verizon New England.
Notable people
References
External links
Town of South Kingstown, Rhode Island
South Kingstown, Rhode Island
Towns in Washington County, Rhode Island
County seats in Rhode Island
Populated coastal places in Rhode Island
Providence metropolitan area
Towns in Rhode Island
Populated places established in 1722
1722 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies |
"Shake Yer Dix" is an electroclash song written and produced by Peaches, and featuring Mignon. The song was originally released as part of a double limited vinyl A-side along with the song "Operate". The song was later remixed by Tiga and rereleased as a single on May 24, 2004 in the UK.
Critical reception
Andrew Magilow of Splendid Magazine gave a positive review, commenting that "a buzzing keyboard riff adds to the fun, as the techno-laden groove gets you in the mood." Conversely, Heather Phares of Allmusic opined that "the potty-grade sexuality of 'Shake Yer Dix,' could give the mistaken impression that Peaches is just rehashing her previous work with less creativity."
Chart performance
"Shake Yer Dix" debuted and peaked at #97 on the UK Singles Chart, spending two weeks in the top 200. In addition, the song debuted and peaked at #27 on the Belgian Dance Chart and spent a total of two weeks on the chart.
Track listings
UK CD single
"Operate" – 3:28
"Shake Yer Dix" – 3:32
UK (Tiga Remixes) CD single
"Shake Yer Dix" (Tiga's Where Were You in 92 Remix) – 6:21
"Shake Yer Dix" (Tiga's Where Were You in 92 Instrumental) – 6:21
"Shake Yer Dix" (Original Acappella) – 3:31
Charts
References
2003 singles
Peaches (musician) songs
Song recordings produced by Peaches (musician)
Songs with feminist themes
Songs written by Peaches (musician)
XL Recordings singles |
Henri Lemoine (18 June 1909 – 21 September 1991) was a French cyclist. He competed at the 1928 Summer Olympics in the 2000 m tandem sprint and finished in fifth place. He then turned professional and competed up to 1958 in road racing and motor-paced racing. In the latter discipline he won six national titles, in 1938, 1942, 1945, and 1951–53, as well as three bronze medals at the UCI Motor-paced World Championships in 1951–1953. On 23 July 1931 he set a world record in one kilometre from standing start at the Buffalo Stadium (1'10.80).
In road races, he finished second in the Critérium des As in 1930 and 1931, 11th in the 1932 Critérium Internationale, and 20th in the 1933 Grand Prix des Nations.
References
1909 births
1991 deaths
French male cyclists
Olympic cyclists for France
Cyclists at the 1928 Summer Olympics
People from Massy, Essonne
Sportspeople from Essonne
Cyclists from Île-de-France
20th-century French people |
Sarah Gertrude Shapiro is an American filmmaker and television writer best known for co-creating the Lifetime television series UnREAL with Marti Noxon.
Early life
Shapiro was born in Santa Barbara, California, to mother Diane Wolf (née Wallace) and father Perry Shapiro, a professor. She has a sister, Elizabeth Shapiro-Garza, who is an academic. Shapiro is Jewish and grew up celebrating the High Holidays and Passover.
Shapiro said she started writing when she was five years old, a book called Ergant Cries Ignored. At the age of 16, after attending a film class at Santa Barbara City College, Shapiro decided she wanted to be a director.
Shapiro graduated from Sarah Lawrence College in with a BA in Fiction Writing and Filmmaking.
Career
After college, Shapiro interned at Christine Vachon's production company, Killer Films, and then worked for photographer David LaChapelle as a studio manager. In 2002, affected by the events of September 11 attacks and wanting to be closer to family, Shapiro moved to Los Angeles, California.
In Los Angeles, Shapiro found work on the reality TV show High School Reunion, unknowingly signing a contract with the production company that allowed them to move her to different shows at their discretion, and which committed Shapiro to "unlimited renewable options for perpetuity." Shapiro would eventually become a producer on The Bachelor TV franchise, a role she strongly disliked, but which would play an influential part in her later career. She worked on the show for four seasons over the course of two years, going from associate producer to field producer.
In 2005, seeking to leave reality television and end her restrictive non-compete employment contract (which was only effective in California), Shapiro moved to Portland, Oregon, where she worked at the advertising agency Wieden + Kennedy. Shapiro was familiar with Portland from having interned at Portland's Northwest Film Center during college, where she met filmmakers Miranda July and other local artists and filmmakers. Initially she planned to be a kale farmer.
At Wieden + Kennedy, Shapiro worked as a director, creating content in the form of short forms and documentaries. Wieden + Kennedy was an early supporter of her creative endeavors, allowing Shapiro to take leave and providing funding for a Kickstarter campaign for Sequin Raze. Shapiro worked on Sequin Raze, which she called a passion project, for four years while working at Wieden + Kennedy.
In 2012, she was one of eight women selected for the American Film Institute's Directing Workshop for Women (DWW), where she wrote and directed the short film Sequin Raze, starring Anna Camp, Ashley Williams, and Frances Conroy. The film went on to win Honorable Mention at South by Southwest Film Festival's Short Film Jury Awards as well as screenings at the New Directors/New Films Festival in New York (MoMA/Lincoln Center) and Palm Springs International film festival.
UnREAL
A mentor at the ad agency in Portland, Sally DeSipio, connected Shapiro with Lifetime, where she pitched the show without an agent, and was paired with writer Marti Noxon.
On July 30, 2013, Lifetime placed a pilot order on UnREAL, inspired by Sequin Raze. The pilot was written by Shapiro and Marti Noxon and was produced by A+E Studios. On February 6, 2014, UnREAL was green-lit, with a 10-episode series order, and premiered in June 2015.
Shapiro is credited as co-creator, writer, and supervising producer on the show. On July 6, 2015, the series was renewed for a second season of 10 episodes, to premiere in 2016. She spoke about the creation of the series in a lengthy 2016 profile with The New Yorker writer D.T. Max.
Shapiro's previous job working as a field producer on the American reality dating series The Bachelor was the inspiration behind both the short film as well as the Lifetime series. She talked about her journey navigating the world of Hollywood in an independent Tedx TED Conference.
Other work
While attending Sarah Lawrence College, Shapiro formed the band The New England Roses with Brendan Fowler and JD Samson of indie band Le Tigre. During her time while working on The Bachelor, Shapiro was in a band called Mean Streak.
Shapiro is also a visual artist who created and wrote the music for a hand-animated film called I Wish I was an Animal, which was released on Doggpony Records.
Filmography
2015-2016: UnREAL - TV series (executive producer, created by, written by, teleplay by)
2013: Sequin Raze - TV short (producer, director, writer)
2012: 2nd Best - short (director, writer)
2005: Battlegrounds: King of the Court - TV series documentary (story producer)
2002-2004: The Bachelor - TV show (associate producer, segment producer, field producer)
2003: High School Reunion - TV show (associate producer)
References
External links
1978 births
Television producers from California
American women television producers
American television writers
Living people
Writers from Santa Barbara, California
People from Santa Barbara, California
American women screenwriters
American women television writers
American LGBT screenwriters
American LGBT film directors
LGBT producers
LGBT people from California
Screenwriters from California
Sarah Lawrence College alumni
21st-century American women |
The Maryborough Military & Colonial Museum is a non-profit museum located at 106 Wharf Street,
Maryborough, Queensland, Australia. It was established and is operated by John and Else Meyers for the benefit of the Fraser Coast community.
Displays
The museum houses a number of displays of subject such as Keith Payne, VC OAM; Herbert James, VC MC; Timothy Britten, CV; John Cantwell, AO DSC; Harry Smith, SG MC; and James Runham, SC AFSM OAM.
The museum has the largest number of Victoria Crosses in a private museum collection in Australia. The museum also has the only Cross of Valour (Australia) medal on public display; the one awarded to Timothy Britten following the 2002 Bali bombings.
Heritage property
The museum occupies the former J. E. Brown warehouse, which is listed on the Queensland Heritage Register.
References
External links
Military and war museums in Australia
Maryborough, Queensland
1897 establishments in Australia
Military history of Queensland |
Our Lady of the Lake Catholic High School is a parochial, Roman Catholic high school in St. Joseph, Michigan. It is located in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Kalamazoo. Prior to the 2022-2023 school year, the school was named Lake Michigan Catholic High School.
Our Lady of the Lake Catholic High School was formed by the merger of St. John and St. Joseph Catholic Schools in 1969. Since then, the high school has been part of a PS-12 school system serving Southwestern Michigan in the Catholic education tradition. The school system is supported by the parishes of St. John, St. Bernard, and St. Joseph and the Twin-City Area Catholic School Fund, Inc.
Our Lady of the Lake Catholic Schools are a part of the educational system established by the Diocese of Kalamazoo, MI and are subject to the policies of the Diocesan Office of Schools. The school is accredited by the Michigan Association of Non-Public Schools. In accordance with Title IX compliance, Our Lady of the Lake Catholic Schools do not discriminate on the basis of sex, religious affiliation, race, color, physical challenges, or national origin in admissions or employment opportunities.
Athletics
Basketball
Girls state Championships: 1988
Notes and references
Roman Catholic Diocese of Kalamazoo
Educational institutions established in 1969
Catholic secondary schools in Michigan
Schools in Berrien County, Michigan
1969 establishments in Michigan |
Altitude Air Pvt. Ltd is a helicopter airline based at Tribhuvan International Airport in Kathmandu, Nepal, operating chartered helicopter services. The company was established in 2016 and mainly carries out rescue and charter flights.
History
Altitude Air was founded in 2016 in Kathmandu, Nepal, by various Nepalese tourism entrepreneurs. It carries out domestic chartered helicopter flights throughout Nepal from its hub in Kathmandu. It is planning to be the first airline to introduce the AgustaWestland AW119 Koala to the Nepalese market and has already carried out demonstration flights.
Fleet
The Altitude Air fleet consists of the following aircraft (as of April 2019):
Accidents and incidents
8 September 2018 – A Eurocopter AS 350 helicopter of Altitude Air crashed in Nuwakot District en route from Gorkha District to Kathmandu. Out of the seven people on board, only one survived.
References
External links
Airlines of Nepal
Helicopter airlines
Airlines established in 2016
2016 establishments in Nepal |
Attilio Palatini (18 November 1889 – 24 August 1949) was an Italian mathematician born in Treviso.
Biography
Palatini was the seventh of the eight children of Michele (1855-1914) and Ilde Furlanetto (1856-1895). In 1900, during the celebrations for the election of his father to Parliament, he was blinded by a young man from Treviso, losing the use of one eye. He completed his secondary studies in Treviso. He graduated in mathematics in 1913 at the University of Padua, where he was a student of Ricci-Curbastro and of Levi-Civita.
He taught rational mechanics at the Universities of Messina, Parma and Pavia. He was mainly involved in absolute differential calculus and in general relativity. Within this latter subject he gave a sound generalization of the variational principle.
In 1919, Palatini wrote an important article where he proposed a new approach to the variational formulation of Einstein's gravitational field equations. In the same paper, Palatini also showed that the variations of Christoffel symbols constitute the coordinate components of a tensor.
He wrote the "Rational Mechanics" and "Theory of relativity" entries for the Hoepli Encyclopedia of Elementary mathematics.
See also
Self-dual Palatini action
Tetradic Palatini action
Palatini identity
Palatini variation
Notes
External links
An Italian short biography of Attilio Palatini in Edizione Nazionale Mathematica Italiana online.
1889 births
1949 deaths
Differential geometers
Italian relativity theorists
19th-century Italian mathematicians
20th-century Italian mathematicians
University of Padua alumni
Academic staff of the University of Pavia
Academic staff of the University of Messina
Academic staff of the University of Parma |
General Khawaja Ziauddin Abbasi (), also known as Ziauddin Butt (), is a retired four-star rank army general in the Pakistan Army, who served as the Chief of Army Staff (COAS), for few hours, until Chairman joint chiefs General Pervez Musharraf reasserted the command and control of the military despite his termination on 12 October 1999.
His appointment as the chief of army staff is distinguishable since he was the first army engineer and the first Director ISI who was appointed to four-star command appointment. His career in the military spent as an engineering officer Pakistan Army Corps of Engineers before becoming the spymaster in the ISI on 7 October 1998.
After the military's war performance in Kargil against the Indian Army, Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif forcefully terminated the commission of then-Chairman joint chiefs and then-army chief General Pervez Musharraf by elevating General Ziauddin as an army chief on 12 October 1999. This order of promotion was then refused by General Musharraf's military staff as General Musharraf immediately led the military takeover of the civilian government while dismissing General Zia from his appointment and commission.
Subjected to nearly two-year military investigations which found no part of his involved in Prime Minister Sharif's decision, Zia was retired from his military service "scouts penalty" in 2001.
In 2011, Ziauddin revealed to the news media that, according to his knowledge, it was Brigadier Ijaz Shah, the DG of Intelligence Bureau from 2004 to 2008, who had provided the support and hideout to Osama bin Laden in a IB's safe house in Abbottabad. But later denied making any such statement.
Biography
Career in the military
Ziauddin Butt was born in Lahore, Punjab in British India, and is of Kashmiri descent. His birth name is Khawaja Ziauddin Abbasi, but he is known as Ziauddin Butt.
He was educated in Rawalpindi before being accepted at the Pakistan Military Academy in Kakul, prior joining the Pakistan Army. His father, Aftabuddin Butt, was a graduate of the Indian Military Academy in 1943 and was an officer of the 9th Bhopal Infantry, and retired as a Lieutenant Colonel in 1964. His uncle, Ghulam Jilani Khan, was a three-star rank army general in the Pakistan Army who played a crucial role in stabilizing the Zia administration in 1980s and later in creating Pakistan Muslim League faction headed by Nawaz Sharif (later known as PML-N).
In the military, Ziauddin butt was reportedly noted for his remarkable academic performance and education, first attended and graduated from the Punjab University with double BSc in honors in Physics and Mathematics before joining the army in 1964.
After his training at the PMA Kakul, Zia decided attend the Military College of Engineering in Risalpur where he gained BSc in Civil engineering with emphasis on construction, standing on the first place on exam markings and earned gold medal in the graduation ceremony. Lt. Ziauddin was then commissioned in the Corps of Engineers, where his career in the army is mostly spent.
In the military, his war performance served with the combat engineering formations during the conflict with India in 1965 and later in 1971. After the war, Zia was selected and sent to the United States where he attended the Defence Mapping School in the Fort Belvoir, Virginia, earning post-graduate diploma in Topography where he specialized as the topographer in 1974–76. In addition, he also attended the National Defence University (NDU) where he gained his BSc in War studies and later attained his MSc in Strategic studies, before rotating back to the Corps of Engineers.
In 1989–90, Major-General Ziauddin briefly served as the GOC of the 11th Infantry Division stationed in Okara before his assignment posted in the JS HQ in Rawalpindi.
In 1990–92, Major-General Ziauddin was appointed as the first Director-General of the Strategic Plans Division (SPD) headquartered in the JS HQ in Rawalpindi, that an agency that oversaw the protection of the country's nuclear arsenals.
In 1993, Major-General Ziauddin was posted on the security details for the technicians working at the Khan Research Laboratories in Kahuta. In 1992, Maj-Gen Ziauddin was posted at the Army GHQ in Rawalpindi, becoming the DG of the Combat Development Directorate (CDD), which he remained until 1996.
On 25 February 1996, Maj-Gen Ziauddin was promoted to the three-star rank army general in the Pakistan Army, and appointed as field commander of the XXX Corps. In 1998, Lieutenant-General Ziauddin was posted as an Adjutant-General at the Army GHQ in Rawalpindi, which he served until 1998 when General Pervez Musharraf was appointed chief of army staff and Chairman joint chiefs at the Army GHQ in Rawalpindi .
Director ISI and army chief
In 1998, Lt-Gen. Butt had been one of the most senior army generals in the military when Lt-Gen. Ali Kuli Khan and Lt-Gen. Khalid Nawaz were superseded with the four-star appointments of the junior most Lt-Gen. Musharraf. He was subsequently assigned to direct the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) by Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif, after replacing Lt-Gen Naseem Rana who was posted as Master-General Ordnance (MGO) at the Army GHQ. Under his command, the ISI is credited with major revamping and evolution of the agency and its operations. On 7 October 1998, Lt-Gen. Butt departed to Afghanistan to meet with Mullah Omar, Emir of Afghanistan at that time, demanded to hand over the 12 most wanted members of fanatic Sipah-e-Sahaba but Mullah Omar refused. Eventually, he authorized the ISI's Covert Action Division teams to infiltrate in Afghanistan, which was successful, but he was unable to convince Mullah Omar to hand over Osama bin Laden to Americans.
He was also one of the senior-most generals ever to occupy the post of Intelligence Chief (DG ISI) and is credited with major revamping and evolution of the agency and its operations.
He is currently serving as the elected chairman of the LGH Post Graduate Medical Institute.
Despite in commanding position, General Zia did not issue orders to resist such moves in a fear of dangerous in-fighting among the army institution. Both Sharif and Ziauddin were arrested by the coup-makers and taken to different locations. Ziauddin was kept in solitary confinement for two years, and was subject to three army investigations which aimed to find some element of wrongdoing on his part. Musharraf decided to use a 'scouts penalty' – a discretionary punishment not requiring a crime, to dismiss General Ziauddin from service.
Kamran Khan of The News wrote disparagingly about Ziauddin in a news column called "the news/national intelligence unit (NIU)". General Rashid Quraishi was quoted as saying "General Ziauddin was one of the best generals in our army's history, so now we have to change the history". Author Shuja Nawaz (brother of former Pakistan army chief Asif Nawaz) wrote in his book that Musharraf created a false impression that Ziauddin and Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif had family connections.
Ziauddin Butt, as a retired general, told Carlotta Gall, the correspondent for The New York Times, that he thought Musharraf had arranged to hide Osama Bin Laden in Abbottabad.
References
See also
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Pakistani people of Kashmiri descent
University of the Punjab alumni
Pakistan Military Academy alumni
Pakistani civil engineers
Pakistani cartographers
Pakistani military engineers
National Defence University, Pakistan alumni
Topographers
Pakistani generals
Directors General of Inter-Services Intelligence
Pakistani spies
Military personnel from Lahore
Chiefs of Army Staff, Pakistan |
Marriage For Convenience is a 1919 silent film drama directed by Sidney Olcott and starring Catherine Calvert.
Prints survive of this feature the BFI National Archive, London, the Library of Congress and George Eastman House Motion Picture Collection.
Cast
Catherine Calvert - Natalie Rand
Ann May - Barbara Rand
George Majeroni - Oliver Landis
Henry Sedley - Howard Pollard
Blanche Davenport - Mrs. Raleigh Rand
Edmund Burns - Ned Gardiner (*as Edward Burns)
Sadie Leonard - Mrs. Daniel Chester
George Pauncefort - Dick Stanton
Cesare Gravina - Lazzare (*as Caesar Gravina)
Edward Slow - Negro Servant
References
External links
Marriage for Convenience website dedicated to Sidney Olcott
1919 films
American silent feature films
Films directed by Sidney Olcott
1919 drama films
American black-and-white films
Silent American drama films
1910s American films |
The Zendik was a British cyclecar designed by Harold Birdsall Bullingham (1879–1952) and made by Zendik Cars Ltd of Thames Street, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, England in 1912 and 1913. They had a sales office and showroom run by H Jenks at Ebury Street, Eaton Square, London SW.
The car had an air-cooled 8 hp V-twin cylinder Chater-Lea engine driving the rear wheels through a two speed transmission with top gear being direct and the lower gear a chain reduction system. Reverse gear was obtained by diverting the drive through two friction wheels, one on the front of the propeller shaft and a larger one connected to the low gear countershaft in the transmission. The footbrake operated on the rear wheels with internal expanding shoes and the handbrake controlled a leather faced band contracting onto the main drive shaft. The final drive to the rear axle used a worm drive reduction system.
The chassis was wood with metal reinforcing and semi-elliptic springs were fitted to front and rear axles. Wire spoked wheels with 26 x 2.5 tyres were fitted.
The car was provided with two-seat coachwork with a dummy radiator with a Zendik script across it. The body changed little throughout the life of the company. An updated version was announced in 1913 but probably never reached production. At least one chassis was fitted with a van body and supplied to Gaydon & Sons, a Kingston-based clockmaker.
A top speed of was claimed in Zendik's own advertising and was backed up in a road test published in The Cyclemotor magazine in March 1913.
The car was sold for £110 with a hood and windscreen available for an extra £10. It is not known how many Zendiks were made but the premises seem to have been very small and the company had a nominal capital of only £3000. They did however have a telephone installed, not particularly common in 1912. The end came in December 1913 when the company seems to have run out of money and at an Extraordinary General Meeting a liquidator was appointed. The company was wound up in June 1914.
See also
List of car manufacturers of the United Kingdom
References
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of England
Companies based in the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames
Cyclecars
Defunct companies based in Surrey |
This is a list of association football or soccer clubs in South Africa
For a complete list see :Category:Soccer clubs in South Africa
A
Addington F.C.
African Wanderers
African Warriors F.C.
African Winners F.C.
Ajax Cape Town F.C.
Als Puk Tawana
AmaZulu F.C.
Arcadia Shepherds F.C.
Atlie FC
Avendale Athletico
B
Baroka F.C.
Batau F.C.
Battswood F.C.
Bay Academy
Bay Stars F.C.
Bay United F.C.
Bid Boys F.C.
Bidvest Wits F.C.
Bizana Pondo Chiefs F.C.
Black Leopards F.C.
Blackburn Rovers FC (South Africa)
Blackpool F.C. (South Africa)
Bloemfontein Celtic F.C.
Bloemfontein Young Tigers
Bush Bucks F.C. (2007)
C
Cape Town City F.C. (2016)
Cape Town City F.C. (NFL)
Cape Town Spurs F.C.
Carara Kicks F.C.
Casric Stars F.C.
Celtic Colts
Chippa United F.C.
D
Durban City F.C. (2009)
Durban Stars F.C.
Durban United F.C.
Dynamos F.C. (South Africa)
E
East London United F.C.
F
F.C. Cape Town
FC AK
FC Buffalo (South Africa)
Free State Stars F.C.
G
Garankuwa United F.C.
Germiston Callies F.C.
H
Hanover Park F.C.
Highlands Park F.C.
Hellenic F.C.
Hungry Lions F.C.
I
Ikapa Sporting F.C.
J
JDR Stars F.C.
Jomo Cosmos F.C.
K
Kaizer Chiefs F.C.
L
Lamontville Golden Arrows F.C.
Louisvale Pirates
Lusitano F.C.
M
M Tigers F.C.
Maluti FET College F.C.
Mamelodi Sundowns F.C.
Magesi F.C.
Maritzburg F.C.
Maritzburg United F.C.
Marumo Gallants F.C.
Mbombela United F.C.
Michau Warriors
Mighty Birds
Milano United F.C.
Milford F.C.
Mitchells Plain United F.C.
MM Platinum F.C.
Moroka Swallows F.C.
Mother City F.C.
Mpumalanga Black Aces F.C.
Nathi Lions F.C.
NMMU F.C.
O
Orlando Pirates F.C.
Orbit College F.C.
OR Tambo Cosmos
P
Parkhurst Academy
Platinum Stars F.C.
Polokwane City F.C.
Polokwane United FC
Port Elizabeth Blackpool
Pretoria
Pretoria Callies F.C.
R
Rabali Blackpool
Rangers F.C. (Johannesburg)
Real Madrid (South Africa)
Richards Bay F.C.
Roses United F.C.
Royal AM
S
Santos F.C. (South Africa)
Saxon Rovers F.C.
Sekhukhune United F.C.
Sivutsa Stars F.C.
Sobantu Shooting Stars
Stellenbosch F.C.
SuperSport Tottenham Hotspur Academy
SuperSport United F.C.
T
Tembu Royals FC
Thanda Royal Zulu F.C.
TS Galaxy F.C.
Tshakhuma Tsha Madzivhandila F.C.
U
United FC (South Africa)
University of Pretoria F.C.
Upington City F.C.
Uthongathi F.C.
V
Vakhegula Vakhegula F.C.
Vasco da Gama (South Africa)
Venda F.C.
W
Western Province United F.C.
Wits University F.C.
References
clubs
South Africa
Football clubs |
Serixia modiglianii is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1958.
References
Serixia
Beetles described in 1958 |
Bradley George Boxberger (born May 27, 1988) is an American professional baseball pitcher for the Chicago Cubs of Major League Baseball (MLB). He has previously played in MLB for the San Diego Padres, Tampa Bay Rays, Arizona Diamondbacks, Kansas City Royals, Miami Marlins and Milwaukee Brewers.
Boxberger attended the University of Southern California (USC), where he played college baseball for the USC Trojans. Drafted in the first round of the 2009 MLB draft by the Cincinnati Reds, Boxberger played in minor league baseball for the Reds until was traded to the Padres after the 2011 season. Boxberger made his MLB debut with the Padres in 2012. The Padres traded him to Tampa Bay after the 2013 season.
Amateur career
Boxberger attended Foothill High School in Santa Ana, California. He was drafted by the Kansas City Royals in the 20th round of the 2006 Major League Baseball draft, but did not sign, choosing to attend the University of Southern California (USC). For the USC Trojans baseball team, he was named a Second Team All-American by Rivals.com. Boxberger was a part of the USC rotation his freshman and junior year, and split his sophomore season between starting and relief. In 2007, he played collegiate summer baseball for the Orleans Cardinals of the Cape Cod Baseball League (CCBL), and returned to the CCBL the following summer to play for the Chatham A's. He was named a league all-star in both seasons.
Professional career
Cincinnati Reds
Boxberger was drafted by the Cincinnati Reds in the first round (43rd overall) of the 2009 Major League Baseball draft, and signed. Boxberger made his professional debut with the Lynchburg Hillcats of the Class A-Advanced Carolina League in 2010. He was named to the Carolina League All-Star Team. He was then promoted to the Carolina Mudcats of the Class AA Southern League. He had a combined win–loss record of 5–10 with a 4.91 earned run average (ERA) in 36 games, including 13 starts, as he was converted from a starter to a reliever after the promotion.
Boxberger began the 2011 season with the Mudcats, but was promoted to the Louisville Bats of the Class AAA International League. He finished the 2011 season with a 2.03 ERA and 11 saves in 55 games combined. He had the best strikeout ratio and lowest batting average against among all qualified Southern League relievers. Boxberger was the top Double-A closer in the minor leagues in 2011.
Boxberger pitched in the Arizona Fall League for the Phoenix Desert Dogs after the 2011 regular season, where he was named to the Top Prospects Team.
San Diego Padres
Boxberger, Yonder Alonso, Edinson Vólquez, and Yasmani Grandal were traded to the San Diego Padres for Mat Latos on December 17, 2011. Boxberger began the 2012 season with the Tucson Padres of the Class AAA Pacific Coast League. He was promoted to the Major Leagues on June 10, and made his debut the same day, pitching a hitless eighth inning against the Milwaukee Brewers in Miller Park.
Boxberger was returned to Tucson on June 26 after five relief appearances. He was called up to the majors again on July 30 when Joe Thatcher was placed on the disabled list and was optioned back to Triple-A on August 22 after eight appearances to make room on the roster for starter Andrew Werner. Boxberger joined the Padres again September 4 and remained with the club through the end of the season. In his time with Tucson, Boxberger posted a 2.70 ERA and 12.9 strike-outs per 9 innings over 37 games in relief. His totals for the 2012 season in 24 games with the Major League club were a 2.60 ERA and 33 strike-outs versus 18 walks in 27 innings.
Boxberger started the 2013 season with Tucson. He was recalled by the Padres on May 2, and optioned back to Tucson on May 11. The Padres recalled him again on June 2.
Tampa Bay Rays
On January 22, 2014, the Padres traded Boxberger, Logan Forsythe, Matt Lollis, Matt Andriese, and Maxx Tissenbaum to the Tampa Bay Rays in exchange for Alex Torres and Jesse Hahn. During spring training, the Rays optioned Boxberger to the Durham Bulls of the International League. On May 8, 2014, Boxberger entered a game against the Baltimore Orioles in the top of the sixth inning with the bases loaded and no outs. He proceeded to strike out the first three batters he faced on nine total pitches, thus becoming the second Rays pitcher ever to pitch an immaculate inning and the first major-league pitcher known to accomplish the feat with the bases loaded. In 63 games, Boxberger finished with a 2.37 ERA with 104 strikeouts in 64.2 innings. He also saved 2 games.
With Jake McGee on the disabled list at the start of the 2015 season, Boxberger served as the Rays' closer. He successfully converted his first ten save opportunities, and remained the closer after McGee's return. Boxberger was selected for the 2015 MLB All-Star Game. Boxberger finished the season with a 3.71 ERA in 69 appearances, converting 41 of 47 save opportunities to lead the American League.
In his first spring training appearance of 2016, Boxberger tore his adductor brevis muscle, requiring surgery. He began the season on the disabled list, returning to the Rays on May 30. In his first appearance of the 2016 season, Boxberger strained his left oblique muscle, and went back on the disabled list. He made 27 total appearances in 2016.
In the 2017 season, Boxberger was activated off the DL on June 20 after lat and forearm injuries. He was given a set-up role behind Álex Colomé. For the second straight season, he endured an injury plagued season, appearing in only 30 games.
Arizona Diamondbacks
On November 30, 2017, the Rays traded Boxberger to the Arizona Diamondbacks for Curtis Taylor. Boxberger won the closer competition in the 2018 spring training and served as the Diamondbacks closer. On September 10, he was removed as closer after a rough patch to begin the month. He had 32 saves at the time of his removal. He finished 3–7 with an ERA of 4.39 in innings.
During MLB Players' Weekend from 2017 through 2019, players were allowed to use nicknames temporarily on the back of their jerseys for select games. In August 2018, Boxberger became the first major leaguer to represent his name in emojis on the back of his uniform. Boxberger used two consecutive emojis of a box and a burger ("📦🍔") as a homophone for his last name, an idea he said that his wife had helped create.
On November 30, 2018, the Diamondbacks non-tendered Boxberger and he became a free agent.
Kansas City Royals
On February 7, 2019, the Kansas City Royals signed Boxberger to a 1-year contract for $2.2 million, with $1 million in performance bonuses. Boxberger was designated for assignment on June 26 and released on July 3.
Washington Nationals
Boxberger signed a minor-league deal with the Washington Nationals on July 12, 2019. He was assigned to the Nationals' Class-AA affiliate, the Harrisburg Senators. Boxberger was released on August 4, 2019, after pitching to a 1.04 ERA over eight games out of the Senators' bullpen.
Cincinnati Reds
On August 5, 2019, it was announced that the Cincinnati Reds had signed Boxberger to a minor league deal and optioned him to the Triple-A Louisville Bats. Boxberger was released by the Reds organization on August 23, 2019.
Miami Marlins
On February 14, 2020, it was announced that the Miami Marlins had signed Boxberger to a minor league deal with a major league spring training invite. On July 23, 2020, Boxberger was selected to the active roster. On the season for Miami, Boxberger pitched to a 3.00 ERA over 18 innings, and also pitched scoreless innings in the playoffs.
Milwaukee Brewers
On February 14, 2021, the Milwaukee Brewers signed Boxberger to a minor league contract that included an invite to major league spring training. On March 26, 2021, Boxberger was released by the Brewers, but re-signed with the Brewers on a new minor league contract on March 28. On April 6, 2021, Boxberger was selected to the 40-man roster. In 2021, Boxberger recorded a 3.34 ERA with 83 strikeouts in innings.
On March 13, 2022, Boxberger re-signed with the team on a one-year contract. On November 10, the Brewers declined Boxberger's $3 million option for the 2023 season, making him a free agent.
Chicago Cubs
On December 15, 2022, the Chicago Cubs signed Boxberger to a one-year contract. He began the 2023 season out of Chicago's bullpen, recording a 5.52 ERA across 17 appearances before he was placed on the injured list with a strained right forearm on May 15. He was transferred to the 60-day injured list on July 4. On September 8, Boxberger was activated from the injured list.
Scouting report
Boxberger is considered to be a good fit for the late innings of games, either as a setup pitcher or closer. He has a four-seam fastball that ranges from , a changeup, a slider he throws at , and a 12-6 curveball he can throw from . Boxberger is tough on right-handers, posting a .225/.356/.354 line in 2012, but lefties hit .262/.380/.500 against him in the same span.
Personal life
Boxberger's father, Rod, also attended USC and played for the Trojans baseball team. Rod was named the Most Outstanding Player of the 1978 College World Series.
Boxberger and his wife, Anna, have a daughter and a son together. The family resides in Surprise, Arizona.
References
External links
Living people
1988 births
American League All-Stars
American League saves champions
Arizona Complex League Cubs players
Arizona Diamondbacks players
Baseball players from Fullerton, California
Baseball players from Orange County, California
Carolina Mudcats players
Chatham Anglers players
Chicago Cubs players
Durham Bulls players
Foothill High School (Santa Ana, California) alumni
Harrisburg Senators players
Iowa Cubs players
Kansas City Royals players
Louisville Bats players
Lynchburg Hillcats players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Miami Marlins players
Milwaukee Brewers players
Orleans Firebirds players
People from Tustin, California
Peoria Saguaros players
Phoenix Desert Dogs players
San Diego Padres players
Tampa Bay Rays players
Tucson Padres players
USC Trojans baseball players |
Pablo's Inferno is a five-issue indie comic limited series created and produced by Rhode Montijo. The comic owes its title to Inferno, the first cantica of Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy, and according to Montijo is something of a parody:
Plot
The comic follows the story of Pablo, a young boy whose life is ended in an unfortunate hit-and-run accident, ends up in hell and has to traverse the underworld in search of answers. Along the way he meets several colorful characters such as Quetzal, an ancient Aztec god, and El Calambre, the ghost of a once-famous masked wrestler.
Film Possibilities
As the comic's popularity continued to grow, Montijo was often questioned on the possibility of a Pablo's Inferno film adaption. Although open to the idea, he is doubtful of the outcome:
References
External links
Official Website
Pablo's Inferno Blog
American comics titles
Comics publications |
Carpinus cordata is a species of flowering plant belonging to the family Betulaceae.
Its native range is Primorye, China, Korea, Japan.
References
cordata |
Ruddle is an unincorporated community on the South Branch Potomac River located in Pendleton County, West Virginia, United States. Ruddle lies along U.S. Highway 220. According to the Geographic Names Information System, Ruddle was originally known by the names of Ruddle Mill and Ruddle's Mill.
The community was named after Edward Ruddle, the proprietor of a local mill.
References
Unincorporated communities in Pendleton County, West Virginia
Unincorporated communities in West Virginia |
Zündorf Synagogue (German: Synagoge Zündorf) was a synagogue and cemetery in Cologne, Germany. Zündorf was an important trading center, of Jewish farmers, butchers, moneylenders, small artisans or goods dealers from the early 18th century.
History
The Jewish history of Zündorf dates back to before 1700. The first historical evidence is the burial of the Jew Ishar on July 2, 1708 at the Deutz cemetery, which was also the last resting place for the Jews of Zündorf until the creation of a separate graveyard in 1923. The Jewish cemetery of Zündorf still has eight graves with six gravestones.
Architecture
The two-storey building was made of brick and had a gable roof. It was 6.7 metres wide and 8.9 metres deep. The floor area was only 59.6 square metres.
From the main road, it could only be reached via a branch path that led past an old building.
In the west of the synagogue there were three large windows (1,50 × 2,50 m) and two arched windows. Two windows, which were rebuilt in 1938 into living space windows, lay at the back of the synagogue and another high window at the north-western corner of the house. This was bricked up.
Further reading
Elfi Pracht: Jüdisches Kulturerbe in Nordrhein-Westfalen. Band 1: Regierungsbezirk Köln (= Beiträge zu den Bau- und Kunstdenkmälern im Rheinland. Bd. 34, 1). J. P. Bachem, Köln 1997, , S. 261, 291, 309 (Abb 181).
Reinhard Rieger: Die Zündorfer Judengemeinde. In: Unser Porz. Beiträge zur Geschichte von Amt und Stadt Porz. Heft 12, 1970, , S. 1–50.
References
Cemeteries in Cologne
Synagogues in Cologne
Synagogues in North Rhine-Westphalia
Former synagogues in Germany |
So Hot Productions is a music production company located in St. Louis, Missouri.
Awards and nominations
The following albums feature production by So Hot Productions.
Stellar Awards
2006, The Incredible Walk (nominated)
2006, The Thesis (nominated)
2007, Real Talk (nominated)
2007, The Faith (won)
2008, HIStory: Our Place In His Story (nominated)
Grammy Awards
2006, Higher Definition (nominated)
2008, HIStory: Our Place In His Story (nominated)
2008, Open Book (nominated)
Partial discography
2004
"Gift Rap" - The Cross Movement & Friends
"Higher Definition" - The Cross Movement
2005
"116 Clique: The Compilation Album" - 116 Clique
"The Faith" - Da' T.R.U.T.H.
"The Incredible Walk" - Phanatik
"The Journal, Vol. 1" - T.R.U.-L.I.F.E.
"Metamorphosis" - J.R.
"Rewind" - FLAME
"The Thesis" - The Ambassador
2006
"After the Music Stops" - Lecrae
"Kingdom People" - Tedashii
"If They Only Knew" - Trip Lee
"Chronicles (Greatest Hits, Vol. 1)" - The Cross Movement
"WhyHipHop? 2K6" - Various Artists
2007
"Everyday Process: The Process of Illumination & Elimination" - Everyday Process
"Our World: Fallen" - FLAME
"13 Letters" - 116 Clique
"HIStory: Our Place In His Story" - The Cross Movement
"Open Book" - Da’ T.R.U.T.H.
"Turn My Life Up" - Sho Baraka
"Life by Stereo" - J.R.
2008
"Our World: Redeemed" - FLAME
"Chronicles of an X-Hustler" - Thi'sl
"Life On Life" - Json
"20/20" - Trip Lee
"Rebel" - Lecrae
"SoapBox" - R-Swift
"The Chop Chop" - The Ambassador
2009
"A Different World" - Rio a.k.a. KuntryBoyy
"Focus EP" - Jai
2010
"Between Two Worlds" - Trip Lee
"Rehab" - Lecrae
2011
"The Whole Truth" - Da' T.R.U.T.H.
"Culture Shock" - Jai
"Murray's Grammar: New Rules" - J.R.
2012
"Gravity" - Lecrae
"High Society Collective" - High Society Collective (Courtney Orlando, Sho Baraka, Swoope, Natalie Lauren)
2013
"ATLast" - Alex Faith
2015
"Bloodlines" - Alex Faith
Record production teams |
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